text:
Category: Language History People World Art Education Technology Internet Business Food Beauty Miscellaneous Industry Science Anatomy Health Crafts Cars Home Finance Medicine Fashion Fitness United States Environment Travel Law Hobbies
What Is Qualitative Feedback?
Daniel Liden
Qualitative feedback is a body of observations and responses to one's work or performance that is based on comparisons and descriptions of characteristics in a non-numerical manner. Such feedback is often useful because it allows those giving the feedback to be more specific about what they do or do not like and what they believe could be improved. Quantitative feedback, on the other hand, is based on numbers and can be used to develop detailed statistical data. Such data is often gathered through surveys asking participants to rate various facets of the subject's performance on a given numerical scale. Many forms of feedback include both qualitative and quantitative aspects.
Qualitative feedback allows specifics for suggesting improvement, which can be quite useful in a classroom.
Many people favor qualitative feedback because it provides more precise explanations for areas that need improvement or those that should not be changed. A professor, for instance, may discover from his students that he assigns too much reading and does not explain certain parts of it well enough in class. It is much easier to respond to this criticism than it is to respond to a "2 out of 5" rating in the "comprehensible" category of a quantitative feedback survey. Receiving such constructive criticism on a yearly basis, if not more often, allows the professor to refine his teaching methods based on the changing needs of his students and to receive useful feedback for any new teaching techniques he may try.
Writers may benefit greatly from qualitative feedback.
This type of feedback is not, however, always as useful for individuals in management who need to make decisions about their subordinates. Reading through pages of feedback about a professor may allow an academic administrator to get a good sense of his strengths and weaknesses, but doing so is time consuming and imprecise. Quantitative feedback, on the other hand, can supply the administrator with simple averaged numerical ratings with which to make decisions. A professor who consistently receives low scores in a variety of different categories may be subject to censure, particularly when he also receives qualitative criticism that further explains the problems in his teaching method.
Qualitative feedback may help a teacher to refine his teaching methods.
Almost any profession can benefit from qualitative feedback. Such feedback may, for instance, draw a writer's attention to persistent flaws in his work. An office worker can use it to identify and correct flaws in the manner in which he does business. Even athletes, whose performance is often precisely quantified, often benefit from qualitative descriptions of the problems with their athletic performances.
Positive feedback can help a person reform they behaviors.
Language History People World Art Education Technology Internet Business Food Beauty Miscellaneous Industry Science Anatomy Health Crafts Cars Home Finance Medicine Fashion Fitness United States Environment Travel Law Hobbies
What Are Qualitative Surveys?
What Are Qualitative Skills?
What Is Quantitative Feedback?
What is the Difference Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research?


Occasionally (like a few minutes ago) the site has super duper slow loading or even timeouts for me. I'm in round rock tejas with TWC internet, if that matters.
Site issues? Anyone else notice this?
Site is definitely loading slowly for me as well.
Yep. It's being addressed. A new server is being installed today and the site will be moved over shortly. Probably be moved to the new server Wednesday night.
Hopefully it will be something Linux or Windows based, I think the Apple server was too loaded down with it's own smugness.
A few red X's so far and I got an error while trying to post a reply to a thread earlier but so far so good.
DNS is still cached and it may take some time for it to propagate so some elements are still being pulled off the old server. It should all clear up in an hour or two.
Definitely zippier now. Plenty of room for growth on the server now.
Yeah, it's a lot better. Thanks for working on this tonight. I know everyone appreciates the speed.
No loading problems so far today. Kickass!
It's all good in the hood, baby.
Forums are super fast now compared to before.


text:
from docker_loader.provisioner import Provisioner

class ShellCommand(Provisioner):

    def __init__(self, command, cleanup_command=None,
            **additional_configuration):
        self.command = command
        self.cleanup_command = cleanup_command
        self.additional_configuration = additional_configuration

    def __str__(self):
        return "Run shell command: {}".format(self.command)

    def provision(self, container):
        container.run(self.command, **self.additional_configuration)

    def cleanup(self, container):
        if self.cleanup_command is not None:
            container.run(
                self.cleanup_command,
                **self.additional_configuration
            )

class ShellScript(Provisioner):

    def __init__(self, script_path, cleanup_script_path=None,
            **additional_configuration):
        self.script_path = script_path
        self.cleanup_script_path = cleanup_script_path
        self.additional_configuration = additional_configuration

    def __str__(self):
        return "Run shell script: {}".format(self.script_path)

    def provision(self, container):
        with open(self.script_path, 'r') as script_file:
            container.run(script_file, **self.additional_configuration)

    def cleanup(self, container):
        if self.cleanup_script_path is not None:
            with open(self.cleanup_script_path, 'r') as cleanup_script_file:
                container.run_script(
                    cleanup_script_file,
                    **self.additional_configuration
                )

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package de.decoit.simu.cbor.ifmap.response.model;

import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.ToString;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

/**
 * Java representation of the IF-MAP renew-session response.
 *
 * @author Thomas Rix (rix@decoit.de)
 */
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
@ToString(callSuper = true)
@Slf4j
public final class CBORRenewSessionResult extends AbstractResult {
	public static final String XML_NAME = "renewSessionResult";

	/**
	 * Create a new renew-session response.
	 */
	public CBORRenewSessionResult() {
		super(XML_NAME);
	}
}


Octopod io is a tactical io game. Fight against octopus invasion and try to invade octopuses as well. Simple but funny game for a 5 minute break.
You aim in the Octopus io is to get the symbol of the opponents' team. It's found over the red brick wall you can destroy. Other walls are not that strong, come closer and click on it till it goes. As soon as you've captured the symbol the game restarts and players switch the roles. If you played for humans you'll play for octopuses and vice versa.


"I'll take roots over slippery rocks! I love this display. Truly one of the great sights in the park. "
"Beautiful photo. Love the tree shadows."
"That picture reminds me of a Led Zeppelin song...."
I love that I usually have the trails to myself.
I've been married for 32 years and have a 26 year old daughter. I've been coming to the Smokies since 1980. We finally bought a house in Gatlinburg in 2007. We visit about once per month. I love to ride my bike(s) both on long trips (like the Blue Ridge Parkway, or Cincinnati to Gatlinburg) and also race and coach. I also play the drums in numerous local bands and enjoy photography. My main source of income is wimberglandscaping.com but I also teach spinning and circuit training classes.
You know Peter, I think I remember maps/brochures at the visitor centers for the GSMNP or the Blue Ridge Parkway used to have pictures and brief descriptions of the flora and fauna, as they called it, that could be seen in the park. And, I believe one of the two used to have a picture of a cougar (mountain lion) in them. But, we've been visiting the area for 37 years and that could have been a long time ago.
Also, my husband and I are considering buying a small cabin in the park area to have kind of as a second home. My goal is by the end of 2017. I'm like you, I would prefer something secluded, but I will possibly be spending time there alone escaping the hot months here in Texas so I think we will get something in an established log home community or neighborhood. The Texas heat is getting to be less and less tolerable for me due to illness. If we can make this happen, I will be asking everyone for advice on secure areas to live in, city utilities as opposed to wells and septic systems and log home community restrictions, etc. I really don't want a condo. I want my own little cabin on a piece of paradise!
Oh, I forgot. I wanted to tell you there was one woman who's a Gosmokies member who along with her husband (I believe) goes over to Catalooche to see the elk. She said she saw a cougar over there and it had that characteristic long tail. It would make sense that if they are around, you would see them in Catalooche because of the elk.
I've always had a fascination with wolves and when I saw that one back in the cove I was so excited. But, I think most locals and park biologists will say it wasn't a wolf. But, it was just beautiful. Large, grey (not brown) and just carried itself different. I've been around Norwegian Elkhounds and German Shepherds and Akitas and they are all beautiful animals, especially the Akitas, but I just don't think that was a dog I saw and it was way in the back of the cove. There were no vehicles or people around where I saw it either.
Peter, I thought I would continue my remarks here since they aren't about the Smokies. We have a family owned farm/ranch about 100 miles northwest of where we live here in central Texas. My uncle has seen a mountain lion on two separate occasions, both at daybreak, walking within 50 to 75 yards of the house. This was about 2 years ago. Then last winter we found the carcass of a deer that had been brought down by the throat. My brother thought he saw 2 babies together, but no adult. I'm sure she was around, he just didn't see her! We have bobcats on the place and they don't have long tails so I'm sure my brother and uncle knew what they were seeing. I don't go up there much any longer because 2 years ago my mom and I were there one weekend by ourselves and I woke one morning at 4:30 to see a man about to break in through our screened porch. I just have not been able to go back without my husband. It makes me leery about that mountain lion because I often did work around the place or walked or rode around the place alone. We haven't captured one on any of the game cameras yet, but the deer are noticeably fewer. My aunt and uncle think it's because that big cat is around. Years ago while in college my husband worked for Texas Parks and Wildlife and he still stays in touch with some of the biologists. He said they will come and put out traps to catch that mountain lion and relocate her, but my uncle doesn't want them on the place. So that's, that.
Your last photos of Rainbow Falls trail... WOW! Those trees! And the way the sun plays, awesome. Love them. Just wanted to say!!!
I try to head down once a month from Cincinnati. The ride up and over Newfound Gap is great especiall with Roaring Fork at the end. Its about 80 miles and 9000' of climbing. Took me just over 5 hours. Great way to spend a day in the mountains!
peter, fantastic pix on the road from g'burg to cherrokee. i cannot imagine riding that far with thise hills to climb. yhank you for such great photos. makes me homesick to get back.


A wear sensing device is disclosed. The wear sensing device may be used in conjunction with a carrier roller assembly of a track assembly. The wear sensing device may have a wear sensor roller mounted to an axle of the carrier roller assembly. The sensor roller may be configured to contact a track pin assembly connected to one or more track links of the track assembly. The wear sensing device may further have a wear sensor mounted to the wear sensor roller and configured to generate a signal indicative of a wear parameter of the one or more track links.
3887244 June 1975 Haslett et al.
5451110 September 1995 Gams, Jr.
6736254 May 2004 Fortenbery et al.
1. A wear sensing device for a carrier roller assembly of a track assembly, the wear sensing device comprising: a wear sensor roller mounted to an axle of the carrier roller assembly, the sensor roller configured to contact a track pin assembly connected to one or more track links of the track assembly; and a wear sensor mounted to the wear sensor roller and configured to generate a signal indicative of a wear parameter of the one or more track links.
2. The wear sensing device of claim 1, wherein the carrier roller assembly includes one or more rollers mounted to the axle and is configured to contact the pair of track links, and wherein the wear sensor roller is mounted adjacent to the one or more rollers.
3. The wear sensing device of claim 1, wherein the track pin assembly includes a pin and a bushing, and wherein the wear sensor roller is configured to contact the bushing.
4. The wear sensing device of claim 3, wherein the bushing is formed from a material that is harder than a material from which the wear sensor roller is formed.
5. The wear sensing device of claim 1, wherein the wear sensor is embedded in the wear sensor roller.
6. The wear sensing device of claim 5, wherein the wear sensor is configured to wear away with the wear sensor roller, and wherein the signal is indicative of an amount of wear experienced by the wear sensor.
7. The wear sensing device of claim 6, wherein the wear sensor includes a plurality of wire loops configured to break when a corresponding amount of wear occurs.
8. The wear sensing device of claim 5, wherein the wear sensor is at least one of a hall effect sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a magnetic sensor, an induction sensor, or a laser sensor.
9. The wear sensing device of claim 1, wherein the wear sensor is mounted to an outer surface of the wear sensor roller.
10. The wear sensing device of claim 9, further including a wear sensor housing mounted to the outer surface of the wear sensor roller and housing the wear sensor, and wherein the housing is configured to contact the track pin assembly.
11. A carrier roller assembly for a track assembly, the carrier roller assembly comprising: an axle rotatably mounted to a vehicle frame; a pair of rollers mounted to the axle and configured to contact a pair of track links of the track assembly; and a wear sensing device, comprising: a wear sensor roller mounted to the axle between the pair of rollers and configured to contact a track pin assembly connecting the pair of track links; and a wear sensor mounted to the wear sensor roller and configured to generate a signal indicative of a wear parameter of the pair of track links.
12. The carrier roller assembly of claim 11, wherein the track pin assembly includes a pin and a bushing, and wherein the wear sensor roller is configured to contact the bushing.
13. The carrier roller assembly of claim 12, wherein the bushing is formed from a material that is harder than a material from which the wear sensor roller is formed.
14. The carrier roller assembly of claim 11, wherein the wear sensor is embedded in the wear sensor roller.
15. The carrier roller assembly of claim 14, wherein the wear sensor is configured to wear away with the wear sensor roller, and wherein the signal is indicative of an amount of wear experienced by the wear sensor.
16. The carrier roller assembly of claim 15, wherein the wear sensor includes a plurality of wire loops configured to break when a corresponding amount of wear occurs.
17. The carrier roller assembly of claim 14, wherein the wear sensor is one of a hall effect sensor, ultrasonic sensor, magnetic sensor, induction sensor, or laser sensor.
18. The carrier roller assembly of claim 11, wherein the wear sensor is mounted to an outer surface of the wear sensor roller.
19. The carrier roller assembly of claim 18, further including a wear sensor housing mounted to the outer surface of the wear sensor roller and housing the wear sensor, and wherein the housing is configured to contact the track pin assembly.
20. A machine including: a frame; a track assembly including a drive sprocket, a chain assembly, a traction assembly, an idler assembly, a track roller assembly, and a carrier roller assembly, the track assembly configured to propel the machine; wherein the chain assembly includes a pair of track links connected by a track pin assembly, the track pin assembly including a pin and a bushing, and wherein the carrier roller assembly includes: an axle rotatably mounted to the frame; a pair of rollers mounted to the axle and configured to contact the pair of track links of the track assembly; and a wear sensing device, comprising: a wear sensor roller mounted to the axle between the pair of rollers and configured to contact the bushing; and a wear sensor mounted to the wear sensor roller and configured to generate a signal indicative of a wear parameter of the pair of track links, wherein the bushing is formed from a material that is harder than a material from which the wear sensor roller is formed.
The present disclosure is directed to a wear sensing device and, more particularly, to a wear sensing device for a carrier roller.
A mobile machine may be used to perform various types of work on different worksites, such as a construction site, a demolition site, a mining site, or a landfill site. For example, a bulldozer may be used to push soil and rock on a construction site. The bulldozer, as a track-type mobile machine, includes a tracked undercarriage with tracks on the left and right sides of the machine. Each of the tracks includes a chain formed by connecting a number of track links to one another, and connecting a number of track shoes to the chains. The tracks are supported by various roller assemblies on both sides of the machine.
Operation of the mobile machine inevitably results in wear or damage to various components, including components of the undercarriage such as the track links and the roller assemblies. For example, as a track assembly operates, a surface of each track link may wear away through contact with other components of the track assembly, machine, and/or outside materials (e.g., the ground). It is known to service or replace a track assembly component, for example, when the component exceeds its expected lifetime (based on the age of the component or number of hours of use experienced by the component), or based on the results of inspection or evaluation of the component.
In order to monitor an amount of wear experienced by a track assembly component more efficiently, various wear sensing devices have been developed. Some such wear sensing devices are mounted to track links to measure a change in size of the track link to estimate an amount of wear that has occurred. While this arrangement may allow for direct measurement of track link wear, it may suffer from the drawback that the wear sensing device, being located on the moving track, is exposed to a harsh environment as the track cycles through mud, water, ice, etc. Thus, the wear sensing device may be vulnerable to damage.
In another wear sensor configuration, such as the configuration disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0255354 to Hawkins et al. ("the '354 publication"), a wear sensing device is mounted to a track roller assembly instead of the track itself. While the configuration of the '354 publication may help protect the wear sensing device from a harsh environment, it may be limited in its application. In particular, the configuration of the '354 publication allows only for wear measurement of a bearing of the track roller assembly. The wear sensing device is not configured, for example, to measure a change in size of a moving track component, such as a track link. Thus, there is a need for a wear sensing device that is both protected from the harsh environment of the track assembly and configured to measure wear of a component of the moveable track.
The present disclosure is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above and/or other problems of the prior art.
In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a wear sensing device. The wear sensing device may be used in conjunction with a carrier roller assembly of a track assembly. The wear sensing device may include a wear sensor roller mounted to an axle of the carrier roller assembly. The sensor roller may be configured to contact a track pin assembly connected to one or more track links of the track assembly. The wear sensing device may further include a wear sensor mounted to the wear sensor roller and configured to generate a signal indicative of a wear parameter of the pair of track links.
In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to carrier roller assembly for a track assembly. The carrier roller assembly may include an axle rotatably mounted to a vehicle frame, and a pair rollers mounted to the axle and configured to contact a pair of track links of the track assembly. The carrier roller assembly may also include a wear sensing device. The wear sensing device may include a wear sensor roller mounted to the axle between the pair rollers and configured to contact a track pin assembly connecting the pair of track links. The wear sensing device may further include a wear sensor mounted to the wear sensor roller and configured to generate a signal indicative of a wear parameter of the pair of track links.
In yet another aspect, a machine is disclosed. The machine may include a frame and a track assembly including a drive sprocket, a chain assembly, a traction assembly, an idler assembly, a lower roller assembly, and a carrier roller assembly, the track assembly configured to propel the machine. The chain assembly may include a pair of track links connected by a track pin assembly. The track pin assembly may include a pin and a bushing. The carrier roller assembly includes may include an axle rotatably mounted to the frame, and a pair of rollers mounted to the axle and configured to contact the pair of track links of the track assembly. The carrier roller assembly may also include a wear sensing device. The wear sensing device may include a wear sensor roller mounted to the axle between the pair of rollers and configured to contact the bushing. The wear sensing device may further include a wear sensor mounted to the wear sensor roller and configured to generate a signal indicative of a wear parameter of the pair of track links. The bushing may be formed from a material that is harder than the material from which the wear sensor roller is formed.
FIG. 3 illustrates another cross-sectional view of another carrier roller assembly that may be used in conjunction with the machine of FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 illustrates a machine 10, consistent with disclosed embodiments. The machine 10 may embody a track-type machine, such as any machine that is driven, propelled, positioned, and/or maneuvered by operating a "continuous" track-type traction device. Such machines may include, for example, track-type tractors, skid steers, dozers, excavators, backhoes, track loaders, front shovels, rope shovels, or any other type of track-maneuverable machine. The machine 10 may include a frame 12 and a pair of track assemblies 14 (only one shown) secured to the frame 12 on opposing sides of the machine 10. The track assembly 14 may include a drive sprocket 16 coupled to the driving mechanism (not shown), and a chain assembly 18 operatively coupled to the driving mechanism by the drive sprocket 16 and configured to propel the machine 10. The machine 10 may also include a work tool 19.
The driving mechanism may include one or more components configured to generate a torque output. For example, the driving mechanism may include any suitable type of internal combustion engine, such as a gasoline, diesel, natural gas, or hybrid-powered engine or turbine. Alternatively or additionally, the driving mechanism may embody an electric motor, electrically coupled to an electric power source and configured to convert at least a portion of the electrical energy from the electric power output into mechanical energy. According to yet another embodiment, the driving mechanism may include a hydraulic motor fluidly coupled to a hydraulic pump and configured to convert a fluid pressurized by the pump into a torque output.
The drive sprocket 16 may be coupled to the driving mechanism via a shaft, which may provide an interface for delivering torque generated by the driving mechanism to the drive sprocket 16. For example, the drive sprocket 16 may be secured (e.g., welded, bolted, heat-coupled, etc.) to a hub associated with a shaft, so that the drive sprocket 16 rotates in response to the torque generated by the driving mechanism. In some embodiments, the drive sprocket 16 may be directly coupled via a drive shaft to the driving mechanism. Alternatively, the drive sprocket 16 may be coupled to the driving mechanism via a torque converter (such as a gearbox, transmission, etc.), so that rotation of the drive sprocket 16 is proportional to the torque generated by the driving mechanism.
The track assembly 14 may include a plurality of components that form the "continuous" track, ground-engaging portion of the drive system of the machine 10. The track assembly 14 may include, among other things, the drive sprocket 16, the chain assembly 18, at least one idler assembly 20, a roller assembly 22, and a traction assembly 24. However, it should be understood that these components of the track assembly 14 are exemplary only and not intended to be limiting. Accordingly, the track assembly 14 may include additional and/or different components than those listed above.
The chain assembly 18 may form a continuous chain connected around outer portions of the drive sprocket 16, the idler assemblies 20, and the roller assembly 22. The traction assembly 24 may be connected to an outer portion of the chain assembly 18 and configured to engage a ground surface beneath the machine 10. In use, rotation of the drive sprocket 16 may cause the chain assembly 18 to move around the drive sprocket 16, the idler assemblies 20, and the roller assembly 22, causing the traction assembly 24 to engage the ground and thereby propel machine 10 in a manner known in the art.
In an exemplary embodiment, the chain assembly 18 may include a plurality of interconnected track links 26. It should be understood that "track link," as used herein, refers to any linkage component of a continuous chain for a track-type machine, and is not limited to track links 26 described herein. In one embodiment, adjacent (e.g., consecutive) track links 26 may be coupled via a plurality of track pin assemblies 28. In an exemplary embodiment, the chain assembly 18 may include two parallel sets of track links, connected to each other by the track pin assemblies 28 in a manner known in the art.
The idler assemblies 20 may include components configured to guide the chain assembly 18 as it moves around the track assembly 14. For example, each of the idler assemblies 20 may include an idler 30 and a mount 32. The idlers 30 may include features configured to engage the chain assembly 18. For example, the idlers 30 may include engagement surfaces configured to contact and guide the track links 26 as they pass around the idler 30. In some embodiments (such as the idler 30 shown in FIG. 1), the idler 30 may include idler teeth (e.g., between the engagement surfaces) configured to engage the track pin assemblies 28. In other embodiments, the engagement surfaces may be separated by a flange. The mounts 32 may hold each of the idlers 30 in place on the machine 10 through connection to the frame 12.
The roller assembly 22 may also include components configured to guide the chain assembly 18. For example, the roller assembly 22 may include a plurality a lower roller assemblies 36 and a carrier roller assembly 40. The lower roller assembly 36 may include a roller frame mounted to the frame 12 of the machine 10. The lower roller assembly 36 may include a plurality of lower rollers 34 configured to guide the chain assembly 18 at a lower side of the roller frame. The lower rollers 34 may each be suspended from the roller frame. For example, each of the lower rollers 34 may be rotationally supported on an axle suspended below the roller frame. The lower rollers 34 may ride on and guide the track links 26 as they pass under the roller frame.
The carrier roller assembly 40 may include one or more rollers 42. The one or more rollers 42 may be rotatably mounted to the frame 12. For example, the roller(s) 42 may be mounted to an upper portion of the roller frame to which the lower rollers 34 are mounted. The roller(s) 42 may guide the chain assembly 18 at an upper side of the roller frame. The carrier roller assembly 40 may be positioned between the drive sprocket 16 and the far idler 30 to "carry" the chain assembly 18 at a location that helps to prevent the chain assembly 18 from sagging.
The traction assembly 24 may include a plurality of track shoes 38 carried by the chain assembly 18. In some embodiments, the track shoes 38 may be separate from the chain assembly 18 and include a connecting portion configured to be secured to one or more of the track links 26 and a ground-engaging portion configured to contact the ground. In other embodiments, individual track shoes 38 and track links 26 may be integrally formed as one piece. The ground-engaging portion of the track shoes 38 may include one or more features (e.g., grouser bars) that provide increased traction between the track shoes 38 and the ground. It should be understood, however, that the disclosed embodiments may be used with any type of track shoe forming a part of a track assembly used by a track-type mobile machine. In other embodiments, the track shoes 38 may be omitted entirely from the track assembly 14, so that surfaces of the track links 26 that would otherwise contact the track shoes 38 may contact the ground surface under the machine 10.
The work tool 19 may include any device used to perform a particular task. For example, the work tool 19 may include a bucket, a plow, a blade, or another task-performing device known in the art. The work tool 19 may include a ground-engaging member, such as an edge protector, tooth member, etc. The ground-engaging member may be configured to contact the ground (or other working material) during performance of a task, and may be replaceable, such as for when the ground-engaging member is worn.
In an exemplary embodiment, the machine 10 may include one or more components of a detection system configured to monitor a parameter of the track assembly 14. For example, the machine 10 may include at least one sensing device 43 and a controller 44. The sensing device 43 may be an electronic device configured to detect a parameter associated with use of the machine 10 and transmit a signal indicative of the parameter to the controller 44. The controller 44 may be configured to forward information received from the sensing device 43 to another device, such as an on-board computer 46 or off-board computer 48. In this way, information associated with a parameter of the machine 10 may be automatically determined and routed to an appropriate destination (e.g., for display to an operator).
In an exemplary embodiment, the detection system may be configured to monitor a wear parameter. For example, the sensing device 43 may be configured to measure a parameter associated with an amount of wear experienced by a component of the machine 10 and transmit a signal indicative of the amount of wear to the controller 44. As used herein, a "wear parameter" is a measurement or other characteristic of a monitored component or the sensing device 43 that may indicate an amount of wear experienced by the monitored component (when compared to a previous measurement or other previous characteristic, for example) and/or an amount of expected life remaining.
In an exemplary embodiment, the sensing device 43 may be mounted in, on, or around a component of the machine 10 and configured to detect a wear parameter thereof. For example, the sensing device 43 may be configured to detect a wear parameter associated with wear of at least one surface of a body of a component of machine 10. In an exemplary embodiment, the sensing device 43 may be mounted to carrier roller assembly 40.
The controller 44 may include one or more computing devices, such as a one or more microprocessors. For example, the controller 44 may embody a general microprocessor capable of controlling numerous machine functions, including wear monitoring. The controller 44 may also include all of the components required to run an application such as, for example, a computer-readable memory, a secondary storage device, and a processor, such as a central processing unit. Various other known circuits may be associated with the controller 44, including power source and other appropriate circuitry. In addition, the controller 44 may include communication hardware and/or software configured to perform one or more processes to allow the controller 44 to communicate (e.g., wirelessly or through a wired connection) with the sensing device 43 and at least one of the on-board computer 46 and the off-board computer 48.
The on-board computer 46 may be a computing device located on the machine 10 (e.g., inside the operator cabin). For example, the on-board computer 46 may be a dashboard computer including at least a processor and a display. The on-board computer 46 may communicate with the controller 44 (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection) to receive wear parameter information. The on-board computer 46 may display wear parameter information (e.g., to an operator of the machine 10).
The off-board computer 48 may be a similar computing device located away from the machine 10 (e.g., inside a control building). The off-board computer 48 may also include at least a processor and a display. The off-board computer 48 may be configured to communicate with the controller 44 and/or the on-board computer 46 (e.g., via a wireless network) to similarly receive wear parameter information, which may be displayed to an operator (e.g., a machine supervisor) away from the machine 10.
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the carrier roller assembly 40. The carrier roller assembly 40 may include the one or more rollers 42 mounted on an axle 50. The axle 50 may be rotatably connected to the frame 12, either directly or indirectly, such as through a carrier roller mount 52. In an exemplary embodiment, the one or more rollers 42 may include a pair of rollers 54, 56. The pair of rollers 54, 56 may be positioned on the axle 50 to contact a pair of track links 26 of the chain assembly 18. In this way, the pair of rollers 54, 56 may support the chain assembly 18 as it passes over the carrier roller assembly 40. While the pair of rollers 54, 56 are shown, it should be understood that the one or more rollers 42 may include any number of rollers mounted to the axle 50.
As the track assembly 14 operates, chain assembly 18 travels over the carrier roller assembly 40, and different pairs of track links 26 (and corresponding track shoes 38) sequentially pass over and are supported by the pair of rollers 54, 56. As shown in FIG. 2, one of the track pin assemblies 28 connects the pair of track links 26 and holds the pair of track links 26 at a distance corresponding to the pair of rollers 54, 56. While pairs of track links 26 are shown in FIG. 2, it should be understood that the track pin assemblies 28 may be connected to any number of track links 26, including between two sides of one track link 26 (which may also be considered a "pair of track links") and two or more track links. In an exemplary embodiment, the track pin assembly 28 includes a pin 58 and a bushing 60 surrounding the pin 58. It should be understood, however, that the pin 58 and the bushing 60 may be one component.
As described above, the carrier roller assembly 40 may include the wear sensing device 43. The wear sensing device 43 may include components configured to measure a wear parameter associated with chain assembly 18. In an exemplary embodiment, wear sensing device 43 may include a wear sensor roller 62 and a wear sensor 64. The wear sensor roller 62 may be a cylindrical component mounted to the axle 50. As shown in FIG. 2, the wear sensor roller 62 may be mounted adjacent to one or more of the rollers 54, 56, such as between the pair of rollers 54, 56. In this way, the wear sensor roller 62 may be positioned beneath the track pin assemblies 28 as they pass over the carrier roller assembly 40. In an exemplary embodiment, the carrier roller assembly 40 may be sized and configured to contact the bushing 60 of the track pin assembly 28.
The wear sensor 64 may be a component configured to generate a signal indicative of a wear parameter of the track assembly 14. In an exemplary embodiment, the wear sensor 64 may be configured to generate a signal indicative of an amount of wear experienced by the track links 26. For example, the wear sensor 64 may be configured to measure a parameter (e.g., distance) associated with a position of the bushing 60, as the position of the bushing 60 changes as track links 26 wear (e.g., as a height of track links 26 reduces, the bushing 60 will move closer to the axle 50).
In an exemplary embodiment, the wear sensor 64 may include at least a sensor component, a processing device, a power source, and a communication device. The manner in which the wear sensor 64 detects a wear parameter may depend on the configuration of the sensor component. It should be understood that the wear sensor 64 is not limited to the configurations described herein, and may include other configurations that allow the wear sensor 64 to detect a wear parameter.
The sensor component of the wear sensor 64 may be any sensor configured to measure and/or detect a wear parameter associated with track assembly 14. In an exemplary embodiment, the sensor component may a wear member configured to wear away with the wear sensor roller 62. For example, the sensor component may include one or more wire loops configured to break when a corresponding amount of wear occurs, although other configurations are possible. In another example, the sensor component may be another type of sensor configured to measure a wear parameter, such as a distance between the sensor and an interface of the wear sensor roller 62 and the bushing 60 (e.g., a surface of the wear sensor roller 62). For instance, the sensor component may be one or more of a hall effect sensor, ultrasonic sensor, magnetic sensor, induction sensor, or laser sensor.
In either configuration, the wear sensor 64 may be configured to generate a signal indicative of an amount of wear experienced by the wear sensor roller 62 based on the wear of the wear sensor 64, which may be determined based on the wear experienced by the wear sensor 64 or the a distance from the wear sensor 64 to contact surface of the wear sensor roller 62. The amount of wear of the wear sensor roller 62 may be correlated to the amount of wear of track links 26.
The processing device may be configured to generate, receive, transmit, and/or modify a signal indicative of a wear parameter detected by the sensor component. For example, the processing device may include a signal conditioner, an amplifier, a multiplexer, and/or a converter (e.g., an analog-to-digital (VD) converter or a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter). In some embodiments, the processing device may also include a controller, such as a low-power microcontroller, that may provide an output in response to the input received from the sensor component and/or one or more signals processed by any or all of the other processing devices. The processing device may further include a memory device, such as either or both of a random-access memory (RAM) and a read-only memory (ROM), which may store information related to operation of the wear sensor 64. Alternatively or additionally, the memory device may store instructions used by one or more other components of the wear sensor 64, such as the processing device.
The power source may provide power to one or more of the components of the wear sensor 64. In one embodiment, power source may include a battery, such as a coin-cell type battery. In some embodiments, the power source may additionally or alternatively include a motion-based energy source, such as a vibration-based energy-harvesting system, to power one or more of the components of the wear sensor 64, and/or may be used to charge a battery of the power source. In yet another embodiment, the power source may include a battery capable of being wirelessly charged (e.g., near field charging). In this way, the wear sensor 64 may be embedded within the wear sensor roller 62 while being capable of receiving electrical power from outside of the wear sensor roller 62, and thus reducing on-board power (e.g., battery) requirements.
In one embodiment, the communication device may be a transceiver, such as for example a radio-frequency (RF) transceiver, which may wirelessly broadcast the output provided by the processing device (e.g., to the controller 44). Alternatively or additionally, an output port (not shown), such as for example a USB (universal serial bus) port or similar port, may transmit the output provided by the processing device through a cable or other connection removably connected to the output port.
As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the wear sensor 64 may be embedded in the body of the wear sensor roller 62. In this way, the wear sensor 64 is at least protected from damage. FIG. 3 depicts an alternative embodiment in which the wear sensor 64 is mounted to an outer surface of the wear sensor roller 62. In some embodiments, the wear sensor 64 may be positioned inside a housing 66 that is mounted to the outer surface of the wear sensor roller 62. The housing 66 may provide protection while allowing for easy access to the wear sensor 64. It should be understood that other configurations are possible.
The exemplary disclosed wear sensing device may be applicable to detecting wear of a component of a track assembly. The wear sensing device may be particularly applicable to detecting wear associated with a track roller, such as a carrier roller assembly. The use of the wear sensing device in conjunction with a carrier roller assembly provides advantages of efficiency and protection. For example, locating the wear sensor within the confines of the rollers helps protect the wear sensor from the environment by surrounding the wear sensor, as well as positioning the wear sensor above the ground at all times. In addition, the exemplary embodiments allow for measurement of wear associated with a moving track component, such as a the track links.
In order to use the wear sensing device 43, the wear sensor 64 may be first mounted to the wear sensor roller 62. For example, the wear sensor 64 may be embedded in a cavity in the wear sensor roller 62 or mounted to an outer surface of the wear sensor roller 62 (e.g., inside housing 66). The wear sensor roller 62 may be positioned on the axle 50, between the pair of rollers 54, 56.
In use, chain assembly 18 may pass over carrier roller assembly 40, causing wear at the interface of contacting surfaces. For example, as the track link pairs 26 pass over the pair of rollers 54, 56, the track links 26 and the pair of rollers 54, 56 may begin to wear away at their respective contact surfaces. Meanwhile, wear sensor roller 62 may engage the bushings 60 as they pass over the carrier roller assembly 40, causing the wear sensor roller 62 to wear. As this wear occurs, the track links 26 and track pin assemblies 28 will move closer to the axle 50.
In order to determine how much wear has occurred, the wear sensor 64 may determine an amount of wear experienced by the wear sensor roller 62. For example, in the embodiment in which the wear sensor 64 wears away with the wear sensor roller 62, wear sensor 64 may determine a number of wire loops that have broken and determine an amount of corresponding wear. In other embodiments, the wear sensor 64 may use the hall effect, ultrasonic waves, magnets, induction, lasers, or the like, to measure a distance from the wear sensor 64 to the wear surface of the wear sensor roller 62. The measured amount may be compared to a previous amount to determine a change in size experienced by the wear sensor roller 62, which may be due to wear.
The wear sensor 64 may, continuously or on-demand, generate signals indicative of the amount of wear experienced by the wear sensor roller 62. Wear sensor 64 may transmit these signals to controller 44, which may determine an amount of wear experienced by the track links 26 based on the amount of wear experienced by the wear sensor roller 62. The wear sensor 64 may transmit a corresponding signal to the on-board computer 46 and/or the off-board computer 48. It should be understood that the wear sensor 64, the on-board computer 46, and/or the off board computer 48 may alternatively determine an amount of wear experienced by the track links 26 based on the amount wear detected by the wear sensor 64. The on-board computer 46 and/or the off-board computer 48 may receive (and/or determine) the wear information and perform one or more processes to inform an operator of the wear parameter, automatically schedule maintenance, update tracked wear information, estimate a remaining part life, etc.
Through the exemplary disclosed processes, the sensing device 43 may provide automatic and/or on-demand monitoring of a wear parameter associated with a component (e.g., the track link 26, the roller(s) 42, etc.), including components of the moving chain assembly 18. In addition, the configuration of the sensing device 43, including positioning the wear sensor 64 between the pair of rollers 54, 56, allows the wear sensing device 43 to provide efficient and accurate wear parameter measurements while being well above the ground (and out of the environmental elements such as mud and ice), and protected by the other components of the carrier roller assembly 40 (e.g., the pair of rollers 54, 56).
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the wear sensing device of the present disclosure without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims.


Isovalerylcarnitine is the phenotypic abnormality in isovaleric acidemia (OMIM 243500 ) resulting from an accumulation of isovaleric acid, which is toxic to the central nervous system. Isovaleric acidemia is an autosomal recessive inborn error of leucine metabolism caused by a deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.10) resulting in the accumulation of derivatives of isovaleryl-CoA. It was the first organic acidemia recognized in humans and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment with a protein restricted diet and supplementation with carnitine and glycine are effective in promoting normal development in severely affected individuals. An alternative pathway through glycine-N-acylase (EC 2.3.1.13) allows detoxification by producing isovalerylglycine, which is excreted. Thus, isovalerylcarnitine and isovalerylglycine are the hallmarks of this disorder in plasma and urine, respectively, and are elevated regardless of a patient's metabolic condition (PMID: 16602101 ). Moreover, isovalerylcarnitine is found to be associated with celiac disease and very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD), which are also inborn errors of metabolism.
Nakanishi, Toyofumi; Shimizu, Akira; Arimoto, Masao; Kanai, Michiko. Synthesis of acylcarnitines for differential diagnosis of metabolic disorders. Nippon Iyo Masu Supekutoru Gakkai Koenshu (1993), 18 129-32.


text:
TV actress Sangeeta Ghosh to share stage with Rakhi Sawant in Zara Nachke Dikha
TV actress Sangeeta Ghosh is making a comeback after a gap of two-and-a-half years. The actress is now busy rehearsing for her dance show. She will be sharing the stage with many boys and girls including item girl Rakhi Sawant and actress Sanjeeda Sheikh on 'Zara Nachke Dikha' and says the 'new girls' are extremely competitive.
By IANS-CT / April 16, 2010
New Delhi, April 16 (Calcutta Tube) TV actress Sangeeta Ghosh is making a comeback after a gap of two-and-a-half years. The actress is now busy rehearsing for her dance show. She will be sharing the stage with many boys and girls including item girl Rakhi Sawant and actress Sanjeeda Sheikh on 'Zara Nachke Dikha' and says the 'new girls' are extremely competitive.
'Things have really changed. These young girls are so competitive and they know so much. In fact, there's a lot to absorb from all these people. I only hope there's no backbiting and bitching and that the show remains a healthy dance competition,' she said.
The actress has always been seen as an ideal daughter or a dedicated lover on the small screen. She is remembered for her shows like 'Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand' 'Mehndi Tere Naam Ki', and 'Virasat' 'Two-and-a-half years have just flown by.
'I have not drawn a 'pathhar ki lakeer' that I won't do TV soaps. I should like it (the offer) enough to give it so much time of my life. In fact, I would love to play a negative character or a role with grey shades as I have done enough good girl roles earlier,' Sangeeta, who is set to participate in STAR Plus' dance reality show 'Zara Nachke Dikha', told IANS over phone from Mumbai.
The actress now wants to negative roles. 'I will be happy to take up a well-etched negative role, not necessarily a glamorous role, but something different. I have always played a good girl with lots of emotions, but never something like a grey character. And I would love to play that now,' she said.
The actress was on a self-imposed break from TV soaps, as she wanted to spend more time with her family.
'I had no personal life. I was tired, needed to relax myself. Working from 7 a.m. to 12:30 a.m. was getting on my nerves, so I took a break,' said Sangeeta, who was seen in one of the episodes of 'Bidaai'.
Sangeeta was set to make her Bollywood debut with Dharmesh Darshan's 'Bhanvraa' that stars other TV actors Manav Gohil, Shveta Salve and Eijaz Khan, but says nobody knows the status of the film.
'I don't know the status. We had finished shooting for it over a year back. We worked hard for it. Hopefully, it should release soon,' she said.
Tags: Rakhi Sawant, Sangeeta Ghosh, TV Actress, TV show, Zara Nachke Dikha
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Editor's Note: We conclude Don's insightful series on presidential inaugurations with a personal reflection on this year's iteration.
6:00am is daunting. Mondays are unpopular. 20 degrees is startlingly cold. Three-day weekends are meant to be cherished. All four combined should lead to snooze-buttons, slow breakfasts, and a foot-dragging march to the metro—or just giving up and staying home. But Monday, January 21, 2013, saw the opposite for almost one million people from around the world. The 57th Presidential Inauguration, President Obama's second (well, fourth, really) swearing in, was a once-in-a-lifetime experience and was not to be missed.
I have only vague memories of the 2009 ceremonies. Still basking in the glow of fresh New Year's resolutions, I watched part of the Inaugural Address from the gym at UCLA (probably the one and only early morning workout of my undergraduate career) before heading out into the warm Los Angeles morning, hurrying off to class, more focused on the lecture at hand than history in the making.
Now I had a chance to attend the ceremony in person. Excited at the prospect of watching President Obama be sworn in for a second term (and further lured by the promise of seeing Her Royal Highness, Queen Beyonce, the ruler of all things great and awesome), I made plans to brave the Metro and the Mall on January 21. The night before, I hit the jackpot and came into tickets, close enough to actually see what was going on (even if everything was partly obscured by a rogue tree). We left the house at 7:00 am, were in line by 8:30, in by 9:30, and had two hours to spare before everything began.
I will admit—the idea of attending the inauguration both excited and scared me. For the past 2 years, I'd heard countless horror stories—there aren't enough bathrooms, it will be cold enough to kill William Henry Harrison, you'll get trapped in a tunnel, etc. But I was determined to go anyway. And even with almost one million people crowded onto the National Mall, and my strong distaste for crowds, it was completely, 100% worth it.
USCHS staff visited the platform outside the Capitol the day after the inauguration.
I've voted in two presidential elections, but, voting in California and DC, I've never felt particularly influential. Being at the Inauguration was the first time I'd felt deeply, truly involved. I love American history, our cultural melting pot (mainly what it does to our cuisine), Broadway musicals and the Fourth of July. I find myself feeling stirringly patriotic staring at the Capitol dome, or seeing the Washington Monument rising at the end of my street. We are a nation of countless different desires, hopes, ideals, and ideas. Presidential elections give us a chance to check a box and pick between two people, choosing the one who best supports what we want as individuals. The match is usually far from perfect. It's not about finding someone who will do exactly what you want. It's about finding someone who you believe in, someone you trust to steer the country in the right direction. Not even necessarily to get us there, to bring us to the Promised Land, but just keep us on the right track. And at the Inauguration, I felt that hope, that belief, that passion, in everyone around me and inside myself. It's what brings people to the polls. It's what sends young people to fight for their country. It's what wrote the Star Spangled Banner. It's what makes America, America. And I am so glad to be a part of it.
Several keen-eyed readers of yesterday's Presidential Inaugural Quiz noticed an error in question 3, which had asked "Which two Presidents affirmed rather than swore the oath of office?" As these readers observed, only one President, Franklin Pierce, affirmed the oath. Herbert Hoover, whom many sources cite as having affirmed the oath, indeed swore the oath as can be heard in recordings of his inauguration. It had been assumed that as a Quaker, Hoover did not swear the oath. He did, as did Richard Nixon, also a Quaker.
However, the evidence that Franklin Pierce affirmed the oath is clear and strong from contemporary accounts. Why he did so remains somewhat a mystery. Peter A. Wallner, the author of a two-volume biography of Pierce, could find no evidence of why Pierce chose to affirm rather than swear the oath. He speculates that perhaps Pierce did so for religious reasons or that he was just trying to perpetuate the myth of his personal humility.
Whatever the motivation, Pierce's swearing-in ceremony took place within the context of a terrible personal tragedy. Just two months earlier, on January 6, 1853, Pierce, his wife Jane, and their only surviving child, 11-year-old Bennie, traveled by train from Boston when the car in which they were riding plunged down an embankment near Andover. Pierce and his wife survived but they witnessed their son's death. Jane Pierce, devastated by the experience, blamed her husband's political ambitions for the accident. She remained a recluse during his presidency and did not attend the inauguration. There were no balls because of her mourning. A cloud of sadness seemed to hang over a "cold and cheerless" White House during Pierce's presidency.
There are a couple of other interesting side notes to Pierce's inauguration. He recited his inaugural address from memory and his vice president, William R. King, did not attend the ceremony. King, terminally ill with tuberculosis, had gone to Cuba for his health, where he took the oath of office on March 24, 1853, twenty days after inauguration day. He died on April 18 and the office of vice president remained vacant for the next four years.
Test your knowledge of the history of Presidential Inaugurals. Scroll to the end of the post for the answers.
1. Who gave the shortest inaugural address?
2. Who gave the longest inaugural address?
3. Which President affirmed rather than swore the oath of office?
4. Which inauguration was the first known to have been photographed?
5. Which inauguration was the first recorded by motion picture cameras?
6. Which inauguration was the first to be televised?
7. Who was the first poet to participate in the inaugural ceremony and at which inauguration?
8. Which inauguration was the first nationally broadcast by radio?
9. Who was the first President to ride to and from the inaugural ceremony in an automobile?
10. Which President died one month after taking the oath of office?
11. Which inaugural ceremony had to be moved from the West Front inside to the Rotunda due to inclement weather?
12. For which inauguration were Army flamethrowers used to clear snow from Pennsylvania Avenue?
13. Which inauguration did Apache Chief Geronimo attend?
14. Which Chief Justice swore in father and son Presidents?
15. Which President was sworn in on an airplane by a woman judge?
16. Which inauguration took place on the South Portico of the White House?
17. Which President took the oath of office on a Sunday that was also "Super Bowl Sunday"?
18. Which inauguration was the first time a President's mother was in attendance?
19. Since there is no firsthand report of George Washington saying "So help me God," what was the first reported inauguration at which the President added "So help me God" at the end of the oath?
20. Which Chief Justice administered the Presidential oath of office the most times?
The Capitol's East Front remained the usual site for Presidential Inaugurations until 1981. Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration (March 4, 1861) took place in an atmosphere of danger and apprehension. Seven Southern states had seceded and Jefferson Davis had been inaugurated President of the Confederacy two weeks earlier. Because Maryland was a slave state of dubious loyalty, Lincoln had to slip into Washington unannounced.
Troops guarded the inaugural route and sharpshooters were stationed on rooftops. Lincoln and departing President James Buchanan rode in an open carriage from the White House to the Capitol, flanked however by a mounted guard. The Capitol during the Civil War was still a work in progress. The two new wings designed by architect Thomas U. Walter and constructed by Army engineer Montgomery C. Meigs had been completed and occupied, but the cast-iron dome was still under construction. Its completion, Lincoln is reported later to have said, was a sign that the Union would survive the Civil War.
Lincoln's second inaugural (March 4, 1865) came just as the Civil War was drawing to a close. The weather was appropriately sullen. Days of rain and wind had left streets nearly impassable with mud. A war-weary President ennobled the occasion with his inaugural address which many consider the greatest speech in American history.
In our final Presidential Inauguration post on Monday, January 21, we'll present an inaugural trivia quiz. Test your knowledge of some of the unusual facets of past inaugurations.
Editor's note: We're continuing our series on Presidential Inaugurations. Click on the category listing above to see the other posts in the series.
The inauguration of Jefferson's successor, James Madison, moved to the larger House Chamber in 1809, which continued to be the site until 1829, with the exception of Monroe's inaugural in 1817, which was held in front of the temporary Old Brick Capitol because the restoration of the Capitol had not been completed following the fire set by British troops in 1814.
In 1829, however, the inauguration of Andrew Jackson as the seventh President of the United States moved the ceremony outside the building to the East Portico of the Capitol. Outgoing President John Quincy Adams, Jackson's bitter political enemy, decided to boycott the ceremony, just as his father had left town before Jefferson's inaugural in 1801. Quincy Adams vacated the White House and chose to go horseback riding on the inaugural day. Jackson, who was in mourning following the death of his beloved wife Rachel, wore a plain black cloth suit and a black mourning band on his hat. He walked from his room at Gadsby's Hotel to the Capitol accompanied by fifteen Revolutionary War veterans.
"Thousands and thousands of people, without distinction of rank, collected in an immense mass round the Capitol, silent, orderly and tranquil, with their eyes fixed on the front of that edifice, waiting the appearance of the President in the portico.
The door from the Rotunda opens, preceded by the marshals, surrounded by the Judges of the Supreme Court, the old man with his grey locks, that crown of glory, advances, bows to the people, who greet him with a shout that rends the air, the Cannons, from the heights around, from Alexandria and Fort Warburton proclaim the oath he has taken and the hills reverberate the sound. It was grand,—it was sublime!
Prior to 1937, Inauguration Day was set on March 4th, as specified in the Constitution (the 20th Amendment changed the date to January 20th). The first inauguration, however, didn't take place on March 4, 1789, but nearly two months later on April 30th. The First Federal Congress had convened on March 4, 1789, in New York City but the House of Representatives and the Senate each lacked a quorum necessary to do business, including counting the electoral votes cast for President and Vice President. On April 6th, enough Members had arrived to count the votes and declare Washington the winner. Congress dispatched Charles Thomson, the secretary of the old Continental Congress, to Mount Vernon to inform Washington of his victory. Thomson arrived at Mount Vernon on April 14 and two days later Washington started out for New York on a week-long triumphal procession which began one precedent no longer observed. Prior to 1889, inaugural parades went to the Capitol, accompanying the President-elect as he went to take the oath of office. The first post-oath parade was for Benjamin Harrison and included Buffalo Bill Cody and a group of cowboys.
Because Congress met in Federal Hall, Washington went there to take the oath of office on April 30th. He went to the Senate Chamber on the second floor (hence the Senate has ever since been referred to as the upper house), where he was escorted out to the balcony to take the oath. Because there were no Supreme Court justices, the oath was administered by Robert Livingston, Chancellor of the State of New York. The Bible used in the ceremony was borrowed from nearby St. John's Masonic Lodge when none could be found in Federal Hall.
When Washington finished taking the oath, Livingston turned to the crowd and said, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States." The flag was raised, artillery fired, and church bells pealed. The President then went back into the building and delivered his inaugural address in the Senate Chamber before both Houses of Congress.
Trying to avoid falling off the fiscal cliff is not the only thing going on at the Capitol these days. Since September, even before the results of the presidential election were known, the Capitol has been getting ready for the inaugural ceremonies on January 21, 2013. The lower terrace of the West Front has been closed and fenced off for construction of the inaugural stands. In anticipation of the inauguration, we're presenting a series of posts on the history of Presidential Inaugurations, focusing on the Capitol connection. We'll start with some general observations.
First, Presidential Inaugurations are the most significant public rituals of American representative government. Unlike the coronation of a monarch or any ritual associated with the rise to power of a dictator or autocrat, the inauguration of the American President is a cyclical, regularly scheduled event held every four years. The regularity of Presidential Inaugurations lends a sense of reassuring stability, continuity, and permanence to a political system that permits turnover in officeholders and change in policy agendas. Moreover, it is a peaceful change in government, unlike the turmoil and violence that so often has accompanied a change in head of state elsewhere.
Second, why is the Chief Executive's oath of office customarily administered at the Capitol, the seat of the legislative branch of government? In part, it's a reflection of how the President is elected. The Electoral College ballots are counted by Congress, which then certifies the election of the President and Vice President and notifies the winners. Moreover, the Capitol provides an appropriate political theater for the symbolism of the inaugural ritual. The oath is administered, normally when weather permits, outside, in the presence of the public—the electorate who chose the President. The President-elect and Vice-President-elect are surrounded by Members of Congress, past and present, Justices of the Supreme Court, members of the diplomatic corps, and other dignitaries as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court administers the oath of office. In this way, all three branches of the federal government and the public they serve are symbolically linked in this ritual of renewal and reaffirmation.
One final observation: Just as other ritual ceremonies are followed by feasts and celebrations, the remainder of Inauguration Day takes on the form of festival. The now sworn-in President joins Members of Congress for lunch in the Capitol before traveling back to the White House at the head of an increasingly elaborate parade. The day is then completed with festive Inaugural Balls at various locations around the city.
In the next post we'll take a look at the first inauguration—George Washington's in 1789 in New York City—which, although it did not take place at the current Capitol, did set several precedents still followed today.


text:
Militant killed in Pulwama was an MBA
Peerzada Ashiq
Srinagar, December 28, 2018 12:21 IST
Representational image | Photo Credit: Nissaar Ahmad
He has been identified as Ishfaq Yousuf Wani, a resident of Koil area of Pulwama.
A young militant of the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), who had completed his Masters in Business Administration (MBA) in 2015, was killed in an operation in south Kashmir's Pulwama on Friday.
The police said the militant, identified as Ishfaq Yousuf Wani from Pulwama's Koil Pulwama, was killed during an anti-militancy operation in Banderpora area in the morning.
"During the searches in the area, hiding militants opened fire. It was retaliated and one militant was killed. Wani was wanted by the law for his complicity in a series of terror crimes including attacks on security establishments," said the police.
The police said incriminating materials, including arms and ammunition, were recovered from the site of encounter. "All these materials were taken in the case records for further investigation," said the police.
Went missing in 2015
Wani, 25, completed his MBA in 2015 and went missing in July this year. Later, his weapon-wielding photographs were uploaded online after he joined the LeT. His father, also a militant, was killed in August 1996, according to locals.
According to the family, Wani was studious and scored good marks during his schooling at the Alamdar Public School, Koil. "Wani did his B.Sc from the Government Degree College, Pulwama, and later completed his MBA. He also worked with a corporate bank," said a family member.
Hundreds of locals participated in Wani's funeral at Koil village. Pulwama district witnessed a spontaneous shutdown. Train service in the district was also suspended for the day.
No Mixed-Media Items28-satya-peerzada-LeT militant killed.
Related Topics Other States
Printable version | Jan 18, 2020 11:56:16 AM | https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/militant-killed-in-encounter-in-jks-pulwama-district/article25848440.ece


text:
Widening gulf between official statements & public awareness. How do I engage my MP?
Tue 9:24 am +00:00, 16 Jul 2013 3
Ned Pamphilon Productions 15.07.2013
In response to my question regarding possible UK taxpayer funding of Al Qaeda alongside 'Syrian rebels' http://the-tap.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/dear-ned-you-are-bonkers.html, my Conservative MP Matthew Hancock replied 24.06.2013:
"Regarding Syria, I can assure you that no decision has been taken on whether to arm the National Coalition… Assad must understand that all options remain on the table if he refuses to negotiate.
Thank you for taking the time to contact me. Please do not hesitate to do so again should you have any further concerns."
Ah yes, that democratically elected representative body for Syria: the 'National Coalition'! UK policy is regime change and my MP can assure me till the cows come home; I suspect the UK taxpayer already contributes toward Syrian regime change whether covertly or overtly.
General Wesley Clark, about 10 days after 9/11, was told by a colleague general at the Pentagon,
"We've made the decision we're going to war with Iraq."
A few weeks later, by which time the US were bombing Afghanistan, the same contact informed him,
"Oh, it's worse than that… I just got this down from upstairs (the Secretary of Defence's office) … This is a memo that describes how we're going to take out seven countries in five years, starting with Iraq, and then Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and, finishing off, Iran."
Clark asked,
"Is it classified?"
The General said,
Clark ordered him,
"Well, don't show it to me."
http://warisacrime.org/node/19200
John Perkins, the Economic Hit Man www.johnperkins.org, has laid out in detail how Western interests have undermined foreign sovereign governments and now, millions in the public domain are accessing such information whether local MPs deem it correct, accurate, conspiratorial or otherwise.
Press TV point to similarities between Britain's Iraq invasion and planning to invade Syria: approx. 5.30mins:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=TNj9etUDx6g
Roland Dumas, former French Minister for Foreign Affairs, says Britain had been planning a war against Syria some two years before to the unrest broke out in the Arab country:
"I'm going to tell you something. I was in England two years before the violence in Syria on other business. I met with top British officials, who confessed to me that they were preparing something in Syria.
This was in Britain not in America. Britain was organising an invasion of rebels into Syria. They even asked me, although I was no longer minister for foreign affairs, if I would like to participate.
This operation goes way back. It was prepared, preconceived and planned… in the region it is important to know that this Syrian regime has a very anti-Israeli stance.
Consequently, everything that moves in the region, and I have this from the former Israeli prime minister who told me, '… we'll try to get on with our neighbours, but those who don't agree with us will be destroyed."
http://www.globalresearch.ca/former-french-foreign-minister-the-war-against-syria-was-planned-two-years-before-the-arab-spring/5339112
Below I have transcribed points made during a conversation between James Corbett and Prof. Michel Chossudovsky on Syria. It presents information that implies my MP must be out of touch or stone walling his constituent or in denial; exactly what assurance can he give that no decision has been taken on arming Syrian rebels?
The Keiser Report on Russia Today TV recently covered a Daily Telegraph article quoting HSBC's global economist Stephen King on the potential for civil unrest:
"Europe's rich Baby Boomers are behaving like the nobility in the Peasants' Revolt, and could face an uprising by the younger generation if the situation doesn't change.
I am intrigued at the moment that the youth are quite peaceful, and I wonder whether that might change. It is very difficult to predict but youth movements might become more focused on their own rights rather than the economy [at large]…"
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/10170101/Europes-rich-could-face-uprising-similar-to-Peasants-Revolt.html
Is the commentary of Press TV, ex French minister Roland Dumas, The Corbett Report, Professor Chossudovsky, John Perkins, General Wesley Clark and Russia Today simply slanted, bias and an unreliable; unlike good old Auntie BBC? Perhaps geopolitical truth will always be elusive, but perception has always been important. If perception leads to civil unrest, it can affect us all; in the safe haven of UK backyards just as it affects the homes of Egyptians and Syrians. If the UK government becomes perceived as so untrustworthy, will the established status quo resort to authoritarian tactics to maintain its power base? The truth is one thing, perceived truth can be quite another. There is a widening gulf between official government statements and public awareness of what is actually happening. It may be a sign of increasing consciousness awareness among the public. As journalist Sonia Poulton says about new soon to be TV and radio station The People's Voice:
"Hi Ned,
I welcome any channel that not only does what you want but starts to allow us to feel as if we are living in a real world. I am sick of a media narrative that doesn't match the reality.
Time is long over-due for a change.
Exciting times."
I propose we engage in improved communication within our local communities and with our political representatives. Of course I have further concerns, but what do I say to my MP to constructively engage him? I suspect he will respond again with establishment government party line answers which take us no further than this point now. Gerald Celente's Spring 2013 Trends Journal call it the "I don't want to hear it" trend.
I am yet to reply to my MP. I want to avoid alienation and invite constructive, open dialogue; not confrontation nor blame. Apparently, he is clever, charming, a pleasant chap and Suffolk is a Conservative heartland safe seat; my MP is unlikely to be replaced in the near future. Any suggestions Tapsters? How do we engage our political representatives? How do I engage my MP?
Ned Pamphilon,
Global Research TV interview:
The Imperial Agenda in Syria – Michel Chossudovsky on GRTV
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHCm02uD-0c
Syrian 'rebels' are essentially foot soldiers of the Western military alliance namely the US, NATO, Israel, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, and been decimated by the Syrian armed forces. The ground war is over. The international community is calling for an end to the conflict while continuing to create conditions for the continuation of conflict.
Israel was involved in supporting Al Qaeda rebels in areas adjacent to occupied Golan Heights on Syria-Israeli border, including a hospital for Al Qaeda rebels before sending them back to the war theatre. Ironically, Israel has been supporting at least the military wing of Islamic Jihadists with a view to destabilising a neighbouring sovereign state.
It is the international community creating chaos and the 'need' for human rights; foreign funded, foreign trained, foreign armed…
Jan/Feb 2011 Robert Stephen Ford appointed US Ambassador to Damascus. He was previously the No.02 at the US Embassy in Iraq under John Negroponte, who has a history of creating and supporting death squads in Honduras and Nicaragua. Robert Stephen Ford who speaks Arabic and Turkish, played a key role in organising death squads on the model of the 'Salvador Option' and that applied in Iraq. The death squads in Syria follow a pattern executing Shiite, Alawites and Sunni 'traitors' plus ethnic cleansing among Christian communities; essentially a structured insurrection directed at the civilian population. The foreign media then casually accuses the Syrian government of killing its own people: atrocities then blamed on Syrian government; out of chaos comes order.
Then comes chemical weapons accusations. In reality, Al Nusra 'Syrian rebels' are being trained by Western special forces; not to use them, but to familiarise them with chemical weaponry. Turkish police have apprehended 'rebels' with chemical weapons.
This proxy war has so far been a failure, apart from creating chaos and mayhem. We are in an era of unconventional, covert warfare: destabilise the economy, impose sanctions block supplies of food and fuel create havoc, send in killers, create a refugee crisis, the international community pick up the pieces leading to some kind of transition. The ground war is over, but for sporadic attacks, rebels entering in from Turkey or Israel.
Regarding a no fly zone, Syria had an air defence system from the outset and has added to it in the last two years. In 2006 the Russians stated an initiative to base S300's to protect their naval base at Tartus. This air defence system is likely already installed prior to the lifting of the arms embargo by the EU Putin has recently stated was already defacto: we're going to deliver the S300 to Syria.
The context is a broader military roadmap war through Damascus to Tehran. Sectarian fighting to be triggered in Lebanon, part of covert operations. Thus far the Syrian government has won this battle against the most powerful military alliance on planet earth which funds Al Qaeda foot soldiers.
John Kerry negotiates directly with commanders of Al Qaeda and Al Nusra, violating international law and committing war crime; in violation of US anti-terror legislation. Senator John McCain the same. Double standards.
Al Qaeda is a creation of the CIA, the excuse is it s just 'blowback' from the heyday of the Soviet Afghan war and the mujahedin have turned against us. ın reality, Al Qaeda has been a US intelligence asset all along, recruited and trained in Saudi Arabia and Qatar and funded by the US, Israel, NATO, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and so forth. In effect, the global structure of the war on terror means the terrorists are doing the fighting for 'us' in the war the war on terror. The US and allies are terror states financing Al Qaeda, training Al Qaeda and interfacing on a regular basis with Al Qaeda. This new normal is a criminal project: a war on terror while at the same time a working relationship with the same terrorists in wars of conquest. It's mad!
Interview Ends
http://nppessaysarticles.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/how-do-i-engage-my-mp.html
www.NedWorld.org
https://twitter.com/#!/NedPamphilon
3 Responses to "Widening gulf between official statements & public awareness. How do I engage my MP?"
Nixon Scraypes says:
Ned,just be as nice as pie,try the asking technique-"why are we arming Al Quaida" etc Let him feel clever but make him think.
NPP says:
Thanks Nixon. At the moment he probably still denies we are arming AQ. May be we are not technically, but of course, I, you, we smell a rat.
Maintaining a courteous disposition and persistance in asking questions seems to be an option. I do sometimes just want to yeelllllllllll… a little bit. I will probably send him something along the lines of this Tap post, and so it goes, and so it goes…
UNESCO 'shocked' at damage to World Heritage sites in Syria: http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/07/17/314189/unesco-chief-shocked-at-syria-damage/
963,772,807,953,858,831,915,796,1068,903,819,829,721,693,831,657,642,654,861,1007,1143,1179,1030,784


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text:
McGill Baptist
Walser wins FLW bass league tourney at High Rock Lake
By Mark Plemmons
Co-Angler title to Bessemer City's Guffey
SALISBURY, N.C. – Boater Robert Walser of Lexington, North Carolina, won the T-H Marine FLW Bass Fishing League (BFL) North Carolina Division tournament on High Rock Lake Saturday with five bass weighing 21 pounds, 13 ounces. With his win – his 13th on the BFL circuit – Walser tied the BFL all-time wins record held by Dick Shaffer of Rockford, Ohio.
"I caught my fish flipping docks with a [Zoom] Z Craw and Z Hogs," said Walser, who earned $6,141 for his victory – his second BFL win in 2019. "The Garmin Panoptix allowed me to see the brush under the docks – some had it and some didn't, but it was nice to know where it was when I was flipping. I rotated through three colors, which were darker colors and green-pumpkins. My bait choice depended on the water color and sky conditions.
"I primarily fished mid-lake, which encompassed five of the creeks I fished," continued Walser. "The water was low enough where you could get under the bridges, which hasn't happened in a while. That allowed me to spread out a bit more."
Walser fished an 8-foot Lamiglas 806 flipping stick with a Pflueger Supreme XT Low Profile casting reel, spooled with 20-pound-test Berkley Trilene fluorocarbon line. He flipped with a 5/16-ounce Eco Pro tungsten weight with a 3/0-sized Berkley Fusion19 Superline EWG hook.
"I caught at least three to four limits out there, and had my first five in the boat before 9 [a.m.]," said Walser.
The top 10 boaters finished the tournament in:
1st: Robert Walser, Lexington, N.C., five bass, 21-13, $4,141 + $2,000 Ranger Cup Bonus
2nd: Dylan Fulk, Mount Pleasant, N.C., five bass, 21-5, $1,517
2nd: Michael Stephens, Gastonia, N.C., five bass, 21-5, $1,867
4th: Wyatt Hammond, Fayetteville, N.C., five bass, 19-5, $850
5th: Mike Winchester, Bryson City, N.C., five bass, 19-1, $728
6th: Craig Chambers, Charlotte, N.C., five bass, 18-8, $668
7th: Junior Allen, Biscoe, N.C., five bass, 18-0, $607
8th: Byron Brush, Rockwell, N.C., five bass, 17-7, $546
9th: Jody Wright, Ellenboro, N.C., five bass, 17-6, $485
10th: Brian File, Salisbury, N.C., five bass, 17-3, $425
Complete results can be found at FLWFishing.com.
Stephen Cannon of Wilkesboro, North Carolina, caught a bass weighing 6 pounds, 7 ounces – the heaviest of the event in the Boater Division – and earned the day's Boater Big Bass award of $475.
Johnny Guffey of Bessemer City, North Carolina, won the Co-angler Division and $1,820 Saturday after catching five bass weighing 14 pounds, 7 ounces.
The top 10 co-anglers were:
1st: Johnny Guffey, Bessemer City, N.C., five bass, 14-7, $1,820
2nd: Ricky McCrary, Lexington, N.C., five bass, 14-1, $910
3rd: Tommy Swicegood, Salisbury, N.C., five bass, 13-10, $607
4th: Tyler Austin, Cornelius, N.C., five bass, 12-13, $425
5th: Dale Webber, Kernersville, N.C., four bass, 12-1, $464
6th: Grant McPeters, Marion, N.C., five bass, 11-13, $534
7th: Mark Murphy, Salisbury, N.C., four bass, 10-15, $288
7th: Jonathan Carter, Greenville, S.C., four bass, 10-15, $288
9th: John Wiese, Charlotte, N.C., five bass, 10-13, $243
10th: Khris Williams, Mount Holly, N.C., five bass, 10-7, $212
Greg Deal of China Grove, North Carolina, caught the heaviest bass in the Co-angler Division, a fish weighing in at 7 pounds even. The catch earned him the day's Co-angler Big Bass award of $237.
The top 45 boaters and co-anglers in the region based on point standings, along with the five winners in each qualifying event, will be entered in the Oct. 10-12 BFL Regional Championship on Lake Hartwell in Seneca, South Carolina, presented by Navionics. Boaters will compete for a top award of a Ranger Z518L with a 200-horsepower outboard and $20,000, while co-anglers will fish for a new Ranger Z518L with a 200-horsepower outboard.
The 2019 BFL is a 24-division circuit devoted to weekend anglers, with 128 tournaments throughout the season, five qualifying events in each division. The top 45 boaters and co-anglers from each division, along with the five winners of the qualifying events, will advance to one of six regional tournaments where they are competing to finish in the top six, which then qualifies them for one of the longest-running championships in all of competitive bass fishing – the BFL All-American. The 2020 BFL All-American will be held April 30-May 2 at Lake Hartwell in Anderson, South Carolina, and is hosted by Visit Anderson. Top performers in the BFL can move up to the Costa FLW Series or even the FLW Tour.
For complete details and updated information visit FLWFishing.com. For regular updates, photos, tournament news and more, follow the T-H Marine FLW Bass Fishing League on FLW's social media outlets at Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube.
FLW is the world's largest tournament-fishing organization, providing anglers of all skill levels the opportunity to compete for millions in prize money in 2019 across five tournament circuits. Headquartered in Benton, Kentucky, with offices in Minneapolis, FLW and their partners conduct more than 290 bass-fishing tournaments annually around the world, including the United States, Canada, China, Italy, South Korea, Mexico, Namibia, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Zimbabwe. FLW tournament fishing can be seen on the Emmy-nominated "FLW" television show while FLW Bass Fishing magazine delivers cutting-edge tips from top pros. For more information visit FLWFishing.com and follow FLW at Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube.
Charlotte's Meredith Harris Named Google Cloud Academic all-America
Wells Fargo Cup final standings
485 Sports is a part of Radio Free Cabarrus and Cabarrus Sports Marketing, based in Concord, N.C. For questions and more information email mark@radiofreecabarrus.com
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text:
Q: Why string comparison on command-line arguments doesn't work? int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    cout << strcmp(argv[1], "id");
    return 0;
}

It returns false. What am I missing?
Thanks I got it working, Will accept answer in 4 minutes.

A: strcmp returns 0 if the c-strings being compared are equal. 0 == false, therefore it's actually working.

A: strcmp returns 0 if the 2 strings are equal.
Tip: to avoid array out of bound exception (Segmentation Fault) use this:
if (argv < 2) return 0;

A: It would be easier to start by just outputting argv[1]:
cout << argv[1] << endl;

Then you can see what value you're getting on argv[1] and take it from there. There's nothing wrong with your code, so I'm guessing that you've not configured your IDE properly to pass the correct argv[1] parameter.
As commented above, you should get a 0, not a false, though.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Steve Hill Ltd v Sarah Witham (Widow and Executrix of the Estate of Neil Witham, deceased) [2021] EWCA Civ 1312 – what amounts to a recoverable dependency and how should dependency claims under the FAA be calculated?
August 26, 2021 Kate Boakes
This is a joint blog post by Steven Snowden QC of 12KBW, Dushal Mehta of Fieldfisher, and John-Paul Swoboda of 12KBW, the team that acted for the Claimant at first instance and on appeal.
The judgment of the Court of Appeal can be read here.
On 26 August 2021 the Court of Appeal handed down its judgment in this fatal mesothelioma claim. The appeal was brought by the Defendant in the action and at stake was the width and breadth of dependency claims under the Fatal Accidents Act (the FAA) and the proper method of valuing such claims. In addition, a personal tragedy for the Claimant (the removal of her foster children – A and B – from her care after trial) gave the Defendant a further argument; that the future loss of services dependency, in so far as it related to A and B, was no longer sustainable.
The facts of the case and analysis of the first instance decision of Anthony Metzer QC (sitting as a Deputy High Court Judge) can be found in this earlier blog post here.
The lead judgment was given by Nicola Davies LJ, with whom Stuart-Smith LJ and Sir Patrick Elias agreed, making this a powerful and unanimous decision of the Court of Appeal.
What qualifies as a recoverable dependency under the FAA?
The Defendant argued that the Claimant's lost opportunity to return to work following the death of her husband, who was the homemaker and responsible for primary childcare, was not a recoverable loss under the FAA because: (a) it was properly characterised as the foster children's loss, and (b) it arose from a business relationship (fostering). These arguments were rejected by Nicola Davies LJ. As Bedlam LJ had stated in Wood v Bentall Simplex Ltd [1992] PIQR 332 (CA): "No aspect of the law of damages has been found in practice to be more dependent upon the facts of each particular case than the assessment of loss of pecuniary benefit to dependants under the Fatal Accidents Act." Neither Nicola Davies LJ nor any other member of the Court was willing to go behind the judge's findings of fact in respect of this issue.
The judgment of Nicola Davies LJ goes beyond a refusal to interfere with factual findings made by the judge below and clarifies the law in a number of ways.
Firstly, where the deceased and their dependant (in this case a husband and wife) receive money for a service (in this case fostering), this does not necessarily mean that the provision of the service was a business decision, such that any loss arising from the death of the deceased is 'incidental' to the relationship. This is a question of fact which requires a determination of why the service was provided. In this case, the judge determined that the decision to foster was "at its core" a decision to have a family and therefore not incidental to the relationship of husband and wife. This finding was upheld by the Court of Appeal.
Secondly, in a situation where the same loss is suffered by a person who is eligible to bring a dependency claim under the FAA and a person who is not eligible to bring such a claim, the mere fact that a non-eligible person has suffered the same loss does not prohibit recovery by the eligible dependant. As Nicola Davies LJ put it, "The fact that the children [who by reason of being foster children were not eligible to claim under the FAA] also benefitted from the deceased's care does not detract from, still less undermine, the claim of Mrs Witham."
The third and final area of clarification which this part of the decision provides is that the s3(1) gateway under the FAA is wide and cannot be reduced to a simple formulation. The foundation of any claim under s3(1) is a dependant's loss of expectation of future pecuniary benefit from the deceased and "there is no prescriptive method by which such damage is to be identified" (as Nicola Davies LJ emphasised at [43]). There is no rule that where the loss arises because the dependant has lost earnings it is not recoverable; in Witham the Claimant/dependant's claim arose from her lost career (the pecuniary loss giving rise to the s3(1) claim being the loss of earnings) which was held by the Court of Appeal to be a recoverable dependency. The question of how a court should value such a loss is separate and considered immediately below.
How should a recoverable dependency be valued?
The judge at first instance valued the Claimant's dependency on the deceased in providing childcare to A and B by costing the care on a commercial basis and without making a 25% deduction (as happens in personal injury cases where gratuitous care is provided to an injured claimant to reflect that no tax or NICs will be paid by the caregiver). The Defendant argued that as it was the Claimant who was now providing the care to A and B, the valuation should not have been at commercial rates and there should have been a 25% deduction.
The Defendant's arguments were dismissed on the basis that under the FAA a judge has a discretion to find the measure of loss most appropriate to the facts of the case. Further, and importantly, the Claimant's argument that the valuation is of the deceased's services, rather than the replacement services, was also accepted. As Nicola Davies LJ put it at [52]:"It is the value of the services lost which requires assessment and compensation, not the value of how the dependant manages following the death." The Court of Appeal confirmed that there is no principle which means that commercial rates cannot be used to value the service provided by the deceased and there is no requirement for a 25% discount where care is subsequently provided on a gratuitous basis. A trial judge has a discretion as to the measure of loss and there is no "prescriptive method by which such damage is to be … calculated."
Can loss of earnings, in principle, be used as the measure of loss in circumstances where a dependant gives up work to replace a service previously provided by the deceased? This is a point which has often been taken by defendants following Rupasinghe v West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust [2017] P.I.Q.R Q1. Although the Court of Appeal did not deal squarely with this issue, at [51] Nicola Davies LJ indicated that the judge did not choose loss of earnings as the measure of loss which would have given rise to the highest level of damages, thus presupposing that this option was open to him. Further the Court of Appeal's restatement that there is no "prescriptive method by which such damage is to be identified, or calculated…" (this being a quote from Cape Distribution v O'Loughlin [2001] EWCA Civ 178 [11]) means that any alleged principle that loss of earnings cannot be used as the measure of loss cannot be right as such a principle would amount to a prescriptive method by which damage is, or is not, to be calculated.
Remission to the High Court
An extraordinary turn of events happened to the Claimant after the conclusion of the trial but before the decision on whether to grant the Defendant permission to appeal. A and B were removed from her care so she no longer acted as their foster carer. This was unexpected and unforeseen. It would be wrong to go into detail on this issue here as (a) the Court of Appeal has remitted the matter to High Court to determine how this change of circumstances should affect the Claimant's dependency on the deceased, in so far as it related to A and B and (b) the Claimant hopes to have A and B returned to her care.
However, this extraordinary turn of events meant that the Court of Appeal considered two principles of general importance: in what circumstances should fresh evidence be permitted after a trial but before an appeal, and to what extent can post death events be taken into account in valuing a dependency under FAA.
Whilst accepting the general principle that there must be an end to litigation save in very exceptional circumstances (which augurs strongly against the admission of new evidence), the Court of Appeal restated its broad discretion to admit new evidence. As the first instance judge had found that the foster care arrangement would continue until 2029, Nicola Davies LJ held that to refuse to admit the evidence "would affront common sense [and] a sense of justice."
Further, whilst the Court of Appeal's judgment reiterates that dependency is valued at the date of death, it is also acknowledged that "post death events which are relevant are those which affect the continuance of the dependency…" (cf. Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust and another v Jennifer Mary Williams [2008] EWCA Civ 81). On the facts of this case, the Court of Appeal found that the new evidence was directly relevant to the continuance of the dependency and that it was a post death event which was relevant.
Upon these findings, the Court of Appeal remitted the matter to the High Court to determine the valuation of the Claimant's services dependency upon the deceased, in respect of his childcare for A and B after 19 May 2021 (the date upon which the children were removed from the Claimant's care) only.
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