text:
Skip to menu Skip to content Skip to footer
my.UQ
Centre for Natural Gas Centre for Natural Gas
Transition to low emissions future
Research portfolio
Project portfolio matrix
Social performance
Carbon capture & storage (CCS)
3D water atlas
Boomtown indicators report
Publications, presentations & posters
UQ Copula Plug-in (for Petrel)
UQ Centre for Natural Gas Annual Research Review
Energi Simulation
Natural gas to play a key role in the long transition to a lower emissions future
The UQ Centre for Natural Gas is a centre of research excellence.
The Centre conducts real-world research focussed on optimising Australia's natural gas industry terms of environmental performance, social performance, and optimisation of cost of operation and supply.
Research vital: natural gas to play a key role in the long transition to a low carbon future
Using natural gas for energy production, when production processes are optimised, produces significantly less greenhouse gas emissions than other fossil fuels.
The peak energy body, the International Energy Agency (IEA), forecasts that to achieve lower global emissions, natural gas production may need to grow to account for a quarter of energy demand by 2040.
Australia's gas resources create the potential for the country to be a major global supplier of natural gas to help meet the increasing demand for cleaner, affordable energy over the transition decades to a low emissions future.
Global issue: Access to cheap, clean energy and power
Access to cheap, clean energy and power is one of the biggest issues facing the world right now.
The number of people without access to electricity fell to below 1 billion (2018) for the first time in decades; at the same time CO2 emissions were the highest on record.
There is a huge amount of work going on across the globe into developing more sustainable options for powering our future.
Underpins global food production & many other industrial uses
Less well known is the importance of natural gas in food production globally.
It is often forgotten that it is also the principle constituent in over 80% of the world's nitrogen fertilisers – and as such a significant factor in global production capacity. The need to sustainably grow food production is increasing as the global population heads to over 9 billion before 2050.
The new energy mix is unknown: research needed
Lowering emissions is a complex long-term global issue. There is no single solution to turn emissions around. It will be a mix of energies, and research will play a key role in shaping what the mix ultimately looks like.
Renewables, increased efficiency and a host of innovative technologies across a range of industries are needed.
As one of the largest challenges facing the world today, it will require a concerted research effort over the coming decades to optimise a mix of solutions which comprise of action on many fronts.
The task ahead is best considered as an "AND" challenge. Reducing carbon intensity and carbon emissions across the globe requires renewables AND efficiency improvements AND carbon capture and storage AND nuclear AND….
Achieving the targets will take many years of concerted action from researchers, government, industry and the community.
Recognising gas is just one plank in the broader global solution, the Centre for Natural Gas remains closely connected across the broad range of research disciplines in the overall energy context.
Gas: a key pathway to transition to a low carbon energy future
Natural gas typically burns more efficiently than coal or oil produces significantly less greenhouse gas emissions than other fossil fuels and therefore can have a key a role in supporting the journey towards lower or zero emission renewable energy sources.
The International Energy Agency has highlighted natural gas as having a greater share in the future global energy mix, as the relative share of oil and coal falls back and renewables ramp up strongly.
In its "new policy" scenario which is aimed at meeting Paris COP21 commitments, the International Energy Agency suggests that natural gas would need to replace coal as the world's second most important energy source by the mid-2030s as countries seek to cut air pollution. This hinges on any new gas fields, technology and processes developed delivering a low emission signature relative to coal and suggests a specific focus on reducing fugitive emissions.
To move beyond current committments still requires a growth in gas supply.
Australia has extensive natural gas resources and has focussed considerable research investment into developing cutting-edge technologies to optimise the sustainable production of natural gas.
New technologies are required to produce gas from large reserves that are currently too difficult or too expensive to access. This kind of advance is key to managing affordability and security of supply, developing Australia as a supplier of choice both domestically and internationally.
Community, local economy, jobs and growth
Developing Australia's natural gas potential can support future economic development, open the door to new investment and grow employment in regional Australia. This translates as jobs and a more secure future for Australia.
A unique toolkit has been developed by the Centre for Natural Gas which assesses how gas impacts regional development and shapes rural communities. The toolkit monitors changes in the Queensland gasfield regions, assessing trends using interviews and statistical data on key indicators. These indicators include population, housing costs, incomes, unemployment, and crime rates. This information has helped to identify cause and effect, providing an understanding of each town studied and an understanding of the region as a system. These understandings are essential to making decisions aimed at improving outcomes for each community and the region's future.
"Golden rules" of gas
UQ's Centre for Natural Gas is monitoring and contributing to improving Australia's position across each of the International Energy Agency's "golden rules" of gas. Some of the headline principles include:
1 Measure, disclose and engage
2 Watch where you drill
3 Isolate well and prevent leaks
4 Treat water responsibly
5 Eliminate venting, minimise flaring & other emissions
6 Be ready to think big
7 Ensure a consistently high level of environmental performance
The Centre has reviewed these rules and their application in Queensland. We've categorised the rules under four key areas of real world impact (reduce cost, increase supply, environmental performance and socio-economic & transparency). All research on our website now clearly shows which of the golden rules each projects addresses, and defines the real-world impact we are seeking to achieve
Bringing science & fact to decision making
The Centre for Natural Gas is the first port of call for independent advice on natural gas development onshore Australia. The work of the Centre enables it to bring science and facts to decision making.
There are many technical and social challenges to effecting a sustainable transition. The Centre for Natural Gas assists government, community and industry in these challenges, particularly those applying to the onshore gas sector.
UQ's commitment to a sustainable energy future
The University of Queensland (UQ) is strongly committed to contributing to a sustainable energy future. It is active in research across the broad range of practical strategies being developed to contribute to the global solution.
Partnership & collaboration
The Centre for Natural Gas uses a novel university-industry collaboration and partnership model. At the core of the model is key support from The University of Queensland and industry players, Arrow Energy, Santos and APLNG. Government support is also key in the Centre. A number of grants have been awarded under the Australian Government's Australian Research Council continuous ARC Linkage Projects scheme, the Advance Queensland Innovation Partnership and the Industry Research Fellowship programs, and the NERA (National Energy Resources Australia) project fund.
The Centre's lead researchers are actively engaged in discussions with other companies, governments and researchers – both nationally and internationally – to access leading expertise and share knowledge generated through the Centre's research. Useful resources
WEO Analysis: Natural gas is in good shape for the future
WEO: Outlook for Natural Gas (exerpt)
IEA: The Role of Gas in Today's Energy Transitions.
IEA: Energy transitions towards cleaner more flexible and transparent systems
Click on the map for a live update on carbon intensity by electricity consumer
New working papers
Critical success factors for onshore unconventional gas: USA vs Australia
The development of US unconventional gas: 30 years of policy & technology support
Australian natural gas research: Supporting the transition to low emission energy and affordable energy supply
"Natural gas has a valued and important part to play in the energy mix and the future of this country. We are leading world-class research to bring science and fact to decision making around Australia's important resource and energy source of the future."
- Andrew Garnett, Director of The University of Queensland Centre for Natural Gas
- Million toe
Link to free downloadable copy of the International Energy Agency publication: The Role of Gas in Today's Energy Transitions.
© The University of Queensland
Enquiries: +61 7 3365 1111 | Contact directory
ABN: 63 942 912 684 | CRICOS Provider No: 00025B
Privacy & Terms of use | Feedback | Updated: 9 Jul 2020


Page 476 - Gallery Design of Home Design And Ideas | Groundswellplayers Sectional Sofa Beds. Long Curtain Rods. Wall Wine Rack.
collection of galleries from Home Design And Ideas like Sectional Sofa Beds. Long Curtain Rods. Wall Wine Rack. and other designs you might like Sliding Closet Door Hardware. Queen Sheet Sets. Masters Bathroom Cabinets. Extra Long Couch. Long Hallway Runners. 30 Inches Kitchen Sink. Skinny Christmas Tree.


My grandmother died this morning. She was 97 years old, a good long life. She lived in New York City most of my life, but lived in a nursing home near me in Boston for the last year, so I saw her a few times recently. I called her Grandma O.
She was curious about all aspects of life, and didn't let convention stand in the way of getting answers. When I was a teenager, and thought I understood something about the strata of society, the separation of the cool from the uncool, I was surprised to see an issue of National Lampoon at my Grandma O's apartment. I was further shocked to see the subscription sticker that meant it was being mailed every month to my grandmother. I asked her, "Why do you have this?" She replied, "I wanted to see what was inside." It was as simple as that: curious about something? Look inside. A magazine intrigues you? Subscribe.
She was a short woman, but always on the go. I remember her as small but fast, not built for speed, but making up for it with a determination to get where she wanted to go.
Once she moved to the nursing home in Boston, she was much frailer. She used a wheelchair, and her memory was gone. I was nervous to see her because I knew she had deteriorated in the few years since I had seen her in New York City. Not only wouldn't she remember me from visit to visit, but she didn't remember our conversation from one turn to the next.
During my first visit to her nursing home, I said, "Let's go see your room." She said, "OK," but did nothing to start moving us there. I said, "I don't know where it is," and she chuckled and said, "Neither do I!" She understood her condition, but mostly took it in stride, at least with me.
A few weeks ago, she had a small stroke, and I heard from my aunt that she couldn't speak well, and was having trouble swallowing. Again I dreaded seeing her in a yet more disabled state.
When I visited, she seemed tinier than ever, lying like a dried leaf in her bed. Her face sagged from the stroke, and I could barely understand what she was saying.
This time her limited memory helped, though, because I could tell she was asking how old my kids were. I answered her questions, following the well-worn paths of our earlier conversations. Speaking was hard for her, and understanding her was hard for me. I told her, "You don't have to ask any more questions, Grandma, I'll just tell you stuff." This plan backfired on me, though, since no matter what I told her, she wasn't content to sit back and listen. Everything I said brought questions to mind, and she tried to ask them, but now I didn't have the familiar scripts to follow, so I couldn't answer.
And even in this limited state, she laughed. She still found it funny to be 97, to have a 19-year-old great-grandson. A bed alarm I found irritating she chuckled at, or maybe she was amused by my irritation? Her laugh by now was barely a breath, hardly movement at all. But she was still laughing, still shaking her head at the crazy world.
Each time I visited Grandma, all my life, she exceeded my expectations by being her own probing self. Expecting a grandmother, I found a student of teen culture. Expecting a disabled woman, I found an inquiring mind and a quick laugh. No amount of physical disability quieted the questioning or the amusement.
In some ways, the wilting of her body helped to highlight the spirit left inside. As her activity necessarily shrunk, what remained was the true core, the inner-most definition of her self. The questions and the laughter were Grandma's center, and it was that I saw in her at the end.
I am partly named for Grandma O, her maiden name Marcus is my middle name, and I feel connected to her because of it. I like to think that I got some of my knowledge-seeking from her, that she helped sow in our family an intellectual vigor and an appreciation of the possibilities for humor around us.
Now that Grandma has died, I don't know where she is, but I know that she is asking questions, and I wonder what she finds there to marvel at.


Are you a Franchisee in need ?
Looking to grow but not sure how?
Just some of the businesses our director and advisors have assisted over the years.
Formal plans and strategies help to keep a business on track. We can assist every step of the way.
Systems help to give structure and safeguard from errors and risk. We can help put them in place.
Our expertise lies in determining your growth strategy. With many different models like Licensing, Agency, Wholesale, Retail, Distributors, Co-Operatives and Franchising (to name a few); it can be very confusing and often costly if you choose the wrong growth path...and that's where we come in!
With over 50 years of collective franchising experience amongst our team - your business in the right hands.
"A quick one to say thanks for Tuesday night. I thought it was a great venue, great atmosphere and a bunch of knowledgeable and colourful business people. Hats off mate!"
"Mark has extensive franchising and business experience and combines this knowledge with great enthusiasm and drive. He is a brilliant person for bouncing ideas around and always brings creativity and a fresh perspective to the table. Would recommend Mark for his wide ranging abilities in policy, strategy, industry knowledge and innovative thinking."
"Mark and I always seem to catch up at just about franchising event around the country. He is deeply immersed in the business community and is a great source of help and advice when required. He is exceptionally knowledgeable and a really nice guy who is always a pleasure to catch up with."
"Mark brings a sense of energy and positivity to everyone he meets. I have total trust in him as a fellow consultant, and together we are able to get great outcomes for a client we jointly work with. He has an instinctive understanding of how businesses work, and is able to bring structure and systems which enable businesses to replicate and grow. He is comfortable working with financials, whilst his greatest strength is probably his insight into people. Mark is supportive and encouraging, yet not afraid to be honest and forthright when required. I look forward to working with Mark on future projects."
" I must say you put things in a way that made me understand things and I really got lots from our session and plan to be making changes in the future. I look forward to the next steps in our meetings."
" On behalf of Legalwise Seminars, we wanted to thank you for chairing our Franchise Law seminar. We are extremely appreciative of your significant contribution. Overall, the feedback received from the seminar has been excellent and we are delighted with the outcome."
" Mark has an extensive franchise consulting and business development practise in WA and beyond, and is an active contributor to the franchising industry through his membership of the Franchise Council of Australia WA Chapter Committee. Mark is a diligent and hard working adviser and he generously shares the benefits of his knowledge and experience with others for the betterment of franchising as a whole. Amongst Mark's outstanding qualities as an adviser are his willingness to rigorously pursue improvement and challenge the status quo, and to be honest and direct in his advice."


text:
Jean Zamor, whose girlfriend is the mother of the dead teens, said he was coming home Monday night when one of the wounded teens ran toward him.
"I said, 'What happened?'" Zamor said. "He said, 'Go to the house.' I saw behind him was a lot of blood."
Zamor got to the house and found Mackenson and Yves, whom he considers his stepsons, fatally shot. One died at the scene; the other was pronounced dead at Jackson Memorial Hospital. Both of the wounded teens were at Jackson in critical but stable condition, Reyes said.
The group had been in a covered driveway area that housed a giant TV and plastic lounge chairs. Zamor said he set that up for the teens because they liked to watch television and play video games there.
"We just finished cooking for them" before stepping out of the house Monday night, he said Tuesday morning. "The food is still on the stove."
The boys' mother was also in the hospital early Tuesday, overcome by the loss of her sons, Zamor said.
A woman who identified herself as Monica Brown, 18, said she is Mackenson Pierre's girlfriend. She talked to him on the phone Monday night and said he didn't seem worried that any trouble was ahead.
"He told me he was going to call me back because somebody came to holler at him," she said. "Then he told me he loved me and bye."
A neighbor of the teens, James Denestan, said they rode dirt bikes and ATVs outside frequently. Denestan's mother called police recently because of the noise. Police could not provide information about past calls to the home.
A few months ago, Denestan said exotic cars started pulling up outside the teens' home. Denestan said he and his brother were concerned that trouble would follow.
"We would look at each other and say it's a matter of time," Denestan said.
Miami Dade College Medical Campus opens its Center for Learning, Innovation and Simulation
Caffe Abbracci celebrates 30 years in Coral Gables
UM and UCF renew home-and-home series, but it isn't quite what football fans wanted
WNBA suspends former UM star 10 games for domestic violence allegation
Do you know what kind of windows your car has? Some could put your life at risk, AAA says
River cruises aren't just for Europe. Voyages through America come with a soundtrack
Miami Beach bans specials boards from sidewalk cafes, introduces new code of conduct

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Cameroon Preview – Lions Far From Indomitable
Added to betslip Cameroon Top Goalscorer: Eric-Maxim Choupo Moting
African heavyweights Cameroon may find it difficult to make their way out of a tough group containing hosts and favourites Brazil.
With one win, a draw and two losses in their last four games it's fair to say Cameroon's form has been pretty erratic in recent outings. They came away from Saturday's clash against Germany with plenty of positives to take from a 2-2 draw, but suffered a 5-1 thrashing against Portugal in March and also lost out to Paraguay at the end of May. German-based forward Eric-Maxim Choupo Moting has scored in each of his past three games for his country, who complete their preperations with a game against Moldova a week before their tournament gets underway.
Cameroon topped group I in African qualification ahead of Togo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Libya and lost only one of their six games to finish four points ahead of the Libyans in second place. That put the Indomitable Lions into a play-off with Tunisia to be played over two legs, after leaving Tunis with a 0-0 draw they then reached their seventh World Cup finals thanks to a 4-1 win in the home leg with former Aston Villa midfielder Jean Makoun scoring a brace.
Cameroon's squad features many well-known players who are currently plying their trade in English football, or have done in the recent past, theirs is a squad full of experience but lacking in many creative talents and still overly reliant on captain and talisman Samuel Eto'o.
Goalkeepers:Loic Feudjou (Coton Sport), Charles Itandje (Konyaspor), Sammy Ndjock (Fethiyespor).
Defenders:Benoit Assou-Ekotto (QPR, on loan from Tottenham Hotspur), Henri Bedimo (Lyon), Aurelien Chedjou (Galatasaray), Cedric Djeugou (Coton Sport), Nicolas Nkoulou (Marseille), Dany Nounkeu (Besiktas), Allan Nyom (Granada).
Midfielders: Enoh Eyong (Antalyaspor), Jean Makoun (Rennes), Joel Matip (Schalke), Stephane Mbia (Sevilla, on loan from QPR), Benjamin Moukandjo (Nancy), Landry Nguemo (Bordeaux), Edgar Salli (Lens), Alex Song (Barcelona).
Forwards:Vincent Aboubakar (Lorient), Eric-Maxim Choupo Moting (Mainz), Samuel Eto'o (Chelsea), Fabrice Olinga (Malaga), Achille Webo (Fenerbahce).
Key Fixtures
It's crucial the Cameroon get off to a good start to have any chance of progress as their fixtures appear to get more difficult as they go along. Three points against Mexico will give them every opportunity of progress but coach Volker Finke will be well aware that should they face the hosts in their final group game without a win already under their belts then the tournament will be as good as over for the German's charges, and the nation with more World Cup Final experience than any other in Africa will be on a swift flight home.
13 June, Mexico v Cameroon, Arena das Dunas, Natal, 17:00
18 June, Cameroon v Croatia, Arena Amazonia, Manaus, 23:00
23 June, Cameroon v Brazil, Estadio Nacional, Brasilia, 21:00
At only 4/7 to finish bottom of Group A it's clear their isn't much faith in this side to achieve anything of note at the tournament. I wouldn't take those odds though, especially as Mexico have plenty of problems themselves but 6/1 odds Moting to finish ahead of an ageing Eto'o as top scorer for Cameroon look to be worth backing.
World Cup Cameroon
Samuel Eto'oWorld Cup 2014
Croatia Preview - Croats To Qualify With Class
Mexico Preview - Mexicans To Create Waves
Clarence House Chase Racing Tips At Ascot | Saturday 22nd January


text:
An Important Video to Watch: Pepper-Spray by a Cruel and Cowardly NYC Cop
By James Fallows
(Update below.) Unless there is something faked about this video, which is on the New York Times' City Room site and is based on annotation and slow-mo apparently from USLaw.com, a uniformed New York City police officer abused power in a way that was cruel and cowardly during yesterday's Wall Street protests. It's worth the time to watch.
He walks up; unprovoked he shoots Mace or pepper spray straight into the eyes of women held inside a police enclosure; he turns and walks away quickly (as they scream, wail, and fall to the ground clawing at their eyes) in a way familiar from hitmen in crime movies; and he discreetly reholsters his spray can.
You may have already seen this. If you haven't, it is worth knowing about. If this is what it looks like, it is outrageous. The mayor and others should say something. And this man can certainly be identified.
Update: according to the NYT, the chief police spokesman, Paul Browne, said that the policeman used pepper spray "appropriately." Great. On the video we can't hear what either side is saying. But at face value, the casualness of the officer who saunters over, sprays right in the women's eyes, and then slinks away without a backward glance, as if he'd just put down an animal, does not match my sense of "appropriate" behavior by officers of the law in a free society.
Think about it: If this were part of some concerted, "appropriate" crowd-control plan, then presumably the pepper-spray officer would have talked with the other policemen trying to control the women. He would have stayed on the scene; he had done something dramatic to affect a situation, so -- again, if this were "appropriate" -- presumably he would have talked with the other officers about what to do next. But look at that video and see what seems "appropriate" to you.
Police officers make countless hard decisions every day, often at the risk of their own safety or lives. It's a harder job than I have. But everything about this scene suggests an officer who has forgotten about some of these hard choices. He just zaps 'em and walks away as they scream.


Grungy Gentleman's 2016 Holiday Gift Guide highlights the best apparel, accessories, gadgets and equipment on the market. Please scroll below, scoop up some goods and enjoy the awesomeness.
If you would like more ideas, please check out our 2015 Holiday Gift Guide.


The new international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) requires Canada to amend its export regulations and report all sales, including to unsavoury regimes.
The new international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) requires Canada to amend its export regulations and report all sales, including to unsavoury regimes. No longer can Canada turn a blind eye to our exports to the United States under the 1956 Defence Production Sharing Agreement (DPSA), and we must report on the end use of equipment (easier to do so in the computerized age).
The light armoured vehicle (LAV) deal involving General Dynamics Land Systems Canada in London and Saudi Arabia looms large because it was the largest arms sale in Canadian history, negotiated under the Harper government, and the Trudeau government seems unable to break the contract or suspend arms sales, while the furor over the death and dismemberment of the journalist Jamal Khashoggi continues.
It's a conundrum. That contract seems to be nearly fulfilled but then again after 2028 when all the LAVs have been shipped to the Saudis for use in ways we cannot imagine, there will be maintenance obligations. So senators in Ottawa are asking themselves whether Canada's minister of global affairs will be able to judge properly whether to issue (or reissue) export permits involving difficult cases, particularly as Canada is now the second largest exporter of arms to the Middle East.
In the EU and the UK, state parties are ensuring considerable oversight so the British include more ministries than foreign affairs in their overviews, and they do not take decisions to cancel export arms permits lightly.
As a member of more international organizations than any other country in the world, Canada abides by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention.
It's imperative that we don't sneak around and hide our arms exports to the U.S. under the Defence Production Sharing Agreement. Canada's Defence Department needs to abide by the strictest measures in the narrowest – and not the broadest – interpretation of the new Arms Trade Treaty rules and regulations.
Other countries will watch us and quickly realize if we intend to shirk our international obligations, and perhaps follow suit, leading to the weakening of the new treaty.
The senators in the Foreign Affairs and International Trade committee have before them now a heavy responsibility to ensure the wording of Bill C-47 (an act to amend the Export and Import Permits Act and the Criminal Code) abides by the Arms Trade Treaty and that Canadian arms dealers in the parts (components, like Pratt & Whitney engines) and the whole (like General Dynamics' LAVs) report and abide by any future minister of foreign affairs' edict to stop arms sales.
Such decisions will never be taken lightly because of their economic impact on the workers affected, and it may be too late now to renege on the $13 billion to $15 billion sale to Saudi Arabia – unless Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman (MbS) continues to grow into his role as a capricious military dictator bent on wars against Yemen and perhaps Iran – surely then the international opprobrium being experienced now by the U.S. president as he insists on trading with Saudi Arabia will have run its course.
The senators in Ottawa are doing a great job so far asking all the right questions. They seem more independent, less partisan. When I was summoned before them on Nov. 22, I felt like I was back in a PhD-level grad class at the University of Toronto where the questioning revealed quickly whether you knew the material or not.
I was wearing a long dress appropriate for the occasion on what was the coldest day in Ottawa's history on that date. I had to walk a long way because taxis can't approach the Parliament, so my hands were very cold. I could see the look of shock on the senators' faces when I shook their hands. But I was most shocked by the intensity of their purpose and cleverness in placing on the record various concerns about the minutiae of the legislation.
"I am not a lawyer," I responded at one point to a senator's probing question, and his quick riposte was "Neither am I." We need to make the legislation as clear, transparent and meaningful as possible so that everybody knows that, henceforth Canada will abide by the new treaty as it has done for so long before by other similarly weighty international treaties and obligations.


text:
<?php
$br = (php_sapi_name() == "cli")? "":"<br>";

if(!extension_loaded('sodium')) {
    dl('libsodium.' . PHP_SHLIB_SUFFIX);
}
$module = 'sodium';
$functions = get_extension_funcs($module);
echo "Functions available in the test extension:$br\n";
foreach($functions as $func) {
    echo $func."$br\n";
}
echo "$br\n";
$function = 'sodium_memzero';
$exit = 0;
if (extension_loaded($module)) {
    $str = $function($module);
} else {
    $str = "Module $module is not compiled into PHP";
    $exit = 255;
}
echo "$str\n";
exit($exit);
?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The urge toward survival is called a dynamic. 0 We call this driving force to survive an urge. In Scientology, we have learned that there are eight separate urges to survive. Each one of these is called a dynamic. We call this driving force to survive an urge. In Scientology, we have learned that there are eight separate urges to survive. Each one of these is called a dynamic. /tools-for-life/dynamics/steps/the-dynamics.html#answer-1 The Dynamics True False What is the driving force of life? 0 The driving force behind all of your actions and decisions and the most important thing in life is to survive. To survive means to remain or continue in existence, to live.
NOTE: You had several answers that were incorrect. In order to continue, you should re-read the article The Dynamics and then test your understanding again.


The Government today announced it will immediately provide $500,000 for career transitioning assistance to support Queensland Nickel employees who have lost their jobs as a result of the company's recent decisions.
This assistance will help affected workers who have a letter of redundancy by providing intensive career transitioning services through the Government's jobactive employment programme, helping them get back in the workforce as quickly as possible.
The workers will also have access to the "What's Next" website, which provides a range of information and self-help resources to help retrenched workers get on a pathway to new employment promptly.
To read the Minister's media release visit the Minister's media centre.
A fact sheet about the assistance available to workers is also available.


It has been three years since our European Research Project u-2010 began, with 15 partner institutions from eight European Countries. In this time much valuable research has been carried out. Now is the right time to demonstrate and share some of the final results of our work.
The u-2010 Project's partners are pleased to invite you to be present at the final u-2010 Project Demonstration, which will be held at 10:00 o'clock on the 22nd of October 2009 at the Grouft Tunnel site near Mersch in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
We would like to demonstrate the results of our work. U-2010 stands for "ubiquitous IP-centric Government & Enterprise Next-Generation Networks Vision 2010" and its overall objective is to provide the most capable means of communication and the most effective access to information to everybody required to act in case of accident, incident, catastrophe or crisis, while using existing and/or future telecommunication infrastructures with a focus on solutions based on the Next Generation Internet Protocol IPv6.


text:
Liberty Briefs
Top Targets
Target Liberty
Officials Hunt Down Assassins Who Killed World Leader
(TargetLiberty.org) – Haiti has suffered severe economic and political upheaval over the past several months. Inflation has surged, food and fuel have fallen into short supply, and gang violence has spiked in Port-au-Prince. Opposition to Haitian President Jovenel Moïse recently spiked with groups claiming his five-year term in office ended earlier this year while he insisted it didn't expire until next year.
On July 7, a group of armed intruders broke into Moïse's home and assassinated him, and then shot his wife. The latest news reports out of Haiti indicate that she remains in critical but stable condition in a Miami hospital.
Haitian security forced engaged in a fierce gun battle and hostage situation shortly after the early morning assassination. Haitian national police officers shot and killed four suspects, and two others were taken into custody. Léon Charles, the head of Haiti's National Police force, told reporters the remaining suspects remained at large.
Haiti's Interim Prime Minister Claude Joseph declared a national emergency and Haitian officials closed the Port-au-Prince national airport. Neighboring officials in the Dominican Republic closed its border with Haiti and reinforced security personnel in the area.
Haitian security forces and law enforcement officials launched a massive manhunt for the remaining assassins, and Chief Charles vowed to bring the perpetrators to justice. "We are chasing them," they can die in an "exchange" of gunfire, or "we will apprehend them," he declared.
International Response
The international community is rallying around Haiti and expressing its concern over Moïse's assassination and the island nation's immediate future.
The United Nations Security Council issued a press statement on July 7 condemning the assassination of President Moïse "in the strongest terms." The council also expressed its condolences to the Haitian people and Moïse's family and called for the "perpetrators of this abhorrent crime" to be brought to justice swiftly.
The Security Council also called on Haitian political "stakeholders" to remain calm and refrain from any further acts of violence and any other actions that could bring additional instability to Haiti.
Colombian national police head Gen. Jorge Luis Vargas Valencia announced on July 8 that six of the suspects in the assassination were retired members of Colombia's armed forces. President Ivan Duque instructed the Colombian Army's high command to cooperate fully with Haitian officials as they complete their investigation.
President Joe Biden issued a statement on July 7 expressing his shock and sadness upon hearing about the assassination of President Moïse and the attack on Haiti's First Lady Martine Moïse. Biden then said that the US condemns this heinous act and "stands ready to assist as we continue to work for a safe and secure Haiti."
Copyright 2021, TargetLiberty.org
CR Team
Mainstream Media Turns On Biden
Protestors Target Supreme Court Justice's Home
Why Trump And Biden's Document Scandal Isn't So Different
Biden's Approval Rating Takes A Tumble
Democrat Accuses Who Of Endangering His Life?
Republican's Campaign Funds Get Frozen
Biden Reacts To Classified Documents Bombshell
Troubled Republican Gets More Power In Congress
Trump Gets Fined How Much?
Lindsey Graham Demands Biden Investigation
Biden Restructures Student Loan Forgiveness Plan?
Our American liberties are under assault. The corrupt minority is diverting our hard-earned tax dollars to fund their agendas, funneling them to the industrial military complex and their financiers in an attempt to disarm Americans and completely obliterate the Constitution. If they win, the end result will be the implementation of a global totalitarian regime.
Target Liberty aims to protect the interests of American citizens. Our mission is to consistently and persistently shine a spotlight on the ways the public is being threatened, disarmed, and stolen from by corrupt government institutions.
© 2023 Target Liberty. All Rights Reserved.


The New Zealand Olympic Committee has named the snowboard team to represent New Zealand at the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games next month. The three female and two male athletes selected make up the largest-ever contingent of New Zealand snowboarders to compete at an Olympic Games.
The team was named today after a quota spot confirming a third female athlete became available.
Among the snowboarders selected was 18 year old Rebecca Sinclair who is headed for her first Olympic Games and will be the youngest member of the New Zealand team. The Wanaka-based teenager who first competed for New Zealand in 2006 as a 14 year old sees inclusion in the Olympic team as more than just a competition. "It is an opportunity to be part of an event that brings people together and gives them a chance to prove themselves against the rest of the world," she said.
Brother-sister duo Mitch and Kendall Brown have both earned a spot in the team and join Juliane Bray as three of New Zealand's most experienced winter athletes. All three competed in the half-pipe at the Torino Winter Olympic Games in 2006. Bray, who finished a very strong 16th in the half-pipe at Torino is delighted to be confirmed for the team.
New Zealand is now awaiting confirmation of the final quota spot to enable biathlete Sarah Murphy entry to the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games. This confirmation is expected on Friday 29 January. Until this is confirmed, The New Zealand Olympic Team stands at 15.
New Zealand at the Winter Olympic Games.
New Zealand first took part in a Winter Olympic Games in 1952 in Oslo with a team of five athletes. Since then, New Zealand has had 72 winter Olympians and one winter medallist – Annelise Coberger who took silver in the slalom in 1992 at Albertville. New Zealand's next best results were two fourths in short-track skating (relay team and individual) at Albertville in 1992, eighth in short-track skating in Lillehammer in 1994 and a 10th in the skeleton at Torino.
Of the 1111 named New Zealand Olympians fewer than 7% have earned this coveted title at winter games. New Zealand's newest Olympians will be numbered on their return to New Zealand from 1112 upwards.
The Vancouver Olympic Games runs from 12- 28 February 2010.


GARETH PARKER: Attorney-General Christian Porter, good morning.
GARETH PARKER: Is Scott Morrison dirty on you and the High Court for stealing his thunder?
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: Well I mean, we probably wouldn't have chosen that particular day but of course, the High Court makes its determination at law, and as a matter of process, so yeah, it was an unusual day to have it but just had to be dealt with.
GARETH PARKER: It certainly was an unusual day. I can't recall in recent times a budget being so shunted from the front of the Canberra news cycle so quickly. But it endures. I'll ask you about the Budget in a minute.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: The Budget will be back because there's, I mean, great things in it, great things for WA, I think the tax reform is truly structural and very important. Moving to a personal income tax system where you have effectively a flat rate of tax for everyone between 40,000 and 200,000 is a very significant and welcome reform for Australia, I think.
GARETH PARKER: Are you going to be able to get it through the Parliament? That's the big question.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: Well, I believe we will be able to get it through. And it's going to take a lot of work, obviously with the Senate crossbench but immediately it gives very substantial tax relief to middle and low income earners, in excess of $500 a year, and if you've got two people working, that's $1000. And that is very, very significant. But added to that immediate tax relief is this restructuring of the tax system, and having a flatter, simpler, fairer tax system. And it's very good for WA because traditionally we've had a greater percentage of our population working, working harder, earning more than the rest of Australia, and paying more tax. And for a hardworking state like WA to get this sort of structural change of the tax system, I think, is going to be great for our local economy. And I think there's a very persuasive case to bring the crossbench with us.
GARETH PARKER: It's quite a departure from the sort of progressive nature of our income tax system that's featured for decades. I mean, I think what, 95 per cent of people who are taxpayers earn between $40,000 and $200,000. There are some who will say; well, that is fair because everyone's paying the same rate, and obviously if you earn more you pay more tax. But the counter-argument is; well, why should someone earning $195,000 a year pay the same rate of tax as someone earning, say, $50,000 a year.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: Well, what we're trying to get to obviously is a flatter system where around about 90 per cent of people will pay that flat rate of tax between 40,000 and 200,000. And the great benefit of those flatter tax systems is that they are simpler, easier to administer, fairer but they don't punish people who work harder and earn more. And I find with my constituents, they are very conscious of the idea that if you get a promotion or you work longer hours that you get thumped for it in terms of the tax that you pay. So, the incentive structure that it creates means that everyone benefits in the long run. And I think that that has been something that has been born out in countries with flatter tax systems than Australia. And look, I mean, look at the rates of taxation for personal income tax that are levied in New Zealand. I mean, we do not want to be uncompetitive, and we want to reward Australians and West Australians who work hard and earn more.
GARETH PARKER: Is it credible to say we've got a seven year tax plan that we're going to legislate now but it extends beyond the next election and then the election beyond that and potentially the election beyond that?
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: Well, I think it's all about affordability. And I think it is credible because we're seeking to legislate it now, like right now. And of course, as we've noted there's very significant tax relief for lower and middle income families right up, and yes over time we want to have this structural reform to a flatter simpler fairer system. I think it is credible and I think we will get it through the Parliament. I think it's what people want.
GARETH PARKER: Well they may want to but I wonder, is it affordable? I think that's the big unknowable. Last year, for example, you were on this program and everywhere else saying we need to increase the rate of tax to pay for the NDIS; one year on everything's changed because things change, economies change, budgets go up, budgets go down, the economy turns. But I just wonder whether it is, in fact, affordable when you're making these long run projections.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: Well, again, the two sides to your question are, one is it affordable and is it too long? And the reason why it's taking a bit longer is that's what makes it affordable. And yet things have changed very significantly since last year as Scott Morrison, the Treasurer, has noted, and they've changed for the better. Record job creation last year, the economy is growing, that improves the revenue base and the lynchpin for this budget is that we're able to bring forward the projected surplus by a year. And critically that's what allows us to turn the tide on debt and start paying down debt. The surplus is the operating balance that allows you to pay down debt. And what we inherited was surpluses from- deficits from Labor as far as the eye can see, and it has taken an enormous amount of work to get expenditure restrained to grow the economy, which has in no small part been because of the fact that we've been willing to give company and small business tax cuts to all businesses with a turnover of less than 50 million. And this is in excess of three million businesses that employ six million Australians. So, what we've been doing, I would argue, is working and demonstrably so.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: Yeah, we're not popping any corks yet.
GARETH PARKER: Yesterday, Bill Shorten said that the High Court had handed down a new test for MPs who have fallen foul of Section 44 of the Constitution. Is he having a lend?
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: I mean, it's outrageous that he's still maintaining this position and pretending that anyone believes it. And what's interesting is that he and Tony Burke and Mark Dreyfus got out and try this point on. None of them refer to the decision. I haven't heard them read a single sentence from it because anyone who reads it; and I don't expect all that many people will, which is probably what Bill Shorten's relying on; anyone who reads it knows that is wrong. I mean, I'll just read you a very quick sentence from it: The Attorney-General's primary submission is clearly correct, it reflects the law stated in Sykes and Cleary and Re Canavan – i.e. the previous decisions, there's nothing new in this; the principal submission of the Commonwealth Attorney- General is that it is not enough for a candidate merely to have taken reasonable steps to renounce his or her foreign citizenship that primary submission is clearly correct. There's nothing new in this it just reaffirms what we knew in October of last year and that is when these individuals should have taken the action that they took yesterday, and resigned. But here we are.
GARETH PARKER: So, to be clear, the test was that you had to have rescinded your second or third citizenship on the date that you nominated unless the country you were trying to rescind made it so difficult that only reasonable steps were necessary?
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: Correct. I mean, reasonable steps only applied to, it was activated by a narrow set of circumstances which you've described where the foreign country made it impossibly difficult for you to renounce. And of course, Britain's not one of those countries. And what Shorten, and Dreyfus did since October last year, is just muddy the waters, delay for political purposes when they must have known and did know because it's so clear that those three Labor members were not eligible to sit in Parliament. And so, we had to go through this incredibly costly exercise for the High Court to confirm what we already knew in October. And when you read that decision, I don't think it's an unfair thing to say that the Court is effectively saying: Gee, we thought we made it really clear last time, but to the extent that it can be made any clearer, this is it.
GARETH PARKER: Very quickly in the last 30 seconds we've got, I read with interest in The West that you say you wouldn't have released Arthur Greer. There is a compelling argument, is there not, to say that there is no reason that this bloke should consume a single extra dollar of taxpayers' money, and he gets on a plane and goes back to the UK and he's no longer our problem?
ATTORNEY-GENERAL: Well, I mean part of criminal sentencing is punishment. Like, there's a very strong, if not dominant, punitive part particularly with horrendous offences like the one that was committed here. And I think something that is very, very critical in this matter, and I know that we've had this discussion in WA about no-body, no-parole; This individual has shown no remorse, no contrition, doesn't acknowledge that he committed the offence, and were it not for an accidental discovery, we would never have found out where this poor victim's body was. And so, all of this talk about no-body, no-parole, this is a bloke who fell into the category of never acknowledging the offence, where the body was, any contrition, or remorse. And in those circumstances, yes, it costs money to keep the person in prison but so be it if that is the just outcome.


It is commonly understood that the dinosaurs disappeared with a bang – wiped out by a great meteorite impact on the Earth 66 million years ago.
But their origins have been less understood. In a new study, scientists from MUSE - Museum of Science, Trento, Italy, Universities of Ferrara and Padova, Italy and the University of Bristol show that the key expansion of dinosaurs was also triggered by a crisis – a mass extinction that happened 232 million years ago.
In the new paper, published today in Nature Communications, evidence is provided to match the two events – the mass extinction, called the Carnian Pluvial Episode, and the initial diversification of dinosaurs.
A life-scene from 232 million years ago, during the Carnian Pluvial Episode after which dinosaurs took over. A large rauisuchian lurks in the background, while two species of dinosaurs stand in the foreground. Based on data from the Ischigualasto Formation in Argentina.
Dinosaurs had originated much earlier, at the beginning of the Triassic Period, some 245 million years ago, but they remained very rare until the shock events in the Carnian 13 million years later.
The new study shows just when dinosaurs took over by using detailed evidence from rock sequences in the Dolomites, in north Italy – here the dinosaurs are detected from their footprints.
First there were no dinosaur tracks, and then there were many. This marks the moment of their explosion, and the rock successions in the Dolomites are well dated. Comparison with rock successions in Argentina and Brazil, here the first extensive skeletons of dinosaurs occur, show the plosion happened at the same time there as well.
The point of explosion of dinosaurs matches the end of the Carnian Pluvial Episode, a time when climates shuttled from dry to humid and back to dry again.
It was long suspected that this event had caused upheavals among life on land and in the sea, but the details were not clear. Then, in 2015, dating of rock sections and measurement of oxygen and carbon values showed just what had happened.
There were massive eruptions in western Canada, represented today by the great Wrangellia basalts - these drove bursts of global warming, acid rain, and killing on land and in the oceans.
Professor Mike Benton, also a co-author, from the University of Bristol, said: "The discovery of the existence of a link between the first diversification of dinosaurs and a global mass extinction is important.
Could Eating Moss Be Good for You?
How Did the Milky Way Form?
Surviving Climate Change Circa 40,000 B.C.E.


text:
beta This page is part of a new service – your feedback will help us to improve it.
Empowering leaders for the future of commissioning
Caroline Chipperfield
Caroline Chipperfield explores the conditions, culture and climate leaders will need to be able to flourish in the commissioning climate.
As health care moves towards a focus on wellbeing for citizens, clinical commissioning is becoming increasingly critical. The procurement of services from NHS partner organisations or the private or voluntary sector, health and wellbeing boards assess what populations need in terms of health and care. Contracts are drawn up and procured and providers are held to account for delivery and quality.
Commissioning can never be an exact science but the better developed the knowledge of the demographics of the local community, the more accurate you can be. It's about much more than contracting too; it's about quality assurance and value for tax payers' money. My view is that we need to improve the way that we commission whole population health services at the moment; we still have a tendency to look through a health lens but there's an opportunity to work more closely with local government, for example. It should be about public health, social care, education, schools, and what we're doing for the whole area, its demographics and its economy.
We've currently got a very confused system that prohibits truly joined up working. Primary care homes are coming in; there are vanguards, new care models, the Sustainability and Transformation Plan (STP) footprint (the geographic areas in which STPs will be delivered) and the bigger acute footprint. We're also trying to commission at different levels – national regional and local.
In some cases, STPs are shifting towards what's known as accountable care organisations which will look at whole population health. This means providers and commissioners will be better-integrated, and that for me needs to be the future of NHS commissioning. Arguably it should be jointly done with local authorities and health and wellbeing boards. In some shape or form we're still spending public money, so we still really need to know that it's being spent sensibly and with quality in mind.
I absolutely support the view of NHS clinical commissioners that commissioning should be clinically led. This means it's professionally driven and professionally engaged with clinicians, including AHPs and nurses. This is what the clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) have been trying to do since they were set up in 2012.
Empowering leaders to lead collectively
CCGs are member-led, so decision making rests with members. As a CCG leader, you're going to need to be confident enough to influence without authority. As well as it being about engagement and buy in and working with your members, it's also about clear communication skills and being more strategic; you're not just working in health.
The Academy – in partnership with other organisations – aims to empower commissioning leaders to lead collectively in a very complex landscape by drawing on their engagement and influencing skills. In many cases a general practitioner is an entrepreneur of a single practice, working for themselves. When they move into a clinical commissioning role they have to start thinking about making decisions on behalf of the population without losing their entrepreneurial nature. The real test is exploring the meaning of being a systems leader; how does someone lead collectively, making decisions based on what's best for them and their organisation rather than what's right for the system?
There are three particular ways in which the Academy – and our network of Local Leadership Academies – is able to support STP leaders. Our Future Clinical Commissioning Leaders programme includes:
A full development centre
The opportunity to have a leadership 360 based on the Healthcare Leadership Model and the chance to reflect on one's own leadership style and what that means
Involvement from existing clinical leaders, who talk to the group about their experiences
A look at the more practical side of commissioning, such as dealing with conflicts of interest and what it means to commission against a quality framework
That's the journey we take our participants through; development, exploring their leadership style, the practicalities of clinical commissioning and what it means to be a systems leader. We then take that forward into action learning sets.
We're also offering STP footprints the opportunity to nominate seven senior leaders from across their organisations to apply for the next Nye Bevan programme intake at a significantly reduced cost. This model of delivery has already been successfully adopted by other STP footprints across the country, resulting in:
Enhanced shared learning for the individuals, through a blended approach of experiential residentials, high quality online materials and facilitated peer-assessment
Immediate application of learning to improve and further develop the footprint and the organisations within it
Improvements in system-wide collaboration and networking
Thirdly, working locally with the Local Academies, we're developing bespoke system development support for leaders across the whole footprints.
Some of the colleagues who work with us are newly-appointed to governing bodies and haven't done much leadership development before. We give them the time and space to actually think about what their system might need.
The future of commissioning
We need to continue to move in the direction of place-based decision making, looking at it from a population health basis. There's much to learn from local government, which looks at the public health agenda and works with schools on issues such as obesity.
Utopia for me is that commissioning is led by strong, clinically lead commissioners that have a collective, system leadership perspective. I'd like to see us engage more with the population and citizens. The public may come out with an alternative that perhaps we haven't even thought of. There will be some difficult decisions because we might not be able to afford to do everything we've always done. How do we decide on what might be some of the things we continue to do or what can we potentially do differently?
Leadership development will be around communication, building relationships, building trust and building networks. It will be doing it very differently to how perhaps how we've done things in the past – moving into a future generation of population health commissioning. Some of the work I do with leaders is around the vision, the shared purpose. Just because something makes sense intellectually, you have to constantly think "what does that mean in reality to my organisation, my staff and my system and the population?"
The Academy will continue to work with NHS England, NHS Improvement and others to create a regulatory environment that works around systems as opposed to individual organisations. That's where the work of developing people, improving care (and the fifth condition, which is around developing a different regulatory environment which the regulators are all signed up to) will really come into its own. We need to create the conditions, culture and climate for leaders to be able to flourish in a very different way in the future and people were recruited twenty years ago for a very different way of working. It's our role to support leaders to create the space and time to do that.
If a trust is challenged then actually it's a whole commissioning system role to support that trust. It isn't just a single organisational problem; it's a system opportunity to make the difference when there's a challenge.
I'm also hopeful that actually we can start to think about the regulatory environment across systems, whether that's accountable care systems or STP footprints. If we don't, transformation can't happen.
STP leaders will need to be thinking about how they support their local delivery systems, and through programmes such as The Nye Bevan programme, I'm hoping the Academy can also play a critical supportive role here too.
2 thoughts on "Empowering leaders for the future of commissioning"
JDavies says:
'The real test is exploring the meaning of being a systems leader; how does someone lead collectively, making decisions based on what's best for them and their organisation rather than what's right for the system?' – Should this be 'The real test is exploring the meaning of being a systems leader; how does someone lead collectively, making decisions based on what right for the system rather than what's best for them and their organisation?' It doesn't seem to fit in with the rest of the article otherwise? Perhaps I am misreading it…
Laura Briscoe says:
Hi Jennifer, if you would like to speak to a member of staff regarding the article please email [email protected]
Email AddressEmail is used only for verification and will not be published
Edward Jenner programme
Mary Seacole programme
Rosalind Franklin programme
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson programme
Nye Bevan programme
Aspiring Chief Executive programme
Chief Executive Development Network
Stepping Up programme
Ready Now programme
Ethical Mentoring programme
Return to Work Mentoring programme
HOPE European exchange programme
Health and Care Leaders Scheme
Coaching for Inclusion programme
Healthcare Leadership Model
Talent Management Hub
Inclusion, equality and diversity
Building Leadership For Inclusion
NHS Executive Search
Students – learning to lead in health and care
Leadership Development for Doctors in Postgraduate Training
Local Leadership Academies
Experience of Care
How we use our cookies
Copyright © NHS Leadership Academy 2020. All rights reserved.


My girlfriend has told me that her husband of 6 years has been beating her for a couple of years. We've been friends since high school. I thought we were very close. I don't understand why she is staying? All she has to do is leave. Can you help me understand this and help me help her?
Comments for Why Does She Stay?


A Marine Protected Area (MPA) is simply a protected marine environment. What does that actually mean and how do people interpret it?
The goal of a Marine Protected Area is to let the marine environment recover to a state essentially unaffected by humans. It progresses from the affected stage to the unaffected stage, it's natural stage. This state depends on where it is geographically and the natural equilibrium it would attain based on what surrounds it. In ecological terms it reaches it's climax community.
An unpolluted Marine Protected Area will accumulate species that would naturally occur in that environment. Polar species for a polar environment, temperate for temperate etc. Those species would, when left alone, essentially fight it out amongst themselves. An ecosystem would develop that is the same as an environment where there are no humans.
The goal of a Marine Protected Area therefore is to allow that to happen. That is to leave it alone. To leave it alone implies no harvesting and no external anthropogenic influences.
Firstly MPAs require a local desire (usually national) to protect the area. Laws sometimes come into effect that impose an obligation to local populations to leave the area alone.
At times, military occupation of an island or archipelago ensures that. The environment is off limits as a result of the entire region being protected for strategic purposes. e.g. The Chagos islands.
In rare circumstances such as on Bikini atoll in the Marshall islands, nuclear weapon tests meant that the area was off limits for decades due to being toxic. The depopulated environment recovered despite the initial poisoning.
Once an MPA is announced, it requires people to be kept out of it. This can be achieved by laws alone. But because people break the law, policing of the area is often required. Severe deterrents to would-be poachers need to be publicized and enforced.
Illegal Fishing boats were burnt in 2015 to demonstrate Palau's intentions to enforce it's National Marine Sanctuary.
This previous post highlights the development of surveillance in Palau's National Marine Sanctuary.
The degree of protection attained is governed by numerous factors. This influences the outcome and overall ecology of the area.
What happens if total protection isn't attained?
Firstly, total protection is rarely attained. Nowhere on earth is completely free from human influence. Even the very deepest marine trenches are showing signs of human pollution.
If "Pristine" is completely untouched (0% human influence) a Marine Protected Area is trying to get as close to zero as possible.
The Orona atoll in the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, was once inhabited but now deserted.
So basically, if you remove one or a significant portion or number of any species, it will have an effect on the entire ecosystem. The ecosystem shifts to compensate for the imbalance. Ecologists call this Trophic Cascade. Trophic levels are essentially what separate plant from herbivore, herbivore from predator.
So by reducing the numbers of predators, the prey species populations will increase. (Less are being eaten). This will have an effect on what they in turn hunt or harvest. Once those species populations change that will then change what they influence. Imagine a line of dominoes that spreads out into a web. One influences another which then influences more again. These changes in populations not only affect populations either side of them of them but they can also affect the very chemistry of the environment. If there are more or less plants in a system, there would be more or less Oxygen or CO2 available.
Altering the physical chemistry of a system also causes ecological cascades. Increase or decrease in temperature is like changing it's geographical location. Adding chemicals will also change ecosystems. Farmers increase productivity of their fields with fertilizers. Plant growth can increase if certain compounds of Nitrogen or Phosphorous are added. A process called Eutrophication. Too many plants and not enough herbivores to eat them means systems can be overrun by plant life, choking and shading what was there before.
In some parts of the world, MPAs have been established but the local population still harvests from them. This is sometimes for indigenous cultural reasons. In some locations these cultural excuses are abused and the harvesting is too regular to be sustainable. A overexploitation situation occurs. Local groups citing cultural exception harvest instead of allowing the MPA spillover to repopulate the regular fishing grounds.
In a report from Pew Charitable Trusts: By 2018, there are 15,600 Marine Protected Areas globally, some 25 million square kilometers. This equates to only 7% of the planets oceans. The aim is by 2020 to have 10% of the oceans protected but it seems we are falling well short of this goal. What is worse is that of the 7%, less than half are actually no take zones. Many are still open to harvesting either by indigenous groups or by commercial operations. So it seems we still have a long way to go.
Humans build bigger and bigger fishing boats. The demand for seafood increases with the human population. The pressure on the worlds oceans increases.
It is vital to respect the natural capacity of the oceans. This capacity is not only of the economic kind. How many fish swim in it or how many we can catch etc, but also how well it can recover. Recovery is fastest when the ocean is healthy. A healthy ocean has a greater ability to accept losses, not only amongst it's inhabitants populations but also losses to it's own intrinsic health.
Humans are affecting the very chemistry of the worlds oceans.
Natural damaging cycles such as El Nino events are becoming more common. Natural environments before could recover from these warming periods because they were infrequent. Now these events are happening too regularly for the reefs to fully recover. Each time the damage occurs, the environment has only recovered 50% of it's potential health. The one step forward two steps back scenario.
The healthiest reef or any environment for that matter is one that is in it's natural state. This is why it's so important for us to set aside as much of our Planet as possible. A Marine Protected Area or any conservation area needs to left alone. They should all be left alone and there should be more of them. It is these natural wild spaces that will be the saviors of us all as we strip everything else bare.
Author RichardPosted on July 16, 2018 November 18, 2018 Categories Conservation, UnderwaterTags conservation, ecology, Environment, marine protected area, Marine Sanctuary1 Comment on What is a Marine Protected Area?


Tonight, May 30th: Evolv Shoe Demo at 6pm!
MAYhem Dyno Comp May 25!
As part of our Monthly Send Series, join us for a flightful evening and compete to win the Golden Pinch! Free for members, $5 for non-members.


Real-time room inventory sync and distribution ensure that all your unsold rooms are always visible on OTA, thereby giving you maximum exposure and maximum bookings.
Higher visibility on OTAs combined with constant availability on your booking engine ensures that your rooms get filled as soon as possible.
Daily reports, internal communication, guest communication, payment follow-up reminders, hotel sales analytics and other innovative features ensure that your hotel sales desk run smoothly.


Retirement is something which every one ought to plan right from an early stage. Often people make the mistake of not having a futuristic outlook especially in the prime of their life when they are earning steadily. They underestimate the importance of retirement planning and realize their mistake only when it is too late and by then, they are forced to curb their lifestyles drastically.
It is very important that you start planning your retired life meticulously right from the start of your career so that by the time you bid adieu to your employment days, you can be assured of a neat sum of money that will be a source of comfort to you in old age. Financial security during your retired life is very important to lead a stress free and comfortable life. This can be achieved by planning and channelizing your income in the best possible manner.
Basically, you can count on four different types of income during your retired days. These are social security benefits, personal savings and investments, retirement plans sponsored by employer, and post retirement employment income. You need to be aware of the advantages and demerits of each one and also need to have a rough idea of the needs that have to be met in your retired life so as to plan your investments effectively. These days one comes across a variety of online retirement income calculators that can help you plan out your forthcoming days. A financial consultant or an expert in the related field would also be able to help you in chalking out a fool proof method by which you can invest your current income safely so as to make it yield returns at a later stage.
Employer sponsored retirement plans like pension funds are much preferred by many employees who think it would be sufficient to cover the expenses of their retired life. But this alone could be grossly inadequate what with the growing inflation rates, and may not be sufficient to fund active lifestyles. The same applies for pension that is obtained from private employers.
People also invest in mutual funds and equity stocks also with a view to obtain high returns for their investment. This is definitely a smart move because in most cases, these are managed by professionals and hence armed either with adequate knowledge of the stock market ways or with the help of a competent financial advisor, you could make enough money post retirement too.
Banks offer a wide range of savings deposit account as well as fixed deposit account which offer a comparatively lesser rate of interest. These are safer because the risk element is totally negated. But obviously, the interest rate is much lower and your money may not grow as much as you want it to.
It pays a lot to find out about the various retirement programs provided by government as well as private organizations well ahead in life so that you can choose the best possible ones that offer more in terms of returns. Retirement planning is very important to assure a comfortable and secure old age that is filled with peace and happiness.


Any Figure, black base, 3 inch column color of your choice.
Any Figure, black base, 4 inch column color of your choice.
Any Figure, black base, 5 inch column color of your choice.
Any Figure, black base, 8 inch column color of your choice.
The entire 1st place trophy measuers at 12" tall , 2nd place at 11.5" and 3rd place at 11".
These also accept any colored columns for an additional cost.
From plastic to silver plated, there's a cup trophy for every budget.
Just like all of our column trophies, the colors, figures, and engraving can be customized.
These are great for large team tournaments or events with a group photo.
Our largest of the 3 post trophies, this bad boy can even hold a small plaque on the bottom for perpetual events.
These column trophies have so many possibilities. The toppers come in different sizes and shapes and sports, and it's all your choice.
Start with a figure and base or build onto your trophy with 9 different column colors to choose from.
Starting at $6.00 with engraving included, come in today to pick what fits your winner best.


text:
You are here: Home / Tablet PC News / Good E-Reader Computex Exclusive: Sharp Netwalker PC-T1 launched
Good E-Reader Computex Exclusive: Sharp Netwalker PC-T1 launched
June 2, 2010 By Sovan Mandal 6 Comments
Sharp's ability of introducing innovative products to the market continues with the new Netwalker PC-T1. Just last year, Sharp had surprised everyone with the Netwalker PC-Z1 – a new mega compact PC. A mix between a Netbook and a PDA, the Netwalker PC-Z1 added to Sharp's extensive line of innovative compact portable devices though they were only made accessible in Japan.
However, the PC-Z1 which ran on Ubuntu was a pretty incredible PDA, though it never did justice as a Netbook. And living up to our expectations, Sharp has decided to launch the Netwalker PC-T1 at the ongoing Computex, which is a step ahead of the usual Notebook creation, giving the public an opportunity to use an actual handheld device powered by Linux.
Comparisons are sure to be made made between the PC-T1 and the erstwhile PC-Z1. In that respect, what can be safely said of the PC-T1 is its no longer the hefty device that it once used to be. Rather, it actually is a well-built functioning slate PC which goes beyond the league of the plethora of MIDs made in China running on Android. The only thing about the PC-T1 is that the glossiness of the plastic seems rather second-rate in contrast to the matte finish of PC-Z1, which somehow looked much better built.
The lack of a stylus may surprise many even though Sharp came up with a customized Ubuntu to get an improved and user friendly UI. Though, if you search the box, you will find a stylus which is a little too big and is similar to DSi-XL. It is perfect to use with the PC-T1's touch panel, but the only problem is carrying it around can be quite a nuisance since the device does not have a proper silo that we can keep away the stylus in.
Both these models are characterized by a matching CPU, screen as well as resolution and each function as good as the other or just as bad depending on what you consider of these handheld devices. Once you learn to accept the restrictions of this portable device, you will see that PC-T1 is notable enough to surpass the the ordinary MID quite comprehensively.
So specifications wise, the PC-T1 will have the 800MHz i.MX515 Freescale processor coupled to a 512MB of RAM along with 8GB of Internal Memory, though it can be stretched up to 16Gb by way of the Micro SDHC Card slot. It comes pre-installed with the open source Ubuntu 9.X operating system though what you will actually have with the PC-T1 slate is a Firefox browser that plays flash; a genuine Office Suite that comes with Open Office, a mail client, an IM application and other things that Ubuntu can function with including the normal Linux terminal and Gimp for the video player.
The screen continues to be the same 5 inch WSVGA touchscreen with a 1024 x 600 resolution, which translates to a good pixel density. There is built in support for Wi-Fi B/G. The PC-T1 weighs just 280g and measures a quite compact 150 x 90 x 18 – 21.3 mm. A 2300mAh battery provides power to the device which, the company says will be enough to keep things going for 6 hours, not that bad but more is always welcome like 8 or 10 hours would have been great. Apart from these, the PC-T1 also consists of a USB port and a USB host. So what this essentially means is that this opens the doors on pretty much everything that can be attached to the slate device. This includes the usual mouse or the keyboard, a 3G USB modem, GPS, a camera, an external HDD or maybe even your DVD recorder. And if that's not enough, you can always fall back on PC-T1's Bluetooth module and what you have in the end is a miniature computer at your disposal.
Even though PC-T1 will not be able to display the pictures taken from your camera as they should be, it however works well enough to handle the standard JPEG image files. And if you wish to look at DivX, all that you will be needed to do is just un-plug the PC-T1 video player . Users also gain access to Sharp's e-bookstore with the PC-T1. So the slate PC will also allow its users to catch up with some reading.
In conclusion, if the PC-Z1 device can be termed as good then the PC-T1 is definitely better and a move in the right direction. But its still not the best as there's still some room for improvement. Like it could have a better plastic quality along with more memory than just the 8GB at present, though the memory card manages to keep things at a respectable figure of 16GB. It can still be seen as a requirement for all those who don't want to feel confined by the functions of an ordinary Smartphone. PC-T1 is the perfect addition to a normal Smartphone and people can do things on the move without having to carry a bulky Netbook with them.
Keep watching for more up to date tablet or e-reader news from the ongoing Computex Show .
Meanwhile, you can also avail of the monthly Good E-Reader Magazine, the June issue of which is already out.
[cincopa 10624235]
The PC-Z1 which ran on Ubuntu was a pretty incredible PDA, though it never did justice as a Netbook.


text:
GadgetGuide4U
ASUS ZenFone Zoom With 13MP Camera, 3000mAh Battery Launching In India On January 22
Asus will launch the company's latest camera-centric smartphone – Asus ZenFone Zoom in India later this month. Asus has sent out the invites for the launch of Asus Zenfone Zoom and it is scheduled for January 22nd & 23rd in Agra this month. The Asus ZenFone Zoom comes in Balck & White colours and the price starts at US $399. It has a aluminium unibody frame and a leather back cover.
On the specifications front, it features 5.5-inch Full HD display with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels and it is protected by Corning Gorilla Glass 4. it is powered by 2.3GHz quad-core Intel Atom Z3580 / 2.5GHz quad-core Intel Atom Z3590 processor which is paired with paired with PowerVR G6430 GPU & 4GB LPDDR3 RAM. It runs on Android 5.1 lollipop operating system with Asus Zen UI on top of it and it has 64GB/128GB in-built memory which can be expanded further up to 128GB via microSD card.
On the imaging front, it features 13MP rear-camera with OIS, 3X optical zoom, laser auto-focus, real-tone flash and 5MP front-facing camera for selfie & video-calling.
It has dual-SIM support and connectivity features like 4G LTE / 3G HSPA+, WiFi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, Bluetooth 4.0, GPS, NFC.
It packs 3000mAh battery which comes with ASUS BoostMaster fast charging.
ASUS Zenfone Zoom ZX551ML specifications
Display: 5.5-inch display with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels and it is protected by Corning Gorilla Glass 4
Processor: 2.3GHz quad-core Intel Atom Z3580 / 2.5GHz quad-core Intel Atom Z3590 processor with PowerVR G6430 GPU
Memory: 4GB LPDDR3 RAM, 64GB /128GB internal memory, expandable memory up to 128GB via micro SD
Operating System: Android 5.1 (Lollipop)
Camera: 13MP rear camera with OIS, 3X optical zoom, f/2.7-4.8 aperture, Laser AF, Real Tone flash and 5MP front-facing camera
Dimensions: 158.9 x 78.84 x 5~11.95 mm
Connectivity: 4G LTE / 3G HSPA+, WiFi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, Bluetooth 4.0, GPS, NFC
Battery: 3000mAh battery with ASUS BoostMaster fast charging
Categories: Mobile Phones
Sign up to receive email updates and to hear about our latest adventures!
Mobile Phone, Consumer Electronics Products, Technology News, And More


This entry was posted in In the Neighborhood, Uncategorized and tagged Cold, Flint Hills, Kansas, Konza Prairie, nature, Photography, Prairie, Walking, winter. Bookmark the permalink.
Thank you for stopping to photograph your trek and share it with us. I can almost feel the moist air on my skin, catch a few scents.
I'd say your photos are worth the early rising.
Thank you, Lulu! Between the cold and the views, it was an invigorating experience.
So beautiful, Laurie. Thanks for sharing!


text:
Tedeschi Trucks Band Release First Track for "Made Up Mind"
by Corey Brown Saturday, June 15th, 2013
Tedeschi Trucks Band has announced their third album – and first studio release since their 2011 debut, Revelator – is coming in August.
Made Up Mind offers up 11 new tracks by the group, and one significant change. For the first time in the band's history, bassist Oteil Burbridge is not part of the music. As we reported back in October, Burbridge decided to take a break from touring and the group.
The group decided not to find an immediate replacement for Burbridge. Instead, they recruited four different bassists for the new album, including Pino Palladino (5 tracks), Bakithi Kumalo (2 tracks), Dave Monsey (2 tracks) and George Reiff (1 track). Bassist Eric Krasno is reportedly going on tour with the group.
TTB has also shared the album's fifth track, "Part of Me", with Monsey on bass:
Made Up Mind is scheduled to release on August 20, 2013.
Get daily bass updates.
Get the latest news, videos, lessons, and more in your inbox every morning.
Related Topics: Bakithi Kumalo, Dave Monsey, George Reiff, Oteil Burbridge, Pino Palladino
Dead & Company: The Other One/Morning Dew
Lineup Announced for Woodstock 50th Anniversary Festival
Leave a Reply to Rachel Siteman	Cancel reply
Alan Wilson
Anything TTB do is great.
Adam Stevens
Wow.. I was pretty sad to hear Oteil wasn't playing on it, until I read that bit about Pino and Bakithi… now I can't wait for it!
Joachim Mahoudeaux
Eric Krasno? THIS Eric Krasno?
Fabulous Track! Looking forward to hearing the rest of the album, especially the Pino ones hehe!
Rachel Siteman
This track was enough for me. Immediately grabbed my preorder of Made Up Mind from http://www.tedeschitrucksband.com…now I'm just waiting for the release date.


In her first video, she hits the road. Traversing 1,200 miles of the Wild Atlantic Way on her own. The winding, narrow roads had her (and us) biting our nails. Watch as she dodges sheep, and takes in some breathtaking views of Ireland's coastline.
"The best way to experience the Cliffs of Moher in Ireland is to walk the Burren Way trail! Go beyond the Cliffs of Moher Visitor Center, follow the trail north and walk the 4.5 miles back to Doolin," says Sherry Ott.
In this video, Ott catches some wild goats fighting it out for superiority on the Burren in County Clare Ireland.
Are you interested in visiting Ireland? Check out the travel itineraries created by the Ireland.com.


Critical Component 2: Agility. Whether seamlessly shifting between private and public clouds, handling spikes in traffic, or providing other services that align with your company's IT and overall business goals, the future-proof IT environment is endlessly flexible. The future-proof IT environment's Meet Me Rooms have connections to major cloud providers in key markets. With 100% availability of staff and support, it simplifies your network architecture and reduces costs.
Critical Component 3: Scalability. The future-proof IT environment is ready to seize opportunities for growth as soon as you are and doesn't privilege one client over another. Your presence in the data center can start as small as you like and grow as big as you can. The fact that all requisite technology remains in one environment means that scaling up can also be cost efficient.
The Connected Campus is Digital Realty's realization of these needs in practice. It is a place where these three components intersect to provide the maximum level of usability and performance for our clients. You are in charge of how and when services are deployed but you're never without expert help, 24/7.
Ready to discover more about the future-proof data center and Digital Realty's Connected Campus? Click here to download the white paper in its entirety.


text:
Q: Weblogic 10 - JMS - This RJVM has already been shutdown Any idea why the following errors comes up.This is happening when posting a JMS message to a queue deployed on Admin server from the application on managed server.
009-06-02 11:21:18,688 (com.xxx.util.servicelocator.ServiceLocator:612) ERROR - Error while loading Queue ProfilerNotify
javax.naming.CommunicationException [Root exception is java.rmi.ConnectException: This RJVM has already been shutdown 3481854169479569584S:XX.XXX.X.XXX:[9200,9200,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1]:Production10:AdminServer]
        at weblogic.jndi.internal.ExceptionTranslator.toNamingException(ExceptionTranslator.java:64)

        at weblogic.jndi.internal.WLContextImpl.translateException(WLContextImpl.java:426)

        at weblogic.jndi.internal.WLContextImpl.lookup(WLContextImpl.java:382)

        at weblogic.jndi.internal.WLContextImpl.lookup(WLContextImpl.java:367)

        at javax.naming.InitialContext.lookup(InitialContext.java:351)

        at com.xxx.util.servicelocator.ServiceLocator.loadQueue(ServiceLocator.java:607)

        at com.xxx.util.servicelocator.ServiceLocator.getQueue(ServiceLocator.java:285)

A: We had this error in what sounded like similar circumstances recently.
It turned out to be because we didn't have the domain names of the servers in DNS. We weren't using domain names (we used IPs) but it seems weblogic needs to be able to reverse-lookup IP addresses or it gives this most misleading error.
We just added the relevant lines to /etc/hosts and everything started working.

A: Indeed it is DNS name resolution issue. Though I added the entry in /etc/hosts in my application server but the same needs to be added in the foreign server as it was not able to resolve the DNS.
The other way around what I found (w/o any entry in /etc/hosts) was that in Weblogic Console-->Server-->Managed Server-->General Tab-->Listen Address field I had given the hostname of my managed server. I changed it to IP address of my Managed server and then was able to connect to the Foreign Server. The More Info section of Listen Address field says few things about giving DNS names:
To resolve a DNS name to an IP address, WebLogic Server must be able to contact an appropriate DNS server or obtain the IP address mapping locally. Therefore, if you specify a DNS name for the listen address, you must either leave a port open long enough for the WebLogic Server instance to connect to a DNS server and cache its mapping or you must specify the IP address mapping in a local file. If you specify an IP address for ListenAddress and then a client request specifies a DNS name, WebLogic Server will attempt to resolve the DNS name, but if it cannot access DNS name mapping, the request will fail

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sasol is playing a high-stakes game with its appeal against the Competition Tribunal decision on excessive pricing in the propylene and polypropylene markets.
The fuel and chemicals company is facing a fine of R534-million, pricing remedies to bring down the costs of polymers and a potential raft of civil damages claims from polymer competitors and plastics manufacturers.
But its problems might not end there. Competition law experts and senior sources in the department of trade and industry have indicated that the appeal may be the last straw in a long-running standoff between the state and Sasol over how polymers are priced.
A senior department official said this week that there was a growing perception in the government that Sasol was stringing it along.
The official said Sasol had become wrapped up in the immediate concerns of its shareholders and was not acting in the interests of the country and the economy.
He said that Sasol's appeal was not guaranteed to be successful and could leave it exposed to a bigger fine, civil damages claims and government regulation.
The department asked the Competition Commission to conduct an inquiry into polymer pricing, as it was getting nowhere with Sasol on the issue, and now that another lengthy legal battle is on the cards with the appeal, it seems the department's patience is wearing thin.
Recent public statements by the commission have endorsed this. A competition commissioner, Tembinkosi Bonakele, recently spoke out strongly about Sasol's appeal and said that the issue of overpricing would be dealt with under competition law or by government policy.
He said the commission would seek an even bigger fine at the appeal.
Sasol is a repeat offender, having previously been found guilty of anticompetitive practices both in South Africa and the European Union. Last week, Sasol had a R6.3-billion fine reduced to R2.2-billion by the EU's general court. This related to Sasol's role in a wax cartel that is said to have existed for 13 years.
In June, a subsidiary of the South African fuel and chemicals company was found guilty of the excessive pricing of purified propylene and polypropylene.
The Competition Tribunal said that Sasol Chemical Industries' propylene and polypropylene were overpriced by as much as 41.5% in some markets, which caused "significant harm" to downstream manufacturers of plastic moulded goods.
In its judgment, the tribunal argued that it had "negative consequences" for South Africa's emerging economy by causing local plastics manufacturers to be uncompetitive against imported plastic goods. This, in turn, had stunted an increase in manufacturing capacity and job creation.
"Cheaper polypropylene prices for the local plastic converters could enhance local production, thereby enabling them to compete more effectively with imported final plastic products, manufacture locally rather than overseas and introduce new products to South African consumers," the tribunal said.
Much of its judgment focused on the historical context in which Sasol was established, and the "significant state support and the protection that Sasol received over the years".
A competition law expert said the judgment stated that history matters – which meant that, because Sasol was built using state funding, it couldn't just "keep all the rents to itself".
The expert also said that the pricing remedy imposed by the tribunal was extremely damaging for Sasol. "They won't like that at all," he said.
The department official said there was an opportunity for Sasol and the government to move on from an "unproductive standoff", which was all about "narrow self-interest", to a dialogue to get the plastics manufacturing sector growing so jobs could be created. "It's time for Sasol to stand up and show some corporate leadership," he said.
Asked about the civil claims Sasol could face if its appeal fails, the official said that it was "not implausible" that the government, Sasol and the greater plastic manufacturing sector could agree on a "forward-looking approach", in which a "developmental price" for polymers was agreed to and civil claims would be waived.
Sasol says it will continue to work with the department.
"Sasol remains a willing participant in all its activity and engagement with government, and [this] remains the case with the department of trade and industry. [The department] is a strategic player in enabling economic growth in South Africa and we value the relationship that Sasol has with the department across the various touch points of our business," it said.


text:
Objective and Subjective View of the Historical Development of Societies
History has generally been viewed through the lens of an objective approach to societal development. Historical theories abound with discussions of geography, economic forces, and the influence of factors such as access to transportation routes, developments of science and technology, interaction of various different cultures, religious forms and customs, climate, food and water access, and trade routes and hubs. These external forces can be viewed as objective causes of historical development. There is a role to be played, in the objective view, by specific individuals who represent or guide the transitions or provide some seminal push in a particular direction, and thus, for those who do not accept a purely objective mechanism, there is the part played by key individuals who appear at the "right place and the right time".
Sri Aurobindo notes however that behind all this external causation lies the subjective force that drives humanity forward, that drives the development of society, and that is the ultimate and real cause of evolutionary progress of society: "…political and economic motives have everywhere predominated on the surface and history has been a record of their operations and influence. The one subjective and psychological force consciously admitted and with difficulty deniable has been that of the individual. This predominance is so great that most modern historians and some political thinkers have concluded that objective necessities are by law of Nature the only really determining forces, all else is result or superficial accidents of these forces. Scientific history has been conceived as if it must be a record and appreciation of the environmental motives of political action, of the play of economic forces and developments and the course of institutional evolution. The few who still valued the psychological element have kept their eye fixed on individuals and are not far from conceiving of history as a mass of biographies. The truer and more comprehensive science of the future will see that these conditions only apply to the imperfectly self-conscious period of national development. Even then there was always a greater subjective force working behind individuals, policies, economic movements and the change of institutions; but it worked for the most part subconsciously, more as a subliminal self than as a conscious mind. It is when this subconscious power of the group-soul comes to the surface that nations begin to enter into possession of their subjective selves; they set about getting, however vaguely or imperfectly, at their souls."
Sri Aurobindo, The Human Cycle: The Psychology of Social Development, Chapter 4, The Discovery of the Nation-Soul, pp. 36-37