text:
ABCD Vs. Union of India[10/12/19]
ABCD Vs. Union of India
[Petition (Criminal) Appeal No. 191 of 2018]
Uday Umesh Lalit, J.
1.This writ petition has been filed by the petitioner1 above-named seeking following directions:
"I. Writ of Mandamus to the extent that the investigation arising out of FIR No.58/2018 U/S 376,328,506 509 IPC 1860, be transferred from Delhi Police to an independent Central Agency.
II. Writ of Mandamus to State of West Bengal to suspend the accused (Respondent No.7) herein and initiate departmental proceedings against him and direct him not to influence the witness of this crime to ensure free and fair investigation.
III. Order the transfer of the investigation arising out of FIR No.256/2018 dated 03.06.2018 under Section 384, 389, 34 IPC registered at Basirhat PS, West Bengal to a Central Agency and till then stay the investigation.
IV. Direct the Investigating Agency to immediately collect Call Detail Records (CDR) of the mobile numbers and confiscate the two mobile phones of the accused and to retrieve the CCTV footage of Lalit Hotel on 27.01.2018 to 29.01.2018 of the lobby, restaurant and room number 2603 where the accused took the petitioner to commit the offence of rape.
V. Order protection to the petitioner and her family members.
VI. Any other order or directions to secure justice to the petitioner which this court may deem fit and proper."
2. FIR No.58 of 2018 filed by the petitioner with Police Station Barakhambha Road, New Delhi alleged:
That the petitioner and Respondent No.7 herein (an IPS Officer) became friends through exchanges on Facebook and started meeting each other. There were talks of marriage. On 28.01.2018, Respondent No.7 had come to Delhi and was putting up at Hotel Lalit. After having spent the entire day with Respondent No.7, the petitioner went to the room of Respondent No.7 where he offered some chocolates to her. She fell quite dizzy after she had the chocolates. Taking advantage of her situation Respondent No.7 made physical advances and had sexual intercourse with her. Thereafter for some time, there were discussions between the families to carry forward their relationship to the next level of marriage but Respondent No.7 abruptly told the petitioner on 10.02.2018 that there could be no relationship between them. Alleging that Respondent No.7 had taken undue advantage of her situation and had forcible intercourse with her on 28.01.2018 said FIR was filed on 26.05.2018.
3. On or about 03.06.2018, FIR No.256 of 2018 was filed by the mother of Respondent No.7 submitting that the petitioner and her family members had been pressurising the family of Respondent No.7 to pay to them a sum of Rs.15 lakhs failing which they were threatened with filing of cases with allegations of rape and other criminal cases against Respondent No.7. It was alleged that succumbing to the pressure so exerted, a sum of Rs.5 lakhs was paid to the brother of the petitioner on 04.02.2018 and the rest of the amount was to be paid within three months. FIR, thus alleged commission of offences punishable under Sections 384, 389 read with 34 IPC2 .
4. It must be stated that protection under Section 438 of the Code3 was granted to the present petitioner and her family members which protection is still continuing and a petition under Section 482 of the Code3 has also been filed by the petitioner seeking quashing of said FIR No.256 of 2018, on which notice has been issued.
5. It was in the background of these two FIRs that this writ petition came to be filed submitting, inter alia that since the Respondent No.7 belonged to police service, there was apprehension that the investigation by Delhi Police into the FIR lodged by the petitioner may not be proper and fair. The petitioner also adverted to certain facets of the matter, namely, that the investigating agency had delayed the recording of the statement of the petitioner under Section 164 of the Code3 ; that no CCTV footage of Hotel Lalit were attempted to be obtained. In these circumstances it was prayed that the investigation be transferred from Delhi Police to an independent police agency. Further, the FIR lodged by the mother of Respondent No.7 was stated to be a deliberate attempt to rope in the petitioner and her family and it was prayed that the investigation into said FIR may also be entrusted to an independent agency.
6. On 19.06.2018 the investigation into FIR No.58 of 2018 was transferred to Crime Branch of Delhi Police and thereafter sometime in August 2018, the present writ petition came to be filed for the reliefs stated hereinabove.
7. This writ petition was heard from time to time and it may be relevant to note the following developments.
(a) On 23.07.2019 the submissions of the petitioner were recorded that the investigating agency had not recovered CCTV footages from the concerned Hotel and that material available in electronic form with Respondent No.7 was also not retrieved by the investigating agency. The Investigating Officer who was present in Court, submitted that no CCTV footage could be procured as the footages are preserved by the Hotel only for a month and the incident itself was reported more than three months later. It was also stated that a mobile belonging to Respondent No.7 was taken into custody by the Investigating Officer while the other mobile belonging to him did not have any material and as such the same was returned to Respondent No.7. In the circumstances it was directed that the investigators shall take into custody the other mobile of Respondent No.7 and send both the mobiles for forensic analysis. It was also directed that the investigation into the matter be conducted at an early date;
(b) On 11.09.2019 it was informed that after due investigation charge-sheet was filed in the matter. It was stated that second mobile of Respondent No.7 was also taken into custody and attempts were made to extract the Metadata for the opinion of the experts. The submissions of the petitioner and Respondent No.7 were recorded as under:
"It was submitted by Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, learned Senior Advocate that the investigation in connection with recovery of data from these two phones was not proper and there was no co-operation from the accused.
It must be stated that the Charge-sheet does not suggest that because of any lack of cooperation on part of the accused in not providing or supplying the Code Number, the Mobile Phone could not be operated or opened. It must also be stated that Ms. Sonia Mathur, learned Senior Advocate for the accused has very fairly supplied the Code Number (No.220192) and stated that this Code Number applies to both the Mobile Phones, with the help of which said Mobile Phones could normally be opened."
(c) On 21st October, 2019 Crl.M.P. No.162386 of 2019 was filed by the petitioner seeking police protection after having highlighted an incident that had occurred on 18.10.2019. In respect of said incident, the petitioner had filed FIR No.314 with Police Station Kotla Mubarak Pur, District South Delhi, alleging, inter alia:
"I was going back to my home from Defence Colony in front of I phone store opposite red light suddenly one car came from back side and hit me. I was bruised and tried to stop the driver but he run away from there. I was injured so I made call 100 number help and hired an auto from there because I was feeling very unsafe there. I reached at my residence. PCR came and took me to AIIMS Trauma Centre. I immediately made a call to SIT (reference FIR bearing No.0058/18 with PS Barakhamba Road New Delhi dated 26.05.2018) but they didn't take my calls. I made a call to concerned DCP and Whatsapp msg for the same."
The FIR also stated that the petitioner had b apprehension that Respondent No.7 had attacked her. It was further stated that CCTV Footage available be seized.
In the application filed in this Court it was stated:
"Needless to say that the Petitioner's life has been shadowed and her life has been under threat and clandestine scanner by the Accused who being an IPS officer had been adopting all means to make the Petitioner succumb to his deeds. Henceforth the Petitioner submits that her life under the radar of the Accused IPS officer would come to an end, if adequate protection and measures are not granted by this Hon'ble Court."
(d) On 24.10.2019, the order stated that in terms of the directions issued on 11.09.2019 attempts were made to retrieve data from the second mobile of Respondent No.7 as well as from the mobile of the Investigating Officer. The order further recorded:
"According to the learned counsel, the data could be retrieved from the official mobile phone of the accused. However, as regards the personal mobile phone of the accused and the mobile of the investigator, no data could be retrieved as both the mobile phones were damaged. Therefore, the matter was referred to CBI CFSL.
At this stage, Ms. Sonia Mathur, learned Senior Advocate appearing for respondent no.7 submitted that the relevant details including iCloud ID and Password of the mobile belonging to him were extended to the CBI CFSL by respondent no.7.
Consequently, relevant iCloud data has now been retrieved by CBI CFSL from both the mobile phones of respondent no.7 i.e. official mobile phone as well as personal mobile phone. However, no data could be retrieved from the mobile phone belonging to the Investigating Officer as said mobile phone did not have the back-up in the form of any iCloud as it was not an iPhone.
We therefore call upon the concerned Investigating Officer to file an appropriate affidavit stating all these details without disclosing what exactly was the material which was retrieved as a result of the entire exercise.
Mr. Manoj V. George, learned counsel appearing for the writ petitioner then submitted that on 17.10.2019, the petitioner was hit by a vehicle resulting in some injuries for which she was treated at AIIMS Trauma Centre, New Delhi, whereafter an appropriate complaint was also lodged with Police Station Kotla Mubarakpur. FIR No.314 dated 18.10.2019 PS Kotla Mubarakpur, District South, New Delhi and medical papers have been placed on record along with Cr. M.P. No.162386 of 2019.
Ms. Suhasini Sen, learned counsel submitted that considering the nature of allegations and the injuries suffered by the petitioner, the respondents, on their own, have extended police protection to the petitioner in the form of a Security Officer. She also submitted that FIR No.314 is being investigated and appropriate response shall be filed before the next date of hearing."
(e) Thereafter, a Status Report was filed on 26.11.2019 by Investigating Officer, Crime Branch, New Delhi, regarding status of investigation into the crime registered pursuant to the FIR dated 26.05.2018 and it was stated that after retrieving the data from the
mobile phones of Respondent No. 7, supplementary charge-sheet was prepared which would be filed after getting the approval. Another Status Report was filed on the same date by Assistant Commissioner of Police, Sub-Division, Defence Colony, New Delhi that CCTV footages of the concerned place where the petitioner was allegedly struck by a car showed that no such incident had actually occurred. It was asserted:
"13.That the CCTV footages so obtained were analysed. In the available CCTV Footage of about 8.52 p.m. dated 17.10.19, a Thela driven by a child is seen scraped the left leg of the Petitioner/complainant while she was attempting to hire a TSR/Auto at place of occurrence. Complainant is seen looking towards the Thela and then moving away. She made no attempt to stop him. The CCTV footage has not revealed that the complainant was hit by a car which she had tried to stop. On the contrary, she walked away from the place of occurrence. (Still photographs of the CCTV footage are enclosed).
14. Local investigation was done and no witness could be found, who could corroborate the version of the complainant regarding four-wheeler (offending vehicle) as alleged by the complainant/petitioner.
15. That the investigation conducted in this case so far reveals that as per the time frame and place of incident provided by the complainant/petitioner, she was scraped by a "Thela".
16. As per the available CCTV footage complainant was hit by a Thela near Gurudwara Chowk, Kotla Mubarak Pur, New Delhi at about 8.52 p.m. dated 17.10.2019. She made PCR calls from her place of stay i.e. Indira Niketan Working Girls Hostel, Sarojini Nagar, New Delhi at 9.00 p.m. and 9.07 p.m. She was taken to Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi where she was examined at about 9.56 p.m. She was found entering the Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi with PCR staff at about 9.24 p.m. The call was initially sent to Police Station Sarojini Nagar and thereafter to Police Station Defence Colony and finally to Police Station Kotla Mubarak Pur, New Delhi. The details of investigation are mentioned in Para 12 to 15."
(f) Consequently, on the next date i.e. on 27.11.2019 liberty was given to the petitioner and her counsel to watch the CCTV footages and the matter was adjourned.
(g) After having availed the facility of watching the CCTV footages, a response was filed by the petitioner on 03.12.2019 to the status report as under: –
"8. The petitioner submits that the autorickshaw which encircled at 12th minute 36 seconds (12:36) the tricycle which is stated to be driven by a child to knock her down and a car which appears within a few seconds with closed doors raised serious suspicions in the mind of the petitioner who construes this as a chain of events orchestrated by some vested interest. The petitioner who was suffering and was bleeding also realized that any telephone call to Police saying that a tricycle hit her without mentioning about the car which is found suspicious would not put them into action and her claim would be rubbished as a hit by a cycle driven by a child.
9. The petitioner required immediate medical attention and it was only with this intention that she had stated that a car had come from the backside to hit her even though now it is clear that it was a Thela (tricycle fitted with carriage) which had hit her from the back as the car reaches only after 28 second of the hit by the tricycle (Thela).
The chain of events in the staged road accident when an auto rickshaw encircles and dodges her in a jerk and a child rides into the junction only to hit her from the back and a Car/Van appearing in the scene as if in a lookout for the fallen pedestrian invariably apprehension in the mind of the petitioner, regarding a foul play."
(h) A response was also filed by the petitioner to the other status report. Submitting inter alia continuation of Respondent No. 7 in service would affect fair trial.
8. In the aforesaid background and circumstances on record, it was submitted by the learned Additional Solicitor General:-
(i) The investigation into the crime, lodged pursuant to FIR by the petitioner, was conducted fairly under the supervision of a Special Investigation Team headed by ACP Shweta Singh Chauhan. After due investigation, charge-sheet has also been filed; prompt steps were taken by the investigating agency and as such nothing further need be done in the present writ petition.
(ii) The allegations made by the petitioner that a car had struck her and the suggestion that Respondent No.7 was instrumental for such incident were completely unsustainable. It was not a car but a thela mounted on a tricycle which had simply brushed against the petitioner. However, the petitioner deliberately flared it up to show as if it was Respondent No.7 who was behind the incident.
(iii) On her own showing, she was aware that she was not hit by a car but by a thela but she did not state the facts truthfully and correctly as she anticipated that the claim could be rubbished as a minor incident. Moreover, the petitioner used such minor and innocuous incident to make insinuations against Respondent No.7.
9. On the other hand, Mr. Manoj George, learned Advocate for the petitioner submitted that:-
(i) Respondent No.7 belonged to police service and as such there was definite apprehension that the investigation into the crime pursuant to FIR lodged by the petitioner, would not be conducted in fair and transparent manner;
(ii) The crime registered pursuant to the FIR lodged by the mother of Respondent No.7 was an indication of undue influence exerted by Respondent No.7, a police officer;
(iii) Certain audio recording and video recording with the petitioner were not taken note of while conducting investigation;
(iv) Complete data from two mobile phones of Respondent No.7 was not recovered while the mobile phone of the Investigator was completely damaged with the result there could be no retrieval of any data from the mobile phone of the Investigator; and
(v) Soon after the petitioner was hit by a thela she had seen a car in the vicinity and therefore apprehended that it was an attempt on part of someone.
10. The investigation into the crime registered pursuant to FIR No.58 of 2018 lodged by the petitioner was conducted by a Special Investigation Team headed by ACP Ms. Shweta Tiwari Singh and a charge-sheet has been filed. The apprehension that was expressed at some stage that the mobile phones belonging to Respondent No.7 were not being taken in custody, was dealt with by this Court and it was ensured that said mobiles would be in the custody of the investigating agency. The data from those mobiles was also sought to be recovered and it must be stated that Respondent No.7 did extend cooperation in ensuring that the data could be retrieved. However, the assertion on behalf of the petitioner is that complete data has not been retrieved. Both the mobile phones were also sent for forensic analysis. It is suggested by the petitioner that certain pictures may have been taken by Respondent No.7, which data is not presently available. However, what has been extracted from iCloud is fully available with the investigating agency.
The data, in any case, would at best point that at various stages there were exchanges and conversation between the petitioner and Respondent No.7 but what needs to be gone into at the appropriate stage is the basic submission that Respondent No.7 had taken undue advantage of the petitioner on the fateful night. The contention that the mobile phone of the Investigating Officer was damaged may not be material as details of any conversation between the petitioner and the Investigating Officer, may also be proved through the mobile phone of the petitioner herself.
There is thus, nothing substantial which could either show that the investigation was not well directed or had failed to look into a particular direction. In our considered view, nothing further is required to be done. At this stage, it may be stated that if any video or audio recordings are still being retained by the petitioner, they may be handed over to the Special Investigation Team within two days from today. It is left to the Special Investigation Team to consider whether that parts needs to be dealt with in the supplementary charge-sheet which, as indicated above, is contemplated to be filed.
11. As regards the crime registered pursuant to FIR lodged by the mother of Respondent No.7, protection has been afforded to the petitioner and her family members and the application under Section 438 of the Code3 has also been dealt with. An application filed by the petitioner under Section 482 of the Code3 is presently pending with the High Court. It is, thus, clear that the petitioner has been invoking the processes of the court and adequate protection is being afforded to the petitioner and her family members. We, therefore, do not see any reason why the matter presently pending pursuant to the FIR lodged by the mother of Respondent No.7 be transferred and investigation be entrusted to any other agency.
12. In the aforesaid circumstances we do not see any reason why investigation into both the aforesaid FIRs, at this stage, be entrusted to any Central Investigating Agency. All that we can say at this juncture is that the charge-sheet filed in the crime registered pursuant to FIR lodged by the petitioner shall be considered by the concerned court on its own merits and in accordance with law.
13. In the end, we must observe that the matter was considered by this Court only from the standpoint of ensuring that there was fair investigation into the crime registered pursuant to FIR filed by the petitioner and any observation made by us or directions issued by us shall not be considered as Writ Petition (Criminal) Appeal No.191 of 2018 ABCD v. Union of India 17 reflection on merits of the matter or on the quality of investigation. The matter shall be considered on its own merits and in accordance with law.
14. We may now refer to the development which occurred during the pendency of the writ petition. In FIR No. 314, as well as in the application preferred thereafter, insinuation was definitely made that Respondent No.7 was responsible for the incident that occurred on 17.10.2019. It was also submitted that the petitioner was hit by a car and suspicion was expressed in clear terms that Respondent No.7 was behind the episode. As it now turns out, she was not hit by a car but by a thela which prima facie means that the allegations in her sworn statement before this Court were not truthful.
15. Making a false statement on oath is an offence punishable under Section 181 of the IPC2 while furnishing false information with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person is punishable under Section 182 of the IPC2 . These offences by virtue of Section 195(1)(a)(i) of the Code3 can be taken cognizance of by any court only upon a proper complaint in writing as stated in said Section. In respect of matters coming under Section 195(1)(b)(i) of the Code3 , in Pushpadevi M. Writ Petition (Criminal) Appeal No.191 of 2018 ABCD v. Union of India 18 Jatia vs. M.L. Wadhawan etc.4 prosecution was directed to be launched after prima facie satisfaction was recorded by this Court.
16. It has also been laid down by this Court in Chandra Shashi v. Anil Kumar Verma5 that a person who makes an attempt to deceive the court, interferes with the administration of justice and can be held guilty of contempt of court. In that case a husband who had filed a fabricated document to oppose the prayer of his wife seeking transfer of matrimonial proceedings was found guilty of contempt of court and sentenced to two weeks imprisonment. It was observed as under:
"1.The stream of administration of justice has to remain unpolluted so that purity of court's atmosphere may give vitality to all the organs of the State. Polluters of judicial firmament are, therefore, required to be well taken care of to maintain the sublimity of court's environment; so also to enable it to administer justice fairly and to the satisfaction of all concerned.
2. Anyone who takes recourse to fraud, deflects the course of judicial proceedings; or if anything is done with oblique motive, the same interferes with the administration of justice. Such persons are required to be properly dealt with, not only to punish them for the wrong done, but also to deter others from indulging in similar acts which shake the faith of people in the system of administration of justice.
14. The legal position thus is that if the publication be with intent to deceive the court or one made with an intention to defraud, the same would be contempt, as it would interfere with administration of justice. It would, in any case, tend to interfere with the same. This would definitely be so if a fabricated document is filed with the aforesaid mens rea. In the case at hand the fabricated document was apparently to deceive the court; the intention to defraud is writ large. Anil Kumar is, therefore, guilty of contempt."
In K.D. Sharma v. Steel Authority of India Limited and others6 it was observed:
"39. If the primary object as highlighted in Kensington Income Tax Commrs.7 is kept in mind, an applicant who does not come with candid facts and "clean breast" cannot hold a writ of the court with "soiled hands".
Suppression or concealment of material facts is not an advocacy. It is a jugglery, manipulation, manoeuvring or misrepresentation, which has no place in equitable and prerogative jurisdiction. If the applicant does not disclose all the material facts fairly and truly but states them in a distorted manner and misleads the court, the court has inherent power in order to protect itself and to prevent an abuse of its process to discharge the rule nisi and refuse to proceed further with the examination of the case on merits. If the court does not reject the petition on that ground, the court would be failing in its duty. In fact, such an applicant requires to be dealt with for contempt of court for abusing the process of the court."
In Dhananjay Sharma v. State of Haryana and others8 filing of a false affidavit was the basis for initiation of action in contempt jurisdiction and the concerned persons were punished.
17. In the circumstances a notice is required to be issued to the petitioner in suo motu exercise of power of this Court "why action in contempt be not initiated against her and why appropriate direction be not passed under Section 195(1)(a)(i) of the Code"
3 .The Registry is directed to register the matter as suo motu proceedings and send a copy of this Order to the Petitioner, who is directed to appear in-person before this Court on 14.01.2020.
18. With the aforesaid observations this writ petition stands disposed of.
………………………J. [Uday Umesh Lalit]
………………………J. [Indu Malhotra]
New Delhi;
1 In terms of Section 228A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, the Identity of the Petitioner is not being disclosed
2 Indian Penal Code, 1860
3 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
6 (2008) 12 SCC 481
7 (1917) 1 KB 486 : 86 LJKB 257 : 116 LT 136 (CA)
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Raja Vs. State by the Inspector of Police[10/12/19] →


Interest in and debates around health literacy have grown over the last two decades and key to the discussions has been the distinction made between basic functional health literacy, communicative/interactive health literacy and critical health literacy. Of these, critical health literacy is the least well developed and differing interpretations of its constituents and relevance exist. The aim of this study is to rigorously analyse the concept of critical health literacy in order to offer some clarity of definition upon which appropriate theory, well grounded practice and potential measurement tools can be based.
The study uses a theoretical and colloquial evolutionary concept analysis method to systematically identify the features associated with this concept. A unique characteristic of this method is that it practically combines an analysis of the literature with in depth interviews undertaken with practitioners and policy makers who have an interest in the field. The study also analyses how the concept is understood across the contexts of time, place, discipline and use by health professionals, policy makers and academics.
Findings revealed a distinct set of characteristics of advanced personal skills, health knowledge, information skills, effective interaction between service providers and users, informed decision making and empowerment including political action as key features of critical health literacy. The potential consequences of critical health literacy identified are in improving health outcomes, creating more effective use of health services and reducing inequalities in health thus demonstrating the relevance of this concept to public health and health promotion.
While critical health literacy is shown to be a unique concept, there remain significant contextual variations in understanding particularly between academics, practitioners and policy makers. Key attributes presented as part of this concept when it was first introduced in the literature, particularly those around empowerment, social and political action and the existence of the concept at both an individual and population level, have been lost in more recent representations. This has resulted in critical health literacy becoming restricted to a higher order cognitive individual skill rather than a driver for political and social change. The paper argues that in order to retain the uniqueness and usefulness of the concept in practice efforts should be made to avoid this dilution of meaning.
Health Literacy is a term that has attracted increasing attention over the last two decades. As interest in the field of health literacy has grown, definitions have widened. Although health literacy has been argued to be a 'repackaging of a number of other important concepts central to the ideological commitments, and the theory and practice of health promotion' p287], the concept has generated considerable debate and achieved rapid currency in policy making [2, 3]. Much of the debate has centered on delineating the concept: the domains it may include, how it is manifested and measured and whether and how the concept impacts on health outcomes and health inequalities [4–6]. Instrumental to these debates has been the contribution made by Nutbeam  who distinguished between basic functional health literacy, communicative interactive health literacy and critical health literacy. It is this third face of health literacy, that Nutbeam  presents as the cognitive and skills development outcomes which are oriented towards supporting effective social and political action as well as individual action, that this article seeks to explore.
Taken literally, the 'critical' aspect of critical health literacy, can be a higher level cognitive ability as suggested by McLaughlin and DeVoogd . If health literacy is the ability to access, understand, appraise and apply health information , then critical health literacy is potentially a higher order process that could be developed through education to critically appraise information of relevance to health. This is in keeping with much of the emphasis of health literacy research which is on the skills and abilities of individuals and their participation in the creation of health. Critical health literacy is elsewhere  seen as empowerment where being critically health literate might mean acting individually or collectively to improve health through the political system or membership of social movements. Just as health literacy might be seen as 'new wine into old bottles'  p289] of empowerment [1, 11], so critical health literacy, with its focus on community capacity to act on social and economic determinants of health, is redolent of community development. Exploring critical health literacy from this angle and borrowing from Freire , critical health literacy is, like community development, a process in which citizens become aware of issues, participate in critical dialogue, and become involved in decision making for health . Although the 7th Global Conference on Health Promotion  identified improving health literacy as a means for fostering community involvement and empowerment, critical health literacy may be seen as the neglected domain of health literacy, rarely achieving any focus or interventions that claim to be working towards this outcome. There are those that argue that the lack of attention given to the psychological constructs within the definition of critical health literacy results in health literacy acquiring a rather cognitive focus and that health outcomes are more likely to be achieved when the dichotomy between knowledge and psychological constructs are overcome . Critical health literacy may offer the opportunity to achieve this. The lack of attention the concept has been given may be due to a lack of conceptual models and frameworks that explore critical health literacy [7, 15]. Alternatively, it may be the result of difficulties and confusion in grasping what exactly empowerment based skills involve and how the concept can be taken forward . While such confusion exists any potential that this concept may have to offer cannot be realised and tools to measure it accurately cannot be developed. A systematic analysis of the concept of critical health literacy that explores definitions and understandings of the term in both academic literature and as held by practitioners and policy makers may help to reveal whether it is indeed a useful and unique concept.
A search of Medline using the term 'health literacy' showed 4115 articles had been published since 1991. A separate Medline search using the term critical health literacy identified only 39 articles. Much of the literature on health literacy focuses on different typologies that attempt to distinguish different domains or components of health literacy [4, 17, 18]. Chinn's recent  review and critical analysis of critical health literacy identifies three domains that make up the concept; that of critical appraisal of information, understanding social determinants of health and collective action. This is an important contribution in creating clarity of meaning and understanding. However, there is a real need to analyse the concept in a far more systematic and rigorous way.
Concepts are important in describing and explaining phenomena and examples from numerous professional fields show that they underpin and explain practice for example the concepts of faith,  and self-care  yet they may be poorly delineated. As concepts become more widely used in the literature, their use may become expanded and as a result become confused with similar concepts  resulting in difficulties in communicating the phenomena, in evaluating its strengths and weaknesses  as well as to assess its unique nature. The relationship between concepts and theory is discussed widely with theory often being described as being built from 'conceptual bricks' [24, 25]. Part of the literature on health literacy posits that there is a causal pathway whereby low levels of health literacy contribute to ill health  and that health literacy is an outcome that is co-created by patients and health care professionals . Such theories are built on a concept of health literacy and yet it is acknowledged that confusion exists around the concept  therefore providing a poor basis for theory. Critical health literacy, while being seen as part of an emerging 'third generation of health literacy development'p2], also displays elements of confusion and overlap with other concepts. This is then a crucial time to systematically and rigorously analyse the concept itself to enable appropriate theory, well grounded practice and accurate measurement tools to emerge.
Concept analysis is a well established methodology that has been used to analyse many concepts key to public health and health promotion including cultural competence  empowerment , participation  equity  and critical media health literacy . There are numerous methods of concept analysis adopting slightly different approaches but which always follow a systematic and staged process of identification and analysis. Common to most of the methods [23, 25, 33, 34] is the systematic analysis of key elements of the concept such as (a) the attributes of the concept which refers to the key characteristics that define the concept, (b) references or what the concept is used to refer to, (c) antecedents or the factors that need to be in place in order for the concept to occur, (d) consequences or what happens as a result of the concept, (e) surrogate terms that could be used instead of the concept and (f) resemblant terms or other concepts that show similarity.
Concepts are abstractions that are expressed in some form and through repeated public interaction a concept becomes associated with a particular set of attributes and is thus publicly manifested though behavior and linguistics . As a result, concepts are subject to continual change and definitions and characteristics may vary according to different contexts such as time, place, discipline and theoretical perspective  Rodgers offers the example of the concept of 'health' which is understood very differently according to contexts and has in some contexts of time, culture and discipline focused on the absence of disease while in other contexts alludes to more positive understandings associated with well-being . As concepts are subject to continual change they do not have a strict set of attributes but rather a cluster of attributes which may be prioritised differently by different groups of people or at different times. This understanding of concepts and the importance of acknowledging and identifying the contextual variations led to the adoption of the evolutionary concept analysis method developed by Rodgers  with its emphasis on inductive processes and its commitment to contextualism.
This study has adapted the evolutionary concept analysis process developed by Rodgers  in order to incorporate the ideas of Risjord [36, 37] who argues that there is a need for a further contextual distinction to be made beyond time, place and discipline. This distinction is between a 'theoretical concept analysis' which aims to represent concepts as they appear in a particular body of scientific and theoretical literature and a 'colloquial concept analysis' which aims to represent the concept as used by a particular group of people. The method adopted here acknowledges that a gap frequently exists between academic understandings of a concept and the understandings of practitioners who may be less influenced by theoretical ideas and more influenced by experience and the practicalities of delivery. An analysis that seeks to understand a concept holistically and across its contextual realms needs to explore both sets of understandings. Risjord [36, 37] presents these two aspects as two distinct approaches with different aims. However, he goes on to argue that there is space for a mixed analysis and that some forms of concept analysis do require both so that the phenomena can be understood across different contextual settings. While Risjord has not applied the approach, this study has incorporated these ideas into an adaptation of the evolutionary concept analysis in order to capture both the theoretical and practice based understandings of the concept. The result is a method that has six stages represented in Figure 1 whereby the theoretical representations of critical health literacy are examined through a scrutiny of the relevant literature and the colloquial interpretations of the concept are examined through interviews with practitioners and policy makers with an interest in the field.
Stages of the evolutionary concept analysis process applied to critical health literacy.
The sampling of the theoretical and colloquial data were undertaken concurrently. Theoretical sampling involved literature identified through databases including CINAHL, ASSIA, Medline, ERIC, Education Research Complete, Cochrane, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, CommunityWise, IBSS, British Nursing Index and the Index to Theses. This was complemented by a search via Google and Google scholar and a citation search.
Searches were set to return any article produced, in English, since 1995 using the search term 'critical health literacy'. From all of the searches, a total of 39 different articles were found. Of these, six were subsequently removed for lack of relevancy (if the concept was only mentioned once but not described or discussed) and one was unavailable via the British Library. A final total of 32 articles were included in the theoretical analysis.
The colloquial sample included two groups of professionals with an expressed interest in the field of health literacy; policy makers (those working at a strategic, planning or policy level either nationally or locally) and practitioners (those working in a health context directly with members of the public through the provision of projects or services). The UK Health Literacy Group (http://www.healthliteracy.org.uk/), a special interest group for the Society for Academic Primary Care, was identified as a point of access for both these groups as its membership consists primarily of practitioners and providers from health care services and non-governmental organisations, policy makers and academics with an interest in health literacy. It was important to access a special interest group because participants needed to have an awareness of the concept in order to discuss their understanding of it. A general sample of practitioners and policy makers would not have enabled this insight. Academics were screened out of the membership list as their views had already been captured through the theoretical concept analysis. Those members who had not given permission to be contacted by other members were also excluded. A total of 30 practitioners and nine policy makers meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. These were invited, by email, to participate in a telephone interview as part of the study. A total of eight practitioners and five policy makers took part in the study between April and May 2011.
The theoretical data were read initially as a familiarisation process, then reread once or twice more to identify specifically the attributes, surrogate terms, resemblant terms, references, antecedents and consequences that related to critical health literacy within the text. As the data was collected, phrases, themes and quotations relating to the above elements were recorded onto a data matrix. The colloquial data was collected through semi structured interviews carried out by telephone due to the wide geographic locations of the participants. The interviews were in depth and lasted up to 45 minutes. The interview schedule was designed carefully to represent the same areas of inquiry that were used to interrogate the theoretical data. Each interview was recorded and transcribed.
The research project complies with the ethical principles outlined in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/) and was submitted to and approved by London South Bank University's Research Ethics Committee.
This section contains the key findings of the combined analysis and includes the most significant contextual variations that emerged as part of the process.
Attributes: what are the key characteristics of critical health literacy?
This level of effective interaction is not only dependent on the skills of the individual but also on the skills of the professional who must be able to explain things clearly and provide information that is appropriate for patients. The contextual analysis showed a variation on this point between the colloquial and theoretical data. The professional participants placed an emphasis on the skills and role of the health practitioners in the creation and existence of critical health literacy. This was a theme that was only touched upon within the academic literature but which was central to the colloquial sample who stressed that critical health literacy would only exist if there was a commitment from health practitioners to provide accessible information and to engage in shared decision making.
This empowerment may exist at an individual level but may also demonstrate collective understanding and exist at a population or community level. As such it represents an asset rather than a deficit or lack of skills in an individual or community. The contextual analysis showed, however, quite stark variation in how this theme was understood and prioritised within the different contexts analysed. While this characteristic of empowerment was a strong and clearly articulated attribute within some of the academic articles [7, 38, 40, 41] and by some of the colloquial sample, it was not universally emphasised. The analysis of theoretical literature shows that there has been a decrease in reference to empowerment, action at a social and political level and the conceptualisation of critical health literacy existing at a population as well as an individual level over the last five years. The contextual analysis also demonstrated that sources from a medical discipline were less likely to identify political and social action as an attribute of critical health literacy than were public health sources which focused more on cognitive critical analysis and decision making skills [42, 43]. None of the empirical articles that derived from original research identified this as an attribute while theoretical articles [7, 44–47] were much more likely to.
The final attribute is that of critical health literacy being a learned and movable state that may change with time or the circumstances of peoples lives:References: what is critical health literacy used to refer to?
The concept of health literacy is most commonly used in reference to individuals and is seen as a set of skills or competencies. For some [7, 48, 49] it could also refer to communities or population groups as well as individuals and some (largely within the colloquial sample), also used it in reference to a relationship between individuals and professionals.
Antecedents: what needs to be in place for critical health literacy to occur?
This motivation may be triggered by personal experience of particular health issues, through social influences or through personal determination.
The contextual analysis again showed some mixed understandings and emphasis in this area. Professionals were far more likely to emphasise the theme of political will in creating critical health literacy including the need for any work to develop critical health literacy to be resourced and led at a political and strategic level in order for it to be effectively implemented. This was an area that received very little discussion in the academic literature.
The development of communication skills amongst health professionals to ensure information is presented in an understandable way and that there is a commitment to shared decision making was seen by professionals and policy makers to be important.
Consequences of critical health literacy: what happens as a result of critical health literacy?
The consequences of critical health literacy that were identified in the literature and by professionals and policy makers were supposed or anticipated rather than demonstrated through research and four themes were identified. The first theme was an increase in self efficacy including increased levels of personal involvement, action and control over health issues that affected an individual's life, shared decision making and self management of care as captured by Ishikawa and Yano .
Critical health literacy was also seen as an individual and population outcome in which there would be increased levels of social capital, understanding and questioning of the determinants and inequalities of health and increased levels of social and political action and change. The contextual analysis again showed that this has been identified as a consequence less frequently in papers published in the last five years. The contextual analysis also identified that theoretical data from Public Health sources identified a far broader set of consequences, including empowerment and political action, than those in the medical literature which focused far more on improved heath related behaviour and outcomes as well as use of services.
Surrogate terms – do the characteristics mirror those of another concept?
It is possible that the characteristics of a concept may mirror those of other concepts which become known as surrogate terms. While the literature and professionals identified several surrogate terms, none emerged frequently or consistently suggesting there is no other term that captures the same characteristics of this term.
Resemblant terms – do the characteristics resemble those of other concepts?
Again, the literature and participants referred to a large number of terms that reflected some, though not all of the attributes, antecedents and consequences of critical health literacy. Those that emerged most frequently and appear to have the most in common with critical health literacy were empowerment, self-efficacy, health literacy, critical appraisal, critical consciousness and advocacy.
It is recognized that the sample size of the colloquial data is small and represents only a UK perspective but is likely to represent how the concept is used in discourse and policy. No other studies have been identified that seek to explore the concept from both a theoretical and professional perspective. Interviews were in depth and the highly systematic analysis of the concept of critical health literacy presents a more detailed and nuanced understanding than previous discussions. The analysis shows the concept to be a distinct concept with a unique set of attributes and antecedents. Analysis of the contextual variations of the concept (that is, the differences studied in how the concept is understood across time, geography, discipline and across the theoretical and colloquial data), however, reveals that there is not a consensus of understanding of the term and that, in particular, there are distinct differences in the way that academics and professionals interpret the term. Thus, the findings do not represent a definitive list but rather a cluster of attributes, which may be prioritised differently in different contexts, based on the principles of 'family resemblances'  These differences demonstrate the importance of a systematic clarification of the concept, such as this study provides, before work can be done to look at how the concept and theories around it might be developed, how it might be applied in practice and its existence measured.
A key finding to emerge from this study is that critical health literacy is a unique concept. Several resemblant concepts were identified, the most frequently mentioned being empowerment. Indeed Tones  argues that the meaning of health literacy has already been more appropriately mapped by the existing conceptualization of community and individual empowerment. There are many definitions of empowerment and several concept analyses have been undertaken [52, 53] suggesting that it too is widely used to describe an outcome but its characteristics are less clear. Gibson's  concept analysis of empowerment, which is frequently referenced, shows a clear overlap of attributes, antecedents and consequences with critical health literacy. However, there are key distinctions. In particular, attributes of empowerment do not include direct reference to the theme of information skills, which is so central to critical health literacy. The ability to access, understand and manage health information as well as the ability to assess its credibility and to critically analyse and where appropriate challenge the information may possibly be skills held by an 'empowered' individual or community but they are not essential to empowerment in the way that they are to critical health literacy.
Despite the unique nature of the concept, the study identified several contextual variations in its interpretation and use and these need to be looked at more closely. The term critical health literacy has become part of the debates on health literacy, stemming largely from an original paper by Nutbeam . In his article, Nutbeam presents Freebody and Luke's  classification of literacy into basic/functional literacy, communicative/interactive literacy and critical literacy. Within this framework, critical literacy is defined as 'more advanced cognitive skills, which together with social skills, can be applied to critically analyse information, and to use this information to exert greater control over life events and situations.' p264] He later goes on to apply this to a health context and provides a more specific and applied explanation of 'critical health literacy' which discusses far more explicitly the attribute of 'skills which investigate the political feasibility and organisational possibility of various forms of action to address social, economic and environmental determinants of health' and the links to population health as well as individual health: 'This type of health literacy can be more obviously linked to population benefit, alongside benefits to the individual.' p265]. Subsequent citations of Nutbeam's work, however, frequently use the definition of critical literacy as a definition of critical health literacy [42, 49, 55] to the point at which it has almost become the accepted definition. While this definition alludes to greater individual control over life events, its lack of specific reference to social and political action and existence at a population level means these elements are in danger of becoming lost so distorting the original meaning and emphasis.
It is not possible to be conclusive about the reasons why the interpretation of critical literacy has, in some quarters, superseded Nutbeam's more comprehensive, applied and political definition of critical health literacy. However, the dominance of one interpretation over another cannot be overlooked as it limits the concept to a higher order cognitive individual skill rather than a driver for political and social change. In order to understand whether this enhances the concept for theoretical and practical use or whether it simply dilutes it and makes it more resemblant of other existing concepts, it is important to consider the possible reasons for this fundamental change in conceptual understanding. One possible reason is that the debates around health literacy have been dominated by the functional domain which focuses on technical, practical and individual skills sets . Within this dominant discourse assuming critical health literacy to simply be a set of higher order cognitive skills may be a natural progression. Secondly, acknowledging the place of social and political action and existence at a population level within the definition of critical health literacy requires a consideration of how such skills could be developed and measured, a challenge that is perhaps more complex and which receives less attention. Indeed, a socially and politically activated community with a critical understanding of health and its determinants may be a less desirable outcome for some. Thirdly, it could also be because the paradigm in which the discourse has taken place has narrowed the interpretation. The debates around both health literacy and critical health literacy have remained largely within the health field and this has perhaps constrained interpretations. Zarcadoolas et al.  have pointed to the need to make use of the developing knowledge of other academic arenas and other types of literacies such as science literacy, cultural literacy and civic literacy and their relevance for making health decisions.
It is useful to look at other professional fields. There are, for example, clear overlaps between the consequences or potential outcomes of critical health literacy and the objectives of community development work and yet the search for this study revealed no citations within the community development literature, despite this apparent affinity. This illustrates the contextual influence on concepts highlighted by Rodgers  and raises the question of why, if critical health literacy has currency and utility, the concept is not deployed outside the health field. Is it because the concept is not useful within community development because it lacks relevancy, is it because there is too little theoretical basis to inform the complex pathways of the community development process or is it simply because the concept is too new and has yet to find an entrance into the community development discourse? Taking the concept beyond the debates of the health environment might allow the fuller, more political and community based definition of critical health literacy to be understood and developed while identifying potential routes for the development of critical health literacy.
A further difference in understanding revealed by this study is the relationship between critical health literacy and the other domains of functional and interactive/communicative health literacy. The majority of both colloquial and theoretical data argue that functional and interactive health literacy including actual literacy and language skills need to be in place in order for critical health literacy to emerge. Sections of the data however either opposed this position or placed less emphasis on the importance of technical skills arguing that critical health literacy can emerge without the existence of such technical skills. This group make comparisons to Freierian approaches of critical consciousness raising , as does Nutbeam's original article  whereby a liberatory education is achieved through raising levels of awareness, in particular awareness of oppression, rather than through a functional curriculum. However, if the existence of information skills is key to critical health literacy and is one of the attributes that makes it a distinct and unique concept, the link with literacy skills cannot be ignored. The information skills described may equally be applied to non written sources such as discussion based or visually presented information. However in a world where the vast majority of health information remains in written form a level of fundamental literacy skills must remain an advantage.
The role of health professionals in creating critical health literacy which was referred to by professionals and policy makers, turns critical health literacy from a set of skills and competencies existing within, and owned by, an individual or community into a transactional concept. As such, it depends on the motivation and development of skills within the individual or community but also requires collaborative efforts at a structural level in order to fully prosper. The inclusion in the colloquial data of a need for there to be a political will and driver in order for critical health literacy to develop, demonstrates that when applying the academic ideas in a practice context, professionals clearly locate responsibilities beyond the individual level. This maps shifts in focus of discussions around health literacy. In 2004, for example, the Institute of Medicine Committee on Health Literacy, called for policy makers to consider the interaction between the skills of individuals and the demands of social systems and make needed correctives . This development of the concept is part of a natural evolution that is in line with the evolution of the broader concept of health literacy, rather than an area of disagreement between the theoretical and colloquial data.
This evolutionary concept analysis of critical health literacy has provided a thorough and systematic analysis of the definition and use of the concept of critical health literacy across several contexts including both theoretical literature and the colloquial data from practitioners and policy makers. It reveals a unique set of characteristics of advanced personal skills, health knowledge, information skills, effective interaction between service providers and users, informed decision making and empowerment including political action indicating that this is indeed a distinct concept rather than a repackaged established concept. Not only is it a distinct concept but the potential consequences identified by this study, as well as its relationship to Health Literacy, demonstrate its importance to public health and health promotion in improving health outcomes, creating more effective use of health services and reducing inequalities in health. However, the contextual analysis shows that there is not consistency in how the term is understood by academics, practitioners and policy makers and that some of the key attributes initially presented as part of this concept, particularly those around empowerment and social and political action existing at an individual and population level, are in danger of losing their importance. In order to prevent the concept losing its unique nature, this narrowing of its definition must be avoided and the concept must not be allowed to get lost in the wider health literacy debate. This might be achieved through further research and discussion to examine how critical health literacy might be developed in practice and ultimately measured. From this the link with health outcomes can more easily be explored. In order to do this, a closer engagement with the field of community development to explore the concept further within this professional context of skills, understandings and associations with empowerment and political action is recommended.
SS is Senior Lecturer in Public Health and Health Promotion with a particular interest and professional background in health promotion, community development and policy making. She is currently part way through a PhD exploring the concept of critical health literacy and its usefulness and relevance to public health practice.
JW is Professor of Health Promotion and has published widely on the discourse and practice of health promotion and latterly, on the utility of health literacy as a concept to explain the empowerment of individuals and communities and their abilities to access information and navigate health systems.
GR is an academic General Practitioner. She is Professor of Primary Care and Public Health in the Faculty of Health and Social Care at London South Bank University, UK. Her research focus is on Health Inequalities, in particular the impact of low Health Literacy on health. She is the UK Department of Health GP Health Literacy Champion. She set up, and now chairs, a Health Literacy group to raise awareness of HL and develop the HL evidence-base in the UK.
KP is Professor and Head of Social Work at London South Bank University. He has published extensively in the areas of community development and social work and is joint editor with Gary Craig, Marjorie Mayo, Mae Shaw and Marilyn Taylor of The Community Development Reader published in 2011 by Policy Press. With Paul Stepney he jointly authored the text Social Work and the Community: a critical context for practice, published in 2008 by Palgrave. He is a member of the editorial board of the British Journal of Social Work, and the Community Development Journal.
We would like to acknowledge the UK Health Literacy Group, Nicola Crichton, Lucy McDonald and Jo Newton for support and technical help. The research is part of a London South Bank University funded PhD scholarship in Health Literacy.
SS conceived of the study, adapted the concept analysis research model, carried out the data collection and analysis and drafted the article. JW and GR contributed to the conception and design of the concept analysis and has been involved in the direction and content of the manuscript. KP participated in the supervision of the study and advised on drafts of the paper and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


text:
Paul Wallbank is an Australian speaker, broadcaster and writer on business and technology issues.

After some years travelling in Australia, Europe and East Asia while working in the construction industry, Paul set up a computer support company on Sydney's North Shore in January 1995. He stepped away from day-to-day operations of the business in 2007 with its interstate expansion.

In 1998 Paul was invited onto 702 ABC Sydney (2BL) to discuss the Y2K issue and answer listener's questions.  The success of this segment lead to two monthly segments on ABC Local Radio programs, Nightlife with Tony Delroy and the Sydney 702 Weekend program with Simon Marnie.

In addition to this, Wallbank has a weekly column on the Australian Smart Company website discussing business and technology issues. He has also written one small business technology book and adapted five Dummies guides for the Australian market.

Books
The Australian Small Business Guide to Computers : Getting the Most Out of Your It Investment (2001).
PC's for Dummies 3rd Australian Edition (2004).
Laptops for Dummies Australian Edition (2005).
Internet for Dummies 3rd Australian Edition (2006) with Maryanne Phillips.
PC's for Dummies 4th Aust Edition (2008).
Internet for Dummies 4th Aust Edition (2009).
eBu$iness, Seven Steps to Online Success(2011).

References

External links
Official PC Rescue Website
Paul Wallbank's personal website
Smartcompany column

People in information technology
Business speakers
Living people
People from Sydney
Australian non-fiction writers
Australian radio personalities
Year of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: sql - select all values id's and count how many time they appear within the last month SELECT i.name, x.total FROM Item i,
(SELECT Item_id, COUNT(Item_id) as total FROM Tracking
WHERE date > DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 MONTH) GROUP BY Item_id)x
WHERE i.id = x.Item_id

what I want is to count how many times a resource is used in the last month
example- (item 1, 0),
         (item 2, 4),
         (item 3, 2)
what I get is only the items that have a value, so item 1 will not show and any other items that don't appear in the last month

A: If you want all items, regardless of whether they had any appearances, then use conditional aggregation instead of a where clause:
SELECT Item_id,
       SUM(date > DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 MONTH)) as total
FROM Tracking
GROUP BY Item_id;

A: SELECT     i.name, x.total
FROM       Item i
LEFT JOIN  (SELECT   Item_id, COUNT(Item_id) as total
            FROM     Tracking
            WHERE    date > DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 MONTH)
            GROUP BY Item_id) x ON i.id = x.Item_id

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sick of run-of-the-mill best-and-worst lists? We were, too. So in this new series of features, TVLine is singling out the small screen's biggest behind-the-scenes titans, then ranking their output from their least to most impressive creations.
Funny is Chuck Lorre's business, and to put it mildly, business is good.
Since the Roseanne survivor birthed his first sitcom 25 years ago, he has gone on to create one monster smash (The Big Bang Theory) after another (Two and a Half Men), along the way working with more than his fair share of personalities that are notoriously… let's go with challenging (Charlie Sheen, Brett Butler, Cybill Shepherd, Thomas Gibson… ).
But the question isn't which of Lorre's stars was the most difficult, it's which of his series represents his finest hour… er, half hour? To find out how we ranked his shows, scroll through the gallery above right (or click here for direct access). Then hit the comments with the order in which you'd have put them.


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text:
Your Stars
Divorced for 24 years, then I married my ex-husband
Wife ends marriage after discovering husband's cruel nickname for her
I put my dad's ashes in my fake nails so he could walk me down the aisle
I fell in love with my friend - and we share the same man!
Three women and six kids killed by suspected drug cartel on their way to a wedding in Mexico
Bride mocked after wearing a minion mask to walk down the aisle
I married my stepdad!
Bride asks for her cousin to be edited in photo after she wears a VERY SHORT dress
Woman who never wed gets married at 102!
Dog shares first dance with newlyweds
Mother of the bride deemed inappropriate for her outfit choice ahead of daughter's wedding day
Wedding guest's plunging blue dress choice is slammed and labelled as 'cheap'
Best friends forever – we even share the same man!
Wedding planning gave me brain damage
Bizarre reason groom divorced new wife two hours after the ceremony
He couldn't stand this one thing about her. - by Grace Back
We didn't think there could be any shorter wedding than that of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries, who made it to a total of 72 days married. Apparently, we were wrong.
A Saudi Arabian couple have called it quits after just TWO HOURS.
The groom decided to divorce his newlywed after she broke an agreement to stay off Snapchat.
According to accounts, the groom was so furious with the bride when he found out she had sent Snapchats to her friends from their wedding ceremony and reception, that he couldn't stay married to her for a minute longer.
Saudi Arabia media outlets reported that before the ceremony commenced, the groom created a binding agreement with his future-wife, stating that she must stay off all social media on the day.
However, the bride just couldn't resist.
The bride's brother spoke to the Saudi media, saying: 'There was a prenuptial agreement between my sister and her fiancé that she would not use social media applications such as Snapchat, Instagram or Twitter to post or send pictures. It was included in the marriage contract and became binding.'
'Regretfully, my sister did not honor the pledge and used Snapchat to share pictures from the wedding ceremony with her female friends, resulting in the shocking decision by the groom to cancel their marriage and call for divorce,' he continued.
The Saudi media also report the groom's family support his decision to call of the marriage.
This article originally appeared on New Idea.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Drupal CCK date field with just hours and minutes How can I create a date field in Drupal just with hours and minutes without years and months?

A: You should be able to change the granularity when you create the cck field.

Jut select what you need from that Granularity options.
You can also just format the date by creating a new format:
Click on the date and time date format page and then create a new format that looks like this:
h:i
That's the time and date

Select that format for display.
You can go to the following site to see more Date format string options:
http://us3.php.net/manual/en/function.date.php

A: This should also help, http://drupal.org/node/134144#comment-1982750

*

*how to add your own formats

*set time only or set any php date setting you want


text:
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Home / Nokia Networks To Buy SAC Wireless To Boost Network Implementation Services
Nokia Networks To Buy SAC Wireless To Boost Network Implementation Services
RTT News is reporting that Nokia Networks is buying SAC Wireless to boost it's network implementation services. Schaumburg, Illinois-based SAC Wireless, with about 450 employees, has a national footprint and has worked with major telecom operators. The company helps to support the rollout of major telecom networks in the U.S., including indoor/outdoor small cells, distributed antenna systems, and 4G LTE upgrades.
SAC Wireless' services include an SAC Wireless Engine Room that is focused on managing site development, architectural and engineering, regulatory and compliance activities for national network programs.
In addition, SAC Wireless services include self-perform implementation of indoor and outdoor small cells and distributed antenna systems or DAS, RF engineering and design, and turnkey program management of large-scale network deployments.
Read the rest of the Nokia Networks story here.
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How The Safer Buildings Coalition Is Keeping You Safe
Industry Luminaries Join the NEDAS 2020 Advisory Council
T-Mobile Wins Court Approval for $26.5 Billion Sprint Deal
In-Building Cellular Solutions for the Middleprise: Separating Fact from Fiction- Nextivity
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COVID-19 Update & Our Commitment to You
*Last Updated 3/26/20
To our valued customers and partners,
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread in the United States and across the globe, we want to reinforce that Communications Electronics' number one priority is keeping our employees, partners, and customers safe. Our team has been working hard behind the scenes to ensure we can continue to deliver uninterrupted, high quality service while remaining focused on the health and safety of our staff and clients. We are fortunate to have ample technology and significant experience with working remotely.
In response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, Motorola Solutions is providing recommended cleaning and disinfecting guidelines for our radios, body-worn cameras and accessories based on our current and best understanding of radio hygiene. You can review their recommended equipment cleaning guidelines here.
Communications Electronics provides a critical service as defined by the Department of Homeland Security. Our business supplies crucial equipment and vital services to fill the urgent needs of telecommunications companies, service providers, emergency responders, law enforcement, and a multitude of private entities throughout the nation. Therefore, we will continue operations at this time and are fully available to serve you.
If you have any questions during this time, please contact your CE representative. We are here to help you.
We thank you for your continued patronage. Communications Electronics will strive to maintain exceptional service to our customers during this difficult time. Wishing you good health.
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As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread in the United States and across the globe, we want to let everyone know that Communications Electronics'number one priority is to keep our employees, partners, and customers safe. Here is an update on preparations and steps we have taken to date. Two weeks ago, CE assembled a cross-disciplinary COVID-19 Management Team to actively monitor the situation and make recommendations to leadership. We have been assessing the situation daily, remaining vigilant, and following recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and local authorities. We've assembled guidance for our employee teams, pursuant to these recommendations.
As you know, the situation is evolving rapidly, and COVID-19 is affecting people differently, depending on their location and situation. As a result, flexible solutions are needed. CE Senior Management is considering all options, including the possibility of asking staff to work remotely.
While we remain focused on the health and safety of our staff and those around us, we also remain committed to serving our customers. Fortunately, we have technology in place and significant experience with working remotely. We have been working hard behind the scenes to ensure we can continue to deliver uninterrupted, high quality service. Operational teams have been working to identify potential needs and strategies associated with full-virtual delivery of services. Project managers and supervisors are actively having preparedness discussions with our teams. Our IT team has been reviewing and testing systems and protocols, to ensure necessary tools and support for staff to operate virtually. Everyone has a role to play.
If you have questions or feedback, you can reach the COVID-19 Management Team at Safety@Talkcei.com.
Being flexible and able to overcome big challenges is part of what makes us who we are. We have the infrastructure, skills, and desire to support each other, while providing the highest level of service to our customers. Obviously, this is a fast moving, fluid situation affecting our country and the world. We will update our guidance and decisions as the situation changes. Please continue to monitor the CDC Website for updates.
We hope that you and your family are well,
Glenn Lesley
Communications Electronics


Despite having created strong awareness on Tuberculosis (TB), Maharashtra's health department has found 180 new cases of TB in the state, of which 45 are from Mumbai.
In the new cases, which were found in a first-of-its-kind door-to-door campaign carried out by the state health department, the patients were unaware that they had TB.
The survey covered five corporations, including Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), and was carried out in January this year.
"The drive was to find active TB cases. We had selected five corporations and asked concerned TB officers to give names of high risk areas for TB cases in their respective surroundings. We found 180 people with sputum positive TB and they were unaware of the infection," said Dr Sanjeev Kamble, Joint Director, Directorate of Health Services.
One sputum positive TB patient can infect 10–15 persons in a year if left untreated. In Mumbai, the high-risk areas where door-to-door campaign was carried out included Dharavi, where Asia's largest slum population reside.
He said nearly 8 lakh people from BMC, Thane Municipal Corporation, Bhiwandi Municipal Corporation, Pune Municipal Corporation and Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation areas were screened during the 16 days programme.
"We have decided to conduct such surveys thrice a year, in different corporations and visit possible high risk areas. Our next survey will be in June-July followed by another survey in December," said Kamble.
He said people who tested negative for TB bacilli were asked to undergo an X-ray.
"All those screened were sensitised about the disease. Those who were positive for TB are put on treatment. Only two people from Bhiwandi Municipal Corporation's jurisdiction were found to have multi-drug resistant form of TB," said Kamble.
It is estimated that about 40% of Indian population is infected with TB bacteria, vast majority of whom have latent rather than active TB.
"Most of them have latent form of TB infection. We need to keep our immunity strong to avoid active TB. Awareness on TB will go a long way to help us beat the disease," said Dr Rajendra Nanavare, Consultant Pharmcovigilance at International Union Against TB and Lung Disease.


text:
Wireless, Hardware, Medical
Mobile phones and RF energy exposure
2 Regulation
3 GAO reports
Mobile phone use in the United States has risen dramatically over the last 20 years, and Americans increasingly rely on mobile phones as their sole or primary means of telephone communication. The rapid adoption of mobile phones has occurred amidst controversy over whether the technology poses a risk to human health. Like other devices that transmit radio signals, mobile phones emit radio-frequency (RF) energy. At high power levels, RF energy can heat biological tissue and cause damage. Though mobile phones operate at power levels well below the level at which this thermal effect occurs, the question of whether long-term exposure to RF energy emitted from mobile phones can cause other types of adverse health effects, such as cancer, has been the subject of research and debate.
Regulation[edit | edit source]
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) share regulatory responsibilities for mobile phones. The FCC, in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, regulates RF energy emitted from FCC-regulated transmitters, including mobile phones.[1] Toward that end, the FCC has implemented a certification program to ensure that all mobile phones sold in the United States comply with the agency's limit on RF energy exposure. This limit was designed to protect users from the thermal effects of acute exposure to RF energy.
The FDA is responsible for carrying out a program designed to protect public health and safety from electronic product radiation.[2] The FDA does not review the safety of all radiation-emitting electronic products, such as mobile phones, before they are marketed. However, the FDA has the authority to take action, such as requiring manufacturers to replace or recall mobile phones that are shown to emit RF energy at a level that is hazardous.[3] To date, the FDA has not taken such action, but the agency regularly evaluates scientific studies on mobile phones and health to determine whether they raise public health questions.
GAO reports[edit | edit source]
In 2001, the GAO reported on the status of scientific knowledge about potential health risks of RF energy exposure from mobile phones and the federal government's regulatory actions to ensure mobile phone safety.[4] We found that the FDA and others had concluded that the research did not show RF energy exposure from mobile phones had adverse health effects, but more studies were needed. The GAO also found that the FCC had not issued standardized procedures for testing mobile phones and that the FCC's and FDA's consumer materials could be improved. Since 2001, the FCC has issued revised guidance for mobile phone testing, and both the FCC and FDA have provided updated information to consumers about the health effects of mobile phone use.
On July 24, 2012, the GAO issued an updated report[5] called on the FCC to reassess and, if appropriate, change its current RF energy exposure limit and mobile phone testing requirements related to likely usage configurations, particularly when phones are held against the body.
↑ 47 C.F.R. §1.1307(b)(2).
↑ 21 U.S.C. §§360hh-360ss.
↑ 21 U.S.C. §360ll.
↑ Telecommunications: Research and Regulatory Efforts on Mobile Phone Health Issues.
↑ Telecommunications: Exposure and Testing Requirements for Mobile Phones Should Be Reassessed.
Telecommunications: Exposure and Testing Requirements for Mobile Phones Should Be Reassessed, 1-2.
Retrieved from "https://itlaw.wikia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_RF_energy_exposure?oldid=110186"


International travel requires a wide variety of documentation. With today's hectic lifestyles, it can be difficult to collect and collate all the documents from various institutions like colleges, universities, workplaces and more. Y-Axis simplifies your document procurement with an end-to-end document procurement service designed for convenience.
Transcripts from the University/College: Y-Axis will collect the sealed transcripts from your University/College depending on the location and the rules of the University/College. We will apply on your behalf to the institution along with the required documents. For autonomous institutions, a further attestation by the Principal / Controller of Exams of the respective institution will be obtained by us depending on the location and the rules of the college.
Syllabus Copy from the University / College: Y-Axis will get the Syllabus Copy from the concerned University/College depending on the location and the rules of the University/College. An old syllabus copy may be required as proof of having undergone studies in the subjects as mentioned in the mark sheet for Immigration or higher studies or for applying to a job. We will follow up and obtain the syllabus copy from the university library or from any other source. You will need to provide us with a letter of authorization to meet up with the concerned Educational Institution and the service is subject to the acceptance of the application.
Duplicate Mark sheets from the University / College: Y-Axis Concierge department will get the Duplicate mark sheets from the concerned University/College depending on the location and the rules of the University/College. Duplicate mark sheets can be obtained from the University/College where the applicant completed his/her graduation /post-graduation / doctorate. An application form has to be duly filled and submitted along with supporting documents at the office of the registrar of the respective University/College. An affidavit from the applicant stating about the loss of the Original marks sheet has to be submitted along with the application form. An FIR copy from the nearest police station might be required for a few University/college. An authorization letter from the applicant in favor of Y-Axis may be required to represent the applicant in this matter. A few universities stipulate that the application has to be filled and signed by the applicant. In such cases, Y-Axis will obtain the application form from the University / College and dispatch it to you.
FIR copy from the nearest police station: A complaint stating that the certificates have been lost/misplaced has to be lodged in the nearest police station and that FIR copy has to be submitted along with the application form.
An affidavit swearing that applicant has lost the certificate has to be done in front of the officer of court/ oath commissioner of that jurisdiction.
Two local newspaper advertisements stating that the applicant has lost the degree certificate.
An authorization letter from the applicant in favor of Y-Axis to represent the applicant. On the basis of the above, an application form has to be duly filled and submitted along with the above documents at the registrar office of the respective University/College.
Translation:Y-Axis Concierge department will get the translation from an authorized and licensed Translator. We will translate from any language to any. You need to provide a clear (readable) scanned copy of the documents which have to be translated.
A Service Charge of Rs.3000 (taxes as applicable) applies for this service and this fee is in addition to attestation charges.
The decision of issuing the transcripts and the time taken for the process will be decided by the University / Board / College alone. Y-Axis is not responsible if the University takes more time than the expected time frame.
Y-Axis is not responsible, for any kind of delay or rejection of transcript application from the University / Board / College and any changes in the University Fee and required Documents.
Y-Axis is not responsible If the University demands verification of original certificates/resubmission of same documents.
If the University/ Board / College finds that the documents to be fake then the client has to face the legal action taken by the University / Board / College. Y-Axis will not be held responsible in any such case.
Client agrees and accepts to bear international courier charges if he/she requires the documents sent to their overseas address.
Y-Axis will not be responsible for any loss or damage of the courier package with transcripts / original documents.
For any reason, if we need to make more visits to the Universities (other than the two visits for submission & Collection) then you need to pay 50% of the service charge and complete travel expenses.
If you spoil the University Transcripts sealed envelope, then we need to apply for the fresh set and you need to bear the complete charges.
If the applicant fails to provide the necessary documents for collecting duplicate mark sheets / Convocation certificate, then Y-Axis will not take any responsibility of the time frame and the charges will not be refunded if that person withdraws the services.
Once the translation is completed, we will share the soft copy of the same with you to be reviewed. Upon confirmation, we will send the hard copy to your Indian address without any courier charges. If the address is in an overseas location, then you will need to pay Extra charges.
In any of the above cases, the service charges paid to Y-Axis will not be refunded.


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On the bank of the Hooghly river, the historic city of Kolkata offers a wealth of artistic and cultural attractions. The capital of West Bengal, it has a wide choice of theatres, music and cinemas with restaurants offering varied cuisine.
Although Kolkata is a busy city all year round, the climate is at its best between September and January. The summer, from March to June, can be humid and hot with the monsoon season running between May and September. Winter is in December and January, with low temperatures of 12 degrees. Popular cultural events include the Kolkata Book Fair, starting in late January, and Kolkata International Film Festival in November. Celebrations for the Bengali New Year take place around April 15. In October there is a festival in honour of the Goddess Durga and in November the Goddess Kali is honoured with fireworks and lights.
People visiting Kolkata from the UK will need a visa, but British citizens may be eligible to apply for an e-Tourist visa. You must also ensure your passport is valid for at least 180 days and includes two blank pages. Many Indian airports charge a UDF or User Development Fee of ca. Rs 1,000, usually levied as part of the air fare. The cost of living is in general much lower than in the UK. A restaurant meal might cost about Rs 350, while thali start from around Rs 130.
On arrival at the main airport, you will find a choice of transport options. The AC Bus leaves from near the arrivals area. The VS1 bus travels to Esplanade, taking around 60 to 90 minutes, while the VS2 takes the route to Howrah. Fares are approximately Rs 60. The air-conditioned Volvo Bus costs around 50 rupees for a trip. A pre-paid taxi ride to central Kolkata will take from about 40 minutes and cost around Rs400. Another option is to make the 3-mile journey from the airport by taxi or Volvo bus to Dum Dum Station and then take the metro into central Kolkata. The metro fare is ca Rs 10. It is advisable to negotiate fares in advance for both taxis and autos. Accommodation in Kolkata includes budget hotels in the area near Howrah Station and low-priced hostels in Sudder Street.


Among them, Asian Flying Man Su Bingtian will take part in the mens 4X100m relay race; Chinese 200-meter veteran Xie Zhenye will take on Qatari Nigerian Okunod, who set an Asian record of 19.97 seconds; Asian Female Flying Man Wei Yongli will take on her old rival Fukushima Qianli, the first Japanese woman in 100m; Asian record holder of womens pole vault, Li Ling, and the World Championship in London Track and Field. Gong Libo, the womens shot put champion, will continue to create brilliance in Doha.
As soon as the list of entries was announced, netizens posted that they were looking forward to Doha as the leader of Chinas track and field dream team. For the Asian Championship, China may be the strongest team ever!
Su Bingtian will join his teammates Xie Zhenye, Liang Jinsheng, Xu Zhouzheng, Jiang Hengnan and Wu Zhiqiang in the mens 4x100m event. Xu Zhouzheng and Wu Zhiqiang will participate in the mens 100m event. According to legend, the reason why Su Bingtian did not participate in the 100m single event he was best at was mainly for the sake of refreshing himself and participating in the World Track and Field Championship held in Doha at the end of September.


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