text:
Advancing oral health policy for mandatory dental screening before admission into public primary and secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria
Afolabi Oyapero1, Temitope Iyadunni Bakare2, Titilayo Fausat Goncalves3
1 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria
2 Family Dentistry, Dental Centre, Orile Agege General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
3 Permanent Secretary, Lagos State Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria
Date of Submission 04-Jul-2020
Date of Decision 13-Sep-2020
Date of Acceptance 02-Oct-2020
Dr. Afolabi Oyapero
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, 1-5, Oba Akinjobi Way, GRA, Ikeja 21266 Lagos
Background: The oral health of children is a significant public health issue that considerably affects nutritional intake, growth and development, daily learning activities, sleep pattern, self-esteem, and quality of life. In Nigeria, limited progress has been made in reducing the prevalence and burden of oral health problems such as dental caries, Noma, and oral cancer due to absence of national data, inadequate budgetary allocation, dearth of personnel, poor policy framework/implementation, and challenges of care access. Lagos state has a large, diverse population, hampered by illiteracy and poverty, and school-based dental screening is a strategy that can potentially reduce the prevalence of oral diseases among a vulnerable population in resource-poor settings. This document proposes secondary prevention through screening for a significant proportion of children in Lagos State and will be a veritable source of Data for oral Health planning. Proposed Interventions: A draft policy document is proposed for the Ministry of health for legislation mandating a low-cost comprehensive oral health examination to screen every child admitted into Primary or Secondary School in any of the State Government-owned Schools in Lagos State. Each child will receive an oral health education leaflet and a duplicated annual dental screening form in addition to all the other requirements he will provide before being cleared for resumption when the academic year commences. The parents of the child will then be expected to present the form at any of the Lagos State-owned General hospitals for dental screening. The children will receive expedited attention and will not be kept waiting unnecessarily before being attended to. Students who have any form of dental disease will however be required to open a dental card at the clinic and have their treatments done as soon as possible. Except the dental treatment is found to be very expensive, the parents would be firmly encouraged to have the treatment done before the academic year commences and the form can be filled and signed. The school authorities would be notified if the parents cannot bear the cost and the ministry of health would be duly informed. Once the child is examined and found to be free of dental disease, the form can be filled and signed by the attending dental practitioner and duly stamped. A duplicate would be retained in a dedicated file in the dental clinic while the main form will be returned to the school. The schools will keep the forms in a dedicated file and at the end of each admission cycle, a report on the oral health status of the children for each school must be submitted to the Ministries of Education and Health. The preferred format for submission should be an excel spreadsheet containing the biodata and the summary of dental findings and treatment provided as applicable for each child. Evaluation: Short and long term evaluation will be done to assess coverage rate, the number of dental diseases identified, number of treatments done, the satisfaction of parents and children with the services while the cost-benefit analysis of the services will be determined using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The results of these analyses will be utilized to justify further government commitment of resources to this program. Conclusion: Strategies to reduce the burden of disease in developing countries must focus on policy design/implementation and preventive interventions. This proposed policy can help to decrease or eliminate barriers to access. It can also increase the number of children who will receive both preventive and curative oral care and also improve their knowledge of oral health.
Keywords: Access to care, oral health policy, school health program, screening
Oyapero A, Bakare TI, Goncalves TF. Advancing oral health policy for mandatory dental screening before admission into public primary and secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. J Family Med Prim Care 2020;9:5988-94
Oyapero A, Bakare TI, Goncalves TF. Advancing oral health policy for mandatory dental screening before admission into public primary and secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. J Family Med Prim Care [serial online] 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 20];9:5988-94. Available from: https://www.jfmpc.com/text.asp?2020/9/12/5988/305585
Position Summary: This policy proposal seeks to develop and institute anticipatory oral health programs for screening and improving oral health outcomes for school-aged children in Lagos State, particularly those with substantial risk for tooth decay due to their indigent background. The prevalence of dental caries was 21.7% in a recent Lagos State-Based school study,[1] which is similar to reports in other parts of the country although it was slightly higher than reported in the most recent statewide survey.[2] Tooth decay is a widespread and significant disease process in the population; thus, it is necessary to include oral health screening in the preadmission process of primary and secondary school students in Lagos state. Providentially, almost all oral health diseases can be prevented or successfully managed if detected at an early stage. Optimum oral health care can thus be maintained through regular dental visits and early interventions to prevent and treat oral conditions.[3] Primary and early secondary prevention of dental diseases will reduce the expenditure incurred on costly restorative and rehabilitative care. Without these regular preventive visits, children will continue to be subjected to therapeutic interventions and emergency treatments. Dental screenings are of utmost importance. They not only determine the health of the child but are a veritable source of data on which planning can be based. School-based oral health programs explore multiple levels of determinants of health care access, and are usually more effective than other interventions that target only one level of care. They may also be more equitable in terms of health and education outcomes, especially for children from poor socioeconomic circumstances.[4],[5] This proposal hence provides an opportunity for secondary prevention for a significant percentage of children in Lagos State as well a veritable source of Data for oral Health status in Lagos State. This is a policy proposal will be ethically implemented once the necessary approvals are obtained.
Introduction/Purpose of the Policy
Review of conditions that led to the development of this Policy
Oral disease burden
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that oral health is "a state of being free from oral and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, other diseases and disorders that limit an individual's capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing." The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in 2015 showed that close to 4 billion people around the world have dental conditions, such as untreated dental caries in the deciduous and permanent dentitions, severe periodontal disease, edentulism, and severe tooth loss (having between 1 and 9 remaining teeth).[6] Furthermore, utilizing a methodology outlined by the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (WHO 2001), the global productivity losses attributed to oral diseases in 2010 was US$138 billion after valuing disability-adjusted life years lost due to oral diseases[7] at the global average per capita GDP (World Bank 2011). The seven oral health conditions accounting for most of the oral disease burden are periodontal diseases, oro-dental trauma, cleft lip and palate, oral cancers, oral manifestations of HIV, Noma, and dental caries. The prevalence of caries in school-age children is most often reported for those 12–15 years old. Available national data on the prevalence of dental caries in children in Nigeria showed that it is as high as 30% and 43% in children aged 12 years and 15 years, respectively.[8] A study conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, reported that the caries prevalence for the population with special health care needs was 33.3%, with a mean dmft score of 0.7 and a mean DMFT score of 0.4.[9] The prevalence of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) in Nigeria was lowest in Ile-Ife (0.8%) and highest in Lagos state (4.8%), with another study in Lagos reporting a prevalence of 10.9% foe S-ECC.[10] Unfortunately, most of these carious lesions remain untreated, with a restorative index of 1% reported in a study conducted in Lagos state.[11]
Impact of oral diseases
The impacts of untreated oral diseases are usually serious and these include incessant pain, oro facial infections, poor quality of life, interrupted schooling, interference with family life, and reduced parental work productivity. They can affect the individual or the whole society, by negatively impacting on students' academic performance or interfering with adults' ability to maintain a job or receive promotions. The World Health Organization recognized the societal impact of oral diseases through restricted home activities and loss of millions of school and work hours annually.[12] The National Health Interview Survey projected that 51 million school hours are lost yearly due to dental disease based on retrospective assessment.[13] Furthermore, the estimated cost of treating 6-year-old child with 3 carious teeth is about 20,000 naira, excluding indirect costs in lost earnings, transportation, and lodgings. Oral diseases and conditions afflict individuals all through their lifetimes, causing pain, discomfort, disfigurement, and even death because of their link with other debilitating noncommunicable diseases, or because of delay in identification, treatment, and care. However, these diseases are preventable or can be treated in their early stages.
Oral health inequalities are continually amplified in deprived and vulnerable groups where the vast majority experience the highest burden of oral diseases.[14] Importantly, children in developing countries are known to suffer disproportionately from the burden of dental diseases. Poor oral health considerably affects children's nutritional intake and subsequently their general health, growth, and development. It is quite common for dental infections to cause osteomyelitis, infection of the floor of the mouth and neck space, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and even death in both children and adults. Moreover, untreated dental decay is thought to be a neglected determinant of failure to thrive.[15] These research outcomes that connect oral health to general health problems afford an opportunity to put oral health in the agenda of health care policies in low-income developing countries.
Barriers to oral health
There are suggestions that irregular dental attendance is largely due to low oral health awareness. However, inequities in oral health are due to several dynamics such as personal socioeconomic, and geographic factors,[16] and even when access to care is not a barrier, individuals do not utilize the oral health care system adequately and most failed to follow well-known dietary and behavioral preventive regimens.[17] In many African countries, availability and accessibility to oral health services is inadequate.[18] This is in addition to limited financial access because the main method of financing oral health care services remains out of pocket payments in the face of high poverty levels.[19],[20] Other factors affect the utilization of oral health facilities in Nigeria include cultural beliefs and practices, educational barriers, shortage of dental manpower, lack of awareness of patients about oral health care and oral health problems, and the cost of dental services. Whole population prevention programs in dental caries prevention such as water fluoridation and affordable fluoridated toothpaste are not available in many LMICs. Moreover, dental caries has evolved from being a disease of affluence to that of deprivation on a global scale. The recent increase in consumption of soft drinks and in obesity in many LMICs suggests an upward trend in dental caries in those countries.[21]
Strategies to improve oral health
The main preventive approach in dentistry, which focusses on changing the behavior of high-risk individuals, has not effectively reduced oral health inequalities. A fundamental shift is thus needed from the biomedical/behavioral "downstream" approach, to one addressing the "upstream" underlying social determinants of population oral health.[22] Effective interventions must aim to promote and facilitate long-term sustainable improvements, such as tackling upstream factors, and the environments that cause poor oral health and create inequities. Upstream action includes legislative and regulatory policy at a national or state levels to create a social environment that supports health. Healthy public policies and legislation are essential upstream measures to promote oral health, through legislation to support the implementation of fluoridation programs, healthy diet policy, and the creation of a supportive environment that is conducive to oral health.[23] Oral health of children and adolescents can be promoted through healthy school environment with safe playgrounds and buildings, a tobacco-free and stress-free environment, and the availability of nutritious foods, which can help reduce the risk to oral and general health and promote sustainable healthy lifestyles.[23] One of such interventions is our proposed policy.
Justification of policy
Majority of children and youth attend school and the early identification of health and developmental concerns provides an opportunity for timely intervention, enabling children to achieve optimal developmental and functional health outcomes.[24] Unrecognized disease and postponed care worsen oral and dental problems, leading to pain, discomfort, and sometimes irreversible damage. Delay in timely intervention can result in substantial cost to the health system, government, and the community. School-based oral health programs have the potential to surmount many of the logistical barriers to accessing primary preventive oral health services that inexplicably affect vulnerable populations.[25],[26] In addition, schools have the potential to link families to systems of care and to impact the social norms regarding health behaviors.[21] Thus, dental providers may see a downstream benefit from strengthening their relationship with schools and recruiting additional patients into their practice. This policy is relevant to the practice of primary care physicians because a strong link has been observed between oral and general health, with research displaying a correlation between poor oral health and poor general health. Oral diseases also have common risk factors with many chronic systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain types of cancer.[27] Integrating primary oral health care programs into primary care can improve oral health-related outcomes and it also has the potential to combat oral health disparities among vulnerable populations. This will happen through intersectoral collaboration and strengthening of referral systems and also through a family-based approach.[28]
Assessment of needs and resources (situational analysis)
Primary and secondary educational system in Lagos State
In Lagos State, the Organization: State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB) coordinates Primary and Secondary School education. The state government has 1001 primary schools, 339 Junior Secondary Schools, 319 Senior Secondary Schools as well as 5 Technical colleges. Presently, Lagos state provides free education to over One Million pupils/students in 1010 primary schools with a population of about 497,318 pupils; and about 564,758 Junior and Senior Secondary Schools pupils as well as Technical and Vocational Schools students.[29] In addition, Lagos makes up one of the largest markets for private basic education services in the world and over 57% of the state's primary and secondary students are enrolled in more than 12,000 private schools. In total, an estimated 1.5 million children go to private primary and junior secondary schools in the state. As such, approximately 80% of households with children of school age have at least one child in private school.[30]
Oral health care provision Lagos State
Lagos state has a very mixed population, where the level of illiteracy and poverty among the population acts as a great hindrance to achieving high levels of adequate oral health experience. Levels of oral health service being delivered in the state include the primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Primary Health care level: The primary health care level of service for dental delivery has been rudimentary and only two of the facilities offer dental services. The staff complement at these service points are inadequate; thus, training programs have been provided for the medical staff to provide oral health promotion.[31],[32]
Secondary Facilities: They account for the highest proportion of governmental dental staff and services. A total of 14 out of the 26 secondary care hospitals provided dental services and accounted for a patient turnover ranging from 86,682 in 2009 to 82,0665 in 2011. Services provided range from dental fillings, scaling and polishing, tooth extractions, root canal therapy, dentures, orthodontic treatment, and other forms of complex dental surgery. Hospitals that do not provide dental services include Mainland, Ibeju Lekki, Mushin and Alimosho General Hospitals; Lagos Island Maternity centre, Onikan Health centre, Ijede Health centre, Ketu-Ejirin Health centre, and Harvey road health centre.
Tertiary facilities: The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital is the main State-funded facility that provides the full range of dental care services, and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital serves as the tertiary institution for the Federal Government. It also houses the first state-owned dental school in Nigeria.
These three levels of care run on the free health/subsidized scheme and is supported by the Lagos State Government.
Private practitioners: Lagos State has numerous private dental clinics and these provide the full range of dental services to individuals; however, patients pay private fees which can run anywhere from N5000 to N2,000,000 depending on the service being requested. Therefore, only the affluent can afford their services. Majority of them are sited in the urban regions of the state.
The State also provides other recurrent free health schemes for the delivery of oral health services. These are the School Health Programme, Free Health Medical Mission, and Cleft lip and Palate Surgeries. The State Ministry has two mobile dental vans that provide oral health screening to children in different state-owned primary schools and adults/children within the different local governments. For the School Heath programme, the classes seen are usually Nursery 1 to Primary 6; it also involves eye, ear, weight, and height checks, as well as general medical examinations. These sessions usually run per LGA during the school term. Services provided are oral health education, scaling and polishing, extractions, and GIC fillings. Children required treatment that is beyond the scope of the vans facilities are referred to the General hospitals in the local area so the children are treated for free.[33]
The Medical missions run quarterly in different LGAs and the dental vans provide oral health treatment to those in the communities who cannot afford treatment. Usually, the services provided are scaling and polishing and mainly extractions. Children are provided extractions, scaling and polishing, as well as GIC fillings. For services beyond the scope of what the vans can handle, patients are referred to the nearest health center/secondary facility close to where they domicile for treatment. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgeries are also part of the State's initiative to improve the lives of its children who are born with such deformities. These corrective procedures are carried out at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital by a team surgical specialists at no fee to the individuals, and are done in batches throughout the year.[34]
Oral Health Care Personnel. The cadres of staff available for dental service delivery in the state include dentists, dental hygienists, dental technologists, and dental nurses. Majority of them are employed in the general hospitals and at the tertiary facility (LASUTH). LASUTH has consultants in all specialties of Dentistry and a full complement of the other cadres. For training of personnel, an undergraduate Dentistry is being offered at the Lagos State University, and this helps to create a workforce pool. The profession is regulated by the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria. Dental Hygienists/Dental Therapists help to provide basic scaling and polishing to individuals as well as carrying out minor fillings for children. They are very few in number in the state. There are no formal schools of training for dental hygienists in Lagos state. Dental laboratory technologists fabricate crowns, bridges, dentures, and inlays/onlays and the training school for laboratory technologists is in Enugu state. Lagos state also does not have a training school for dental nurses. This staff cadre is trained in the Enugu, Ogun, and Ondo states.
Policy and Administrative Guidelines for mandatory dental screening for students in Lagos state
State policies and administrative guidelines are being developed to engender effective relationships among the Ministry of health, schools, and the community. Key legislation and policies, as well as international, regional, and national initiatives which informed this policy include the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Nigerian Children's Rights Act of 2003, the 2012 National Oral Health Policy, the global HIV prevention and AIDS elimination targets for 2030, the 2016 Nigeria National Health Act, the 2016 Nigeria National Health Policy, and the 2018-2022 Second Nigeria National Strategic Health Development Plan.
To promote the health and development of children by engaging with families and school staff.
To identify children who may be at risk of health and developmental concerns, through surveillance activities.
To strengthen the state oral health system and to provide equitable, accessible, affordable preventive and curative oral health services to school-age children, thereby reducing their oral health-related morbidity and generating oral health data.
Policy development, Advocacy, and resource mobilization through budgetary provisions, grants, and donor support.
An interdisciplinary and interagency school health coordinating board that will include Ministry of health representatives, school staff, and representatives of the community. An efficient process for sharing information and resources as well as program coordination will be established for assessment of needs, implementing recommendations and evaluating programs.
Competent and committed oral health workforce: Capacity building and sensitization for dentists and other dental personnel, teachers, social welfare officers, and other professionals who will be involved in the implementation of the program.
Data collection, research, and program improvement: Stimulate research to generate relevant evidence to inform sustenance and growth of the program.
SPECIFIC PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES: One key goal of the program is to build caring relationships between the children and the dental staff so that children can comfortably relate with the dental team and feel secure in the dental environment.[35] Once any child successfully gains admission into the Primary or Junior Secondary School 1 (JSS1) in any of the State Government-owned Schools in Lagos State, the child's parents will receive a duplicated dental screening form in addition to all the other requirements he will provide before being cleared for resumption when the academic year commences. To help prepare the child for a dental examination, the parents would be advised to carefully time the child's visit and to schedule the dental visit for the child early in the day when he or she is rested and most likely to cooperate. They will also be motivated to be positive when talking to the child about the dental examination, and to avoid using words such as "pain," or "hurt." In its place, they should inform the child that the dentist will use special tools to make sure the child's teeth are healthy. They should remind the child about the visit to the dentist, but should not mention any negative dental experiences they might have had.
The parents will then be expected to present the form at any of the Lagos State-owned General hospitals or LASUTH for dental screening. The Dental departments will be informed that there is no need to open a dental card for the students prior to the screening exercise. The children should also receive expedited attention and should not be kept waiting unnecessarily before being attended to. Students who have any form of dental disease will however be required to open a dental card at the clinic and have their treatments done as soon as possible. These conditions include toothache, decayed or fractured teeth, gingival inflammation or swelling, failed dental fillings, oral ulcers or fistulas; Malocclusion, mal-position, or supernumerary teeth; Leukoplakia or premalignant lesions; ill-fitting orthodontic appliances; Difficulty in chewing or swallowing of food; Swollen or tender lymph nodes in neck and jaw; Dental-related and nasal voice quality that suggests a health problem such as enlarged adenoids. Except the dental treatment is found to be very expensive, the parents should be firmly encouraged to have the treatment done before the academic year commences and the form can be filled and signed. The school authorities should be notified if the parents cannot bear the cost and the Ministry of health would be duly informed.
Once the child is examined and found to be free of dental disease, the form can be filled and signed by the attending dental practitioner and duly stamped. A duplicate should be retained in a dedicated file in the dental clinic while the main form will be returned to the school. The school should keep the forms in a dedicated file and at the end of each admission cycle, a report on the oral health status of the children for each school must be submitted to the Ministries of Education and Health. The preferred format for submission should be an excel spreadsheet containing the biodata and the summary of dental findings and treatment provided as applicable for each child.
This proposal hence provides an opportunity for secondary prevention for a significant percentage of children in Lagos State as well a veritable source of Data for oral Health status in Lagos State.
An evidence-based approach and access to quality data at the Ministry of health, school, and clinic level will be done to ensure quality planning, monitoring, and evaluation. Evaluations will be conducted annually to assess the level of satisfaction with this program. It will assess coverage of services, the impact of the service on the health of students and on access to education, retention, and achievement of learners, quality of services, and the sustainability of the program. This will include input evaluation of resources put into project—examination and evaluation of the quality of oral health services provided, financial commitment, staff, the distribution of resources, technical expertise; Process evaluation of what is done to effect desired changes such as training, building, giving information, and Output evaluation of the screening activities resulting from process/activities including the number of dental diseases that were promptly identified and treated. Impact evaluation will also be done to determine the effect of the program on oral health indices. The level of data collection compliance by the personnel in the school and the dental clinics, the number of dental diseases identified, number of treatments done, the satisfaction of parents and children with the services, and the cost-benefit analysis of the services will be determined using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The results of these analyses will be utilized to justify further government commitment of resources to this program.
-Oral health is an integral part of the overall health and well-being of children. The success of this school-based dental screening programs requires the cooperation and trust of the school management and staff.
-Principals, Teachers, school nurses, and other school staff working with these children and their families can provide help to encourage families to participate and this appears to be an effective way to reach children who will not otherwise receive dental treatment anywhere else.
-This programs can help to decrease or eliminate barriers to access. It can also increase the number of children who will receive both preventive and curative oral care and thus improve their knowledge of oral health.
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Oyapero A
Bakare TI
Goncalves TF
oral health policy
school health program
Introduction/Pur...


On this week's episode of The Bachelorette, the gang (now almost too small to be called a gang) finished off the Overnight Dates in Ireland and headed back to America for family time. In the midst of all the tension, Kaitlyn Bristowe managed to narrow it down to two guys and get to know their families.
Shawn thinks Nick is manipulative and arrogant and Nick felt he could probably say the same thing about Shawn (in fact, he did). At least they can agree on one thing -- they're VERY different guys. In case you needed more confirmation of their hatred for each other, more arguments (and some brutally awkward silences) happened as the week continued. More on that below.
He was bummed, but Ben H was by far the least dramatic of the group, and we think he'll be just fine upon his return home.
Shawn's family had some things to ask as well, and his dad was a little dubious of the whole situation. But in the end, both families seemed to like Kaitlyn as much as they can like a girl who's been passionately dating their beloved family member while she's also been dating a bunch of other guys.


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Universal City, Calif. -- July 6, 2006 -- The glittering lights of Sin City will once again illuminate America's living rooms as Las Vegas: Season Three comes to DVD on September 12, 2006 from Universal Studios Home Entertainment. Full of hard-hitting action, fresh young talent, chart-topping music artists and footage too hot for broadcast television, the five-disc set follows the sizzling storylines of the Montecito Resort and Casino's crack security team. Josh Duhamel (Win a Date with Tad Hamilton) and Oscar� nominee James Caan (The Godfather) star as surveillance experts tracking high rollers and lowlife losers in one of the most glamorous destinations on the Vegas Strip. Vanessa Marcil ("Beverly Hills 90210"), Molly Sims (Starsky and Hutch), James Lesure (The Ring Two) and Nikki Cox (Nutty Professor II) headline the hottest cast on television, with A-list guest stars including Lara Flynn Boyle, Dean Cain, Ron Jeremy, Cheryl Ladd, Rachel Leigh Cook and Dennis Rodman. Presented in Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound, all 23 episodes of Las Vegas: Season Three will bring fans instantly up to date on the team's Season Three exploits just before the premiere of Season Four on NBC. The five-disc set is priced at $59.98 SRP. Preorder close is August 8, 2006.
FIVE-DVD SET UPS THE ANTE WITH EXCLUSIVE BONUS FEATURES
Las Vegas: Season Three's sizzling bonus features include:
� In with the New - Witness the changing face of the legendary Vegas Strip firsthand with this special feature exclusive to the Las Vegas: Season Three DVD. This absorbing featurette documents with time-lapse photography the building of the brand new, state-of-the-art, Montecito Resort and Casino.
� Hilarious Gag Reel stuffed with Season Three gags and bloopers from Las Vegas' vaults!
Ex-CIA operative Ed Deline (James Cann) and former Marine Danny McCoy (Josh Duhamel) lead the surveillance team at the posh Montecito Resort & Casino in Las Vegas. The pair chase down cheaters, ferret out frauds and keep tabs on high rolling "whales" in the glitziest city on earth, all to a fast-paced soundtrack from some of today's hottest musical artists. James Lesure, Vanessa Marcil, Molly Sims and Nikki Cox round out the security team of the hottest, most exciting hotel in the city.
For more information please visit: www.LasVegasOnDVD.com
Street Date: September 12, 2006
Pre-Order Close: August 8, 2006
Copyright: 2006 Universal Studios. All Rights Reserved.
Price: $59.98 SRP
Selection Number: 30933
Running Time: 16 Hours, 16 Minutes
Layers: DVD-9
Aspect Ratio: Anamorphic Widescreen 1.78:1
Technical Info: Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround; English SDH, Spanish Subtitles
For artwork or screeners, please log on to our Web site at www.ushepublicity.com or fax your request to Universal Studios Home Entertainment Publicity at (818) 866-0226.
Universal Studios Home Entertainment is a unit of Universal Pictures, a division of Universal Studios (www.universalstudios.com). Universal Studios is a part of NBC Universal, one of the world's leading media and entertainment companies in the development, production, and marketing of entertainment, news, and information to a global audience. Formed in May 2004 through the combining of NBC and Vivendi, NBC Universal owns and operates a valuable portfolio of news and entertainment networks, a premier motion picture company, significant television production operations, a leading television stations group, and world-renowned theme parks. NBC Universal is 80%-owned by General Electric, with 20% owned by Vivendi.
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Home › About us › News and media › Faulty machinery leads to worker's death
Faulty machinery leads to worker's death
WorkSafe is urging all employers to make sure machinery their workers are using is made safe and cannot injure a worker.
This comes after the Homegrown Juice Co Limited was sentenced and fined $367,500 in Hastings District Court today after a worker was fatally injured in June 2017. The worker was cleaning a bottle filling machine when her arm was drawn into the rotating equipment. It continued to rotate and the worker died at the scene.
A WorkSafe investigation found the machine was not interlocked. An interlock would have prevented it from starting while guarding was open.
The WorkSafe investigation found the machine had been imported from China and had not been assessed by a New Zealand engineer. The machine was not certified or compliant with New Zealand standards.
WorkSafe Chief Inspector Hayden Mander said interlocks are a vital protection for workers.
"They are the 'fail safe' for machinery which has entanglement potential and installing one in this case could have prevented a tragic death.
"If a risk is identified in a business' operations, failing to properly manage that risk is simply unacceptable. It's unlawful, and just as importantly, failing to manage known risks exposes workers to injury or death.
"Health and safety of workers, not production, should be a company's first priority.
"Every business that uses machinery should consider the tragic outcome of Homegrown's failings and commit to making sure their workers will be able to go home to their families and friends healthy and safe at the end of every working day."
A fine of $367,500 was imposed.
The Homegrown Juice Co Limited was charged under sections 36(1)(a), 48(1) and (2)(c) of the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015.
Being a PCBU having a duty to ensure so far as reasonably practicable the health and safety of workers who work for the PCBU, did fail to comply with that duty, and that failure exposed the workers to a risk of death or serious injury.
S 48 (2)(c) carries a maximum penalty of $1,500,000.
Last updated 14 August 2019 at 14:01


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The global vacuum interrupters market is estimated to value US$ 1.6 Bn in 2017 and is projected to register a CAGR of 6.2% in terms of value during the forecast period 2017–2026. The report offers in-depth insights, revenue details, and other vital information regarding the global vacuum interrupters market, and the various trends, drivers, restraints, opportunities, and threats in the target market till 2026. The report includes PEST analysis, Porter's Five Forces analysis, and opportunity map analysis for in-depth understanding of the market. The report offers insightful and detailed information regarding the various key players operating in the global vacuum interrupters market, their financials, technological innovations, key developments, apart from future strategies, SWOT analysis, acquisitions & mergers, and market footprint. The global vacuum interrupters market is segmented on the basis of application, end-use industry, and region.
Increasing demand for vacuum interrupters from end-use industries such as utilities, transportation, mining etc. especially in developing countries is major factor expected to drive growth of the global market over the forecast period. In addition, rising adoption of smart grid technology across the globe, in which vacuum interrupters are considered as an essential component used in switch disconnectors and reclosers in established smart grids is another factor expected to fuel growth of the target market.
However, high equipment cost and lack of awareness regarding the usage and working of vacuum interrupter are major factors expected to restrain growth of the global vacuum interrupters market over the forecast period.
The current trend in the target market is integration of renewable energy sources into power grids. This factor is expected to drive growth of the global market to a significant extent over the forecast period.
Among all application segments, the circuit breakers application segment in the global vacuum interrupters market is expected to register a CAGR of over 6% over the forecast period, owing to factors such as longer life span, lower gas emissions, and lower maintenance cost, which are expected to drive revenue growth of the circuit breakers application segment.
The contactor application segment in the global vacuum interrupters market is estimated to account for revenue share of over 31% in 2017, owing to increasing power consumption and expanding power distribution networks across the globe are major factors expected to drive growth of the combiner application segment.
Load break switches application segment in the global vacuum interrupters market is estimated to account for revenue share of over 17%, owing to increasing government initiatives to promote renewable energy generation and to undertake renovation of old electrical infrastructure are expected to drive this segment over the forecast period.
Among all the end-use industry segments, the utilities segment is projected to register highest CAGR of over 6%, owing to increasing installation of power infrastructure across the globe.
North America market accounted for major revenue share of over 25% in the global vacuum interrupters market in terms of revenue, and is expected to continue its dominance over the forecast period, owing to stringent government regulations prohibiting release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and increasing demand for vacuum interrupters in various end-use industries in countries in the region. The market in China is expected to register highest CAGR of over 6% in the global market in terms of revenue and is expected to continue its growth over the forecast period in the global vacuum interrupters market, owing to stringent government initiatives for expansion and modernization of electric transmission grids and distribution infrastructure coupled with increasing focus on renewable energy sources. Moreover, rapid industrialization coupled with growing energy demand from both the commercial and private sectors, are major factors expected to boost adoption of vacuum interrupters and in turn fuel growth of the China market over the forecast period. The market in Europe accounted for significant market share in terms of revenue over the forecast period in the global vacuum interrupters market, owing to increasing demand for energy, coupled with increasing focus on power generation using renewable energy resources, and initiatives by governments to modernize electrical grids and transmission networks in various countries in the region.
The market in Southeast Asia accounted for revenue share of over 8.0% in the global vacuum interrupters market in 2016, and was valued at over US$ 140 Mn. It is projected to reach nearly US$ 255 Mn in 2026, at a CAGR of over 5% between 2016 & 2026. Increasing number of domestic manufacturers and distributors of vacuum interrupters, coupled with prominent international players expanding their presence in countries in the region, are major factors driving growth of the Southeast Asia vacuum interrupters market.
In addition, increasing number of government initiatives for development of power transmission and distribution networks, coupled with increasing number of subsidies and tax cuts offered by governments in countries in the region for renewable energy projects, are other factors expected to drive demand for vacuum interrupters. This is further anticipated to boost growth of the Southeast Asia market over the forecast period.
Moreover, increasing focus on expansion of electric grids by governments in countries in the region, especially in Indonesia and Singapore for providing access to electricity in rural areas, is another factor expected to fuel growth of the Southeast Asia vacuum interrupters market.
I read this article and found it very interesting, thought it might be something for you. The article is called Vacuum Interrupters Market and is located at https://marketresearch.biz/report/vacuum-interrupters-market/.


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Democrats decline White House meeting on shutdown: 'It's kind of a mess'
The White House sent invitations to a bipartisan group of lawmakers for a meeting Tuesday afternoon aimed at finding a solution to ending the government shutdown — now in its 25th day as the longest in US history — but no Democrats are expected to attend.
White House press secretary Sarah Sanders confirmed no Democrats were attending, listing instead nine Republican members of the House who will.
"Today, the President offered both Democrats and Republicans the chance to meet for lunch at the White House," Sanders said in a statement. "Unfortunately, no Democrats will attend. The President looks forward to having a working lunch with House Republicans to solve the border crisis and reopen the government. It's time for the Democrats to come to the table and make a deal."
As negotiations have come to a complete halt, President Donald Trump and his allies are interested in putting pressure on congressional Democrats to budge on their refusal to give Trump additional money for his campaign promise of a border wall. But the White House's attempt to put daylight between rank-and-file moderate members of the Democratic caucus and its leadership did not appear, at least by Tuesday's meeting, to have paid off.
Several House Democrats who had been invited to the White House told CNN in advance of the meeting they had been given little to no information about what the meeting would entail and have either rejected the invite or wouldn't confirm whether they would attend. The invitations did not all go out at once, but over the course of Monday night, and consisted of a three-line email asking only if the member would "attend lunch at the White House tomorrow, January 15 at 12:30 PM," according to a copy read to CNN. The email was sent on behalf of the President.
"It's kind of a mess," one Democratic member who had received an invitation told CNN when asked their impression of how the meeting had been put together.
Democratic Reps. Stephanie Murphy of Florida and Lou Correa of California, two co-chairs of the moderate Blue Dog Coalition, both declined the invitations, according to sources.
For their part, House Democratic leaders said they haven't worked to stop their members from going to the White House but were making the point that they should have been made aware of what the actual intent of the meeting was from Trump's perspective.
"Is he inviting people to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue to really try to resolve this problem or to create a photo op to project a false sense of bipartisanship?" Rep. Hakeem Jeffries of New York, the Democratic caucus chairman, told reporters earlier Tuesday.
As to whether there are splits in the Democratic caucus the President can take advantage of, House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer said the party is in lockstep.
"Is anybody surprised that the President is trying to get votes wherever he can get votes?" Hoyer asked. "And is anybody surprised that (for) a new member of Congress -- if the President of the United States asks you to come down and talk to him, that you don't do that? We are totally united. Totally."
White House strategic communications director Mercedes Schlapp told reporters on the North Lawn Tuesday that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi was part of the issue and cited the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus as one group of lawmakers worth targeting.
"We want to work with rank-and-file Democrats," Schlapp said. "Obviously, what we're seeing right now is that Speaker Pelosi has refused to provide a counteroffer. ... So, we're going to talk to those individuals, to those Democrats, see if we can make some inroads. The President also will be bringing over the Problem Solvers Caucus so that's another opportunity to talk to congressional members. We want to be able to come to a solution and negotiate."


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Corneal cross-linking (CR3)James Ball2019-11-18T16:46:50+00:00
SLOW AND STOP THE PROGRESSION OF KERATOCONUS
What is corneal cross-linking (CR3)?
Cross-linking is a proven, non-invasive treatment for keratoconus, which is a severe form of astigmatism.
Corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin is a new treatment that increases the stiffness and rigidity of the cornea and stabilises keratoconus. Patients who previously had progressive keratoconus have now been treated with CCR (3). They have been followed for over five years with 95% showing no progression of their condition.
Dentists have used collagen cross-linking for many years. Prof. Theo Seiler and Prof. Eberhard Spoerl at the University of Dresden first developed cross-linking as a treatment for the cornea in 1993. The first patients were treated in 1998. Today, eye surgeons perform corneal cross-linking in more than 500 centres around the world. In many centres, it is the standard treatment for keratoconus, which reduces the need for a corneal transplant.
Who is suitable for corneal cross-linking (CR3)?
Cross-Linking is a relatively new treatment and its place in the treatment of keratoconus is still being defined. This will become more apparent as more people are treated around the world, and the results of these treatments are published. To date, the published literature suggests that cross-linking is most suitable for patients with progressive keratoconus. That means patients whose glasses or contact lens prescription is changing quite frequently, or whose vision is becoming worse despite using contact lenses, or whose corneal topography maps show a clear progression of keratoconus.
How do we treat keratoconus?
How does corneal cross-linking (CR3) work?
The strength and rigidity of the cornea are partly determined by how strongly the fibres are linked together.Cross-linking uses riboflavin and ultraviolet light to chemically bond the front layers of collagen in the cornea together. This makes the cornea 300% stiffer and stops the progression of keratoconus.
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a naturally occurring compound which strongly absorbs UV light. By applying riboflavin to the cornea at the same time as exposing it to a UV light source, the riboflavin enhances the cross-linking effect of the UV light.
Hundreds of ophthalmologists perform cross-linking on tens of thousands of keratoconic patients internationally since 1998.
The cross-linking treatment is carried out with topical anaesthesia (eye drops), which numb the surface of the eye. The patient feels no discomfort during the procedure.
The surface epithelial cell layer is removed from the central part of the cornea, and the riboflavin drops applied.
Once the riboflavin has penetrated into the cornea, the UV light is focussed onto the central area of the cornea for 10 minutes.
Finally, a bandage soft contact lens is applied. The contact lens is worn for up to 2 weeks until the surface epithelial cell layer has re-grown. During the first few days, the eye will be sore and watery.
We advise resting with both eyes shut for as much of the time as possible during the first 48 hrs after the operation. This will significantly improve your comfort in the initial period.
Eye drops will be given that are preventive against infection and inflammation. The use of the eye drops will be discussed with you before you leave the clinic.
You can return to work after one week, resume sports activities after approximately two weeks, and swimming and sauna after approximately three weeks.
You may drive a vehicle again only with the doctor's permission, usually after the first week.
After the corneal cross-linking operation
In the first period (1-3 months) after cross-linking, you are much more sensitive to light (glare), and the vision is worse for a short time. Only once the cornea has become stable should you consider glasses or contact lenses for definitive correction of any residual spectacle error. Some people choose to seek temporary glasses or contact lenses during the recovery period. In general, a hard contact lens can be worn again after 1- 2 months.
Advantages and disadvantages of corneal cross-linking (CR3)
Benefits of Cross-Linking
Cross-linking is effective in stabilising the progression of keratoconus in the majority of patients. Studies have shown that for about 95% of Keratoconus patients the cross-linking procedure prevents further vision loss.
In a minority of patients, the treatment gives an additional small measure of benefit in reducing the corneal steepness and irregularity. This, in turn, means some reduction in the short-sightedness and astigmatism associated with keratoconus.
Risks of Cross-Linking
Potential complications of cross-linking are rare. They include corneal haze, corneal infection, corneal inflammation, corneal scarring, and the need for repeat surgery.
Options and alternatives to corneal cross-linking (CR3)
Ophthalmic surgeons can combine cross-linking with intracorneal or intrastromal rings to flatten the keratoconus cone even more. The rings stabilise keratoconus which prevents it from getting worse. The intracorneal or intrastromal rings also reverse the keratoconus steepening that has occurred before the treatment.
Further information about corneal cross-linking (CR3)


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This Award is meant for All scouts, Venturer scouts.
The William T. Hornaday Award recognizes Scouts and Scouters for their service to conservation and ecology efforts in their communities. There are seven different Hornaday awards with varying requirements. The youth individual awards are based on earning certain merit badges and completing one or more significant conservation projects.
The Silver Medal award is the highest possible attainment in conservation for a Boy Scout
The Gold Medal is the highest possible attainment in conservation for a Scouter. The gold medal may be considered when a qualified Scouter is recommended by his or her council, by an established conservation organization, or by any recognized conservationist. The nominee must have demonstrated leadership and a commitment to the education of youth on a national or international level, reflecting the natural resource conservation/environmental awareness mission of the Boy Scouts of America. Nominations must be approved by the BSA's national conservation committee.
A Unit Certificate can be awarded to a pack, troop, or crew of five or more Scouts when at least 60% of then participate in completing a unique, substantial, conservational project, but the square knot is reserved for those earning one of the medals.
These are the merit badges used for the Hornaday awards:
Energy Fishing Nature
Environmental Science Fly-Fishing Nuclear Science
Fish and Wildlife Management Gardening Oceanography
Forestry Geology Plant Science
Public Health Insect Study Pulp and Paper
Soil and Water Conservation Landscape Architecture Reptile and Amphibian Study
Bird Study Mammal Study Weather
The categories for conservation projects are:
Soil and water conservation
Forestry and range management
Air and water pollution control
Resource recovery (recycling)
Hazardous material disposal and management
Hornaday Awards:
Hornaday Badge - Scout earns three of the bold merit badges, plus two others. Complete a project in natural resource conservation, from one of the project categories listed.
Hornaday Bronze Medal - Scout earns the Environmental Science merit badge and at least three other bold merit badges, plus two others. Complete three projects from three separate categories listed.
Hornaday Silver Medal - Scout earns all bold merit badges, plus any three others. Completes four projects, one each from four of the eight project categories listed.
Knot Description: Green/blue/white on green/blue/white knot on tan background with tan border.
Award Requirements: Download application and nomination forms from BSA Hornaday page.
Next Award Main Awards Page
Nov 30, 2012 - Brian Warren
my son is a Tiger Cub and I was wondering if you could tell me what he could do to get the William T Hornday award. Since he is a youth do you know what merit badges he has to complete and a project idea. As a Tiger cub some of these badges he cannot receive but they do have belt loops such as fishing, hiking,and wildlife conservation. Would these count? He did just finish his "Leave No Trace" requirements for the Tiger Cub. Thanks.
Nov 30, 2012 - Scouter Paul
Brian - Individual Cub Scouts are not eligible to earn the Hornaday awards. His Pack could earn a unit certificate. See BSA Hornaday page.
Mar 12, 2013 - Ken Zabel
If you are interested in working on a Hornaday Project - and if you have any questions, please read this booklet that I put together and send me an e-mail. www.ebbids.com/pdf/Hornaday%20Awards%20-%20K%20Zabel.pdf
Mar 12, 2013 - Charles Stokes
Just found out that one of my scouts (SPL) earned the Silver Medal. I'm very proud of him. He earned it while also doing his Eagle project during his senior year. He is now in college doing well. This was a monumental feat. Took about 6 months to find out he got the silver award. I'm curious to see how many others made it in 2012
Mar 12, 2013 - Yukon Jack
@ Charles. As of 2011, the Silver Hornaday Medal (youth only) has been awarded 94 times since 1924. The Gold Medal (adults only) less than 50. The Bronze Medal just over 1100 (youth). Total Hornaday awards number just under 7,000, so the extra thousands are the certificates, the silver (youth) badge, and the gold (adult) badge.
May 06, 2013 - Chuck Douglass
Question for the forum... if a boy pursues and is awarded the Hornaday Badge, does this single project then also "count" toward the three minimum for the Bronze Medal when he applies for the medal at a later date? The official BSA Hornaday Awards pamphlet alludes to, but does not explicitly state, this case. And, the submission form for the medal does ask whether the candidate has earned the Badge. Anyone?
May 06, 2013 - Yukon Jack
@ Chuck. Yes. The badge->bronze medal->silver medal should be cumulative, not three separate awards. After all, you can't earn the merit badges twice, can you? Bottom line, if a scout earns the silver medal, he should also have already earned the bronze and badge in past years. Of course, some just wait to send in all three (or two) applications at once. Just don't do what I did and send in your applications after the 18th birthday, they'll reject you (even though the scouting.org website says nothing about a paperwork deadline, only a requirements deadline).
Oct 08, 2013 - Gene
Does anyone know if a cub scout pack has ever earned the Hornaday Unit Award? What kind of service project could one realistically plan for kids 7-11 years old?
Oct 08, 2013 - Scouter Paul
@Gene - Yes, I expect many have earned it. Pack 81 in Loveland, CO; Pack 303 in Minnetonka, MN; Pack 307 in Alamosa, CO Pack 307 project is at: rmcbsa.org/HighMountain/News/2013FirstWilliamTHornadayUnitAward Other prjoect ideas: collecting prairie grass seeds, building bluebird houses, removing invasive species, see longspeakbsa.org/conservation/projects/ProjectIdeas.html
Nov 03, 2013 - Ken Zabel
@Yukon Jack & Chuck Douglass CORRECTION: The first project CAN be used for the Hornaday badge and one of the medals. However, if you apply for a Hornaday Bronze Medal (3 projects) you CANNOT use the same projects towards the Silver Medal (4 projects). I tell scouts after they complete the third project to decide if they want to complete #4 - or apply for the Bronze Medal. ALL projects are also eligible to earn Hornaday Unit Awards (if 60% of the scouts work on the project).
Nov 04, 2013 - Yukon Jack
Interesting, that is definately something I'd never heard. Can you please provide a link or scout manual or something that details that nuance, because for the life of me it's not on any of the application forms nor scouting.org. Then again, it wouldn't be the first time National had some minute rule that is not clear (or even written down anywhere for scouters to find) that they throw at you without any means to overcome. (Yes, I speak from experience getting awards denied at National and told that any appeal would be denied due to Rule X that I can find nowhere but in their email.)
Nov 04, 2013 - Ed Kelly
RE; Badge project & Medal awards. Thanks Ken...I posted last week the same info plus awards dat for past 5 years but it has been removed?? Anyway, you are correct..It states in the actual youth medal application..."You may also use one project for which you have already earned the William T. Hornaday badge." It should be noted that a scout may complete a total of 4 projects and apply for the silver award but it is possible that he may only be awarded the bronze based upon national's assessment of the project, its learning opportunities and scope. It has happened and there is a post out there in a news article.
Five year award data from BSA National (Susan Fitzhugh) 2008	2009	2010	2011	2012 Badge	71	100	111	122	116 Bronze 7	4	1	5	4 Silver	6	3	9	5	4
Mar 21, 2014 - Lowell
Was wondering if the unit award can be earned at the same time as the badge award?
Apr 26, 2014 - Marc
Because the Hornaday awards require the completion of merit badges, how do the young women in our Venture Crew earn this award if they do not earn merit badges?
Apr 28, 2014 - Yukon Jack
@ Marc. The Hornaday youth badge and medals have different requirements for Venturers and Boy Scouts. Girls in a crew are 100% able to complete the Venturing requirements. A boy who is both in Venturing and Boy Scouts must pick which requirements he wants to do...cannot pick and choose. A boy who is only registered as a Venturer, but is still earning merit badges for Eagle is technically not a boy scout, and should use the Venturing requirements, not the boy scout (i.e. merit badge based) requirements.
Jun 16, 2014 - DL Wayne
Our Pack built wood duck houses and installed them this spring on DNR managed land, the local Parks staff made certain areas available to us but it wasn't really a joint project. Could this still qualify for Hornaday?
Jun 20, 2014 - Scouter Paul
@Wayne - The BSA Hornaday page linked above has details and application forms. If you feel your project meets the stated requirements, then you can complete the unit award form and submit it to your council. The council will accept it or not, and then pass it on to the national office. The application requires the contact information of the conservation advisor that was involved. Typically, planning a project for the award makes more sense than applying for the award as an afterthought after doing the work.
Jul 04, 2014 - Ken Zabel
@ Wayne - for a cub scout level project, building and installing duck houses definitely will qualify the pack for a Hornaday Unit Award - IF 60% of your pack participated. If not the pack, perhaps a den? I would be glad to be your Hornaday Advisor and help you with the application. Send me a message - HornadayAdvisor@gmail.com
Dec 20, 2014 - Jules Hannah
My son just earned the Hornaday Silver Medal. I have been trying to find out the actual amount of silver medals earned but it seems no one can tell me. Yukon Jack stated a number of 94 as of 2011. Where can I verify that information?
Jan 18, 2015 - Ken Zabel
114 Silver Hornaday Medals between 1975 (year begun) and 7/15/2013 (from BSA National) Number of Hornaday Awards (year introduced) presented nationally as of July 15, 2013: Hornaday Badge (1914): 2,177 Hornaday Medal (1914-1974): 897 Hornaday Bronze Medal (1975): 127 Hornaday Silver Medal (1975): 114 Hornaday Unit Award (1940): 726 Hornaday Gold Badge (2000): 357 Hornaday Gold Medal (1975): 39 Hornaday Gold Certificate (1990): 15
Feb 05, 2015 - Ed Kelly
Feb 23, 2015 - Ricky Luckett
Couple of Questions: Can a Troop work together to earn the Hornaday Badge (per however many Scouts work on the project), provided the Scouts still earn their individual, respective merit badges? Or is this an individual project per individual - like an Eagle Scout project? When a Hornaday Badge is awarded, where on their uniform is it worn?
Feb 23, 2015 - Scouter Paul
@Ricky - The projects are similar in scope to Eagle Scout Service Projects. Each project needs to be counted by one, single scout - a single project can't be counted by multiple scouts. The Hornaday Badge is worn in the same location as square knots - above the left pocket.
Jul 27, 2015 - DMP Scouter
I would like to offer the Hornaday Certificate award for our pack of cub scouts. Trying to get ideas for our conservation projects. I was thinking of maybe having the pack build bat houses. Does the Hornaday award have the same requirement as a eagle scout project as where it can not be done on a BSA property?
reading the comments above it mentioned a den could possibly earn the Hornaday certificate award? Is that correct or is it only done at the pack level?
Jul 28, 2015 - Scouter Paul
@DMP - Building, and installing, bat houses sounds like it would be a great project for a Pack, as long as it is addressing some environmental need and has been approved by your Hornaday advisor first. There is an application form in the BSA literature (linked to above) that is completed and sent in.
The project can be done on BSA property.
According to the BSA literature, a den would not be able to earn a Hornaday certificate. It needs to be 60% of the Pack participating.
Aug 26, 2015 - Ken Zabel
If any scout or "unit" would like a Hornaday Advisor - please feel free to ask me. HornadayAdvisor@gmail.com
@DMP: Clarification from BSA National on a "unit" - a den or patrol is not a BSA unit. It is only available to a unit, a Pack or a Troop.
BSA has released (2016) an online free workbook to provide more structure to Hornaday applicant project write-up's. It can be found at www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/Hornaday_Award_Conservation_Project_Workbook.pdf. It is aligned with Eagle Workbook. It is not required, but recommended. For those candidates with projects already in the pipeline or near submission, make sure your project write-ups contain important info noted in the workbook.
Aug 25, 2016 - Paula A Mazurkiewicz
My son is a First-Class Boy Scout. He completed a conservation project for a local state park. He built brush shelters and participated in Cornell University's feeder watch. Would he qualify for this award? Thanks, Paula
Aug 26, 2016 - Scouter Paul
@Paula - The scout needs to "plan, lead, and carry out a significant project", not just participate in a project as a member of a group. If he's interested in earning this award, he should talk to his scoutmaster about finding a Hornaday Advisor and start discussing what project to do.
Apr 26, 2018 - Wayne
Who received the first Silver Hornaday Medal? I have this strange feeling that I was the first as I received it in August 1975. Because it was established in 1975, my guess is that I have to be the first or one of the first to receive it. I am trying to verify that fact. When it was presented, no one knew why the medal was silver. Everyone presumed that National had just changed the design from bronze to silver. It was not until years later that I learned how special the award is. In fact, unlike today, there was no certificate given. Just the medal with my name engraved on the back.


text:
Esclerosi (medicina), enduriment malaltís dels teixits o òrgans a causa de la hiperplàsia del teixit conjuntiu que entra en la seva estructura
 Esclerosi múltiple
 Esclerosi lateral amiotròfica, malaltia neurològica
 Ateroesclerosi, enduriment de les artèries
 Otosclerosi, malaltia genètica que afecta l'oïda
 Esclerodèrmia
 Esclerosi tuberosa
 En zoologia, un procés que endurix l'exoesquelet animal afegint proteïnes com la resilina i de vegades sals minerals com el carbonat de calci.
 En botànica i fitopatologia, procés que endureix el teixit vegetal afegint fibres i esclereides resultant en l'esclerènquima. Pot ser un procés fitopatològic
 Euroesclerosi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jonathan was in charge of the enclave while Eli and Sarel were on their honeymoon in Paris. After being stabbed with a silver knife he had to have Lori heal him. As a werewolf he was usually very capable of healing most wounds very quickly but silver was poison, and this one had been cursed. This was also the third time he had been targeted, the first time wolfsbane had been put into the water, the second time a witch had enter his dreams and cast a spell to hold him in sleep while another tried to cast a death spell on him. But his biggest worry was having Lori around him. He was more than in love with her but knew she needed to be kept safe, she was so young.
Lori wanted Jonathan more than anything. Trying to keep him safe was a full time worry. She was a powerful witch even though she was young and her gift was healing. Now in order to break the spell she had to bind him to her. She knew he did not want that but she had no choice if she was to break the curse. Life would now be even harder because she would always be able to sense him and if he ever chose a mate her heart would break even more.
A wonderful story of love being strong but magic even stronger. Good magic that is bound by love that is. The evil magic from the ancient power was not greater than love, as it should be. A griping story of the struggle to overcome evil. Also a story of friendship. Could not put it down.


text:
Q: Interpretation glmer output and CI with interaction for non-reference level I could use some help interpreting a glmer output? I am unsure how to get the odds of a non-reference level since there is an interaction. I have observations of whether two female sharks (one young and one old) are resting or not (1s and 0s), and want to know whether the presence of a male changes their resting behavior. I included several variables subsequently, checking with AIC whether the fit improved. The variables:

*

*rusten: the response variable, 1s and 0s whether the sharks were resting or not; scored every five minutes during several days across time

*individu: factor with two levels---young female (jv) and old female (ov)

*locatie_jm: the location of the male (jm)---Oceaan (where the females are, so 1) or Kleine Oceaan (where the females are not, so 0, the reference)

*voederdag: whether the sharks were fed (voederdag) or not (vastdag, reference)---feeding occurred on Monday, Wednesday and Friday

*tijd_13: morning (before 13:00) or afternoon (after 13:00)---I checked different hour splits and this got the best fit (lowest AIC)

Output jv as reference (default)
Summary main model
model_rusten_6_13 <- lme4::glmer(rusten ~ locatie_jm * individu + voederdag + (1|datum) + tijd_13,
                                 data = scans_rusten_zonder_verplaatst, family = binomial)

summary(model_rusten_6_13)

# Generalized linear mixed model fit by maximum likelihood (Laplace Approximation) ['glmerMod']
# Family: binomial  ( logit )
# Formula: rusten ~ locatie_jm * individu + voederdag + (1 | datum) + tijd_13
# Data: scans_rusten_zonder_verplaatst
#
# AIC      BIC   logLik deviance df.resid
# 923.7    959.0   -454.9    909.7     1132
#
# Scaled residuals:
#   Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max
# -10.9737  -0.3573  -0.1892   0.3858  20.5250
#
# Random effects:
#   Groups Name        Variance Std.Dev.
# datum  (Intercept) 2.609    1.615
# Number of obs: 1139, groups:  datum, 34
#
# Fixed effects:
#                               Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
# (Intercept)                  -4.8011     0.5811  -8.262  < 2e-16 ***
# locatie_jmOceaan              1.3194     0.6665   1.980   0.0477 *
# individuov                    3.0289     0.3114   9.725  < 2e-16 ***
# voederdagvoederdag            1.7316     0.6570   2.636   0.0084 **
# tijd_13middag                 3.3027     0.2360  13.992  < 2e-16 ***
# locatie_jmOceaan:individuov  -1.7689     0.3835  -4.613 3.97e-06 ***
# ---
# Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#
# Correlation of Fixed Effects:
#   (Intr) lct_jO indvdv vdrdgv tjd_13
# locat_jmOcn -0.661
# individuov  -0.466  0.301
# vodrdgvdrdg -0.363 -0.068  0.041
# tijd_13mddg -0.329  0.025  0.389  0.120
# lct_jmOcn:n  0.314 -0.371 -0.754  0.007 -0.182

Confidence Intervals
cc <- exp(confint(model_rusten_6_13,parm="beta_"))
cbind(est=exp(lme4::fixef(model_rusten_6_13)),cc)

#                               est        2.5 %      97.5 %
# (Intercept)                  0.008220788  0.002262453  0.02478207
# locatie_jmOceaan             3.741049456  0.997920767 15.50578399
# individuov                  20.674713236 11.423008423 38.98574776
# voederdagvoederdag           5.649618416  1.496438539 22.88038355
# tijd_13middag               27.186527366 17.342727724 44.05745016
# locatie_jmOceaan:individuov  0.170524558  0.079310269  0.35936984

Interpretation

*

*The reference is young female while the male is absent, on not-feeding days in the morning. So the intercept of -4.8 tells me the odds of finding the young female resting are exp(-4.8) = 0.008

*

*When the male is present (locatie_jmOceaan = 1), the odds of finding her resting are exp(1.32) = 3.74 times higher

*In the afternoon (tijd_13 = middag), the odds of finding her resting are exp(3.30) = 27.19 times higher

*On feeding days (voederdag = voederdag), the odds of finding her resting are exp(1.73) = 5.65 times higher

Output ov as reference
Summary main model
scans_rusten_zonder_verplaatst$individu <- relevel(scans_rusten_zonder_verplaatst$individu, ref = "ov")

model_rusten_6_13_ov <- lme4::glmer(rusten ~ locatie_jm * individu + voederdag + (1|datum) + tijd_13,
                                 data = scans_rusten_zonder_verplaatst, family = binomial)

summary(model_rusten_6_13_ov)

# Generalized linear mixed model fit by maximum likelihood (Laplace Approximation) ['glmerMod']
# Family: binomial  ( logit )
# Formula: rusten ~ locatie_jm * individu + voederdag + (1 | datum) + tijd_13
# Data: scans_rusten_zonder_verplaatst
#
# AIC      BIC   logLik deviance df.resid
# 923.7    959.0   -454.9    909.7     1132
#
# Scaled residuals:
#   Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max
# -10.9734  -0.3573  -0.1892   0.3858  20.5244
#
# Random effects:
#   Groups Name        Variance Std.Dev.
# datum  (Intercept) 2.609    1.615
# Number of obs: 1139, groups:  datum, 34
#
# Fixed effects:
#   Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
# (Intercept)                  -1.7722     0.5159  -3.435 0.000592 ***
#   locatie_jmOceaan             -0.4495     0.6338  -0.709 0.478212
# individujv                   -3.0289     0.3114  -9.725  < 2e-16 ***
#   voederdagvoederdag            1.7315     0.6569   2.636 0.008398 **
#   tijd_13middag                 3.3027     0.2360  13.992  < 2e-16 ***
#   locatie_jmOceaan:individujv   1.7688     0.3835   4.613 3.97e-06 ***
#   ---
#   Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#
# Correlation of Fixed Effects:
#   (Intr) lct_jO indvdj vdrdgv tjd_13
# locat_jmOcn -0.653
# individujv  -0.079  0.139
# vodrdgvdrdg -0.384 -0.067 -0.041
# tijd_13mddg -0.135 -0.084 -0.389  0.120
# lct_jmOcn:n  0.101 -0.215 -0.754 -0.007  0.182

Confidence Intervals
exp(confint(model_rusten_6_13_ov,parm="beta_"))

# Computing profile confidence intervals ...
# Error in zeta(shiftpar, start = opt[seqpar1][-w]) :
#     profiling detected new, lower deviance

According to this post, this is apparently caused by having fits that are better, and can be overruled with lme4::confint.merMod and setting the devtol parameter manually. I tried that, but no matter how large I make it, the model gives the same problems (and too large gives other problems).
Of course, if I could extract what I need from the first model's summary, I don't need this.
lme4::confint.merMod(model_rusten_6_13_ov, parm="beta_", devtol = 1e-3)
# Computing profile confidence intervals ...
# Error in zeta(shiftpar, start = opt[seqpar1][-w]) :
#     profiling detected new, lower deviance

lme4::confint.merMod(model_rusten_6_13_ov, parm="beta_", devtol = 1e-3)
# Computing profile confidence intervals ...
# Error in approxfun(obj1[, 2], obj1[, 1]) :
#   need at least two non-NA values to interpolate
# In addition: There were 50 or more warnings (use warnings() to see the first 50)

Interpretation

*

*The old female is the reference (without the male, on non-feeding days in the morning), so the intercept of -1.77 tells me the odds of finding her resting are exp(-1.77) = 0.17

*for tijd_13 and voederdag, the estimates are similar to the young female, because there are no interactions

*When the male is present (locatie_jmOceaan = 1), the odds of finding the old female resting are exp(-0.45) = 0.64 times higher

Questions

*

*Are my interpretations of the outputs correct?

*how do I get the odds of finding the old female from the first summary? It's tedious to run the model again with another reference (ok with only 2 levels, but not with many)

A: Interpretation of the Intercept includes that it's for the situation when all predictors are at reference levels. My sense is that you recognize this, but other visitors to the site might not. Note that exponentiating the locatie_jmOceaan:individuov interaction coefficient in the first model is the extra odds of the old female resting when the male is present, beyond what you would have predicted from the Intercept, the locatie_jmOceaan coefficient, and the individuov coefficient. To get that, there's no need to re-fit the model with individuov as the reference.
For Wald confidence intervals (which seem pretty close to the profile intervals for the first model, given how wide some intervals are) there's no need to re-fit the model to handle different reference levels of a categorical predictor. All of the information is in the initial model, you just have to extract it properly. You can use the formula for the variance of a sum of correlated variables to estimate the standard error for any linear combination of predictor values, based on the coefficient values and the covariance matrix of the coefficient estimates. To avoid errors in calculation, try the linearHypothesis() function of the car package or the tools in the emmeans package.
Profile-likelihood intervals actually require refitting the model over a range of potential coefficient values, although that might be hidden from you in practice. I don't know why the profile likelihood gave an error with the second model but not with the first.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Now reading: Etching the Trees – Kasia Fabijanska
Etching the Trees – Kasia Fabijanska
Cathedral Ranges, graphite, charcoal & pastel on paper, 2018
'Alpha Waves – The Rockies,' etching & aquatint, 29x89cm
Gariwerd – not the end, detail of drawing
Kasia Fabijańska works predominantly in intaglio printmaking and drawing, focusing on the various things that relate humanity to nature whether they be political, personal or cultural.
Born in Poland (she also lived for a short time in Germany) before arriving in Australia in 1986 with her family, Fabijanska's practice is layered, graceful, an undulating and haunting take on nature and our relationship to it.
Being close to nature (she's now based in regional NSW), whether hiking or snowboarding, has been an integral part of Fabijanska's creative work. She holds a B.A. in Fashion Design (RMIT, 2000) and a Master in Visual Art in Print media from Monash University.
Her evocative, layered aesthetic reminds us of the nostalgia of polaroid prints or even those turn of the century, sepia photographs of forest loggers. We are also reminded of Art Nouveau illustrators and even Jr Tolkein or Romantics such as Roussea, particularly his gravure prints from the mid 1800s. Mostly we love her take on scale, unexpected dimensions and askew subject placement. Like an old song sung in a new timbre, the history encrusted within many of these work feels recorded over, fresh and clear in beat and meaning. Clarity captured even within those blurry edges.
Fabijanska uses a combination of techniques including copper plate etching where she draws directly onto a prepared copper plate which is then taken through the acid-bath process. She then prints from the plate using a heavy printing press. She also works in photogravure, the emerging prints as if captured in night vision, feel elegant and ethereal, other worldly.
'The Elders' (Barmah Forest, Yorta Yorta lands)
In the etching 'The Elders' (Barmah Forest, Yorta Yorta lands) featured in the current issue of Impress Journal, Fabijanska describes '..the old river gums among the younger forest emanate a kind of invisible aura of strength, memory and wisdom. Even the younger trees give the old ones a respectful distance creating a circular space around their elders'. Her reverence and intuitive wonder for trees is evident and we love the way her art making processes literally capture the essence and the truths to be found within nature (if you look hard enough).
Fabijanska also recently contributed works for the Superpowers Project in collaboration with writer Belinda Briggs. Produced by The Print Council of Australia and funded by Creative Victoria, it's a writing and printmaking endeavour that commissions essays and art works in collaboration. In this project, writers and artists interrogate various forms of energy in the context of the global climate emergency.
How will you find the thing, the nature of which is unknown to you?, 2018-2021, etching, 29x154cm
Currently Fabijanska's work, 'How Will You Find the Thing, the Nature of Which is Unknown To You?' has been shortlisted in the Geelong Acquisitive Print Award. The exhibition opened on 28 August at the Geelong Gallery.
Last year, Fabijańska was awarded the joint Baldessin Studio and Australian Galleries Fellowship and in 2015 she was the recipient of the Australian Print Workshop Dowd Foundation Scholarship.
Fabijanska has shown regularly in solo and group exhibitions, most recently: Untitled 2020 (Sydney, 2020), Dark Ink (solo – Melbourne, 2019), Editions 18 and 19 (2018, 2019, Melbourne), 2018 Swan Hill Print and Drawing Awards, the Burnie Print Prize (2017, Tasmania), Gippsland Print Award (2017, Sale, Victoria), Bajka (solo – 2017, Kyneton, Victoria), Between Here and There (2016, Melbourne).
Her work is held in private and public collections including the Gippsland Art Gallery and the Australian Print Workshop.
You can find more of her work here.
@kasiafabijanska
Jennine Primmer
The Alchemy of SWC – The Printed Matter
Bookish – The Art of Paper


LALA & Dugard's Hit Squad performs throughout the Tri-State area. His sound is full and makes you groove to the backbeat. What else would you expect from professionals? If you are a lover of jazz, funk and soul music, look no further.
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