text:
This library provides Java classes that provide mapping between IF-MAP XML and a specific [CBOR](http://www.cbor.io) data structure. It can use an XML dictionary created with our [XML-CBOR-Dictionary](https://github.com/decoit/cbor-xml-dictionary) library to reduce the size of the CBOR output significantly. If no dictionary was provided, it uses a simple string based mapping that achieves only a small reduction in output size.

The main purpose of this library is converting IF-MAP into a CBOR data structure to reduce the bandwith required to send the data over a network. It may also be used to reduce the space required when storing IF-MAP structures on disk. The resulting CBOR data structure consists of several nested arrays to keep ordering of data intact during conversion.

It features full IF-MAP 2.2 support as described in the following two documents published by the Trusted Computing Group.

* [TNC IF-MAP Binding for SOAP v2.2](http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/resources/tnc_ifmap_binding_for_soap_specification)
* [TNC IF-MAP Metadata for Network Security v1.1](http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/resources/tnc_ifmap_metadata_for_network_security)

This library may be used on both server and client side as it features full support for serialization and deserialization of requests and responses.

The library was developed during the [SIMU research project](http://www.simu-project.de).

## Preparation
The following requirements must be met to compile and use this library:

* Java 8 or higher
* Maven 3
* [XML-CBOR-Dictionary](https://github.com/decoit/cbor-xml-dictionary) installed in local Maven repository

To compile this project the Oracle JDK is preferred but it may work as well on other JDK implementations. Any Java 8 compatible JRE (Oracle, OpenJDK, Apple) should be able to run the application.

## Installation
Follow these steps to compile the project and install the JAR to your local Maven repository:

* Open a command prompt and change directory to the root of this project
* Execute `mvn install`

## Usage
To use this library in your application simply add the dependency to your pom.xml file:

```xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>de.decoit.simu</groupId>
    <artifactId>cbor-ifmap-tnc-base</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
```

To create a CBOR representation of your IF-MAP structure simply build the structure with pure Java code using the provided identifier, metadata, request and response classes. The pass the created object structure to the `CBORSerializer` class. The top level element must be a subclass of `AbstractRequest` or `AbstractResponse`. The resulting byte stream may either be retrieved as a Java byte array or directly injected into an `OutputStream`, depending on what you want to do with the CBOR structure.

```java
CBORPublishRequest req = new CBORPublishRequest("my-session-id");

// ... add elements to the request here ...

byte[] result = CBORSerializer.serializeRequest(req);
```

To retrieve a Java object structure from a CBOR byte stream simply pass it to the `CBORDeserializer` class. The CBOR byte stream may be provided as a Java byte array or as an `InputStream`.

```java
AbstractRequest newReq = CBORDeserializer.deserializeRequest(result);
```

### Extension Interface
It is possible to extend this library with your own extended identifiers and vendor-specific metadata and use it in requests and responses. Please have a look at our [CBOR-IF-MAP SIMU Extensions](https://github.com/decoit/cbor-if-map-simu-extensions) project to find out how this works in detail.

## License
The source code and all other contents of this repository are copyright by DECOIT GmbH and licensed under the terms of the [Apache License Version 2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/). A copy of the license may be found inside the LICENSE file.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Events;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Models;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Models.Entities;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Persistence;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Persistence.Querying;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Persistence.Repositories;
using Umbraco.Cms.Core.Scoping;

namespace Umbraco.Cms.Core.Services;

public class EntityService : RepositoryService, IEntityService
{
    private readonly IEntityRepository _entityRepository;
    private readonly IIdKeyMap _idKeyMap;
    private readonly Dictionary<string, UmbracoObjectTypes> _objectTypes;
    private IQuery<IUmbracoEntity>? _queryRootEntity;

    public EntityService(
        ICoreScopeProvider provider,
        ILoggerFactory loggerFactory,
        IEventMessagesFactory eventMessagesFactory,
        IIdKeyMap idKeyMap,
        IEntityRepository entityRepository)
        : base(provider, loggerFactory, eventMessagesFactory)
    {
        _idKeyMap = idKeyMap;
        _entityRepository = entityRepository;

        _objectTypes = new Dictionary<string, UmbracoObjectTypes>
        {
            { typeof(IDataType).FullName!, UmbracoObjectTypes.DataType },
            { typeof(IContent).FullName!, UmbracoObjectTypes.Document },
            { typeof(IContentType).FullName!, UmbracoObjectTypes.DocumentType },
            { typeof(IMedia).FullName!, UmbracoObjectTypes.Media },
            { typeof(IMediaType).FullName!, UmbracoObjectTypes.MediaType },
            { typeof(IMember).FullName!, UmbracoObjectTypes.Member },
            { typeof(IMemberType).FullName!, UmbracoObjectTypes.MemberType },
        };
    }

    #region Static Queries

    // lazy-constructed because when the ctor runs, the query factory may not be ready
    private IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> QueryRootEntity => _queryRootEntity ??= Query<IUmbracoEntity>()
                                                          .Where(x => x.ParentId == -1);

    #endregion

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public IEntitySlim? Get(int id)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.Get(id);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public IEntitySlim? Get(Guid key)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.Get(key);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEntitySlim? Get(int id, UmbracoObjectTypes objectType)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.Get(id, objectType.GetGuid());
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public IEntitySlim? Get(Guid key, UmbracoObjectTypes objectType)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.Get(key, objectType.GetGuid());
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEntitySlim? Get<T>(int id)
        where T : IUmbracoEntity
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.Get(id);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEntitySlim? Get<T>(Guid key)
        where T : IUmbracoEntity
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.Get(key);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public bool Exists(int id)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.Exists(id);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public bool Exists(Guid key)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.Exists(key);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll<T>()
        where T : IUmbracoEntity
        => GetAll<T>(Array.Empty<int>());

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll<T>(params int[] ids)
        where T : IUmbracoEntity
    {
        Type entityType = typeof(T);
        UmbracoObjectTypes objectType = GetObjectType(entityType);
        Guid objectTypeId = objectType.GetGuid();

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetAll(objectTypeId, ids);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll(UmbracoObjectTypes objectType)
        => GetAll(objectType, Array.Empty<int>());

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll(UmbracoObjectTypes objectType, params int[] ids)
    {
        Type? entityType = objectType.GetClrType();
        if (entityType == null)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException($"Type \"{objectType}\" is not supported here.");
        }

        GetObjectType(entityType);

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetAll(objectType.GetGuid(), ids);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll(Guid objectType)
        => GetAll(objectType, Array.Empty<int>());

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll(Guid objectType, params int[] ids)
    {
        Type? entityType = ObjectTypes.GetClrType(objectType);
        GetObjectType(entityType);

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetAll(objectType, ids);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll<T>(params Guid[] keys)
        where T : IUmbracoEntity
    {
        Type entityType = typeof(T);
        UmbracoObjectTypes objectType = GetObjectType(entityType);
        Guid objectTypeId = objectType.GetGuid();

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetAll(objectTypeId, keys);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll(UmbracoObjectTypes objectType, Guid[] keys)
    {
        Type? entityType = objectType.GetClrType();
        GetObjectType(entityType);

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetAll(objectType.GetGuid(), keys);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetAll(Guid objectType, params Guid[] keys)
    {
        Type? entityType = ObjectTypes.GetClrType(objectType);
        GetObjectType(entityType);

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetAll(objectType, keys);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetRootEntities(UmbracoObjectTypes objectType)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetByQuery(QueryRootEntity, objectType.GetGuid());
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEntitySlim? GetParent(int id)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            IEntitySlim? entity = _entityRepository.Get(id);
            if (entity is null || entity.ParentId == -1 || entity.ParentId == -20 || entity.ParentId == -21)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return _entityRepository.Get(entity.ParentId);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEntitySlim? GetParent(int id, UmbracoObjectTypes objectType)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            IEntitySlim? entity = _entityRepository.Get(id);
            if (entity is null || entity.ParentId == -1 || entity.ParentId == -20 || entity.ParentId == -21)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return _entityRepository.Get(entity.ParentId, objectType.GetGuid());
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetChildren(int parentId)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> query = Query<IUmbracoEntity>().Where(x => x.ParentId == parentId);
            return _entityRepository.GetByQuery(query);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetChildren(int parentId, UmbracoObjectTypes objectType)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> query = Query<IUmbracoEntity>().Where(x => x.ParentId == parentId);
            return _entityRepository.GetByQuery(query, objectType.GetGuid());
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetDescendants(int id)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            IEntitySlim? entity = _entityRepository.Get(id);
            var pathMatch = entity?.Path + ",";
            IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> query = Query<IUmbracoEntity>()
                .Where(x => x.Path.StartsWith(pathMatch) && x.Id != id);
            return _entityRepository.GetByQuery(query);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetDescendants(int id, UmbracoObjectTypes objectType)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            IEntitySlim? entity = _entityRepository.Get(id);
            if (entity is null)
            {
                return Enumerable.Empty<IEntitySlim>();
            }

            IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> query = Query<IUmbracoEntity>()
                .Where(x => x.Path.StartsWith(entity.Path) && x.Id != id);
            return _entityRepository.GetByQuery(query, objectType.GetGuid());
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetPagedChildren(
        int id,
        UmbracoObjectTypes objectType,
        long pageIndex,
        int pageSize,
        out long totalRecords,
        IQuery<IUmbracoEntity>? filter = null,
        Ordering? ordering = null)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> query = Query<IUmbracoEntity>().Where(x => x.ParentId == id && x.Trashed == false);

            return _entityRepository.GetPagedResultsByQuery(query, objectType.GetGuid(), pageIndex, pageSize, out totalRecords, filter, ordering);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetPagedDescendants(
        int id,
        UmbracoObjectTypes objectType,
        long pageIndex,
        int pageSize,
        out long totalRecords,
        IQuery<IUmbracoEntity>? filter = null,
        Ordering? ordering = null)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            Guid objectTypeGuid = objectType.GetGuid();
            IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> query = Query<IUmbracoEntity>();

            if (id != Constants.System.Root)
            {
                // lookup the path so we can use it in the prefix query below
                TreeEntityPath[] paths = _entityRepository.GetAllPaths(objectTypeGuid, id).ToArray();
                if (paths.Length == 0)
                {
                    totalRecords = 0;
                    return Enumerable.Empty<IEntitySlim>();
                }

                var path = paths[0].Path;
                query.Where(x => x.Path.SqlStartsWith(path + ",", TextColumnType.NVarchar));
            }

            return _entityRepository.GetPagedResultsByQuery(query, objectTypeGuid, pageIndex, pageSize, out totalRecords, filter, ordering);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetPagedDescendants(
        IEnumerable<int> ids,
        UmbracoObjectTypes objectType,
        long pageIndex,
        int pageSize,
        out long totalRecords,
        IQuery<IUmbracoEntity>? filter = null,
        Ordering? ordering = null)
    {
        totalRecords = 0;

        var idsA = ids.ToArray();
        if (idsA.Length == 0)
        {
            return Enumerable.Empty<IEntitySlim>();
        }

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            Guid objectTypeGuid = objectType.GetGuid();
            IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> query = Query<IUmbracoEntity>();

            if (idsA.All(x => x != Constants.System.Root))
            {
                TreeEntityPath[] paths = _entityRepository.GetAllPaths(objectTypeGuid, idsA).ToArray();
                if (paths.Length == 0)
                {
                    totalRecords = 0;
                    return Enumerable.Empty<IEntitySlim>();
                }

                var clauses = new List<Expression<Func<IUmbracoEntity, bool>>>();
                foreach (var id in idsA)
                {
                    // if the id is root then don't add any clauses
                    if (id == Constants.System.Root)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    TreeEntityPath? entityPath = paths.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == id);
                    if (entityPath == null)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    var path = entityPath.Path;
                    var qid = id;
                    clauses.Add(x =>
                        x.Path.SqlStartsWith(path + ",", TextColumnType.NVarchar) ||
                        x.Path.SqlEndsWith("," + qid, TextColumnType.NVarchar));
                }

                query.WhereAny(clauses);
            }

            return _entityRepository.GetPagedResultsByQuery(query, objectTypeGuid, pageIndex, pageSize, out totalRecords, filter, ordering);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public IEnumerable<IEntitySlim> GetPagedDescendants(
        UmbracoObjectTypes objectType,
        long pageIndex,
        int pageSize,
        out long totalRecords,
        IQuery<IUmbracoEntity>? filter = null,
        Ordering? ordering = null,
        bool includeTrashed = true)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            IQuery<IUmbracoEntity> query = Query<IUmbracoEntity>();
            if (includeTrashed == false)
            {
                query.Where(x => x.Trashed == false);
            }

            return _entityRepository.GetPagedResultsByQuery(query, objectType.GetGuid(), pageIndex, pageSize, out totalRecords, filter, ordering);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual UmbracoObjectTypes GetObjectType(int id)
    {
        using (ICoreScope scope = ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetObjectType(id);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual UmbracoObjectTypes GetObjectType(Guid key)
    {
        using (ICoreScope scope = ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetObjectType(key);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual UmbracoObjectTypes GetObjectType(IUmbracoEntity entity) =>
        entity is IEntitySlim light
            ? ObjectTypes.GetUmbracoObjectType(light.NodeObjectType)
            : GetObjectType(entity.Id);

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual Type? GetEntityType(int id)
    {
        UmbracoObjectTypes objectType = GetObjectType(id);
        return objectType.GetClrType();
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public Attempt<int> GetId(Guid key, UmbracoObjectTypes objectType) => _idKeyMap.GetIdForKey(key, objectType);

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public Attempt<int> GetId(Udi udi) => _idKeyMap.GetIdForUdi(udi);

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public Attempt<Guid> GetKey(int id, UmbracoObjectTypes umbracoObjectType) =>
        _idKeyMap.GetKeyForId(id, umbracoObjectType);

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<TreeEntityPath> GetAllPaths(UmbracoObjectTypes objectType, params int[]? ids)
    {
        Type? entityType = objectType.GetClrType();
        GetObjectType(entityType);

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetAllPaths(objectType.GetGuid(), ids);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public virtual IEnumerable<TreeEntityPath> GetAllPaths(UmbracoObjectTypes objectType, params Guid[] keys)
    {
        Type? entityType = objectType.GetClrType();
        GetObjectType(entityType);

        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.GetAllPaths(objectType.GetGuid(), keys);
        }
    }

    /// <inheritdoc />
    public int ReserveId(Guid key)
    {
        using (ScopeProvider.CreateCoreScope(autoComplete: true))
        {
            return _entityRepository.ReserveId(key);
        }
    }

    // gets the object type, throws if not supported
    private UmbracoObjectTypes GetObjectType(Type? type)
    {
        if (type?.FullName == null || !_objectTypes.TryGetValue(type.FullName, out UmbracoObjectTypes objType))
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException($"Type \"{type?.FullName ?? "<null>"}\" is not supported here.");
        }

        return objType;
    }
}


text:
require 'test_helper'

# rubocop:disable Metrics/BlockLength
describe FeedsController do
  let(:user) { users :test1 }
  let(:feed) { user.subscriptions.first.feed }

  before do
    login user
  end

  it 'should get index' do
    get :index
    assert_response :success
    assert_not_nil assigns(:feeds)
  end

  it 'should show feed' do
    get :show, params: { id: feed }
    assert_not_nil assigns(:feed)
    assert_response :success
  end

  describe 'Internal API' do
    it 'GET /i/feeds.json' do
      get :index, format: 'json'
      assert_response :success
      res = JSON.parse(response.body)
      res.must_be_instance_of Hash
    end

    it 'GET /i/feeds/:id.json' do
      get :show, params: { id: feed }, format: 'json'
      assert_response :success
      res = JSON.parse(response.body)
      res['url'].must_equal feed.url
      res['articles'].must_be_instance_of Array
    end
  end
end


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <meta name="description" content="">
    <meta name="author" content="">

    <title>John Nunez - Guitarist</title>

    <link href="css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

    <link href="css/freelancer.css" rel="stylesheet">

    <link href="font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
    <link href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,700" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
    <link href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

                <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1">

                </button>
                John Nunez

                        Media

                        About

                        Contact

Contact Me

If you are interested in booking me for your event, taking private lessons, or performing at your venue please reach out to me at johnnunezguitar@gmail.com and I will get back to you shortly.

                        Copyright © Tae Hong Min 2019


The European Commission has authorised under EU state aid rules the extension until 31 December 2011 of a temporary Hungarian scheme to grant aid of up to €15 000 per beneficiary.
The aid aims at supporting farmers who encounter difficulties as a result of the economic crisis. The beneficiaries can now apply for aid until 31 March 2011 and the Hungarian authorities must grant the aid no later than 31 December 2011.The Commission found the extension of the scheme, initially approved on 5 January 2010, to be in line with the conditions of its Temporary Framework for businesses' access to finance during the crisis adopted in December 2010.


text:
Caspar Max Brosius (* 12. Juni 1825 in Burgsteinfurt, Westfalen; † 17. Februar 1910 in Bendorf) war ein deutscher Arzt und Psychiater.

Leben
Caspar Maximilian Brosius war der Sohn des Kreisphysikus in Burgsteinfurt. Nach Besuch des Gymnasiums in Münster studierte er in Greifswald und Bonn Medizin, promovierte 1848 De hebetudine animi (Über den Stumpfsinn der Seele) und praktizierte dann zunächst in Burgsteinfurt. 1855 wurde er Assistenzarzt am 1848 von Adolph Albrecht Erlenmeyer gegründeten "Asyl für Gehirn- und Nervenkranke" in Bendorf bei Koblenz. Am 1. Juli 1857 eröffnete Brosius dort selbst eine psychiatrische Anstalt, die er 1863 und 1878 um zwei Pensionate für nervenkranke Frauen erweiterte.

"Bei der Behandlung seiner Kranken ging er von dem menschenfreundlichen, damals aber noch wenig Anklang findenden Gedanken aus, die äußeren Verhältnisse der Kranken möglichst denen der Gesunden, ihren Gewohnheiten entsprechend, gleichzustellen." – so charakterisierte Peretti die Arbeit von Brosius, den er persönlich kannte. Selbst unheilbar Kranke lebten mit den gesunden Bewohnern der Häuser einschließlich der Familie Brosius, soweit dies irgend möglich war, zusammen. Sein Grundsatz: "Küche und Keller sind in der Anstalt weit wichtiger als die Apotheke." Auf der Naturforscher-Versammlung 1865 in Hannover stellte Brosius dieses "familiäre System" in einem Vortrag vor, nachdem er sich schon 1858 vor der psychiatrischen Sektion der Naturforscher-Versammlung in Karlsruhe für das "No-restraint"-System eingesetzt hatte. Mit der Übersetzung von John Conollys "Treatment of the insane without mechanical restraints" (1856, deutsch 1859) übte er großen Einfluss auf die Humanisierung der Psychiatrie in Deutschland aus.

Seit Gründung der Zeitschrift "Der Irrenfreund" 1859 durch Friedrich Koster arbeitete Brosius an der Zeitschrift als Redakteur mit, seit 1878 als alleiniger Redakteur. 1883 berichtete er dort über 25 Jahre Arbeit in seiner Heilanstalt in Bendorf, deren Leitung er erst 1897 abgab. Nach mehreren vergeblichen Anläufen gelang ihm 1900 in der preußischen Rheinprovinz die Gründung eines Hilfsvereins für Geisteskranke.

Werke
 John Conolly: Die Behandlung der Irren ohne mechanischen Zwang. Deutsch mitgetheilt von Dr. C.M. Brosius. Lahr, 1860 (Digitalisat)
 Der Irrenfreund. – Jubiläumsschrift zum 25-jährigen Bestehen der Brosiusschen Heilanstalten 1883

Literatur
 Pelman: Psych.-neurolog. Wochenschrift. XI. Jahrgang, Nr. 53 vom 26. März 1910
 Peretti: Caspar Max Brosius. In: Theodor Kirchhoff (Hrsg.): Deutsche Irrenärzte. Einzelbilder ihres Lebens und Wirkens. . Band II, Springer, Berlin 1924, S. 62–65 (mit Bild).
 Brosius, Caspar Max. In: Alma Kreuter: Deutschsprachige Neurologen und Psychiater. Ein biographisch-bibliographisches Lexikon von den Vorläufern bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Band 1, Saur, München [u. a.] 1996
 Kai Sammet: Ueber Irrenanstalten und deren Weiterentwicklung in Deutschland. Lit, Münster 2000

Weblinks
 Dieter Kittlauß: Dr. Brosius und sein Asyl für Gehirn- und Nervenkranke, abgerufen am 8. September 2011

Einzelnachweise

Psychiater
Mediziner (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1825
Gestorben 1910
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Justice Journeys
Justice Journeys: Survivor Stories
Participating in Survivor Stories
Justice Journeys Report
Mairi
Key terms used
Sexual offences reported to the police in Scotland
Cases proceeding in the courts in Scotland
Case outcomes and sentencing in Scotland
In 2021/22, there were a total of 15,049 sexual crimes reported to the police in Scotland. Of these, 2,498 (17%) were reports of rape or attempted rape and 5,359 (36%) were reports of sexual assault (Recorded Crime in Scotland 2021-22).
While figures for many crimes in Scotland are going down, for sexual offences they continue to rise. Sexual crimes have been on a long-term upward trend since the mid-1970s. Between 2020-21 and 2021-22, recorded sexual crimes increased by 15%.
Despite marked increases in the number of sexual crimes recorded by the police over time, most experiences of sexual violence remain unreported.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Contest: June 15, 2020 - December 15, 2020
Seize The Darkness
Songwriting Competition
June 15, 2020 - December 15, 2020
Checkout the contest rules.
Songs do not need to be professionally recorded in order to qualify for the competition. Please feel free to submit your raw songs…we encourage it! That could be just you on your guitar, piano, etc. This is a competition about your God song, that relies on structure & composition, lyrics, melody, and message.
We are not judging on voice talent or how well you play your instrument, but feel free to go wild.
Winning For Greater Purpose
Welcome to the "Seize The Darkness" songwriting contest. Submit your song for a chance to win.
Six songwriters will win…
$2500 (value) in recording/music gear
A ticket to the WLM Songwriters Conference
Your song recorded in a professional studio
More Than a Competition
The Seize the Darkness Songwriting Competition is about going deep, and bringing forth a song that releases victory over the deception and decoys of the enemy. Stopping the enemy from laying hold of your life and others.
This is not about being one of the cool kids and getting famous, it's an invitation to submit your songs and to be part of a major spiritual shift in music. Great change can happen in your life and the world through your music. Not only do you have the opportunity to win 1 of 6 amazing prize packs, more importantly, your time and talents mean something deeper to the Kingdom of God.
Doing great things for the Kingdom starts with your song
The Core Purpose
Submitting your song is an opportunity to have a major impact on lives in this and future generations.
Submit your song!
SEIZE THE DARKNESS SONGWRITING CONTEST
Each song submitted must be contestant's original work. Songs may not exceed five (5) minutes in length.
The required entry fee of $25 per song is being waived for this year's Seize the Darkness Songwriting Competition due to the financial distress caused by COVID-19.
It is Entrant's responsibility to ensure that the submitted song(s) are complete and playable. Worship Live Ministries is not responsible for faulty file uploads accompanying entries. Worship Live Ministries is not responsible for late, misdirected, incomplete, or misappropriated entries.
Songs may have multiple co-writers, but only one name should be designated as the Entrant on the entry form for each submission. You may designate co-writers on the application where noted.
This is an exclusively Christian music songwriting contest and the content of your submission must be in line with the doctrine of Christianity. Worship Live Ministries is specifically looking for songs that are inspirational, Spirit-filled, discipleship-driven, and life giving.
Contest is open to amateur and professional songwriters. A total of six (6) winners will be chosen.
Each song is to be submitted as an individual m4a, mp3, wav, mp4, mpv, mkv, or mov file. Sheet music (if available) and lyrics are to be uploaded, as well. Worship Live Ministries is not responsible for any corrupt files you may submit. Any and all corrupt files will be deleted, and we will attempt to notify the applicant. Any content sent to Worship Live Ministries in conjunction with this contest will not be returned.
By entering the contest through WorshipLive.com, you expressly agree to the Privacy Policy listed on the website.
Worship Live Ministries reserves the right to disqualify any entry that does not meet the rules outlined herein with no obligation to the contestant.
All submissions must be received by the specified deadline. All entries are final and irrevocable.
By entering this competition, you hereby give consent to have your song and/or song link posted to the worshiplive.com website, social media platforms, or any equivalent streaming/distribution service where your works are available, YouTube or any other online service for promotional purposes. By submitting any content in conjunction with this contest to Worship Live Ministries, you hereby grant us a non-exclusive license to use, stream, transmit, beam, store, publicly display, translate, reproduce, release, and distribute such content, in any format, whether known or unknown, including the right to use your likeness, persona, logo, trademark, and right(s) of publicity without further compensation to the contestant other than those outlined in these rules and regulations.
By entering the contest, you represent and warrant that your entry is an original work and that the content does not violate the privacy rights, publicity rights, copyrights, trademarks, contract rights, or any other rights of any person or business. You further agree to indemnify and hold Worship Live Ministries and all contest sponsors, their subsidiaries, and affiliates, and their respective officers, agents, partners and employees, harmless from any loss, liability, claim, or demand, including reasonable attorneys' fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of any breach of your representations and warranties set forth above and/or if any part of the entry causes Worship Live Ministries to be liable to another.
Winners will be chosen by a select panel of judges. Songs will be judged based on melody, composition, originality, lyrics, and overall message. See judging criteria used below. The quality of performance and production will not be considered. Incomplete songs will be disqualified. Prizes will be awarded to the Entrant listed on the original application of the winning song(s); division of prizes is the responsibility of winners. Void where prohibited. All federal, state, and local laws and regulations apply. Worship Live Ministries reserves the right to substitute prizes of equal or greater value.
The selection of the winners by Worship Live Ministries and the judges are final and cannot be appealed.
Winners must be eligible and able to travel to receive prize.
Winners will be notified by email and must sign and return an affidavit of eligibility/recording rights/publicity release within 14 days of notification date. The affidavit will state that the winner's song is an original work and he/she hold all rights to the song. Failure to sign and return such affidavit within 14 days or provision of false/inaccurate information therein will result in immediate disqualification and an alternate winner will be selected.
Affidavits for winners under 18 years of age at time of award must be countersigned by parent or legal guardian.
Affidavits subject to verification by Worship Live Ministries and its agents. Entry constitutes permission to use winner's name, likenesses, and voices for future advertising and publicity purposes.
The contest runs from June 15th, 2020 through December 15th, 2020. Winners will be announced on or prior to March 30th, 2021. Announcements will be sent to the email address provided by each entrant and will also be posted on worshiplive.com, no other notification will be given. For more information, contact seizethedarkness@worshiplive.com.
The parties shall attempt in good faith to resolve any dispute arising out of or relating to this Agreement promptly by negotiation between persons who have authority to settle the controversy. Any party may give the other party written notice of any dispute not resolved in the normal course of business. If not resolved, any dispute, claim, or controversy arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be determined EXCLUSIVELY by arbitration in Colorado Springs, Colorado before one arbitrator and shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Colorado, exclusive of conflict or choice of law rules.
Judging criteria for the contest:
Structure and Composition
The song has a clear theme or cohesive idea expressed in a new or fresh way
The song has clearly identifiable sections, verse, chorus, etc
The chord progression should feel natural within the song and move it where it needs to be throughout
The song is memorable
The song is between 2 to 5 minutes
The lyrics evoke an emotional response from the listener
The lyrics are singable and memorable
The lyrics have an identifiable rhyme scheme or pattern
The lyrics have a clear message with a consistent theme
The music and melody adds to the emotional impact of the song
The music keeps the listener interested and engaged – is it memorable?
The music and lyrics fit together in a cohesive way
The music has a great chorus that makes others want to sing along
Does the song convey a message of hope, redemption, love, inspiration, or the truth of the gospel?
The Prize Package
Six (6) submissions will be chosen as winners. These winners will receive…
2 free tickets to the WLM Songwriters Conference (KSC)
VIP dinner with the WLM Songwriters Conference speakers
Studio time – winning songs will be recorded in professional recording studio
CONTEST ADDENDUM
A minimum of 100 entries is required for winners to be chose. If the minimum is not met, the contest will be closed with no winners assigned.
We will let you know all the latest information as it happens.
"One generation shall praise Your works to another, And shall declare Your mighty acts."
– Psalm 145:4 (NKJV)


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Ex-envoy warns on bias from MPs' free trips
By Phillip Hudson
April 13, 2009 — 12.00am
A FORMER Australian ambassador to Israel has raised concern about the high number of overseas travel gifts accepted by federal MPs and suggested the scheme could be distorting Australia's foreign policy perspectives.
Ross Burns said that during his time as ambassador to Israel from 2001 to 2003 there were many visits by MPs but only one was not a travel gift. He said this had translated into a substantial political benefit for Israel over Arab countries.
Colin Rubenstein... ``They're mature people.''
"The issue of subsidised travel is a difficult one," he told the Herald.
"The issue was particularly tortuous in the case of Israel, where a disproportionate number of visits, including backbench MPs, Opposition frontbenchers and serving ministers, were funded not by the Australian Government or the Parliament but by Israeli lobby groups."
Last month the Herald revealed that almost one in four federal MPs had accepted free overseas travel from foreign governments, private companies and lobby groups in the 16 months since the last election.
The 109 trips abroad by politicians from all parties included 19 visits to China, 15 to Israel and 14 to Taiwan and to the United States.
Trips typically cost several thousand dollars and include business or first class air fares and accommodation. MPs are required to provide brief details to the Register of Pecuniary Interests but are not forced to reveal the cost, what they do nor whom they meet.
The spotlight has been thrown onto this unregulated scheme by the embarrassing confession by the Defence Minister, Joel Fitzgibbon, that he had failed to declare two trips to China, in 2002 and 2005, paid for by his friend Helen Liu.
Mr Burns, who also served as ambassador to Lebanon and Syria in the 1980s and South Africa and Greece in the 1990s, called for the Government to review the travel gifts scheme.
"The heavy reliance on subsidised visits to Israel has taken its toll in terms of Australia's wider interests. Most MPs and ministers who visited until recently followed programs that gave a heavily sanitised view of the Israel/Palestine situation," Mr Burns said.
"Missing, for example, was any exposure to the heavy burden that Israel's occupation of most of the lands of Palestine has imposed on both societies. Australia's embassy in Tel Aviv could often be sidelined in the natural desire of the hosts, and accompanying 'minders', to present a few 'facts on the ground' including meetings or visits that might be construed as accepting Israel's sovereignty in contested territory.
"The number of trips to Israel also greatly outnumbered visits to Arab countries, even those that have provided significant elements of the Australian community such as Lebanon and Egypt."
He said it was difficult to get ministers to visit Arab countries apart from "quick touchdowns" for an international gathering, and Australia's interests were perceived by ministers "solely through the optic of our relations with Israel".
"Ms Liu has done us a great service in reminding the Australian public that subsidised travel does have a hidden cost. I suspect the costs may be a lot more trivial in the case of China than in the Middle East, where our stocks have never been lower and where political mindsets have long been conditioned through the practice of subsidised visits," he said.
The Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council has paid for 13 MPs to visit Israel since November 2007. Its executive director, Colin Rubenstein, said the program had been running for several years. Some journalists from the Herald have taken this trip.
"It's usually a five-day or so intensive visit to try and understand better the very complex realities of the Middle East so they have a better understanding of what's transpiring in the region and frankly make them more effective as parliamentarians," he said.
"They're mature people. We let them make up their own minds. They're exposed to a whole range of viewpoints. They meet with a whole range of Israeli and Palestinian opinion when we can."
He said the trips usually cost several thousand dollars each and the money came from supporters in Australia, not foreign governments.


it was about 7:30 & the ocean breeze was the best it had ever been .so i left, before anyone pulled out a cigarette and ruined it. there was a lot of noise like people throwing a sofa, sounding like it was coming from the roof. it was nothing like the noise from above the tennis villa , since feb 1st . turn the tv louder to mute . some idiot banging on my outer door that has a chain ,ringing the bell for maybe 20 minutes , until i'm so hysterical i can't move, because i have ptsd from just that..
i don't care if the building is burning down: no one has any reason to come to the door,ring a bell, much less that nightmare. and a plane crashed right outside ,i was told ,caught on fire & the whole lodge would go up,he said if it happened closer.
so 3 years ,no one helped me, for 10 months at 2359. every single night , what i think was a man stomping every two hours all night . the only time, i could sleep was when he went to play golf. the floors are a nightmare.
person who rents condos at 3 am & every time , he was stomping, which was every night & ridiculous, but nothing was ever done for 10 months, just a runaround.
*then in #2346 ,for an entire winter,i had to be woken every day, no rain, from 9 – 5 or 6 p m by sawing wood outside my bedroom window & hammering & made sick from sawdust then carpet glue ,when the building was practically empty.they have to go outside the sick person's condo. the sawdust could have killed me. allergic since i was little , before toxic mold. no one cared to even stop the noise.
so i move to a top floor & then later , i bought a top floor for that reason. (millions of baby roaches in the walls that came out every time you turn on water,inside the oven, stove, microwave,everything possible). they are all gone now,unbelievably, but i bought a tennis villa & the lady who sold it to me said she never saw a bug & that it was quiet.
no one lived there & the family that owns it just lets family come.
the next day bugs but , since feb. 1, it's been nonstop noise for 7 months except 2 & 1/2 weeks. every 5-7 minutes : banging, stomping ,running…. when inside,they never sleep 7 hours.
you're only allowed to complain after 11 pm… i said i'm going to the police if it doesn't stop.. for 3 days it was quiet. and then all hell broke loose again.
so a new security guard was trying to give me a heart attack tonight. i cannot believe the things i've had to put up with 3 years & apparently people below complained of people moving furniture – me. the absolute stupidity. where has he been when i needed him for 3 years & it's 8 pm…& he was rude & yelly & i was just as smart alecky , b/c he's the last straw.
i asked him did he really think i was throwing furniture .of all people in the world & i think he did, b/c he said smart alecky well where do i think it's coming from.
i cried for 2 hours,until i had to get out of here, b/c i'm scared to death again.. he said he has to be able to get in (meaning all guards) i asked him to come in twice & look & he said i'm not coming in…& he told me to turn the tv down. it was to cover the noise & him. so i have to listen to the horrible noise even louder, & he didn't stop the banging.
my chest hurts badly. i don't know how many asthma attacks i've had today. i went to the gate & the idiot was sitting there & the noise was still here at 10 when i left & i asked why is he sitting there ..why me? why scare me to death & not go stop the noise.
no it's always me. people do whatever they want to me for 15 years & it ends tonight.. & the other nice guard told me don't be afraid of him. he's not going to hurt you..but that's exactly what he just did & says he will do again..they can't hear me, but he is exactly what i am afraid of a retired sheriff who tells me ,he has to be able to get in whenever he has to . yet he wouldn't come in. they say he'll be in trouble doing whatever he wants & being mean.
i could not be angrier at the 8 pm someone complains of noise & someone actually tried to do something , when i've tried to complain 100 times for 1000's of hours of noise after 11 pm & nothing for almost 200 days . that's even worse than ptsd & the pain in my chest & throat ,trying to yell at him.
and then he stopped looking for the noise. she said oh we'll walk up & down until we find it..
i did that myself. you can't hear furniture outside.
inside is a nightmare and it isn't paradise if you have to fight the cigarettes to breathe every darn time you walk outside.this is the last place in the world to come if you have breathing problems. i can't believe the health department lets people smoke IN the pool. one guy in the jacuzzi.
people who live here complain of cigarettes all over their yard & then they say i really have a reason.i don't think i have ever been outside where they don't get me. i was ready to leave.it's pointless.
12:40 am & bang. nothing compared to the noise above villa.
1:24 a m 2 bangs sounds like balcony door below me , the complainers.
he pointed to where they lie ?


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Newsmaker of the Week // Frankie Schneider
Frankie Schneider, 'The Old Master', famed for his great racing skills on the track and for building and perfecting race cars with his own two hands, died this past weekend. He was 92. Frank's abilities in the sport may be lost on many AARN readers. He won only one feature after May, 1975 and struggled for many years in a delayed retirement.
But what a racer he was! Back in an age when many raced five times a week, Schneider raced eight times (twice on Sunday). He raced twelve months a year, from New England to Florida, for over a decade. He was also the life of the party in the off-season.
The last few years had not been kind to him as he suffered numerous ailments. But he fought back through them, even as father time began to overtake him. In an age when the relationship between man and machine was far more personal, Frankie Schneider was the man to beat. He is remembered as the very best of an age that is recalled fondly by those who lived it.
For the final time, Frankie Schneider, 'The Old Master', is Area Auto Racing News' Newsmaker Of The Week.


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KPSA
Kentucky Political Science Association
About KPSA
Politics at the Pulpit: Elite Religious Cues and Immigration Attitudes
Author(s): Benjamin Knoll and Matthew Baker, Centre College
Previous scholarship has demonstrated a link between religiosity and immigration attitudes, often inferring the effect of cues from religious leaders as the motivating source. This study directly examines the "elite cues" linking mechanism with an experiment embedded in a nationally representative public opinion survey. We improve on previous research designs by introducing a pretest that measures immigration policy attitudes among respondents which can then be directly compared to posttest measures after the introduction of the elite cue stimulus. Multivariate analysis of the survey results reveal no support for the elite cues explanation. We discuss the implications of these findings for elite religious cues as an influential factor on immigration policy attitudes in the United States as well as assess the appropriateness of survey experiments to test the elite cues mechanism in driving immigration attitudes.
Most scholarly research on immigration has focused primarily on social and economic factors. In terms of social determinants of immigration attitudes, scholars have identified the important effect of cultural anxiety (Citrin 1990; Citrin and Wright 2009; Higham 1955), racial/ethnic attitudes (Brader, Valentino, and Suhay 2008; Burns and Gimpel 2000; Dustmann and Preston 2007), and social context (Hood and Morris 1998; Hopkins 2010; Rocha and Espino 2009). In terms of economic influences on immigration attitudes, research has focused on sociotropic vs. individual economic well-being (Citrin et al. 1997; Espenshade and Calhoun 1993; Wilson 2001), and how opposition to immigration tends to follow predictable cycles in response to macroeconomic boom and bust periods (Daniels 2004).
More specific to our topic, recent research has investigated the effect of religious variables as key determinants of immigration attitudes (Brenneman 2015; Brown 2010; Fetzer 1998; Fitzgerald 2012; Knoll 2009; McDaniel, Nooruddin, and Shortle 2011; Nteta and Wallsten 2012). With the exception of Brown (2010), this research has found a consistently positive relationship between religiosity and/or religious attendance and liberal immigration attitudes. Despite the relative consistently in these findings, the theoretical explanation for this connection still subject to debate. One proposed explanation has been the "elite cues" mechanism: higher levels of religiosity are associated with political attitudes more favorable toward immigration/immigrants because religious leaders broadly tend to oppose more punitive and restrictive immigration policies. Those who have higher levels of religiosity are more likely to be exposed to and internalize these messages from their clergy which are then reflected in their policy attitudes.
A growing body of literature supports this argument that churches wield significant power to influence their congregants' attitudes toward "moral" issues. Wald, et al. (1988), for instance, found that a church's mean level of "moral conservatism" is a strong predictor of the levels of the corresponding individual levels of moral conservatism among church members. This is to say, a church's position on questions of morality seems to directly impact its congregants. Building off of this earlier study, Bjarnason and Welch (2004) find that church attendance among Catholics is negatively correlated with support for capital punishment. Catholics, the study explains, are distinct among Christians in their vocal opposition to the death penalty. This phenomenon is absent among other Christian denominations, whose church officials often do not express the same moral opposition to the death penalty. The more Catholics attend religious services, where they are likely to hear these messages, the more likely they are to oppose capital punishment. Smith (2008) furthers this line of research by showing that political messaging from Catholic priests has both direct and indirect effects on the opinions of those in their parishes.
Djupe and Gwiasda find a similar effect among Evangelicals' attitudes toward the environment (2010). The traditional heuristic dictates that Evangelical ministers either ignore environmental issues or address them negatively from the pulpit. This heuristic is broken, however, when Evangelical ministers deliver a pro-environmental message framed as a "moral issue." This forces church-goers to assess the minister's position based the soundness of argument, and, as Djupe and Gwiasada (2010) conclude, in-group members will often accept the conclusion itself. This again underscores the church's position as an influence on moral issues.
Insomuch as religious elites frame immigration as a moral issue, it may also be subject to these same forces.
Other scholars have attempted to determine why elites engage in this behavior as well as which types of clergy are more likely to involve themselves and in what ways. These findings show that pastors see themselves as "spiritual representatives" of their churches and are particularly likely to engage in political cueing when they are either geographically or ideologically isolated from their broader communities outside of their church (Djupe and Gilbert 2002).
Additionally, both Guth, et al. (1997) and Putnam and Campbell (2012) find that politically liberal pastors and congregations engage more frequently in the process of political cueing than their conservative counterparts. Smith (2005) also finds that liberal Catholic clergy not only engage in cueing more frequently but also that they wield more actual influence than do their conservative counterparts, though, as Putnam and Campbell (2012) note, their influence is exhibited in different ways. Churches with individuals who "connect faith and politics" are more likely to be identify as Republicans, despite the fact that traditions with "more political activity at church" have fewer Republicans (Putnam and Campbell 2012, 440). This highlights the different ways in which conservatives and liberals give and receive cues in church communities.
Though this theory of elite religious cueing is widely proposed, there is little direct evidence validating it as a driver of immigration attitudes. Instead, previous research has inferred this relationship based on the correlation between elite cueing and attitudes among religiously active congregants. In other words, previous studies have answered the questions of how and to what extent religious behavior influences immigration attitudes but have not been able to address clearly the fundamental questions of why and by what means. Knoll (2009) writes of his own piece, but also summarizing the state of the literature: "Even though we have herein demonstrated with confidence that religion exerts an independent effect on immigration preferences, the argument for elite cues presented in this article is merely implied by these results" (328).
Nteta and Wallsten (2012) attempt to account for this by asking individuals directly whether or not they received a message on immigration from their pastor. They offer additional support for elite cueing theory as they show that American religious leaders are communicating support for liberal immigration policy and that the cues are impactful in changing the immigration attitudes of their congregants. While this research is a more direct test of the elite cues mechanism, it relies on survey data that does not directly indicate whether the elite cues given are in support or in opposition to liberal immigration policy, limiting the conclusion's applicability.
Our current objective is to provide a more direct assessment of the elite cues mechanism that has either been inferred by previous research or limited in its methodology. We take advantage of a survey experiment that directly measures attitudes toward a particular immigration policy (President Obama's 2015 executive order) and how these attitudes are affected by an elite religious cue introduced in the survey. This will provide the most direct test to date of the elite cues mechanism linking religiosity with immigration policy preferences.
Based on the previous research described in the literature review and the elite cues mechanism discussed above, we propose the following hypothesis:
Those exposed to an elite religious support cue for Obama's executive immigration actions will become more approving of the executive order than those not exposed to the cue.
Additionally, there are reasons to expect that this effect will be stronger for some individuals than for others. For example, Knoll (2009) argued that the elite cue mechanism worked for individuals with higher levels of religious service attendance because they are more likely to receive these elite religious cues on immigration more frequently. Theoretically, more frequent religious service attendance would increase the likelihood that an individual would be exposed to an elite religious cue. More frequent attendance is also often an indicator of more devout observance of one's religious traditions and teachings, meaning that they would be more likely to take seriously and internalize the cues given by their religious leaders.
The effect of elite religious cues on approval for Obama's executive immigration action will be stronger for individuals who attend religious services more frequently than for those who attend less frequently.
There is also good reason to suspect that partisanship and political ideology may mediate the effect of elite religious cues on immigration policy attitudes. Social psychology research has consistently shown that political conservatives are more sensitive to hierarchy and deferential to authority (Graham, Haidt, and Nosek 2009; Haidt 2012). We also know that conservatives tend to be more religious and invested in their congregations (Layman 1997). We may thus expect conservatives to be more likely to defer to cues given by religious authorities with whom they identify. When religious authorities indicate support for a particular position on immigration policy, we may then expect conservatives to internalize and manifest that position in their stated policy opinions. On the other hand, we expect an already-high degree of support from pro-immigrant policies from Democrats and liberals and thus do not expect a further endorsement from a religious authority to substantively affect their stated levels of support.
The effect of elite religious cues on approval for Obama's executive immigration action will be stronger for political conservatives and Republicans than for political liberals and Democrats.
While our focus in this research is on elite religious cues, there is also a good deal of research showing the effectiveness of elite political cues on attitudes and behaviors (Lodge, Steenbergen, and Brau 1995; Miller and Krosnick 2000; Zaller 1990). It is possible that the combination of religious and elite cues may interact in such a way as to strengthen and reinforce one another. Thus, those who approve of President Obama may be more likely to internalize a religious cue endorsing the president's executive order.
The effect of elite religious cues on approval for Obama's executive immigration action will be stronger for those who approve of Obama's job performance than those who disapprove.
Data and Method
To directly test the effect of elite religious cues on immigration policy attitudes, we used survey data collected from the 2015 Colonel's Canvass Poll, a nationally representative sample of 715 adult Americans, although due to missing data not all are included in each analysis. This survey was conducted in March of 2015 and sampled both landline (62%) and cellphone (38%) respondents. Post-stratification weighting is used to account for underrepresentation among racial minorities and younger respondents.
As is standard for experimental research designs, we assess the effect of the treatment stimulus with a series of difference-of-means t-tests between the control and treatment groups, including among the various demographic and political subgroups as described in the previous section. Because of the usual levels of correlation between the various independent variables, we also use a standard multivariate regression analysis to determine the independent effect of each variable on changes in favorability toward President Obama's executive immigration action.
Respondents were first asked early in the survey to indicate their approval of "President Obama's executive order that expands the number of undocumented immigrants who are allowed to stay and work in the country." They indicated responses on a 0 to 10 scale with higher values corresponding to higher levels of support. Half of these respondents were later randomly selected to receive a second "treatment" question which was disguised as one of five "religious awareness" questions in response to a sampling of headlines. This question informed them that American religious leaders have "recently express[ed] support for President Obama's executive action on immigration, including the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops and leaders of many Protestant denominations and other religious groups." This prompt was intentionally designed to be both suitably broad, cueing both Catholic and Protestant respondents, and intentionally narrow so as to make respondents believe that the "religious leaders" referenced would likely include be their own. The control group received the other four religious awareness questions but were not given the executive immigration action prompt. Both the control and treatment groups were then asked again to indicate their 0 to 10 level of approval of President Obama's executive order on immigration. This question was placed toward the end of the survey in order to mask the research design as much as possible and also to minimize the potential effects of social desirability.
The pretest score was then subtracted from the posttest score to produce a new value for each respondent measuring the change in approval from the first time the question was asked to the second time. A positive value of this new variablewould indicate that an individual answered the posttest question more favorably than the pretest question (that is, they become more favorable toward the executive action at the end of the survey as compared to the beginning) and a negative value would mean the opposite. Theoretically, if the elite cue mechanism works as hypothesized, we should expect to see the favorability change variable higher for the treatment group than for the control group, indicating that the reception of the elite religious endorsement increased levels of approval among those who received it.
We note that it is possible that that the explicit cuing of "President Obama" in the treatment prompt may prime respondents to associate their perceived favorability of the specific immigration policy described with their preexisting feelings toward President Obama. We chose to do so, however, in order to reflect as closely as possible the way in which respondents would likely encounter information about specific immigration policies in the "real world"—that is, with specific partisan framings. In this way, the question wording attempts to achieve as much external validity as possible which is often difficult in an experimental design.
We also call attention to the fact that our operationalization of the dependent variable is a direct measure of change in approval from the beginning to the end of the survey, not objective favorability overall. This is important because most experimental survey designs lack a pretest measure of attitudes. Respondents are ordinarily split into control and treatment groups with the latter receiving some sort of stimulus, and then measures of the outcome of interest are compared between the two groups to determine the effect of the stimulus. Without a pre-treatment pretest, however, it is impossible to definitively know whether any apparent difference is due to the treatment or existed in the treatment group as a result of the random assignment process. In contrast, our experimental design has both pretest and posttest measures of favorability toward the executive immigration order allowing us to directly track any change in attitudes from Point A to Point B and determine how they change in response to our elite religious cue prompt.
Independent Variables
Frequency of religious service attendance is a six-point ordinal variable ranging from "never" to "more than once a week," which is collapsed to a binary variable for the bivariate analysis between those who attend at least "once or twice a month" and "a few times a year" or less. Theological traditionalism is measured by agreement that one's religion or church should "preserve traditional beliefs and practices" while theological progressivism is measured as agreement that it should "adopt modern beliefs and practices" or "adjust beliefs and practices in light of new circumstances." We also include measures of the % Latino and % foreign-born in a respondent's zip code as per the 2010 Census and 2013 American Community Survey, respectively, which are collapsed at their means into binary variables for the bivariate analysis. We also examine relationships for partisans and ideologues (leaners are included with the partisan and ideological group). For the multivariate analysis, we also include standard demographic controls for age, race/ethnicity, education, income, as well as dummy variables representing Catholic and Evangelical Protestant affiliation.
Figure 1 and Table 1 display the distribution of change in approval of Obama's executive immigration action from the pretest to the post-post. Figure 1 shows how approval scores changed among both the control and treatment groups while Table 1 reports the distribution of scores separately for each group. As can be seen in Figure 1, nearly three-fourths (74.7%) of all individuals had a value of zero, which occurs when the pre-and post-test responses are identical, indicating no change. Table 1 also shows that the distribution of attitude change is nearly identical between the control and treatment groups.
Figure 1. Distribution of change in favorability toward Obama's executive immigration order posttest vs. pretest
Table 1. Distribution of change in favorability toward Obama's executive immigration order posttest vs. pretest, by control and treatment group
Control group Treatment group
Approval decreased 11.7% 11.6%
No change 73.2% 76.1%
Approval increased 15.1% 12.3%
Looking at the results as a whole, a difference of means t-test reveals no statistically significant difference in the scores between the control (M=0.17, SE=0.13) and treatment (M=-0.04, SE=0.11) groups; t(398)=1.24, p = 0.215. At first pass, these results indicate that the elite religious cue had no effect on an individual's attitude toward Obama's immigration executive action as there is no statistically significant difference in attitude change between the control and treatment group.
Demonstrating that there is no discernible effect for the treatment group as a whole does not, however, eliminate the possibility that there is an effect for a subset of respondents as we originally hypothesized might be the case. Table 2 displays the results of a series of bivariate difference of means tests among the various subgroups discussed in the hypothesis section. As can be seen, there are no significant differences between the control and treatment groups for any of the hypothesized subgroups when analyzed at the bivariate level.
Table 2. Bivariate analysis of effect of elite religious endorsement on immigration policy approval.
Control mean
(SE, N) Treatment mean
(SE, N) t-statistic
Frequent church attendance 0.06 (0.20, 80) 0.02 (0.17, 117) 0.150
Infrequent church attendance 0.26 (0.12, 110) -0.13 (0.11, 83) 1.701
Democrats 0.27 (0.20, 94) -0.12 (0.13, 112) 1.703
Independents -0.02 (0.22, 19) 0.27 (0.24, 23) -0.876
Republicans 0.00 (0.21, 73) -0.07 (0.24, 62) 0.205
Liberals 0.25 (0.18, 80) 0.17 (0.11, 87) 0.395
Moderates 0.00 (0.30, 45) -0.35 (0.25, 50) 1.206
Conservatives 0.10 (0.20, 53) -0.08 (0.29, 50) 0.521
Obama approve 0.19 (0.16, 92) -0.06 (0.10, 105) 1.438
Obama disapprove 0.19 (0.16, 92) 0.02 (0.21, 70) 0.076
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001
As a further test of these bivariate results, we performed a multivariate regression analysis estimating change in approval for the immigration executive order using the various hypothesized factors as predictors. We interacted each of these predictors with a dummy variable indicating whether or not the respondent received the elite religious cue as well as the standard
demographic control variables described earlier. (We use robust standard errors to correct for heteroscedasticity.) The results presented in Table 3 confirm those presented in Table 2 and indicate that, once controlling for each predictor as well as the various demographic variables, the elite religious cue still does not seem to exert a discernible effect on any of the hypothesized subgroups.
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of effect of elite religious endorsement on immigration policy approval.
Variable B (SE)
Treatment group 0.54 (0.85)
Obama approval -0.14 (0.41)
Obama approval × treatment -0.19 (0.59)
Partisanship 0.01 (0.11)
Partisanship × treatment -0.07 (0.17)
Ideology -0.06 (0.12)
Ideology × treatment 0.02 (0.15)
Religiosity 0.09 (0.07)
Religiosity × treatment -0.09 (0.11)
Age -0.01 (0.00)*
Income -0.03 (0.00)
Education 0.10 (0.07)
Black -0.27 (0.22)
Latino -0.08 (0.21)
Asian -0.05 (0.15)
Evangelical 0.17 (0.21)
Catholic -0.02 (0.22)
R-squared 0.046
Our analysis has uncovered no support for our hypotheses related to the effect of elite religious cues and immigration policy attitudes at either the bivariate or multivariate level. Not only were we unable to uncover any evidence that our elite religious cue produced a measurable change in opinions toward Obama's executive immigration action in the aggregate, we were also unable to discern any effect of the religious cue among most of our hypothesized subgroups.
Why might this be the case? There are a number of possible explanations. Perhaps elite religious cues do work in the way described previous literature on the topic, work only when given by religious leaders themselves in an actual real-world setting and not by a telephone surveyor in the respondent's home (as per Nteta and Wallsten 2012, e.g.). This experiment simply informed respondents of the general position of a broad group of religious elites and did not attempt to convey their words exactly. We designed the question in this way so as to be sufficiently broad to fit the vast majority of American churchgoers. In the absence of direct contact by actual religious elites, perhaps the cueing effect is diminished or eliminated entirely in our brief telephone survey context.
It is also possible that the research design muted the potential effect of elite religious cue because the cue was given just minutes before the posttest question. It is possible, however, that any meaningful cueing effect requires time to "sink in" among those in the population and perhaps also requires multiple repetitions. Offering individuals one cue and only a few minutes to process and internalize it may be inadequate to produce the desired effect. It is possible that our experimental telephone survey research design simply lacks the necessary external validity to appropriately test the elite religious cues mechanism.
Another explanation for our non-findings is that elite religious cues are ineffective in the presence of an overwhelmingly partisan cue like the one in the pre-and post-test questions. Our question explicitly mentioned President Obama by name, triggering a strong partisan framing, which might have drowned out the potential effect of elite cues. We designed the question in this way so as to maximize external validity as much as possible given the reality of political discourse on immigration policy where it is almost always discussed in a partisan environment. The inability to effectively disentangle religious and partisan cues in a "real world" context has meaningful implications about the effectiveness of elite religious cues to change attitudes on immigration policy.
Despite these concerns, it is also very possible that the above results do reflect reality. Perhaps elite religious cues are simply ineffective to change attitudes on immigration and are not the key linking mechanism between religiosity and immigration attitudes as inferred by previous research (Knoll 2009; Nteta and Wallsten 2012). Instead, it is possible that the aspect of religiosity that truly matters in driving immigration policy attitudes is the socialization effect of face-to-face interaction, as described by Wald, Owen, and Hill (1988) and Fitzgerald (2012). Both sources attribute church-goers' changes in political attitudes in part to these connections between fellow congregants (which often involve people of diverse backgrounds) rather than to interactions between congregants and clergy. This is an important shift in thinking that warrants further investigation.
Further research is warranted to isolate the alternate explanations described above and test them individually. For example, a future test could attempt to better simulate the nature of a direct elite cue by offering exact quotes from real religious leaders. Alternatively, another experiment could present multiple and obvious cues in an experimental survey context, with the possibility that this could allow a more thorough internalization of the message.
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Declerck A., Ourmieres Y. and Molcard A. Assessment of the coastal dynamics in a nested zoom and feedback on the boundary current: the North-Western Mediterranean case, 2016. Ocean Dynamics, 66 (11), 1529-1542.
Mansui, J., Molcard, A., Ourmieres, Y., 2015. Modeling the transport and accumulation of floating marine debris in the Mediterranean basin. Mar Pol. Bul., 91(1), 249-257.


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China Prepares to Take Samples from the Moon
The mission's key task is to drill almost 7 feet beneath the moon's surface and scoop up materials.
Sam McNeil
A worker talks on a cellphone near a flag with the logo of the Communist Party of China at the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Wenchang in southern China's Hainan province, Monday, Nov. 23, 2020. Chinese technicians were making final preparations Monday for a mission to bring back material from the moon's surface for the first time in nearly half a century — an undertaking that could boost human understanding of the moon and of the solar system more generally.
AP Photo/Mark Schiefelbein
WENCHANG, China (AP) — Chinese technicians were making final preparations Monday for a mission to bring back material from the moon's surface for the first time in more than four decades — an undertaking that could boost human understanding of the moon and of the solar system more generally.
Chang'e 5 — named for the Chinese moon goddess — is the country's most ambitious lunar mission yet. If successful, it would be a major advance for China's space program, and some experts say it could pave the way for bringing samples back from Mars or even a crewed lunar mission.
The China National Space Administration said in a statement that the Long March-5Y rocket began fueling up on Monday evening, ahead of a launch scheduled for between 4 a.m. and 5 a.m. Tuesday (2000 and 2100 GMT Monday, 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. EST Monday) at the Wenchang launch center on the southern island province of Hainan.
The typically secretive administration had previously only confirmed the launch would be in late November. Spacecraft typically take three days to reach the moon.
The mission's key task is to drill 2 meters (almost 7 feet) beneath the moon's surface and scoop up about 2 kilograms (4.4 pounds) of rocks and other debris to be brought back to Earth, according to NASA. That would offer the first opportunity to scientists to study newly obtained lunar material since the American and Russian missions of the 1960s and 1970s.
The Chang'e 5 lander's time on the moon is scheduled to be short and sweet. It can only stay one lunar daytime, or about 14 Earth days, because it lacks the radioisotope heating units to withstand the moon's freezing nights.
The lander will dig for materials with its drill and robotic arm and transfer them to what's called an ascender, which will lift off from the moon and dock with the "service capsule." The materials will then be moved to the return capsule for the trip home to Earth.
The technical complexity of Chang'e 5, with its four modules, makes it "remarkable in many ways," said Joan Johnson-Freese, a space expert at the U.S. Naval War College.
"China is showing itself capable of developing and successfully carrying out sustained high-tech programs, important for regional influence and potentially global partnerships," she said.
In particular, the ability to collect samples from space is growing in value, said Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Other countries planning to retrieve material from asteroids or even Mars may look to China's experience, he said.
While the mission is "indeed challenging," McDowell said China has already landed twice on the moon with its Chang'e 3 and Chang'e 4 missions, and showed with a 2014 Chang'e 5 test mission that it can navigate back to Earth, reenter and land a capsule. All that's left is to show it can collect samples and take off again from the moon.
"As a result of this, I'm pretty optimistic that China can pull this off," he said.
The mission is among China's boldest since it first put a man in space in 2003, becoming only the third nation to do so after the U.S. and Russia.
While many of China's crewed spaceflight achievements, including building an experimental space station and conducting a space walk, reproduce those of other countries from years past, the CNSA is now moving into new territory.
Chang'e 4 — which was the first soft landing on the moon's relatively unexplored far side almost two years ago — is currently collecting full measurements of radiation exposure from the lunar surface, information vital for any country that plans to send astronauts to the moon.
China in July became one of three countries to have launched a mission to Mars, in China's case an orbiter and a rover that will search for signs of water on the red planet. The CNSA says the spacecraft Tianwen 1 is on course to arrive at Mars around February.
China has increasingly engaged with foreign countries on missions, and the European Space Agency will be providing important ground station information for Chang'e 5.
U.S. law however still prevents most collaborations with NASA, excluding China from partnering with the International Space Station. That has prompted China to start work on its own space station and launch its own programs that have put it in a steady competition with Japan and India, among Asian nations seeking to notch new achievements in space.
China's space program has progressed cautiously, with relatively few setbacks in recent years. The rocket being used for the current launch failed on a previous launch attempt, but has since performed without a glitch, including launching Chang'e 4.
"China works very incrementally, developing building blocks for long-term use for a variety of missions," Freese-Johnson said. China's one-party authoritarian system also allows for "prolonged political will that is often difficult in democracies," she said.
While the U.S. has followed China's successes closely, it's unlikely to cooperate with China in space amid political suspicions, a sharpening military rivalry and accusations of Chinese theft of technology, experts say.
"A change in U.S. policy regarding space cooperation is unlikely to get much government attention in the near future," Johnson-Freese said.
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