text:
Passenger loses €21,390 after customs seize undeclared cash
A passenger passing through Malta International Airport on his way to Amman failed to declare the amount of money he was carrying
9 July 2019, 6:20pm
by Laura Calleja
Customs has seized €790,824 in undeclared cash, so far, this year
Customs officials have seized €21,390 from a passenger, at Malta International Airport after he failed to declare the money.
Officials were carrying out checks at the airport departure lounge when a passenger boarding a flight for Amman, Jordan, was escorted to the office. Upon searching his belongings, it was revealed that the man was carrying €31,390 in undeclared cash.
€10,000 was then returned to the passenger, whilst the rest was seized pending an investigation.
Legislation dictates that any amount of cash over €10,000 has to be declared to customs. There is no limit to how much cash is carried by a passenger as long as it is declared to customs.
According to customs, so far, this year, 29 cases were detected, with €790,824 of undeclared cash having been seized.
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Auchmera är ett släkte av fjärilar. Auchmera ingår i familjen mott.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Källor

Mott
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


How personal is your book choice?
You are here: Home / Jottings / How personal is your book choice?
Turns out asking someone what books they read is akin to asking what kind of underwear they prefer. Or at least it was with a group of people attending a workshop I led a couple of weeks ago. I was shocked at how a seemingly innocuous ice-breaker question could have caused such offence.
It's not like I was asking them to declare when they read the book or if they read it all the way through. For all I cared they could have read the summary of the back of a book at the airport. The point was I wanted them to share something beyond the usual name, job title and why they would rather be back at their desk having more fun than being locked in a room with me for two days.
We had just endured some pretty low-grade coffee and that may have raised the level of crankiness in the room. Who knows? Thankfully there were enough bookish people to break the frosty atmosphere and the awkward moment passed. When I snuck in a final check-out question at the end of two days asking people what was the next book they were going to read, our two-day bonded workshop community were swopping book suggestions with gusto.
Reading is an incredibly personal thing. Even if you are one of millions of people who have read the same book, your experience of reading is entirely unique to you. I guess this is part of the fun of being in a book club where you can discuss what you think. I'm a fan of the BBC podcast of A Good Read where people review the book they consider, as the programme title suggests, is a good read. Often panel members are in violent agreement yet sometimes there are wide-ranging perspectives. It's a great introduction to books that might not otherwise cross your consciousness and I've read a few of the books featured because the panel made the books sound so intriguing.
My mother-in-law is a born again fan of George Elliot and has in the past joined the annual pilgrimage from Nuneaton to London to celebrate the life and works of this Victorian novelist. I've always been more of a Jane Austen groupie and failed many times to break through the barriers of the early chapters of Elliot's books. It always puzzled me to see Middlemarch up there on the best books ever written list and could never fathom what was I missing. Discussing books during my in-laws visit to New Zealand earlier in the year they once again raved about Elliot's books although did admit they are something of an acquired taste.
Since then I have broken my Elliot virginity. Although tempted to listen to the abridged version that would be cheating, even if I cringed at the prospect of 28 hours of Victoriana. About 8 hours into the recording, equal to more than a week's basset walks, I still wasn't loving this book. The characters were not likeable, the plot had taken a walkabout and my 21 century feminism hackles were standing to attention. I had a little rant about my progress on our weekly FaceTime call but my in-laws seemed unmoved. The Taurean in me stirred at the suggestion that I might start with another of Elliot's books that might be "easier". So, I persevered.
After 28 hours of George Elliot's Middlemarch the frustrating thing is that I think I now need to read the book. In my impatience to find out what everyone raved about I missed out on my experience of the book. It's a good book if I did not find it a great read. You see the characters really aren't that likeable, the plot meandering and social attitudes to women in that time only make me grateful I was born in the 1960s.
Although sharing laundry space means that there are no secrets in our family about what our underwear preference are, I will be uncorking a decent bottle of New Zealand's pinot to share with my in-laws in a few weeks and we can then declare our Middlemarch book club open for business. You never know, I might even have to take a little George Elliot Pilgrimage myself.
Haha, I loved that you said the radio personalities were "in violent agreement". I know some people who discuss things like that. I have never managed Elliot either, and I find even Austen a bit meandering, so maybe it is not for me! I love that you used a book question at your workshop.
Loved this story and as a reader I loved that you asked a question about books as an ice breaker. Having said that, it's possible that the people in the group who are not readers may have been put on the spot by the question, perhaps being left to feel inferior. Avid readers like ourselves don't understand how people can not share a love for books or our thirst for adventure and knowledge only satiated between their pages. I also find that while I may have learned not to judge a book by it's cover, I do seem to judge people by what they read. I'd have more respect for someone who reads the classics than say Harlequin romance novels, when I really should simply be happy that they're at least exercising their grey matter as opposed to vegging on reality television.


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Is 2020 the year the four-day week will take off?
Is the 4-day week an idea whose times has finally come?
Many employers still reluctant to hire flexible workers
Will 2020 be the year the four-day week takes off? Despite some derisory comments during the general election campaign when Labour proposed it – mainly because it was bundled together with the ongoing and ever-deepening NHS staffing crisis – polls show that giving people more time is often much more popular than giving them more money.
In general elections everything is in any event about the very short term when arguments about the four-day week take a more long-term view about workplace trends – which include everything from our ageing workforce and flexible working to the rise of automation.
From the leisure society to 'always on'
It is true that arguments in favour of the 'leisure society' have been a feature of discussions about the workplace for many decades, with early predictions that technology would free people up to work fewer hours. Instead, however, we have the 'always on' society and burnout as people work all hours and check emails in their holidays or from their sick beds. Mental health is now one of the most pressing health concerns globally and workplace stress is a big contributor. Have we reached peak work? Is how we work no longer sustainable?
There definitely seems to be a major push back on the work life balance front. People are opting to leave or not to join employers who don't offer flexible working or work life balance. In a labour market where skills shortages are high in many sectors that is not likely to reverse any time soon. Technology is enabling many to set up on their own – and employ others to work more flexibly and locally. Environmental problems are forcing a rethink in the commuter model as are pressures on working families and a host of other issues, including a need to revive our local communities. Automation is already reshaping the way we work.
All the ingredients are in place, but is there the will to take a step back from the bustle of everyday life, to take the risk that a more radical approach will result in longer term gains in terms of recruitment and retention? Someone who implemented a four-day week trial at work asked me if I thought it was risky. It's interesting because many people seem to think that such companies are trying out the four-day week as a cheap PR gimmick. Nothing could be further from the truth. It seems that in all the current uncertainty taking risks is not a wise option, yet standing still is also not a risk-free option. And the current political, social, environmental and economic uncertainty is not likely to end any day soon after all.
The 4-day week campaign
So what might happen in 2020 with the four-day week? Already we've seen articles on how the new Finnish Prime Minister – Sanna Marin – is reported to be in favour, in the longer term, of the introduction of a flexible working schedule for Finland, including a four-day week and a six-hour working day. Next month also sees the publication of Andrew Barnes' book The 4-Day Week. Andrew is founder of Perpetual Guardian, a New Zealand trust business that supervises nearly NZ$200bn in assets, and switched its 240 employees to a four-day week, with a reported 20% increase in productivity.
As a result of publicity over the company's achievement Andrew has established 4 Day Week Global and the 4 Day Week Global Foundation with his partner, Charlotte Lockhart. Their vision is to provide a community environment for companies, researchers/academics and interested parties to be able to connect and advance the four-day week idea as part of the future of work. Andrew is also on the advisory boards of both the US and Ireland 4 Day Week campaigns and the board of the newly created Wellbeing Research Centre at Oxford University.
He says: "With its emphasis on productivity, the four-day week tackles hard issues facing our world, for example, stress and the breakdown in mental health, gender equality in pay, and the environmental crisis. Four-day weeks offer significant societal benefits from relief of congested highways and public transport systems, reduction in healthcare costs, through to more harmonious families and more purposeful lives."
Is the four-day week an idea whose time has come?
Winter positivity: who inspires you?
It's 2020 and we wanted to start the year on a positive note, looking at the people who...read more
Return to Audit – Flexible Working & Part Time
Assistant For Transformation Company - Part Time
Near Lewes, East Sussex
Legal Audio Typists / Transcriptionists - Home based & Part Time Available
Leading the way on premature baby leave

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Джо Гомес ():

 Джо Гомес — американський реслер
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The item Hi-5, Vol. 2, Action heroes, produced by Kids Like Us and Nine Films and Television for Discovery Kids ; Hi-5 USA Productions ; creator, Helena Harris, Posie Graeme-Evans ; writers, Lisa Hoppe ... [et al.] ; director, Rob Cotterill, (videorecording) represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Austin Public Library.


text:
At Dominion Energy we love our jobs. That's right. Love. Every day we go to work filled with passion to be excellent, to creatively problem solve and to innovate. These are exciting days for energy companies, and Dominion Energy aims to shape the future of energy in America. We are looking at all of our work with fresh eyes, retooling everything we do, in every part of the company, to operate more sustainably and to deliver energy more reliably than ever. We are looking for interesting, independent thinkers and doers who can help shape the culture of a forward-looking company that's proud of its rich legacy. Are you a change agent? Do you think differently? Do you want to fall in love with your job? If you answered "yes," then read on!
At this time, Dominion Energy cannot transfer nor sponsor a work visa for this position.
This position does not offer relocation assistance.
Dominion Energy North Carolina, is a regulated public utility engaged primarily in transporting, distributing and selling natural gas to approximately 600,000 customers throughout a 28-county service area in the north central, piedmont and western areas of North Carolina. This Co-Op Engineer position in Gastonia, NC is a diverse position within the Engineering, Construction and Transmission Operations Department. The Department is responsible for the planning, designing and construction of natural gas pipeline system facilities; operations and maintenance of transmission pipelines; and other tasks necessary to provide reliable, affordable, clean energy to its customers. (Housing Stipend is available subject to qualification)
The Co-Op Engineer will learn about natural gas utility engineering by working with all areas of the Department including: Project Engineering, System Planning, Construction and Transmission Operations. The experience for the Co-Op Engineer will consist of one full year of work divided into three segments: a fall semester (2022), a summer semester (2023), and a spring session (2024). These work semesters alternate with school semesters. Part time work may be available during school semester rotations.
The Co-Op Engineer will reside in the Project Engineering cost center and will assist Engineers, Gas Technologist and Leaders with various job duties to meet current and future company initiatives and regulatory requirements. Job duties may include but are not limited to: field investigation, proposal creation, cost estimating, permitting, procedure development, critical records organization, research, data analytics, process improvements, and other task consistent with work of an Engineer and Gas Technologist. Additional job functions may include but is not limited to construction observation and support of transmission operations.
Housing stipend may apply in certain circumstances.
The company is actively seeking United States military veterans and service members who meet the qualifications outlined below.
Military service members and veterans with ranks from E3-E5, W1-W2, or O1-O3, plus appropriate equivalent combination of education and years of experience as outlined below.
Required Knowledge, Skills, Abilities & Experience
• Proficiency in CADD, Microsoft Office (Word and Excel), and other computer applications
• Good oral and written communications skills
• Ability to work independently or within the company's diverse team environment
Preferred Knowledge, Skills, Abilities & Experience
• Bilingual (Spanish) candidates.
Qualified candidates must be in the process of obtaining a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical or Civil Engineering from an ABET accredited college or university, with a minimal GPA of 2.5 on a 4.0 scale.
Licenses, Certifications, or Quals Description
Candidates must have a valid driver's license with a safe driving history, a reliable means of transportation, and be willing to live within reasonable commuting distance of the Gastonia, NC office.
Other Working Conditions
• Work is performed primarily in an office environment, with occasional job visits to construction sites.
• Some travel from Gastonia office with no overnight stay may also be required (travel expenses reimbursed).
• Due to COVID-19, some teleworking may be required.
Dominion Energy is an equal opportunity employer and is committed to a diverse workforce. Qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to their protected veteran or disabled status.
Certain positions at Dominion Energy may involve access to information and technology subject to export controls under U.S. law. Compliance with these export controls may result in Dominion Energy limiting its consideration of certain applicants.
We offer excellent plans and programs for employees. Employees are rewarded with a competitive salary and comprehensive benefits package which may include: health benefits with coverage for families and domestic partners, vacation, retirement plans, paid holidays, tuition reimbursement, and much more. To learn more about our benefits, click here dombenefits.com.
You can experience the excitement of our company – it's the difference between taking a job and starting a career.
Top 3 Reasons to Work at Dominion Energy
1. Great Work Life Balance
2. Generous Pay and Benefits
3. Collaborative & Inclusive Culture
About Dominion Energy
I am your warm cup of coffee in the morning and I light your home at night. I am the cool breeze from your A/C on the hottest day in summer, and the red coil that heats your soup pot on a frigid winter's day. I am sustainable, reliable and affordable.
I am not just any energy… I am Dominion Energy.
We're transforming the way we do business to build a more sustainable future for the planet, our customers, our team and our industry. We're shaping the future of energy in America.
·17,000 employees
·Headquarters: Richmond, VA
·16 states in the US
·$100 billion of assets
·Nearly $35 million in charitable contributions
·100,000+ volunteer hours recorded in the community
Our Commitment to NetZero by 2050
Over the last 10-15 years, we have reduced carbon emissions by more than 50% and methane emissions by 25%, but that's just the start. By 2050, we will achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions across all of our electric and natural gas operations. We are taking immediate action to reduce emissions as quickly as possible, while also exploring new technologies to accelerate future progress.
Nearest Major Market: Charlotte
Nearest Secondary Market: Concord
Job Segment: Intern, Engineer, Construction, Entry Level, Engineering, Research, Bilingual
Check out other featured jobs:


text:
'Deadpool' Has a Director
It looks like Fox is finally getting the ball rolling on Deadpool, its X-Men spin-off featuring everyone's favorite Merc with a Mouth. Deadline.com reports that visual effects guru Tim Miller will direct, and Ryan Reynolds—who had a bit part as the wisecracking antihero in X-Men Origins: Wolverine—is expected to star. Zombieland scribes Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick are working on the script.
Although the character has fallen out of favor with many Marvel Comics readers due to sheer oversaturation (I mean, how many Deadpool series do we really need?), it's cool that Reynolds is willing to commit to two superhero franchises from different sides of the comic book universe at the same time. He's already starring in Warner Bros./DC Entertainment's Green Lantern, opening June 17, and if that film rakes in the green (snort!), sequels won't be far behind. Furthermore, since this summer's X-Men: First Class marks the fifth film in the franchise (with more on the way), it's unlikely that the character's first solo outing on the big screen will be a one-off. So, yeah, Mr. Reynolds might be busy for a few years.
As for Miller, my first reaction was … who? Deadline notes that he created and owns Blur Studios, and he's directed "numerous cutting-edge video game trailers." Upon further inspection, he's done visual effects work for geek-friendly fare such as Daredevil, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World and Bryan Singer's X-Men and X2: X-Men United. This might be his directorial debut, but at least he's played in this sandbox before. I'm curious to see how this turns out.
Labels: Deadpool, Green Lantern, Ryan Reynolds, X-Men: First Class
Chris Evans: Captain America Gets an 'Awesome' New...
'Green Lantern' Gets an Extra $9 Million to Fix Ef...
'Avengers' Assembles!
Marvel Studios' Kevin Feige Discusses the Film Fut...
Little Girl Joins the Dark Side at Disneyland
Joseph Gordon-Levitt's 'Dark Knight Rises' Role Re...
Michael Shannon Cast as General Zod in 'Man of Steel'
A Wort Report Double Feature: 'Sucker Punch' and '...
The Wort Repose


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The HUS-7A is a single button, latching hold-up switch designed to provide a rapid signal to alarm systems. It is activated by pressing down the single button switch.
The HUS-7A is a single button, latching hold-up switch designed to provide a rapid signal to alarm systems in case of an emergency. It's simple-to-use interface requires a single push of a button on the switch to activate the alarm.
A status window indicates the condition of the switch: RED (alarmed), BLUE (armed). A U-shaped key is supplied to reset the HUS-7A. The hold-up switch sends a signal to a dedicated 24 hour hold-up circuit of a burglar control panel.


text:
Q: Find a common values in array of objects and organize them I have a problem with figuring out how to find a common values in array of objects.
I have a big array of objects and every 2 objects have the same transactionHash. I need to find those objects that have the same values and put them in one array.
[
  [{...otherData, transactionHash: 1}, {...otherData, transactionHash: 1}]
  [{...otherData, transactionHash: 2}, {...otherData, , transactionHash: 2}]
]

I need it to be returned just like that!
I tried to reduce the array:
return yourData.reduce(function(curr, x) {
    (curr[x[key]] = curr[x[key]] || []).push(x);
    return curr;
})

And surprisingly I got most of the data back organized but somehow the last object wasn't in the right place but the object with the same `transactionHash` exists.

A: You forgot to pass an initial value for curr -
return yourData.reduce(function(curr, x) {
    (curr[x[key]] = curr[x[key]] || []).push(x);
    return curr;
}, {});

If you don't, then the first element of yourData will be used as the initial value.

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text:
Back to Journals » Psychology Research and Behavior Management » Volume 10
Compulsive exercise: links, risks and challenges faced
Authors Lichtenstein MB, Hinze CJ, Emborg B, Thomsen F, Hemmingsen SD
Accepted for publication 5 February 2017
Published 30 March 2017 Volume 2017:10 Pages 85—95
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S113093
Editor who approved publication: Professor Igor Elman
Mia Beck Lichtenstein,1 Cecilie Juul Hinze,2 Bolette Emborg,3 Freja Thomsen,2 Simone Daugaard Hemmingsen4
1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 2Research Unit for Telepsychiatry and E-mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, 3Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 4Research Unit, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Abstract: Compulsive exercise is a condition described since 1970s. It is characterized by a craving for physical training, resulting in uncontrollable excessive exercise behavior with harmful consequences, such as injuries and impaired social relations. It has not been accepted as a mental disorder in either International Classification of Diseases or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The aim of this literature review was to critically examine the research on links (comorbidity), risks (negative consequences), and challenges faced (problems in a treatment context). This review found that compulsive exercise is associated with eating disorder pathology, perfectionism, neuroticism, narcissism, and obsessive compulsive traits. The most prominent negative consequences were injuries, social impairment, and depression, but more research is needed to uncover the potential dysfunction resulting from compulsive exercise. As the condition is not recognized as a psychiatric disorder, studies on treatment interventions are sparse. Problems with compliance have been reported; therefore, motivational interviewing has been proposed as a treatment approach, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy. This review summarizes and discusses findings on links/comorbidity, risks/negative consequences, and treatment challenges. We suggest that future studies should pay attention to both prevention and counseling in sports settings, where compulsive exercise appears, as the condition may be associated with harmful consequences.
Keywords: exercise addiction, measurement, comorbidity, negative consequences, treatment
I got an addict's brain, and when it came to running, I think I got a little carried away. I became a [….] hamster. Seventeen miles a day on a treadmill... I started getting OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) about the calories, making sure I burned 2,000 every day. Eminem, Men's Health.1
In the end I got down to about 149 pounds. I ran to the point where I started to get injured. All the constant pounding from the running began to tear up my hip flexors... I guess I'm pretty compulsive working out. Eminem, Men's Health.1
"Compulsive exercise" or "exercise addiction" has been described since 1970s, with William Glasser being the first to report addiction to running.2 He suggested that runners develop a positive addiction because of positive psychological effects (eg, joy and pleasure). On the basis of Glasser's report, Carmack and Martens developed a scale to measure commitment to running, and they concluded that running can result in beneficial psychological states.3
The same year, Morgan questioned whether addiction to running was always positive.4 In 1982, Hailey and Bailey were the first to quantify negative addiction in runners.5 Since then, growing research has supported that exercise and sport can be taken to extremes, with harmful consequences synthesized in terms of injuries, impairment to health, and affected interpersonal relationships.6 It has subsequently been described as a compulsive or addictive behavior, with "links" to eating and affective disorders, with "risks" in terms of continuance in spite of negative consequences (eg, injuries), and "challenges" associated with somatic and psychological treatment.
It has been discussed whether compulsive exercise only appears as a secondary condition to eating disorders, but evidence for the syndrome as a primary condition has been demonstrated and should be understood as a serious psychological morbidity, because psychosocial functioning is impaired.7 This discussion will be addressed in the current review.
Definition and theoretic background
The terminology of the phenomenon has varied with the use of "compulsive exercise", "exercise dependence", "exercise addiction", and "running addiction".8–13 It has been suggested that the term "exercise addiction" is the best to describe the condition because it contains both the elements of compulsion and also dependence.14 In this review, the terms "compulsive exercise" and "exercise addiction" are used interchangeably, because we address both the compulsive and the addictive nature of the syndrome.
Compulsive exercise is positioned as a mental disorder in the diagnostic manuals neither in Europe, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) nor in the USA, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).15,16 However, diagnostic criteria were proposed in 1987 by Veale, based on the symptoms of alcohol addiction.17 Hausenblas and Downs have also built their research on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) diagnosis of substance dependence, and defined exercise dependence as a: "multidimensional, maladaptive pattern of exercise, leading to clinically significant impairment, or distress".11
This diagnostically based understanding was later replaced by theories of behavioral addictions. Brown raised a model that contained six general characteristics equivalent to all kinds of addictive behaviors.18,19 Applied on compulsive exercise patterns, the six criteria are as follows: salience – the exercise becomes the most important thing in life. Conflict – refers to conflicts between the addicted person and those around him/her. Euphoria – the subjective experience of a "buzz" or a "high". Tolerance – increasing amounts of the exercise are needed to achieve the psychological effects. Withdrawal symptoms – unpleasant feelings, such as irritability when the exercise is reduced. Relapse – reversion to earlier, extreme patterns of exercise when trying to cut down on exercise.
Measuring compulsive exercise
There is still no consensus about the way to identify and categorize the phenomenon. The amount of weekly exercise is not an indicator of compulsive patterns, as the definition states that it is the physical, psychological, and social harm resulting from the exercise that is important. Different questionnaires have been developed to measure negative exercise attitudes and beliefs.
The Negative Addiction Scale (NAS) was the first to measure negative running behavior.5 The questionnaire focuses on the "negative" psychological aspects of dependence using a scale of 14 items. High values are associated with higher levels of negative addiction symptoms.
The Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ) was developed by Thompson and Pasman to cover a range of exercise behavior and consist of 21 items.20 The OEQ was modified from the Obligatory Running Questionnaire by Blumenthal et al and aimed at looking into secondary dependence to portray the main relationship between exercise behaviors and addiction, as well as determining the consequences of exercise addiction.21
The Running Addiction Scale (RAS) was designed to measure negative addiction to running.22 It consists of 11 items which are responded using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Studies validating the RAS have found good psychometric properties.22,23
Ogden et al developed The Exercise Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ).24 It has 29 items that are rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) with a cut-off point at ≥116. It was developed to measure exercise dependence relevant to all forms of exercise by assessing the motivation to work out, aspiration for good health, the need to control, and problematic exercise behavior. The questionnaire has been used in several studies, for example, the study by Bamber et al.25
The Exercise Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ) is a 21-item scale by Loumidis and Wells that was designed to measure maladaptive beliefs about the consequences of not exercising.26 It was developed with exercisers engaging in a wide range of activities. Hausenblas and Downs developed the 21-item Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) based on the seven diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence (eg, tolerance and continuance).11 The EDS has been widely used in different exercise settings: Spanish sports centers with people aged 16–60 years, Swedish college students, Portuguese local gyms, and Greek private fitness centers.27–29
The Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) was developed by Terry et al and consists of six items related to Brown's theoretical concepts of behavioral addiction.13,19 The items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale and has a cut-off point ≤24 for the "risk of addiction". It has shown good psychometric properties cross-culturally.30
The abovementioned assessment tools have different advantages and limitations. Some only measure one type of sport, for example, running (NAS and RAS), whereas others measure "physical exercise broadly" (EDS and EAI). One is based on diagnostic manuals (EDS) and the other is based on addiction theory (EAI). Some have cut-off points for the "risk of addiction" (EAI and EDQ) while others do not (EDS and EBQ).
Clinical interviewing is suggested as a supplement to examine the false positives (athletes scoring above cut-off on questionnaires, but without any problems), true positives (athletes scoring above cut-off and also reporting impairment), as well as false negatives (athletes scoring below cut-off, but experiencing impairment as a consequence of compulsive exercise) and true negatives (athletes scoring below cut-off and neither reporting compulsive exercise nor any problems related to exercise patterns).
Prevalence of primary compulsive exercise
Prevalence rates of compulsive/addictive exercise differ according to screening tools and sports samples. Studies have found prevalence proportions of exercise addiction ranging from 3%, through 5–7%, 9%, 17%, 20%, 30%, 34%, and up to 42%.13,19,28,29,31–38 Mónok et al estimated prevalence proportions in the general adult population to be 0.5%.39
The inconsistency in measurement, definition, and sports samples (eg, from runners, students, fitness gym users) makes it difficult to uncover the extent and severity of the syndrome. Also, gender and cultural differences may affect the estimates of prevalence proportions worldwide.30
Contextualizing compulsive exercise
Society influences what we do as individuals. This is also the case when people exercise and when they exercise too much.40 According to a study in Great Britain, 14% of the population attends a gym.41 The fitness culture all started with men's bodybuilding. Fitness and bodybuilding were not for everybody. Gradually increasing from the 1980s, this culture commercialized so it became normal to be a fitness member. The commercialization makes people used to the fact that their friends or neighbors exercise. Exercise is now both a personal and social matter, as the individual can be a part of the fitness society by attending to the gym, but has the liberty to exercise as he/she wants.42 Global fitness activities such as the ones developed by the fitness organization Les Mills contribute to the feeling of being part of a greater fitness group in the exercising society. Such activities can also contribute to a global body image and body training regime, as they encourage people to exercise in a certain way to achieve a certain (perfect) body shape.43
The expanded fitness culture can contextualize the growing interest and emergence of compulsive exercise, and may contribute to the knowledge as to why compulsive exercise exists at all. When we as individuals have an evolutionary drive to belong to a group, and the group is exercising, then the individuals exercise. The exercising society brings body image, body wellness, achievements and competition into the lives of those who engage in exercise.44 For some people this may be the way to belong, and the way to show that they matter. The physiognomic assumption of body image is that the way a person looks, mirrors the way a person is.45,46 In this context, it becomes an important matter how you look and how you present yourself to others. It can thus be difficult to stop a compulsive exercise pattern, because reducing exercise means cutting down on yourself, your goals for your body, and therefore the impression you leave on others. Featherstone argues that it is an over-simplistic way of understanding body image and argues that affect is a large part of body image and appearance. The affect body image is the small subtle signals we perceive from others: the way they stand, the way they smile, and the way they talk. So even if we have the "perfect body" it is not enough, because there is more to appearance than looks. This adds another dimension to the understanding of compulsive exercise, because it is not just a matter of having the perfect body; it is a matter of doing the right things in addition to the perfect body. If an individual has a perfect body but that this perfection is not congruent with the way the individual feels, it may explain why compulsive exercisers try to exercise to escape from negative emotions – the experience of "a high", mentioned earlier.
In summary, society seems to play an important role in the understanding of the emergence and persistence of compulsive exercise, as society may force the individual to strive for the perfect body or the perfect self. Cutting down on exercise may result in exclusion from society, less perfection in looks, and therefore less positive emotions and self-esteem.
Aims of the study
The purpose of this article was to critically review the literature of primary exercise compulsion/addiction. The aim of this literature review was to interpret and synthesize the published work in the field of compulsive and excessive exercise according to links (comorbid disorders), risks (negative consequences), and challenges faced (in the context of treatment). The aim was to establish an overview of existing knowledge – as well as lack of knowledge – that could be used in future research and clinical interventions.
Previous reviews of the topic are almost 20 years old, and address other important aspects of exercise addiction: definitions and measures, etiological aspects, biological reasons and/or triggers, and methodological limitations.7,10,12,14,47–53 One review was made in Spanish and was not translated into English.54 The reviews that also contained information on the current aims were included in this literature review.
Our literature search was done in the databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus from August to October 2016. We used the following terms in the search for the condition: "compulsive exercise, exercise addiction, exercise dependence, excessive exercise" in combination with using AND/OR "definition, measures, prevalence, comorbidity, eating disorder, depression, anxiety, personality, muscle dysmorphia, orthorexia nervosa, pain, injury, illness, social isolation, stress, anxiety, intervention, treatment."
In addition, a manual search of the references cited in selected articles was executed. We aimed to include academic peer-review articles from indexed journals, addressing both quantitative and qualitative exercise research. The data search was not time-restricted, since the oldest papers of this topic are from 1970s.
Links: comorbidity and personality traits
This section discusses the most well-known and researched comorbidities/syndromes in relation to compulsive exercise: eating disorders, muscle dysmorphia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, specific personality traits, and other addictions.
A great deal of the literature on excessive exercise has focused on the links between eating disorders and exercise addiction. For example, the literature review by Demetrovics and Kurimay concluded that exercise addiction and eating disorders have many symptoms in common, and that exercise addiction shows high comorbidity with eating disorders.55 The link seems to be the most thoroughly described link in the literature on exercise addiction, probably because this link occurs most often. Actually, compulsive exercise exists so often alongside eating disorders that researchers have speculated that they cannot exist independently from one another at all. Some have argued that exercise addiction is always secondary to an eating disorder and that primary exercise addiction does not exist.56 It also seems that ~39%–48% of people with eating disorders engage in compulsive exercise, indicating a common overlap between the two.57 Grandi et al concluded that primary compulsive exercisers, especially females, more often than controls presented with dysfunctional eating patterns measured with the Eating Disorder Inventory II (EDI-II).58 Associations between drive for thinness/muscularity, compulsive exercise, and body dissatisfaction have also been found in a study exploring female fitspiration bloggers.59 This indicates that eating disorder symptoms and compulsive exercise at least share some characteristics, and may thus be part of the same underlying syndrome. Davis and Claridge also found that patients with eating disorders had high scores on an addiction scale, indicating either that eating disorders could be seen as addictions, such as compulsive exercise, or that addictions have high comorbidity with eating disorders.60 Furthermore, they found that addictive and obsessive–compulsive traits were associated with weight-preoccupation and excessive exercise in patients with eating disorders.
We, however, argue that there are also a number of differences between eating disorders and compulsive exercise. Since compulsive exercisers primarily place focus on performance over weight loss, they usually consume a sufficient amount of calories, only undergo weight loss if it will boost performance, and do not mind gaining weight when it is in the form of muscles because this aids performance.57 Veale distinguished primary from secondary exercise dependence by the absence of an eating disorder. He described secondary exercise dependence as the excessive exercise a person with anorexia nervosa sometimes uses as a means to lose weight. This excessive exercise could reach a state of dependence and, therefore, become secondary exercise dependence. He distinguished primary exercise dependence from eating disorders by describing that the exercise is an end in itself and the dieting and weight loss are used to improve performance. Subsequent literature has used the terms primary and secondary exercise addiction.11,61,62
In groups where an eating disorder was present, Bamber et al found worse overall morbidity scores (measured on, eg, general health, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and social dysfunction), than they did in groups where no eating disorder was present.63 The compulsive exercisers without an eating disorder mostly resembled healthy controls, indicating overall heavier morbidity in eating disorders than in compulsive exercise. Although it could mean that exercise addiction cannot exist without an eating disorder, it could also suggest that even if compulsive exercise might not represent heavy enough morbidity to classify as a disorder, it appears to be at least a worrying phenomenon that can occur independently from eating disorders. Compulsive exercise appears to signify an equally disturbing, unhealthy, and unattainable body ideal that should be taken seriously by professionals.64
The inconsistency in definition makes it difficult for researchers to study the phenomenon, and therefore, difficult to establish a clear classification of compulsive exercise. It seems that compulsive exercise and eating disorders can exist independently from one another and that compulsive exercise can be both primary and secondary to an eating disorder.17,61,62
Orthorexia nervosa is defined as an obsession to eat healthy and can be measured with the ORTO-15 self-report questionnaire.65,66 The condition has been identified in former patients with eating disorders.67 One study looked at orthorexic symptoms in a group of people who exercised regularly and found increased ORTO-15 scores compared to a group of nonexercisers, indicating an extreme health-focused type of disordered eating among physically active people.68 Segura-García et al tested a group of 577 athletes compared to a group of 217 sedentary controls and found an orthorexic prevalence of 28% for females and 30% for males in the athletic group, indicating a higher risk for the condition among physically active people, likely because of the importance of nutrition in physical performance.69 No studies have yet assessed the association between orthorexia nervosa and compulsive exercise. Future research should explore the potential relationship between the two conditions that seem to take health behavior to extremes.
Muscle dysmorphia
Muscle dysmorphia (sometimes referred to as "megarexia") is a variant of body dysmorphic disorder, described in the DSM-5 as part of the obsessive–compulsive spectrum.16 The condition is characterized by beliefs of insufficient muscularity, and engagement in excessive muscle-building activities, such as weightlifting and using anabolic steroids. Athletes with muscle dysmorphia often have a low fat but increased body mass index and disordered eating habits.70 The literature mostly reports male cases, but since the western female body ideal seems to have changed into what can be conceptualized as "strong is the new skinny", it is likely that more females develop the disorder. Muscle dysmorphia can be thought to have commonalities with compulsive exercise due to the extreme focus on achieving fitness goals, but the relationship has not yet been investigated. Research has concluded that little is known about the condition beyond the symptomatic level, and that the area needs consensual, methodological guidelines to unify the research.70
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness characterized by obsessions/compulsions triggered by certain stimuli and the experience of significant distress if the compulsions cannot be maintained.16 Compulsive exercise has commonalities with these obsessions and compulsions in terms of craving exercise and severe distress if deprived from exercise.57 Obsessions that accompany compulsive behaviors can be compared with the ruminations of an exercise-addicted person (eg, "If I don't exercise, I will lose muscle fitness, and then I will lose status, and my friends will reject me"). However, it has been argued that addictions are distinguished from OCD, as addictions have the capacity to reduce negative affective states while creating positive effects. For example, even though an addicted exerciser may feel strong compulsions toward working out, the exercise does produce some positive effects, such as the release of endorphins that increase mood and energy level.
Cunningham et al argue that excessive exercise has both addictive and compulsive features, and can exist in both a primary and secondary form.61 Their study showed that in its secondary form it was mostly compulsive, and in its primary form mostly addictive. Furthermore, they found that men and women have the same risk. However, the profile for men was often primary and addictive, whereas secondary and compulsive for women. This is in accordance with the fact that more women than men develop an eating disorder. It also supports the notion that compulsive exercise should in some cases be understood as independent from eating disorders and OCD.
Despite the similarities between obsessive–compulsive symptoms and compulsive exercise, only a few studies have examined the relationship. Yet, no studies have examined the relationship between OCD and exercise addiction. However, Spano found that persons who had high scores on a test for excessive exercise also had high scores on an OCD test.71 Gulker et al found that excessive exercisers rated higher on obsessive–compulsive symptomatology than nonexercisers did.72 Future studies on the subject are needed to investigate whether compulsive exercise in some cases appears as a comorbid condition to OCD.
Studies have identified some similar personality traits in persons who exercise compulsively or are addicted to exercise. Traits, and combinations of traits, are found across addicted exercisers and are hypothesized to play a role in the development and/or maintenance of the condition. "Perfectionism" reduces tolerance for flaws, which can cause a compulsive exerciser never to be satisfied with the performance.73,74 "Obsessive/compulsive traits" result in emotional distress if specific patterns cannot be maintained, and can thus trigger anxiety symptoms if the workout schedule cannot be carried out as planned.71 "Neuroticism" increases emotional instability/negative emotions, which could increase a compulsive exerciser's focus on working out as the (only) preferred coping mechanism.75,76 "Narcissism" causes a high focus on the person's self, so that the compulsive exerciser might prioritize a personal need for working out, despite other equally important obligations such as family and job.71,73 "High extraversion" and "low agreeableness", respectively, describe high energy and unwillingness to cooperate, which could be represented by a need to burn energy and uncomprehensiveness when asked to downgrade the exercise in exchange for other tasks.76,77
Studies have found some of the same traits in persons with eating disorders, eg, perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive traits.78,79 It is not surprising, given the aforementioned commonalities of the two conditions. In a study by Samuels et al, participants with OCD scored higher on neuroticism and lower on agreeableness than healthy controls.80 Lichtenstein et al and Hausenblas and Giacobbi also found that low agreeableness and high neuroticism were characteristic for persons with exercise addiction.76,77
The shared features of compulsive exercise, eating disorders, and OCD may represent a common underlying risk profile that might manifest as either condition, depending on internal and external stimuli. Knowledge about eating disorders and OCD may guide researchers and therapists in understanding compulsive exercise. It also adds to the important discussion of the possible future placement of compulsive exercise in the diagnostic manuals as either a primary morbid syndrome, or a secondary symptom to other disorders (or maybe only eating disorders, as argued by Bamber et al).25
Co-occurring addictions
Freimuth et al have summed up some of the addictions that can co-occur with exercise addiction, among these are nicotine, alcohol, illicit drugs, buying, sex, and work addictions.57 Villella et al assessed behavioral addictions in adolescents.33 They found that scores on scales measuring pathological gambling, compulsive buying, internet addiction, work addiction, and exercise addiction were all correlated significantly. In a review from 2011, Sussman et al speculated that 15% of exercise addicts are also addicted to nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs.81 Furthermore, they estimated a coexistence of 25% for exercise addiction and the remaining addictions. They concluded that much more research is needed on the subject. However, it seems that approximately a third of individuals with exercise addiction also exhibit another addiction.81
Risks: negative consequences
This section addresses risks related to compulsive exercise. Risks are defined as potential negative consequences in terms of injury, pain, anxiety, depression, and impairment in social life.
A review by Landolfi highlights some distinctions between healthy levels of exercise and exercise addiction.51 The findings suggest that addicted exercisers will continue exercising despite physical injury, marital strain, interference with work, or lack of time for other activities. According to Sachs, individuals who are addicted to exercise are more likely to exercise for intrinsic rewards (they view exercise as a central part of their life and experience withdrawal symptoms when they cannot exercise).82 In contrast, committed exercisers perform healthy levels of exercise for extrinsic rewards (they view their exercise as important, but not central to their lives, and they do not suffer from withdrawal symptoms when unable to exercise).
Weinstein and Weinstein address health issues and hazards associated with exercise.52 They point out one problem regarding excessive exercise: overuse injuries. Furthermore, they state that people between the ages of 45 and 55 years, who exercise by walking and running several hours a week have a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis than people who are less physically active. They summarize that there are positive effects from regular exercise, but that excessive exercise may have severe physiological and psychological consequences, such as overuse injuries, stress, and negative emotions.
Pain and injury
Veale argued that exercise addiction is most likely found in athletes with persistent physiological injuries.17 Veale referred to several studies documenting the physical complications of exercise addiction in long-distance runners.83–85 These studies examine physical injuries, such as pressure sores and stress fractures. It can be hypothesized that an addicted athlete, who is prevented from training due to injury, would experience withdrawal symptoms in terms of restlessness and irritability. It seems likely that the addicted athlete would keep exercising in spite of injury, in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
In five studies, Hausenblas and Downs validated the EDS (n=2420).11 They found that persons at risk of exercise addiction were more likely to report that they would exercise in spite of bad weather, pain, or discomfort, than nonaddicted responders. This shows that exercising in spite of injuries and pain seems characteristic for people suffering from exercise addiction. Other studies have investigated the psychological risk factors associated with ignoring physical pain and injury.86–88 These studies illustrate that "type A behavior" impacts on the risk of suffering from stress fractures and repeated injuries due to running, because pain and injuries are ignored. Type A behavior is characterized by over-the-average energy, aggressiveness, impatience, competitiveness, and hostility.86,88,89 Based on these findings, it is suggested that runners with type A behavior suffer from more injuries and are more likely to get stress fractures related to running than others are.90
Exercising despite injury and the pain symptomatology of compulsive exercise is also illustrated in a case study of a 25-year-old woman.91 It is described how in the past 5 years she has exercised increasingly and that pain in her arm worries her, because it does not get enough time to heal between competitions. She is advised by her doctor to give up sports, due to the risk of permanently damaging her arm. She feels it is impossible to reduce her exercise.
Given these findings, it seems likely that compulsive exercisers can be characterized as persons with a competitive personality who are prone to exercise in spite of pain and injury, even if it threatens their physical well-being permanently.
Social impairment
When exercise is first priority, interpersonal relations can be negatively influenced and lead to social isolation as friends and family are deselected. Literature regarding the social consequences of compulsive exercise is sparse. However, there are theories (eg, Brown) and measuring devices for compulsive exercise/exercise addiction/exercise dependence which emphasize social conflicts/social impairment as central issues regarding the phenomenon (EAI, EDS).11,13,18 In the aforementioned case study, it is also described how the young woman experiences conflicts in her social life due to her exercise. Her relationship with her partner has broken down, she has lost her friends, and it has become almost impossible for her to continue her education and work.
A study of Chinese college students investigated the influence of compulsive exercise on psychological health in terms of anxiety, depression, and subjective well-being.92 Subjective well-being is defined through eight parameters: 1) self-satisfaction, 2) negative mood, 3) life satisfaction, 4) social behavior, 5) energy, 6) positive mood, 7) interpersonal relationship, and 8) family satisfaction. Li et al found that students with exercise addiction more significantly presented with lower self-satisfaction, negative mood/energy, and social behavior than students without exercise addiction did. These findings suggest that exercise addiction can cause increased negative mood and increased social isolation in college students. However, this cross-sectional study does not measure causality, only associations. Therefore, it is not possible to determine if negative mood led to exercise addiction or was the result of an addiction. Furthermore, it is unclear if social isolation is caused by negative mood, or low self-satisfaction, or any other factor in the students' lives. Additionally, it is not clear how social behavior, life satisfaction, interpersonal relationships, and family satisfaction are operationalized in this particular study. The findings are nevertheless important because they enlighten some of the psychological factors involved in compulsive and addictive exercise.
In the study from China, the participants with scores equal to or above 24 on EAI scored significantly higher on state anxiety than the non-addicted group. The exercise-addicted group also had significantly higher depression scores than the nonaddicted group. Weinstein et al explored the relationship between compulsive exercise, anxiety, and depression in physically active individuals, both professionals and amateurs.9 The purpose of the study was also to investigate if there was a difference between professionals and amateurs in ratings of compulsive exercise, anxiety, and depression. They found that levels of compulsive exercise and levels of depression were positively correlated in both professionals and amateurs, and that professional athletes showed higher depression scores than amateurs. Weinstein et al highlight that there are no baseline measures from before the individuals became compulsive exercisers, therefore causal association still remain to be investigated.9 They also suggest that the performance pressure for professionals can lead to feelings of depression and helplessness, and that this could be the reason why professionals experience more depressive symptoms than amateurs.
In summary, when addressing compulsive exercise and exercise addiction, the literature is sparse with respect to potential negative consequences. Findings do pinpoint several negative somatic consequences such as stress fractures, and evidence suggests some psychological symptoms (eg, low self-satisfaction and anxiety) in athletes with exercise addiction. Yet no studies have been developed to test the causal associations between compulsive exercise and somatic or psychosocial impairment. Future longitudinal studies are requested to assess self-satisfaction, depression and anxiety before and after the development of compulsive exercise patterns.
Challenges: treatment
Our literature search addressing compulsive exercise/exercise addiction and intervention/treatment found no literature hits with this specific focus. However, treatment approaches are demanded by clinicians, sports injury professionals and academic researchers.50
In a treatment context, it is a challenge that compliance and motivation for changing exercise patterns are ambivalent. Lichtenstein et al described potential treatment problems, as addicted exercisers are characterized by having low degrees of compliance in their personality profiles.
Compulsive exercise can lead to injuries and physiotherapists might be the first professionals to meet over-trained athletes. Adams and Kirkby interviewed 24 sports physiotherapists about problems and strategies in the treatment of addicted patients.93 The majority of the respondents (71%) reported compliance problems with respect to reducing exercise as a part of the injury treatment. The strategies used to treat those with a compulsion for exercise were 1) explanation/education, eg, warning about physical consequences if exercise was continued at the same level, 2) prescribing alternative training activities, and/or 3) referral for psychological treatment. The study suggests that psychological approaches are most recommended in the treatment of exercise addiction.
Adams et al suggested that psychotherapeutic interventions should focus on cognitive processing and behavioral management with respect to the intense fear of losing control related to compulsions.50 The intervention should consist of identifying the compulsive exercise and the triggers, understanding the health benefits of exercise moderation, empowering the patient to develop a self-management strategy, and rebuilding coping strategies. Studies that test this treatment approach in randomized controlled trials are still needed.
Education in the mechanisms of exercise compulsions and the need for rest to avoid overtraining are recommended by Adams as part of the psychotherapeutic interventions.10 This first step is described as being necessary for the acknowledgement of the need to change, and to enhance motivation. Next, motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended, as it has received empirical support for the treatment of behavioral addictions. Studies testing these psychotherapeutic interventions are also still needed. Thus, it is concluded that specialists in behavioral addictions and health psychologists are recommended as therapists, because they have expertise in modifying unhealthy behavior.
Weinstein and Weinstein also recommended that motivation is addressed, and that a cognitive behavioral approach is taken.52 Behavioral strategies are suggested, eg, rewarding lower levels of exercise. They also point out the importance of assessing comorbid disorders, eg, eating disorders. The aim of the treatment is to return to moderate exercise and/or replace it with new forms of exercise. Neither part of these advices have been evaluated scientifically.
Pharmacological treatment for compulsive exercise has been reported in one case study.94 The patient presented was a 47-year-old male, diagnosed with bipolar disorder and compulsive exercise despite injuries, illness, and social isolation. He was treated with up to 600 mg/daily of the antipsychotic quetiapine. After 12 weeks, his symptoms significantly improved and after 24 weeks, they were resolved with a reduction in EAI score from 28 to 12. The study concluded that quetiapine as an add-on treatment is an option for patients with bipolar disorder and compulsive behavior. However, studies on medication for compulsive exercise need further attention, as this case report is still the only one.
Summarizing the challenges in providing treatment, the main problems are low patient compliance and the lack of empirical tests of therapeutic and medical interventions. The literature hypothesizes that motivation interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy might be helpful, but before we can recommend treatment we need to understand more about the varying forms of compulsive exercise and the difficulties (such as lowered mood, unsatisfying relationships, and dysfunctional personality traits) that accompany this form of behavioral suffering. Other treatment methods should also be evaluated since compulsive exercise is a complex condition with varying etiology and comorbidity. The primary outcome measures must be reduced exercise levels and also healthier coping strategies. Effective and successful treatment interventions are expected to prevent overload injuries, and ensure that job and social relationships are maintained.
Summary and future directions
We have conducted a literature review on compulsive exercise and exercise addiction with special attention to links, risks, and challenges in providing treatment. We found that the definition and measurement of compulsive exercise and exercise addiction still lack consensus, and so it is difficult to study potential comorbidity and negative consequences, as well as treatment. However, as concluded in previous work, the condition seems to be linked to eating disorder pathology, emotional problems, and certain personality traits, with perfectionism, narcissism, and neuroticism as the most valid findings. This literature review has overlaps with previous work, because the field lacks new research. Especially the link with OCD needs to be explored in future studies. Further research and clinical interviewing is also needed to examine whether compulsive exercise is associated with harmful consequences and impairment in daily functioning. The existing literature is sparse and inconclusive. If severe distress is found to be a result of compulsive exercise and exercise addiction, it could be argued that the condition should be understood as a distinct mental disorder. Treatment options and effect studies do not exist to date, but are requested.
Our results are interpretations and syntheses of the published work within this field. Szabo et al found that there were 40 publications per year on exercise addiction in the period from January 2011 to January 2014, in 89 different journals.7 We have aimed to demonstrate that we are examining our sources and our own interpretations with a critical approach.
The term "synthesis" refers to bringing together material from different sources and creating an integrated whole.95 The synthesis is the interpretation of the interpretations that we have gone through in the literature study. As this review is a literature study, and not a systematic review, we have not conducted a systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines. However, we have described the method and our search terms, and so we believe that our results can be directive for future systematic reviews, meta-analyses, or empirical research. It is noteworthy that only one of the existing reviews is a systematic review, and only two specify their search terms and databases used.12,51
The field of compulsive or addictive exercise is restricted, due to a lack of conceptual and methodological consistency. This is an essential limitation for all research about this phenomenon. The findings of this article should therefore be interpreted with these limitations in mind. It is suggested that the main purpose of future research should be to explore if and when compulsive exercise is harmful, and to establish unity in the definition and identification of the primary syndrome. This will create a base for conducting controlled, randomized trials, testing the effect of different treatment approaches. It is important to consider the motivation for treatment and compliance, because compulsive exercise patterns are linked to certain profound personality traits and serve as a way of coping with emotional (or psychiatric) problems.
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How to "Dr. Frankenstein" Extinct & Poorly Documented Languages for Fiction
December 11, 2016 December 13, 2016 / jonblackwrites / Leave a comment
The Pictish language (or dialect, see below) was spoken in what is now northern and eastern Scotland approximately between the Fourth and Tenth centuries, when it was eclipsed by the language which evolved into modern Scotts Gaelic. Very few records of Pictish language have survived, mostly as brief mentions in Irish or Welsh sources.
That presents certain difficulties for one of my w
Photo: Catfish Jim and the soapdish at English Wikipedia [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
orks in progress, a novel tentatively titled Caledfwlch, the second book in my historical fantasy/progressive pulp series Bel Nemeton. The Picts feature very prominently in Caledfwlch. As part of bringing that people and their land to life, I wanted to be able to use some "Pictish" in the story.
I've turned that quest into a blog post not only because some of my readers may find it interesting but also in hopes it might be useful to other writers seeking to use a poorly documented extinct language in their work.
First, a few caveats on the scope of my project. I am not so ambitious as to try to go Tolkien/Star Trek on the problem and create a fully functional language. My goal is much humbler, to be able to drop the occasional word or phrase into the text for effect. Also, I am not attempting to recreate the actual, historical Pictish language. With such a miniscule sample size, that task has proven beyond the abilities of the world's best linguists. I know I have no hope of doing so (nor do I have the time or inclination). Rather, my objective is creating plausible facsimiles of fragments of Pictish for use in fiction.
Here is how I tackled the problem.
I began by looking at how Pictish relates to other languages, living and dead:
Yes, there are a few claims that Pictish was a non-Indo-European tongue…or other outlier hypotheses. But the overwhelming academic consensus is that Pictish was an Insular Celtic language and a member of the Brittonic/Brythonic (P-Celtic) sub-family. From there, opinion appears about evenly divided whether Pictish was a dialect of or a sister language to Common Brittonic. Either way, that means the surviving languages descended from Common Brittonic (Breton, Cornish, and Welsh) are the closest living relatives to Pictish.
From there, I made an assumption (a well-reasoned one, I hope): geographical proximity suggests, of those three living languages, Welsh is likely to have been the most similar to Pictish. That geographical argument is strengthened if one considers the now extinct Cumbric dialect of Welsh, which was spoken in northern Britain and southern Scotland.
So I used Welsh (Old Welsh or Middle Welsh when available) as my jumping-off point for Pictish. There are a number of sources for Old and Middle Welsh online. When I couldn't find relevant Old and Middle Welsh information, I turned to the plethora of Modern Welsh resources as well as good ol' Google Translate.
Locating a Welsh translation for the word or phrase I wanted, sometimes I used it directly as Pictish. Other times I shifted a few sounds. Again, I understand this is not a linguistically sound way to actually recreate an extinct language. But I am hoping it creates a plausible, if utterly fictitious, facsimile that helps bring that fascinating people to life in my novel.
So, my solution to using a poorly documented extinct language was to identify the closest living language (or nearest well documented extinct language) and use it as inspiration for the language I was trying to recreate.
So, yes, at the end of the day, I am not so much trying to "Dr. Frankenstein" the language as I am making a hand puppet out of the corpse's fist and hoping that will engage the suspension of disbelief of my readers. Nevertheless, I hope this has been entertaining and possibly useful for my readers.
Follow Jon at @BlackOnBlues on Twitter.
Bel Nemeton Q&A: Part V
November 25, 2016 December 13, 2016 / jonblackwrites / Leave a comment
The following installment concludes my Publisher's author interview for the short story "Bel Nemeton." The template for my upcoming novel of the same name, "Bel Nemeton" can be found in the anthology After Avalon, from 18th Wall Productions.
Q) Your story features brief scenes with Merlin in the distant past. What
were those like to research and write? In fact, your story builds itself from a complicated web of real historical fact.
How was the whole research journey?
It is possible I did just enough research to get into trouble. If hope any archaeologists, historians, or linguists that happen to read "Bel Nemeton" will forgive my errors in the interest of narrative license.
With that caveat, it was a wonderful opportunity to research and highlight many interesting things occurring in the Sixth century.
Giving life to the complex and cosmopolitan civilizations along the Silk Road, such as Sogdia, was particularly enjoyable.
It was my goal to transfer the delight of that research and discovery directly into the narrative itself through the eyes of Vivian and Jake.
Readers who enjoyed that aspect of "Bel Nemeton" will be happy to learn the upcoming novel significantly expands the attention given to Merlin's wanderings and exploration of the world of the Sixth century.
Please check out earlier answers in previous blog posts. Follow Jon at @BlackOnBlues on Twitter.
Bel Nemeton Q&A: Part IV
The following is part of my Publisher's author interview for the short story "Bel Nemeton." The template for my upcoming novel of the same name, "Bel Nemeton" can be found in the anthology After Avalon, from 18th Wall Productions.
Q) Tell us more about your two leads, their relationship, and what
inspired them.
Dr. Vivian Cuinssey is a professor of Celtic linguistics. Jake Booker is a two-fisted treasure hunter. While the "academic" and the "man of action" are common archetypes of contemporary pulp, one of the great joys of writing "Bel Nemeton" was playing both leads against type. Vivian comes to the table with considerable moxie and a willingness to dust it up with the bad guys. Conversely, as the story progresses, Jake reveals that, underneath his action hero exterior, beats the heart of a nerd.
Initially an alliance born of convenience, Vivian and Jake's relationship evolves into a symbiotic partnership rooted in mutual respect – none of which prevents the obligatory barbs and banter which are de rigueur for an action-adventure duo.
Interestingly, I began writing "Bel Nemeton" without plans for romantic tension between the leads. Regardless of intentions, as I wrote, it was clear there was chemistry between them. While it's not heavily emphasized in the story, it is definitely there.
I have been blessed to have a lot of strong, capable women in my life, many of whom are academics. As cliché as it is to say, especially my mother. These women provide much of the raw material for Vivian Cuinnsey. Jake Booker emerged more organically. I began without a strong conception of who Jake was and he gradually revealed himself through the process of writing.
Drop in on Friday for the interview's conclusion. Please check out earlier answers in previous blog posts.
Follow Jon at @BlackOnBlues on Twitter. ,


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Biografia
Servitore di Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tamehiro partecipò alla battaglia di Komaki e Nagakute e all'assedio di Odawara, dove mise in mostra le sue abilità di comando. Per questo Hideyoshi lo ricompensò con il feudo di Tarui nella provincia di Mino.

Nel 1598, dopo la morte di Hideyoshi, accudì Toyotomi Hideyori e si schierò con Ishida Mitsunari durante la campagna di Sekigahara. I suoi 360 soldati si unirono a quelli di Toda Shigemasa nel centro del campo di battaglia, ed erano sotto il diretto comando di Ōtani Yoshitsugu. Dopo furenti scontri con l'armata orientale, durante i quali riuscirono a bloccare gli assalti dell'esercito Tokugawa, Tamehiro venne sbaragliato e ucciso dall'attacco a tradimento degli uomini di Kobayakawa Hideaki. Poco prima della morte ebbe uno scambiò di poesie con Yoshitsugu. Anche il figlio Shobei rimase ucciso nella battaglia.

Suo fratello minore Hisanori venne catturato e in seguito perdonato da Ieyasu. Raichō Hiratsuka, discendente di Tamehiro, nel 1940 eresse un monumento nel luogo in cui venne ucciso.

Note

Daimyō


Cherry Pie filling in a cake?? Yes indeed!!
In all honesty, was I ever a true lover of Black forest Cake? No. Could I ever truly say that I had a love of cherries? No – with the exception of BC Cherries of course. So if I don't have a true love affair of cherries, why do I have a cake recipe that stars this ingredient on my blog? My Chocolate Cherry Cake is one of my favorite cakes and is a complete hit whenever I make it. It is one of the common cakes I get requested to make for family and friends, especially over the holidays. What makes this cake so amazing? Cherry Pie filling – the not so 'secret' ingredient!!
When I say this cake is one of the most moist and light cakes you will ever try I am not joking. And let's talk a bit about the cherry pie filling – it adds such a nice complementary flavor to the chocolate – not over powering but has just enough presence for you and your guests to know that this is NOT your average chocolate cake. But Chika I absolutely HATE cherries – I challenge you to make this cake for yourself or anyone who stands against cherries and I promise, you/they will fall in love! Not only is this cake DELICIOUS it is also a cinch to make. You can make this cake using a food processor or blender, or of course in a stand mixer. I like to pulse/puree/mix my cherries with my eggs and sugar first for a few seconds then add the rest of my ingredients. So to all my chocolate lovers and cherry haters – I dare you to give this recipe a try!!!
Preheat oven to 350F. Grease bundt pan and set aside.
Place flour, coco powder, baking powder, baking soda, and salt into a separate bowl. Whisk to combine ingredients together.
Pour dry ingredients into food processor. Pulse for 2 seconds.
Add oil and milk through spout of food processor, while pulsing ingredients together.
Remove lid and scrape down the sides of your food processor to ensure all ingredients are fully incorporated.
Pour batter into greased bundt (cake) pan.
Once cooled, spread with chocolate glaze.


This is the IP address that your TG589 router uses for its communication on the internet.
then your main internet connection is enabled. Clicking the switch will disable your main internet connection.
then your main internet connection is disabled. Clicking the switch will enable your main internet connection.
Select Internet Access. The Internet Access page appears and displays additional settings.


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Paul McCartney releases previously unheard, cosy version of Calico Skies
Taken from the upcoming deluxe reissue of Flaming Pie.
Image: Samir Hussein / Getty
Paul McCartney has released a previously unheard, version of Calico Skies. The unearthed version of the song is a "Campfire Acoustic" one – recorded in February 1997, when a hurricane struck in the US where McCartney was staying at the time. Take a listen to the song below.
The original Calico Skies featured on McCartney's 1997 album Flaming Pie, his second-highest-charting album of the last 25 years.
This new version features on an extensive new boxset containing unreleased demos, outtakes, and rehearsal tapes from Flaming Pie's recording sessions.
Speaking to NME about the track, he said: "I wanted to write something acoustic in the vein of Blackbird, something simple that would stand on its own and which you wouldn't have to put drums on or an arrangement – and if anyone said 'give us a song', you could just do it."
He also spoke about the story behind the song, saying: "We were in America and they'd just had a big hurricane – Bob, I believe – and it'd knocked out all of the power so there was no light, everything was candlelit, all the cooking had to be done on a wood fire. And we like all that enforced simplicity. It's very primitive.
"So, we had a few days of that and because I couldn't play any records, I spent a lot of time on my acoustic guitar, making up little bits and pieces and 'Calico Skies' was one of them. It's just a simple little song to play to people when you're sitting around in candlelight, powerless after a hurricane. It's a primitive little powercut memory."