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Identity and Function of a Large Gene Network Underlying Mutagenic Repair of DNA Breaks
Abu Amar M. Al Mamun1,
Mary-Jane Lombardo1,*,†,
Chandan Shee1,*,
Andreas M. Lisewski1,
Caleb Gonzalez1,‡,
Dongxu Lin1,§,
Ralf B. Nehring1,
Claude Saint-Ruf2,||,
Janet L. Gibson1,
Ryan L. Frisch1,
Olivier Lichtarge1,3,
P. J. Hastings1,
Susan M. Rosenberg1,3,4,5,¶
1Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030–3411, USA.
2U1001 INSERM, Université Paris, Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France.
3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
4Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
5The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
↵¶To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: smr{at}bcm.edu
↵† Present address: Seres Health, Inc., 1 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
↵‡ Present address: Department of Systems Biology (Unit 950), University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 7435 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
↵§ Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
↵|| Present address: U1001 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Site Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
Science 07 Dec 2012:
Abu Amar M. Al Mamun
Mary-Jane Lombardo
Chandan Shee
Andreas M. Lisewski
Caleb Gonzalez
Dongxu Lin
Ralf B. Nehring
Claude Saint-Ruf
Janet L. Gibson
Ryan L. Frisch
Olivier Lichtarge
P. J. Hastings
Susan M. Rosenberg
For correspondence: smr@bcm.edu
Mechanisms of DNA repair and mutagenesis are defined on the basis of relatively few proteins acting on DNA, yet the identities and functions of all proteins required are unknown. Here, we identify the network that underlies mutagenic repair of DNA breaks in stressed Escherichia coli and define functions for much of it. Using a comprehensive screen, we identified a network of ≥93 genes that function in mutation. Most operate upstream of activation of three required stress responses (RpoS, RpoE, and SOS, key network hubs), apparently sensing stress. The results reveal how a network integrates mutagenic repair into the biology of the cell, show specific pathways of environmental sensing, demonstrate the centrality of stress responses, and imply that these responses are attractive as potential drug targets for blocking the evolution of pathogens.
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli is nonmutagenic in unstressed cells but, under stress, switches to a mutagenic mode that is activated by stress responses (1, 2) (Fig. 1A). It is, therefore, a mechanism of stress-induced mutagenesis (SIM): mechanisms in bacterial, yeast, and human cells that promote mutation and potentially accelerate evolution when cells are maladapted to their environment [reviewed (3–6)].
(A) Roles of stress responses in mutagenic repair of DNA DSBs by homologous recombination (HR) [reviewed, (7)]. (B) Primary screen for DSB-dependent SIM-deficient mutants. Blue papillae in the white colonies are Lac+ mutant clones formed after prolonged starvation stress (8). (C) Identities of 93 SIM-network genes and results of secondary screens. 1Previously known, found in this screen. 2Previously known, not found in this screen. 3Identified on the basis of genes discovered in this screen. (p), transposon inserted in the promoter (table S12). Superscripts S, E, and SOS indicate decreased σS activity, σE activity, and spontaneous SOS induction, respectively (table S7).
Mutagenic repair of DNA breaks in E. coli requires proteins that mend DSBs by homologous recombination; error-prone DNA polymerases; and activation of the SOS DNA-damage response, the RpoS (σS)–controlled general or starvation stress response, and the RpoE (σE) membrane protein stress response (7). The σE response promotes spontaneous DNA breakage in some DNA regions (8) (Fig. 1A). The SOS response is activated by DSBs and promotes mutation via transcriptional up-regulation of DNA polymerases (Pols) IV and V. However, break repair remains nonmutagenic unless the σS general or starvation response is also activated (1, 2). The σS response licenses the use of Pols IV, II, and V in DSB repair (7) and thus throws the switch to mutagenesis under stress (Fig. 1A) in plasmids (1) and chromosomes of plasmid-free cells (2).
We performed genetic screens for comprehensive discovery of genes required for stress-induced mutagenesis (Methods in supplementary materials and fig. S1). We used a colony–color papillation screen and minitransposon Tn10dCam-insertion mutagenesis, which allows isolation of non-null alleles of essential genes in addition to knock outs (9). Mutants lacking known genes required in DSB-dependent SIM show fewer papillae (Fig. 1B and table S1). A total of 83 genes that facilitate SIM were identified: 76 new and 7 previously known (Fig. 1C). Nine additional previously known genes were not identified, most for reasons that we understand (outlined in table S2), and one was identified by candidate-gene approach (supplementary text S1). We define a network of ≥93 genes (83+9+1) (Fig. 1C and annotations in table S2). All were reconstructed in nonmutagenized cells by using deletion alleles (tables S3 and S4) for nonessential genes and were verified in quantitative SIM assays: 30 showed weak (W, 1.5 to 3); 34 showed moderate (M, 3.1 to 9); and 29 showed strong (S, >9) fold decreases in mutation rate (table S3). In supplementary texts S2 and S3, we estimate total and essential genes likely to have been missed.
We confirmed the mutation-deficient phenotypes of a large representative sample of SIM-deficient mutants using two additional, different assays for DSB-dependent SIM (Fig. 2 and table S5): one (Tet) for frameshift (2) and one (Nal) for base-substitution mutations, both in I-Sce I endonuclease–cleaved chromosomes of starved plasmid-free cells. Both require the σS and SOS stress responses, DSB repair proteins, DNA Pols IV and V, and either starvation or artificial up-regulation of the σS starvation-stress response, all of which characterize DSB-dependent SIM (2) (table S5). Thus, SIM is neither plasmid-specific nor specific to genes selected during the stress [previous concerns (10)]. We confirmed phenotypes of 43 of 52 mutants tested (Fig. 2 and table S5). Those confirmed showed significant correlation of strength of defect between different mutation assays (Lac papillation, Lac quantitative, Tet, and Nal) (tables S1 and S6). Of the remaining nine, all but two displayed sensitivity to SDS-EDTA (tables S1 and S7), a characteristic of cells with membrane stress (σE)–response defects (11). σE functions in SIM by promoting spontaneous DNA breaks and so is not required when DSBs are provided by I-Sce I (8), as is the case in these assays. Thus, the overwhelming majority of genes tested are confirmed as deficient in DSB-dependent base-substitution and frameshift SIM at the three unlinked sites sampled (lac, tet, and gyrA). A summary of SIM-deficient phenotypes of the network mutants in the four mutation assays used is given in table S1.
(A to F) Validation of mutants in chromosomal Tet frameshift and Nal base substitution SIM assays. *Significantly SIM-deficient (P values in table S5, two-tailed Student's t test). Relative mutant frequencies, mutant frequency divided by that of the WT-DSB (I-Sce I–positive) controls assayed in parallel. Means ± SEM (n ≥ 3 experiments each), for this and all figures.
The 93 SIM genes constitute a functional network. First, protein-protein interaction data (12) show highly significant clustering for the SIM genes (Fig. 3, A and B, and fig. S2). Second, comparison with the Many Microbial Microarrays Database (13) shows that genes in the SIM network are highly significantly coexpressed under various conditions (Fig. 3B), which supports their common function. Highly significant correlations in protein-protein interaction and gene coexpression with the strong class are strengthened by the addition of moderate and weak classes (Fig. 3B) and are also seen in each class individually, with significance increasing from weak to strong (fig. S3).
The stress-induced mutation network. (A) Protein-protein interactions: CytoScape 2.8.3 software, "unweighted force-directed layout" (28), links from STRING 9.0 (12). Proteins that promote σS, σE, and SOS activation (Fig. 4), as green, black circle, and red circle, constitute 54% of the network. Downstream of SOS (7), solid red. (B) Coexpression and protein-protein interaction are significantly more clustered than random controls. Gene expression data (13). The 93 SIM genes, (92 × 93)/2 = 4278 pairs, show correlation coefficient distributions (top): bars, entire range; boxes 25th and 75th percentile; red bars, mean. Of 4278 pairs, 3350 show positive correlation coefficient; 928 lie below the zero threshold level. High statistical significance for the strong phenotype (S) genes is increased by addition of moderate (M) and weak (W) (table S3). (Bottom) Significantly more protein-protein interactions for SIM than random genes. Of 4278 pairs, 1320 show positive interaction scores; 2958 pairs do not. P values: sign test of the probability of failure to reject the null hypothesis "number of positively correlated pairs is the same as in the random control." (C) Allocation of network genes upstream of stress responses (data summarized in tables S1 and S7).
The largest class of genes identified encodes electron transfer chain (ETC) proteins, which function in oxidative phosphorylation (14) (Fig. 1C). These proteins promote mutation by acting upstream of activation of the σS general or starvation stress response during starvation, presumably because they sense stress, as follows.
We tested all network proteins for possible activation of the σS response (Fig. 1C and tables S1 and S7). We identified 31 bona fide σS response–deficient mutants by flow cytometric analysis of the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) gene expression from the σS-regulated promoter PyiaG (15) (select ETC mutants, Fig. 4A; the rest of the mutants, fig. S4, A and B, and table S8). These mutants showed normal expression of the cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) gene from a Plac promoter-cfp fusion gene (16) (Fig. 4B and fig. S4C), and so do not have reduced transcription overall, but instead are deficient in expression of σS-controlled genes. The decreases in σS-dependent gene expression were not due to delays reaching stationary phase, when σS is induced (Fig. 4C and fig. S5). These proteins might promote SIM by activation of the σS response, acting upstream of σS, sensing and communicating stress.
Identification of upstream activators of the σS, σE, and SOS stress responses. Results summarized in table S1. (A) Sample of ETC mutants showing decreased σS activity. See table S8 and fig. S4 for 26 others. (B) No change in transcription from the lac promoter. (C) Mutants enter stationary phase normally (also fig. S5). (D to F) ETC mutants are partially suppressed by up-regulation of σS via deletion of (D) arcB, (E) arcA, or (F) rssB (table S9 and fig. S7). Ratio of mutation rate (bars) and percent mutation restored relative to wild type (WT). (G to I) ∆rpoS is epistatic to ETC mutations in SIM. Double-mutant analyses without (G) or with (H and I) I-Sce I–induced DSBs, showing action in the same pathway. (J) Sample of SIM genes upstream of σE activity [β-galactosidase (β-gal) expression from a σE-regulated promoter, fig. S9, and table S11 for the rest]. (K) Spontaneous SOS induction (21) is reduced in recB, recC, pgi, and uvrY mutants (P = 0.00013, 0.017, 0.0013, and 0.00011, two-tailed Student's t test). (L) Model: ETC-mediated stress-sensing from starvation to mutation. Described in supplementary text S4. Products of genes identified in screens are in red.
We examined one representative mutant of each protein machine or pathway of the following groups of the ETC: (i) NuoC, NuoG, NuoH, NuoJ, NuoK, and NuoL subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase I (17); (ii) CyoA and CyoD subunits of cytochrome bo′ oxidase (14); and (iii) UbiA, UbiD, UbiE, UbiH, and UbiX, which catalyze biosynthesis of ubiquinone (UQ) (18). First, we find that the SIM deficiency of representative ETC mutants is suppressed, and SIM is partially or mostly restored, by provision of increased σS via arcB, arcA, or rssB mutations (fig. S6), which up-regulate σS levels (19). Mutation is partially restored (Fig. 4, D to F, and table S9), which supports the hypothesis that the ETC proteins act upstream of ArcB, ArcA, and RssB in increasing σS levels (model in Fig. 4L). The incomplete restoration of mutation (Fig. 4, D to F; fig. S7; and table S9) indicates that, in addition to their role upstream of ArcBA and RssB promoting σS accumulation, these proteins also promote SIM via some other route(s).
Second, double-mutant (epistasis) analyses for ETC mutations combined with ∆rpoS show that these genes act in a single SIM-activating pathway with σS. We analyzed double mutants of ∆rpoS with 9 of the 20 ETC mutations (Fig. 4, G to I; fig. S8; and table S10) in standard Lac-mutation assays, as well as in strains with the mutation rate elevated by an I-Sce I endonuclease–generated DSB near lac (1), for greater sensitivity for additive decreases in mutation rate. The decrease in mutation rate for, e.g., the nuoC rpoS double mutant, with or without I-Sce I–induced DSBs, is near that of the rpoS single mutant (Fig. 4, G and H; fig. S8; and table S10), which indicates action in a single pathway. Similar results for cyoD, ubiE, fre, hemL, hscB, mdh, pgi, and sdhD mutants carrying the rpoS mutation (Fig. 4, G to I; fig. S8; and table S10) indicate that rpoS is fully epistatic with these ETC mutants, which shows action in the same pathway. All genetic analyses of σS-upstream genes are summarized in table S1.
A model for the action of the ETC in starvation-sensing and mutation is shown in Fig. 4L (described in supplementary text S4). In it, during starvation, consumption of specific energy sources malate and succinate, during either an internal autophagy-like recycling process or external cannibalism, acts both upstream of σS activation and downstream to promote mutation. Activation of the σS response is a critical hub in the network, supported by a large allocation of network genes (Fig. 3A, green), which demonstrates its importance to mutagenesis. Generalization of the roles of the σS response (7) and supporting network proteins in the chromosomal Tet and Nal assays (Fig. 2 and table S5) indicates that this large network segment (and hub) is generally important to E. coli mutagenesis.
Mutants defective for rpoE, encoding the σE-response transcriptional activator, are sensitive to membrane disruption by SDS with EDTA (11). Forty-four mutants are sensitive to SDS-EDTA (fig. S9 and tables S1 and S7). Thirty-three of these also show decreased transcription from the σE-dependent rpoHP3 promoter (20), which confirms their σE-response deficiency (Fig. 4J, fig. S9, and table S11). Thus, these genes function upstream of activation of the σE response, sensing and transducing the stress signal, which supports the hypothesis that some or all of these may function in SIM via activation of σE. The remaining 11 genes might also encode σE-response activators during SIM, but merely were not confirmed with this particular σE-dependent promoter in these assay conditions (table S11 legend and summarized in tables S1 and S7).
We screened for network mutants defective in the SOS response by sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light. Twenty-six show UV sensitivity (table S7 and summary in table S1), which suggests defects in tolerance or repair of DNA damage. Of these, lexA, recA, and recB activate SOS in response to spontaneous DNA breaks (21). We identified three mutants not identified previously as SOS upstream (pgi, recC, and uvrY) by their defects in spontaneous SOS induction using a flow cytometric assay of cells that express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from an SOS-dependent promoter (21) (Fig. 4K). It is possible that more of the UV-sensitive mutants are SOS-induction defective under starvation-stress SIM conditions, which differ from conditions of the GFP assay. All genetic analyses described in the preceding paragraphs are summarized in table S1.
Taken together, our data suggest that as much as 54% of the SIM network proteins (50 out of 93) promote SIM by activating the σS, σE, and/or SOS stress responses (Fig. 3C and tables S1 and S7). Most of the network is devoted to sensing stress and communicating the signal (Fig. 3A).
The fraction of the network not implicated in action upstream of the three stress responses clusters into two groups of coincident gene expression (fig. S10). One group mirrors expression patterns of the σS and SOS groups, whereas the other does not and may represent a separate pathway. Of those genes upstream of stress responses, all are correlated roughly equally for protein-protein interactions and gene coexpression and similarly to all SIM genes (fig. S11).
Our data show that mutagenic DNA break repair (1, 2), previously known to require 16 proteins, is supported by a network of ≥93 proteins, all demonstrated to promote the mutagenesis mechanism. We demonstrated (in the case of the σS controllers) and implicated (for SOS and σE responses) that a total of 50 proteins act upstream of or in the same pathway as these three stress responses: more than half of the network and most of the 77 newly discovered proteins. Stress responses constitute the largest central nodes of the network (Fig. 3A).
DSB-dependent stress-induced mutagenesis produces more than half of spontaneous base substitution and frameshift mutations in starving E. coli (2) and is thus important to evolution. It promotes genetic diversity specifically when cells are maladapted to their environment, that is, when they are stressed. Similar mutagenesis pathways promote antibiotic-induced resistance to ciprofloxacin (antibiotic) in E. coli (6) and bile-induced bile resistance of pathogenic Salmonella (22, 23). Mutagenic DSB repair occurs in yeast (24) and is implicated in mutation hotspots in E. coli (25) and human cancers (26, 27), although whether it is related to stress responses in yeast and human, such as hypoxia-induced SIM (5), is unknown. The identification of stress response regulators as central network hubs suggests to us that these may provide promising candidates as targets for new drugs to inhibit mutagenesis that allows pathogens to adapt in response to antibiotics and the immune system, both stressors. Inhibiting evolution could allow conventional antibiotics and cancer chemotherapies to work without inducing resistance and, perhaps, allow the immune system to overtake pathogens.
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/338/6112/1344/DC1
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S11
Tables S1 to S13
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Acknowledgments: We thank R. Nichols and C. A. Gross for earlier bioinformatic analysis and discussion; S. Gottesman, C. Herman, J. D. Wang, and J. Weissman for discussions; J. Casadesus, S. Gottesman, C. Herman, G. Ira, X. Pan, E. Rogers, T. Silhavy, and J. D. Wang for comments on the manuscript; and D. Satory for help with strains. Bioinformatics supported by NSF 0905536, 1062455, and NIH GM79656 and GM66099 grants (O.L., A.M.L.). R.B.N. was supported by NIH Director's Pioneer Award DP1-CA174424 (S.M.R.). Supported by NIH grants R01-GM64022 (P.J.H.), R01-GM53158 (S.M.R.) and fellowships F32-GM095267 (R.L.F.) and F32-GM19909 (M.-J.L.). The genes of mutagenic repair of DNA breaks are accessible at http://wiki.porteco.org/tools/simnetwork.
You are going to email the following Identity and Function of a Large Gene Network Underlying Mutagenic Repair of DNA Breaks
By Abu Amar M. Al Mamun, Mary-Jane Lombardo, Chandan Shee, Andreas M. Lisewski, Caleb Gonzalez, Dongxu Lin, Ralf B. Nehring, Claude Saint-Ruf, Janet L. Gibson, Ryan L. Frisch, Olivier Lichtarge, P. J. Hastings, Susan M. Rosenberg
Science 07 Dec 2012 : 1344-1348
The complete set of proteins required for a mutagenic DNA-repair pathway is defined in Escherichia coli.


A man's tried to kidnap a toddler in Hyde.
TERRIFYING INCIDENT: Police are hunting a man who walked in the direction of Hyde Market Place after the attempted abduction.
At around 2.20pm on Monday afternoon (May 11), a mother and her two-year-old daughter were walking down Market Street.
They were approached by a man, who crouched down in front of the little girl and started talking to them both.
He then picked the child up and began walking off quickly with her towards the market.
The mother said she was terrified as she ran to grab her little girl from him.
The man then walked away in the direction of Market Place.
Officers are now appealing for witnesses with any information about the incident to come forward.
The man is described as Indian, approximately 5ft 11in tall, of slim build with dark, short hair and with possibly a receding hairline.
He is also described as having brown stained teeth and believed to be in his late 30s or early 40s. He is thought to have been wearing blue jeans with gold studs around the rear pockets and a pink and white horizontally striped polo shirt.
Detective Constable Anna Barker based at Hyde police station, said: "Clearly this is a disturbing incident and I know members of the public will be worried when they hear news of this taking place.
Anyone with information is asked to contact officers at Hyde police station on 0161 856 9484 or contact the independent charity Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.


Composition: organic green olives, water, salt, lactic acid, citric acid.
Capacity: net weight 320 g, weight drained 160 g.
Organic, green, table olives De Prado are the result of careful selection, that each fruit is being subjected. Only olives that meet the highest standards for organic food production, ideal in terms of texture, with tempting smell and excellent taste, find their way to your tables. De Prado olives are harvested by hand in the most optimum time of ripening, starting from late September to mid-October.
Store in a cool and dry place. Once opened, keep in fridge and consume within 7 days.
Organic, green, table olives De Prado are the result of careful selection, that each fruit is being subjected. Only olives that meet the highest standards for organic food production, ideal in terms of texture, with tempting smell and excellent taste, find their way to your tables. De Prado olives are harvested by hand in the most optimum time of ripening, starting from late September to mid-October.Store in a cool and dry place. Once opened, keep in fridge and consume within 7 days.
Organic, sliced, green, table olives De Prado are the result of careful selection, that each fruit is being subjected. Only olives that meet the highest standards for organic food production, ideal in terms of texture, with tempting smell and excellent taste, find their way to your tables. De Prado olives are harvested by hand in the most optimum time of ripening, starting from late September to mid-October.Store in a cool and dry place. Once opened, keep in fridge and consume within 7 days.


text:
Q: Calculating stock returns in R absolute noob here guys, so please bear with me. i have the following code to load data from a csv file and do some calculations. one of the calculations is just getting monthly returns for each stock. but i am clearly doing something wrong as I am getting the following msg:
Error in log(mprices) : non-numeric argument to mathematical function

I am putting up my code that I have written so far. Very basic stuff.
stockdata <- read.csv("NZXALL.csv", stringsAsFactors = F)
# Converting to XTS
dates <- stockdata$Date
stock.xts <- as.xts(stockdata, order.by=as.Date(dates, "%d/%m/%Y"))
data <- stock.xts
data$Date <- NULL                                      #Remove Date field
mprices <- aggregate(data, as.yearmon, tail, 1)       #Convert to monthly prices
monthly.returns <- diff(log(mprices))                 # convert prices to log returns

Any idea where I am going wrong? The dataset is in the following manner
Date        StockX    StockY    StockZ...
dd/mm/yyyy  price1    price1    price1

There are currently 142 stocks and data ranges between 2005 & 2014
Thanks!
> dput(head(stockdata))
structure(list(Date = c("5/01/2005", "6/01/2005", "7/01/2005",
"10/01/2005", "11/01/2005", "12/01/2005"), ABA = c(1.11, 1.11,
1.12, 1.13, 1.12, 1.12), ACY = c(3.61, 3.61, 3.7, 3.7, 3.75,
3.75), AFI = c(3.89, 3.89, 3.9, 3.92, 3.92, 3.98), AIA = c(8.05,
8.2, 8.1, 8.11, 8.1, 8.08), AIR = c(1.65, 1.63, 1.63, 1.63, 1.62,
1.62), ALF = c(2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.6, 2.65, 2.5), AMP = c(7.75,
7.65, 7.75, 8, 8.03, 8), ANZ = c(22.3, 22.3, 22.2, 22.5, 22.63,
22.6), AOR = c(0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03), APN = c(5.58,
5.58, 5.58, 5.58, 5.58, 5.58), ARG = c(1.18, 1.18, 1.18, 1.18,
1.18, 1.18), ASBPA = c(1.07, 1.07, 1.07, 1.05, 1.07, 1.06), ASBPB = c(1.01,
1, 1.01, 1.01, 1.01, 1.01), ATM = c(0.08, 0.08, 0.08, 0.08, 0.08,
0.08), ATR = c(2.05, 2.05, 2.05, 2.05, 2.05, 2.05), AWF = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), BGR = c(1.13,
1.14, 1.14, 1.14, 1.15, 1.15), BIT = c(7.47, 7.47, 7.45, 7.45,
7.4, 7.58), BLT = c(0.18, 0.19, 0.25, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2), CAV = c(4.55,
4.59, 4.6, 4.55, 4.55, 4.5), CDI = c(0.32, 0.32, 0.32, 0.33,
0.35, 0.36), CEN = c(6.37, 6.53, 6.52, 6.5, 6.44, 6.4), CMO = c(2.96,
2.96, 2.99, 2.99, 3, 3), CVT = c(2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1, 2.1
), DPC = c(2.79, 2.8, 2.76, 2.76, 2.76, 2.69), EBO = c(4.54,
4.52, 4.53, 4.55, 4.55, 4.55), EUT = c(12.35, 12.35, 12.35, 12.35,
12.05, 12.05), FBU = c(6.6, 6.57, 6.5, 6.4, 6.44, 6.46), FCS = c(6.85,
6.85, 6.85, 6.85, 6.85, 6.85), FCT = c(5.17, 5.15, 5.14, 5.12,
5.15, 5.15), FIN = c(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), FNZ = c(1.46, 1.46, 1.47,
1.47, 1.48, 1.48), FPH = c(3.28, 3.23, 3.18, 3.24, 3.23, 3.17
), FRE = c(3.1, 3.1, 3.1, 3.1, 3.11, 3.1), GFF = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), GLL = c(0.85,
0.84, 0.84, 0.85, 0.85, 0.85), GMT = c(1.14, 1.14, 1.15, 1.15,
1.14, 1.15), GPG = c(2.21, 2.23, 2.22, 2.19, 2.21, 2.25), GXH = c(0.1,
0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.12, 0.13), HBY = c(6.4, 6.45, 6.46, 6.5, 6.6,
6.5), HED = c(4.2, 4.25, 4.25, 4.22, 4.22, 4.22), HLG = c(3.8,
3.75, 3.77, 3.75, 3.73, 3.61), IFT = c(3.36, 3.45, 3.45, 3.45,
3.42, 3.4), JFJ = c(5.3, 5.3, 5.3, 5.3, 5.3, 5.35), JMO = c(11.35,
11.35, 11.35, 11.38, 11.4, 11.65), KFL = c(1.04, 1.04, 1.07,
1.08, 1.08, 1.09), KIP = c(1.13, 1.12, 1.15, 1.16, 1.15, 1.12
), KRK = c(2.28, 2.28, 2.26, 2.3, 2.3, 2.3), LPC = c(1.75, 1.73,
1.75, 1.77, 1.88, 1.86), MCK = c(0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.59, 0.6, 0.59
), MDZ = c(2.43, 2.47, 2.48, 2.48, 2.48, 2.45), MET = c(3.46,
3.45, 3.45, 3.45, 3.45, 3.45), MFT = c(2.3, 2.35, 2.38, 2.34,
2.32, 2.32), MGL = c(1.12, 1.15, 1.15, 1.15, 1.2, 1.2), MHI = c(8.22,
8.2, 8.14, 8, 8.05, 8), MOW = c(1.62, 1.62, 1.62, 1.62, 1.62,
1.62), MVN = c(1.65, 1.65, 1.65, 1.64, 1.64, 1.6), MZY = c(4.44,
4.45, 4.48, 4.48, 4.5, 4.5), NPT = c(0.99, 0.98, 0.98, 0.99,
1, 1), NPX = c(5.94, 5.95, 5.95, 5.9, 5.84, 5.9), NTH = c(2.95,
2.95, 2.96, 2.96, 2.96, 2.99), NTL = c(0.11, 0.11, 0.11, 0.11,
0.1, 0.1), NWF = c(NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_), NZF = c(0.4, 0.4, 0.41, 0.42, 0.42, 0.41), NZO = c(1.08,
1.11, 1.13, 1.12, 1.11, 1.1), NZR = c(31, 30.1, 30.95, 30.55,
30.9, 30.8), NZX = c(9.2, 9.3, 9.38, 9.35, 9.35, 9.29), OZY = c(2.3,
2.28, 2.28, 2.28, 2.3, 2.3), PBG = c(3.45, 3.39, 3.33, 3.44,
3.4, 3.4), PCT = c(0.91, 0.91, 0.92, 0.92, 0.91, 0.91), PEB = c(0.28,
0.28, 0.28, 0.28, 0.28, 0.28), PFI = c(1.04, 1.05, 1.05, 1.04,
1.04, 1.03), PGC = c(4.01, 4.1, 4.15, 4.15, 4.15, 4.02), PGW = c(2.15,
2.18, 2.2, 2.21, 2.2, 2.18), PIL = c(0.02, 0.02, 0.02, 0.02,
0.02, 0.02), POT = c(5.59, 5.58, 5.6, 5.6, 5.6, 5.45), PPG = c(0.84,
0.84, 0.83, 0.84, 0.86, 0.85), PPL = c(2.76, 2.72, 2.69, 2.65,
2.61, 2.7), PPP = c(0.14, 0.14, 0.14, 0.14, 0.15, 0.14), RBC = c(1.06,
1.06, 1.05, 1.06, 1.06, 1.05), RBD = c(1.28, 1.28, 1.28, 1.28,
1.28, 1.28), RNS = c(0.94, 0.99, 1.03, 1.04, 1, 1.01), RYM = c(3.65,
3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.68, 3.64), SAN = c(4.55, 4.5, 4.6, 4.6, 4.55,
4.51), SCT = c(3.25, 3.19, 3.1, 3.2, 3.21, 3.25), SCY = c(0.83,
0.84, 0.84, 0.83, 0.83, 0.83), SEA = c(0.07, 0.07, 0.07, 0.08,
0.07, 0.07), SEK = c(4.9, 4.9, 4.8, 4.92, 4.92, 4.92), SKC = c(5.43,
5.48, 5.45, 5.41, 5.5, 5.22), SKL = c(1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25,
1.25, 1.25), SKT = c(NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_), SLG = c(0.39, 0.4, 0.39, 0.38, 0.39, 0.39
), SPN = c(1.29, 1.29, 1.26, 1.29, 1.29, 1.28), SPY = c(0.08,
0.08, 0.08, 0.08, 0.08, 0.08), STU = c(4.74, 4.76, 4.85, 4.8,
4.74, 4.72), TCL = c(5.85, 5.99, 5.99, 5.99, 6.02, 6), TEL = c(6.25,
6.23, 6.23, 6.2, 6.23, 6.2), TEM = c(4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.55, 4.55,
4.55), TEN = c(2.18, 2.18, 2.19, 2.18, 2.19, 2.18), THL = c(2.09,
2.1, 2.09, 2.09, 2.15, 2.15), TLS = c(5.36, 5.36, 5.35, 5.4,
5.42, 5.42), TNZ = c(1.19, 1.19, 1.2, 1.19, 1.2, 1.19), TPW = c(5.7,
5.6, 5.61, 5.6, 5.6, 5.6), TRS = c(NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), TTK = c(2.6, 2.6, 2.63, 2.64,
2.55, 2.55), TUA = c(4.22, 4.15, 4.16, 4.2, 4.15, 4.15), TUR = c(3,
3, 3, 3.1, 3.1, 3.1), TWR = c(2.14, 2.14, 2.11, 2.08, 2.08, 2.06
), VCT = c(NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_), VHP = c(0.99, 0.99, 1, 0.99, 0.99, 0.99), VIL = c(0.85,
0.85, 0.9, 0.86, 0.85, 0.84), WBC = c(18.32, 18.32, 18.32, 18.32,
18.32, 18.32), WDT = c(0.58, 0.53, 0.58, 0.54, 0.5, 0.5), WHS = c(3.71,
3.77, 3.72, 3.69, 3.66, 3.63), AUG = c(NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), BRM = c(NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), BRM.1 = c(NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), DGL = c(NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), HFL = c(NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), RAK = c(NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), TPI = c(NA_real_, NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), AORWA = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), DIL = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), MLN = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), OGC = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), OIC = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), XRO = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), CUE = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), KIPGC = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), KMD = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), DNZ = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), TIL = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), CNU = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), HNZ = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), MAD = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), SUM = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), TME = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), MOA = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), NTLOA = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), FSF = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_), JMOOA = c(NA_real_,
NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_, NA_real_)), .Names = c("Date",
"ABA", "ACY", "AFI", "AIA", "AIR", "ALF", "AMP", "ANZ", "AOR",
"APN", "ARG", "ASBPA", "ASBPB", "ATM", "ATR", "AWF", "BGR", "BIT",
"BLT", "CAV", "CDI", "CEN", "CMO", "CVT", "DPC", "EBO", "EUT",
"FBU", "FCS", "FCT", "FIN", "FNZ", "FPH", "FRE", "GFF", "GLL",
"GMT", "GPG", "GXH", "HBY", "HED", "HLG", "IFT", "JFJ", "JMO",
"KFL", "KIP", "KRK", "LPC", "MCK", "MDZ", "MET", "MFT", "MGL",
"MHI", "MOW", "MVN", "MZY", "NPT", "NPX", "NTH", "NTL", "NWF",
"NZF", "NZO", "NZR", "NZX", "OZY", "PBG", "PCT", "PEB", "PFI",
"PGC", "PGW", "PIL", "POT", "PPG", "PPL", "PPP", "RBC", "RBD",
"RNS", "RYM", "SAN", "SCT", "SCY", "SEA", "SEK", "SKC", "SKL",
"SKT", "SLG", "SPN", "SPY", "STU", "TCL", "TEL", "TEM", "TEN",
"THL", "TLS", "TNZ", "TPW", "TRS", "TTK", "TUA", "TUR", "TWR",
"VCT", "VHP", "VIL", "WBC", "WDT", "WHS", "AUG", "BRM", "BRM.1",
"DGL", "HFL", "RAK", "TPI", "AORWA", "DIL", "MLN", "OGC", "OIC",
"XRO", "CUE", "KIPGC", "KMD", "DNZ", "TIL", "CNU", "HNZ", "MAD",
"SUM", "TME", "MOA", "NTLOA", "FSF", "JMOOA"), row.names = c(NA,
6L), class = "data.frame")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
FERC Approval of Atlantic Sunrise
February 6th, 2017 | by Mike Faherty
Categories: Condemnation, Eminent Domain, Pipeline Construction, Property Rights
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has approved the Williams Partners proposed Atlantic Sunrise pipeline. Williams is expected to conclude property acquisition negotiations or proceed with condemnation filings in February, 2017.
Pipeline clears federal hurdle
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has signed off on the contested Atlantic Sunrise project, which calls for the expansion of a natural gas pipeline that would funnel natural gas from the Marcellus Shale regions through the midstate and across the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast.
The commission issued a certificate of public convenience and necessity to Williams Partners LP, placing the Oklahoma-based energy group behind the $3 billion project another step closer toward breaking ground on the expansion.
The energy company's plans call for about 200 miles of new natural gas pipelines, some of which would pass through the midstate.
Williams Partners still must garner approvals from the Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State Historic Preservation Office.
The decision marked the final clearance Williams Partners needed from FERC, which had already all but given its blessing to the project when it released an environmental impact statement late last year.
FERC said in late December that environmental damage linked to the project would be "reduced to less-than-significant levels" through Williams' mitigation efforts.
The Atlantic Sunrise project also calls for the development of two new compressor stations and other infrastructure to help push gas from the Marcellus Shale fields to markets along the eastern seaboard.
Once complete, newly extracted gas would flow into Williams' existing 10,500-mile Transco pipeline that runs from New York to the Gulf of Mexico.
Written by: Eric Veronikis | Patriot News
Why Should I Hire An Experienced Eminent Domain Attorney?
Anyone who receives notice that their property is threatened by eminent domain action should consult with an attorney who is very experienced in eminent domain law. Unfortunately, too many people obtain poor results after failing to hire an eminent domain attorney.
March 23rd, 2020 | by Mike Faherty
Condemnation and COVID-19
I recommend reading the blog post below which is a short analysis of condemnation and covid-19 written by Attorneys Ehren Fournier and Katie Gray.
Coronavirus Restrictions As Condemnation?
Below is a summary of eminent domain law which may be helpful in these days of government restrictions as a result of the coronavirus.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: can't get my code in github with capistrano I did branch to HEAD switching (and can't remember the things I did) on my github repository and now I can't seem to make capistrano work.
when I...
set :branch, "master"

it says master is not repository
set :branch, "origin"

it does succeed, however, it's not getting my code at all, it only shows the REVISION file.
# set branch removed

it says "HEAD" is not a repository.
so far the following are the contents of my deploy.rb
set :scm, :git
set :deploy_to, "redport"
set :deploy_via, :remote_cache

set :use_sudo, false
set :user, 'netxph'
set :repostiory, "https://netxph@github.com/netxph/redport.git"
set :repository_cache, "git-cache"
set :scm_verbose, true
set :normalize_asset_timestamps, false

Thanks in advance.

A: I've solved it...
I misspelled the repository (refer above) and have another duplicate of repository with empty values in it.
:(


Drama Movies are said to be a complete package of the family movie. As it includes other Genres in it. Romance is also the part of Drama Movies. The action is somehow also present there. In addition to this, Emotions in which our daily life has been spent also found in Drama Movies Online. Movierulzcinema presenting best Drama Movies Collection over the internet.


Zapier will be performing scheduled maintenance on Feb 12th at 7 pm Pacific time.
During this time the site may not be accessible.
Zaps with instant triggers will not run during this time but will continue to receive information and commence once the maintenance is complete.
Polling triggers will also experience a delay and Delay/Digests steps set to release during this period will be released once maintenance is complete.
Maintenance will start on Feb 12th at 7pm Pacific Time and could last up to 120 minutes.
This scheduled maintenance affected: Website, Developer Platform and Zaps (Instant Triggers, Polling Triggers, Searches & Writes).


Quality, experience, and responsiveness – the most important qualities you look for in an engineering and consulting firm.
Whatever your engineering, surveying or consulting needs, our staff of over 40 professionals can provide the services and guidance you need. Whether you are a prospective landowner in need of a survey or a public utility with a large urban project, we are here to serve you.
As a partner with K2 Commercial Group, Smith & Company Engineers has helped prepare plans for the Eight Points Development at the Intersection of U.S. 60 and U.S. 67 in Poplar Bluff, Missouri. Included in the plan is work at the new Poplar Bluff Regional Medical Center (PBRMC) and Oak Grove Road improvements.
The Butler County Industrial Park Bypass connects the interchange of State Highway M, East Outer Road and U.S. 67 to the Industrial Park. The Bypass provides efficient movement for nearly 2,100 vehicles per day.


Our next meeting is September 18. The demo Artist for September will be E. Melinda Morrison, demonstrating oils.
As a young woman, her B.A. in fine arts from the University of Texas at Tyler took a backseat to the corporate world for many years: advertising exec; graphic designer and art director of her own company; and later corporate and executive recruiter.
Not surprisingly, she was recognized in national competitions for her print design and annual reports, but shortly after her move to Denver in 1994, the satisfied extrovert began to hear from the starving artist. She says she "felt like her soul was drying up". An oil-painting class at the Art Students' League of Denver rained water on that desert ground.
Features works from high school age students living in the Richardson ISD area. The show runs from December 1 thru January 6th.
E. Melinda Morrison gave an outstanding demonstration of her oil painting technique at our September 18th members meeting. A Fine Arts major in college, she had 60 hours of life drawing. Life happens as with all of us so she didn't pursue her love of art until 1994 when she took an oil painting class in Denver which re-sparked her love of painting. She became a full time painter in the early 2000s. She is now represented in four premier galleries across the country.
Melinda moved here three years ago from Denver and gives workshops in her studio now. She recommends learning the "visual language" of art, the elements of art and painting. Paint from life as much as possible.
As always, we also had our monthly Painting of the Month contest. Our members can each bring one painting to each meeting where the membership votes to choose a first, second and third place winner. Cash prizes are awarded and the first place winner also has an opportunity to display their winning piece at the Artists' Showplace for one month. First place winners are not eligible to enter the next month's contest.
This month's winners are shown in the attached photo. Credit goes to Jan Lorine Matthews for the photos from the demo and the Painting of the Month contest.


Myriad Software was founded in 1990 by Carolyn Crowley and Russell Higgins. Its original product, Big Ticket Retail Manager, was a fully-integrated business package that was designed specifically for the Home Furnishings retailer. Over the last 10 years, Myriad Software developed and sold a windows-based product, Eclicktic™, and Eclicktic BE to home furnishings, carpet, appliance and consumer electronics retailers. This robust software system manages sales, inventory, inventory control (including bar-coding), accounting, special order tracking, customer history, and more. Myriad Software has quickly amassed over 350+ impressive mid-size clients running over 11000+ retail locations using their Eclicktic and Eclicktic BE products. Myriad Software's success can be attributed to their superior product design and exceptional customer service. They continue to be the #1 software solution in the Home Furnishings industry with a new and existing client base that enjoys a long-lasting relationship with Myriad Software.
The Client Services team at Myriad Software offers a wealth of knowledge, enthusiasm, and empathy to Myriad customers. Myriad's quick-response technical support system is unmatched in the industry.
The impressive Client Services staff also delivers a suite of highly-praised training courses to get customers started managing their businesses the Myriad way. Client Services keeps customers up-to-date and successful with frequent high-quality customer-education and informational materials.
Of course, the Development Team at Myriad Software is built of experts in retail management and accounting software and experts in new technology.
These specialists in software design, application programming, database development, technical documentation and quality assurance are continually working closely with the myriad and clients team to develop the software that Myriad customers have requested.
Myriad Software provides comprehensive, high quality, instructor-led training classes. Our goal is to enable our clients to begin using the software as quickly and efficiently as possible, by providing a small class environment and individualized focus. Initial training is completed in only four days!
The instructors at Myriad Software are trained professionals who provide dynamic, hands-on instruction for each new client in our comfortable, professional training environment. Additionally, each student learns and practices using the software with challenging, real-life scenarios.


text:
Biografie Graeme Were
Graeme Were has a PhD in Anthropology and is convenor of the Museum Studies postgraduate programme at the University of Queensland and director of Postgraduate Studies in the School of English, Media Studies and Art History.
His work includes the monograph Lines that Connect: Rethinking Pattern and Mind in the Pacific (University of Hawaii Press, 2010) and the co-edited volume Extreme Collecting (Berghahn Books, 2012).
He was recently awarded the University of Queensland's Foundation Research Excellence Award (2012) for his work on digital technologies and participatory design in Melanesia.


(Disponible en Français) D'Auchel, The Hong Kong Ladies Paradise. While wishing "to promote the best of the French craftsmanship abroad," Olivier Dauchez managed to create a luxury brand, which distinguishes itself from all the others. This performance is a feat at the Fragrant Harbour, where most of the luxury companies of the world chose to settle down and are engaged in fierce competition. The magic of D'Auchel operates as soon as the visitor enters the flagship store and workshop dedicated to the leather goods, located at Lyndhurst Terrace (Hong Kong Central District), opened in July, 2015. The elegance in all shapes, the genteel highlighting of the diverse collections without falling into ostentatious are playing a role in this delight. There is an air of nobility in this smart cocoon and it is no coincidence. A clue, the brand logo represents the 13th century coat of arms of the family D'Auchel, whose Olivier Dauchez descended from. He even lived his childhood in the castle of his mother, the Castle of Villechaize in the Loire.
The enchantment increases with the touch of the leathers, with the discovery of the finishes' delicacy and of the sewings' finesse. The amateurs know it straight away: The quality is superior. « We import all our materials from France, the threads, the leathers from the best tanneries. And everything is hand made, » confirms Olivier Dauchez. It is all the easier to verify, as the workshop is integrated into the store. Its visitors are able to contemplate the meticulous cutting work, the assembly and the making while discussing with the artisans. This privilege also is a luxury because both artisans chosen by the brand creator are among the best in all of France. "Compagnon du Tour de France" *, the leather master craftsmen have a 10 to 15 years of practice at French high-end ateliers. It is the first time that « their skills are showcased to clients in Asia, » tells the entrepreneur, also a passionate and a deep expert in all aspects of leather goods.« During more than twenty years, I led a factory which manufactured bags for the established luxury brands. Then, I wanted to reconnect with the quality in its pure form. I wished to rediscover the craftsman authentic techniques, then to expose them abroad, » explains Olivier Dauchez.
Every D'Auchel bag, which requires at least two weeks' work, is unique. It is entirely tailor-made. The customers choose the leathers, their colors, the size of the shoulder strap, of the computer pockets, of the organizers, etc. On top of that, "we are able to offer hot stamping initials. We know how to design personalized molds (kept at the store) for more sophisticated writings, » specifies the brand inventor. Nevertheless, the originality of the D'Auchel concept goes beyond that stage. The customers are invited to view and even to participate in the various stages of their bag creation. As such, a relationship of complicity with the experimented artisans emerges from the regurlar visit at the workshop. « By learning the thoroughness and the meticulousness of the work of the leather, our customers live a unique experience. They appreciate all the more the good they have ordered, » comments on Olivier Dauchez.This experience, a way of inspiring loyalty, is an overwhelming success. It fulfills the expectations of the Hong-Kong wealthy women, who « already have the handbags of all the worldwide luxury brands. Now, they are in search of an exclusive good, totally customized and adapted to their personality, » notes Olivier Dauchez. At the moment, the clientele of D'Auchel, made up of residents of the Fragrant Harbour at 80%, is mainly feminine, even if the house knows also how to design wallets, card holders, briefcases for the men.
The Lyndhurst Terrace visitors target the evening or the daily handbags, like, for example, the "Lena", which is coquettishly reversible. Or, the "Thaïs", that changes shape according to the mood, depending on the belt adjustment. What is the meaning of the bag ranges' names? Olivier Dauchez answers: « Each took the name of a member of my family. » The latest is Théo, under the sign of travel. This young boy, who looks like the « Little Prince », is a character whose diverse stopovers are drawn (thanks to a hot stamping) on the models chosen by the customers. Now that the image of the first D'Auchel store is associated with the Haute Couture, what are the founder ambitions? « We hope to open a shop on street in Central. In the longer term, we plan to become established in New York and in Tokyo, maybe in two years when the brand will gain in notoriety, » expects Olivier Dauchez. As a matter of fact, this bet has all the chances to be won.
In the meantime, those who wish to live the D'Auchel experience should not wait. The prices are much more than reasonable compared with the quality and the offered services. Logically, these should be increased someday. In Hong Kong art auction rooms, it is often said that "art is priceless". This adage may as well apply to the craftsmen of the leather goods, who undeniably are true artists.
* "Compagnon du Tour de France" : French organization of craftsmen and artisans (dating from the Middle Ages). Their traditional, technical education includes taking a tour, the Tour de France, around France and doing apprenticeships with Masters.


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I always pondered that Cowper had been inspired by the lovely Hollywood actress Jeanette McDonald when he painted the 'Ugly Duckling'. How clever of you to have tracked down the real model, and how delightful she is still with us. Topping post Kirsty thank you.
Thank you very much for this post - I love the enormous flowery patterns and mouth watering colours! I knew a couple of his paintings but it was lovely to be introduced to so many others. The painting and background of the Ugly Duckling was fascinating to read about too.
Well, what does one do on a twilight zone sort of day with little daylight, confined by a nasty bug? Obviously google opinion as to the best season of Buffy and then look at Kirsy's cheerful gorgeousness. Knew this was the answer! Frank CC must have got a job lot of those two fabrics, the black-and-gold, and the red one which I think is stylised carnations, I've got the Kaffe Fasset cardigan coat which my aunt knitted for me in the 80s, with a bit of mending it's still going strong. What a tonic, thank you as ever Kirsty.
Well, I am glad to have entertained everyone. I feel the need to work out exactly what each of the fabrics looked like in entirity as they certainly are striking.
I believe that the reference to Cowper being a member of the Plymouth Bretheren comes from the biography I wrote for Artmagick in 2005 http://www.artmagick.com/pictures/artist.aspx?artist=frank-cadogan-cowper (although I also mentioned this in the catalogue that I wrote for the Cowper exhibition a year earlier). I got the information from Audrey Gibbs who used to drive the artist to the cinema in Cheltenham because he was worried about being spotted going to the local cinema in Cirencester by any of his Plymouth Brethren friends!
Aha! Thanks Scott. I read it (unattributed) on the school website but then couldn't find it anywhere else. So do you think he became PB later in life?
There are other things that appear on the Cranleigh School webpage entry for Cowper that have been lifted from the biography that I wrote for Artmagick. I had presumed that he had been a member of the Plymouth Brethren all of his life, possibly one of the reasons that he never learned to drive and travelled around on a bicycle instead.
Thank you Scott, how fascinating!
Thank you so much, my dearest Kirsty, for another inspiring post, putting me in so high spirits, you've truly made my day !
I love 'Vanity' so very much !!!
If those bold fabric patterns were his own designs, and not from real curtains, dresses, etc. that he painted from life, then he could have had a good career in wallpapers. I would love to see some wallpapers made from his designs, especially a scaled-down version of the poppies in the 'Vanity' picture. I doubt many modern homes have the wall-space and ceiling-height to accommodate a pattern on that scale, but I love the pattern itself. I'm currently decorating my new home, and I have a few reproduction period wallpapers (including one of Gothic Revival print from 1823). My partner and I came to a compromise that I could use them for feature walls as his tastes are for modern and minimalistic.
I really want to get my paws on some of those fabrics, too... and wear half the dresses!
Absolutely, I'd wear the Belle Dame sans Merci dress in a heartbeat!
It's very interesting - the art text books talk as though the various art movements just went seamlessly from one to the other: impressionism, post impressionism, expressionism, cubism, fauvism, surrealism etc etc. What it hides is the fact that there were so many painters still artists still painting in a traditional style such as Cowper. One also thinks of others like Eleanor Fortescue Brickdale, Frank Dicksee, Evelyn de Morgan, even John Singer Sargent, who were painting well into the twentieth century. There must be hundreds. You do wonder what it must have been like for all these amazing skillful artists suddenly to find themselves branded as "unfashionable" and swept aside by the modernists. It seems that most like Cowper had to give up on the mediaeval subjects and switched to portrait painting to earn their living. This happens to this day eg compare the amazing skills and talent on display at the annual BP portrait competition at the NPG with the stuff at the RA summer exhibition. I wonder if the Emperor will ever wake up and notice his absence of clothes?! Thanks once again for such an interesting post.


text:
Wrestling Culture: Pro Wrestling News
WWE NXT Review: November 6, 2019
WWE Royal Rumble Review: January 26, 2020
WWE Raw Review: January 6, 2020
WWE SmackDown Review: January 3, 2020
Randy Orton vs. AJ Styles Round II in WWE
Felix Pichler
Opening segment
This week's episode of NXT kicked off with Mauro Ranallo who talked about "breaking news" as they showed footage from "moments ago" where AJ Styles, Luke Gallows, and Karl Anderson bet up the Undisputed Era outside of the arena. Right after that, the OC made its way through the crowd into the ring. The Phenomenal One grabbed the microphone for a promo as he talked about how the UE tried to bring the war to RAW and how they're returning now the favour. Styles added that since the Undisputed Era is beaten up, all the champions in NXT are out. Styles continued by saying that the OC is taking over NXT and that would be undisputed.
Tommaso Ciampa made his entrance, stood on the stage and talked about how people have been asking him for years on how long it'll take him to become part of the main roster. He added that today he could welcome the OC to the "main roster". Ciampa added that it would be fine beating up the Undisputed Era but that he has a problem when Styles, Gallows and Anderson want to take over his ring. Styles pointed out that they have a numerical advantage, but then as you would expect, Keith Lee and Matt Riddle joined Ciampa on the stage. Ciampa asked Styles for a six-man tag team match and Styles accepted the challenge, so we'll surely get this as the main event of this night.
Opinion: For people who watch NXT for some time it's good to see that this brand finally gets the recognition which it deserves and that it is part of the Survivor Series PPV. Styles and Ciampa are both great with the mic what they proved once more and I'm sure that the tag team match won't disappoint us. An awesome start to kick off this show.
Pete Dunne vs. Damien Priest and Dakota Kai at War Games?
This match was the second one during their feud and Priest was able to win the first one. However, this was a great match since nobody was able to dominate for a longer period and we saw counter after counter. The match took about 10 minutes and in the final phase, Dunne hit his opponent with a low blow what the ref didn't see. This gave the Bruiserweight the chance to apply the Cross Armbreaker and his finger snap spot to win via submission. After the match, Killian Dain attacked Dunne from behind. Priest wanted to join him by attacking the Bruiserweight, but in the end, Dain bet up both superstars.
After that, Beth Phoenix announced that at War Games the fight Shayna Baszler, Bianca Belair and Io Shirai vs. Rhea Ripley, Candice LeRae and Tegan Nox. She added that both teams would need to pick one more member for their team. Then, Cathy Kelly interviewed Dakota Kai who would face Baszler later that night. She said that she'll prove that she deserves to be on team Ripley.
Opinion: The match between Dunne and Priest was great to watch. Additionally, this time Dunne went for the low blow for the win and last time it was the other way around. So, both men seem to be on the exact same level. Dain continues to be the guy who suddenly appears and beats up everyone. This will surely lead to a nice set-up for a triple threat match.
I'm also hyped for the match between Baszler and Kai since this match will declare if Kai will be in the team of Ripley at War Games. Even though it's completely unlikely that Baszler loses that match, I'm sure there is more to come about this topic in this episode.
Rating: B+
Santana Garrett vs. Taynara Conti
The commentators noted that both women will try to show their abilities to possibly impress the War Games team captains. Taynara was able to get away with the victory after about four minutes as she had hit her opponent with a Back Thrust Kick.
Opinion: Even though Taynara lost so many times within the last weeks, you clearly saw a progression and in the light of this, she totally deserves that win. Anyways, I don't think that she'll be part of the War Games match.
Rating: B
Shayna Baszler (w/Marina Shafir and Jessamyn Duke) vs. Dakota Kai in a non-title match
The match took about eight minutes and even though Kai didn't look weak, Baszler was just too strong. Kai had to tap out to the Kirafuda Clutch. After the match, Shafir and Duke joined Baszler in the ring to beat up Kai. Suddenly, both War Games teams came out and complete chaos broke out. Then, non-team member Mia Yim ran out with a Kendo Stick in her hands and cleared all the heels from the ring to save Team Ripley.
Opinion: Considering the post-match segment, it seems as Yim would be the fourth member of the match at War Games. The match itself was solid and Bazler just continuous to look extremely dangerous.
Tony Nese vs. Angel Garza to declare the new number one contender for the NXT Cruiserweight Championship
This match was very good to watch, and Garza once more showed off his great in-ring ability. Besides, both men proved that Cruiserweights aren't just high-flyers. In the end, Garza got away with the victory after about nine minutes to become the new number one contender. He made his way up the ramp to go backstage, but then Lio Rush came out and applauded. He offered Garza the handshake, but the new contender answered with a slap and left the stage while Rush smiled.
Next, we saw Kelley interviewing Rhea Ripley and her War Games team plus Mia Yim and Dakota Kai. Ripley announced that Yim would be the fourth member of the team and apologized to Kai for not making the cut. Kai looked disappointed, answered that she would understand it and left.
Opinion: Since I'm a great fan of Garza, I'm happy to see him in the title picture. The post-match segment was also good and I'm sure that the match for the NXT Cruiserweight Championship next week will blow off the rooftop.
The interview with Ripley was as we would have expected it and I'm sure that there will happen something with Kai until the War Games match.
Dominik Dijakovic vs. Isaiah "Swerve" Scott
Scott performed good and showed off his abilities, and Dijakovic also performed well to show a great and entertaining match. You had the feeling that it was the first time for ages that Dijakovic was in a match without Lee. Dijakovic hit his opponent with the Feast Your Eyes to get the win.
Opinion: Dijakovic was class as always. Scott was solid but compared to his good times as Killshot at Lucha Underground, he's still far behind. I'm sure that he'll need some more time but in the near future, he'll be able to show us what he's really capable of.
"The OC" AJ Styles, Luke Gallows, and Karl Anderson vs. Tommaso Ciampa, Keith Lee, and Matt Riddle
Of course, this match was just amazing. All six superstars had several spots to show their incredible abilities. Especially Lee and Riddle had their great moments in which they hit their opponents with great moves. After about 13 minutes, Lee hit Styles with a Monty Brown Pounce which also took out the referee.
After that, Lee, Anderson and Gallows were at ringside as Riddle came over the top rope with a Fosbury Flop. In the ring, Ciampa gave the Phenomenal One a Knee and went for a Fairy Tale Ending, but then was interrupted by Finn Balor making his entrance. Styles took the opportunity to hit the shocked Ciampa with a Pele Kick and at the outside, Balor gave Matt Riddle a Bloody Sunday on the ramp. Styles showed the too sweet sign while Balor did his double shooter finger guns. The Phenomenal One went for the Styles Clash on Ciampa, but Adam Cole hit Styles with a kick and so he saved Ciampa. However, after that, performed the Last Shot to Ciampa. After this chaos, Cole stood tall in the ring while Balor was on the ramp as the show went off air.
Opinion: What an incredible main event and an even better post-match angle. It's good that we had due to the ref bump a no-contest-ending, so nobody has to take a loss. However, the ending was a bit confusing since Balor is in truth in a feud with Jonny Gargano. Anyways, it was a surprising ending and that's exactly what we want to see.
An amazing episode of NXT with a hot opening segment, several great matches and an incredible main event. Besides, there are still some open questions which hopefully will be answered next week: who is the fourth member of team Ciampa (Kelley asked him about this in that episode, but he didn't give an answer or a hint), who is the fourth member of team Baszler, what will happen between Gargano and Balor,…
Besides, I'm looking forward to next week's NXT Cruiserweight Championship match between Garza and Rush. Additionally, this show also once more proved how many great female superstars NXT has and they also proved to make a good show in which we saw none of the members of the Undisputed Era except Cole in the last seconds of it.
Rating: A-
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Hey Wednesday, nice to see ya. I had a week off this post last week. Life just seemed to get a little busy and in the way of things. But alas, I'm back this week. The sun is shining and we're that little bit closer to the weekend. Let me tell you how my week has being going.
1. Has anyone else got their hands on the latest Betty magazine? With a couple of hours to spare over the weekend I sat down and devoured every single page of the latest In Bloom issue. Is there anything better than settling down with a magazine, a cup of tea and shutting the world out for a couple of hours? If you haven't already picked the issue up I suggest you do! It's full of more pretty florals and cake (that's right flowers and cake, what more do you want?) than you can shake a stick at.
2. So I can't believe I'm finally typing this but our builder has officially finished the kitchen! There are still a few little touch ups that Brett and I need to do over the next couple of days (a bit of painting here and there) but it's so so close to being 100% done. Those of you who follow me over on Instagram will see that I've being posting kitchen snaps almost daily. It's true love. Once we've worked on the finishing touches there will be a massive blog post to come. Including some hideous before photos! Needless to say I'm on the hunt for some new kitchen bits so send over any recommendations.
3. This morning just as I was rushing out the door to work a parcel arrived for me. It turned out to be a gorgeous package from Kiehls. I absolutely adore Kiehls so it was so lovely of them to send me a few products to try. I can't wait to get stuck into them and write up a post. What are your favourite Kiehls products?