text:
\section{Introduction}

In recent observations it is strongly believed that the universe
is experiencing an accelerated expansion. The type Ia Supernovae
and Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) \cite{Perlmutter,Riess}
observations have shown the evidences to support cosmic
acceleration. This acceleration is caused by some unknown matter
which has the property that positive energy density and negative
pressure satisfying $\rho+3p<0$ is dubbed as ``dark energy'' (DE)
\cite{Briddle,Spergel,Peebles,Cald}. If $\rho+p<0$, it is dubbed
as ``phantom energy''. The combined astrophysical observations
suggests that universe is spatially flat and the dark energy
occupies about 70\% of the total energy of the universe, the
contribution of dark matter is $\sim$ 26\%, the baryon is 4\% and
negligible radiation. A cosmological property in which there is an
infinite expansion in scale factor in a finite time termed as `Big
Rip'. In the phantom cosmology, big rip is a kind of future
singularity in which the energy density of phantom energy will
become infinite in a finite time. To realize the Big Rip scenario
the condition $\rho+p<0$ alone is not sufficient \cite{McInnes}.
Distinct data on supernovas showed that the presence of phantom
energy with $-1.2 < w < -1$ in the Universe is highly likely
\cite{Alam2}. In this case the cosmological phantom energy density
grows at large times and disrupts finally all bounded objects up
to subnuclear scale.\\

A wormhole is a feature of space that is essentially a
``shortcut'' from one point in the universe to another point in
the universe, allowing travel between them that is faster than it
would take light to make the journey through normal space. So the
wormholes are tunnels in spacetime geometry that connect two or
more regions of the same spacetime or two different spacetimes
\cite{Morris}. Wormholes may be classified into two categories -
Euclidean wormholes  and Lorentzian wormholes. The Euclidean
wormholes arise in Euclidean quantum gravity and the Lorentzian
wormholes \cite{thorne} which are static spherically symmetric
solutions of Einstein's general relativistic field equations
\cite{Visser1}. In order to support such exotic wormhole
geometries, the matter violating the energy conditions (null, weak
and strong), but average null energy condition is satisfied in
wormhole geometries \cite{visser,w1,w2}. For small intervals of
time, the weak energy condition (WEC) can be satisfied
\cite{viss}. Also the traversable wormhole solutions of the field
equations are obtained \cite{fer}. Recently evolving wormhole solutions
and their implications are discussed by several authors
\cite{kar,Anchordoqui,lobo,Cataldo,cat,cat2,Farooq,deb}.\\

The equations of motion for steady-state spherical symmetric flow
of matter into or out of a condensed object (e.g. neutron stars,
`black holes', etc.) are discussed by Michel \cite{Michel} and
also obtained analytic relativistic accretion solution onto the
static Schwarzschild black hole. The accretion of phantom dark
energy onto a Schwarzschild black hole was first modelled by
Babichev et al \cite{Babichev,Babichev1}. They established that
black hole mass will gradually decrease due to strong negative
pressure of phantom energy and finally all the masses tend to zero
near the big rip where it will disappear. Accretion of phantom
like variable modified Chaplygin gas onto Schwarzschild black hole
was studied by Jamil \cite{Jamil} who showed that mass of the
black hole will decrease when accreting fluid violates the
dominant energy condition and otherwise will increase. Also the
accretion of dark energy onto the more general Kerr-Newman black
hole was studied by Madrid et al \cite{Pedro} and Bhadra et al
\cite{Bhadra}. Till now, several authors
\cite{Chak,Maj,Nayak,Dwiv,Lima,Sharif,Sharif1,Sun,Kim,Mar,Sharif2,Rod,Abhas,Abhas1,Mar1}
have discussed the accretion of various components of dark energy
onto black holes. Recently, there is a great interest of the study
of dark energy accretion onto static wormhole
\cite{Diaz1,Far,Diaz2}. The phantom energy accretion onto wormhole
is discussed by Gonz$\acute{a}$lez-D$\acute{i}$az \cite{Diaz3}.
Madrid et al \cite{Mad} studied the dark energy accretion onto
black holes and worm holes phenomena could lead to unexpected
consequences, allowing even the avoidance of the considered
singularities. Also Mart$\acute{i}$n-Moruno \cite{Mor} have
considered a general formalism for the accretion of dark energy
onto astronomical objects, black holes and wormholes. It has been
shown that in models with four dimensions or more, any singularity
with a divergence in the Hubble parameter may be avoided by a big
trip, if it is assumed that there is no coupling between the bulk
and this accreting object. If this is not the case in more than
four dimensions, the evolution of the cosmological object depends
on the particular model. The dark energy accretion onto wormhole
in accelerating universe has also been discussed
\cite{Diaz4,Diaz5} recently.\\

In the following section, we assume the Morris-Thorne static
wormhole in presence of dark energy filled universe. If dark
energy accretes onto the wormhole, the rate of change of mass of
the wormhole is expressed in terms of the density and pressure of
dark energy and also find the expression of wormhole mass in terms
of density. Our main motivation of the work is to examine the
natures of the mass of the wormhole during expansion of the
universe if several kinds of dark energies accrete around the
wormhole. The candidates of dark energy are assumed to be variable
modified Chaplygin gas (VMCG) and generalized cosmic Chaplygin gas
(GCCG). Also we have assumed some kinds of parametrizations of
dark energy candidates. The mass of the wormhole has been
calculated for all types of dark energies and its natures have
been analyzed during expansion of the universe. Finally, we give
some concluding remarks of the whole work.\\

\section{Accretion Phenomena of Dark Energy onto Wormhole}

Let us consider a spherically symmetrical accretion of the dark
energy onto the wormhole. We consider a non-static spherically
symmetric Morris-Thorne wormhole metric \cite{Morris} given by
\begin{eqnarray}
ds^2=-e^{\Phi(r)}dt^{2}+\frac{dr^{2}}{1-\frac{K(r)}{r}}
+r^2\left(d\theta^2+\sin^2 \theta d\phi^2\right)
\end{eqnarray}
where the functions $K(r)$ and $\Phi(r)$ are the shape
function and redshift function respectively of radial
co-ordinate $r$. If $K(r_{0})=r_{0}$, the radius $r_{0}$
is called wormhole throat radius. So we want to consider the
outward region such that $r_{0}\le r<\infty$.\\

A proper dark-energy accretion model for wormholes should be
obtained by generalizing the Michel theory \cite{Michel} to the
case of wormholes. Such a generalization has been already
performed by Babichev et al \cite{Babichev,Babichev1} for the case
of dark-energy accretion onto Schwarzschild black holes. We shall
follow now the procedure used by Babichev et al
\cite{Babichev,Babichev1}, adapting it to the case of a
Morris-Thorne wormhole \cite{Diaz4}. For this purpose, we consider
the energy-momentum tensor for the dark energy (DE) in the form of
perfect fluid having the EoS $p=p(\rho)$, is
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{\mu\nu}=(\rho+p)u_\mu u_\nu+p g_{\mu\nu}
\end{eqnarray}

where $\rho$ and $p$ are the energy density and pressure of the
dark energy respectively and $u^\mu=\frac{dx^\mu}{ds}$ is the
fluid 4-velocity satisfying $u^\mu u_\mu=-1$. We assume that the
in-falling dark energy fluid does not disturb the spherical
symmetry of the wormhole. Now we assume $\Phi(r)=0$. The
relativistic Bernoulli's equation after the time component of the
energy-momentum conservation law $T^{\mu\nu}_{;\nu}=0$ provide the
first integral of motion for static, spherically symmetric
accretion onto wormhole which yields \cite{Diaz4}
\begin{eqnarray}
M^{-2}r^{2}u(\rho+p)\left(1-\frac{K(r)}{r} \right)^{-1}
 \left(u^2+\frac{K(r)}{r}-1\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}=C_{1}
\end{eqnarray}

where $M$ is the exotic mass of the wormhole,
$u=\frac{dr}{ds}~(>0)$ is the radial component of the velocity
four vector and the integration constant $C_{1}$ has the dimension
of the energy density.\\

Moreover, the second integration of motion is obtained from the
projection of the conservation law for energy-momentum tensor onto
the fluid four-velocity, $u_\mu T^{\mu \nu}_{;\nu}=0$, which gives
\cite{Diaz4}
\begin{eqnarray}
M^{-2}r^{2}u\left(1-\frac{K(r)}{r} \right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}
\exp{\left[\int^{\rho}_{\rho_\infty}\frac{d
\rho}{\rho+p(\rho)}\right]}=C_{2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $C_{2}~(>0)$ is dimensionless integration constant,
$\rho_{\infty}$ is the dark energy density at infinity. Further
the value of the constant $C_{2}$ can be evaluated for different
dark energy models. Now we denote $c_{s}^{2}=dp/d\rho$, the square
speed of sound of the accreted fluid. Critical point can be
calculated by taking logarithmic differential of equations (3) and
(4), and put the multipliers of $dr/r$ and $du/u$ to zero. After
the calculation, we obtain $c_{s}^{2}(r_{*})=0$ and $u_{*}=0$ at
the critical point $r=r_{*}$. So for this accretion, the critical
point cannot be found. If we include $\Phi(r)$ for accretion
process, the critical point may be found \cite{Dok}.\\

The rate of change of mass $\dot{M}$ of the exotic wormhole is
computed by integrating the flux of the dark energy over the
entire two dimensional surface of the wormhole i.e.,
$\dot{M}=\oint T_{t}^{r} dS$, where $T_{t}^{r}$ represents the
radial component of the energy-momentum densities and
$dS=\sqrt{-g} d\theta d\phi=r^{2}\sin\theta d\theta d\phi$
\cite{Babichev,Landau} is the element of the wormhole surface.
Using the above equations we obtain the rate of change of mass as
\cite{Diaz4}
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{M}=-4 \pi Q M^2\left(1-\frac{K(r)}{r}
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}(\rho+p)
\end{eqnarray}

where $Q$ is a positive constant. For the relevant asymptotic
regime $r\rightarrow\infty$, the above equation reduces to
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{M}=-4 \pi Q M^2(\rho+p)
\end{eqnarray}

We see that the rate for the wormhole exotic mass due to accretion
of dark energy becomes exactly the negative to the similar rate in
the case of a Schwarzschild black hole, asymptotically. Since the
Morris-Thorne wormhole is static, so the mass of the wormhole
depends on $r$ only. When some fluid accretes outside wormhole,
the mass function $M$ of the wormhole is considered as a dynamical
mass function and hence it should be a function of time also. So
$\dot{M}$ of the equation (6) is time dependent and the increasing
or decreasing of the wormhole mass $M$ sensitively depends on the
nature of the fluid which accretes upon the wormhole. If
$\rho+p<0$ i.e., for phantom dark energy accretion, the mass of
the wormhole increases but if $\rho+p>0$ i.e., for non-phantom
dark energy accretion, the mass of the wormhole decreases. In the
following, we shall assume different types of dark energy models
such as variable modified Chaplygin gas, generalized cosmic
Chaplygin gas and parametrizations of some kinds of well known
dark energy models. The natures of mass function of wormhole will
be analyzed for present and future stages of expansion of the
universe when the above types of dark energies are accreting upon
wormhole.

\subsection{Variable Modified Chaplygin Gas as dark energy model}

We consider the background spacetime is spatially flat represented
by the homogeneous and isotropic FRW model of the universe which
is given by
\begin{equation}
ds^{2}=-dt^{2}+a^{2}(t)\left[dr^{2}+r^{2}(d\theta^{2}+sin^{2}\theta
d\phi^{2}) \right]
\end{equation}

where $a(t)$ is the scale factor. We assume the universe is filled
with Variable Modified Chaplygin Gas (VMCG) and the EoS is
\cite{Debnath} given by
\begin{equation}
p=A\rho-\frac{B(a)}{\rho^{\alpha}} ~~~~\text{with}~~~~ 0\le \alpha
\le 1,~A ~\text{is ~constant}>0.
\end{equation}
Here $B(a)$ is the function of scale factor $a$ and for simplicity
we choose $B(a)=B_{0}a^{-n}$, where $B_{0}>0$ and $n>0$ are
constants. \\

The Einstein's equations for FRW universe are (choosing $8\pi
G=c=1$)
\begin{eqnarray}
H^2 = \frac{1}{3} \rho~,
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{H}=-\frac{1}{2}\left(p + \rho \right)
\end{eqnarray}

Conservation equation satisfied by the dark energy model VMCG is
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{\rho}+3H(\rho+p)=0
\end{eqnarray}

where $H=\frac{\dot{a}}{a}$ is the Hubble parameter. Using
equations (7) and (10), we have the solution of $\rho$ as
\begin{equation}
\rho=\left[\frac{3(1+\alpha)B_{0}}{\{3(1+\alpha)(1+A)-n\}}~\frac{1}{a^{n}}+\frac{C}{a^{3(1+A)(1+\alpha)}}
\right]^{\frac{1}{1+\alpha}}
\end{equation}

where $C>0$ is an arbitrary integration constant and
$3(1+A)(1+\alpha)>n$, for positivity of first term.\\

Using equations (6), (9) and (11), we have \cite{Mor,Mad}
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{M}=\frac{4 \pi}{\sqrt{3}} Q M^2\rho^{-\frac{1}{2}}\dot{\rho}
\end{eqnarray}
which integrates to yield
\begin{eqnarray}
M=\frac{M_{0}}{1-\frac{8\pi
QM_{0}}{\sqrt{3}}\left(\sqrt{\rho}-\sqrt{\rho_{0}} \right) }
\end{eqnarray}
where, $M_{0}$ and $\rho_{0}$ are the present values of the
wormhole mass and density of the dark energy respectively. Using
eq. (9), we get the mass function in terms of the Hubble parameter
$H$ as in the form \cite{Mor,Mad}
\begin{eqnarray}
M=\frac{M_{0}}{1-8\pi QM_{0}\left(H-H_{0}\right) }
\end{eqnarray}
where $H_{0}$ is the present value of the Hubble parameter. In the
late stage of the universe i.e., $a$ is very large $(z\rightarrow
-1)$, the mass of the wormhole will be
\begin{eqnarray}
M=\frac{M_{0}}{1+\frac{8\pi QM_{0}}{\sqrt{3}}~\sqrt{\rho_{0}} }
\end{eqnarray}

If we put the solution $\rho$ from equation (12) in equation (14),
the mass of wormhole $M$ can be expressed in terms of scale factor
$a$ and then use the formula of redshift $z=\frac{1}{a}-1$, $M$
will be in terms of redshift $z$. Now $M$ vs $z$ is drawn in
figure 1. Our choice of the function $B(a)$, the VMCG gives only
the quintessence dark energy, not phantom dark energy. So mass of
the wormhole always decreases for our case. From figure, we see
that $M$ decreases with $z$ dereases. So mass of wormhole
decreases if the VMCG accretes onto the wormhole.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{f1.eps}~~~~
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{f2.eps}
\vspace{4mm}
~~~Fig.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fig.2~~\\
\vspace{4mm} \vspace{.2in} Figs. 1 and 2 show the variations of
wormhole mass $M$ against redshift $z$ for VMCG and GCCG models.
\vspace{0.2in}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Generalized Cosmic Chaplygin Gas as the dark energy Model}

A new version of Chaplygin gas which is known as Generalized
Cosmic Chaplygin Gas (GCCG) \cite{Diaz0,Chak0} obeys the equation
of state
\begin{eqnarray}
p=-\rho^{-\alpha}\left[C+\left(\rho^{1+\alpha}-C\right)^{-w}\right]
\end{eqnarray}

where $C=\frac{A'}{(1+w)}-1$, $A'$ takes either positive or
negative constant, $-l<w<0$, $0\le\alpha\le 1$ and $l>1$. The EOS
reduces to that of current Chaplygin unified models for dark
matter and dark energy in the limit $w\rightarrow 0$ and satisfies
the conditions: (i) it becomes a de Sitter fluid at late time and
when $w=-1$, (ii) it reduces to $p=w \rho$ in the limit that the
Chaplygin parameter $A'\rightarrow 0$, (iii) it also reduces to
the EOS of current Chaplygin unified dark matter models at high
energy density and (iv) the evolution of density perturbations
derived from the chosen EOS becomes free from the pathological
behaviour of the matter power spectrum for physically reasonable
values of the involved parameters at late time. This EOS shows
dust era in the past and $\Lambda$CDM in the future.\\

From the conservation equation (10), we have the expression for
energy density of GCCG in the form \cite{Diaz0,Chak0}
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho=\left[C+\left(1+\frac{B}{a^{3(1+\alpha)(1+w)}}\right)^{\frac{1}{1+w}}\right]^{\frac{1}{1+\alpha}}
\end{eqnarray}
In the late stage of the universe i.e., $a$ is very large
$(z\rightarrow -1)$, the mass of the wormhole will be
\begin{eqnarray}
M=\frac{M_{0}}{1-\frac{8\pi
QM_{0}}{\sqrt{3}}\left((1+C)^{\frac{1}{2(1+\alpha)}}-\sqrt{\rho_{0}}
\right) }
\end{eqnarray}

If we put the solution $\rho$ from equation (18) in equation (14),
the mass of wormhole $M$ can be expressed in terms of scale factor
$a$ and hence $M$ will be in terms of redshift $z$. Now $M$ vs $z$
is drawn in figure 2. The GCCG gives only the quintessence dark
energy, not phantom dark energy. So mass of the wormhole always
decreases for our case. From figure, we see that $M$ decreases
with $z$ decreases. So mass of wormhole decreases if the GCCG
accretes onto the wormhole.

\subsection{Some Parameterizations of dark energy Models}

In astrophysical sense, the dark energy is popular to have a
redshift parametrization (i.e., taking the redshift $z$ as the
variable parameter of the EoS only) of the EoS as $p(z)=w(z)
\rho(z)$. The EoS parameter $w$ is currently constrained by the
distance measurements of the type Ia supernova and the current
observational data constrain the range of EoS as $-1.38<w<-0.82$
\cite{Melch}. Recently, the combination of WMAP3 and Supernova
Legacy Survey data shows a significant constraint on the EOS
$w=-0.97^{+0.07}_{-0.09}$ for the DE, in a flat universe
\cite{Sel}. Two mainstream families of red shift parametrizations
are considered here, viz.,\\

$(i)$ Family I: $w(z)=w_0 +w_1 \left(\frac{z}{1+z}\right)^n$~. In
this case, the conservation equation (11) gives the solution
\begin{equation}
\rho=\rho_{0}(1+z)^{3(1+w_{0})}e^{3(-1)^{-n}w_{1}\left\{Beta[1+z,-n,1+n]+\pi~
cosec ~n\pi \right\} }
\end{equation}

$(ii)$ Family II: $w(z)=w_0 +w_1 \frac{z}{\left(1+z\right)^n}$~.
The solution becomes
\begin{equation}
\rho=\rho_{0}(1+z)^{3(1+w_{0})}e^{-\frac{3w_{1}}{n(n-1)}\left[\frac{1+nz}{(1+z)^{n}}-1
\right]}
\end{equation}

where, $w_0$ and $w_1$ are two unknown parameters, which can be
constrained by the recent observations and $n$ is a natural
number. For different values of $n$, we will get following three
models of well known parametrizations (Models I, II, III). We
shall also assumed other two parametrizations (Models IV, V).
Since the following models generate both quintessence ($w(z)>-1$)
and phantom ($w(z)<-1$) dark energies for some suitable choices of
the parameters. So phantom divide is possible at $\Lambda$CDM
stage $w(z)=-1$. At the first stage, it occurs quintessence and
late stage it occurs phantom. So for quintessence stage, the mass
of the wormhole decreases and decreasing upto a certain limit (of
mass) and then again at phantom stage, the mass of the wormhole
increases. \\

$\bullet$ {\bf Model I (Linear):} For $n=0$, family II reduces to
the parametrization form $w(z)=w_{0}+w_{1}z$ \cite{Coor}. This is
known as $``Linear"$ parametrization. For Linear parametrization,
the solution becomes
\begin{equation}
\rho=\rho_{0}(1+z)^{3(1+w_{0}-w_{1})}e^{3w_{1}z}
\end{equation}
The above model generates phantom energy if $w(z)<-1$ i.e,
$z<-\frac{1+w_{0}}{w_{1}}$ provided $w_{1}>0$ and $w_{1}-w_{0}>1$.
If we drop this restriction, this model gives quintessence type
dark energy. Since this model is the phantom crossing model, so if
this dark energy accretes onto wormhole, for quintessence era,
wormhole mass decreases upto a certain limit and after that for
phantom era, the mass of the wormhole increases. We have shown
this scenario in figure 3. We see that wormhole mass $M$ decreases
for redshift $z$ decreases upto certain stage of $z$ ($\Lambda$CDM
stage) and then $M$ increases (phantom era) as universe expands.\\

$\bullet$ {\bf Model II (CPL):} For $n=1$, both the families I and
II lead to the same parametrization
$w(z)=w_{0}+w_{1}\frac{z}{1+z}$. This is known as $``CPL"$
parametrization \cite{Chev,Linder}. The solution becomes
\begin{equation}
\rho=\rho_{0}(1+z)^{3(1+w_{0}+w_{1})}e^{-\frac{3w_{1}z}{1+z}}
\end{equation}
The above model generates phantom energy if $w(z)<-1$ i.e,
$z<-\frac{1+w_{0}}{1+w_{1}}$ provided $w_{1}>-1$ and
$w_{1}-w_{0}>0$. If we drop this restriction, this model gives
quintessence type dark energy. This model is also the phantom
crossing model. From figure 4, we see that wormhole mass $M$
decreases for redshift $z$ decreases upto certain stage of $z$
($\Lambda$CDM stage) and then $M$ increases (phantom era) as
universe expands.\\

$\bullet$ {\bf Model III (JBP):} For family $II$, $n=2$ gives the
parametrization $w(z)=w_{0}+w_{1}\frac{z}{(1+z)^{2}}$. This is
known as $``JBP"$ parametrization \cite{Jassal}. The solution is
\begin{equation}
\rho=\rho_{0}(1+z)^{3(1+w_{0})}e^{\frac{3w_{1}z^{2}}{2(1+z)^{2}}}
\end{equation}
The above model generates phantom energy if $w(z)<-1$ i.e,
$z<-1+\frac{\sqrt{4(1+w_{0})w_{1}+w_{1}^{2} } }{2(1+w_{0})}$
provided $w_{0}>-1$ and $w_{1}<-4(1+w_{0})$. If we drop this
restriction, this model gives quintessence type dark energy. This
model is also the phantom crossing model. From figure 5, we see
that wormhole mass $M$ decreases for redshift $z$ decreases upto
certain stage of $z$ ($\Lambda$CDM stage) and then $M$ increases
(phantom era) as universe expands.\\

$\bullet$ {\bf Model IV:} Another type of parametrization is
considered as $ w(z)=-1+
\frac{A_{1}(1+z)+2A_{2}(1+z)^{2}}{3\left[A_{0}+A_{1}(1+z)+A_{2}(1+z)^{2}\right]}
$~~, where $A_{0},~A_{1}$ and $A_{2}$ are constants
\cite{Alam,Alam1}. This ansatz is exactly the cosmological
constant $w = -1$ for $A_{1} = A_{2} = 0$ and DE models with $w
=-2/3$ for $A_{0} = A_{2} = 0$ and $w = -1/3$ for $A_{0} = A_{1} =
0$. In this case, we get the solution
\begin{equation}
\rho=\frac{\rho_{0}[A_{0}+A_{1}(1+z)+A_{2}(1+z)^{2}]}{A_{0}+A_{1}+A_{2}}
\end{equation}
The above model generates phantom energy if $w(z)<-1$ i.e,
$z<-1-\frac{A_{1}}{A_{2}}$ provided $A_{0}<0$, $A_{1}>0$,
$A_{2}<0$ and $A_{0}+A_{1}+A_{2}<0$. For this condition, $\rho$ is
still positive. If we drop this restriction, this model gives
quintessence type dark energy. This model is also the phantom
crossing model. From figure 6, we see that wormhole mass $M$
decreases for redshift $z$ decreases upto certain stage
of $z$ and then $M$ increases (phantom era) as universe expands.\\

$\bullet$ {\bf Model V:} Other type of parametrization is assumed
to be $ w(z)=w_{0}+w_{1}log(1+z) $~\cite{Ef,Sil}. The solution is
obtained as
\begin{equation}
\rho=\rho_{0}(1+z)^{3(1+w_{0})}e^{\frac{3}{2}w_{1}[log(1+z)]^{2}}
\end{equation}
The above model generates phantom energy if $w(z)<-1$ i.e,
$z<-1+e^{-\frac{w_{0}}{w_{1}}}$ provided $w_{1}>0$. If we drop
this restriction, this model gives quintessence type dark energy.
This model is also the phantom crossing model. From figure 7, we
see that wormhole mass $M$ decreases for redshift $z$ decreases
upto certain stage of $z$ and then $M$ again increases (phantom
era) as universe expands.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{f3.eps}~~~~
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{f4.eps}
\vspace{4mm}
~~~~~Fig.3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fig.4\\
\vspace{4mm}
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{f5.eps}~~~~
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{f6.eps}
\vspace{4mm}
~~~~~Fig.5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fig.6\\
\vspace{4mm}
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{f7.eps}\\
\vspace{4mm} ~~~~~Fig.7 \vspace{4mm}

Figs. 3-7 show the variations of wormhole mass $M$ against
redshift $z$ for Models I-V respectively. \vspace{0.2in}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussions}

In this work, we have studied accretion of the dark energies onto
Morris-Thorne wormhole. A proper dark-energy accretion model for
wormholes have been obtained by generalizing the Michel theory
\cite{Michel} to the case of wormholes. Such a generalization has
been already performed by Babichev et al \cite{Babichev,Babichev1}
for the case of dark-energy accretion onto Schwarzschild black
holes. We have followed the procedure used by Babichev et al
\cite{Babichev,Babichev1}, adapting it to the case of a
Morris-Thorne wormhole. Here we have assumed the redshift function
$\Phi(r)=0$. We have shown that if $\Phi(r)=0$, the critical point
cannot be found. Astrophysically, mass of the wormhole is a
dynamical quantity, so the nature of the mass function is
important in our wormhole model for different dark energy filled
universe. The sign of time derivative of wormhole mass depends on
the signs of $\rho+p$. For quintessence like dark energy, the mass
of the wormhole decreases and phantom like dark energy, the mass
of wormhole increases. We have assumed recently proposed two types
of dark energy like variable modified Chaplygin gas (VMCG) and
generalized cosmic Chaplygin gas (GCCG). We have found the
expression of wormhole mass in both cases. We have found the mass
of the wormhole at late universe and this is found to be finite.
Our dark energy fluids violate the strong energy condition
($\rho+3p<0$ in late epoch), but do not violate the weak energy
condition ($\rho+p>0$). So the models drive only quintessence
scenario in late epoch, but do not generate the phantom epoch (in
our choice). So wormhole mass decreases during evolution of the
universe for these two dark energy models. Previously Babichev et
al \cite{Babichev} have shown that the mass of black hole
decreases due to phantom energy accretion. But for wormhole
accretion, the mass of wormhole increases due to phantom energy,
which is the opposite behaviour of black hole mass. Since our
considered dark energy candidates do not violate weak energy
condition, so the dynamical mass of the wormhole are decaying by
the accretion of our considered dark energies, though the
pressures of the dark energies are outside the wormhole. From
figures 1 and 2, we observe that the wormhole mass decreases as
$z$ increases for both VMCG and GCCG, which accrete onto the
wormhole in our expanding universe. Next we have assumed 5 kinds
of parametrizations (Models I-V) of well known dark energy models
(some of them are Linear, CPL, JBP models). These models generate
both quintessence and phantom scenarios for some restrictions of
the parameters. So if these dark energies accrete onto the
wormhole, then for quintessence stage, wormhole mass decreases
upto a certain value (finite value) and then again increases to
infinite value for phantom stage during whole evolution of the
universe. We also shown these results graphically clearly. Figures
3-7 show the mass of wormhole first decreases to finite value and
then increases to infinite value. In future work, it will be
interesting to show the natures of mass for various types of
wormhole models if different kinds of dark energies accrete upon
wormhole in accelerating universe also.\\

\section*{Acknowledgements}

The author is thankful to Institute of Theoretical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China for providing TWAS
Associateship Programme under which part of the work was carried
out. Also UD is thankful to CSIR, Govt. of India for providing
research project grant (No. 03(1206)/12/EMR-II). \\

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This old townhouse, totally renovated by the architect & designer Johanna Grawunder, stands in the remains of antique Greece and the middle-age and baroque monuments.
The house is arranged on 3 floors which are connected by a striking central staircase in wood and steel. On the ground floor there is the entrance - dining room, the kitchen with a breakfast corner and a family bathroom. On the first floor there is a living room with balcony and a double bedroom with en-suite bathroom. On the second floor, a double bedroom with balcony, a dressing room and a family bathroom. On the third floor, there is the equipped terrace from there you can enjoy a beautiful view over the Ortigia's roofs and the volcano Etna on the background.
Bars, restaurants, solarium platform, artiganal shops, the colorful and lively food market, a covered parking.
The natural reserve of Cavagrande.
Annamaria was a fabulous host! Wonderfully located apartment with everything you need, just a couple of mins away. The roof terrace was a lovely bonus. Would definitely recommend this apartment. Many thanks for having us!


Sit back, relax and let your friends do the shopping. Order now and receive 1 of 3 colour options. It's gifting made easy. Redeemable in-store only.
The Call It Spring gift card is redeemable for merchandise at any Call It Spring location in Canada. For balance inquiries, visit https://www.callitspring.com/ca/en/gift-card/balance or your nearest store. This card has no value unless paid for and activated at a Canadian Call It Spring point of sale. Issuance and use of this gift card constitutes acceptance of the following terms and conditions, which may be revised at any time without notice. Purchases made with this gift card will be deducted from the balance of the gift card and the residual value will be shown on your purchase receipt. This card does not expire and is not redeemable or refundable for cash, except in Quebec, where a balance of 5$ or less may be refunded on request. Call It Spring is not responsible for lost or stolen cards or unauthorized use of cards. This gift card is not valid if damaged or unreadable.
You can now purchase Call It Spring Gift Cards online or in-store! For questions, visit our Help Center.


Flower Delivery in Haughton by Florist One. Select a Haughton, LA, funeral home to send flowers and have address information filled in at Checkout.
Florist One offers sameday flower delivery to these funeral homes in Haughton. Select a funeral home to have delivery address populated at Checkout.
Florists Serving Haughton, LA Florist One uses the best Haughton florists! We may use following florist. You can visit their website or call them to place your order directly with them.


text:
PM appoints two VNA Deputy General Directors
Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc has signed decisions on the appointment of two Deputy General Directors of the Vietnam News Agency (VNA).
VNA Friday, November 17, 2017 20:30
Vietnam News Agency targets better foreign news services
Friday, October 27, 2017 21:03
VNA, PRD agree to boost news exchange cooperation
Wednesday, September 27, 2017 19:09
Vietnam, Cambodia news agencies urged to promote cooperation
Tuesday, September 12, 2017 19:50
VNA, Kyodo News enjoy fruitful partnership
Vietnam News Agency's headquarters in Hanoi (Source: VNA)
Hanoi (VNA) – Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc has signed decisions on the appointment of two Deputy General Directors of the Vietnam News Agency (VNA).
Vu Viet Trang, head of the VNA's Editorial Secretariat and International Relations Department, and Le Quoc Minh, Editor-in-Chief of VietnamPlus, an e-newspaper of the VNA, were appointed to the posts under the PM's Decisions No. 1830/QD-TTg and 1831/QD-TTg, respectively.
The VNA is a Governmental agency which is responsible for providing official information and documents of the Party and State, according to the Government's recently-released Decree No 118/2017/ND-CP.
The decree also regulates that the VNA provides information in service of the Party leadership and State management; and collect and provide news through various forms of press and multimedia for mass media agencies, the public and readers of all kinds at home and abroad.
The VNA is managed by the Ministry of Information and Communications in terms of press, broadcasting and television.
The VNA is also responsible for collecting and compiling information for public consumption and reference via various forms of media and multimedia in service of the Party leadership and State management; announcing official viewpoints of the State on "hot" issues; adjusting direction regarding information that is not in line with national interests; correcting wrongful information; and issuing announcements to reject distorted information when necessary.
Performing its function as a key national external news agency, the VNA collects, compiles and provides information about Vietnam in different languages for domestic agencies and organisations and foreign media outlets as well as for foreigners and Vietnamese people abroad.
The VNA is also tasked with providing information and publishing news materials for ethnic minority people in their languages.
It is in charge of archiving information, building an information and data bank and managing national photo materials; and providing information and coordinating with relevant agencies to provide information in services of national security and defence.
According to the decree, the VNA has a system of news units including the Domestic News Department, the World News Department and the Press Photography Department. It also has several newspapers, both print and online, including the Viet Nam News, Le Courrier du Vietnam and VietnamPlus. The VNA has representative offices for the South and the Central and Central Highlands regions, in cities and provinces nationwide as well as major cities worldwide.
It also has news support units including the VNA Technical Centre, the VNA Training Centre, the VNA Media Development Centre, the VNA Informatics Centre and the VNA International Cooperation Centre, and five consultancy and functional units to assist the VNA General Director.
The VNA has a General Director and a maximum of four Deputy General Directors.
The VNA General Director and Deputy General Directors are appointed and dismissed by the Prime Minister in line with laws.-VNA
Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc Deputy General Directors Vietnam News Agency Editorial Secretariat and International Relations Department e-newspaper Vietnam VietnamPlus Viet Nam News
People return in droves to HCM City after Tet
The last day of the week-long Lunar New Year (Tet) holiday from January 20-26 saw people return to HCM City in droves, with all local bus and train stations filled with crowds, and Tan Son Nhat International Airport serving 913 flights and 144,871 passengers, a record daily number since the beginning of the holiday.
Prime Minister stresses importance of rail transport
Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh attended the year-beginning launch of forces for the upgrade of the Nha Trang - Saigon rail route at Thap Cham Station in the south-central province of Ninh Thuan on January 26.
Discovering artisans' skills in Thanh Ha ancient pottery village
If pottery villages now mainly use molds, artisans in the Thanh Ha ancient pottery village in Hoi An city, the central province of Quang Nam, have kept their traditional method of making pottery - hand made and wheel thrown.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Nimba County electoral district one Representative, Jeremiah Kpan Koung has been described by Nimbaians as their 'development king' following his extraordinary development initiatives across the county.
Representative Koung who has been blessed by the 'political godfather' of the county, Senator Prince Yormie Johnson alias "PYJ" for the impending 2020 Senatorial elections said he has been receiving series of calls from across the county encouraging him to contest, especially from 'marginalized communities'.
"We shouldn't only sit in Monrovia in our air condition cars. We want to improve the lives of our people. We know it's not election time, but we are creating awareness. The 2020 election is not queen contest, that people will just be giving out money," he said.
They were excited to see this much talked about 'development lawmaker,' who they said has done so much for his district and is blessed by Senator Prince Yormie Johnson.


Roommates in Scottsdale, Arizona 85258, I AM LOOKING FOR A GOOD PERSON TO SHARE A PLACE.
I have recently moved from Canada to work in Scottsdale, and look for a responsible person to share a place with. I am an engineer working in wastewater treatment industry.
A non-smoker, easy going, responsible individual.


text:
Q: Where is Comparable <=> implemented? I'm reading Comparable module.
And trying to see where Comparable module itself is implemented, but I can't find it anywhere.
I only see places where it gets added using include.
Isn't that the module should have its implementation provided elsewhere? So that you just do a plug and play by using include?
Or is that in the following code:
class Geeksforgeeks

# include comparable module
include Comparable
attr :name

    def <=>(other_name) # LineA
        name.length <=> other_name.name.length # LineB
    end

    def initialize(name)
        @name = name
    end
end

LineA: is something at the Geeksforgeeks class level.
LineB: is something at Integer (Length) level.
If that's the case then where is <=> written for Integers?
EDIT:
My code builds without include Comparable. I'm just not so sure what it means though:
class Geeksforgeeks

# does not include Comparable
attr :name

    def <=>(other_name) # LineA
        name.length <=> other_name.name.length # LineB
    end

    def initialize(name)
        @name = name
    end
end

jack = Geeksforgeeks.new('jack')
pete = Geeksforgeeks.new('pete')
alexander = Geeksforgeeks.new('Alexander')

def areSameGeeks(g1, g2)
    if g1 <=> g2
        puts 'equal'
    else
        puts 'not equal'
    end
end

areSameGeeks(jack,pete) # equal
areSameGeeks(jack, jack) # equal
areSameGeeks(jack, alexander) # equal

Like why are all three, returning 'equal'?

A:
And trying to see where Comparable module itself is implemented, but I can't find it anywhere.

Comparable is part of the core library of whatever Ruby implementation you are using. For example:

*

*in Rubinius, Comparable is implemented in core/comparable.rb,

*in TruffleRuby, it is implemented in src/main/ruby/truffleruby/core/comparable.rb,

*in MRuby, it is implemented in mrblib/compar.rb,

*in Opal, it is implemented in opal/corelib/comparable.rb,

*in JRuby, it is implemented in core/src/main/java/org/jruby/RubyComparable.java,

*in IronRuby, it is implemented in Src/Libraries/Builtins/Comparable.cs, and

*in YARV, it is implemented in compar.c.

However, I personally find it not so much interesting where something is implemented but rather where it is specified. Comparable is specified in section 15.3.3 Comparable of the ISO/IEC 30170:2012 Information technology — Programming languages — Ruby specification. A less formal specification is given in core/comparable/ of The Ruby Spec Suite aka ruby/spec.
It is also described in The Ruby Programming Language by David Flanagan and Yukihiro 'matz' Matsumoto, Programming Ruby by Dave Thomas, Andy Hunt, and Chad Fowler, and of course in the Ruby documentation

If that's the case then where is <=> written for Integers?

Integer#<=> is part of the core library of whatever Ruby implementation you are using. For example:

*

*in Rubinius, Integer#<=> is implemented in core/integer.rb,

*in TruffleRuby, it is implemented in src/main/java/org/truffleruby/core/numeric/IntegerNodes.java,

*in MRuby, it is implemented in src/numeric.c which delegates to cmpnum,

*in Opal, it technically does not exist (this is one of the few instances where Opal is not compliant with the Ruby Language Specification) because Opal does not have Ruby Floats or Integers, it only has ECMAScript numbers; for those, Number#<=> is implemented in opal/corelib/number.rb,

*in JRuby, Integer is an abstract class, so it only has a declaration of Integer#<=> in core/src/main/java/org/jruby/RubyInteger.java, the actual implementations are in the two subclasses Fixnum (core/src/main/java/org/jruby/RubyFixnum.java#L1043-L1060) and Bignum (core/src/main/java/org/jruby/RubyBignum.java),

*in IronRuby, it is implemented in Src/Libraries/Extensions/ClrInteger.cs (at least for Integers that fit into a C# int) and just delegates to C#'s int.CompareTo, and

*in YARV, it is implemented in numeric.c and delegates to either fix_cmp or big_cmp (defined in bignum.c).

However, I personally find it not so much interesting where something is implemented but rather where it is specified. Integer#<=> is specified in section 15.2.8.3.6 Integer#<=> of the ISO/IEC 30170:2012 Information technology — Programming languages — Ruby specification. A less formal specification is given in core/integer/comparison_spec.rb of The Ruby Spec Suite aka ruby/spec.
It is also described in The Ruby Programming Language by David Flanagan and Yukihiro 'matz' Matsumoto, Programming Ruby by Dave Thomas, Andy Hunt, and Chad Fowler, and of course in the Ruby documentation.

A: An example might help to understand how Comparable works:
module MyComparable
  def ==(other)
    (self <=> other) == 0
  end

  def <(other)
    (self <=> other) < 0
  end

  def >(other)
    (self <=> other) > 0
  end
end

The above module defines the methods ==, < and >. Their implementations rely on another method <=> which isn't defined by the module.
To actually use the module's methods, the including class has to provide this <=> in a meaningful way, e.g.:
class Foo
  include MyComparable   # <- this adds its instance methods to Foo

  attr_reader :name

  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end

  def <=>(other)
    name.length <=> other.name.length
  end
end

This gives us:
Foo.new("abc") == Foo.new("123")  #=> true
Foo.new("abc") == Foo.new("1234") #=> false
Foo.new("abc") <  Foo.new("1234") #=> true

== and < are from MyComparable, but it only works because of Foo#<=>.
A similar approach is taken by Enumerable which requires an each method to be implemented by the including class.

A: <=> isn't implemented within the Comparable module:
https://ruby-doc.org/core-3.1.1/Comparable.html
This operation is implemented within each Ruby type (for example - String, Array, Integer). For default Ruby types it is possible to compare  only objects of the same type, if you will try to compare it with something different you will get the nil value.
In your example LineA is a method for objects of Geeksforgeeks class, so you can use it as gfg_object <=> other_gfg_object. By the way your implementation of <=> isn't quite correct, it should checks that other_name is an instance of Geekforgeeks class (or another type) and return nil if it isn't. Correct example:
    def <=>(object)
        if object.is_a? Geekforgeeks
            return name.length <=> object.name.length
        elsif object.is_a? String
            return name.length <=>object.length
        else
            return nil
        end
    end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This is a large area of common land crossed by the B4436. The developments of West Cross and Mayals are on the eastern boundary of Clyne Common and the village of Murton abuts Mansel Green to the southwest.
Clyne Farm is in the top northeast corner adjacent to Clyne Valley Country Park and Clyne Golf Course occupies the northeastern part of the common. Beware of low flying golf balls!
The common and the rights of way that cross it link West Cross and Mayals with Murton, Blackhills and Clyne Valley. Bishopston stream runs along the western edge of the common.
The common is a combination of wet and dry heathland bordered by predominantly native woodland.
Lookout for heathland birds such as skylark, linnet and snipe.
There are also several species of dragonfly and butterfly present.


text:
Entertainment in Osaka
ReleaseJune 19, 2019
As a town with merchants as its principal players for more than 400 years, much of Osaka culture has been based on public-oriented "show culture". In Osaka Castle Park, one of the most popular spots in Osaka, a new theater has opened and it is offering leading-edge shows under the theme of "NIPPON." Meanwhile, in the world of Osaka's representative traditional entertainment, bunraku and noh, performances and tours for theater beginners and foreign tourists are offered to provide an opportunity for them to enjoy the entertainment casually. Let's enjoy entertainment in Osaka!
KEREN
WW Hall at "Cool Japan Park Osaka"
The show is now on at a new theater which opened as a new trend-setting hub for Osaka's entertainment in February 2019 at Osaka Castle Park. The setting of the show is the Kansai area centering on Osaka. The show features elaborate props and devices used for kabuki and incorporates various images in the background with a succession of live performances, such as tap-dancing monks and theatrical swordfights by a group of ninja.
A scene where ninja boys are wandering into a cemetery. With a broken lantern burning and a ghost appearing, they are flying around using the traditional stagecraft of kabuki. All-stars of Japan's famous yokai (specters) get together and start dancing.
A scene of a battle between a red ninja group and black ninja group. The projected image reacts to the movement of the ninja, creating a world just like a graphic novel. The combination of the meticulously calculated images and the sophisticated performance of theatrical combat will take your breath away.
The finale is a fun performance with all the cast. The stage becomes a huge pachinko table and when a jackpot is hit, there will be "oohs and aahs" from the audience.
Fees: 7,000 yen for S seat adult, 5,000 yen for A seat adult
Nearest station: JR Osakajokoen Station
keren.jp/en/
Noh
Yamamoto Noh Theater
Beloved by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, noh is still alive in Osaka. Yamamoto Noh Theater, the oldest noh theater in Osaka, actively offers events for noh beginners and foreigners. Popular events include a backstage tour to learn the history of noh and interpretation of noh dramas and hands-on classes to try noh movement on stage and put on a noh costume. A "Kamigata (Kansai) traditional entertainment night for beginners" is scheduled for July 6 (English subtitles available).
A noh theater equipped with a traditional noh stage format was registered as one of the nationally designated cultural properties (structures). Open the door, and you will be surprised by the presence of the noh theater within a building, as if there is another dimension within.
You can see a roof with thick cypress bark shingles using a hiwadabuki method (traditional Japanese construction technique) and big earthenware jars under the stage. A combination of backstage tour and hands-on class is also available (3,000 yen for about 90 min.).
Backstage tour: 1,000 yen (about 60 min.)
Hands-on classes: 2,500 yen (about 90 min.)
Nearest station: Subway Tanimachi Yonchome Station
noh-theater.com
Jul. 1 (Sat), 18:00
Kamigata traditional entertainment night for beginners (program tbd)
– About three programs will be selected from the repertoire of Kamigata traditional entertainment and highlights of respective programs will be played.
– Fees: tbd
*Explanatory captions will be available in Japanese, English, Chinese, and Korean.
Jul. 23 (Tue), 19:00
Tokui-noh "Tsuchigumo"
– Noh performance with commentaries by a noh actor
– Advance ticket: 3,000 yen, Ticket at door: 4,000 yen
* Explanatory captions in Japanese and English will be available.
Bunraku
National Bunraku Theatre
Bunraku is one of the traditional kinds of entertainment Osaka is proud of. Also known as ningyo joruri and with a history of more than 300 years, bunraku was born in Osaka in the late 17th century. It is a puppet theater, in which a puppet is operated by three performers in coordination with jojuri by a tayu singer and shamisen player. At National Bunraku Theatre, a performance for foreigners, "Discover BUNRAKU," is offered once a year. Commentaries are provided in English and Japanese, along with "earphone guide" in English and leaflets of program summaries in five languages.
The exhibition room on the 1st floor of the theatre introduces bunraku. Let's learn about the charms of bunraku, which is in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage lists.
Open hours: 10:00~18:00
Admission charge: free
The exhibition room is closed on an irregular basis.
A leaflet about bunraku is available in four languages (English, Chinese, Korean, and French).
Nearest station: Nippombashi Station on the Osaka Metro and Kintetsu lines
www.ntj.jac.go.jp/english/schedule/national-bunraku-theatre.html
*The information herein is as of June 2019.
https://att-japan.net/en/archives/7043Entertainment in Osaka
Enjoy Ikebukuro for a Whole Day! Anime, Events, Sunshine City
Making the world of anime, manga, and games reality: 2.5 dimensional musical
"ekie KITCHEN" OPEN! Delicious place next to Hiroshima Sta.
The Edo Tokyo Light Exhibition, an "analog-digital" dimension produced by Japan Art Illumination Expo
2019 Famous illumination in Japan The Edo Tokyo Light Exhibition, an "analog-digital" dimension produced by Japan Art Illumination Expo WINTER WONDERLAND in MOOMINVALLEY PARK, MOOMINVALLEY PARK's First Winter! The interview with Fu Takahashi who plays "L" in the new production of "DEATH NOTE THE MUSICAL": "On the stage, I will have to be just as enthusiastic as our audience are!" Must to See Setouchi! More
Enjoy the Cold Winter in Onsen North Kansai 2 views
The Ink Cover Photo Contest by att.JAPAN Was Picked Up on TV! 2 views


Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus (c. 135 BC – late 50s BC) was a politically active member of the Roman upper class. He was praetor in 74 BC and pontifex from 73 BC until his death. He was consul in 69 BC along with Quintus Hortensius Hortalus.
The Caecilii Metelli were extremely prominent, conservative members of the Roman nobility in the Republican period, though they were members of the plebeian gens Caecilia. Their greatest influence was from the second century BC onwards. The name Metellus possibly means 'mercenary'. A saying attributed to Naevius stated that "it is fated for the Metelli to become consuls at Rome," and it seems to be true: Creticus' brother, father, grandfather, three uncles, great grandfather, and great great grandfather were all consuls.
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus was Creticus' grandfather. He was praetor in 148 BC, and he received the command in Macedonia. There he defeated Andriscus, a pretender to the throne, for which he received a triumph and the cognomen 'Macedonicus'. He was censor in 131 BC, and consul in 143 BC. Macedonicus, as a conservative aristocrat, opposed Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus. Each of his four sons became consul.
Creticus' father was Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius, the youngest son of Macedonicus. In 133 BC he served under Scipio Aemilianus in Numantia. Caprarius was praetor in 117 BC, consul in 113 BC, and fought as proconsul in Thrace in 112 BC. He triumphed for his victory in Thrace in 111 BC. He was censor in 102 BC.
Creticus had two brothers. One was Lucius Caecilius Metellus. He was praetor in 71 BC and governor of Sicily in 70 BC. He died in office as consul in 68 BC. The other was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, praetor and president of the extortion court in 69 BC.
Creticus' sister, Caecilia Metella, was the wife of Gaius Verres, who was governor of Sicily from 73-71 BC.
Creticus' daughter was also named Caecilia Metella. She married the Marcus Licinius Crassus who was a son of the famous Marcus Crassus, the so-called "triumvir". Caecilia Metella's tomb still survives on the Via Appia.
Creticus' son Quintus Caecilius Metellus was a Tribune of the Plebs.
According to Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Crete was aiding Mithridates, king of Pontus, by supplying him with mercenaries in the first century BC. Mithridates was at war with the Romans at the time, and Rome was having a difficult time with him. The Cretans also contributed to and were in alliance with the pirates of the Mediterranean. Pirates were a terrible problem in the Mediterranean at that time; they added the risk of kidnapping to sailing, they pilfered grain from shipments to Rome, and they attacked ports. Marcus Antonius Creticus, father of the famous Marc Antony, sent legates to Crete concerning their involvement with Mithridates and the pirates; the Cretans dismissed the matter, and a war began. In an attempt at a peace treaty, the Romans demanded the surrender of Lasthenes, Crete's commander against the Romans, along with all of the Romans the Cretans held prisoner, all of their pirate ships, three hundred hostages, and four thousand talents of silver. The island of Crete refused to meet these terms.
During his consulship, Quintus Caecilius Metellus was given the proconsular command against the pirate-infested Crete; his co-consul, Quintus Hortensius Hortalus, had refused it. Metellus captured several cities and made great progress before the island appealed to Pompey the Great. They did this in 67 BC, when Pompey had control over the Mediterranean to eliminate piracy under the proposal of Gabinius. The Cretans offered to surrender to Pompey, perhaps believing he would be less harsh than Metellus. Pompey ignored Metellus' command over the island and accepted the Cretan's surrender. Pompey ordered Metellus to leave the island with his troops, but Metellus persisted. Metellus then defeated the island of Crete and made it a province of Rome.
Because of Metellus' refusal to leave Crete when Pompey ordered it, Pompey and his allies prevented his triumph until 62 BC. Upon celebrating his triumph, Metellus received the cognomen 'Creticus', the Latin word for 'Cretan'. In return for the opposition to his triumph, Metellus used his influence to prevent the ratification in the senate of Pompey's reorganization of the east until 60 BC. Metellus remained a prominent member of Pompey's opposition until his death in the late 50s BC.
According to Cicero in his letters to Atticus, Creticus was an ambassador sent to Gaul in the hopes of preventing the Gallic states from joining the Aedui in 60 BC. He was sent along with Lucius Flaccus and Lentulus.
In Cicero's speech Against Verres, delivered in late 70 BC, Cicero, the attorney prosecuting on behalf of the province of Sicily, denounces Verres, the defendant on trial, in the extortion court. Verres was the governor of Sicily from 73-71 BC, and the Sicilians charged him with being morally corrupt and flagrant with bribery as well as having stolen 40 million sesterces worth of money and items from Sicily. They also charged him with having killed Roman citizens without trial, something forbidden by Roman law. Creticus and Quintus Hortensius Hortalus were to be the two consuls in the coming year. They were both friends with Verres, and they supported him; Hortalus was his defense lawyer. Marcus Caecilius Metellus, one of Creticus' brothers, was to be president of the extortion court in the coming year. The defense planned to put the trial off until the coming year, when Quintus Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Hortensius Hortalus, and Marcus Caecilius Metellus would be able to influence the court's decision. Quintus Caecilius Metellus sent for the Sicilians and told them that Verres would come to no harm due to the power invested in himself, his family, and other supporters of Verres in the coming year. Because of this, Cicero reviles Quintus Caecilius Metellus as corrupt to the point that he would "throw duty and dignity to the winds" without even having a real connection to Verres. Cicero goes on to suggest twice that Quintus Caecilius Metellus won his office due to Verres' bribery rather than his own merit, and tries to turn Quintus Caecilius Metellus against Verres by stating that Verres proclaimed it to be so.
In a later speech, Post Reditum in Senatu ('in the senate after his return'), Cicero, having been exiled for executing Roman citizens without a trial during the Catilinarian Conspiracy, celebrated his return to Rome. He was aided in this, albeit reluctantly, by the consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, a relative of Creticus. Cicero praises Nepos for being truly noble and naturally excellent in disposition, although he claims them to be enemies. Cicero goes on to praise the Metelli as a group for being exemplary citizens.
In Juvenal's eighth satire, he speaks about virtue alone making one truly noble, rather than an inherited name. He uses a few cognomens to illustrate his point, including that of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus.
Grant, Michael Cicero: Selected Works. London: Penguin Books. 1960. 45-47.
^ a b c d Salazar, Christine F. Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World Vol. 2. Boston: Brill Leiden. 2003. 874-879.
^ Grant, Michael. Cicero: Selected Works. London: Penguin Books. 1960. 45.
^ a b Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd Edition New York: Oxford University Press. 1966. 269.
^ Grant, Michael. Cicero: Selected Works. London: Penguin Books. 1960. 47.
^ Yonge, C.D. Post Reditum in Senatu London: Henry G. Bohn. 1856.


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Yes, we know choosing a boat for a cruising holiday is no easy task. Let us help you there - you've found her! This charming 2008 Sasanka Courier 970 is practical, economical, fully equipped, and most importantly - absolutely beautiful. Beautiful boats belong in beautiful places, and the Adriatic coast fits the bill. Book, board and go see for yourself! Every perfect holiday is not complete without goodies to spoil your palate - so stock up on best of the best: Dalmatian prosciutto, Pag cheese, Istrian olive oil, red wines from Dalmatia and whites from north Adriatic. If you're not much of a fisherman, find a fishing boat coming in early in the morning and buy some of their catch. Your kitchen is fully equipped to whip up little feasts, so make sure you ask a local for a few of granny's recipes! The lovely lady is based in Losinj Marina, a place that gives you great choice of routes. Just ask your charter team what the best ones are, and have a great week!


This stately contemporary home makes a grand statement inside and out. A volume entry leads to the two-story dining room with a plant shelf and skylights above. The great room with a fireplace flanked by windows is also vaulted. The kitchen provides a desk, a large pantry, an island cooktop and an adjacent breakfast nook with access to a covered porch. Double doors open from the foyer to a den with a built-in cabinet. The master bedroom with a cove ceiling, walk-in closet and amenity-filled bath is conveniently located on the first floor. A two-way staircase leads to the second floor, which includes three family bedrooms and a full bath.
133 sq/ft width 10' 6" x depth 12' 8"
635 sq/ft width 21' 8" x depth 29' 4"


Infographics are the perfect ways to gain the attention of targeted audience. They are the visual graphical representation accompanied by data that is relevant to viewers. You can use infographics to address specific topics and as a PR tool for your business needs. If you want to hire a professional design team to help you with infographics design and development, SAIntellect Solutions is very hard to beat.
When properly designed and developed, infographics like other forms of visual contents are highly effective at engaging digital audience. Fortunately, the technological advancements like the widespread adoption of mobile internet accessibility, the average people has a shorter attention span that makes visual content even more necessary for capturing people's attention.
We at SAIntellect Solutions provide marketing with infographics by focusing more on choosing appropriate subjects and formats well-suited to brands. Our philosophy of infographics marketing is that more appealing and engaging content you produce, the more people will rely on your expertise and brand that leads to conversions in the long run.
Infographics are especially useful for inbound generation and social sharing that makes them valuable for search engine optimization. General practices for maximizing the search and the social reach of infographics comprise of a combination of correlating social media marketing and promotions.
So long as you genuinely wise to offer value to your prospective audience, infographics marketing can be a perfect asset in your quest to achieve success.
For more queries, please contact us today and let us help you out!


Nokia 3600 slide is one of those handsets which no one seems to covet, love and lust but everybody ends up buying or having. It's a straightforward guess that a S40 handset of subdued but comfortable styling and sufficient skill will simply go around. The neat and compact Nokia slider has all the basics duly covered and strives to deliver beyond its price in terms of imaging. A 3.2 megapixel camera, VGA video and TV out should be enough of an identity booster.
Catering to the mid range is by no means an easy task. Affordability goes without saying, but you won't do without personality. How do you set your goods apart without ending up with a niche product? Plus, the midrange is a stretchy concept already. The limits are blurring over megapixel count, 3G and multimedia. Last but not least, yesterday's high-enders are getting cheaper, to make the utterly overcrowded midrange extra unfriendly.
Those are the kind of issues for Nokia 3600 slide to tackle and it chooses to do so by focusing on imaging. The 16M-color screen, 3 megapixel autofocus camera, VGA video and TV-out are the only goodies that are a bit too haughty for the midrange. The rest is plain and simple stuff that comes by the handful. The 200 euro package includes an audio player, FM radio, stereo Bluetooth, EDGE and expandable memory, all on the fit and reliable S40 platform. The smooth slider casing and neat looks round it all off.
It does come out as a comprehensive feature set, but 3G would've really made it hard to resist. The 3600 slide still has enough to keep us busy, so let's get down to it. Unboxing and hardware inspection are this small jump away.
how can I have my access point to access my facebook mobile?
HI,i have been using this phone from last 4 years.overall its good.but its true dat the 3.2 MP is not that worth.its the nokia brand coz it has slipped from my hands soo many times but didnt broke or scratched.


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How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Leo
enter the new year to the sound of triumphal fanfares, exactly as you like and as you wish.
You're in great shape and full of energy, and you can't wait to face the future that's already here. Indeed, news or news that you have been waiting for for a long time for situations that have been stalled and now have the possibility of being unblocked may arrive in the coming days.
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Aries
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Taurus
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Gemini
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Cancer
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Virgin
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Libra
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Scorpio
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Capricorn
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Aquarius
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Sagittarius
How will be Weekly horoscope (January 02-08) for the zodiac sign of Pisces


We have 1 currently Position available.
Hickleys Mobility & Healthcare have a part-time vacancy for a friendly, highly motivated hard working person to join our rapidly expanding division in Taunton.
The role will be retail based advising and selling the most appropriate products for an individual's needs so good communication skills along with a friendly, pleasant and well presented appearance are essential. A full driving licence is preferable, not essential, as you may be required to offer cover at our Bridgwater store also.
The role will be 14 hours per week, 9.00 to 4.00 Monday and Friday.
Salary will be negotiable dependant upon experience. We offer 22 days pro-rata paid annual leave plus bank holidays, a company pension and a position with a leading independent local company.
Mark Mason, Hickleys Healthcare, Castle Street, Tangier, Taunton, Somerset. TA1 4AU.


Traditional bank loans are harder to get than lenders might make them sound. The banking industry has not recovered from the beating it took in 2007. They are still super wary of making business loans, especially to smaller businesses which do not yet have a long track record of success.
Don't despair! Even if you have a great plan and strategy and still got turned down by your bank, this is not the end of the road. There are small business loans available if you know where and how to look. Some simple steps can increase your chances of getting that loan. And today more than ever there are creative alternative funding sources out there for you to try. Some of them are definitely worth your time and attention. Others should be avoided.
We're here to help you tell the difference. Not every funding method is right for every business. You will have a greater chance of success if you appeal to those that are a good match for your venture.
Most importantly: never to give up. If this is your dream then be prepared to do what it takes to go for it. And do that well armed with good solid information.
Do you prefer to do business with someone you kind of know, but you don't have a relationship with a bank? If you have a PayPal account or have used them for any services you might want to check out their loan service called LoanBuilder. If you're eligible and you have all your paperwork put together you can get approved and funded really quickly. It's easy to go online and check your eligibility in just a few minutes. If you're eligible you can "build" your own loan by choosing the amount you'd like to borrow and the amount you want to take to pay it back. It will then show you the weekly payment amount and the grant total you will pay back over the life of the loan.
Update March 2018 Bankers appear to be perplexed by a recent drop-off in their small business lending business. At the end of 2017 their loans to businesses had increased just over one percent in the previous year. The weekly growth rate averaged less than 3%, unlike weekly growth of over 9% in 2016 and even higher growth prior to that. What we find perplexing is the bankers' surprise. They seem to be assuming that there is pent up demand which may be unleashed soon, but we wonder if they are not aware of the many other options out there these days? The increase in in new options coupled with many people's disappointment with previous bank-borrowing experiences could certainly explain a downturn in the banking business.
Update June 2017 If you're considering looking at an online business loan there are many options to consider. According to NerdWallet you will find easy applications without much paperwork required and a higher probability of getting your thumbs up within a day or even less at ondeck and at Kabbage. The rates will be higher than you might get a bank, but those loans are tougher to get and take a lot longer, so it's a toss-up. Kabbage comes out a bit better in their ratings but it depends on what different criteria are important to you. Ondeck will let you take 36 months to repay while Kabbage cuts the repayment term off at 12 months. Check them both out and see if one of them looks promising for you.
News Novmber 2016 Online business loans have become pretty abundant but they can also be confusing. The confusion comes from trying to sort out what the actual costs will be of a given loan. Now several lenders have joined together to "self regulate" by agreeing on a standard way to show the costs of borrowing from them. They have come up with a "disclosure box" that will show the loan's cost relative to apr (annual percentage rates), the total amount that will be repaid (including principal and interest), and some other standard measurements. These are very promising moves, especially since the U.S. Treasury Department has recommended an increase in oversight and rules for protection of small-business borrowers. The three participating lenders (as of this writing) are CAN Capital Inc., Kabbage Inc. and On Deck Capital Inc.
News March 2016 Microfinancing is becoming more prevalent in the United States. Helping to make it more "mainstream", the Small Business Administration now has a microfinancing program. Small Businesses can now get smaller loans for a variety of purposes. See more details (and learn more about the benefits of microfinancing) in our article about Microfinance Opportunities in the United States.
NEW: Announced in February 2015, the Lending Club and Alibaba have teamed up to offer loans to businesses that buy from Chinese manufacturers through the Alibaba marketplace. The lines of credit for these purchases can be from as little as $5000 up to $300,000, for up to six months. Monthly loan rates will range from .5% to 2.4%. This alliance is part of Lending Club's desire to increase its share of the small business loan market – which is reportedly the biggest part of the "alternative lending" market.
Clearly alternative lending options are becoming more and more popular with small business. So if you order items from China as part of your business check out Lending Club and Alibaba.
Nonetheless you must be aware that things can turn sour and get awkward very quickly. Even if they are willing to operate on a handshake, insist that the details of your agreement be put in writing.
It's totally easy to charge expenses on your credit card or to take an advance in the form of cash. Banks make it so easy because they make a lot of money on your balances! It's very tempting to think you are doing fine because you are paying the minimum each month. But your total amount owed is growing all the time and can become a burden you can no longer bear. Know the actual rate you are paying so you can evaluate other options.
Home Equity Line of Credit or Mortgage Re-Fi: These loans require paperwork (sometimes lots of it!). Qualifying depends on your credit history, verifiable income and the amount of equity you own in your home. You do not have to present a business plan or convince anyone that you will be able to make a profit. You do have to go through the time and expense of an appraisal and the application process.
Grants: The most obvious benefit of a grant is that it is essentially "free money" that never has to be paid back. The biggest drawback is that a true grant for an individual to start or grow a business is extremely rare. There are some out there but they are not easy to find. You should check your state and local governments for grants or other incentives for business, and also research grants which may be available from private foundations. If you are lucky enough to find such a grant it will most likely require that the funds be used in very specific ways for specific purposes, so be prepared to be flexible. You can learn more at Grants for Small Business.
Credit Unions: Credit Union loans can be a great option for small business. Credit Unions are owned by their members and are not-for-profit. They typically pay higher interest rates on savings and charge lower rates on loans. Their loan requirements can be more flexible than traditional banks. And many also offer lines of credit as well as SBA loan programs. These are definitely worth a look!
Small Business Bank Loans: These are still hard to get, even with the friendliest of banks. Banks are highly unlikely to fund a new business that can show zero existing revenues or profits, regardless how great your plans look or how innovative your idea. Banks are simply not in the risk-taking business! However, if you do have a solid business plan in writing, and you have evidence that your strategy will result in profits, you may have a chance. You may have to go not just to the closest three of four banks you are familiar with, but to dozens of banks. Keep trying and you may get lucky. It may be frustrating but persistence sometimes wins the day!
SBA-backed Small Business Loans: These are actually your best bet for a bank loan. And the SBA will help prepare you to increase your chances of success! Some people ignore the SBA because they don't fund businesses directly. But they do guarantee loans at specific banks, which makes those loans much easier to get. And the new (she took office in the spring of 2014) head of the SBA has done a lot to streamline and simplify procedures. She has also increased the accessibility of small business loans, lowered their costs, and increased loan volumes going to women and minorities. Contact your local SBA office – they will help you and point you to the right banks. Learn lots more in our review of the Small Business Administration website.
How to Qualify for a Small Business Loan Your credit score has a big impact on your ability to get a loan - and on the interest you will pay. Especially if you are a new business, lenders will rely heavily on this score since it reflects you ability to repay a loan. So take some time up front to work on improving your current credit score. Pay all your bills on time. Check your credit report and be sure it does not contain errors; dispute them if they do. You can get one free credit report each year from AnnualCreditReport.com. You will need good credit scores to get a loan backed by the SBA. If you go with online lenders the requirements are not as strict (but of course you will pay a higher interest rate).
Small Business Crowdfunding: A combination of new legislation and technology has made it possible for entrepreneurs to pitch their idea online and receive money from individuals all over the world. It is an area of rapid growth with over $5 billion raised in 2013.
Some crowdfunding comes in the form of donations for which the donor simply receives some small incentive. Due to new legislation entrepreneurs may now use this technique to sell investors a stake in ownership of their company without having to go through all the SEC requirements of the past. Some sites focus on businesses, others on creative ventures, high tech ideas, charitable purposes, funding new mobile apps, novel inventions from tinkerers and inventors, and more. If you have a good story to tell and are good at telling it, this could be a great avenue for you. Because there are so many crowdfunding sites now we recommend you search for a site for your particular area. Learn more at Crowdfunding News.
Internet Lending Brokers: Sites like Lending Tree basically let you indicate what type of loan you are looking for along with some other basic information. Lenders then compete for your business. Tools are provided to help you evaluate different offers. This may be a time-saving option for you to enter information once and get results from more than one lender. You should be aware though that your options will be limited to lenders who pay for the privilege of responding … and once your contact information is out there it might be difficult to cut off the flow of emails you receive.
Microfinancing Institutions: These organizations, also called MFI's, provide loans to individuals who want to start a business but don't have a banking relationship, credit history, or knowledge about how to get a loan. They provide funding, training and support to help people be successful. Interestingly, some non-profit MFI's also allow individual supporters to make small business loans to people and be paid back at a specific interest rate. They therefore benefit both would-be entrepreneurs, often in lower income areas, as well as those who want to help others in need. Learn more in our article about Microfinancing in the United States.
Regardless of ups and downs in the economy, owning a successful small business can be your ticket to a very special kind of freedom. There are so many new opportunities out there, funding really should not be something that holds you back. Review this information, make your plan, and go take this important step toward a new future!


I dunno what to put here?????
Quiet shy retired man looking for occasional younger male companionship in Regina SK. Can be quite generous for the right person. Just to get it out of the way I am a totally passive bottom.


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Rail Associations
ELeather Makes Global Cleantech 100 List for 2020
Home » News » Supplier News » ELeather Makes Global Cleantech 100 List for 2020
by Railway News
Train Interiors
Suppliers ELeather
ELeather, the pioneer of engineered leather, is pleased to announce its inclusion on the Global Cleantech 100 list for 2020 for the sixth consecutive year.
The Cleantech 100 list aims to find the top 100 private companies with the potential to make significant market impact over the next five to ten years. The list is evaluated by a panel of 87 industry experts, including investors and multi-national corporation representatives. Voting is based on each company's innovation potential, market share and ability to execute its vision. The companies on the list offer the most innovative and promising ideas in clean technology.
Eco-Engineered Products
One of the areas that the Cleantech list celebrates is advanced materials, which commends solutions that improve durability and efficiency as well as decreasing toxicity.
ELeather's engineered leather meets these criteria and more. Up to 75 per cent of traditional leather is unused and often destined for landfill. The company recognised this and developed a patented manufacturing process that takes the unused leather and combines it, using just the power of water. In addition, the process recycles 95 per cent of utilised water.
The result is a high-performance material that is durable, versatile and luxurious. Large-scale uses of engineered leather span across transportation, public spaces and lifestyle markets, as well as athletic footwear. Engineered leather is natural, non-porous, easy to clean and hygienic. It's also up to five times more durable than traditional types of upholstery used in the transport industry, improving travel experience through better looking, more sustainable and hygienic environments.
Nico den Ouden, Chief Commercial Officer at ELeather, said:
"It's an honour be part of the prestigious global Cleantech 100 list. Sustainability is at the core of everything we do.
"Our patented manufacturing process was designed to be as environmentally friendly as possible. I'm proud to see ELeather listed alongside other businesses using exciting and innovative technologies. As consumer interest in clean technology grows, we're excited to work with new and existing customers and partners to supply advanced materials to an audience looking to make sustainable choices."
This announcement marks the start of an exciting year for ELeather, as it plans to launch a new aviation product that combines sustainability and performance with an added touch of luxury. In addition, the company will launch a new design-specific brand that will aim to help designers across all markets understand the properties and applications of engineered leather.
The Global Cleantech 100 list was announced at the Cleantech Forum San Francisco, 27-29 January 2020.
About ELeather
ELeather is the pioneer of sustainable engineered leather.
Its revolutionary process transforms leather into advanced materials while achieving a significantly lower environmental footprint.
ELeather reduces waste, increases performance, and enables brands to create extraordinary products and memorable customer experiences, while improving sustainability.
Born in the UK, ELeather has grown to supply industries ranging from transport to footwear, across more than 40 countries.
It's leather, evolved.
Related ELeather News
26 Mar 2020 | Supplier News
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Now more than ever we need a little colour in our lives. At ELeather we're hoping to do just that with our new collection – Tactile Neutrals.
21 Jan 2020 | Supplier News
What is Engineered Leather and How to Work With It?
ELeather are evolving leather to become a more responsible, desirable and performance-driven material – engineered leather.
26 Nov 2019 | Supplier News
ELeather Opens First APAC Showroom in Beijing
ELeather opened its first showroom in Asia Pacific region. Located in China's capital city, Beijing, the showroom displays product innovation
Engineered Leather – The Latest Chapter in Material Evolut...
Leather remains unchanged, although the industry has taken strides to become more sustainable, with the introduction of engineered leather.
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Luxury travel used to be the preserve of the gilded few, while commuters and budget travellers had to put up with easy-clean, bucket seats...
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Changing the Fabric of the Rail Industry
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ELeather has been named by Insider Media as the winner of the Made in Central and East England Manufacturing awards in March 2018. The awards, now in its third ...
04 Jul 2018 | Business
ELeather Placed on The Sunday Times HSBC International Track...
ELeather, a UK-based global leader in patented high-tech materials technology marks a key milestone in the growth of the business as it's recognised for the f...
19 Mar 2018 | Business
ELeather Recognised as one of Europe's 50 Super-Scale Ups
The Tech Tour Growth 50 is the result of an annual research project, run by Tech Tour, a platform that facilitates high-tech growth companies develop strategic ...
22 Nov 2017 | Business
ELeather Partners with The Deutsche Bahn Idea Train
ELeather have been announced as an official partner of the Deutsche Bahn Idea Train launched in Nuremburg, Germany on 7th November, 2017.
17 Feb 2017 | Supplier News
ELeather at Middle East Rail – Seeing it the Passenger's...
ELeather, a UK based environmentally friendly materials technology company will be showing the rail industry the future of transportation seating at...
ELeather is Named in the 2017 Global Cleantech 100
ELeather, an environmentally friendly materials technology company today announced it was named in the prestigious 2017 Global Cleantech 100, produced...
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Hey guys, I love reading your posts! You're an amazing group of people! Thank you for introducing yourselves and for the motivation! Keep up with the comments and communication, that's what makes these games especially great! I'm excited for where this journey takes all of us! I wish you all the best! Just tackle your goals one day at a time, and celebrate every win, no matter how big or small! You've got this team!
Do you already have a habit of drinking plenty of water every day, or is it a struggle for you to get it in? Just like anything else, the more you do something, the easier it becomes to then incorporate it into your everyday life. This process is about building good habits, that not only last us through the game, but through the rest of our lives. How did everyone's first day go? What's your plan for day 2?
Tara E. , Karen C. , April S. and Cara D like this photo.
I got in 120 ounces... only 8 ounces short of my goal! Hitting goal today!
Awesome job Caroline! That's super impressive, going strong!