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Das Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Leipzig in der Linnéstraße 2 in Leipzig ist eines von sieben Instituten der Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie der Universität Leipzig. Es wurde im Jahr 1898 von seinem ersten Direktor, dem Nobelpreisträger Wilhelm Ostwald, als Physikalisch-chemisches Institut eingeweiht. Es ist damit das zweitälteste Institut für Physikalische Chemie in Deutschland nach dem Göttinger Institut von Walther Nernst, das zwei Jahre zuvor eingeweiht wurde. Seit 1998 trägt es den heutigen Namen.

Das Gebäude des Instituts

Gründung und erste Jahre

Bereits im Jahre 1870 hatte das Ministerium des Cultus und öffentlichen Unterrichts in Dresden eine Berufung für die damals junge Fachrichtung der physikalischen Chemie ausgesprochen. Gustav Wiedemann trat daraufhin 1871 die erste Professur für physikalische Chemie in Leipzig an und leitete in diesem Zuge das erste "Physikalisch-chemische Laboratorium". Am 25. Oktober 2021 findet in Leipzig die Feier zum 150. Jubiläum statt. Wilhelm Ostwald übernahm diese Professur 1887, Wiedemann wechselte an den Lehrstuhl für Physik.

Ab 1887 war das sogenannte "Zweite chemische Laboratorium" unter der Leitung von Wilhelm Ostwald in der Brüderstr. 34 in Leipzig zu einem international wichtigen Zentrum für Physikalische Chemie geworden. Die Räumlichkeiten konnten diesem Anspruch nicht mehr gerecht werden. Aus diesem Grund bewilligte der Sächsische Landtag im Februar 1896 für den Bau eines neuen Instituts 360 Tausend Mark. Mit dem Bau wurde direkt gestartet und so konnte schon zum Wintersemester 1897 mit dem Lehr- und Forschungsbetrieb begonnen werden.

Am 3. Januar 1898 wurde das neugebaute Physikalisch-chemische Institut eingeweiht. Anlässlich der feierlichen Eröffnung hielt Wilhelm Ostwald einen Festvortrag und einige bedeutende Physiker und Chemiker ihrer Zeit nahmen an der Feier teil, darunter beispielsweise Max Planck, Ernst Otto Beckmann, Svante Arrhenius, Walther Nernst und Max Le Blanc.

Das U-förmige Gebäude war nach modernsten Standards der damaligen Zeit eingerichtet worden: Im Keller befand sich eine große und eine kleine Batterie, im 1. Obergeschoss gab es einen großen Arbeitssaal und Geräteräume und im 2. Obergeschoss standen zwei Hörsäle zur Verfügung (mit 140, bzw. 42 Sitzplätzen). Im Dachgeschoss war eine geologische Sammlung untergebracht. Außerdem gab es eine Direktorenwohnung, die sich in der Mitte des Institutsgebäudes befand und durch einen Gang mit dem restlichen Gebäude verbunden war.

Die alten Räumlichkeiten in der Brüderstraße wurden Ernst Otto Beckmann übertragen, für die Einrichtung einer neuen Professur für Angewandte Chemie.

Max Le Blanc folgte Ostwald als Direktor 1906 und ließ einige Umbauten am Gebäude durchführen, um mehr Raum speziell für elektrochemische und photochemische Forschung zu erhalten.

Zerstörung im Krieg & Neuaufbau
Beim großen Luftangriff auf Leipzig am 4. Dezember 1943 während des 2. Weltkriegs wurde das Institutsgebäude durch Brandbomben zerstört. Besonders schlimm traf es dabei den Südflügel.

Der Neuaufbau des Nordflügels und Teile des Mittelbaus war 1951 / 52 soweit abgeschlossen, dass die Arbeit wieder aufgenommen wurde. Nun standen im Institut ein Hörsaal (136 Plätze), drei Praktikums- und 24 Laborräume zur Verfügung. Auch Werkstatt, Sammlungen und Verwaltungsräume konnten wieder benutzt werden.

Anfang der 1990er Jahre wurden der Mittelbau und der Nordflügel (inklusive Renovierung des Hörsaals) vollständig saniert und das Institut wurde in diesem Zuge auch an die städtische Fernwärmeversorgung angeschlossen, bis dahin betrieb das Institut eine eigene Warmwasserversorgung.

Forschung, Personen und Strukturen des Instituts

Zwischen 1887 und 1898
Wilhelm Ostwald wurde im Jahre 1887 als Professor an die Universität Leipzig berufen und trat diese Stelle im Oktober des gleichen Jahres an. Er übernahm damit das sogenannte "Zweite chemische Laboratorium" in der Brüderstraße 34 von Gustav Wiedemann. Das Laboratorium wurde in die drei Abteilungen "Physikalisch-chemische Abteilung", "Analytische Abteilung" und "Pharmazeutische Abteilung" unterteilt. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war das Laboratorium noch kein rein "physikalisch-chemisches" Institut, sondern vielfältiger aufgebaut und beispielsweise auch für die Grundausbildung der Chemiker zuständig, genauso wie es Lehrtätigkeiten für Pharmazeuten und Gymnasiallehrer gab.

Die Forschung Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts umfasste insbesondere die Theorie der Lösungen, elektrische Leitfähigkeit, die Dissoziation von Säuren und Basen, Bestimmung von Molekulargewichten, Theorie der Kontaktpotentiale, Theorie elektrischer Ketten, Polarisation, innere Reibung, Diffusion und die optischen, thermischen und Volumen-Verhältnisse bei chemischen Reaktionen.

Auch das Ostwald'sche Verdünnungsgesetz wurde 1888 an diesem Laboratorium veröffentlicht, nachdem Ostwald Leitfähigkeitsmessungen von verschiedenen Säuren durchgeführt hatte.

Svante Arrhenius war bereits in Riga Mitarbeiter von Ostwald gewesen und folgte ihm 1888 nach Leipzig als Assistent. Bis 1891 forschte Arrhenius in Leipzig, 1903 erhielt er den Nobelpreis für Chemie für seine Theorie über die elektrolytische Dissoziation. Aus seiner Leipziger Zeit stammt die Entwicklung der Arrhenius-Gleichung.

Walther Nernst folgte einer Einladung Ostwalds nach Leipzig, um hier seine Habilitation zu schreiben. Die Arbeit zum Thema "Die elektromotorische Wirksamkeit der Jonen" schloss er 1889 erfolgreich ab. In seiner Habilitation veröffentlichte Nernst die nach ihm benannte Nernst-Gleichung. Nernst erhielt den Nobelpreis für Chemie für das Jahr 1920 als "Anerkennung für seine thermochemischen Arbeiten".

Julius Wagner war für die analytische Abteilung zwischen 1887 und 1897 verantwortlich. Er entwickelte mit Ostwald zusammen eine neue Fachdidaktik, hielt Vorlesungen und entwarf neue  Versuche für den Chemieunterricht. 1901 wurde er zum ersten Professor der Didaktik der Chemie in Deutschland ernannt.

Zwischen 1898 und 1933

Wilhelm Ostwald war zu Zeiten der Gründung des Instituts auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Forschung. Er widmete sich um 1900 insbesondere der experimentellen Untersuchung zur Katalyse und der chemischen Kinetik. Außerdem rückte die Zeit als experimentelle Größe in den Fokus und damit auch der Beginn der Nichtgleichgewichtsthermodynamik. Auch die Salpetersäureherstellung durch Oxidation von Ammoniak an einem Platinkontakt und die direkte Gewinnung von Ammoniak aus Stickstoff und Wasserstoff erforschte er, gemeinsam mit Eberhard Brauer. Ausführliche Listen zu Publikationen dieser Zeit liefert zum Beispiel das Buch "Physikalische Chemie in Leipzig" von Ulf Messow und Konrad Krause. Ostwald verließ das Institut 1906 nach Uneinigkeiten mit der Universitätsleitung.

Unter Ostwald wurde im Institut praxisnah geforscht und einige Apparaturen und Messeinrichtungen gebaut, bzw. entwickelt – zum Beispiel der Urthermostat nach Ostwald zur Regelung von Temperatur, Pyknometer zur Flüssigkeitsdichtemessung. Daneben wurden Messungen zur Leitfähigkeit, zur Spannung von Elementen, Messungen der Viskosität und der Oberflächenspannung durchgeführt und entsprechende Apparaturen verfeinert. Der Universitätsmechaniker Fritz Köhler gründete sein Unternehmen auf dieser Basis und baute diese Geräte für die Labore eigenständig. Ostwald veranlasste, dass seine Studenten in diesem Betrieb ein Praktikum zur Geräteentwicklung absolvieren konnten, was mehr als 100 Studierende wahrnahmen.

Max Le Blanc folgte Ostwald als Direktor. Le Blanc war von 1890 bis 1896 Assistent von Ostwald  und habilitierte sich 1891 in Leipzig mit ersten Untersuchungen zur Zersetzungsspannung. Er führte das Amt des Direktors 27 Jahre aus und damit länger, als alle vor oder nach ihm. Gleichzeitig war er nicht nur Mitglied, sondern auch Sekretär der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ebenfalls länger als jeder andere.

Le Blanc führte in seiner Zeit zum Beispiel den Oszillographen als Messinstrument der Elektrochemie ein, genauso setzte er seine Arbeit zur Messung schneller Potentialänderungen an Elektroden fort. Er richtete die folgenden Abteilungen inklusive Professuren ein: Photochemische Abteilung, Chemische Abteilung, Physikalisch-chemische Abteilung und Kolloidchemische Abteilung. Zusätzlich gab es noch Elektrochemische Übungen und Übungen zur Katalyse.

Zwischen 1933 und 1947
Nach der Emeritierung Max Le Blancs folgte ihm für ein Jahr Wilhelm Carl Böttger kommissarisch als Direktor. Die Besetzung des Direktorenpostens zog sich hin, weil Johannes Stark (Präsident der Physikalisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt und Vorsitzender der Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft) Wolfgang Ostwald (den Sohn von Wilhelm Ostwald) als Direktor durchsetzen wollte - entgegen dem Wunsch der Fakultät, Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer zu ernennen.

Am 1. November 1934 berief man schließlich doch Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer auf den Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie. Er blieb bis 1947 Direktor des Instituts. Bonhoeffer forschte in dieser Zeit besonders zur Markierung von Atomen in biochemischen Prozessen mit Deuterium und zur Reaktionskinetik von Gasen und Vorgängen an Elektrodenoberflächen. Wolfgang Ostwald erhielt ein persönliches Ordinariat ab 1935 für Kolloidchemie.

Bonhoeffer behielt die Struktur Le Blancs bei, das Institut in Abteilungen zu unterteilen. Nach der Emeritierung von Prof. Böttger 1938 benannte man die "Analytische Abteilung" allerdings in "Abteilung für angewandte physikalische Chemie" um. Bonhoeffer konnte, trotz mehrfach drohender Verhaftung, Direktor während der Zeit des 3. Reiches bleiben, obwohl seine ganze Familie gegen die Nationalsozialisten arbeitete. Der Theologe Dietrich Bonhoeffer war ein jüngerer Bruder von Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer. Ab 1941 wurden alle Forschungen des Instituts auf Kriegsforschung ausgerichtet und die Forschungsaufträge kamen direkt vom Kriegsministerium. Da die Aufträge der Geheimhaltung unterlagen, ist bis heute recht wenig über die Forschung dieser Zeit bekannt. Das Institut (und mehrere umliegende Gebäude) wurden bei Luftangriffen am 4. Dezember 1943 und einigen folgenden zerstört. Alle Chemiker zogen daraufhin zurück in das ursprüngliche Gebäude in der Brüderstraße 34. Im Juni 1945 wurden viele naturwissenschaftliche Professoren aus Leipzig von den amerikanischen Besatzern mit nach Westdeutschland genommen. Bonhoeffer konnte sich dem entziehen und blieb noch bis 1947 Direktor des Physikalisch-Chemischen Instituts. Die Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland (SMAD) genehmigte die Wiedereröffnung der Universität für den 5. Februar 1946. Der Lehrkörper der Universität Leipzig schrumpfte zwischen dem 8. Mai 1945 und der Wiedereröffnung von 187 Professorinnen und Professoren auf 44 – aufgrund von Entnazifizierung, Zwangsverpflichtungen in die Sowjetunion und ähnlichem. Auch einige Chemiker waren darunter: Von vorher 4 Professoren blieben nach dem Krieg nur Bonhoeffer und einer der Assistenten in Leipzig. Besonders Chemiker, die sich mit der Herstellung und dem Umgang mit schwerem Wasser auskannten, waren in der Sowjetunion von hohem Interesse. Ab 1946 konnte ein Teil des Betriebs im Institut wieder aufgenommen werden, während des Kriegs begonnene Arbeiten konnten teilweise fortgeführt werden und drei Doktoranden verteidigten noch im gleichen Jahr ihre Dissertationen.

Zwischen 1947 und 1968
Auf Bonhoeffer folgte Herbert Staude von 1947 bis 1959 als Direktor des Instituts. Er hatte selbst in Leipzig studiert, war zwischen 1925 und 1931 Assistent bei Max Le Blanc gewesen und kehrte nun nach einigen anderen Stationen nach Leipzig zurück. Er leitete als Direktor auch den Aufbau des Nordflügels des Physikalisch-chemischen Instituts in der Linnéstraße 2, wobei er vom damaligen Hausmeister Max Schädlich besonders unterstützt wurde. Ab 1952 standen dem Institut ein Hörsaal mit 136 Plätzen, drei Praktikums-, 24 Laborräume, sowie Werkstatt und Verwaltungsräume zur Verfügung. Im Jahre 1959 waren am Institut wieder 41 Mitarbeiter beschäftigt, davon waren 18 Wissenschaftler. Die Forschung in dieser Zeit beschäftigte sich vor allem mit der Photochemie (bspw. den photochemischen Eigenschaften von Silberhalogeniden und anderer lichtempfindlicher Substanzen), der Thermochemie (z. Bsp. Thermodynamische Funktionen von anorganischen Stoffen oder Mischungswärmen in flüssigen Systemen), der Elektrochemie (besonders Elektrodenprozesse), der Kolloidchemie und der Röntgenspektroskopie. In einer angegliederten Abteilung wurden Untersuchungen der Austauschadsorption durchgeführt.

In dieser Zeit gab es immer wieder "Republikflucht" nach Westdeutschland. Als Folge kam es zu zahlreichen Verhören, Anschuldigungen und sogar zur Verhaftungen im Institut. Vermutlich aus diesem Grund kehrte der Direktor Herbert Staude von einer Tagung in Österreich 1959 nicht wieder nach Leipzig zurück. Er fand etwas später eine Anstellung (später Professur) in Frankfurt am Main.

Seine Nachfolge in Leipzig trat ab 1960 Gerhard Geiseler an, dessen praktische Erfahrungen in der Industrie auch die Forschungsschwerpunkte am Institut prägten. Er hatte sich 1955 in Leipzig habilitiert, 1960 erhielt er dann einen Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie. In seiner Zeit gab es Forschungsgruppen zur Kinetik, Thermodynamik und Molekülspektroskopie, auch die beiden Gruppen zur Elektrochemie und Röntgenspektroskopie blieben bestehen. 1965 wurde von der Arbeitsgruppe "Röntgenspektroskopie" Prof. Armin Meisels eine internationale Konferenz unter dem Titel "Röntgenspektren und chemische Bindung" organisiert, die in den folgenden Jahren noch häufiger stattfand. In den Jahren von Geiseler war die Arbeit am Institut stark experimentell ausgerichtet, wozu unterschiedlichste Apparaturen entwickelt, gebaut und betrieben wurden. Dazu war eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit den Werkstätten nötig.

Zwischen 1968 und 1991
Direkt zu Beginn der DDR-Zeit sollten die Universitäten von den "bürgerlichen Universitäten" zu staatlich kontrollierten und organisierten Universitäten werden. Zu diesem Zweck gab es die sogenannten Hochschulreformen, durchgeführt vom Staatssekretariat für Hoch- und Fachschulen. Im Zuge der Reformen änderte das Staatssekretariat die Inhalte und Strukturen der Universitäten deutlich, was natürlich auch das Physikalisch-chemische Institut in Leipzig betraf.

Am 15. Juni 1968 (nach der III. Hochschulreform) wurde die Sektion Chemie gegründet und die Institute der Chemie aufgelöst, damit war Geiseler der letzte Direktor des Physikalisch-chemischen Instituts seit Wilhelm Ostwald. Ziel dieser Sektionseinführung war auf der einen Seite, Voraussetzungen für eine leichter durchführbare interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zu schaffen, andererseits aber auch für die Schaffung klarer Hierarchien, um die Universitäten leichter überwachen zu können. Die Sektionen hatten jeweils einen Sektionsdirektor, der wiederum direkt dem Direktor der Universität unterstand. Der erste Sektionsdirektor der Chemie war Prof. Siegfried Hauptmann (1968–1972). Das Studium war in dieser Zeit sehr forschungsbezogen und praxisnah, was durch vorgeschriebene Betriebspraktika noch unterstützt wurde.

Ab 1981 konzentrierte man die ursprünglichen 14 Arbeitsgruppen der Sektion Chemie in 8 Wissenschaftsbereiche. Forschungsthemen waren beispielsweise moderne Auswerteverfahren der Röntgenspektroskopie, Charakterisierung von Zeolithen oder auch Verarbeitung von Rohbraunkohle, katalytische Hochdruckhydrierung und Gewinnung von Vergaserkraftstoffen.

Gründung der Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie
Nach der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands wurde ein neuer Sektionsdirektor gewählt: Prof. Cornelius Weiss, der dieses Amt allerdings nur bis zum Antritt seiner Stellung als Rektor der  Universität Leipzig vom 1. November 1990 bis 4. März 1991 ausübte. Auf den Posten folgte ihm sein Stellvertreter Prof. Horst Wilde. Ab dieser Zeit wurde anstatt des Begriffs "Sektion" die Benennung "Fachbereich" eingeführt, die bereits vor der DDR-Zeit in Gebrauch gewesen war. Der Fachbereich Chemie gehörte zur Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften und gliederte sich in 7 Wissenschaftsbereiche plus einer Abteilung für Methodik des Chemieunterrichts. Genau 584 Jahre nach der offiziellen Eröffnung der Universität Leipzig im Jahre 1409, am 2. Dezember 1993, kehrte man zurück zu den Strukturen vor der Hochschulreform aus DDR-Zeiten. Es entstanden 64 Institute an der Universität Leipzig.

Der Fachbereich Chemie bestand ab 1993 aus acht Instituten, darunter das Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie. Dieses wurde am 2. Dezember 1993 gegründet, der erste Direktor war Prof. Konrad Quitzsch. Zum Institut gehörten zu diesem Zeitpunkt 6 Hochschullehrer, 31 Mitarbeiter und 26 Drittmittelbeschäftigte.

Diese Institute und der Bereich Chemiedidaktik bildeten gemeinsam die Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie – die Gründungsurkunde hierfür stammt vom 14. Januar 1994. Der erste Dekan der neugegründeten Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie war Prof. Joachim Reinhold, Prodekan wurde Prof. Lothar Beyer und Studiendekan Prof. Horst Wilde.

Das Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie trägt seit den Feierlichkeiten 1998 zum 100. Jahrestag der Einweihung 1898 den offiziellen Namen: "Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie".

Forschung zwischen 1990 und 2018
Nach der Wahl von Peter Bräuer zum Leiter des Wissenschaftsbereichs (WB) "Physikalische Chemie" im Oktober 1990 wurden innerhalb dieses WBs drei neue Forschungsgruppen (FG) gebildet (später wurde dieser Begriff durch "Arbeitsgruppe" (AG) ersetzt):

Die FG "Physikalische Chemie der Grenzflächen" leiteten Peter Bräuer und J. Hoffmann. Sie forschten über poröse Festkörper und deren Verwendung für Stoffwandlungsprozesse. Dazu wurden thermodynamische, kinetische, molekülspektroskopische und molekulartheoretische Methoden verwendet. Die FG wurde 1993 umbenannt in "Bereich Grenzflächenthermodynamik und – kinetik / Adsorbatstruktur" und nahm im gleichen Zuge die AG "Molekülspektroskopie" auf. Ab 1994 übernahm H. Böhlig die Leitung der Gruppe, die 1998 aufgelöst wurde.

Die FG "Thermodynamik" leitete Konrad Quitzsch. Die Forschung der FG beschäftigte sich mit der physikalisch-chemischen Charakterisierung von Tensidsystemen und mizellaren Strukturen und Mikroemulsionen bei gleichzeitiger Behandlung der Phasengleichgewichte. Darüber hinaus beschäftigten sich die Mitarbeiter dieser FG mit Flüssigkeit-Dampf-Gleichgewichten, Grenzflächeneigenschaften und Fragen der Schadstoffbeseitigung. Die FG legte nach der Wiedervereinigung viel Wert darauf, ihre Forschung auch in den "alten" Bundesländern und international vorzustellen und Kooperationen einzugehen.

Die FG "Elektronen- und Röntgenspektroskopie" wurde zuerst von Armin Meisel, ab 1991 dann von Rüdiger Szargan geleitet. Die FG profitierte sehr von der Öffnung zum Westen, beispielsweise konnten durch Unterstützung von Land, Bund und EU (mit ihren Förderinstrumenten BMBF, DFG und DAAD) Vortragseinladungen aus dem Ausland, Kooperationen zur Synchrotronstrahlung mit Laboratorien weltweit und Ähnliches umgesetzt werden. Auch zahlreiche neue Instrumente wurden angeschafft, darunter das noch immer betriebene Photoelektronenspektrometer ESCALAB 220iXL, ein elektrochemisches Impedanzmesssystem IM5d und ein volumetrisches Gasadsorptionssystem ASAP 2010. Die Gruppe beschäftigte sich vor allem mit Spektroskopie, Elektronenbeugung und der Rastertunnel- und Rasterkraftmikroskopie.

Insgesamt profitierte der gesamte Wissenschaftsbereich der physikalischen Chemie sehr von der Öffnung nach der DDR-Zeit, großzügigen Fördergeldern und dem Wegfall der Reisebeschränkungen. Dadurch waren Publikationen in international angesehenen Journalen möglich sowie internationale Kooperationen und Vortragseinladungen.

Ab 1993 gehörte auch der Fachbereich "Theoretische Chemie" zum Institut, den Joachim Reinhold ab 1991 leitete. Ab 1992 wurden zwei Professuren für Theoretische Chemie geschaffen, wovon Reinhold die eine innehatte. Seine Forschung dieser Zeit beschäftigte sich beispielsweise mit den Themen: Elektronische und geometrische Strukturen, Stabilität und Reaktivität von Ein- und Mehrkern-Koordinationsverbindungen und Mechanismen von Reaktionen an Übergangsmetallzentren sowie Untersuchung der Eigenschaften von Adsorbatkomplexen von Molekülen an Oberflächen. Außerdem forschte die FG zu Themen wie: Energiespektren und magnetische Eigenschaften von 1D und 2D molekularen Ensemblen von ausgedehnten aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen mit Defekten oder zu ternären und quaternären A(III)-B(V)-Halbleitermischkristallen.

Die zweite 1992 formal geschaffene Professur besetzte Cornelius Weiss. Da dieser ab 1991 Rektor der Universität Leipzig war, trug diese Professur wenig zur Forschungs- oder Lehrtätigkeit am Institut bei.

Nach der Emeritierung von Konrad Quitzsch wurde das Institut 1998 aufgeteilt in die drei Arbeitsgruppen Physikalische Chemie I, Physikalische Chemie II und Theoretische Chemie.

Die Professur Physikalische Chemie I hatte von 1999 Harald Morgner inne. Sein Hauptarbeitsgebiet war die Untersuchung von Flüssigkeitsoberflächen mit Methoden der vakuumgestützten Oberflächenanalytik. Durch die Arbeit in dieser Arbeitsgruppe konnte erstmalig die Gibb'sche Gleichung genutzt werden, um ohne Modellannahmen das chemische Potential von Tensiden als Funktion ihrer Konzentration zu bestimmen. Auch eine neue strukturelle Beschreibung der Oberflächen von Lösungen konnte gefunden werden, die beispielsweise nützlich ist für die Computersimulation von Flüssigkeiten. Die experimentellen Methoden wurden später nicht nur auf die Oberflächen von Lösungen angewendet, sondern auch, um andere Soft-Matter-Systeme zu untersuchen. Im März 2014 wurde die Professur mit Knut R. Asmis besetzt (vgl. Aktuelle Forschung), der von 2015 bis 2020 Direktor des Wilhelm-Ostwald-Instituts wurde.

Die Arbeitsgruppe Physikalische Chemie II wurde bis 2006 von Prof. Rüdiger Szargan geleitet. In dieser Gruppe wurden Arbeiten zur Elektronen- und Röntgenspektroskopie und zur Oberflächenanalytik fortgesetzt. Verschiedene Projekte brachten beispielsweise neue instrumentelle Möglichkeiten zur Elektronenverdampfung, neue Techniken der Rastermikroskopie und Erkenntnisse über die Adsorption. Auch elektrochemische und enzymatische Reaktionen an lateral strukturierten Halbleiteroberflächen und -grenzflächen im Elektrolyt wurden erforscht. 2001 bekam das Institut ein neues Photoelektronenspektrometer, das in dem Bereich der spektroskopischen Oberflächenforschung Erfolge brachte, beispielsweise zur Klärung von Aspekten des Ladungstransports in Halbleiterheterostrukturen mit Banddiskontinuitäten. Im Jahr 2007 wurde die Professur mit Reinhard Denecke besetzt (vgl. Aktuelle Forschung).

Die Professur für Theoretische Chemie besetzte, bis zu seiner Emeritierung 2006, Joachim Reinhold. Nach ihrer Berufung auf die Professur für Theoretische Chemie übernahm Barbara Kirchner ab 2007 die Leitung dieser Arbeitsgruppe. Ab 2007 erfolgte eine methodische Neuausrichtung auf first-principles-Simulationen. Das Ziel der Forschung war die Entwicklung, Bereitstellung und Anwendung eines theoretischen Chemielabors, mit dem man theoretische Untersuchungen an chemisch komplexen System durchführen kann. Mit Hilfe von Computern sollen mikroskopische Abläufe chemischer Prozesse in übergroßen Systemen und in kondensierter Phase beschrieben werden. Das Arbeitsgebiet verbindet dabei traditionelle Molekulardynamik mit first-principles-Quantenchemie.

Von 2015 bis 2018 hatte Thomas Heine die Professur für Theoretische Chemie inne. In seiner Arbeitsgruppe wurde zu vielfältigen Themen geforscht. Ein wichtiger Schwerpunkt war die Methodenentwicklung, also die Entwicklung von "Rechentools" zur Beschreibung chemischer und physikalischer Phänomene auf atomarer Ebene. Ein weiteres zentrales Forschungsthema waren theoretische Untersuchungen an ultradünnen Materialien, die eine vereinfachte Herstellung von Schaltungen und anderer komplexe Strukturen durch maßgeschneiderte 2D-Schichten ermöglichen sollen, sowie Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs), welche unter anderem hohes Potential als Quanten-Siebe, zur Katalyse, als Sensoren und als Protonen- und elektrische Leiter aufweisen. Weiterhin war die Heine-Gruppe an der Entwicklung der density-functional-based tight-binding (DFTB) Theorie beteiligt. Professor Heine wechselte 2018 an die TU Dresden. Nach der Berufung von Heine an die TU Dresden wurde die Professur für Theoretische Chemie erst im März 2020 wieder besetzt, in der Zwischenzeit hatte Carsten Baldauf vom Fritz-Haber-Institut in Berlin einen entsprechenden Lehrauftrag.

Nach der Wende in den 1990er Jahren wurde die AG von Prof. O. Brede an der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR in eine externe Max-Planck-Gruppe in Leipzig auf dem "Campus Permoserstrasse 15" überführt, die bis 2007 von der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft finanziert wurde. Nach der Emeritierung von Prof. O. Brede wurde eine neue Professur für Reaktionsdynamik am Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut geschaffen und mit Prof. Bernd Abel besetzt, der vorher in Göttingen forschte und lehrte. Zwischen 2010 und 2015 war Prof. Abel als Institutsdirektor des Wilhelm-Ostwald-Instituts tätig. Ab 2012 war Prof. Abel dann auch Abteilungsleiter und Stellvertretender Direktor am Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (IOM) in einer gemeinsame Berufung von Universität Leipzig und IOM. Gleichzeitig wechselte er auf die Professur für Technische Chemie der Polymere (Technische Chemie). (vgl. Aktuelle Forschung).

Wichtige Tagungen der letzten Jahre in Leipzig
 1993: "Bunsentagung", 92. Hauptversammlung der Deutschen Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie
 1994: "European Conference on Surface Science", ECOSS 14
 1994: Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Thermische Analyse e.V., GEFTA'94, inkl. Eröffnungsvortrag von K. Quitzsch
 2000: Tagung "Angewandte Oberflächenanalytik", AOFA 12
 2012: 111. Hauptversammlung der Deutschen Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie e.V. zum Thema "Ionic Liquids" (Organisation: B. Abel et al.)

Aktuelle Forschung

Gegenwärtig gibt es am Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut fünf Arbeitsgruppen. Institutsdirektor ist seit 2020 Prof. Reinhard Denecke.

 Die Arbeitsgruppe um Prof. Reinhard Denecke konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung von Oberflächen, um Fragestellungen in Forschungsfeldern wie der heterogenen Katalyse und der Wechselwirkung von Molekülen an Grenzflächen zu beantworten. Verwendet werden dabei Elektronen- und Röntgenspektroskopie. Potentielle Anwendungen sind rationale Designs von Absorptionsmitteln oder die Umsetzung von Biomasse zu Treibstoff, bei der Katalysatoren zum Einsatz kommen, um eine hohe Energieeffizienz zu gewährleisten.

 Die Arbeitsgruppe um Prof. Bernd Abel beschäftigt sich mit Themen auf dem Gebiet der molekularen physikalischen Chemie und an Materialien und Methoden für Sensor- und Energieanwendungen. Dabei nutzt und entwickelt die AG mit ihren Kooperationspartnern neue analytische Methoden der Spektroskopie, Massenspektrometrie und Mikroskopie. Die Aktivitäten haben auch den Zweck, grundlegendes Wissen über Materie und Materialien zu erlangen, um diese dann für Sensor- und Energieanwendungen in die Industrie zu transferieren. Die Abteilung Funktionale Oberflächen (Leiter: Prof. Abel) am Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (IOM) beschäftigte sich zwischen 2012 und 2021 mit der Erforschung und Entwicklung von sensorischen, responsiven und funktionalen Grenzflächen der Materie in aktuellen und zukünftigen Anwendungs- und Handlungsfeldern. Seit April 2022 ist Bernd Abel kein Mitglied der WOI und IOM mehr, sondern wechselte zum Institut für Technische Chemie der Universität Leipzig.

 Die Arbeitsgruppe um Prof. Knut Asmis erforscht isolierte, nanoskalige Teilchen in der Gasphase mit dem Ziel die Wissenslücke zwischen Gasphase und kondensierter Materie zu schließen. Dazu werden Methoden zur Charakterisierung der Struktur, Reaktivität und Dynamik von Clustern, Nanopartikeln und fluiden Grenzflächen unter Verwendung modernster massenspektrometrischer und laserspektroskopischer Verfahren entwickelt und verbessert. Ein besonderes Interesse gilt der Untersuchung der Kernquanteneffekte der Wasserstoffisotope, der Ionensolvatation, der spektroskopischen Charakterisierung starker Wasserstoffbrücken, dem Protonentransport durch wasserstoffverbrückte Netzwerke, der Entschlüsselung der aktiven Spezies in der heterogenen Katalyse sowie einem atomaren Verständnis der außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften borhaltiger Verbindungen.

 Die Arbeitsgruppe um Prof. Ralf Tonner-Zech beschäftigt sich mit molekularen Konzepten von chemischen Bindungen und ihrer Reaktivität um diese auf materialwissenschaftliche Fragen anzuwenden, indem atomare und elektronische Strukturen untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck werden in erster Linie Methoden der Dichtefunktionaltheorie, aber auch wellenfunktionsbasierte Methoden benutzt. Ziel ist die Entwicklung und Verbesserung von Materialien mit individuell gewünschten Eigenschaften.

 Die Nachwuchsforschungsgruppe um Dr. Jonas Warneke forscht zur Chemie der hochreaktiven molekularen Fragmentionen. Ziel ist es, geladene Moleküle und ihre Fragmente, welche in einem Massenspektrometer erzeugt werden, für die Synthese neuer Moleküle und kondensierter Materie einzusetzen. Dazu werden gasförmige Ionen auf Oberflächen gelandet und akkumuliert. Die Entwicklung grundlegend neuer Methoden der chemischen Bindungsknüpfung und die Präparation neuer Schichtmaterialien auf Oberflächen mit potentiellen Anwendungen im Bereich der Katalyse, Elektrochemie, und Nanostrukturierung an Oberflächen sind das Ziel. Dr. Warneke leitet zudem das Labor für molekulare Ionendeposition am IOM in Leipzig. Im März 2022 wurde ihm von der DFG der renommierte Heinz-Maier-Leibnitz-Preis zugesprochen, der Preis gilt als die wichtigste Auszeichnung in Deutschland für Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in frühen Karrierephasen und ist mit 20.000 Euro dotiert. Die Auszeichnung fand am 3. Mai 2022 in Berlin statt. Warneke erhielt ihn für seine Arbeit zu superelektrophilen Anionen, der Weiterentwicklung der "Ion Soft Landing" - Methode, die die Basis für seine Entdeckung zu selbstorganisierenden Schichten legte, und der von ihm entwickelten Materialsynthese mit molekularen Fragmentionen.

Beteiligung an Verbundprojekten
 Die Arbeitsgruppen Asmis, Warneke, Tonner und Abel sind an dem Graduiertenkolleg 1,2,3H beteiligt.
 Die Arbeitsgruppen Abel und Warneke sind Teil des Sonderforschungsbereiches TRR102 "Polymers under Multiple Constraints".
 Die Arbeitsgruppe Denecke war von 2008 bis 2019 Teil des SFB 762 "Funktionalität oxidischer Grenzflächen".

Direktoren des Wilhelm-Ostwald-Instituts
 Wilhelm Ostwald (1897–1906)
 Max Le Blanc (1906–1933)
 Wilhelm Carl Böttger (1933–1934)
 Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer (1934–1947)
 Herbert Staude (1947–1959)
 Gerhard Geiseler (1960–1968)

Zwischen 1968 und 1991 war das Institut ein Teil der Sektion Chemie der Universität Leipzig, die Direktoren dieser Sektion kamen nicht aus der physikalischen Chemie.

Ab 1991 wurde der Begriff "Sektion" durch "Fachbereich" ersetzt. Ab 1993 gab es das Institut wieder eigenständig. Seit dieser Zeit werden die Institutsdirektoren gewählt und übernehmen den Posten geschäftsführend für einen begrenzten Zeitraum.

 Konrad Quitzsch (1993–1998)
 Joachim Reinhold (1998–2002)
 Rüdiger Szargan (2003–2006)
 Harald Morgner (2006–2010)
 Bernd Abel (2010–2015)

 Knut Asmis (2015–2019)
 Reinhard Denecke (seit 2019)

Auszeichnungen
 1909, Nobelpreis für Chemie für Wilhelm Ostwald für seine Arbeiten über die Katalyse und Untersuchungen über Gleichgewichtsverhältnisse und Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten.
 2018, Citations for Chemical Breakthrough Award von der Amerikanischen Chemischen Gesellschaft für die Arbeiten von Svante Arrhenius zu seiner Arrhenius-Gleichung, die 1888/89 am Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut durchgeführt und publiziert wurden.
 2022,  Heinz-Maier-Leibnitz-Preis für Jonas Warneke für seine Arbeit zu superelektrophilen Anionen, der Weiterentwicklung der "Ion Soft Landing" - Methode, die die Basis für seine Entdeckung zu selbstorganisierenden Schichten legte, und der von ihm entwickelten Materialsynthese mit molekularen Fragmentionen.

Literatur
 Ulf Messow, Konrad Krause: Physikalische Chemie in Leipzig. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 1998, ISBN 3-931922-86-3.
 Lothar Beyer, Joachim Reinhold, Horst Wilde (Hrsg.): Chemie an der Universität Leipzig. Passage Verlag, Leipzig 2009, ISBN 978-3-938543-61-0

Weblinks
 Homepage des Wilhelm-Ostwald-Instituts an der Universität Leipzig

Einzelnachweise

Universität Leipzig
Physikalische Chemie
Theoretische Chemie
Gegründet 1898
Wilhelm Ostwald als Namensgeber

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


(1090 The Fan) — Sam Dower Jr. scored 24 points as Gonzaga held off a second half charge from the San Francisco Dons for a 75-65 win, Saturday night.
Przemek Karnowski added 12 points and eight rebounds and Gary Bell Jr. finished with 13 points to aid the Zags' scoring. Gonzaga (20-3, 10-1) earned its sixth consecutive conference win since dropping its first West Coast Conference game since 2011 last month to Portland.
The Dons climbed to within 34-33 at the 18:04 mark of the second half, but Gonzaga went on a 9-2 run to extend its lead and never looked back.
Guard Avry Holmes scored 18 points and Mark Tollefsen added 15 points and seven rebounds for the Dons who were held to 34.5 percent shooting.
San Francisco (14-9, 7-4) was riding a 3-game winning streak and is in third place in the WCC.


A broad variety of different biomaterials, foods and personal products are found to have remarkably similar mechanical properties when deformed–which might typically be called 'squishy'. Technically termed soft-glassy materials (SGMs), these materials include such examples as soap foams, mayonnaise, ketchup, toothpaste, as well as remarkably, the actin cytoskeleton and the chromatin in cells' nuclei. When gently activated by internal energy sources, these SGMs display dynamic shear moduli that have a power-law frequency dependence, super-diffusive particle motion, and large cooperative particle rearrangements, or avalanches, all phenomena which are essentially unexplained. I will report recent micromechanical studies of the cytoskeleton of fibroblast that show such behavior, as well as three-dimensional tracking experiments that show similar behavior in a transparent dense emulsion–essentially clear mayonnaise. We recently constructed a minimal computational model for SGMs whose physics was determined solely by energy minimization on an energy landscape spanning a high-dimensional configuration space (Nature Materials, 15, 1031-1036, 2016). The model is essentially a wet soap foam consisting of compressible spherical bubbles, whose sizes slowly evolve due to ripening. Surprisingly, we find that the steepest-descent configuration space path is a self-similar fractal curve, resembling a river cascading down a tortuous mountain canyon. The previously unexplained SGM rheology and Lévy-like super-diffusive motion in our model stem directly from these paths' fractal dimension and energy function. In the clear mayonnaise, we are able to show experimentally that the high-dimensional configuration space path is a fractal. The cell finding suggests that the cytoskeleton is an active network that robustly self-organizes into marginally stable mechanical state akin to that in an SGM or jammed solid.
Colloquium » Why is everything squishy?


text:
State Parks will close portion of Oceano Dunes to vehicles by end of year, director says
Oceano Dunes, closing, vehicles, State Parks, air pollution
By Monica Vaughan
This story was produced as part of a larger project led by Monica Vaughan, a participant in the 2019 California Fellowship.
Other stories in this series include:
Health alert: Air quality warning issued for Nipomo Mesa advises residents to stay inside
Live updates: Will off-roaders be banned from Oceano Dunes? Decision day is here
Dust from the dunes: Our investigation of air quality and health on the Nipomo Mesa
State Parks now has 'workable plan' to reduce Oceano Dunes riding area and dust by 2023
Do you live on the Nipomo Mesa? Here's what you need to know about air quality
This is the deadliest year at the Coeano Dunes. What is State Parks going to do?
Health on the Nipomo Mesa: Join us for an open house and forum on air quality
California State Parks could be sanctioned for ignoring scientists on Oceano Dunes dust
You ask, we answer: What are the health risks of air quality on the Nipomo Mesa?
California is spending $437K on a 'wild goose chase' study. Is a state scientist to blame?
This popular camping area at Oceano Dunes will be closed by the end of the year — here's why
DMIDDLECAMP@THETRIBUNENEWS.COM
The director of California State Parks on Monday committed to banning camping and vehicles from a section of the shoreline on the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreational Area by the end of the year to comply with orders to reduce air pollution.
The announcement came at the beginning of an Air Pollution Control District Hearing Board meeting in San Luis Obispo County, convened because San Luis Obispo County air quality regulators allege State Parks violated a stipulated order of abatement. State Parks had said that it would fence off around 48 acres near the shoreline, but had not committed to a timeline until Monday.
The closure wouldn't likely result in complete relief from harmful particulate matter that blows from the off-highway vehicle park to the Nipomo Mesa. It will be one of the first mitigation projects in a stipulated abatement order to reduce dust emissions from the park 50% by 2023, and one that scientists say is essential.
The community regularly experiences plumes of dust from the Oceano Dunes that violate air quality standards dozens of times a year.
"(A scientific advisory group) have recommended changes to the park that they counsel are necessary to improve the air quality of the local community," State Parks Director Lisa Mangat said at the hearing in Arroyo Grande.
"I wanted to come in person today, so that you have my commitment that we are agreeing to make those changes," she said.
"The most impactful change, just to make it abundantly clear, as of Jan. 1, we would no longer allow vehicles on approximately 50 acres along the shoreline, commonly referred to as the foredunes," Mangat said.
The closure would cut popular camping space by 50 percent and reduce the off-highway vehicle riding area by less than 5%.
Faced with being found in violation of clean air rules, State Parks agreed to a stipulated order of abatement In May 2018. The order called for State Parks to work with a scientific advisory group to submit annual work plans detailing how the agency would mitigate dust emissions from the Oceano Dunes SVRA. Those work plans had to be approved by the scientists and the county Air Pollution Control district.
The Air Pollution Control District asked the hearing board to intervene because it alleged that State Parks violated the order because the work plan did not include scientific recommendations to fence off 48 acres near the shoreline. That area is believed to emit the most dust in the area.
OHV riders lobbied to keep all riding areas open, as they've seen the park shrink over the years in response to environmental protections for the snowy plover and for temporary dust mitigation.
This would be the first closure in the popular shoreline area and State Parks initially rejected the idea because of potential impact to snowy plover shorebirds and because it would negatively affect users' experiences, according to Dan Canfield, director of OHV Division of State Parks.
Riders said that residents of Nipomo Mesa don't have the right to complain because real estate agents have to disclose the air-quality problem before a house in the area is purchased.
At the same time, several residents of Nipomo Mesa and Oceano requested larger and more immediate closures to reduce dust emissions that threaten public health. Some criticized the hearing board for failing to protect them.
Not all hearing board members were satisfied with the plan.
Board member Robert Carr said the plan was just "kicking the can down the road."
Carr made a motion at the meeting to declare Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area a nuisance, order the much-larger La Grande Tract to be closed and bring the downwind community into compliance with all state air-quality standards within two years.
No one on the five-person board seconded his motion.
In response, Carr said, "My spine is the only one that's up here. And it's in pretty poor condition."
Hearing board Chairman Yarrow Nelson said he thinks "this stipulated process is working."
"It hit a hiccup when State Parks' work plans were not up to the requirements of the SAG," Nelson said. "With the modifications we've made here, I think we're making good progress."
A new Public Works Plan for the Oceano Dunes that could redesign the park may result in new riding areas opening up, Mangat said. The next public meetings about the plan will be held in Arroyo Grande and Bakersfield in December.
[This article was originally published by The Tribune.]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Informatica Facebook connection I have a little problem. I have installed Informatica server on Guest VM that has hostname info-hadoop with bridge network(in mean that other Computers in LAN can see and use it without any extra NAT rules).
On computer that use Informatica server in /etc/hosts was added
IP info-hadoop

To create Facebook connection i followed official manual and this video .
Here i got problem with Valid OAuth redirect URIs. Under
https://info-hadoop:8443/ows

i have such OAuth Callback URL:
https://info-hadoop:8443/ows/jrs/callback

But i can't enter this URL in
https://developers.facebook.com/apps/myappID/settings/advanced/

Facebook doesn't allow to save this URL. So i tried to use such link
https://info-hadoop.com:8443/ows/jrs/callback

With proper added lines on /etc/hosts:
IP info-hadoop info-hadoop.com

But facebook throws exception(in video at 3:30)
Given URL is not allowed by the Application Configuration

What should i do?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Tonight, I shared the contents of the box that I received today from It Works! I'm becoming a distributer for them and trying their products. I am so excited to check this company out. I've heard a lot of great things about them and thought it was about time to try it.
The Reveal is here. It is public. Please check it out, comment, and let me know if you are interested.
I have been excitedly awaiting a new package in the mail. It will be here this afternoon. I am so excited to see what this new company is all about. It Works has been around for a long time. However, I am just starting to learn how it works and how it will work for my family.
A few weeks ago, I signed up to be a distributer. Tonight, I will be revealing what is in the package. I can't wait to unveil what is in the package. I also can't wait to begin trying the products and promoting them. I will be promoting them here on my blog, but also on Facebook. If you have any questions about how It Works! works or what it does or who it can help, comment below or check me out on Facebook. I'd be happy to help you get started too. You can also check out my It Works! website. There is a lot of information there too!
So I convinced my husband to get a new puppy a few months ago. I'm so excited about this. She is such a beautiful and good puppy. She will be 12 weeks old in two days. We have had her in our home since she was 5 weeks old. Everyone, meet Viena Mocha. She is a Yorkie Pom or Porkie. What a fabulous edition to our family!
Today is a day of Thanksgiving. It is a day when people are supposed to stop and remember what they are thankful for in this day and age. It is a reminder of how far we have come in our unity of a nation because of those who came before us. It seems to me, like so many people aren't thankful for this nation anymore. Politics and negativities have been put before unity and love. It's sad really. People would rather play video games or surf the internet than spend time with their family, talk, be present in the real world, or even exist in a real life social setting.
Today, I planned to make a Thanksgiving dinner for my family. We don't have a lot of money because I am currently in college full time and we live off of my husband's disability which isn't much in its self. However, I planned a special dinner. It had to be tweaked because Tatty was coming home from college and she is now a vegan due to food allergies. It was somewhat difficult to do. I was able to pull it off though. One of the reason's why she is a vegan is because she is very allergic to garlic. I was able to make our turkey today without garlic just so that she could eat it. She is allergic to milk but that didn't stop us from making mashed potatoes, sweet potato casserole, cornbread stuffing, cheesecake, and pumpkin pie. I had to omit the cinnamon because she is allergic to that too but it really didn't matter. Nobody noticed. The turn out for our dinner was amazing. The turkey was so delicious and the sides were just scrumptious! I can't wait to try the real part of the pies.
Today, I am thankful that I could make a full meal for my family and not have to worry how much it would cost. I'm thankful for certain grocery stores that brought down the price of their vegetables and turkey's to $.39 a pound. I'm thankful that my whole family is under the same roof right now. I'm thankful that they are all getting along. I'm thankful that I have a bed to sleep in and a roof over our heads. I'm also thankful that I was able to facetime my mom, dad, and sisters while cooking this morning. That was especially special to me.
Finally, I am thankful that I am getting baptized on Saturday by our Children's Youth Pastor. I am very much looking forward to this. I know I'm ready. God told me so.
I'm also thankful for you who read my blog, even when the posts are far and few between.
Have a Happy Thanksgiving and a safe Black Friday.
There are many things that I'm thankful about. I'm thankful that we have a home where we ha e raised our three kids. I'm thankful for the animals in our home that bring a smile to our faces everyday. I'm thankful that I have a loving husband who despite his own struggles in life, loves me I conditionally and shows me that everyday.
I'm thankful that I can go back to college to attain a Medical Assistant degree. I'm thankful for the support I have to do this.
Most of all, I'm thankful for God who has guided me to and through this so far. I'm Thankful that he whispered his journey in my ear. I'm thankful that he has pro ides for our family when we didn't know where the money for our next meal was going to come from or how to pay our bills or how to pay for gas for our car. I'm thankful for the love he brings to my heart each and every day.
I have talked about this before, but I really want to share it again. About 5 years ago or so, we bought a wood cook stove. We were going to work on becoming more earth efficient. We were trying to save money. The problem with the stove that we had was that it wasn't a very good stove. It wasn't efficient. Most of all, it was very difficult to keep lit.
This year, we have found the cook stove of my dreams. I am so excited to bring this stove in our house. Currently, it is sitting in our garage because it is 90 degrees out and we don't have the space for it yet. So we are working on the space to make for it and prepare our house for winter. One of the reasons why I am so excited is because it can be hooked up to a hot water heater and heat the hot water in our house instead of having to use oil. It is also newer and more efficient. I am so excited. I've never been this excited for winter or fall for that matter. Here's to the new stove. Here's to better efficiency.
On another note, we are getting ready to send two kids to college. Our baby is a junior this year. It is a bittersweet year. I'm excited for them. I love that they are going on new adventures. I'm excited that they are heading out into the world. I never thought it would happen. But it has.
That is all for now. Have a fabulous evening or day depending on where you are. I know I will.
I have been super busy lately. It has been a long time since I have posted. In that time, I have started a new job that has full benefits and insurance. This is very exciting. It is a 40 hour a week job. While it is a hard position, it is one that I'm truly enjoying.
I've been struggling with myself a lot. My mind has not been set at ease. I've been feeling empty. I've felt like I didn't want to get out of bed in the morning. I've cried numerous times in a day. Some days, I don't even know why I'm doing it. I just break down and cry. I find myself starting out the window or off somewhere else when I'm not at work. Sometimes I find myself staring at the computer screen at work, not realizing just how long it was.
About a month ago, my uncle died from liver failure. He was an amazing man. He was a figure of the community. He was a justice of the peace, a notory public. When my husband and I got married again in 2016, he performed our wedding. I loved my uncle so much. I just fear that I didn't tell him that enough.
I think that this is part of why I feel the way I feel. I come from a big family. Since my grandmother died 9 years ago, it seems like we don't really do anything together anymore unless it is a funeral. Even weddings, family members are left out because we have too big of a family. It's sad really.
I have always felt like I don't belong in my family. Even when my grandmother was still alive. The only place that I felt like I was wanted and loved the most was her house. She made me feel alive. She made me feel like I had a family. She made me feel special. She always did everything for everyone else even when she was getting so sick that she needed to be hospitalized. She made a point that the Bingo group would have their snacks, right up until the day she died. A long time ago, I lost my blanket that she made. She made the most warm and amazing blankets I have ever had. They were made out of the material that footed pajamas are made from. A few years ago, while shopping at Catholic Charities, I found one and knew that it just had to be one of the ones that she made. When my uncle died, I felt comforted in my blanket knowing that he wasn't sick anymore or in pain. My blanket made me feel better. A blanket. Those are things that little kids use for comfort. Somehow though, wrapped up in that blanket, I felt like my Grammy and my Uncle were wrapping their arms around me. These past few weeks, I have gone to bed with my my blanket wrapped on top of me. When I turn over in bed to go to sleep, I feel their warmth and smile.
While their physical bodies have died and their souls have been sent for when Jesus returns to this earth, I still feel their warmth and fell their love. They had faith in me. They made me feel happy. They shared stories and tidbits about their lives, which made me feel a little better about mine. I'm so thankful that I had them in my life. Sitting on the sidelines of the family, I see how much people try to be part of a family. Why does it have to be so hard? I guess I'll never know. I hope my children don't feel that way. I hope that they feel that we love them tremendously no matter what decisions they make in their life. Who are we to judge them, when it is God who judges them in the end.
We have guided our children through their lives so far. One of our children is now 20 and in college, one 18 and heading to college in the fall. Our baby is 16 and will be a Junior in high school. She has started a new job today. They are moving mountains. They are going places. They have our full support. If they make mistakes or walk off the trek they were supposed to be on in life, we can help steer them back. But we won't belittle them or shame them or make them feel like they don't belong in our family.
Over the weekend, we celebrated my mom's 60th birthday. It was a surprise party. And for once in her life, she didn't know anything about it. It was a lot of fun. I'm glad I went.
So this is what has been happening in our area of life. We still have an uber amount of snow. I just wish it would go away.
Off to make supper. Have a fabulous day!


text:
Q: How to unbind() a hover/ mouseover event? My idea is very simple. I have a menu bar made from an unordered list of 3 items. Each item has an image coinciding with the title. I Photoshop'ed an 'active' version of each icon. Every time the list-item is hovered on, I wanted the src of the img to change to the 'active' icon. But I also want the 'active' icon to stay once clicked on.
I have a general idea of how it's supposed to be written, but I've never used bind() or unbind() before
I want to know the proper way to write the following:
function nav_handler() {
    $(".nav_services").hover(function() {
        var src = $(".nav_services img").attr("src", "files/img/services2.png");
        $(".nav_services").mousedown(function() {
            $(this).unbind(hover);
        });
    }, function() {
        var src = $(".nav_services img").attr("src", "files/img/services.png");
    });
};

I don't think any of the HTML or CSS is necessary for this question, but I'll post it if you need it. This was an example of 1 of the 3 classes (list items), so I don't know if you can do it using it's parent and using children() and change the icon based on the return value of which child was hovered on or clicked on, but that would be even more helpful.

UPDATE
Okay, so I used unbind correctly, but the src of the img in the list item will only change once. Meaning if I click all of them one at a time, the src will only change once. This is the full function I'm currently using:
function beta_handler() {
//Hover for Nav-item #1 (Services)
$(".nav_services").hover(function () {
    var src = $(".nav_services img").attr("src", "files/img/services2_active.png");
    $(".nav_services").mousedown(function () {
        if ($(".nav_home").hasClass("nav_active")) {
            $(".nav_home").removeClass("nav_active");
            var src = $(".nav_home img").attr("src", "files/img/home2.png")
            $(this).addClass("nav_active");
            //$(this).unbind("hover");
            $(this).unbind("mouseenter mouseleave");
        }
        else if ($(".nav_contact").hasClass("nav_active")) {
            $(".nav_contact").removeClass("nav_active");
            var src = $(".nav_contact img").attr("src", "files/img/contact2.png")
            $(this).addClass("nav_active");
            //$(this).unbind("hover");
            $(this).unbind("mouseenter mouseleave");
        }
    });
}, function () {
    var src = $(".nav_services img").attr("src", "files/img/services2.png");
});
//Hover for Nav-item #2 (Home)
$(".nav_home").hover(function () {
    var src = $(".nav_home img").attr("src", "files/img/home2_active.png");
    $(".nav_home").mousedown(function () {
        if ($(".nav_services").hasClass("nav_active")) {
            $(".nav_services").removeClass("nav_active");
            var src = $(".nav_services img").attr("src", "files/img/services2.png")
            $(this).addClass("nav_active");
            //$(this).unbind("hover");
            $(this).unbind("mouseenter mouseleave");
        }
        else if ($(".nav_contact").hasClass("nav_active")) {
            $(".nav_contact").removeClass("nav_active");
            var src = $(".nav_contact img").attr("src", "files/img/contact2.png")
            $(this).addClass("nav_active");
            //$(this).unbind("hover");
            $(this).unbind("mouseenter mouseleave");
        }
    });
}, function () {
    var src = $(".nav_home img").attr("src", "files/img/home2.png");
});
//Hover for Nav-item #3 (Contact)
$(".nav_contact").hover(function () {
    var src = $(".nav_contact img").attr("src", "files/img/contact2_active.png");
    $(".nav_contact").mousedown(function () {
        if ($(".nav_services").hasClass("nav_active")) {
            $(".nav_services").removeClass("nav_active");
            var src = $(".nav_services img").attr("src", "files/img/services2.png")
            $(this).addClass("nav_active");
            //$(this).unbind("hover");
            $(this).unbind("mouseenter mouseleave");
        }
        else if ($(".nav_home").hasClass("nav_active")) {
            $(".nav_home").removeClass("nav_active");
            var src = $(".nav_home img").attr("src", "files/img/home2.png")
            $(this).addClass("nav_active");
            //$(this).unbind("hover");
            $(this).unbind("mouseenter mouseleave");
        }
    });
}, function () {
    var src = $(".nav_contact img").attr("src", "files/img/contact2.png");
});
};

Working Demo

A: The hover function is actually a shortcut method. It binds mouseenter and mouseleave. To remove the binding you'll need to unbind both events (demo):
$('button').hover(function(){
    $(this).addClass('red');
}, function(){
    $(this).removeClass('red');
}).click(function(){
    $(this).unbind('mouseenter mouseleave');
});

Update: Everything you are trying to do can be done using CSS only (demo) - no need to complicate things with javascript/jQuery.
HTML

SERVICES

HOME

CONTACT

CSS
#nav_container li {
    background: #fff;
    border-color: #b6b5ba;
}
#nav_container li:hover {
    background: #dfdeff;
}
#nav_container li.nav_active {
    background-color: #cecdf6;
}
#nav_container i {
    background-position: center center;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-size: cover;
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    display: inline-block;
    vertical-align: top;
}
.nav_services i {
    background-image: url(https://cdn4.iconfinder.com/data/icons/ionicons/512/icon-ios7-cog-outline-128.png);
}
.nav_services.nav_active i, .nav_services:hover i {
    background-image: url(https://cdn4.iconfinder.com/data/icons/ionicons/512/icon-ios7-cog-128.png);
}
.nav_home i {
    background-image: url(https://cdn4.iconfinder.com/data/icons/ionicons/512/icon-ios7-contact-outline-128.png);
}
.nav_home.nav_active i, .nav_home:hover i {
    background-image: url(https://cdn4.iconfinder.com/data/icons/ionicons/512/icon-ios7-contact-128.png);
}
.nav_contact i {
    background-image: url(https://cdn4.iconfinder.com/data/icons/ionicons/512/icon-ios7-telephone-outline-128.png);
}
.nav_contact.nav_active i, .nav_contact:hover i {
    background-image: url(https://cdn4.iconfinder.com/data/icons/ionicons/512/icon-ios7-telephone-128.png);
}
#nav_container {
    width: 70%;
    margin: 20px 0 0 15%;
    height: 40px;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border: 1px #b6b5ba solid;
    border-radius: 2px;
}
#nav_container ul {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    display: table;
    table-layout: fixed;
    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}
#nav_container li {
    font-family: Calibri, Verdana;
    display: table-cell;
    line-height: 40px;
    list-style-type: none;
    font-size: 18px;
    text-align: center;
    cursor: pointer;
    -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
    -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}
.nav_services {
    border-right: 1px #dedede solid;
}
.nav_home {
    border-left: 1px #dedede solid;
    border-right: 1px #dedede solid;
}
.nav_contact {
    border-left: 1px #dedede solid;
}

Update 2: I wasn't sure how your tab system worked, but you would need some scripting to add or remove the nav_active class name:
$(function () {
    $('#nav_container li').click(function () {
        $(this)
            .addClass('nav_active')
            .siblings()
            .removeClass('nav_active');
    });
});

A: Unbind method should be called this way (passing event name as string):
$(this).unbind("hover");

For more examples read the manual: .unbind()


If Curves Could Talk: SATURDAY'S WITH STEF: Will I....?
SATURDAY'S WITH STEF: Will I....?
I laid in bed and had a vision. I came home from work on Friday afternoon. Struggled with my keys, while trying to juggle my things and suddenly my daughter opened the door. "Moms home!" Kissed my kids and my husband got up off the couch and kissed me so sweetly. He smelled as if he just had a long day at work himself. I tell him to order pizza, because Friday's mean pizza night in our household.
We sat around the table, talking, laughing.
After dinner I cleaned up and joined my family watching a TV with popcorn.
I laid my myself across my husband, as he brushed the sides of my hair, held me tight and every now and then sneaking a kiss. My kids would look back and without saying anything, know we are in love.
Once the movie was over, we bathed them and got them into bed.
Will that ever be my life? Or is this some imaginary scenery that will never come true.
I just want happiness. I want someone who chooses me all the time, every day, any time. REGARDLESS.
I woke up feeling so sad yet hopeful.
We would have a relationship that's filled with more laughs than tears because God knows I have cried enough.
People will envy our friendship and say, "She married her soul-mate, HOW LUCKY ARE THEY!"
Girl I feel ya. Don't give up being hopeful. You are an amazing catch and someone WILL appreciate you for everything you have to offer. Just think, it's better to wait than to be in a loveless relationship. You will find your happily ever after.
I found my true love at 40; BEFORE I lost the weight. It is never too late, honey! You have a strong faith like I did, and God WILL provide for you, just NEVER lose your faith.
I know that you don't want to wait that long, and I am certainly not at all saying that you will. I pray that your dreams come true TODAY! But in the meantime, what I did was follow a journey of self-love and self-discovery like you are and it paid off in the end by making me a great partner for an equally great guy.
I remember that when I was around your age this woman told a story about how she just met the love of her life at like age 30-40, with the same message I am telling you about not giving up and NEVER SETTLING FOR LESS. I always remembered that and it helped me over time. I hope this message can do the same for you.
BTW, I found you on YT b/c I am on a WW journey. Thanks for your helpful posts! I am Fit2LuvME over there, in case you want to know. Blessings!!


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Mexico U15 Women's National Team????? Yesterday at 04:35 pm PLAY2FEET!!
Dallas Kicks North 09G is holding open practices Tuesdays and Wednesdays in Highland Village, 6:30-8:00pm. We will be playing in new U90C Sunday league. We're also looking for two players to guest play in tournament 8/24-8/26. Address is 1 Harlington Dr, Highland Village, TX 75077. Or contact coach Ozzie with any questions at 469.951.6224.
Looking to add a couple players for league play in U90C's TCSL Sunday League. Also have some guest playing opportunities for tournaments in November and Winter indoor/futsal. Training Tue/Wed in Highland Village.


Scenic View Campground is located at the base of the White Mountains. The area offers excellent hiking, fishing, biking, and canoeing & kayaking opportunities. After a day exploring the areas attractions, you may enjoy a refreshing dip in our crystal clear heated swimming pool, frolicking through our 625 ft. splash pad, or simply relaxing by the pool. We also offer activities on the weekends in season.
Welcome back campers! Stay with us this weekend and receive 20% off the nightly camping rate (2 night minimum, advanced reservations required).
The pool is officially open and heated for the season! We will have the bluegrass band Parker Hill Road, light-up wagon ride (don't forget your glow sticks), cookies-n-canvas ($) and an ice cream social to celebrate ($).
Camp with us this weekend and fish for FREE on Saturday. Happy Fishing!
We will be offering kids crafts to make something special for dad. Dads, stop in the store Sunday morning for a FREE coffee or hot chocolate.
Celebrate the beginning of summer vacation with a game of candy bar BINGO (bring 1 full size candy bar per card).
Join us on Saturday morning for a variety of crafts for kids to choose from.
Join us for our 18th annual bike parade. Bring some decorations, and decorate your bicycles, strollers, pets, etc. for a parade around the campground. (All participants will receive a treat.) We will also have a pool party, ice cream social ($), and water works wagon ride (basically a giant campground vs. wagon water fight). Entertainment by Jason Tardy - High Energy Performer.
Join us this weekend and create your very own tie-dye project ($). Bring your own shirt, pillowcase, towel, sundress etc., or we will have Scenic View T-shirts available for purchase. We will also have a pool party on Saturday night.
Join us this weekend as we celebrate Christmas! We will have a site decorating contest (don't forget your outside decorations/lights), kids' crafts, light-up wagon ride and a visit with Santa.
Scenic View Campground presents the Mt. Moosilaukee Mining Company! Give the kids something to remember this summer. They can pan for over 48 gems and 35 different fossils in our sluice. Keep what you find! Venture into Lucky's Mine, where more treasure awaits. Put on your hard hat and head lamp (provided), and head on in. Keep your eyes open for gems and fossils hidden inside. Our mining store is filled with unique rocks, dinosaur souvenirs, and much more. We also host terrific parties! We can accommodate groups of eight or more and offer different packages and prices for your very own special occasion. A covered picnic area is available. Advanced reservations are required. (Groups available Sunday through Thursday only.) Just give us a call, and we will be happy to provide you with special packages and pricing options.
Hard hats and head lamps provided for Mining Adventure!
Join us for a pool party and water works wagon ride (basically a giant campground vs. wagon water fight)!
We will have a flashlight candy hunt on Saturday night (don't forget your flashlight and a bag), and glitter tattoos/face painting ($).
Join Donna Marie and her Friends under the canopy on Saturday evening for family-friendly comedic entertainment. Or create your own tie-dye masterpiece ($). Bring a shirt, pillowcase, sundress, towel, etc., or we will have Scenic View Campground t-shirts available for sale.
We will have a variety of kids' crafts to choose from.
Join us for the last unofficial weekend of summer. We will have Jim Hollis acoustic artist/DJ, candy bar BINGO (bring 1 full size candy bar per card), light-up wagon ride and glitter tattoos/face painting ($).
Join in on all the fun the Highland Games have to offer.
Join us for the last camping weekend of the season as we celebrate all things Halloween! We will have pumpkin painting (don't forget to bring a pumpkin or pre-buy one with your reservation for a nominal fee), trick or treating, a site decorating contest, wagon rides, and a haunted house.
Thank you for another great season. See you in 2020!
Please note that this is not a complete list. Activities may be added or omitted due to weather.
Most activities are held on Saturdays, excluding holiday weekends.
Please see the giant "white board" located outside the rec hall for times and locations.


text:
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Paul Oakenfold, Our man in Los Angeles
The British record producer and DJ found his creative zeal and lifetime home in Los Angeles. He says: "Los Angeles is my home now. A few things clicked for me about the city. One: it is definitely the capital of entertainment. Two: I needed to be here because I was getting all of these opportunities in film. And three: I enjoyed being around creative people"
The London West Hollywood, Los Angeles
Only steps away from the famed Sunset Strip, The London West Hollywood merges its quintessential British character – aristocratic touches and bulldog statues – with the allure of Old Hollywood – plush velvet sofas, teal leather and polished marble surfaces. Recently added to the 200-room hotel are 16 luxury vista suites designed by the David Collins Studio, along with five Gate Suites, named after the gates of London's Hyde Park
The Impossible Dream, Disneyland, Los Angeles
Disneyland turns 60 this month, on July 17 to be exact – a remarkable achievement considering most people thought the park wouldn't even last a year.
The House of Solid Gold, Beverley Hills
From the outset it's clear that LA-born Hugh Power, founder of The House Of Solid Gold, possesses creativity by the bucketload.
It's now impossible to imagine a world without it, but there was a period – a long time ago – the question on everyone's lips in Hollywood was, "Why would anyone want to make Star Wars?"
West Hollywood, Los Angeles
Bound, ever so cooly, on either side by Hollywood and Beverly Hills, WeHo, as locals call it, is a coveted zip code among high-profile residents.
Lunch with Michael Trainer, Cafe Gratitude, Los Angeles
Michael Trainer, the founder of Peak Mind, is not your average entrepreneur.
Lunch with Richard McLaren, Petit Trois, Los Angeles
The celebrity photographer discusses a career snapping everyone from Nelson Mandela to Tina Turner over lunch at LA's Petit Trios.
Petit Ermitage, West Hollywood
A bohemian hideaway in West Hollywood, Petit Ermitage is not your average five-star hotel in the city.
The Hollywood Roosevelt
Sitting majestically opposite TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Mann's) on 7000 Hollywood Boulevard, The Hollywood Roosevelt hosted the first ever Academy Awards ceremony.
The Revolution will be Televised
Conor Purcell examines how a once-humble medium has been utterly transformed
Last Look, Los Angeles
Maddie Dolan, 18, is an Agricultural Business Student photographed at Pamona, The Grove. She says: "I live in Los Angles because I go to school here at Cal Poly Pomona, but I love the fashion, the culture and learning new things about the city. I'm here at [outdoor mall and entertainment complex] The Grove today shopping with one of my girlfriends"
Arts District, Los Angeles
Los Angeles' Arts District draws you into its maze of warehouses and factories covered in eye-catching street art. Once an industrial hub, then a haven for artists, the past decade has seen this Downtown LA (DTLA) enclave flourish into an epicentre of all things culinary and crafty. Restaurateurs, gallerists and artisans thrive in this burgeoning neighbourhood, as does Hollywood's A-list
The Hollywood Roosevelt, Los Angeles
In the heart of Hollywood, no other hotel is as steeped in history as The Hollywood Roosevelt. An enduring presence; its red neon-lit sign is a glowing reminder of movie town's Golden Age.
From There To Eternity: Frank Sinatra and Twin Palms
December 15 marks the centenary of the birth of Francis Albert Sinatra – a skinny kid from Hoboken, New Jersey, who went on to conquer the world.
The London, West Hollywood
Expect poolside cabanas, swanky rooftop parties and casual, sun-kissed Californian style punctuated by a sharp crowd of A-listers and industry bigwigs.
Koreatown, Los Angeles
Koreatown is not only home to the largest Korean population in the US today, but also LA's most buzzed-about openings.
Gold Rush Ghost Town
A perfectly preserved gold rush town, Bodie in California has been left in a permanent state of stasis.
Jumping the shark
It took just two musical notes in John Williams' famous Jaws core to do it. An alternating E and F that created a fear of sharks in 1975 that exists to this day. But by racking their movements and learning more about them, perhaps our perceptions can change
Highland Park, Los Angeles
Since its earliest days as a suburban bedroom community in the 1920s, Highland Park has been imagined and remade – both for film appearances and its community – many times over
Richard McLaren on capturing Mandela, and the eternal magic of film photography


Curiosity is rarely considered a virtue. But without it, how would we learn? Without it, why try out new things or meet new people?
In this story, two men overhear a comment by John, and want to find out more. So they follow Jesus and ask him questions. We don't know exactly what they were looking for. But their curiosity was aroused, and so they started on a journey.
They had no idea what the journey was going to be. To start with, they only took a few steps to hear better. Then a few more to follow Jesus. Then a few more to go where he was staying. One step, one day at a time.
We do not have to see the end of the journey to take some steps. Faith is about taking steps and journeying with God, trusting he is with us even if we are not sure.
What would be the 'next step' for you in discovering more about Jesus?
God of all journeys, we pray that you would show us the next step on our path, so we can grow to know you more.
LOOKING FOR GOD OR JUST CURIOUS ?
If you are struggling with a question or questions, take a look at the bottom of any page there is a small widget titled 'LOOKING FOR GOD', click on this and you will be directed to the site where you can watch a brief video, listen to various religious radio stations, and even ask a question on anything related to God, Jesus, the Bible, and all things connected to the church.
What do you do to search for God? Unfortunately, there is no formula to finding God, but the good news is that God is searching for you — and he wants you to find him. Here are a few ideas to help you in your search for God.
Pray. Ask God to help you find him. Ask him to show you himself even if you're unsure he's there. Prayer is simply talking honestly with God from your heart. Tell him you're looking for him. As you search, tell him your questions, thoughts, doubts, fears and hopes.
Focus your search on Jesus. What is God like? What is his character? We can find the most tangible picture of who God is in the person of Jesus. A letter from one of Jesus' followers writes, "He is the image of the invisible God" (Colossians 1:15). When we look at Jesus we see the God who cannot be seen. Investigating Jesus — his character and claims — will lead you to God.
Read the Bible. The Bible is a book of people's search and relationship with God throughout history. It is also the most direct way to gain a clear picture of God in looking at the person of Jesus, because everything in the Bible points to Jesus.
Engage your brain… Embarking on a spiritual search doesn't mean you have to turn your brain off. As author Brian McLaren writes in his book Finding Faith, "Though a healthy faith is bigger than the intellect, the search for faith cannot bypass the intellect…This is a journey that will require you to think bigger than you ever have before and then to think bigger still." Ask questions. Look at your discoveries — does it make reasonable sense? Knowing God shouldn't be illogical.
…but search with all your heart. On the other hand, don't leave your heart behind either. God doesn't want you to merely find out about him, he wants you to actually find him — he wants you to know him personally and have a relationship with him. A relationship that involves intellect with no heart is no relationship at all.
Know your past and stay open to what you're looking for. Our past influences the way we see and understand things in our present and future experiences. Know your past experiences and presuppositions — the things you currently believe. These will profoundly affect your search for God. Just as we are reminded from a scene in The Passion of the Christ where Pontius Pilate and his wife Claudia discuss truth, we won't be able to recognize the truth if we aren't open to hearing it.
Ask questions. Question things that people seem to take for granted. Anything true or worth pursuing should be able to stand up against tough cross examination. Write down your questions, especially about the Bible and Jesus.
Investigate and read articles, books, the Bible, websites to see what others have to say. Ask people who follow Jesus what books and resources they have found helpful in getting a clearer picture of Jesus and God.
Make time for your search for God. The unseen and spiritual things in our lives are easily crowded out by the many things that urgently grab for our attention. Decide when you'll take a few practical steps — read a book, spend an hour searching online, find someone to talk to. Give yourself a general time frame to search — then draw some initial conclusions you can act on.
Evaluate and respond. There will come times where you need to react to what you discover about Jesus — what do you think of who he says he is? Is it true? How will you respond? Remember that you don't have to know everything about something to know it, especially if that "something" is as vast as God! Even if you searched for evidence of God your whole lifetime, at some point finding God will involve an element of faith.
Expect ongoing questions and doubts along the way. Finding God certainly doesn't mean having the answers to all your questions immediately or completely. Questions are a natural and necessary part of your spiritual journey and growth, whether you are just beginning to search for God or whether you found him years ago. There are a million discoveries about God that are yet to come.


Beautiful image of Our Lady of Guadalupe with a rose on the back, very pro-life theme!
one per pkg 1 1/2"
Back is smooth - suitable for engraving! Patroness of Columbia.
RC539L Our Lady of Grace glass dome each SALE!


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The Biggest New Artist on Tour in 2018 Is… Spotify
Author: Amy X. Wang / Source: Rolling Stone
Spotify's Viva Latino and RapCaviar playlists are now going on tour, positioning the site as a potential future competitor to Live Nation.
Spotify's RapCaviar and ¡Viva Latino! playlists, already some of the most powerful spheres of influence in the music industry, are now also looking to be some of the most lucrative.
The music-streaming service announced tour dates this week for "¡Viva Latino! Live," a concert series featuring popular Latin music artists from its playlist of the same name that boasts more than 8 million followers. Daddy Yankee, Becky G, Natti Natasha, Bad Bunny and Jowell & Randy are among the artists confirmed to perform in the series. The tour kicks off in Chicago on August 23rd and tickets will be available on Ticketmaster starting June 29th.
It's not the streaming service's first foray into live music, or even one of them. Spotify already has a tour version of its immensely popular RapCaviar playlist – "RapCaviar Live," which started as a six-date tour last August and became a 13-date series in its second iteration this year…
artist Becky G Carrie Underwood Daddy Yankee Jowell & Randy Music industry Natti Natasha Spotify
Coachella Bans Artists From Playing Half the Festivals Competing With Coachella
Coachella's radius clause prohibits its lineup from playing any other North American festival from December to May, according to new lawsuit details. Andrew White
Coachella's radius clause, which limits other places that artists on its lineup can play, is much more immense than we thought. Musicians performing at Coachella aren't just barred from playing nearby festivals around the same timeframe – they're not allowed to play any other festival in North America between December 15th and May 1st, according to new details surrounding a lawsuit filed against festival organizers.
In April, Oregon music festival Soul'd Out Productions sued Coachella alongside producers AEG Presents and Goldenvoice, claiming that its radius clause sets up an illegal monopoly. Soul'd Out had tried to book several acts for its Portland, Oregon show, including SZA and Daniel Caesar, but the musicians said they couldn't accept because of the radius clause imposed upon them by Coachella – a festival that takes place in Indio, California more than 1,000 miles south – and Coachella denied the smaller festival's requests for exception. "Such a clause has a substantial chilling…
artist Competition Daniel Caesar Festival
Anna Calvi Announces First Album in 5 Years, Shares New Song: Listen
Source: pitchfork.com
Anna Calvi, photo by Maisie Cousins
Anna Calvi has announced Hunter, the artist's first album since 2013's One Breath. Below, watch the William Kennedy-directed video for new song "Don't Beat The Girl Out Of My Boy," which Calvi says in a press release is "about being free to identify yourself in whichever way you please." The record's out August 31 via Domino, backed by a European tour. More
Album Anna Calvi artist My Boy
On the Charts: Shawn Mendes Claims Third Number One Album
Author: Daniel Kreps / Source: Rolling Stone
Shawn Mendes became the third-youngest artist to claim three Number One albums as the singer's self-titled third album opened atop the Billboard 200.
Album artist Dreamcar Miley Cyrus Shawn Mendes
Neil Young Album Cover Artist Gary Burden Dead at 84
Artist Gary Burden, who designed iconic album covers for Neil Young, Joni Mitchell, the Doors and My Morning Jacket, has died at the age of 84.
Art director artist Death Gary Burden Grammy Award Jenice Heo Joni Mitchell My Morning Jacket Neil Young The Doors
Eminem Becomes RIAA's Second-Highest Selling Singles Artist Of All Time
Author: Henry Mansell / Source: HipHopDX
Eminem is now the Recording Industry Association of America's second-highest selling singles artist of all time, thanks to a recent set of digital single certifications issued by the organization. More
artist Eminem Katy Perry Recording Industry Association of America Sales Single (music) taylor swift
10/02/2013 by Matt Q
London Artist Portrays "Sliding" Housing Market
Check out the above image. This stunning visual of a home's facade seemingly sliding down into its front yard is the handiwork of a 28 year old U.K. artist named Alex Chinneck.
Alex Chinneck art artist London U.K.
© 2014 PeekYou.com. A Patent Pending People Search Process. Made in NY. All Rights Reserved.


text:
package org.knowm.xchange.bleutrade.service;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;

import org.knowm.xchange.Exchange;
import org.knowm.xchange.bleutrade.BleutradeException;
import org.knowm.xchange.bleutrade.BleutradeUtils;
import org.knowm.xchange.bleutrade.dto.trade.BleutradeCancelOrderReturn;
import org.knowm.xchange.bleutrade.dto.trade.BleutradeOpenOrder;
import org.knowm.xchange.bleutrade.dto.trade.BleutradeOpenOrdersReturn;
import org.knowm.xchange.bleutrade.dto.trade.BleutradePlaceOrderReturn;
import org.knowm.xchange.dto.trade.LimitOrder;
import org.knowm.xchange.exceptions.ExchangeException;

public class BleutradeTradeServiceRaw extends BleutradeBaseService {

  /**
   * Constructor
   *
   * @param exchange
   */
  public BleutradeTradeServiceRaw(Exchange exchange) {

    super(exchange);
  }

  public String buyLimit(LimitOrder limitOrder) throws IOException {

    try {
      String pairString = BleutradeUtils.toPairString(limitOrder.getCurrencyPair());

      BleutradePlaceOrderReturn response = bleutrade.buyLimit(apiKey, signatureCreator, exchange.getNonceFactory(), pairString,
          limitOrder.getTradableAmount().toPlainString(), limitOrder.getLimitPrice().toPlainString());

      if (!response.getSuccess()) {
        throw new ExchangeException(response.getMessage());
      }

      return response.getResult().getOrderid();
    } catch (BleutradeException e) {
      throw new ExchangeException(e);
    }
  }

  public String sellLimit(LimitOrder limitOrder) throws IOException {

    try {
      String pairString = BleutradeUtils.toPairString(limitOrder.getCurrencyPair());

      BleutradePlaceOrderReturn response = bleutrade.sellLimit(apiKey, signatureCreator, exchange.getNonceFactory(), pairString,
          limitOrder.getTradableAmount().toPlainString(), limitOrder.getLimitPrice().toPlainString());

      if (!response.getSuccess()) {
        throw new ExchangeException(response.getMessage());
      }

      return response.getResult().getOrderid();
    } catch (BleutradeException e) {
      throw new ExchangeException(e);
    }
  }

  public boolean cancel(String orderId) throws IOException {

    try {
      BleutradeCancelOrderReturn response = bleutrade.cancel(apiKey, signatureCreator, exchange.getNonceFactory(), orderId);

      return response.getSuccess();
    } catch (BleutradeException e) {
      throw new ExchangeException(e);
    }
  }

  public List<BleutradeOpenOrder> getBleutradeOpenOrders() throws IOException {

    try {
      BleutradeOpenOrdersReturn response = bleutrade.getOrders(apiKey, signatureCreator, exchange.getNonceFactory());

      if (!response.getSuccess()) {
        throw new ExchangeException(response.getMessage());
      }

      return response.getResult();
    } catch (BleutradeException e) {
      throw new ExchangeException(e);
    }
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
A Sereia de Pedra () é um filme de curta-metragem, mudo e a preto e branco luso-francês do género drama, realizado por Roger Lion e escrito por Alberto Jardim, com base no romance Obra do Demónio da autora Virgínia de Castro e Almeida. Estreou-se no Brasil a 30 de outubro de 1923 e em Portugal a antestreia aconteceu no cinema Olympia a 9 de dezembro do mesmo ano, tendo estreado no mesmo lugar a 2 de abril de 1933.

Elenco
Arthur Duarte como Miguel, o arqueólogo
Francisco Sena como Fragoso
Gil Clary como Leonor
Manuel Grilo como António, o moço de forcados
Maria Emília Castelo Branco como Maria
Max Maxudian como Pedro, o ferreiro
Nestor Lopes como Cláudio

Ligações externas

Filmes de Portugal de 1923
Filmes da França de 1923
Curtas-metragens de Portugal
Curtas-metragens da França
Curtas-metragens de 1923
Curtas-metragens de drama
Filmes de drama de Portugal
Filmes de drama da França
Filmes de drama da década de 1920
Filmes realizados por Roger Lion
Curtas-metragens em preto e branco
Filmes mudos
Filmes perdidos


text:
Great Central Railway by Robin Jones (Bookazine)
By Robin Jones
From Heritage Railway magazine editor Robin Jones, this 132 page full colour publication tells the story of the Great Central Railway, the only double track preserved steam railway in the world which is embarking on a major project to become the world's only inter-city heritage line.
The main focus is on the hugely popular modern day line running between Loughborough and Leicester North and uses an incredible collection of images from Britain's top railway photographers to showcase the very best of preserved steam running in an authentic setting.
History has its place too with the formation of the original Great Central Railway, built in 1899 to connect the cities of Manchester, Sheffield and London, being explained and examined. Preservation sites set up elsewhere on the former Great Central line are also detailed including those at Buckinghamshire Railway Centre, Elsecar Heritage Railway and Dinting Railway Centre in Glossop.
Author: Robin Jones
Mallard 75: Celebrating Britain's Greatest Steam Moment by Robin Jones (Bookazine)
West Coast Steam: The 175th Anniversary of Britain's... by Robin Jones (Bookazine)
The Best of The Railway Magazine: Volume 2 by Chris Milner (Bookazine)
Mallard: The Magnificent 6 - Celebrating Britain's World Steam Speed Record by Robin Jones (Bookazine)
Flying Scotsman Travelogue: London Kings Cross to Edinburgh by Robin Jones (Bookazine)
Beating Beeching: Britian's Railways Fight Back from the Axe by Robin Jones (Bookazine)
Duchess 75: Mallard's Greatest Rival - Britain's Most Powerful Steam Locomotive by Robin Jones (Bookazine)


text:
Tanger-Tétouan (, ) war bis zur Verwaltungsreform von 2015 eine der 16 Regionen Marokkos und liegt im Norden des Königreichs. Alle ihre Provinzen gehören seitdem zur Region Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma.

Daten
Im gesamten Gebiet von Tanger-Tétouan lebten 2.470.372 Menschen (Stand 2004) auf einer Fläche von insgesamt 11.570 km². Die Hauptstadt der Region war Tétouan.

Wirtschaft
Die wichtigsten wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten verteilten sich auf Landwirtschaft, Viehzucht, Forstwirtschaft und Fischerei (43,5 %), gefolgt von Handel (14,4 %). Handwerk und Industrie waren mit 13,7 % vertreten.

Verwaltung
Die Region bestand aus folgenden Provinzen und Präfekturen:
 Chefchaouen
 Fahs-Anjra
 Larache
 Tanger-Asilah
 Tétouan
 Ouazzane
 M'diq-Fnideq

Städte in Tanger-Tétouan
Zur Region gehörende Orte neben Tanger und Tétouan waren:
 Asilah
 Chefchaouen
 El Jebha
 Larache
 Ouezzane
 Ksar-el-Kebir

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ehemalige Region in Marokko
Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma


text:
A Post-Apocalyptic World In Photos Taken Today
Tourism often involves visiting historical ruins from the past – so why not visit the ruins of the near past? That's what David de Rueda did, visiting nine countries in six weeks. He focused on the relics of the Cold War era, going to Milan, Kiev, Pripyat (Chernobyl), Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Tallinn, Budapest, Sofia, Rejkjavik, Kyzylorda in Kazakhstan, and Larnaca on Cyprus. He saw such varied sides like the soviet shuttle Buran hangar in Kazachstan and abandoned radio stations in the mountains of Italy.
David de Rueda is a Franco-German photographer born in 1987. Hailing from a family of artists, he has a passion for urban exploration. As for photography, he's entirely self taught. Rueda's travel over the Cold War relics was done for Nikon's Spotlight, Abandoned Places.
More info: davidderueda.com | facebook | twitter (h/t: boredpanda)
"This image is the result of 180 kilometres of off-road driving in the Kazakhstan desert, followed by 45 kilometres of walking in a highly restricted area. We arrived and there they were; two relics of the Soviet space race in a huge abandoned warehouse. It may be the single most epic scene I've discovered since picking up a camera."
The Lost Era
"This is the Buzludzha monument itself. I decided to explore the monument at night, defying the thick fog wrapping the mountain, to experience a close encounter of the third kind!"
"The waiting room in the remains of the Pripyat hospital. This room caught my eye with its colours and the decaying plant. You get the sense that time has really frozen here."
Frozen Stars
"This is an abandoned radar station in the mountains of Italy. After almost three hours of walking through snow 50 cm deep, we reached these huge frozen antennas."
"Linnahall is a former concert hall in Tallinn, Estonia. With a two minute exposure, I could reveal the architecture of the place, which otherwise sat in darkness. To me, it almost looks like a spaceship."
"This picture was taken in a disused experimental power facility near Moscow, which was closely guarded by half a dozen dogs. After a little persuasive discussion, the caretaker let us in."
Child's Dream
"I wanted to capture the famous ferris wheel from a new and original point of view. Positioning myself on a rooftop next to the wheel, I finally captured the picture I was looking for."
Nuclear Fall
"This is the inside of the cooling tower of a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl that was never completed."
Pripyat Cafe
"This is a former cafe in Pripyat. I wanted to highlight the beautiful glass work and create something unique with a long exposure and light painting. We constructed one main source of light inside the building, added a second light behind the Pripyat sign to create a sense of depth, and a third one illuminating the cafe's original sign."
Suspicious Paths
"An old factory built during the 19th century in Saint Petersburg."
Sun Dust
"On the second day in Pripyat, I had the chance to witness a sunrise from the top of Pripyat's highest building, Fujiyama. Sun rays passed through in the middle of the dead city, bringing the whole place back to life for a few short seconds."
Time Implosion
"An unknown room in a former Pripyat hospital and one of the first buildings I explored in Pripyat. The oven appears to have exploded in the center of the room and destroyed everything around it."
"This is also inside the abandoned power plant in Budapest. It's an impressive place, with a huge sense of scale, abandoned machinery everywhere and a strong, haunting atmosphere. I felt like I was in a science fiction movie, and wanted to create my own world."
"Next to the Pripyat Cafe there is an old bus station. It has this fascinating glass room built on the roof. It is a self-portrait."
"In Budapest, I also explored this derelict train graveyard. Located in the middle of an active train depot, I felt like a child escaping reality to walk for a few hours in an imagined world of steel monsters."
"Scouting, crawling and climbing were part of the mission to access this abandoned power plant near Budapest, Hungary. We had to enter the plant through the coal shaft, a 100 metre-long rising corridor full of dust and sun rays: the ideal location to create this 'apparition'."
Don't Fall
"This is a strange structure I found near Sofia, in Bulgaria. The building seemed to be pulling me in. With this image, I wanted to express something impossible, like the work of Escher."
"Under the congress room of Buzludzha in Bulgaria, I discovered a place that seemed to be from another planet. I used my torch to light it up and discovered everything was covered with ice."
Lone Bird
"I spent some time exploring the rooftops of Pripyat because I could see the whole area from there. In this picture, I wanted to capture the utter feeling of loneliness that encapsulates the city."
Night Souls
"Somewhere in a deserted area of Iceland's south coast lies this long-forgotten wreck of a Douglas DC-3 aircraft. I arrived there at 4am and, as we waited, polar lights gradually appeared on the horizon. I admired this magic show until dawn and used a 90 second exposure, with some lighting added inside the plane, to capture this image."
Post-Apocalyptic Aerial View Of Pripyat And Chernobyl Filmed With Drone
30,000 LED Lights And Long Exposure Turn Budapest Trams Into Time Machines
Art, Digital Art
Dark Post-Apocalyptic Worlds By Yuri Shwedoff
21 Photos Of Nature Winning Against Civilization
The Motions Of Kayaking, Canoeing, And Swimming Captured With LED Lights And Long Exposure
Abandones Places, Chernobyl, cold war, David De Rueda, Nikon Spotlight, Pripyat, soviet buildings, Soviet Union, urban photos, urbex


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