text:
The K to 12 Basic Education Program
What is K to 12?
RA 10533
Naninindigan pa rin po tayo sa ipinangako nating pagbabago sa edukasyon: ang gawin itong sentral na estratehiya sa pamumuhunan sa pinakamahalaga nating yaman: ang mamamayang Pilipino. Sa K to 12, tiwala tayong mabibigyang-lakas si Juan dela Cruz upang mapaunlad—hindi lamang ang kanyang sarili at pamilya—kundi maging ang buong bansa. – Pangulong Benigno S. Aquino III
WHAT IS K TO 12 PROGRAM?
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship.
Strengthening Early Childhood Education (Universal Kindergarten)
Making the Curriculum Relevant to Learners (Contextualization and Enhancement)
Ensuring Integrated and Seamless Learning (Spiral Progression)
Building Proficiency through Language (Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education)
Gearing Up for the Future (Senior High School)
Nurturing the Holistically Developed Filipino (College and Livelihood Readiness, let Century Skills)
Every Filipino child now has access to early childhood education through Universal Kindergarten. At 5 years old, children start schooling and are given the means to slowly adjust to formal education.
Research shows that children who underwent Kindergarten have better completion rates than those who did not. Children who complete a standards-based Kindergarten program are better prepared, for primary education.
Education for children in the early years lays the foundation for lifelong learning and for the total development of a child. The early years of a human being, from 0 to 6 years, are the most critical period when the brain grows to at least 60-70 percent of adult size..[Ref: K to 12 Toolkit]
In Kindergarten, students learn the alphabet, numbers, shapes, and colors through games, songs, and dances, in their Mother Tongue.
Examples, activities, songs, poems, stories, and illustrations are based on local culture, history, and reality. This makes the lessons relevant to the learners and easy to understand.
Students acquire in-depth knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes through continuity and consistency across all levels and subjects.
Discussions on issues such as Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Climate Change Adaptation, and Information & Communication Technology (ICT) are included in the enhanced curriculum.
Students are able to learn best through their first language, their Mother Tongue (MT). Twelve (12) MT languages have been introduced for SY 2012-2013: Bahasa Sug, Bikol, Cebuano, Chabacano, Hiligaynon, Iloko, Kapampangan, Maguindanaoan, Meranao, Pangasinense, Tagalog, and Waray. Other local languages will be added in succeeding school years.
Aside from the Mother Tongue, English and Filipino are taught as subjects starting Grade 1, with a focus on oral fluency. From Grades 4 to 6, English and Filipino are gradually introduced as languages of instruction. Both will become primary languages of instruction in Junior High School (JHS) and Senior High School (SHS).
After Grade 1, every student can read in his or her Mother Tongue. Learning in Mother Tongue also serves as the foundation for students to learn Filipino and English easily.
Subjects are taught from the simplest concepts to more complicated concepts through grade levels in spiral progression. As early as elementary, students gain knowledge in areas such as Biology, Geometry, Earth Science, Chemistry, and Algebra. This ensures a mastery of knowledge and skills after each level.
For example, currently in High School, Biology is taught in 2nd Year, Chemistry in 3rd Year, and Physics in 4th Year. In K to 12, these subjects are connected and integrated from Grades 7 to 10. This same method is used in other Learning Areas like Math.
Senior High School is two years of specialized upper secondary education; students may choose a specialization based on aptitude, interests, and school capacity. The choice of career track will define the content of the subjects a student will take in Grades 11 and 12. SHS subjects fall under either the Core Curriculum or specific Tracks.
There are seven Learning Areas under the Core Curriculum. These are Languages, Literature, Communication, Mathematics, Philosophy, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences. Current content from some General Education subjects are embedded in the SHS curriculum.
Each student in Senior High School can choose among three tracks: Academic; Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports and Arts. The Academic track includes three strands: Business, Accountancy, Management (BAM); Humanities, Education, Social Sciences (HESS); and Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM).
Students undergo immersion, which may include earn-while-you-learn opportunities, to provide them relevant exposure and actual experience in their chosen track.
TVET (TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION & TRAINING) NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
After finishing Grade 10, a student can obtain Certificates of Competency (COC) or a National Certificate Level I (NC I). After finishing a Technical-Vocational-Livelihood track in Grade 12, a student may obtain a National Certificate Level II (NC II), provided he/she passes the competency-based assessment of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).
NC I and NC II improves employability of graduates in fields like Agriculture, Electronics, and Trade.
MODELING BEST PRACTICES FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
In SY 2012-2013, there are 33 public high schools, public technical-vocational high schools, and higher education institutions (HEIs) that have implemented Grade 11. This is a Research and Design (R&D) program to simulate different aspects of Senior High School in preparation for full nationwide implementation in SY 2016-2017. Modeling programs offered by these schools are based on students' interests, community needs, and their respective capacities.
NURTURING THE HOLISTICALLY DEVELOPED FILIPINO (COLLEGE AND LIVELIHOOD READINESS, 21ST CENTURY SKILLS)
After going through Kindergarten, the enhanced Elementary and Junior High curriculum, and a specialized Senior High program, every K to 12 graduate will be ready to go into different paths – may it be further education, employment, or entrepreneurship.
Every graduate will be equipped with:
Information, media and technology skills,
Learning and innovation skills,
Effective communication skills, and
Life and career skills.
The Kindergarten Curriculum Framework (KCF) draws from the goals of the K to 12 Philippine Basic Education Curriculum Framework and adopts the general principles of the National Early Learning Framework (NELF). Kindergarten learners need to have a smooth transition to the content-based curriculum of Grades 1 to 12.
Download Curriculum Guide
Students in Grades 1 to 10 will experience an enhanced, context-based, and spiral progression learning curriculum with the following subjects:
Araling Panlipunan
Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP)
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP)
Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
SENIOR HIGH (Grades 11-12)
Senior High School is two years of specialized upper secondary education; students may choose a specialization based on aptitude, interests, and school capacity. The choice of career track will define the content of the subjects a student will take in Grades 11 and 12. Each student in Senior High School can choose among three tracks: Academic; Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports and Arts. The Academic track includes three strands: Business, Accountancy, Management (BAM); Humanities, Education, Social Sciences (HESS); and Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM).
Core curriculum subjects
There are seven Learning Areas under the Core Curriculum: Languages, Literature, Communication, Mathematics, Philosophy, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences.
Oral comunication
Komunikasyon at pananaliksik sa wika at kulturang Filipino
Contemporary Philippine arts from the regions
Introduction to philosophy of the human person/Pambungad sa pilosopiya ng tao
Personal development/pansariling kaunlaran
Earth science (instead of Earth and life science for those in the STEM strand)
Disaster readiness and risk reduction (taken instead of Physical science for those in the STEM strand)
Applied track subjects
English for academic and professional purposes
Practical research 1
Filipino sa piling larangan
Sining
Tech-voc
Empowerment technologies (for the strand)
Inquiries, investigatories, and immersion
Specialized subjects
Accountancy, business, and and management strand
Humanities and social sciences strand
Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics strand
General academic strand
IMPLEMENTATION AND TRANSITION MANAGEMENT
Program implementation in public schools is being done in phases starting SY 2012–2013. Grade 1 entrants in SY 2012–2013 are the first batch to fully undergo the program, and current 1st year Junior High School students (or Grade 7) are the first to undergo the enhanced secondary education program. To facilitate the transition from the existing 10-year basic education to 12 years, DepEd is also implementing the SHS and SHS Modeling.
TRANSITION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOLS
Private schools craft their transition plans based on: (1) current/previous entry ages for Grade 1 and final year of Kinder, (2) duration of program , and most importantly, (3) content of curriculum offered.
ACHIEVEMENTS AND PLANS
2010 SHORTAGE
2010 TO 2014 ACCOMPLISHMENT
Classrooms 66,800 86,478 constructed classrooms as of February 2015 41,728 classrooms for Kinder to Grade 12
30,000 of which are for Senior High School (Grades 11 and 12)
Teacher Items 145,827 128,105 teachers hired as of December 31, 2014 39,066 additional teacher items
Water and Sanitation 135,847 80,197 completed
23,414 ongoing construction
43,536 ongoing procurement as of May 2014 13,586 programmed for 2015
Textbooks 61.7M 1:1 student-textbook ratio since December 2012 69.5 million additional learning materials
Seats 2,573,212 1:1 student-school seat ratio since December 2012 1,547,531 additional new seats
Swipe left or right on table to show columns...
What is the K to 12 Program?
The K to 12 Program covers 13 years of basic education with the following key stages:
Kindergarten to Grade 3
Grades 7 to 10 (Junior High School)
Grades 11 and 12 (Senior High School)
Why are we now implementing 13 years of basic education?
The Philippines is the last country in Asia and one of only three countries worldwide with a 10-year pre-university cycle (Angola and Djibouti are the other two).
A 13-year program is found to be the best period for learning under basic education. It is also the recognized standard for students and professionals globally.
What has been done to get ready for K to 12? Are we really ready for K to 12?
SY 2011-2012: Universal Kindergarten implementation begins
SY 2012-2013: Enhanced curriculum for Grades 1-7 implemented
2013: K to 12 enacted into Law
2014: Curriculum for Grades 11-12 finished
This 2015, we are getting ready for the implementation of Senior High School (SHS) in SY 2016-2017
We are on the fifth year of the implementation of the K to 12 Program. Our last mile is the Senior High School. All 221 divisions of the Department of Education (DepEd) have finished planning and have figures on enrolment a year in advance. These plans were reviewed by a separate team and finalized upon consultation with other stakeholders.
Classrooms: DepEd has built 66,813 classrooms from 2010 to 2013. There are 33,608 classrooms completed and undergoing construction in 2014. As of DepEd is planning to establish 5,899 Senior High Schools nationwide. As of June 22, 2015, DepEd has issued provisional permits to 2,847 private schools set to offer Senior High School in 2016.
Teachers: From 2010-2014, DepEd has filled 128,105 new teacher items. DepEd is targeting two kinds of teachers: those who will teach the core subjects, and those who will teach the specialized subjects per track. DepEd will hire 37,000 teachers for Senior High School for 2016 alone.
Textbooks: Learning materials are being produced for elementary to junior high while textbooks for Senior High School (which has specialized subjects) are being bid out.
Curriculum: The K to 12 curriculum is standards- and competence-based. It is inclusive and built around the needs of the learners and the community. The curriculum is done and is available on the DepEd website. It is the first time in history that the entire curriculum is digitized and made accessible to the public.
Private SHS: There are 2,847 private schools cleared to offer Senior High School as of June 22, 2015.
How will the current curriculum be affected by K to 12? What subjects will be added and removed?
The current curriculum has been enhanced for K to 12 and now gives more focus to allow mastery of learning.
For the new Senior High School grades (Grades 11 and 12), core subjects such as Mathematics, Science and Language will be strengthened. Specializations or tracks in students' areas of interest will also be offered.
Changes to specific subjects are detailed in the K to 12 Curriculum Guides, viewable and downloadable at bit.ly/kto12curriculum.
How will schools implementing special curricular programs such as science high schools, high schools for the arts, and technical vocational schools be affected by K to 12?
Schools with special curricular programs will implement enriched curriculums specific to their program (e.g. science, arts) following the K to 12 standards.
How will multi-grade teaching be affected by K to 12?
Multi-grade teaching will continue and will use the K to 12 Curriculum.
How will specific learning groups such as indigenous people, Muslim learners, and people with special needs be affected by K to 12?
The K to 12 Curriculum was designed to address diverse learner needs, and may be adapted to fit specific learner groups.
Under K to 12, will Kindergarten be a pre-requisite for entering Grade 1?
Yes. Republic Act No. 10157, or the Kindergarten Education Act, institutionalizes Kindergarten as part of the basic education system and is a pre-requisite for admission to Grade 1.
With K to 12, will there be an overlap between the Day Care program of Local Government Units (LGUs) and DepEd Kindergarten?
No. Day Care Centers of LGUs take care of children aged 4 or below, while the DepEd Kindergarten program is intended for children who are at least 5 years old by October 31st of the present school year.
With K to 12, should schools prepare permanent records for Kindergarten students?
Yes. While the assessment on readiness skills of students in Kindergarten is not academically driven, a good measure of the child's ability to cope with formal schooling is needed for future learning interventions.
Who is in charge of Kindergarten teacher compensation?
DepEd is the main agency that employs and pays Kindergarten teachers in public schools. However, there are LGUs that help in the Kindergarten program and provide honoraria for additional Kindergarten teachers in public schools.
Which Mother Tongue will be used as the language of instruction in multi-cultural areas?
The principle of MTB-MLE is to use the language that learners are most comfortable and familiar with; therefore, the common language in the area or lingua franca shall be used as the language of instruction
Will Mother Tongue Based Multi-Lingual Education (MTB-MLE) include other languages in the future?
Languages other than the 19 current mother tongues (Bahasa Sug, Bikol, Cebuano, Chabacano, Hiligaynon, Iloko, Kapampangan, Maguindanaoan, Meranao, Pangasinense, Tagalog, Waray, Ybanag, Ivatan, Sambal, Akianon, Kinaray-a, Yakan, and Surigaonon.)
What is Senior High School?
Senior High School (SHS) covers the last two years of the K to 12 program and includes Grades 11 and 12. In SHS, students will go through a core curriculum and subjects under a track of their choice.
Will SHS mean two more years of High School?
Yes. These two additional years will equip learners with skills that will better prepare them for the future, whether it be:
Skills Development (Further Tech-Voc training)
Higher Education (College)
How will students choose their Senior High School specializations?
Students will undergo assessments to determine their strengths and interests. These will include an aptitude test, a career assessment exam, and an occupational interest inventory for high schools. Career advocacy activities will also be conducted to help guide students in choosing their specialization or track.
How will student specializations/tracks be distributed across Senior High Schools?
Specializations or tracks to be offered will be distributed according to the resources available in the area, the needs and interests of most students, and the opportunities and demands of the community.
Will SHS ensure employment for me?
SHS creates the following opportunities:
Standard requirements will be applied to make sure graduates know enough to be hirable.
You will now be able to apply for TESDA Certificates of Competency (COCs) and National Certificates (NCs) to provide you with better work opportunities.
Partnerships with different companies will be offered for technical and vocational courses.
You can now get work experience while studying; and companies can even hire you after you graduate.
Entrepreneurship courses will now be included. Instead of being employed, you can choose to start your own business after graduating, or choose to further your education by going to college.
How will SHS affect my college education?
SHS, as part of the K to 12 Basic Curriculum, was developed in line with the curriculum of the Commission of Higher Education (CHED) – the governing body for college and university education in the Philippines.
This ensures that by the time you graduate from Senior High School, you will have the standard knowledge, skills, and competencies needed to go to college.
Is SHS really necessary? Must I go to SHS?
Yes, according to the law. Beginning SY 2016-2017, you must go through Grades 11 and 12 to graduate from High School.
If I choose not to go to SHS, what happens to me?
You will be a grade 10 completer, but not a high school graduate. Elementary graduates are those who finish grade 6; high school graduates must have finished grade 12.
What will I learn in SHS that the current high school curriculum doesn't include?
Senior High School covers eight learning areas as part of its core curriculum, and adds specific tracks (similar to college courses) based on four disciplines:
Academic (which includes Business, Science & Engineering, Humanities & Social Science, and a General Academic strand)
Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (with highly specialized subjects with TESDA qualifications)
SHS Students may pick a track based on how he or she will want to proceed after high school graduation. You can learn more about the tracks and strands (as well as their curriculum) on deped.gov.ph.
Where will Senior High School be implemented? Will my school offer SHS?
Existing public and private schools, including colleges, universities and technical institutions may offer Senior High School.
There may also be stand-alone Senior High Schools established by DepEd or private organizations.
Can a private school offer Senior High School before SY 2016-2017?
Private schools may offer Grade 11 as early as SY 2015-2016 to interested students. However, Senior High School before SY 2016-2017 is voluntary for both private schools and students, and there will be no funding assistance from the government to private Senior High School before SY 2016-2017.
Will SHS modelling schools that implemented the SHS program in SY 2012-13 be allowed to implement the SHS Program?
SHS modelling schools listed in DepEd Order No. 71, s. 2013 may implement the SHS program, but they must go through the process of applying a provisional SHS permit, and must meet the standards and requirements for the SHS Program.
Which private institutions are allowed to offer Senior High School?
All schools and organizations must first apply for a permit from DepEd. Different institutions may also partner with each other and apply for SHS as a group.
Temporary permits will be issued by DepEd for those who meet the requirements for the Senior High School Program.
There are 334 private schools with SHS permits beginning in SY 2014 or 2015. Last March 31, 2015, provisional permits have been issued to 1,122 private schools that will offer Senior High School in 2016.
If you are interested in applying for a Senior High School permit, please visit: https://bit.ly/AppGuidelinesforSHS.
What other information should applicants remember in applying for a SHS permit?
All applications must only be submitted via email to kto12@deped.gov.ph.
Applications must contain the requirements detailed in DepEd Memo No. 4, series of 2014, viewable at https://bit.ly/AppGuidelinesforSHS. Only applications with complete documentary requirements will be processed by the SHS-NTF on a first come-first served basis. Submission of letters of intent only will not be processed.
The proposed SHS Curriculum consistent with the final SHS Curriculum issued by DepEd must be submitted upon application.
Who receives, evaluates and approves the applications for provisional SHS permits? Who issues the permits?
The SHS-National Task Force (SHS-NTF) will receive applications from interested parties, establish the process and criteria in evaluating selected applicants, and evaluate the SHS applications of non-DepEd schools.
Regional Offices will be deputized to conduct on-site validation for all applicants. The on-site validation will focus on the provision of SHS requirements for the proposed track/strand, and will certify that a school exhibits the necessary SHS requirements to implement the program.
The DepEd Secretary approves applications for the SHS Program and issues provisional permits to applicants upon the recommendation of the Undersecretary for Programs and Projects.
The Regional Office releases the provisional permit to the applicant.
Will the additional two years of High School mean additional expenses?
Senior High School "completes" basic education by making sure that the high school graduate is equipped for work, entrepreneurship, or higher education. This is a step up from the 10-year cycle where high school graduates still need further education (and expenses) to be ready for the world.
SHS will be offered free in public schools and there will be a voucher program in place for public junior high school completers as well as ESC beneficiaries of private high schools should they choose to take SHS in private institutions.
This means that the burden of expenses for the additional two years need not be completely shouldered by parents.
Where can I find out more about SHS?
You can find out more at www.deped.gov.ph/k-to-12. You can also ask your school administration (public or private) to contact the DepEd division office to help organize an orientation seminar.
What is the Voucher Program?
This program enables Grade 10 completers from public and private Junior High Schools (JHS) to enroll in a (1) private high school, (2) private university or college, (3) state or local university or college, or (4) technical-vocational school, which will offer the Senior High School program starting School Year 2016-2017.
Through the Voucher Program, students and their families are able to exercise greater choice in deciding the Senior High School program that is most relevant to their needs and career goals. A certain amount will be subsidized by DepEd to private SHS to offset the cost of tuition.
Who will benefit from the Voucher Program? Can I apply?
All JHS completers from public junior high schools are qualified to receive the full voucher values.
Private junior high school completers who are on Education Service Contracting (ESC) grants will receive 80% of the full voucher value.
JHS completers from private schools and non-DepEd schools can also apply for vouchers worth 80% of the full voucher value.
Students will be notified of their eligibility prior to completing Grade 10. No monetary value is given to the student directly instead the subsidy is remitted to the Senior High School where he/she will enroll.
How much is the value of the voucher?
The actual amount of the vouchers will depend on the location of the SHS where the student will enroll.
JHS completers who will enroll in a SHS located in the National Capital Region (NCR) will receive a full voucher value of PhP 22,500.
JHS completers who will enroll in a SHS located in Non-NCR Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) will receive a full voucher value of PhP 20,000. These cities include Angeles, Bacolod, Baguio, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Davao City, General Santos, Iligan, Iloilo City, Lapu-lapu, Lucena, Mandaue, Olongapo, Puerto Princesa, Tacloban, and Zamboanga City.
JHS completers who will enroll in a SHS located in other cities and municipalities will have a full voucher value of PhP 17,500.
The voucher must be used in the school year immediately following the year of JHS completion. A voucher recipient may only be able to avail of the voucher subsidy for two (2) successive years.
Non-DepEd schools may charge tuitions that are higher than the voucher subsidy amounts. Students and parents are expected to cover the difference between the tuition fee charged by the school and the voucher subsidy from government.
How can I apply for the voucher program?
Learn more on the Deped website
What are the advantages of the Voucher Program?
The voucher program can provide high-quality education for all types of students. Even those who normally do not have the financial means will be able to choose from different schools. They will not be limited to the schools that are provided by the DepEd.
For Private Schools
Private schools with SHS will be able to tap into an expanded market — students from public junior high schools
But are we really sure that it will work in the Philippine education system?
In SY 2012-2013, DepEd tested the SHS program to over 10,000 students in a total of 56 schools around the Philippines. The results of this modelling program, including best practices and learning experiences of students, have influenced the creation of the current SHS curriculum.
How can I help improve basic education?
Private partners can donate through the Adopt-A-School program. A 150% tax incentive will be provided for every contribution.
Help spread awareness and information on the K to 12 Program.
How will SHS Affect me? Will I lose my Job?
No high school teachers will be displaced
The Department of Education (DepEd) is in constant coordination with CHED and DOLE on the actual number of affected faculty from private higher education institutions (HEIs). The worst-case scenario is that 39,000 HEI faculty will lose their jobs over 5 years. This will only happen if none of the HEIs will put up their own Senior High Schools, which is since we are currently processing over 1,000 SHS applications from private institutions.
DepEd is also hiring more than 30,000 new teachers in 2016 alone. The Department will prioritize affected faculty who will apply as teachers or administrators in our SHS.
I am a graduate of a science/math/engineering/course. Can I apply as an SHS teacher?
If you are willing to teach on a part-time basis, you will not be required to take and pass the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET).
If you want a permanent position, you will need to take and pass the LET within five years after your date of hiring to remain employed full-time.
I am a hired TVI course graduate/HEI faculty/practitioner. Can I apply as an SHS teacher?
Graduates of technical-vocational courses must have the necessary certification issued by TESDA and undergo training to be administered by DepEd or HEIs.
Faculty of colleges and universities must be full-time professors and be holders of a relevant Bachelor's degree.
DepEd and private schools may also hire practitioners with expertise in the specialized learning areas offered by the K to 12 Program as part-time teachers.
*Faculty of TVIs and HEIs will be given priority in hiring for the transition period from September 2013 until SY 2021-2022.
I am a practitioner. Can I apply as an SHS teacher?
You may teach as part-time teacher in Senior High School under the track subjects. We encourage you to consider this to share your valuable knowledge and experience to our SHS learners.
How will K to 12 affect the college curriculum?
The College General Education curriculum will have fewer units. Subjects that have been taken up in Basic Education will be removed from the College General Education curriculum.
Details of the new GE Curriculum may be found in CHED Memorandum Order No. 20, series of 2013.
Curriculum under K to 12
Read the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013
Implementing rules and Regulations of the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013
K to 12 Program (infographic)
Download a printable graphic version of this page (PDF).
K to 12 Toolkit
Reference Guide for Teacher Educators, School Administrators, and Teachers. Published with the permission of SEAMEO INNOTECH. (PDF)
DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2012
Guidelines on the implementation of the Mother-Tongue-based Multilingual Education. (PDF)
Policies and guidelines on the implementation of the Universal Kindergarten Education Program. (PDF)
Policies and guidelines on the implementation of the Grades 1 to 10 of the K to 12 basic Education Program effective school year 2012-2013. (PDF)
Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Kindergarten Education Act. (PDF)
Guidelines on the implementation of the Senior High School Modeling in Selected Technical and Vocaltional Education High Schools under K to 12. (PDF)
Guidelines on the assessment and rating of learning outcomes under the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum. (PDF)
Guidelines on the selection of Honor Pupils and Students of Grades 1 to 10 under the K to 12 curriculum. (PDF)


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The Holt Hotel
Tackley, Oxfordshire
3.9 miles from Tackley, UK-K2
A highwayman named Claude Duval occupied this building and killed the former landlord. In Room 3, guests feel as if they are being watched and beds shake by themselves. Sometimes, heavy footsteps are heard walking down the hall. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Oxford, England
Oxford is the second-oldest surviving university in the world, dating back to 1096. The most commonly reported ghost is that of a former master named Obadiah Walker, seen in the front quad. King Charles I, beheaded in his prime, is seen at Christ Church College, as has one of his ...
Oxford Castle
Oxford, Oxfordshire
Full-bodied shadows and faces have appeared on camera here. A woman is seen at the castle mound, white mist is seen by the stairs, and footsteps are commonly heard. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
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Winslow, Buckinghamshire
19.3 miles from Tackley, UK-K2
The former owner of the hotel, Angelina, was pushed down the stairs by her lover when he learned she was pregnant. She is still here, as are two other spirits that can't seem to cross over. The first is the spirit of a little girl looking for her family, the ...
Alderminster, Warwickshire
A woman named Lady Emma is seen in a white dress floating through walls. In the library, a man has been seen accompanied by a dog, and a Victorian woman has been seen throughout. A monk, an army officer, and two children who drowned are also reported here. (Submitted by Chris ...
Tackley, Warwickshire
This location was used as the set for the 1963 horror film The Haunting, but the location itself has more to offer. Reports of several Victorian-era ghosts are seen including that of a woman, a servant, and former occupants Edward Shirley, as well as two of the Shirley children who ...
Jolly Tar Inn and Public House
Tackley, Swindon
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West Wycombe, Buckinghamshire
A man named Paul Whitehead was once the secretary to the Hellfire Club. After his death in 1774, he wanted his heart to be placed in an urn which was on display until it was stolen. He seen wandering around, supposedly looking for his heart. A ghost of a teenager ...
The George and Dragon Hotel
Tackley, Buckinghamshire
A spirit who has since become known as "The White Lady" has been seen here. She is believed to have killed by a former lover and her footsteps can heard throughout the location. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Unseen World: The Science, Theories, and Phenomena behind Events Paranormal
Rupert Matthews
Rich Newman
Haunted Hotels Around The World
Harrow Inn
Wanborough, Swindon
People have reported hearing the sounds of a spectral horse and coaches crashing outside the inn, and seeing a worried man in period clothing rushing through the inn as if searching for something. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
The Planks Auction Rooms
Swindon, Swindon
These historic auction rooms have been converted to apartments, but alleged hauntings have been reported ever since there conversion. Tenants have reported loud crashes and bangs when there is no one around, and a pale face that peers from the upper floor windows before vanishing. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Clifton Hotel and Brewery
This hotel and brewery is haunted by a poltergeist who likes to throw glasses and break sherry bottles. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
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Chiseldon, Swindon
There are reports of a poltergeist haunting this historic hotel, including pictures that move by themselves and the sound of a cannon being fired emanating from the downstairs kitchen. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
The Check Inn
Staff and customers at this old pub have reported seeing apparitions in period clothing wandering through the bar area that vanish suddenly when approached. Various visitors have reported experiencing the vision of a man in a powdered wig writing poetry. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Delapre Abbey
Northampton, Northamptonshire
In the fifteenth century, the Battle of Northampton took place here. Along with the ghosts of deceased soldiers, nuns are also reported here. In the cellar, objects move and voices are heard. The enery responsible for it isn't said to be a good one. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Sir Fulke Greville, a poet, playwright, and later, Commissioner of Treasury, restored this castle to the condition that it currently remains in, but was murdered by his servant after an argument ensued. Greville died here and has been seen in his former study room, sometimes standing in the shadows watching ...
Mill Street
Prestbury, Gloucestershire
A headless horsemen is seen riding down this street. He was knocked off of his horse, interrogated for his political connections, then beheaded. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Woburn Abbey
Tackley, England
The Abbot of Woburn denounced the king and was hanged for his opinion; he was seen standing beside the old tree from which he hanged, yet, is no longer thought to be there. In the Butler's Pantry, a strange brown blur is seen (said to resemble a monk). Duchess Mary ...
Littlecote House
Will Darrell once occupied this home until death from a horseback accident. His ghost, as well as a woman in blue have been reported. Perhaps one of the more stranger sightings is that of a midwife carrying a baby; they are thought to have died in a fire started by ...
The Dark Side Of The Cemetery: Ghosts, Hauntings, And More
Watlington House
Reading, England
Former occupant, Captain Edward Purvis is said to remain here. Sometimes he is seen throughout here; an investigation or two won't hurt to find out if he's alone or not. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Saracens Head Inn
33 miles from Tackley, UK-K2
A 17th century woman is said to remain here as is the ghost of another figure, yet to be identified. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Tackley, Wiltshire
Guests hear have been harassed by an unseen presence, which blows on their necks, pushes them, brushes against them and even twists their ears. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Old Hankerton Vicarage
A former resident of the early twentieth century vicarage reportedly saw a disembodied pair of legs dressed in grey flannel trousers wandering through the property before vanishing on several occasions. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
A rather cruel man nicknamed 'One-Handed Boughton' continued his reign of terror even after his death. His ghost was so vicious, a team of clergymen attempted to exorcise his spirit, but he only returned later on. Footsteps, groaning, growling, and other unusual noises are still heard. Mysterious figures have also ...
The Avebury Stone Circle
Avebury, Wiltshire
A certain energy is given off by the stones here; one man was crushed to death in the 14th century by one of these monoliths and other legends give the idea that these stones are protected by guardians. Shadowy figures are seen among them and voices are heard singing at ...
A hooded monk is seen, thought to be Abbott Geoffrey; Geoffrey was murdered in 1345 (perhaps he's the poltergeist also reported in the kitchen). A young woman named Matilda also has a history with this house. She had become pregnant by the master of the house, yet he refused to ...
A woman named Florie was thrown down a well after being caught having an affair. She is known to throw things, haunt the ladies' washroom, and has been seen walking about. A bearded man has also been reported here. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
This historic bed and breakfast is haunted by at least three apparitions. Guests have seen the apparition of a young woman, a man in Georgian clothing and a phantom coach drawn by four jet black horses. Staff have heard a voice which speaks to them in French. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Avebury Church
A local riding past the churchyard on a bicycle reported seeing a tall white apparition standing there. I myself have visited this church, and have seen a shadowy figure sitting at a pew near the front. After mentioning this comment to a local, he reported having seen strange lights and ...
Chapel Cottage
Townspeople believe a witch used to live on this old cottage on Forest Road, and people driving past the cottage have reported seeing her peering out from the upper floor of the building. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Three Legged Cross
Warfield, England
Now closed, a gypsy was said to have cursed the pub; not long after, the owner fell ill and died. The gypsy herself is seen wandering around nearby. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
The Old Bell Hotel and Restaurant
Malmesbury, Wiltshire
The Grey Lady is seen in the James Ody room; she was said to have an unhappy marriage and wound up here. In the Foe room, the door was jammed from the inside, but when workers went inside to investigate, found nothing wrong. Objects have been smashed and cold spots ...
Coundon Court
A nanny fell to her death here and had been seen by staff members on the staircase by the library. The founder of the academy, George Singer, has also been seen from time to time looking out the window. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Windsor, Windsor and Maidenhead
The ghosts of Henry VIII (seen wandering in the halls), Anne Boleyn (seen in the Dean's Cloister looking out the window), Queen Elizabeth I (usually wearing all black), King George III (usually seen throughout, looking out of the windows), and Queen Victoria (seen throughout) have all been reported here. (Submitted by ...
South Hill Park
Bracknell, England
A fire in the 19th century took the lives of two children. They are reported throughout the property. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Manor Farm House
Reportedly haunted by an elderly woman who was decapitated after her burial by a corrupt man. She haunts the manor house where she passed away and is reportedly covered in blood. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Woodchester Mansion
Tackley, Gloucestershire
The chapel is said to have the most activity; it is said that Satanic rituals once took place in here and with it. A tall apparition as well as an element have settled in, possibly because of it. Other figures around the mansion include an elderly woman who grabs visitors, ...
Ickenham tube station
Ickenham, Greater London
A woman wearing a red scarf fell onto the track and was electrocuted to death in the 1950's. People have reported seeing her here, recognizing her by her scarf. Submitted by Chris Berglund
Salisbury A30
A highwayman named William Boulter was hung for crimes. He is said to be seen along portions of the road. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Haunted Cemeteries: Creepy Crypts, Spine-Tingling Spirits, and Midnight Mayhem
Haunted Inns of the Southeast
Sheila Turnage
Haunted Cemeteries Across The USA
The Ostrich
Slough, Slough
The murders in this inn was the basis for Sweeney Todd; wealthy travelers were stripped of all useful items, then a level would open up a trapdoor where the victim would fall into a boiling pot of fat where they would die. Most of the activity is upstairs where the ...
White Rose Cottage
The apparition of a lady in a black dress has been moving around the house at night as if she is protecting something. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Old Rectory
All Cannings, Wiltshire
The rectory is haunted by a Grey Lady, who has been seen standing at the foot of people's beds. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Owlpen Manor
Four ghosts have made their presence known here: the first if that of Queen Margaret of Anjou who returned here in death because of the joy it brought her in life. In the east wing, a monk in black; people are unsure whether or not he was fleeing from a ...
Chippenham, England
This store is located in a former tavern, and is believed to be haunted by three apparitions. The first is that of a man in a Trilby hat, who has been seen by staff and customers on the ground floor. The other apparitions are of a middle-aged woman and her ...
Brocket Arms
Tackley, Hertfordshire
A priest who was either tried and hanged or, rather, committed suicide is said to haunt here. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Five Alls Public House
The public house is rumoured to be haunted by an old woman, a former tenant of the inn. People have reported furniture moving around by itself and lights that turn on and off by themselves. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Minsden Chapel
The ruins of this chapel are home to a phantom monk who said to ring bells (which do not exist anymore) and that of a nun who was murdered in a nearby tunnel system. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Ye Olde Black Cross
Bromsgrove, Worcestershire
A cavalier has been reported in the bar and lounge. Sometimes, objects are thrown around. Room 2 is said to be the most active site here. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Yatton Keynell, Wiltshire
A local guide on haunted buildings referred to the rectory as one of the most haunted buildings in town, but the origin of the haunting is unknown. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Ghosts, Legends, and Folk Tales of the Old West
Robert F. (Bob) Turpin
» Cemeteries near Tackley, UK-K2
» Find museums in Tackley, UK-K2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Evidence Mounts On Shortcomings In Whooping Cough Vaccine
By Scott Hensley
At a Los Angeles media briefing in 2010, Mariah Bianchi describes how her own case of whooping cough caused the death of her newborn son.
Whooping cough went on a tear in California back in 2010.
There were more than 9,000 pertussis infections in the state, a 60-year high. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of the disease across the country.
Some people aren't getting immunized. And it's also probably the case that more sensitive tests and greater awareness of whooping cough are spurring doctors to do a better job of diagnosing it.
Another factor may be that the vaccines kids get to protect them against the respiratory illness appear to be losing their effectiveness faster than expected.
Results from a study that compared California kids who got whooping cough with some who didn't adds more weight to that hypothesis.
Kids are supposed to get three doses of the so-called DTaP vaccine (against diptheria, tetanus and pertussis) at two, four and six months, followed by booster shots at 15-18 months and 4-6 years.
The study of California kids found that those who had been fully vaccinated were less likely to catch whooping cough. But the study also found that the more time had passed since children completed the five-shot immunization regimen, the more likely they were to get whooping cough.
Overall, the effectiveness of the pertussis regimen fell from 98.1 percent within a year of finishing it to 71.2 percent five or more years later, according to estimates by the researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the California Department of Public Health.
The results appear in the latest JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association.
The current vaccines, introduced in the late '90s, have fewer side effects than the older versions. But, it appears, they may not be as potent.
Now, it's true that this study, which looked at sick kids and comparison children after the fact, found associations and can't prove causation. Still, the researchers conclude that vaccines that provide longer-lasting protection may be needed to better control whooping cough.
An accompanying editorial says that although the current vacccines "may be suboptimal, they are still quite effective." Because infants are the most vulnerable to serious illness and death from whooping cough, the editorial emphasizes immunization of pregnant women and people who will be in close contact with infants.
The latest results jibe with a Kaiser Permanente study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in September. It found that whooping cough vaccines' effectiveness faded, too, falling more as the years dragged on.
Scott Hensley
Scott Hensley edits stories about health, biomedical research and pharmaceuticals for NPR's Science desk. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he has led the desk's reporting on the development of vaccines against the coronavirus.
See stories by Scott Hensley


text:
For other uses, see Tokelau (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 09°10′S 171°50′W / 9.167°S 171.833°W / -9.167; -171.833
Tokelau (/ˈtoʊkəlaʊ/; previously known as the Union Islands, and officially as the Tokelau Islands until 1976;[5] lit. "north-northeast"[6]) is a dependent territory of New Zealand in the southern Pacific Ocean. It consists of three tropical coral atolls (Atafu, Nukunonu and Fakaofo), with a combined land area of 10 km2 (4 sq mi). The capital rotates yearly among the three atolls.[7] In addition, Swains Island, which forms part of the same archipelago, is subject to an ongoing territorial dispute and is currently administered by the United States as part of American Samoa. Tokelau lies north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands, and northwest of the Cook Islands.
Dependent territory of New Zealand
"Tokelau mo te Atua" (Tokelauan)
(English: "Tokelau for the Almighty")
Territorial anthem: "Te Atua o Tokelau"[1]
Map of all Tokelau Islands. Swains Island is shown to the south.
Sovereign state
Protectorate created
British colony
Assigned to New Zealand
New Zealand sovereignty
None[a]
Atafu
English[2]
Devolved parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
• Administrator
Ross Ardern
• Ulu-o-Tokelau
Kerisiano Kalolo
General Fono
10 km2 (3.9 sq mi)
• Water (%)
negligible
• 2016 census
1,499[3] (237th)
115/km2 (297.8/sq mi) (86th)
2017 estimate
US$10 million[4]
US$6,275 (not ranked)
New Zealand dollar (NZ$) (NZD)
Driving side
Internet TLD
Tokelau has a population of approximately 1,500 people, the fourth-smallest population of any sovereign state or dependency. As of the 2016 census, around 45% of residents were born overseas, mostly in Samoa and New Zealand.[8] The nation has a life expectancy of 69, comparable with other Oceanian island nations. Approximately 94% of the population speak Tokelauan as a first language. Tokelau has the smallest economy in the world, although it is a leader in renewable energy, being the first 100% solar powered nation in the world.[9]
Tokelau is officially referred to as a nation by both the New Zealand government and the Tokelauan government.[9][10][11] It is a free and democratic nation with elections every three years. However, in 2007 the United Nations General Assembly included Tokelau on its list of non-self-governing territories.[12] Its inclusion on the list is controversial, as Tokelauans have twice narrowly voted against further self-determination, and the islands' small population reduces the viability of self-government. The basis of Tokelau's legislative, administrative and judicial systems is the Tokelau Islands Act 1948, which has been amended on a number of occasions. Since 1993, the territory has annually elected its own head of government, the Ulu-o-Tokelau. Previously the administrator of Tokelau was the highest official in the government and the territory was administered directly by a New Zealand government department.
2.1 Pre-history
2.2 Contact with other cultures
2.3 Tropical cyclones
2.4 Time zone
3 Government
6 Environment
7.1 Solar power
7.2 Internet domain name
8 Demography
9.1 Healthcare and education
9.2 Sport
10 Communication and transportation
14.1 Governance
14.2 Atolls
EtymologyEdit
The name Tokelau is a Polynesian word meaning "north wind". The islands were named the Union Islands and Union Group by European explorers at an unknown time.[13] Tokelau Islands was adopted as the name in 1946, and was contracted to Tokelau on 9 December 1976.
Main article: British Western Pacific Territories
Pre-historyEdit
Archaeological evidence indicates that the atolls of Tokelau – Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo – were settled about 1,000 years ago and may have been a "nexus" into Eastern Polynesia.[14] Inhabitants followed Polynesian mythology with the local god Tui Tokelau,[15] and developed forms of music (see Music of Tokelau) and art. The three atolls functioned largely independently while maintaining social and linguistic cohesion. Tokelauan society was governed by chiefly clans, and there were occasional inter-atoll skirmishes and wars as well as inter-marriage. Fakaofo, the "chiefly island",[16] held some dominance over Atafu and Nukunonu after the dispersal of Atafu. Life on the atolls was subsistence-based, with reliance on fish and coconut.[17]
Contact with other culturesEdit
Fakaofo islanders, drawn in 1841 by the United States Exploring Expedition
Commodore John Byron was the first European to sight Atafu, on 24 June 1765 and called the island "Duke of York's Island". Parties onshore reported that there were no signs of current or previous inhabitants.[18][19] Captain Edward Edwards, knowing of Byron's discovery, visited Atafu on 6 June 1791[20] in search of the Bounty mutineers. There were no permanent inhabitants, but houses contained canoes and fishing gear, suggesting the island was used as a temporary residence by fishing parties.[19] On 12 June 1791, Edwards sailed southward and discovered Nukunonu, naming it "Duke of Clarence's Island".[21] A landing party could not make contact with the people but saw "morais", burying places, and canoes with "stages in their middle" sailing across the lagoons.[19]
On 29 October 1825 August R. Strong of the USS Dolphin wrote of his crew's arrival at the atoll Nukunonu:
Upon examination, we found they had removed all the women and children from the settlement, which was quite small, and put them in canoes lying off a rock in the lagoon. They would frequently come near the shore, but when we approached they would pull off with great noise and precipitation.[22]
On 14 February 1835 Captain Smith of the United States whaler General Jackson records discovering Fakaofo, calling it "D'Wolf's Island".[23][24] On 25 January 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition visited Atafu and discovered a small population living on the island. The residents appeared to be temporary, evidenced by the lack of a chief and the possession of double canoes (used for inter-island travel). They desired to barter, and possessed blue beads and a plane-iron, indicating previous interaction with foreigners. The expedition reached Nukunonu on 28 January 1841 but did not record any information about inhabitants. On 29 January 1841, the expedition discovered Fakaofo and named it "Bowditch".[25] The islanders were found to be similar in appearance and nature to those in Atafu.[26]
Missionaries preached Christianity in Tokelau from 1845 to the 1870s. French Catholic missionaries on Wallis Island (also known as 'Uvea) and missionaries of the Protestant London Missionary Society in Samoa used native teachers to convert the Tokelauans. Atafu was converted to Protestantism by the London Missionary Society, Nukunonu was converted to Catholicism and Fakaofo was converted to both denominations.[27] The Rev. Samuel James Whitmee, of the London Missionary Society, visited Tokelau in 1870.[28]
Helped by Swains Island-based Eli Jennings senior, Peruvian "blackbird" slave traders arrived in 1863 and kidnapped nearly all (253) of the able-bodied men to work as labourers, depopulating the atolls.[29] The Tokelauan men died of dysentery and smallpox, and very few returned. With this loss, the system of governance became based on the "Taupulega", or "Councils of Elders", where individual families on each atoll were represented.[17][24] During this time, Polynesian immigrants followed by American, Scottish, French, Portuguese and German beachcombers settled, marrying local women and repopulating the atolls.[24]
Between 1856 and 1979, the United States claimed that it held sovereignty over the island and the other Tokelauan atolls. In 1979, the U.S. conceded that Tokelau was under New Zealand sovereignty, and a maritime boundary between Tokelau and American Samoa was established by the Treaty of Tokehega.
The square in the centre of the village of Fakaofo
Tropical cyclonesEdit
Cyclone Percy struck and severely damaged Tokelau in late February and early March 2005. Forecasters underestimated the cyclone's strength and the length of time it would be in vicinity to Tokelau. It coincided with a spring tide which put most of the area of the two villages on Fakaofo and Nukunonu under a metre of seawater. The cyclone also caused major erosion on several islets of all three atolls, damaging roads and bridges and disrupting electric power and telecommunications systems. The cyclone did significant and widespread damage to food crops including bananas, coconuts and pandanus. It did not seriously injure anyone but villagers lost significant amounts of property.
No significant land is more than two metres (6.6 feet) above high water of ordinary tides. This means Tokelau is particularly vulnerable to any possible sea level rises.
Time zoneEdit
Main article: Time in New Zealand
Until December 2011, Tokelau was 11 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).[30] At midnight 29 December 2011 Tokelau shifted to UTC+13:00 in response to Samoa's decision to switch sides of the International Dateline.[31] This brought Tokelau closer to New Zealand time (and in the process omitted 30 December).[32]
Many sources claim that Tokelau is 14 hours ahead of UTC (UTC−10 before the 2011 date switch), but the correct time zone offset is UTC+13:00.[33]
GovernmentEdit
Main article: Constitutional history of Tokelau
In 1877, the islands were included under the protection of the United Kingdom by an Order in Council that claimed jurisdiction over all unclaimed Pacific Islands. Commander C. F. Oldham on HMS Egeria landed at each of the three atolls in June 1889[34] and officially raised the Union Flag, declaring the group a British protectorate.[35] In conformity with desire expressed by "the Native government" they were annexed by the United Kingdom and included in the Gilbert Islands by the Tokelau Islands (Union Islands) Order in Council, 1916.[35][36] The annexation took place on 29 February 1916.[37] From the point in time that the islands were annexed, their people had the status of British subjects. Tokelau was removed from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony and placed under the jurisdiction of the Governor-General of New Zealand in 1925, two Orders in Council being made for the purpose on the same day.[35][38] This step meant that New Zealand took over administration of Tokelau from the British on 11 February 1926.[39] At this point, Tokelau was still a territory under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom but administered by New Zealand.[39]
The Union Islands (Revocation) Order in Council, 1948[40] after reciting the agreement by the governments of the United Kingdom and New Zealand that the islands should become part of New Zealand, revoked the Union Islands (No. 2) Order in Council, 1925, with effect from a date fixed by the Governor-General of New Zealand after he was satisfied that the New Zealand Parliament had provided for the incorporation of the islands with New Zealand, as it did by the Tokelau Islands Act 1948.[41] Tokelau formally became part of New Zealand on 1 January 1949.[39]
The Dominion of New Zealand, of which Tokelau formerly was a part, has since been superseded by the Realm of New Zealand, of which Tokelau remains a part. Defence is the responsibility of New Zealand. When the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 1 January 1949, Tokelauans who were British subjects gained New Zealand citizenship; a status they still hold.[42]
Villages are entitled to enact their own laws regulating their daily lives and New Zealand law only applies where it has been extended by specific enactment. Serious crime is rare and there are no prisons, and offenders are publicly rebuked, fined or made to work.[43]
PoliticsEdit
Main article: Politics of Tokelau
The head of state is Elizabeth II, the Queen in right of New Zealand, who also reigns over the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen is represented in the territory by the Administrator – currently Ross Ardern. The current head of government is Afega Gaualofa,[44] who presides over the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau, which functions as a cabinet. The Council consists of the faipule (leader) and pulenuku (village mayor) of each of the three atolls.[45] The administrator is appointed by the minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand, and the role of head of government rotates between the three faipule for a one-year term.[45]
The Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers legislative power on the General Fono, a unicameral body. The number of seats each atoll receives in the Fono is determined by population – at present, Fakaofo and Atafu each have seven and Nukunonu has six.[45] Faipule and pulenuku also sit in the Fono.[45]
On 11 November 2004, Tokelau and New Zealand took steps to formulate a treaty that would turn Tokelau from a non-self-governing territory to a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand. Besides the treaty, a United Nations-sponsored referendum on self-determination took place, with the three islands voting on successive days starting 13 February 2006. (Tokelauans in Apia, Samoa, voted on 11 February.)[46] Out of 581 votes cast, 349 were for Free Association, being short of the two-thirds majority required for the measure to pass.[47] The referendum was profiled (somewhat light-heartedly) in the 1 May 2006 issue of The New Yorker magazine.[48] A repeat referendum took place on 20–24 October 2007, again narrowly failing to approve self-government. This time the vote was short by just 16 votes or 3%.[49]
In May 2008, the United Nations' Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged colonial powers "to complete the decolonization process in every one of the remaining 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories", including Tokelau.[50] This led The New Zealand Herald to comment that the United Nations was "apparently frustrated by two failed attempts to get Tokelau to vote for independence".[51] In April 2008, speaking as leader of the National Party, future New Zealand Prime Minister John Key stated that New Zealand had "imposed two referenda on the people of the Tokelau Islands", and questioned "the accepted wisdom that small states should undergo a de-colonisation process".[52]
Atafu atoll
Nukunonu atoll
Fakaofo atoll
Tokelau includes three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean between longitudes 171° and 173° W and between latitudes 8° and 10° S, about midway between Hawaii and New Zealand. From Atafu in the north to Fakaofo in the south, Tokelau extends for less than 200 km. The atolls lie about 500 kilometres (311 miles) north of Samoa. The atolls are Atafu, Nukunonu, both in a group of islands once called the Duke of Clarence Group, and Fakaofo, once Bowditch Island. Their combined land area is 10.8 km2 (4.2 sq mi). The atolls each have a number of coral islands, where the villages are situated. The highest point of Tokelau is just 5 metres (16 feet) above sea level.[53] There are no ports or harbours for large vessels, however, all three atolls have a jetty to and from which supplies and passengers are shipped.[54][55][56] Tokelau lies in the Pacific tropical cyclone belt. A fourth island that is culturally, historically, and geographically, but not politically, part of the Tokelau chain is Swains Island (Olohega), under United States control since about 1900 and administered as part of American Samoa since 1925.[57]
Swains Island was claimed by the United States pursuant to the Guano Islands Act, as were the other three islands of Tokelau; the latter three claims were ceded to Tokelau by treaty in 1979. In the draft constitution of Tokelau subject to the Tokelauan self-determination referendum in 2006, Olohega (Swains Island) was also claimed as a part of Tokelau, though the claim was surrendered in the same 1979 treaty. This established a clearly defined boundary between American Samoa and Tokelau.
Tokelau's claim to Swains is generally comparable to the Marshall Islands' claim to US-administered Wake Island, but the re-emergence of this somewhat dormant issue has been an unintended result of the United Nations' recent efforts to promote decolonisation in Tokelau. Tokelauans have proved somewhat reluctant to push their national identity in the political realm: recent decolonisation moves have mainly been driven from outside for ideological reasons. But at the same time, Tokelauans are reluctant to disown their common cultural identity with Swains Islanders who speak their language.
Geographic locations of Tokelau's atolls
Atafu 8°33′6″S 172°30′3″W / 8.55167°S 172.50083°W / -8.55167; -172.50083 (Atafu)
Nukunonu 9°10′6″S 171°48′35″W / 9.16833°S 171.80972°W / -9.16833; -171.80972 (Nukunonu)
Fakaofo 9°21′55″S 171°12′54″W / 9.36528°S 171.21500°W / -9.36528; -171.21500 (Fakaofo)
EnvironmentEdit
See also: List of birds of Tokelau and List of mammals of Tokelau
Tokelau is located in the Western Polynesian tropical moist forests ecoregion.[58] Most of the original vegetation has been replaced by coconut plantations, some of which have been abandoned and became scrubby forests. The atolls of Tokelau provide habitat for 38 indigenous plant species, over 150 insect species and 10 land crab species. One of the greatest threats to biodiversity is posed by introduced mammalian predators such as the Polynesian Rat.[59]
In 2011 Tokelau declared its entire exclusive economic zone of 319,031 km2 (123,179 sq mi) a shark sanctuary.[60]
EconomyEdit
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017)
According to the US Central Intelligence Agency's list of countries by GDP (PPP) Tokelau has the smallest economy in the world. Tokelau has an annual purchasing power of about US$1,000 (€674) per capita. The government is almost entirely dependent on subsidies from New Zealand. It has annual revenues of less than US$500,000 (€336,995) against expenditures of some US$2.8 million (€1.9 million). The deficit is made up by aid from New Zealand.
Tokelau annually exports around US$100,000 (€67,000) of stamps, copra and woven and carved handicrafts and imports over US$300,000 (€202,000) of foodstuffs, building materials, and fuel to, and from, New Zealand. New Zealand also pays directly for the cost of medical and education services. Local industries include small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods, stamps, coins, and fishing. Agriculture and livestock produces coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas, figs, pigs, poultry and a few goats. Many Tokelauans live in New Zealand and support their families in Tokelau through remittances.
Solar powerEdit
Tokelau is one of the world's only nations to rely solely on renewable sources of energy in the production and consumption of electricity (Iceland also achieves 100% electricity production from renewable sources). The goal of 100% renewable energy was met on 7 November 2012, according to the Foreign Affairs Minister of New Zealand, Murray McCully.[61] Previously electricity was generated using diesel generators and was only available about 16 hours/day.[62][63]
Three solar power stations provide 100% of current electrical demand from photovoltaics, with battery backup. The first power station was completed in August 2012. In total, 4,032 solar panels are used and 1,344 batteries weighing 250 kilograms (550 lb) each. The systems are designed to withstand winds of 230 km/h (143 mph).[64] Tokelau's electricity is 93% generated by photovoltaics, with the remainder generated from coconut oil.[65]
Nukunonu Lagoon in Tokelau.
Atafu street at dawn
Internet domain nameEdit
Main article: .tk
Access to internet in Tokelau, 2011
Tokelau has increased its GDP by more than 10% through registrations of domain names under its top-level domain, .tk.[66] Registrations can be either free, in which case the user owns only usage rights and not the domain itself, or paid, which grants full rights. Free domains are pointed to Tokelau name servers, which redirects the domain via HTML frames to a specified address or to a specified A or NS record, and the redirection of up to 250 email addresses to an external address (not at a .tk domain).
In September 2003 Fakaofo became the first part of Tokelau with a high-speed Internet connection. Foundation Tokelau financed the project. Tokelau gives most domain names under its authority away to anyone for free to gain publicity for the territory. This has allowed the nation to gain enhanced telecommunications technologies, such as more computers and Internet access for Tokelauan residents. By 2012, there were about 120 computers, mostly laptops, and 1/6th of the economy consists of income from .tk domain names.[67]
According to a 2016 analysis of domain name registration performed by the .uk registrar Nominet using data from ZookNIC,[68] tk domains are the "world's largest country-code domain ... almost as large as second and third place holders China (.cn) and Germany (.de) combined".[69]
DemographyEdit
Language statistics in Tokelau, 2006 and 2011
According to the 2016 Tokelau Census, Tokelau has a de jure usually resident population of 1,499 people. The census shows a 6.2% increase in the de jure usually resident population between 2011 and 2016.[70]
The nationals of Tokelau are called Tokelauans, and the major ethnic group is Polynesian; it has no recorded minority groups. About 84% of inhabitants are of wholly or partly Tokelauan ethnicity; people of Samoan ethnicity make up 6.7% of the population, and Tuvaluans 2.8%.[71] The main language—spoken by over 90% of inhabitants—is Tokelauan, but almost 60% also speak English.
The less than 1,500 Polynesian inhabitants live in three villages. Their isolation and lack of resources greatly limits economic development and confines agriculture to the subsistence level. The very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand and Samoa. In the 2013 New Zealand census, more than 7,000 people identified as Tokelauan, almost five times as many as live in Tokelau itself.[72] Depletion of tuna has made fishing for food more difficult.
A significant proportion (44.9% in 2016) of the population were born overseas, mostly in Samoa (15.3% of total population) and New Zealand (11.5%).[8]
While slightly more females than males live on Atafu and Fakaofo, males make up 57% of Nukunonu residents.[73] Only 9% of Tokelauans aged 40 or more have never been married.[74] One-quarter of the population were born overseas; almost all the rest live on the same atoll they were born on.[75] Most households own five or more pigs.[76]
Despite its low income, Tokelau has a life expectancy of 69 years, comparable with other Oceania islands.[77]
ReligionEdit
Catholic Church on Nukunonu in Tokelau
Tokelau is predominantly Christian. On the island of Atafu almost all inhabitants are members of the Congregational Christian Church of Samoa (corresponding to 62% of the total population). On Nukunonu almost all are Roman Catholic (corresponding to 34% of the total population). On Fakaofo both denominations are present with the Congregational Christian Church predominant. 5% of the population follow other religions.[78]
Healthcare and educationEdit
Main article: Healthcare in Tokelau
Literacy by age in Tokelau, 2011 census
Each atoll has a school and hospital. The health services have a Director of Health in Apia and a Chief Clinical Advisor who moves from atoll to atoll as required to assist the doctors attached to each hospital. In 2007 there was not always a doctor on each island and locums were appointed to fill the gaps.
Many Tokelauan youth travel to New Zealand to further their education and Tokelau is most populated around the Christmas season, with students returning home and then heading off for another year of study.
See also: Rugby union in Tokelau and Rugby league in Tokelau
Cricket in Tokelau, 1966
Due to its small size, Tokelau is unaffiliated to most international sports organisations, and rarely takes part in international events. The only significant international competition Tokelau takes part in is the Pacific Games. Tokelau won its first ever gold medals at the 2007 Pacific Games in Apia, winning a total of five medals (three gold, a silver and a bronze), all in lawn bowls, and finishing 12th (out of 22) on the overall medal table. This included two gold medals for Violina Linda Pedro (in the women's pairs and the women's singles), making her Tokelau's most successful individual athlete to date.[79]
In October 2010, table tennis became "the first sport in Tokelau to be granted membership at a Continental or World level", when the Tokelau Table Tennis Association was formally established and became the 23rd member of the Oceania Table Tennis Federation.[80]
Tokelau was due to take part, for the first time, in the 2010 Commonwealth Games, in Delhi,[81] but, for unknown reasons, ultimately did not do so.[82]
Tokelau does have a National Sports Federation, and a significant sporting event is the Tokelau Games, which are held yearly. When they are held, "all of Tokelau virtually stands still", as "[i]n excess of 50% of the population take part and all work and school stops at the time". The 2010 Games included competitions in rugby sevens, netball and kilikiti, alongside "a cultural evening [...] where each atoll showcases their traditional songs and dances".[80]
Netball is thought to have been introduced to Tokelau by the British, but became more popular when New Zealand's government took over the territory. The sport is often played during inter-island sport competitions, alongside other sports like rugby league and volleyball.[83]
In Tokelau, there are two levels to the football league. From Fale, Fakaofo, two of the best clubs are Hakava Club and Matalele Club.[84]
Communication and transportationEdit
Tokelau has a radio telephone service between the islands and to Samoa. In 1997, a government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok) with three satellite earth stations was established. Each atoll has a radio-broadcast station that broadcasts shipping and weather reports and every household has a radio or access to one. News is disseminated through the government newsletter Te Vakai.
Tokelau has the international calling code of 690, and has had five-digit telephone numbers from November 2015 (the existing four-digit numbers were prefixed by the digit "2").[85]
Tokelau is served by the MV Mataliki, delivered new in 2016 as a replacement of the smaller MV Tokelau and jointly managed by the Tokelau Transport Department and the company Transport and Marine. The vessel, which has a capacity of 60 passengers on international cruises and 120 for transport between the atolls of Tokelau, operates fortnightly between Tokelau and Apia, with the trip taking a little over a day.[86] A dedicated cargo vessel, the MV Kalopaga, will enter service in 2018 and replace chartered freight vessels.[87]
Ships load and unload cargo by motoring up to the down-wind (leeward) side of the islet where the people live and maintaining station, by intermittent use of engines, close to the reef edge so that a landing barge can be motored out to transfer cargo to or from the shore. On returning to shore, the barge negotiates a narrow channel through the reef to the beach. Usually this landing is subject to ocean swell and beaching requires considerable skill and, often, coral abrasions to bodies. When bad weather prevents the barge making the trip, the ship stands off to wait for suitable weather or goes off to one of the other atolls to attempt to load or unload its passengers or cargo, or both.
There is no airport in Tokelau, so boats are the main means of travel and transport. Some seaplanes and amphibious aircraft are able to land in the island's lagoons.[88] An airstrip was considered by the New Zealand Government in 2010.[89] In 2016, plans to link the atolls with Samoa by helicopter had to be abandoned because of high costs, leading in the following years to renewed calls to the New Zealand government for help with establishing air services.[87]
A barge leaves the landing ramp in Nukunonu to collect cargo and passengers from the MV Tokelau
Oceania portal
Badge of Tokelau
Outline of Tokelau
^ Each atoll has its own administrative centre.
^ "Government of Tokelau". www.tokelau.org.nz. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
^ "Tokelau Info". Tokelau-info.tk. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
^ Final population counts: 2016 Tokelau Census (PDF) (Report). Statistics New Zealand. November 2016. p. 3.
^ "Tokelau's Gross Domestic Product determined for first time this century". www.tokelau.org.nz.
^ Tokelau Amendment Act 1976
^ "Culture of Tokelau - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, family, social". www.everyculture.com. Retrieved 28 February 2017. Identification. "Tokelau" means "north-northeast."
^ "Welcome to sunny Tokelau, an untouched Pacific Paradise". Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.
^ a b https://www.tokelau.org.nz/site/tokelau/files/TokelauNSO/2016Census/profile-tokelau-2016-census-final-to-print28jun17jj.pdf
^ a b "Tokelau, world first solar power nation | New Zealand Trade and Enterprise". Nzte.govt.nz. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ "Government of Tokelau". Tokelau.org.nz. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ "Tokelauans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ "Official site for the Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government". Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
^ "Tokelau facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Tokelau". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
^ "Archeology of Atafu, Tokelau: Some Initial Results 2008". Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ Smith, S. Percy (1920). "Notes on the Ellice and Tokelau Groups; translated from the "Karere Mangaia" 1899". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 29: 144–148.
^ Fakaofo Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Tokelau". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
^ Byron, John; Wallis, John Samuel; Carteret, Philip; Cook, James; Banks, Sir Joseph (1773). An Account of the Voyages Undertaken. W. Strahan. pp. 132–133.
^ a b c MacGregor, 30
^ Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 819. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
^ Sharp, Andrew (1960). The Discovery of the Pacific Islands. Clarendon Press. p. 164.
^ The Journal of the South Pacific, 110 (3), p. 296
^ Polynesian Society (N. Z.) (1961). The Journal of the Polynesian Society. Polynesian Society. p. 102.
^ a b c "Information Bulletin on Tokelau". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
^ Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838) was an American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation.
^ Wilkes, Charles (1849). Voyage Round the World. Geo. W. Gorton. p. 538.
^ People Archived 6 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ Whitmee, Rev. Samuel James (1871). A missionary cruise in the South Pacific: being the report of a voyage amongst the Tokelau, Ellice and Gilbert Islands, in the missionary barque "John Williams" during 1870. Sydney: Joseph Cook & Co.
^ H.E. Maude's Slavers in Paradise (A.N.U., Canberra, 1981)
^ "UTC offset for years 2000–2009 in Fakaofo, Tokelau". Retrieved 7 August 2012.
^ "Tokelau to join Samoa and leap forward over dateline". BBC News. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
^ "Tokelau: Wrong local time for over 100 years". Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
^ Lister, J.J. (1892). "Notes on the Natives of Fakaofu". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 21: 43–63. JSTOR 2842209.
^ a b c Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 894
^ S.R.O. 1916 No. 167; S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. IX, 661—made under the Colonial Boundaries Act 1895
^ Tokelau Act 1948 (Preamble)
^ The Union Islands Order in Council Nos. 1 and 2, S.R.O. 1925, pp. 511 and 1768; No. 1 Order in S.R.O. % S.I. Rev. IX, 663.
^ a b c Tokelau: A history of Government – The constitutional history and legal development of Tokelau; Compiled and recorded for the Tokelau Law Team by Tony Angelo and Talei Pasikale, 2008
^ S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. XVI, 866
^ Act. No. 24 of 1948
^ Green, David (13 July 2012). "Citizenship – Aliens and citizens". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
^ "Official site for the Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government". Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2007. The legislation and judicial systems are based on the Tokelau Act, 1948, and its amendments. A major law reform project is continuing; its purpose is to ensure that Tokelau has a coherent body of law which responds to current needs and gives due recognition to local custom. Unless it is expressly extended to Tokelau, New Zealand statute law does not apply to the territory. In practice, no New Zealand legislation is extended to Tokelau without Tokelauan consent. The villages have the statutory power to enact their own laws covering village affairs. International covenants on economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights, ratified by New Zealand in December 1978, apply in Tokelau. Civil and criminal jurisdiction is exercised by commissioners and the New Zealand high court.
^ "Tokelau still pushing for air services in talks with NZ". Radio New Zealand. 8 March 2018.
^ a b c d "How Tokelau is Governed". Tokelauan Council of Ongoing Governance. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
^ "Fono decisions". Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
^ "Tokelau rejects self-rule". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
^ Parker, Ian (1 May 2006). "Letter from Polynesia: Birth of a nation?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
^ "Tokelau stays as NZ's last colony". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
^ "Colonialism has no place in today's world," says Secretary General in message to Decolonization Seminar in Indonesia", United Nations press release, 14 May 2008 Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Tokelau decolonisation high on agenda". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 17 May 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
^ John Key's speech to the NZ Institute of International Affairs, 8 April 2008 Archived 30 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Tokelau High Point - Peakbagger.com". www.peakbagger.com.
^ "Port of Atafu". MarineTraffic.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
^ "WPS – Nukunonu Harbor". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
^ "Port of Fakaofo". MarineTraffic.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
^ United States Code, Title 48, section 1662: Mar. 4, 1925, ch. 563, 43 Stat. 1357 as referred to in Tokelau: A history of Government - The constitutional history and legal development of Tokelau; Compiled and recorded for the Tokelau Law Team by Tony Angelo and Talei Pasikale, 2008
^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
^ "Western Polynesian tropical moist forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
^ PEW: Tokelau Declares Shark Sanctuary, 7 September 2011 Archived 26 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ BBC Archived 20 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ "NZ company turns on first Tokelau solar system".
^ TEDx Talks (7 August 2013). "Tokelau, bringing solar power to a nation: Dean Parchomchuk and Charlotte Yates at TEDxTauranga" – via YouTube.
^ "ABC Pacific News reports Tokelau target of 100% renewable energy". Abcasiapacificnews.com. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
^ Coconuts and sunshine will power South Pacific islands New Scientist, published 2011-09-13, accessed 14 September 2011 Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Net gains for tiny Pacific nation". BBC News. 14 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
^ Andres, Tommy. "The tiny island with a huge Web presence." CNN. 13 June 2012. Retrieved on 15 June 2012. Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Zooknic Internet Geography Project". Zooknic.com. 23 April 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ byRussell Haworth Chief Executive Officer (9 March 2016). "Mapping the online world - Nominet". Nominet.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ "Final count for 2011 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings". 2011 Tokelau Census. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
^ "Australia-Oceania :: TOKELAU". CIA The World Factbook.
^ https://www.tokelau.org.nz/site/tokelau/files/TokelauNSO/2016Census/profile-tokelau-2016-census-final-to-print28jun17jj.pdf
^ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.3.1.
^ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.5.
^ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 6.13.
^ "Regions and territories: Tokelau". BBC News. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
^ "2006 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings" (PDF). 20 December 2006. pp. Table 2.5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^ Medals at the 2007 Pacific Games, official website Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Tokelau, a Speck in the Ocean but an Important New Member for Oceania", International Table Tennis Federation, 7 October 2010 Archived 3 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "SPORT: OUR QUEST FOR GOLD", Islands Business Archived 8 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ Participants, website of the 2010 Commonwealth Games Archived 6 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ McQuarrie, Peter (2007). Tokelau People, Atolls and History. Wellington, New Zealand: Publications Committee of MacMillan Browne Centre for Pacific Studies. ISBN 978-1-877449-41-3.
^ "Tokelau", Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation, 29 July 2010.
^ "Pacific Islands Telecommunications Association". PITA. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ "Tokelau receives new ferry from NZ govt". Government of Tokelau. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ a b "Tokelau still pushing for air services in talks with NZ". Radio NZ. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ "Tokelau". Southseas.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ "New Zealand looking into feasibility of air service to Tokelau | Radio New Zealand News". Radionz.co.nz. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Heller, Maxwell H. (2005). Where on Earth Is Tokelau?: A Doctor's Experiences in the South Seas. ISBN 978-0-901100-58-0.
Huntsman, Judith; Hooper, Antony (1996). Tokelau: A Historical Ethnography. ISBN 978-1-86940-153-5.
Huntsman, Judith; Kalolo, Kelihiano (2007). The Future of Tokelau Decolonising Agendas, 1975–2006. ISBN 978-1-86940-398-0.
McQuarrie, Peter (2007). Tokelau: People, Atolls and History. ISBN 978-1-877449-41-3.
Tokelauat Wikipedia's sister projects
"Tokelau". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Tokelau from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Tokelau at Curlie
Wikimedia Atlas of Tokelau
Ethnology of Tokelau Islands
GovernanceEdit
Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government, executive branch of the government
The Administrator of Tokelau, Tokelau website of the NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
AtollsEdit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokelau&oldid=1001668177"


text:
Meet the Corps Members: Nick, Carissa and Maddie
Nick, age 25.
Host site: Common Threads in Bellingham, WA
"I came to Bellingham because of Mount Baker. It was after a transition in my life where my hand was sucked into a machine when I was working. I had pretty extensive hand surgery and have a bunch of metal in my pinkie. I was ready to transfer out of manual labor, but I didn't know how to do that. It's all I had known. Immediately after graduating high school, a couple of buddies working for a plant in Everett hooked me up with a job. I was doing the load and unload for a couple of years. After that, I was a mover for a moving company in Seattle. Tips were really good. Then I got into aerospace, and that's when the accident with my hand happened. I'm a little bit disabled in my right hand because of the metal in there. It put things into perspective. I needed a change. It was either I needed to move out of the state or to Bellingham, where I had an outlet. And the outlet was my mom and her wife, who were living there.
At first, I was in Bellingham for over 90 days without a job, months after recovering from my injury. Fortunately, I got the job at Baker. It was wintertime, and I got a job there to teach skiing and snowboarding. In that community, every friend that I made was in school, already graduated, or worked for a nonprofit. They were all somehow already integrated into the Bellingham community. It was actually the close friends I made at Baker that told me to go to school. They kept telling me, 'You really got to go to school. You have to go to school.' So, I enrolled in a business class, a communications class, and an English class at Whatcom. And I fell in love with the English department at Whatcom. Now I'm a full-time student at Western. In my senior year.
When COVID hit, I was working at the Olive Garden. Then lockdown happened and all the restaurants had to close. March 13 was my last day of work. I had no money. I filed for unemployment that night. It was so hard. It was back to basics—cutting top ramen packs in half. But I'm resourceful. It wasn't cool seeing my friends going through that, and seeing how it impacted them mentally, worrying about paying bills. There is food insecurity among the employees in the restaurant industry.
I still consider the restaurant industry my home, but it's going through some hard changes right now. I really like what Common Threads and AmeriCorps are doing to help communities in Washington. I joined the WA COVID Response Corps because I wanted to find a way to give back to my community here in Bellingham. This opportunity was the one I wanted the most. I turned down other gigs because I wanted to be a part of the corps. I want to make a lasting impression. Bring optimism, positivity and joy in a time of stress and uncertainty."
Carissa, age 23.
Host site: Clark County Food Bank in Vancouver, WA
I'm currently in my gap year between undergraduate and medical school, and I wanted to dedicate a year to service. Growing up, I volunteered for the Meals on Wheels program with my mother and sister; we did it together as a family. A big part of my family's values was that "If you can give back, it's your responsibility to give back."
AmeriCorps was the first thing that came to mind.
Looking back now, I don't know how everything aligned so well for me. This position combines two things I'm passionate about—food and nutrition. I love the work that I'm doing and the people I'm doing it with. The work we're doing is having an impact on the community because we are in a unique position to reach a lot of people with our mobile food pantries and home deliveries, beyond the more traditional food pantry model. COVID has had an enormous impact in Clark County. I know that there is a huge need right now because we see it every day. We're breaking records every week with how many families come to get food.
When we're onsite at the warehouse, there's never a worry about running out of food. However, our mobile food pantries have run out of food; months ago, we planned for 50 families, but over 70 showed up. We had to turn families away, which is heartbreaking. But the next time, we didn't have the same problem because we learned from our mistakes.
In my day-to-day, I'm most passionate about meeting and interacting with people from the community. All I'm doing is giving them a box of food, but it warms my heart and makes me smile. I recognize that I grew up in a bubble. I was born and raised in Traverse City, Michigan, and went to the University of Michigan, surrounded by similar people with similar backgrounds. I needed to meet different kinds of people to expand my definition of the world. So here I am. The Clark County Food Bank made me feel like I was joining a family—I don't know how I got so lucky. I just stumbled across this role. I love everyone here.
I've been learning so much. And though I get my heart broken a lot from meeting people and hearing their stories of why they're food insecure, I'm doing work that I value. It's not easy, but it's rewarding. It's something that in 10 years, I'll look back on and not regret a moment.
Maddie, age 24.
Host site: United Way King County in Seattle, WA
"It's easy to feel like you're not doing enough because of COVID. I wanted to directly help people, which is why I was interested in working at the United Way of King County. I needed to be doing something. I had served with AmeriCorps VISTA before and knew from that experience how fulfilling service could be. Since I'm a people person, when there was an opportunity to work with people, I was interested!
I currently serve in the High Point neighborhood in West Seattle, which is part of the Seattle Housing Authority. To have the opportunity to serve in the community that I live in is amazing, especially since South King County has historically been underserved and underrepresented in terms of resources. And COVID has only exacerbated these disparities, including food insecurity. Everyone has a right to basic needs – whether that's housing, food, or clean water. The list goes on. It's more important than ever to step up and connect as many people as possible to resources and help them navigate what is often a confusing and daunting process.
Two days a week, I drop off meals at people's homes. I usually have the same route and have gotten to know the individuals and families receiving the deliveries. Last week, we delivered over 1,800 meals! Other days, I work with the volunteers to order and count the meals and map out delivery routes. I've also been supporting the rent assistance program by reaching out to tenants who need help applying and talking to their landlords. There's always something I can do to help, from phone banking or subbing in at other sites if we're low on volunteers.
Though I only recently moved to Seattle, I feel connected to my neighbors in the High Point community through this experience."


Your Favorite Wing Maker: This is my favorite liquid liner ($21), this is my favorite intensely-black longwear pencil ($$) and this is my favorite longwear gel pot ($$). I also love the thin user-friendly brush on this drug-store liquid liner ($).
Your Favorite Concealer: By now you know celebrity makeup artists all use this one ($70) and can't chance not having it in our kits because clients always ask for it. The good thing is, it lasts at least a year (sometimes longer)! I also love this more budget-friendly concealer ($3).
Swipe the brush against the concealer as demonstrated above.
Sweep it against the top of your hand a couple times to thin it out.
Place it where you want to erase the fat or wobbly underside of the wing and press it down as you sweep it upward. This should take care of erasing it, but if not, go over it one more time. If it's a really important event (like your wedding or prom), do it right with a pointed q-tip and makeup remover and sweep it along the underside of the wing. But for day to day, this should do the trick!


text:
2004 Upper Deck Yankee Classics Joe Pepitone
Who is this? Yankees first baseman Joe Pepitone.
What is this? An autograph card from 2004 Upper Deck Yankees Classics , card number AU-38.
Where'd I get it? From a card shop, but I don't remember which one.
How much did it cost? A few bucks at most. Let's say five.
Why is this so special? Ball Four tie-in post. Details later no time. White hole spewing time engines dead air supply low advise please.
Ok, Holly's back online and things are (more or less) calmed down. Now, let's talk about Joe here.
The Braves are my team, and they always will be. I like 'em all, from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta. Every team from when Harry Wright was in charge of the club, to the Frank Wren era. The Bravos will always be my #1 love in baseball. That's not to say that there aren't other teams I like. I have relatives in Pennsylvania that got me interested in the early 80's Phillies with Lefty, Schmidt and Rose. I had a lot of '81 Topps cards and they were the Worlds Champs, it said so right on the card. I also loved the White Sox of the early nineties. Black Jack, Big Hurt, Pudge, Bo, Rock, One Dog, Robin, Ozzie, Joey and those slick black caps. One of the biggest disappointments in sports is when we ended up with a Phillies vs Blue Jays World Series instead of my Braves/Sox dream matchup. The first team that fascinated me though was the Yankees.
I knew and loved Hammerin' Hank at an early age, and Hank is forever associated with Babe Ruth. I found that I liked Babe just as much as Hank and got really interested in the powerhouse teams of the 20's. Gehrig, Lazzeri, Hoyt, Dickey, Lefty, Meusal. Then DiMaggio showed up and brought Heinrich, Crosetti and King Kong Keller. Now it's the 50's and you have the Mick, Whitey, Scooter, The Big Cat, Allie, Larson, Elston. And don't forget Yogi, who's practically my spiritual adviser. Then the Bronx Zoo gets thrown on top of all that crazy good baseball history. One of my first baseball memories was Reggie hitting three freaking home runs in the World Series. That really impressed this five year old. I know Red Sox fans out there are puking their guts out right now, but hey, I'm from Atlanta. The only Yankees I have any reason to have animosity towards are Grant and Sherman. Ok, I'm not fond of Leyritz either. But I have nothing against the '99 club that whipped our ass, they were just the better team. I'm a baseball fan who loves baseball history, and the Yankees are just stinkin' with history.
Part of that fascinating history is how the mighty Yankees crashed and burned in the late 60's. My theory is is was payback for firing Yogi. Who fires a manager after losing game 7 of the World Series (to Bob Gibson, no less) anyway?? You'll notice they burned again after firing Yogi a second time in '85, but I digress. A non-supernatural reason could be because a lot of the young studs that came up to the Yankees in the sixties just couldn't quite replace all the retiring legends from the 50's. One of those almost superstars was Joe Pepitone.
Joe was a bonus baby with a great glove and some serious pop in his bat. His arrival forced the Yanks to trade long time first baseman Moose Skowron to the Dodgers ( a move that really bit them in the ass in the 1963 World Series, but that's another story). Joe was productive for the Yankees and was an All-Star and Gold Glover while hitting a bunch of home runs in New York. Joe was a very popular player in New York, and is kind of an underrated player. He's more well known today for his carousing in New York nightclubs then for baseball. Joe gets a lot of ink in Jim Bouton's Ball Four, and Joe wrote an autobiography that goes over a lot of his extracurricular activities while in baseball that held him back from being the player he could have been. He was traded to the Astros in 1970, again to the Cubs that same year and finished his Major league career with three games as a Brave in 1973. He also had a disastrous stint with a Japanese club in '73 and became synonymous with a high profile bust in Japan. Joe also got into some legal trouble after his playing days were over, but has been walking the straight and narrow for a while now. Joe has been mentioned in Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm and is a big autograph signer now. One of those autographs is right here on this card, and it's a nice one. That's one classy signature, perfect for a young Yankees superstar in the 60's.
Posted by dayf at 8:46 PM
Labels: 2004, Joe Pepitone, Red Dwarf, Upper Deck, Yankee Classics, Yankees
2007 Goudey Jason Bay
2008 Heavenly Vixen
2006 Bowman Cory Rasmus
1993 Classic Best Derek Jeter
2005 Studio Johnny Estrada
2002 Donruss Dee Brown
2005 Sweet Spot Marcus Giles
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Metapost - Going Forward
2006 Topps Alex Gordon