text:
Von Buddha selbst gibt es keine Schriften. Ob er schreiben konnte, ist nicht bekannt.
Zu seiner Zeit hatte die Schriftsprache nicht die Bedeutung, die sie heute oder in der späteren europäischen Antike hatte.

Seine Lehrreden sind jedoch überliefert. In den ersten Jahrhunderten wurden sie auswendig gelernt und mündlich weitergegeben. Die Versform und die inhaltlichen Wiederholungen in den Texten erleichterten dabei die Tradierung der Lehrreden. Zudem wurden die Texte immer wieder abgeglichen, wie zum Beispiel während der Regenzeit. In dieser Zeit waren die Mönche für einige Wochen sesshaft und rezitierten die Sutras voreinander. Die Übertragung der buddhistischen Lehre erfolgte in ihrer Anfangszeit somit mnemotechnisch. Die ersten buddhistischen Schriften entstanden erst um 100 v. Chr., also 400 Jahre nachdem der Buddha Siddhartha Gautama gestorben war.

Entstehungsgeschichte des buddhistischen Kanons

Im Rahmen der ersten drei Buddhistischen Konzile wurde der buddhistische Kanon zuerst festgelegt und erst später niedergeschrieben.

Beim ersten buddhistischen Konzil (um 480 v. Chr.) wurden die Sutras bestimmt und die Vinaya- Regeln (Regelwerk für buddhistische Mönche und Nonnen), die kanonisch anerkannt wurden. Die mündliche Übertragung und Festlegung der buddhistischen Lehre soll in Pali erfolgt sein. Ein gesicherter Fakt ist es nicht, da ungewiss ist, ob Pali jemals eine gesprochene Sprache oder nur eine Schriftsprache war.

Ca. 383 v. Chr. fand das zweite Konzil statt, indem die Sutra-Texte einer Revision unterzogen und teilweise so verändert wurden, dass Buddha als allwissend gezeigt wurde. Dies geschah jedoch so, dass die Änderungen in Stil, Wortwahl und logischen Unstimmigkeiten erkennbar blieben.

Beim dritten Konzil um  244 v. Chr. wurde der Kanon durch umfangreiche scholastische Werke erweitert, dem Abhidamma. Die drei Textsammlungen Ordensregeln, Lehrgespräche und die scholastischen Werke, werden auch als Tipitaka ("Dreikorb") bezeichnet.

Erste Schriften; Grundlagen des Theravada

Etwa 80 v. Chr. wurden die ersten Texte niedergeschrieben im Felsen-Kloster Aluvihara, 3 km nördlich von Matale, Sri Lanka. Der daraus hervorgegangene "Pali-Kanon" (oder auch "Tripitaka" in Abgrenzung zu anderssprachigen Quellen) bildet die Grundlage des Theravada und setzt sich aus drei Einzelwerken zusammen:

 Die Suttapitaka sind die Lehrreden Buddhas
 Abhidhamma (Pali, die "höhere Lehre") ist eine Bezeichnung für den dritten Teil des Pali-Kanons bzw. die höhere buddhistische Philosophie und Psychologie, in dem die Lehren des Buddha und seiner Hauptschüler analysiert, geordnet und systematisiert wurden.
 Das Vinaya-Pitaka umfasst das monastische Regelwerk der buddhistischen Tradition. Es ist in zwei Hauptabteilungen gegliedert, dem eigentlichen monastischen Regelwerk Patimokkha, und den Khandakas oder "Kapiteln".

Bis in die Gegenwart gilt die Pâli-Überlieferung als das älteste vollständig erhaltene Schriftgut des Buddhismus.

Buddhistische Literatur auf Pali entstand in den Gebieten lebendiger Theravada-Tradition, z. B. im nordthailändischen Lan-Na-Reich des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts.

Mahayana-Literatur
Viele grundlegende Texte des Mahayana, zu dem auch Vajrayana, Zen und Chan gehören, sind ursprünglich in Sanskrit (deshalb auch oft "Sanskrit-Kanon") abgefasst, aber oft nur mehr in chinesischen und tibetischen Übersetzungen erhalten.

Mahayana-Sutras
Hauptartikel: Mahayana-Sutras

 Diamant-Sutra
Das ca. 100 Jahre n. u. Z. verfasste Diamant-Sutra zählt zu den wichtigsten Texten des Mahayana-Buddhismus. Es hat in den verschiedensten asiatischen Ländern schon früh eine weite Verbreitung gefunden und ist Bestandteil der "Prajnaparamita-Sutras" (Sanskrit, n., प्रज्ञापारमिता, prajñāpāramitā, "vollkommene Weisheit").
 Lotos-Sutra
Das Lotos-Sutra (Sanskrit, n., सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्र, saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra, wörtlich: "Sutra der Lotosblume vom wunderbaren Gesetz") ist ein Sutra des Mahayana-Buddhismus. Das Lotossutra gilt im Mahayana als höchste buddhistische Lehre, die direkt zur Erleuchtung führen soll.
 Herz-Sutra
Das Herz-Sutra, die kurze Fassung der Prajñāpāramitā-Sutras ist wegen ihrer Prägnanz in Ostasien sehr beliebt und verbreitet.
 Vimalakirti-Sutra
Das Vimalakīrtinirdeśa ist sowohl dem Stil, wie auch dem Inhalt nach ein besonderes Sutra. Einzigartig ist in diesem Sūtra die Tatsache, dass darin nicht wie gewohnt der Buddha oder ein transzendenter Bodhisattva den Protagonisten spielt, sondern ein Haushälter, der das Ideal eines buddhistischen Laienanhängers nach mahāyānistischem Vorbild verkörpert. In allen Zweigen des ostasiatischen Mahāyāna wird dieses Werk hochgeschätzt.
 Ullambana-Sutra
Das apokryphe Ullambana-Sutra ist wegen seines Inhalts (Kindesliebe und Ahnenverehrung) insbesondere in China, Vietnam und Japan sehr beliebt.

Zen Literatur (Japan, China, Korea)
Grundlagenwerke des Zen sind unter anderem das 'Xinxinming' von Sengcan, das 'Huangbo Chuan Xin Fa Yao' und das 'Linji Lu' sowie das Plattform-Sutra, auch 'Sutra des Sechsten Patriarchen' genannt. Letzteres ist der einzige Text der Zen-Literatur, der den Ausdruck Sutra verwendet, was ihm besondere Bedeutung unter den Lehrtexten zuweist. Das Sutra gilt als Werk von Huineng und beschreibt sein Leben und seine Lehrmethode.  Es ist die Grundlage der 'Südlichen Schule'.

 Koans (jap.) - Gōngàn (chin.) (公案 - wörtliche Übersetzung: öffentlicher Aushang) sind im chinesischen Chan- bzw. japanischen Zen-Buddhismus eine Art (sehr) kurze Anekdote oder eine Sentenz, die eine beispiel- oder lehrhafte Handlung oder pointierte Aussage eines Zen-Meisters, ganz selten auch von Zen-Schülern, darstellt.
 Die Schatzkammer des Wahren Dharma-Auges von Dōgen, dem Begründer des japanischen Sōtō-Zen ist das wichtigste Werk dieser Schule.

Tibetische Literatur
Die ersten Übersetzungen von Schriften des tibetischen Buddhismus wurden von dem amerikanischen Anthropologen und Autor Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz herausgegeben, der sie 1926 auf einer Reise durch Tibet in englischer Sprache von Lāma Kazi Dawa-Samdup überliefert bekam. Sie gehören noch heute zu den Klassikern buddhistischer Literatur. Zu ihnen gehören unteren anderem die erste Übersetzung des Tibetischen Totenbuchs sowie die Erzählung der Lebensgeschichte des Yogis Milarepas.

Weitere erste Übersetzungen und Darstellungen der Lehren des tibetischen Buddhismus stammen von Alexandra David-Néel.

Diverse Texte
In allen buddhistischen Schulen finden Mantren (sanskrit, m., मन्त्र, mantra, wörtl.: "Instrument des Denkens, Rede") Verwendung. Mantra bezeichnet in der Meditation eine kurze Wortfolge, die repetitiv rezitiert wird. Dies kann entweder flüsternd, singend oder in Gedanken geschehen.

Siehe auch
 Dharani
Des Weiteren gibt es diverse Sinnsprüche, Bekenntnisse, Gelübde, Anrufungen, Widmungen.

Dem Bodhisattva-Gelübde kommt im japanischen Zen und dem tibetischen  Mahayana- Buddhismus besondere Bedeutung zu.

Buddhas Lebensgeschichte

 Das Buch Wie Siddhartha zum Buddha wurde. Eine Einführung in den Buddhismus des Zenmeisters und buddhistischen Lehrers Thích Nhất Hạnh erzählt auf poetische Weise die Lebensgeschichte des Buddha Shakyamuni.

Erste Übersetzungen und Texte in westlichen Sprachen

 "Buddha, sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde" von dem  Indologen Hermann Oldenberg.
 "Buddhistischer Katechismus"
Mit der Herausgabe des Buddhistischen Katechismus durch Friedrich Zimmermann (Buddhist) 1888 wurde ein erster wichtiger Schritt auf dem Weg des deutschen Buddhismus gesetzt.
Ein Jahr zuvor war unter dem Titel "Der Buddhistische Katechismus" die deutsche Übersetzung des 1881 von Henry Steel Olcott erstmals zusammengestellten "Buddhist Catechism" erschienen.

Vom Buddhismus inspirierte Werke

 Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (1819) ist das Hauptwerk des Philosophen Arthur Schopenhauers. In diesem finden sich zahlreiche Anmerkungen zu den Vedanta und Buddhismus. Arthur Schopenhauer war einer der Ersten in Europa, die mit den wenigen vorhandenen Quellen des Buddhismus in Kontakt kamen und sich ernsthaft damit auseinandersetzten.
 C.G.Jung und der östliche Weg Auswahl von Texten von Carl Gustav Jung unter anderem über Buddhismus und das Tibetische Totenbuch sowie über seine Reise nach Indien.

Romane

 Die Reise nach Westen, geschrieben von Wu Cheng'en während der Ming-Dynastie, ist einer der vier klassischen Romane Chinas. Er behandelt das Prinzip des Reisens, verbunden mit chinesischen Volkssagen, Legenden und Themen des Buddhismus und Daoismus, und erzählt von der Reise eines Mönches zum westlichen Himmel, im heutigen Indien, von wo er Buddhas heilige Schriften nach China bringen soll. Dieser Roman gehört eigentlich nicht zu den Mahayana-Schriften, doch wurde er von bestimmten buddhistischen - wie übrigens auch daoistischen - Schulen der chin. Ming- (1368–1644) und Qing-Dynastie (1644–1911) vereinnahmt.
  Siddhartha. Eine indische Dichtung ist eine an buddhistische und hinduistische Überlieferungen angelehnte Erzählung von Hermann Hesse.

Siehe auch
 Buddhistischer Kanon
 Pali-Kanon
 Sutrenübersetzer (China)

Literatur
 Thomas Jülch: Die apologetischen Schriften des buddhistischen Tang-Mönchs Falin. Utz, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-8316-4026-3
 Sangharakshita: Das Buddha-Wort: das Schatzhaus der "heiligen Schriften" des Buddhismus. Eine Einführung in die kanonische Literatur. Barth, Bern 1992.
 Moriz Winternitz: Geschichte der Indischen Literatur. Leipzig, 1920, Bd. 2: Die buddhistische Literatur und die heiligen Texte der Jainas.  Digitalisat
 Marcus Günzel:  Die Morgen- und Abendliturgie der chinesischen Buddhisten Heinz Bechert (Hrsg.) Göttingen Seminar für Indologie und Buddhismuskunde 1994 Nr. 6, ISBN 3-9803052-2-8.

Weblinks
 Deutscher Verlag mit Buddh. Literatur. Texte z. T. Online
 Pali-Kanon in deutscher Sprache
 Thesaurus Literaturae Buddhicae, Sammlung buddhistischer Schriften mit Übersetzungen (englisch)

Einzelnachweise


text:
Q: Размер GropBox'а по контенту В общем, имею вот такой XAML:
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Т.е внизу появляется какое-то незанятое место...
Как пофиксить?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
If you want to use non-standard document templates with pandoc,
put template files in this directory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


* PDFs are immediately sent to your email upon purchase.
* PDFs with Studio License permit teachers to make up to 20 copies for their students.
• Spiral-Bound Books ship only to US addresses. Shipping is $4.00 per order.
An introductory Pattern Play series that introduces the materials of music (scales, intervals, and chords) in creative and musical ways. Learn about the new features and how it works.
This first book in the series explores Musicality on Black Keys and then Scales on White Keys. Download, print, and enjoy! Each of the 29 pieces has a Bottom part and a Top part. The Bottom part is usually played by the teacher, and the Top part is improvised by the student.
The pieces in the Duet 1 book are now presented so a person can play them alone (Solo). In general, the teacher first plays the Duet version in the lesson, then student plays the Solo version at home.
The 29 pieces in this book explore Intervals on White Keys and then Chords on White Keys. Download, print, and enjoy!
The pieces in the Duet 2 book are now presented so a person can play them Solo.
This discounted set includes Duet 1, Solo 1, Duet 2, and Solo 2.
Twenty-seven new Patterns featuring scales and modes that have an F-sharp in the key signature.
The pieces in the Duet 3 book are now formatted so they can be played Solo.
This set includes both PDFs at Level 3: Duet 3 and Solo 3.
* Spiral-bound books can only be shipped to USA addresses. Shipping cost is $4.00 per order.
This book includes the Duet 1 and 2 books. They have been spiral-bound together for easy use at the piano.
This book includes Solo Books 1 and 2. They have been spiral-bound together for easy use at the piano.
Two spiral-bound books — Duet 1 and 2 (bound together) and Solo 1 and 2 (bound together).
This book has twenty-seven new pieces featuring scales and modes that have an F-sharp in the key signature.
The twenty-seven pieces in this book are now formatted so they can be played Solo.
Get both spiral-bound books at a discount.
Con estos libros descubrirás una manera natural y fascinante de aprender a improvisar en el piano. Empezarás a crear desde el primer momento usando los elementos básicos de la música, como escalas, intervalos o acordes. Poner la creatividad por delante no solo desarrollará tu imaginación y tu musicalidad sino también tu sentido del ritmo, tu coordinación, tu técnica, tu comprensión musical y tu oído.
Para los libros en español, haz clic aquí.
The Duet-to-Solo approach (used in the new Create First! series and in the Pattern Play series published by the Royal Conservatory of Music) has proven to be the most reliable and successful way to begin improvising, so I recommend that beginners and their teachers start with either of those series. Later, add the original Pattern Play series which offers 233 Patterns for improvising with the major scales, minor scales, and the various modes in all the keys.
Note: Printed books are available in the US only. Shipping is just $4 per total order.
This 144-page book explores ways to create melodies (improvise) with the most popular scales in classical, ethnic, jazz, and popular styles. This original Pattern Play book (first published in 2004) can now function as an in-depth "teacher's handbook" for the Pattern Play series published by the Royal Conservatory of Music or the Create First! series. It offers a more in-depth exploration of solo playing for many of the pieces in the newer series. This book comes with a CD that has 31 solo improvisations on the various pieces and also 4 duets.
With 104 pieces made with Patterns in all the major and minor keys. It explores various way to create melodies in diverse musical styles and introduces ways to begin creating your own accompaniment Patterns. It is ideal for those who have worked through Create First! or the new Pattern Play series published by the Royal Conservatory and who are looking for new Patterns in all the keys.
Watch a video of a duet improvisation from Melody, Volume Two. I'm joined by Akiko Kinney, who gave me insightful editorial guidance on this book and made many invaluable contributions to the Pattern Play project. Once you are on YouTube, you will see the list of other videos we made that are available for viewing.
Each of the 96 different pieces offers another way to improvise in one of the modes (Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, and Locrian). This book explores these modes in all keys. It comes with a spiral binding for ease of use at the piano.
With the purchase of this set, you'll receive all three of the original Pattern Play books.
The series published by RCM Publishing from 2010 through 2012.
Books in this series are no longer sold on this website.
You can purchase them directly from the publisher at rcmpublishing.com, or visit a retailer.


I have been building out an API for FilterLists off and on over the past month or two. FilterLists is a non-monetized side project, so it takes the back-burner to my day job. But, I am also using it as a platform for learning. I have successfully built a simple .NET Core API and configured automatic builds and deploys via Travis CI to a DigitalOcean Ubuntu VPS. Here is a quick summary of the process.
Once I connected my Travis and GitHub accounts, all of my public repositories appeared as potential sources to build with Travis. First, however, I had to create a .travis.yml file in the repository which provides all of the configuration settings for Travis. See the one for FilterLists here.
This configuration file contains parameters like the language in which the application is written, the distribution of Linux on which Travis should build, the version of .NET with which to compile, encrypted credentials to the deployment target (Travis provides an encryption process using a Ruby Gem), etc. Most of this file is fairly self-explanatory, but it did take a lot of trial and error to get it just right.
I configured Travis to automatically trigger a new build and deploy after every commit to the master branch on the GitHub repository. In the .yml file, I point Travis to the build script here. Building with .NET Core is super easy, as you can see. dotnet restore handles the NuGet packages, and dotnet publish builds a self-contained deployable application. I can also execute my unit tests here; but, currently, my unit test projects are empty.
Assuming the build is successful, Travis then looks to my deploy script. Line 3 of the script grants execute permissions on the primary application .dll. Without this, requests to the API fail. Line 4 is what performs the deploy to my VPS via SCP. Note that I am currently passing in the encrypted variables for $FTP_PASSWORD, $FTP_USER, $FTP_HOST, and $FTP_DIR from the .yml file. In the future, I plan to replace username/password authentication with SSH keys.
There is one file that cannot be deployed by Travis, though. appsettings.Production.json contains the connection string to the production database. For obvious reasons, this information should not be committed to a public repository. This file rarely changes, though, so once I manually dropped it in the right location on the server, it should not need automatic updates from Travis.
Once the published app is sitting on my server, the last step was to expose it to the public internet. I use NGINX for a variety of other sites on the same box, so it was relatively easy to whip up a new server block to direct traffic to api.filterlists.com to my .NET Core application.
You can now get a JSON response of all lists in the database by making an HTTP Get request here.


text:
Partido Unión Revolucionaria fue un partido político peruano fundado por Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro en 1931. Gobernó junto con él luego de ganar las elecciones de 1931. Tras su muerte, en 1933, fue dirigido por Luis A. Flores Medina y devino en partido abiertamente fascista.

Se caracterizaba por su oposición al liberalismo y el comunismo, y en particular, al Partido Aprista, a quienes consideraban enemigos mortales y autores del asesinato de su líder fundador, Sánchez Cerro. Difundían también una fuerte xenofobia contra los inmigrantes japoneses en Perú y también contra los inmigrantes chinos. Siguiendo el modelo mussoliniano, proponían una sociedad corporativa y totalitaria.

Historia

El Partido Unión Revolucionaria en el gobierno (1931-1933)

Sin un programa político claramente definido, el militar Luis Sánchez Cerro llegó a la presidencia del Perú por la vía de las elecciones en 1931. Obtuvo, por un lado, el apoyo de las masas populares que se identificaron con su procedencia humilde, el color cobrizo de su piel, su léxico populista y sus rasgos autoritarios. Los grupos oligárquicos también le dieron su apoyo al verlo como una alternativa para cerrar el paso a las reformas radicales propuestas por el APRA.

Durante su breve gobierno de 16 meses, Sánchez Cerro siguió una política populista y autoritaria de represión contra sus opositores del Partido Aprista Peruano, la cual fue llevada a cabo por su ministro de gobierno, Luis A. Flores, futuro líder del Partido Unión Revolucionaria. A través de la denominada ley de emergencia, que autorizaba al gobierno a tomar medidas contra los derechos civiles, fueron fusilados 8 marineros acusados de subversión, los parlamentarios apristas fueron desaforados del Congreso y tuvieron que exiliarse, mientras que muchos militantes apristas comunes fueron perseguidos y apresados, incluyendo a su líder Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre. Estas medidas fueron avaladas por los miembros del partido (llamados "urristas" por las siglas UR), quienes las justificaron como necesarias para "salvar el orden de la nación".

Producto de esta política surgió en julio de 1932 una rebelión armada de militantes apristas en la ciudad de Trujillo que fue sofocada sangrientamente por el ejército. El enfrentamiento violento entre ambos bandos terminó con el asesinato de Sánchez Cerro por un estudiante aprista en el Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz, el 30 de abril de 1933.

Tras su muerte, la UR sufrió una escisión y se formó el "Partido Nacionalista", liderado por Clemente Revilla, que apoyó al gobierno del sucesor de Sánchez Cerro, el general Óscar R. Benavides. La dirección de la "Unión Revolucionaria" cayó entonces en manos del exministro de gobierno Luis A. Flores, quien radicalizó la propuesta de la Unión Revolucionaria y lo convirtió en un partido plenamente fascista.

Desarrollo y expansión (1933-1936)

De 1933 a 1936, el Partido  Unión Revolucionaria difundió su discurso fascista, influido fuertemente por la Italia fascista y las ideas de Benito Mussolini, de quien Flores era un ferviente admirador. A través de sus órganos de prensa (La Batalla, Acción, y Crisol) manifestaron su oposición al gobierno del general Oscar R. Benavides, el sucesor de Sánchez Cerro a quien consideraban traidor, y proclamaban al sistema fascista como el necesario para el desarrollo del país. También tenían cierta presencia en algunos sindicatos, aunque estos estaban mayormente identificados con el APRA.

A fines de 1933 se crea la Legión de Camisas Negras, conformada por la juventud de la UR. Era común por esos años verlos entrenar en Lima, en la playa La Herradura, o en las fincas de Limatambo en la periferia de la capital peruana, preparándose para el "combate" contra los apristas, a quienes llamaban despectivamente "aprocomunistas" o "búfalos". El 4 de noviembre de 1933 estos camisas negras hacen su primera aparición en una ceremonia de homenaje en el mausoleo de Sánchez Cerro. El saludo fascista, con la mano diestra en alto, también fue adoptado por los camisas negras de la UR en esta especie de "fascismo criollo" dedicado a copiar gestos y apariencias mussolinianas.

Los "urristas" también contaban con una fuerte presencia femenina en sus filas, liderada por Yolanda Cocco. Aun así, entre las propuestas de la UR no figuraba la igualdad de derechos de la mujer, siendo que su rama femenina principalmente propugnaba una preservación de los valores tradicionales asignados a la mujer (aspecto también copiado del fascismo europeo).

Los regímenes de Hitler y Mussolini contaban en Perú con muchos simpatizantes provenientes principalmente de los sectores oligárquicos, al menos hasta antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Además, la personalidad carismática y caudillista de Sánchez Cerro le había ganado la aceptación de una gran parte del proletariado urbano y de la pequeña clase media, que no percibía peligro alguno en el fascismo de la UR y que por el contrario se identificaba con el origen pobre y mestizo de Sánchez Cerro. La prédica populista y nacionalista de la UR ganó aceptación entre estos núcleos de proletariado y clase media baja, que serían su principal apoyo. Hacia mediados de la década de 1930 el fascismo no era una ideología especialmente rechazada en el Perú pues el diario El Comercio e intelectuales como José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma y Felipe Sassone manifestaban su simpatía y aprobación hacia las políticas del fascismo europeo; el conservadurismo político hacía que los admiradores peruanos del fascismo pronto extendieran su adhesión a la  sublevación de Francisco Franco cuando estalló en julio de 1936 la guerra civil en España.

Los postulados de la UR combinaban proteccionismo económico con el apoyo a una reforma agraria "gradual" y no completa, mientras propugnaban leyes sociales en favor de los trabajadores, combinando estos postulados con un marcado desprecio hacia la democracia representativa y una fuerte tendencia al autoritarismo. Otro rasgo típico de la UR fue su abierta promoción de la xenofobia en el Perú, dirigiéndola contra los inmigrantes de origen chino o japonés, a los que consideraban "genéticamente inferiores" a los cobrizo-hispanos y responsables del desempleo en el país.

Cabe destacar que el régimen autoritario de Oscar R. Benavides también mostraba sus simpatías por el fascismo, llegando a contratar en 1935 una "misión policial italiana" destinada a reorganizar la policía de investigaciones de Perú. Siguiendo esta línea autoritaria, Benavides ilegalizó al APRA y al Partido Comunista por considerarlos "partidos internacionales" pero también persiguió a muchos "urristas".

Elecciones de 1936

En las elecciones de noviembre de 1936 la UR alcanzó cerca de un 29.1% de los votos frente al 37.1 % alcanzado por Luis Antonio Eguiguren, quien fue apoyado desde la clandestinidad por el aprismo. No es difícil suponer entonces que, si el APRA hubiera participado abiertamente en estas elecciones, el porcentaje de votos de Eguiguren hubiera sido mucho menor y las posibilidades de que la propuesta totalitaria del Partido Unión Revolucionaria llegara al poder habrían sido mayores.

Sin embargo, el presidente Óscar R. Benavides anuló las elecciones aduciendo el argumento de que la victoria de Eguiguren era "ilegítima" porque sus votos provenían de los militantes apristas ya proscritos. El Congreso de la República, subordinado a las decisiones del dictador, ratificó esta medida y se decidió prolongar el gobierno de Benavides hasta 1939. Ante ello los militantes de la UR intentaron una revuelta contra el gobierno con apoyo de algunos oficiales jóvenes del ejército; esta conspiración fue descubierta y el gobierno respondió con una dura persecución, equiparando a los líderes "urristas" con el resto de la oposición.

Decadencia y extinción (1936-1960)
Luis A. Flores y otros dirigentes del partido fueron deportados a Chile. Otros miembros destacados del movimiento fueron encarcelados. Ya sin la organización que gozó en sus inicios, la resistencia de los "urristas" contra el gobierno de Benavides fue menguando y en 1938 uno de sus dirigentes encarcelados, el militar retirado Cirilo Ortega, desconoció a Flores como líder del partido, ofreció su apoyo al régimen de Benavides y criticó la antigua línea de su partido.

Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez planeó el golpe de Estado junto con el general Cirilo Ortega, jefe de unos grupos secesionistas de la Unión Revolucionaria. Aparentemente, contaba con el apoyo de diversos sectores. La rebelión se produjo el 19 de febrero de 1939 (domingo de carnaval), mientras Benavides se hallaba de excursión en Pisco. Rodríguez ocupó Palacio de Gobierno y ante la tropa reunida en el patio se proclamó jefe interino de la República, anunciando una amnistía general, la convocatoria a una Asamblea Constituyente y elecciones libres. El jefe del Batallón de Asalto de la Guardia Civil del Perú, el mayor GC Luis Rizo Patrón Lembcke (apodado "el loco", por algunos miembros de la Guardia Civil que conocieron su rigor), avanzó hacia Palacio y con una ráfaga de ametralladora abatió a Rodríguez. Junto con este cayeron un alférez y un guardia. Los demás oficiales comprometidos con el golpe no atinaron a hacer nada y fueron detenidos.

Cirilo Ortega salió de la cárcel poco después y formó una "fracción disidente" del Partido Unión Revolucionaria, con la cual prestó su apoyo a Manuel Prado Ugarteche, el candidato presidencial aliado del presidente Benavides en las elecciones de noviembre de 1939. Pese al triunfo de Manuel Prado, la UR nunca alcanzó protagonismo en el régimen del nuevo presidente y perdió gran cantidad de seguidores. José Quesada Larrea organizó el Frente Patriótico en 1939 con el apoyo de Manuel Vicente Villarán y Luis A. Flores, quienes vivían en el exilio.

Flores regresó en 1945 del exilio en Chile e intentó reorganizar el partido, pero tras la derrota del Eje en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la caída de los regímenes fascistas y el regreso de la democracia en el Perú, la propuesta de la reformada UR tuvo muy poca acogida entre sus antiguos seguidores. Flores logró ser elegido como senador por el departamento de Piura en 1946 y posteriormente manifestó su apoyo a la dictadura del general Manuel A. Odría. Pese a esto, el completo desprestigio de la ideología fascista después de 1945 hizo imposible que el Partido Unión Revolucionaria recobrase su antigua fuerza. Finalmente el partido terminó por disolverse para todo efecto a inicios de la década de 1960 tras varios años de agonía.

Personajes importantes del partido

De las filas de Union Revolucionaria solo dos fueron presidentes del Perú:
 Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1889-1933): Militar, político.
Presidente de la República, 1930-1931 / 1931-1933.
 Manuel María Ponce Brousset (1874-1996): Abogado, político.
 Presidente de la Junta Militar de Gobierno del Perú, 1930.

Entre sus principales líderes históricos se encuentran:

 Luis A. Flores (1899-1969): Abogado, diplomático.
 Fundador de la Unión Revolucionaria.
 Presidente del Consejo de Ministros del Perú, 1932.
 Ministro de Gobierno y Policía del Perú, 1932.
 Ministro de Marina y Aviación del Perú, 1933.
 Diputado del Congreso Constituyente del Perú, 1931-1936.
 Presidente de Union Revolucionaria, 1933-1960

Procesos electorales en los que participó

Elecciones presidenciales

Desde fundación hasta 1963

Elecciones parlamentarias

Congreso bicameral

Representantes en el Congreso

Congreso Constituyente de 1931

Referencias

 Chirinos Soto, Enrique: Historia de la República (1930-1985). Desde Sánchez Cerro hasta Alan García. Tomo II. Lima, AFA Editores Importadores S.A., 1985.
 Tauro del Pino, Alberto: Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú. Tercera Edición. Tomo 7, FER/GUZ. Lima, PEISA, 2001. ISBN 9972-40-156-1

Union Rev
Partidos políticos fundados en 1931
Partidos políticos disueltos en 1945
Partidos políticos peruanos de extrema derecha
Organizaciones paramilitares de Perú

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Although Graff Bay City opened its doors in 1986, the Graff Chevrolet franchise has served customers from across Michigan for over 100 years! We work hard to uphold the values that our founder laid down over a century ago. This includes treating our customers like family and committing ourselves to their complete satisfaction.
The Graff name has been prominent in Flint, Michigan automobile circles for almost a century. Otto P. Graff, founder of the company that bore his name for many years, signed an agreement with the Ford Motor Company in 1914 to sell 125 cars a year.
As the treasurer of Genesee County from 1910 until 1914, Mr. Graff was well known to the Flint banking community. When Ford removed the previous dealer, they asked Mr. Graff, as the treasurer of the county, who he thought would make a good dealer. He replied, "I would". He had often looked out his office window and thought "if I had $1 for every car in and out of that Ford dealership it would be a good thing". And so, with $600, which he and his wife Flora had saved, and high hopes, the new enterprise was launched as the Ford Sales Company. It was located on N. Saginaw Street, just north of the Flint River. The first year was encouraging with sales exceeding the 125-car quota and reaching the 150 mark.
Several important events happened in the following months. The name of the company was changed from Ford Sales Company to Otto P. Graff Motor Sales, and the location was moved to the corner of Kearsley and Harrison Streets, where it remained until 1918. That year the Fordson Tractor was added to the Ford line. Henry Ford bought Henry Leland's interests in the Lincoln car, and it too became a part of the Graff line, which eventually included Ford, Ford truck, Lincoln-Mercury and Fordson tractors. The business continued to grow and in 1924 a new sales peak of 2,400 vehicles was reached. Three years later in 1927, the Model T was discontinued, and for 18 months there were no Fords available as the company converted to the Model A.
Also, in 1927, Graff built a new garage at 914 Harrison Street and a new sales department on Saginaw Street. During this expansion, Mr. Graff added five sub dealers plus a variety of other holdings to his enterprise.
With the advent of the Model A, business looked good again. Then came the disaster - the Depression of 1929. Otto P. Graff lost everything he had worked so hard to achieve.
Thanks to Citizen's Bank and Mr. Edward Burroughs, the bank president, Mr. Graff was able to weather the financial storm that devastated the country. The bank took all the stock in the corporation and held it until 1948 when the last of it was redeemed by Mr. Graff. All during that period, Mr. Graff was paid a weekly salary of $75 with all profits going to the bank.
In 1936, Max H. Graff, fresh out of the University of Michigan, went to work for his father. He was no stranger to the business, having worked during vacations washing, servicing and selling cars - learning the business from the ground up. The following year he was assigned to manage the branch at Dort Highway and Davison Road.
Cars were not manufactured during World War II as all manufacturing facilities were dedicated to the war effort. As a result, there was huge pent up demand following the end of the war. Much to the chagrin of Mr. Graff, Ford decided to take Lincoln and Mercury away at the time when over 2,000 orders with deposits were on hand. During the entire year of 1946, Ford allocated only 176 cars and trucks to Graff, leaving many customers very unhappy. It required another 2 ½ years to clean up the backlog of orders.
When Otto's second son, Rex, a graduate of Ferris State College, returned from World War II, he was put in charge of the motor rebuilding department. New parts were very scarce, so the rebuilding business prospered.
The rebuilding business was sold in 1949, and Rex Graff took over the tractor franchise and a building was constructed at Davison Road and Dort Highway. Rex made that business thrive, and it was eventually sold in 1969 after Otto's death. In 1948, Max was made General Manager of the Ford dealership. In 1958, Otto P. Graff semi-retired and Max became the dealer-designate. He was also president of the Kiwanis Club that year, chairman of the United Fund in 1961, president of the Flint Golf Club in 1965 and president of the Michigan Auto Dealers Association in 1967.
Max H. (Hank) Graff, Jr., Max's son, graduated from Michigan State University in 1969, taught school in Flint for two years, and in 1971 left teaching to work full time at the dealership as a Used Car buyer.
Hank spent summers, while growing up, working at a variety of jobs at the dealership. He became General Manager in 1975. At that time, he hired Phil Goldman to assist him in Sales management. Two years later, Hank became the Dealer and a stockholder when he purchased Rex Graff's stock.
Max and Hank discovered out that Uptegraff Chevrolet was for sale in Davison, and within two weeks, they were able to consummate a purchase deal. Ford was notified that Graff would give up their franchise as of August 1, 1982, and Hank Graff signed a Chevrolet franchise agreement on August 2, 1982. At the time of the acquisition, Graff and Uptegraff were the two oldest family held dealerships in Genesee County - Uptegraff for 60 years and Graff for 68 years. The new Graff Chevrolet has been a very successful operation as evidenced by the fact that 4,703 vehicles were retailed in 1986. That was the 95th largest sales volume in the United States and second largest among the Chevrolet dealers in Michigan. The dealership has expanded over a period of years to what is now - about 58,000 square feet of floor space.
Television advertising was a very important ingredient in the success of the Davison dealership. The television stations used also covered the Bay City market, so it appeared to be a good move to buy the Wickstrom Chevrolet dealership in Bay City when it became available in 1986. Phil Goldman, General Sales Manager at the Davison dealership, was Hank's partner in this dealership until 1990. Wayne Wedding, Sales Manager at the Davison dealership, was Hank's partner and General Manager of the Bay City dealership from 1990 to 2006.
In 1987, Hank discovered that Rich Roehrs, the Chevrolet, Oldsmobile, Chrysler dealer in Gladwin wanted to retire, so Hank purchased that store. Tim Bell, the Controller from the Bay City dealership was Hank's partner there until 1995. At that time John Kirby, a Sales Manager from the Davison dealership, became Hank's partner and General Manager.
In 1990, Hank and Tim Shannon, a Sales Manager from the Bay City dealership and longtime Graff employee, acquired a Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile dealership in Fostoria, Ohio. Hank eventually purchased Tim's share of the dealership and in 1996 Jeff Cole became Hank's partner and General Manager. Several years later, the Pontiac, Cadillac, GMC dealership in Fostoria was purchased and merged into the Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile store. The Fostoria store was the unfortunate recipient of one of General Motors' wind down letters during GM's bankruptcy and the doors were closed in late 2009.
In 1991, Hank and Keith Barnett, the Fixed Operations Manager from the Bay City dealership, purchased the Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile dealership in Sandusky, Michigan. In 1996 the dealership was relocated to a new facility on the west side of town.
In May 1999, Hank purchased the former Schaffer Volvo and GMC Truck dealership located in Flint and Saginaw. Keith Whitmore, Hank's son-in-law, became General Manager and partner of both the Graff Flint & Saginaw Truck Centers.
In September 1999, Hank acquired the Chevrolet-Pontiac-Oldsmobile dealership in Durand. Mike Benmark, from the Davison dealership, became the General Manager and partner of this newest member of the Graff Group, Hank's seventh operation. Mike retired in 2012 and Chip Watt left the Davison dealership to become the General Manager in Durand.
Chris Graff, Hank's son, was promoted to General Manager of the Davison dealership when Benmark left to run the Durand dealership. He has subsequently purchased the dealership stock and is the Dealer Owner of the flagship Graff store in Davison.
2006-Present Day: Proud to Serve Michigan for Over 100 Years!
In Mt. Pleasant, Hank purchased M&M Chevrolet. Wayne Wedding partnered in the store with Hank and took oversight responsibilities for both Graff Chevrolet in Bay City and Graff Chevrolet Mt. Pleasant. Wayne's interest in those stores was repurchased by Hank in 2007. At that time Jim Messick became the General Manager in Mt. Pleasant and Lisa Kusey-Rechsteiner became the General Manager in Bay City.
Jeff Cole added oversight responsibilities in Ottawa with the purchase of Ottawa Chevrolet. That store, called Graff Chevrolet-Ottawa, moved out of its aging facility in 2004 to a newly renovated facility on Perry Rd. Jeff Cole left the Graff organization in 2009. Currently Mike Pauley is Hank's partner and the General Manager at the newly renamed Ottawa Chevrolet.
In 2006, Hank purchased Pres Kool Chevrolet in Okemos with Chris Graff as a partner and Matt Sloan as the General Manager and partner. Matt worked his way up through a variety of positions in Davison and is now doing a fine job upholding the Graff standards in the greater Lansing area. Chris purchased Hank's stock in the Okemos store in 2011.
As the Graff footprint grows in the future, we will continue to service more customers with a smile and the attitude of "Making Friends Since 1914". The Graff group of dealerships is proud to be a fourth-generation family owned enterprise and will continue to grow and prosper in the future by continuing to treat its customers, employees and business associates as if they were family. Thank you for allowing us to continue for one hundred years as an ongoing family business.


Onagers are the world's rarest horse species, with only 600 remaining in the wild. But now, three of Chester Zoo's onagers are pregnant at the same time. But when six-year-old mum Romy's newborn foal takes a turn for the worse, the keepers are concerned. Flamingo chick Marley has a tough childhood ahead of him. Male and female flamingos normally share parenting duties equally but Marley's mum, Calypso, has lost interest in mothering duties, so his dad, Rum, will have to do the work of two parents if Marley is to survive. Meanwhile, Sulawesi macaque monkey Rumple gives birth to a baby girl called Rey. However, Rey is the only baby in Chester's 19-strong troop and she gets picked on by some of the higher-ranking females. Rumple needs help if she's going to ward off the other females' excessive interest in her newborn.


You will perform electronic component selection and creation.
You will assist in validating electronic circuits.
You will apply modification to prototype equipment.
You will create basic PCB designs and layouts.
You will assist in creating production and certification documentation.
You can work independently but are also a perfect team player.
You can design and lay-out basic electronic applications.
You can execute soldering and testing on electronic circuit boards.
Familiar with various communication protocols.
You are capable of working with a PC and the most common Office software.


A certification mark is any word, name, symbol, device, or any combination, used, or intended to be used, in commerce with the owner's permission by someone other than its owner, to certify regional or other geographic origin, material, mode of manufacture, quality, accuracy, or other characteristics of someone's goods or services, or that the work or labor on the goods or services was performed by members of a union or other organization. It is a type of trademark whereby a trader can use the mark to indicate the origin, material, mode of manufacture of goods, performance of services, quality, accuracy of other characteristics.
Certification marks are frequently used by industrial standards bodies or certification companies to show "approval" of another product in some way. Certification marks are usually given for compliance with defined standards, but are not confined to any membership. They may be used by anyone who can certify that the products involved meet certain established standards. Famous certification marks include WOOLMARK which certifies that the goods on which it is used are made of 100% wool.
Certification marks are exceptions to the underlying principle of trademarks in that most trademarks indicate the individual source of the goods or services. However, a certification mark can be used by a variety of traders, rather than just one individual concern.
Certification marks can be owned by independent companies absolutely unrelated in ownership to the companies, offering goods or rendering services under the particular certification mark.
The certification represented by a certification mark does not necessarily relate to technical standards. Rather, the mark can indicate material content, some quality of material or manufacture, a method of manufacture or a mode of service, the geographic origin of the product, or that the provider or manufacturer meets the standards of or is sanctioned by a particular organization. In short, authorized use of a certification mark indicates only that the goods or services with which the mark appears satisfies the particular criteria to which the mark's owner attests. So a certification mark is not necessarily, nor even usually intended to be a mark of quality.
The attestedto aspect of the product bearing a certification mark is set out in the public record of the mark's registration in the Trademark Office. Additionally, the mark's owner has a responsibility both to see that users of the mark continue to satisfy the criteria represented by the mark and to make clear to consumers what the mark represents.


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For the past two months, we have been testing out our new billing system which will be replacing two of the existing ones into a single billing system. The current billing system is out of date and open to vulnerabilities since there will be no updates and has been classified as end of life.
Soon enough, you'll be receiving your login details through email. We request that you login and double check your account and package assigned. If you found anything that is in doubt, do let us know by submitting ticket via our helpdesk or send an email to billing@ultraunix.net. Although we have checked them thoroughly, we hope you will be able to confirm it.
When the billing system is fully operational, we will be able to keep track of our customer orders more efficiently and less hassle then we used to. We apologize for this inconvenience caused. We hope this upgrade will improve our efficiency and enhance your hosting experience as well.


Grace Digital Media is controlled by a fundamentalist Christian millionaire Cheryl Reagan, who last year wrested control of Federal News Service, transcription news service, from its former owner, Cortes Randell.
Washington, D.C. office building, along with Grace News Network.
BBG runs Radio Free Europe, Voice of America, and Radio Sawa – Arabic language radio for the Middle East.
house used by all kinds of mainstream news organizations.
Grace News Network proclaims that it will be a "unique tool in the Lord's ministry plan for the world."
Auchter did not return our calls seeking comment for this story.
While it's unclear whether Grace News Network actually produces any news, it has produced a documentary movie titled "Israel: Divine Destiny" which it showed at the National Press Club in September 2002.
The film is about "Israel's destiny and the United States' role in that destiny," according to Grace News Network.
Grace News said that it could not make a copy of the film available to us at this time, since it is now undergoing post-production editing. Nor could it provide a transcript.
The mainstream media has documented strong and growing ties between right-wing Republican Christian fundamentalists and right-wing Sharonist Israeli expansionists.
This alliance is personified in Ralph Reed's Stand Up for Israel, a group formed to "mobilize Christians and other people of faith to support the State of Israel."
President Bush has very strong ties to fundamentalist Christians, most notably Franklin Graham, the son of Rev. Billy Graham.
Last week, Franklin Graham delivered a Good Friday message at the Pentagon, despite an uproar over his previous slander of Islam as "a very evil and wicked religion."
Don Wagner, a professor of religion and director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at North Park University, an evangelical Christian college in Chicago, has written extensively about what he calls Christian Zionism, whose leaders he identifies as, among others, Ralph Reed, Jerry Falwell, Pat Robertson, Gary Bauer, and Franklin Graham.
"Christian Zionists have historically pointed to Genesis 12:3 -- I will bless those who bless you. And the one who curses you, I will curse," Dr. Wagner said. "They have interpreted this to mean that individuals and nations who support the state of Israel will be blessed by God. It has come to mean political, economic, and moral support, often uncritically rendered to the state of Israel."
Grace News Network seems to fit the mold.
Joan Mower says that BBG is currently producing and transmitting six hours of news into Iraq including a dubbed version of the daily evening news from ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox and PBS, plus three hours of original news programming from BBG.
BBG says it sees no problem in having Grace produce the evening news broadcast for Iraq.
Given the brewing anti-American revolt through all sectors of Iraqi society, maybe it should reconsider.
We called Grace Digital Media to speak with Cheryl Reagan.
Her secretary told us that she has been away in extended vacation for more than a month -- in Israel.
When will she back? we asked.
No one knows, the secretary said.
Russell Mokhiber is editor of the Washington, D.C.-based Corporate Crime Reporter. Robert Weissman is editor of the Washington, D.C.-based Multinational Monitor. They are co-authors of Corporate Predators: The Hunt for MegaProfits and the Attack on Democracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1999; http://www.corporatepredators.org).


text:
Origin Therapeutics Announces Leadership Team
Vancouver, British Columbia, November 15, 2021 – Origin Therapeutics Holdings Inc. (the "Company" or "Origin Therapeutics"), an actively managed investment issuer focused on making equity investments in private, psychedelics-related companies in a variety of industry verticals, is pleased to announce its leadership team.
Origin Therapeutics was created to provide retail investors with the opportunity to participate in the significant growth potential that private companies in the sector have before they would typically go public. This is a key part of the companies' growth that may otherwise be inaccessible to retail investors.
"Origin Therapeutics has carefully built a leadership team with a crucial mix of financial and business acumen," said Origin Therapeutics CEO, Alexander Somjen. "Our investment mandate is to focus on companies with exemplary teams and exponential growth profiles. We intend to actively manage our investments through board representation and/or advisory roles with the goal of increasing their success and their ability to achieve higher valuations."
The Executive Team:
Alexander Somjen (CEO): Mr. Somjen has extensive experience serving as an officer and director of publicly listed and privately held companies across a broad range of sectors including technology, healthcare and cannabis. Most recently, Mr. Somjen served as President of a publicly traded, California-based multi-state cannabis company and CEO of a publicly traded global investment company. Prior to that, he spent over a decade in capital markets at a large financial institution working in both investment banking and sales and trading related capacities. Mr. Somjen holds an MBA from IE Business School.
Kelvin Lee (CFO): Mr. Lee has over 15 years of extensive financial management experience with publicly traded companies. He is formerly CFO of Freeman Gold Corp. and prior, had progressively senior roles from Corporate Controller, VP Finance and Administration to Chief Financial Officer, for a TSXV listed gold producer with $400 million in revenue over nine years. His responsibilities included development and execution of financial strategy and operations, including regulatory reporting, financial planning and analysis, treasury, tax and audit. He also held prior Controller positions in the mining industry with various publicly traded companies including Prodigy Gold Inc. that was acquired for $340 million. Mr. Lee is currently CFO and Director of MegaWatt Lithium and Battery Metals Corp.; and CFO and Director of Karam Minerals Inc.; and CFO of Mantaro Silver Corp. Mr. Lee is a CPA, CGA (British Columbia)..
Advisors, Directors, and Investment Committee:
Brianna Davies, JD (Independent Director): Ms. Davies is a corporate securities lawyer with over 14 years experience working as legal counsel, corporate secretary and chief compliance officer to various privately held and publicly traded companies, primarily focused in the resource and technology sectors. She has a broad range of international experience having held roles with companies with assets in North America, South America, Russia, Australia, Mali, Ethiopia and Burkina Faso. Ms. Davies obtained a Juris Doctorate from the University of Toronto, Faculty of Law in 2005 and graduated Summa Cum Laude with an Honours B.A in Economics, from McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada in 2002.
Michael Young (Chairman, Advisor & Investment Committee Member): Mr. serves as the Company's Chairperson. Mr. Young is a founding partner of Cottingham Capital, an investment company focused on real estate, technology and Consumer brand investments. He has served at Cottingham Capital as Managing Partner since its inception in January 2017. Prior to January 2017, Mr. Young served as the Managing Director and Co-Head of Trading for a Canadian Investment bank. Mr. Young was previously on the boards of Nuuvera Corp. and ICC Labs Inc. The Company believes Mr. Young's qualifications to serve as a director of the Company include his extensive senior level executive management, and trading experience, in the Canadian and U.S. capital markets, as well as his experience serving on other public company boards of directors.
Kyle Gould (CFA, Advisor & Investment Committee Member): Mr. Gould is a Co-Founder of Hyperion Capital Inc., a boutique advisory firm specializing in the healthcare and technology sectors. Prior to founding Hyperion Capital Inc., Mr. Gould served as a Director within GMP Securities L.P.'s cannabis practice where he aided in raising and advising over $10 billion worth of corporate mandates across 100+ transactions. During his time at GMP Securities L.P., the firm was ranked #2 globally for cannabis activity. Mr. Gould held roles for GMP Securities L.P. in both New York City and Toronto. He started his career at BMO Capital Markets Corp. in New York where he focused on leveraged finance for North American based companies. Mr. Gould is financially literate and is a CFA Charterholder and graduated from Dalhousie University with a major in Finance.
Jaiveer Singh (Advisor & Investment Committee Member): Mr. Singh is the CEO of Mint Pharmaceuticals Inc. Under his leadership, Mint Pharmaceuticals Inc. has emerged as one of the country's most reputable and leading generic pharmaceutical companies over the past decade. Mr. Singh is also financially literate and is an active early stage investor and is passionate about supporting fellow entrepreneurs in building differentiated and high-quality businesses and currently serves on several boards. Mr. Singh was the Chairman of Truverra Inc. until it was acquired by The Supreme Cannabis Company, Inc. in 2019 and is a co-founder of Los Angeles-based hedge fund Medina Singh Partners, LLC.
Alfred Wong (VP of Investments): Mr. Wong is a venture capitalist and entrepreneur with experience in technology, cannabis, pharmaceuticals, and consumer goods. He is currently the Managing Director at a boutique management consulting firm. He previously served as President & CEO of a CSE-listed technology company, and as President and Director of Growmax Capital. Mr. Wong co-founded an innovative drug-repurposing company (Nash Pharmaceuticals) in 2017 which was acquired by Algernon Pharmaceuticals a year later. He was also the President of Bullrun Capital where he conducted M&A, due diligence, fundraising, and RTO transactions for private and public companies.
Jonathan S. Goldman (Advisor): Mr. Goldman has more than 25 years of experience in business, commercial real estate, and infrastructure development, having built a successful renewable energy development firm. He served as president and co-owner of Stafford Developments, a diversified private property development company that has deployed more than $1 billion of equity capital and managed assets exceeding $2 billion on behalf of investors with its sister company Goldman Group. Mr. Goldman has worked with entrepreneurs for a cannabis venture fund, technology infrastructure business, publicly-traded cannabis production company, and retail and hospitality businesses.
"The team's strong foundation of experience will enable us to drive the growth of our portfolio companies and support their success with mentorship, connections, and advisory. We are committed to judicious review and analysis of opportunities to secure the right investments for a solid overall portfolio in the exciting and novel psychedelic field," added Mr. Somjen.
About Origin Therapeutics
Origin Therapeutics Holdings Inc. (CSE: ORIG Proposed) (the "Company" or "Origin Therapeutics") is an actively managed investment issuer focused on making equity investments in psychedelics-related companies, where legally permitted, to provide investors with diverse exposure to the sector. The Company, led by a team of industry experts, leverages its management expertise, professional network, and due diligence process to identify leading and emerging global companies for its portfolio that are innovating in the sector and are supported by science. Learn more: https://originpsychedelics.com/
Alexander Somjen
Chief Executive Officer and Director
Origin Therapeutics Holdings Inc
www.originpsychdelics.com
info@originpsychedelics.com
For media inquiries, please contact: Brittany@Exvera.com
Cautionary Statements and Forward-Looking Information
Any Information as to the principal occupation, work experience, and/or skills of a director, officer, advisor, or consultant has been furnished by the respective individuals without independent verification by the Company. The Company accepts no responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of such information.
The Canadian Securities Exchange has neither approved nor disapproved the contents of this news release and accepts no responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy hereof.
Certain statements in this news release related to the Company are forward-looking statements and are prospective in nature. Forward-looking statements are not based on historical facts, but rather on current expectations and projections about future events, and are therefore subject to risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from the future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as "may", "should", "could", "intend", "estimate", "plan", "anticipate", "expect", "believe" or "continue", or the negative thereof or similar variations. Forward-looking statements in this news release include statements regarding the Company's business plan, the Company's investment objectives, and its ability to invest in the psychedelics industry, subject to applicable laws. Factors that could materially affect such forward-looking information are described in the risk factors in the Company's Preliminary Long Form Non-Offering Prospectus dated August 30, 2021, including the schedules thereto, that are available on the Company's profile on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.
Readers are cautioned that the foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. The forward-looking statements and information contained in this news release are made as of the date hereof and the Company undertakes no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements or information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless so required by applicable laws.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Simpsonize Me: clever stuff, you feed the site a passport-like photo and it uses face-recognition technology to match cartoon elements, converting you into a Simpsons character. It works remarkably well!
The website was conceived by Equity Marketing (LA) for Crispin Porter + Bogusky — previously responsible for the Subservient Chicken — and their client, Burger King. It was created by Cortona and uses face-recognition technology from BetaFace.


text:
[1] CONSTG_970810_01.JPG
Wikipedia Description: Constitution Gardens
Constitution Gardens is a park area in Washington, D.C., United States, located within the boundaries of the National Mall. The 50-acre (200,000 m2) park is bounded on the west by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, on the east by 17th St NW, on the north by Constitution Avenue, and on the south by the Reflecting Pool. Coordinates: 38°53?27?N 77°2?40?W Constitution Gardens has a small pond, which contains an island open to pedestrians.
The land that became Constitution Gardens was originally submerged beneath the Potomac River and was dredged at the beginning of the 20th century by the Army Corps of Engineers. The U.S. Navy built the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings as temporary offices on the land during World War I. The buildings were demolished in 1970 due in part to lobbying by President Richard Nixon, who had served in the offices as a navy officer. President Nixon subsequently ordered that a park be established on the land, and in 1976, Constitution Gardens was finally dedicated as a "living legacy American Revolution Bicentennial tribute." It has been a separate park unit in the National Park Service since 1982, administered under the National Capitol Parks-Central (NACC).
In July 1982, the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence was dedicated on the small island in the lake. On November 13 of the same year, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall was also dedicated within Constitution Gardens. President Ronald Reagan proclaimed the park a "living legacy tribute" to the Constitution on September 17, 1986 in honor of the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution, one year after that date.
From March 17 to March 19, 2003, Constitution Gardens was the site of a bizarre standoff between federal police and a disgruntled tobacco farmer, Dwight Watson. Watson had driven his tractor into the center of the lake and claimed he had explosives, prompting the evacuation of the area and holdin ...More...
Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (DC -- Mall -- Constitution Gardens (incl Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence)) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
2015_DC_Const_Gardens: DC -- Mall -- Constitution Gardens (incl Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence) (13 photos from 2015)
2012_DC_Const_Gardens: DC -- Mall -- Constitution Gardens (incl Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence) (2 photos from 2012)
2009_DC_Const_Gardens: DC -- Mall -- Constitution Gardens (incl Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence) (1 photo from 2009)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [(NPS) Natl Mall Parks] [Memorials] [Park (National Park Service)]
1997 photos: Since 1984, I've lived in Silver Spring, Maryland. From 1981 to 2002, photos were taken using a Pentax ME Super camera. From 1989 to 2002, I was doing all pictures as prints (instead of slides which I had grown up on). In 1997, at the age of 40, my photo obsession began and I started taking thousands of photos per year. In September, 2002, I switched to digital cameras and the number of photos exploded. Image quality is going to be variable because these are scans of slides and/or prints. The images shown here were scanned in two phases. In the early years of the website, I rescanned a selection of pre-digital images, all at fairly low quality settings. During the COVID pandemic, I launched the Great Rescanning Effort, rescanning ALL of my pre-digital images from various media (prints, slides, negatives, etc) at higher resolution and quality settings. Mutilple versions of images -- some from the initial scannning phase, some from prints, some from slides/negatives -- were posted so there are frequently duplicate images on the same page. At some point, I hope to have time to do a final review and get rid of the duplicates but that'll have to wait until all of the pre-digital images are finally posted. Trips this year: North Carolina (Dad), Florida (Mom), using a time share in Arkansas to visit Civil War sites in Missouri, Georgia, Arkansas, Mississippi and Tennessee. The Civil War became my excuse to see places I'd never been to in my life and it was a great motivator for 20 years or so.


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H.R. 3233: National Commission to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol Complex Act
May 14, 2021: Preprint (Rule) May 14, 2021: Introduced May 19, 2021: Passed the House May 20, 2021: Placed on Calendar in the Senate
(Select Other Version) May 14, 2021: Introduced May 19, 2021: Passed the House May 20, 2021: Placed on Calendar in the Senate
(Select) H.Res. 409 Providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. 3233) to establish the National Commission to Investigate … (EH)
Docs.House.gov
The text of the bill below is as of May 14, 2021 (Preprint (Rule)).
G:\CMTE\HS\17\1STMAJ(D)\DOM_TERROR_COMMIS.XMLXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX5/13/2021 22:13XXXXXXXXXX02/05/2021 1:03 PMXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 789775|28 [Discussion Draft] (Original Signature of Member) [DISCUSSION DRAFT]
H. R. __
Mr. Thompson of Mississippi (for himself and Mr. Katko) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on _______________
To establish the National Commission to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol Complex, and for other purposes.
This Act may be cited as the National Commission to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol Complex Act .
Establishment of commission
There is established in the legislative branch the National Commission to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol Complex (hereafter referred to as the Commission ).
Consistent with the functions described in section 4, the purposes of the Commission are the following:
To investigate and report upon the facts and causes relating to the January 6, 2021, domestic terrorist attack upon the United States Capitol Complex (hereafter referred to as the domestic terrorist attack on the Capitol ) and relating to the interference with the peaceful transfer of power, including facts and causes relating to the preparedness and response of the United States Capitol Police and other Federal, State, and local law enforcement in the National Capitol Region and other instrumentality of government, as well as the influencing factors that fomented such attack on American representative democracy while engaged in a constitutional process.
To examine and evaluate evidence developed by relevant Federal, State, and local governmental agencies, in a manner that is respectful of ongoing law enforcement activities and investigations regarding the domestic terrorist attack upon the Capitol, regarding the facts and circumstances surrounding such terrorist attack and targeted violence and domestic terrorism relevant to such terrorist attack.
To build upon the investigations of other entities and avoid unnecessary duplication by reviewing the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of other executive branch, congressional, or independent bipartisan or non-partisan commission investigations into the domestic terrorist attack on the Capitol and targeted violence and domestic terrorism relevant to such terrorist attack, including investigations into influencing factors related to such terrorist attack.
To investigate and report to the President and Congress on its findings, conclusions, and recommendations for corrective measures that may include changes in law, policy, procedures, rules, or regulations that could be taken to prevent future acts of targeted violence and domestic terrorism, including to prevent domestic terrorist attacks against American democratic institutions, improve the security posture of the United States Capitol Complex while preserving accessibility of the Capitol Complex for all Americans, and strengthen the security and resilience of the nation and American democratic institutions against domestic terrorism.
Functions of Commission
The functions of the Commission are to—
conduct an investigation of the relevant facts and circumstances relating to the domestic terrorist attack on the Capitol, including relevant facts and circumstances relating to—
activities of intelligence agencies, law enforcement agencies, and the Armed Forces, including with respect to intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination and information sharing among relevant instrumentality of government;
influencing factors that contributed to the domestic terrorist attack on the Capitol and how technology, including online platforms, financing, and malign foreign influence operations and campaigns may have factored into the motivation, organization, and execution of the domestic terrorist attack on the Capitol and targeted violence and domestic terrorism relevant to such attack; and
other entities of the public and private sector as determined relevant by the Commission for such investigation;
identify, review, and evaluate the causes of and the lessons learned from the domestic terrorist attack on the Capitol and targeted violence and domestic terrorism relevant to such attack regarding—
the command, control, and communications of the United States Capitol Police, the National Guard, the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, and other Federal, State, and local law enforcement in the National Capitol Region on or before January 6, 2021;
the structure, coordination, operational plans, policies, and procedures of the Federal Government, including as such relate to State and local governments and nongovernmental entities, and particularly with respect to detecting, preventing, preparing for, and responding to targeted violence and domestic terrorism;
the structure, authorities, training, manpower utilization, operational planning, and use of force policies of the United States Capitol Police;
the policies, protocols, processes, procedures, and systems for sharing of intelligence and other information by Federal, State, and local agencies with the United States Capitol Police, the Sergeants at Arms of the House of Representatives and the Senate, the Government of the District of Columbia, including the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, the National Guard, and other Federal, State, and local law enforcement in the National Capitol Region on or before January 6, 2021, and the related the policies, protocols, processes, procedures, and systems for monitoring, assessing, disseminating, and acting on intelligence and other information, including elevating the security posture of the United States Capitol Complex, derived from instrumentality of government, open sources, and online platforms; and
the policies, protocols, processes, procedures, and systems for interoperability between the United States Capitol Police and the National Guard, the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, and other Federal, State, and local law enforcement in the National Capitol Region on or before January 6, 2021; and
submit to the President and Congress reports required pursuant to section 10 containing such findings, conclusions, and recommendations, which may include changes in law, policy, procedures, rules, or regulations, to improve the detection, prevention, preparedness for, and response to targeted violence and domestic terrorism and improve the security posture of the United States Capitol Complex and ensure the security of Members of Congress and staff.
Composition of Commission
The Commission shall be composed of ten members, of whom—
one member shall be appointed jointly by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the majority leader of the Senate to serve as Chairperson of the Commission;
one member shall be appointed jointly by the minority leader of the House of Representatives and the minority leader of the Senate to serve as Vice Chairperson of the Commission;
two members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives;
two members shall be appointed by the minority leader of the House of Representatives;
two members shall be appointed by the majority leader of the Senate; and
two members shall be appointed by the minority leader of the Senate.
Qualifications; initial meeting
Nongovernmental appointees
An individual appointed to the Commission may not be an officer or employee of an instrumentality of government.
It is the sense of Congress that individuals appointed to the Commission should be prominent United States citizens, with national recognition and significant depth of experience in at least two of the following areas:
Governmental service.
Law enforcement.
Civil rights, civil liberties, and privacy.
The Armed Forces.
Counterterrorism.
Cybersecurity.
Initial meeting
The Commission shall meet and begin the initial operation of the Commission as soon as practicable, but not earlier than 15 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.
Timing for appointment
All members of the Commission shall be appointed not later than 10 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.
Quorum; vacancies
After its initial meeting, the Commission shall meet upon the call of the Chairperson or a majority of its members. A majority of members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum. Any vacancy in the Commission shall not affect its powers, but shall be promptly filled in the same manner in which the original appointment was made.
Each member of the Commission may be compensated at not to exceed the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay in effect for a position at level III of the Executive Schedule under section 5314 of title 5, United States Code, for each day during which that member is engaged in the actual performance of the duties of the Commission.
Each member of the Commission shall receive travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with applicable provision under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code.
Powers of Commission
Hearings and evidence
The Commission or, as delegated by the Chairperson and the Vice-Chairperson, any subcommittee or member thereof, may, for the purpose of carrying out this Act—
hold such hearings and sit and act at such times and places, take such testimony, receive such evidence, and administer such oaths as the Commission or such designated subcommittee or designated member may determine advisable; and
subject to paragraph (2)(A), require, by subpoena or otherwise, the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and the production of such books, records, correspondence, memoranda, papers, or documents, or any other paper or electronic material, as the Commission or such designated subcommittee or designated member may determine advisable.
The Commission may issue subpoenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of any evidence relating to any matter which the Commission is empowered to investigate under this Act. Such subpoenas shall be issued by agreement between the Chairperson and Vice Chairperson of the Commission, or by the vote of a majority of the members of the Commission. The attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence may be required from any place within the United States at any designated place of hearing within the United States.
Failure to obey a subpoena
If a person does not obey a subpoena issued under subparagraph (A), the Commission is authorized to apply to a United States district court for an order requiring that person to appear before the Commission to give testimony, produce evidence, or both, relating to the matter under investigation. The application may be made within the judicial district where the hearing is conducted or where that person is found, resides, or transacts business. Any failure to obey the order of the court may be punished by the court as a civil contempt.
Subject matter jurisdiction
The United States district court in which an action is brought under subparagraph (B) shall have original jurisdiction over any civil action brought by the Commission to enforce, secure a declaratory judgment concerning the validity of, or prevent a threatened refusal or failure to comply with, any subpoena issued by the Commission.
Service of subpoenas
The subpoenas of the Commission shall be served in the manner provided for subpoenas issued by a United States district court under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for the United States district courts.
All process of any court to which application is made under subparagraph (A) may be served in the judicial district in which the person required to be served resides or may be found.
The Commission may, to such extent and in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts, enter into contracts to enable the Commission to discharge its duties under this Act.
Obtaining official data
The Commission may secure directly from any Federal department or agency information, including any underlying information that may be in the possession of the intelligence community, that is necessary to enable it to carry out its purposes and functions under this Act. Upon request of the Chairperson, the chairperson of any subcommittee created by a majority of the Commission, or any member designated by a majority of the Commission, the head of such department or agency shall furnish such information to the Commission.
Receipt, handling, storage, and dissemination
Information shall only be received, handled, stored, and disseminated by members of the Commission and its staff consistent with all applicable statutes, regulations, and Executive orders.
Assistance from Federal agencies
Upon the request of the Commission, the Administrator of General Services shall provide to the Commission, on a reimbursable basis, the administrative support services and office space necessary for the Commission to carry out its purposes and functions under this Act.
Other Federal departments and agencies
In addition to the assistance prescribed in paragraph (1), Federal departments and agencies may provide to the Commission such services, funds, facilities, staff, and other support services as determined advisable and authorized by law.
Conveyances and other devises
The Commission may accept, use, and dispose of devises of services or property, both real and personal, for the purpose of aiding or facilitating the work of the Commission.
The Commission may use the United States mail in the same manner and under the same conditions as Federal departments and agencies.
Staff of Commission
Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Chairperson, in consultation with the Vice-Chairperson, in accordance with rules agreed upon by the Commission, may appoint and fix the compensation of a Staff Director and such other personnel as may be necessary to enable the Commission to carry out its purposes and functions, without regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service, and without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates, except that no rate of pay fixed under this subsection may exceed the equivalent of that payable for a position at level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code.
Personnel as Federal employees
For purposes of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (18 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.)—
the Commission shall be considered an employing office; and
the personnel of the Commission shall be considered covered employees.
Members of Commission
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to apply to members of the Commission.
Experts and consultants
The Commission is authorized to procure temporary and intermittent services under section 3109 of title 5, United States Code, but at rates for individuals not to exceed the daily equivalent of the maximum annual rate of basic pay under level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code.
Detailees
The head of any Federal department or agency may detail, on a non-reimbursable basis, any of the personnel of that department or agency to the Commission to assist the Commission in carrying out its purposes and functions.
Security clearances for members and staff
The appropriate Federal departments or agencies shall cooperate with the Commission in expeditiously providing to the Commission members and staff appropriate security clearances to the extent possible pursuant to existing procedures and requirements, except that no person may be provided with access to classified information under this Act without the appropriate security clearances.
Nonapplicability of Federal Advisory Committee Act
The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the Commission.
Public meetings and release of public versions of reports
The Commission shall—
hold public hearings and meetings to the extent appropriate; and
release public versions of the reports submitted pursuant to section 10.
Conduct of public hearings
Any public hearings of the Commission shall be conducted in a manner consistent with the protection of information provided to or developed for or by the Commission as required by any applicable statute, regulation, or Executive order.
Reports; termination
The Commission may submit to the President and Congress interim reports containing such findings, conclusions, and recommendations for corrective measures as have been agreed to by a majority of Commission members.
Not later than December 31, 2021, the Commission shall submit to the President and Congress a final report containing such findings, conclusions, and recommendations for corrective measures as have been agreed to by a majority of Commission members.
The Commission, and all the authorities of this Act, shall terminate upon the expiration of the 60-day period which begins on the date on which the Commission submits the final report under subsection (b).
Administrative activities before termination
The Commission may use the 60-day period referred to in paragraph (1) for the purpose of concluding its activities, including providing testimony to committees of Congress concerning its reports and disseminating the final report.
The records of the Commission shall be transferred to the Center for Legislative Archives at the National Archives and Records Administration upon termination of the Commission pursuant to paragraph (1) of section 10(c).
Authorization of appropriations
There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this Act.
Availability of funds
Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization under this section shall remain available until expended.
In this Act:
The term domestic terrorism has the meaning given such term in section 2331 of title 18, United States Code.
Instrumentality of government
The term instrumentality of government means Federal, State, local, Tribal, and territorial agencies.
Intelligence community
The term intelligence community has the meaning given such term in section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3003(4)).
Malign foreign influence operations and campaigns
The term malign foreign influence operations and campaigns has the meaning given such term in section 101(h) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3021(h)).
Targeted violence
The term targeted violence means an incident of violence in which an attacker selected a particular target in order to inflict mass injury or death with no discernable political or ideological motivation beyond mass injury or death.


November 8, 2018—CDK Global Inc. on Wednesday announced that Brian Krzanich, 58, former chief executive officer of Intel, has joined CDK Global as president and chief executive officer (CEO). Krzanich will also serve as a member of the board.
Krzanich succeeds Brian MacDonald who will assist in the transition.
Krzanich served as Intel's CEO from May 2013 to June 2018. As CEO, he led Intel's corporate strategy and operations, including development of Intel's business model and identifying emerging technologies. Krzanich joined Intel in 1982, became a corporate vice president in 2006, and served until 2010 as vice president and general manager of assembly and test. He was senior vice president and general manager of manufacturing and supply chain from 2010 to 2012. He became executive vice president and chief operating officer in 2012, responsible for global manufacturing, supply chain, human resources, and information technology.
"CDK has a leadership position in a dynamic and rapidly evolving automotive technology market, and I am energized by the chance to help grow this unique company and take it to the next level," Krzanich said. "The automotive industry is undergoing changes that will impact and present opportunities for dealers, OEMs, consumers and the technology ecosystem that serves them. I look forward to working closely with the CDK Board, management team and employees to enable CDK to meet its full potential to generate value for all of its stakeholders."
Krzanich and MacDonald will both participate in the CDK FY19 Q1 earnings call to be held today, Wednesday, Nov. 7, 2018, at 8:30 a.m. ET.


Investigators are trying to figure out how three vehicles went up in flames in Fresno County.
FRESNO COUNTY, Calif. (KFSN) -- Investigators are trying to figure out how three vehicles went up in flames in Fresno County. It happened around 9:15 p.m. Saturday at Central and Temperance avenues.
Cal Fire crews say a 20-foot Winnebago started burning first, and the fire then spread to a nearby truck and SUV. They were all destroyed.
Firefighters say no one was injured, and no one was near the vehicles when they arrived.


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laststandonzombieisland
Weapons, Wars, Preparation and Security from a recovering gun nut turned bad writer
Warship Wednesday October 9, The Broken America
Posted on October 9, 2013 by laststandonzombieisland	Leave a comment
Here at LSOZI, we are going to take out every Wednesday for a look at the old steam/diesel navies of the 1859-1946 time period and will profile a different ship each week.
– Christopher Eger
Here we see the luxury liner SS America. At the time she was one of the fastest and most elegant ships at sea. Her life would take a tragic and sad end.
Built in the end of the preWWII luxury liner era that saw such ships as the Hamburg, Normandie, and Queen Mary take to the seas, the SS America was not the biggest ship in the sea, but at 35,000-tons, was still the size of a battleship. With a capacity of 1200 passengers, she was intended to take up the North Atlantic trade from New York to England/France at speeds of over 22-knots. Laid down in August 22, 1938 by the Maritime Administration, she was paid for in part by the government but ran by the United States Lines company from New York.
When she was completed and sailed on her maiden voyage on August 22, 1940, World War Two had been going on for a year in Europe. To keep her safe from German U-boats or surface raiders, (the US was neutral at the time), she sailed with every light on, giant American flags painted on her sides (where a U-boat captain would target through his attack periscope) and behaved as noisy as possible. Even with this said, USN inspectors poured over her plans and made notes, even helping to degauss the ship in early 1941 against magnetic mines. The FBI also quietly removed two German spies from her crew.
Then, just six months before Pearl Harbor, the Maritime Administration called in their marker and pressed the ship into service with the navy. Renamed the troop ship USS West Point, she was given pennant number AP-23. Armed with four single 5″/38 cal dual purpose gun mounts , four single 3″/50 cal dual purpose gun mounts, four twin 40mm AA gun mounts, and eight .50 cal machine guns, she was made capable of carrying as many as 7600 Army troops as well as some 400-tons of their cargo. Although on some missions she carried as many as 8500.
Capable of moving an entire brigade at once, with a few extra battalions attached, she was one of the most capable ships in the Naval Transportation Service. During the war she moved over 450,000 US, Canadian, Australian, British and other allied troops to North Africa, Italy, the Pacific and back and forth across the Atlantic. In a single year, between June 27, 1944, and June 24, 1945, the West Pont crossed the Atlantic 27 times and carried more than 140,000 passengers. Used on occasion as a hospital transport, she carried another 16,000 wounded soldiers back home to urgent medical care. Another class of passenger, 14,000 Axis prisoners of war, were also carried off into life in POW camps. Thus she served as a prison ship, transport, and hospital craft.
On March 12, 1946, the MARAD, having gotten their moneys worth from the ship, disarmed her and gave her back to the United States line. In all, West Point had accomplished 145 missions, made 15 Pacific crossings and 41 on the Atlantic, steamed 456,144 nautical miles and carried 505,020 passengers of all kinds while in US service.
The ship resumed a weird and varied life over the next 48 years.
The Name Game!
Ok guys and girls, lets play the name game with this ship. Follow along at home.
She was built as the SS America for the United States Lines in 1940.
In 1941, the MARAD acquired her and sailed her for five years as the USS West Point.
Then the United States Lines picked her back up and used her old name until 1964 when…
The Chandris Grooup bought her and renamed the aging ship the SS Australis, and changed her to Greek registry.
Then Venture Cruises started up and for a year (1978) ran her as the SS America for the third time before…
Chandris required her and renamed her SS Italis…
Intercommerce bought her and called her the SS Noga to be converted to a floating prison ship in Lebanon before…
Silver Moon picked her up and referred to her as the Alferdoss in 1984…
Then finally the Chaophraya Transport Co acquired the fifty year old ship and caller her the SS America Star in 1994.
So if you were keeping track, that's at least 9 different name changes including going back and forth to the SS America three times. Eh, it happens.
Well, after four decades of abuse and varying levels of maintenance from one cruise liner company to the next, the old SS America was, by the 1980s, basically derelict. In 1993 her last owner decided to tow her from Greece, where she had sat for decades to Thailand to be converted to a floating hotel at Phuket Beach. In the course of a 100-day tow by the Ukrainian tugboat Neftegaz-67, she broke her lines and ran aground off the west coast of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands.
There she has stayed for the past 19 years, slowly being washed out to sea.
In another decade, all that will be left is the memory.
Specifications (as USS West Point) :
Displacement 26,455 t.(lt) 35,400 t.(fl)
Length 723′
Beam 93′ 3″
Draft 32′ 9″
Speed 24 kts.
Officers 57
Enlisted 912
Troop Accommodations
Officers 587
Enlisted 7,091
Largest Boom Capacity 20 t.
Cargo Capacity 400 DWT
non-refrigerated 110,243 Cu ft
four single 5″/38 cal dual purpose gun mounts
four twin 40mm AA gun mounts
eight .50 cal machine guns
(later augmented by as many as 10 20mm Oeirkilons)
Fuel Capacities
NSFO 32,100 Bbls
Diesel 525 Bbls
two Newport News Shipbuilding turbines
six Babcock and Wilcox "A"-type boilers, 430psi 725°
double De Laval Main Reduction Gears
four turbo-drive 600Kw 100/240 D.C. Ship's Service Generators
twin propellers, 34,000shp
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The International Naval Research Organization is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the encouragement of the study of naval vessels and their histories, principally in the era of iron and steel warships (about 1860 to date). Its purpose is to provide information and a means of contact for those interested in warships.
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tagged with battleship, battlewagon, batttleship, coal fired ironclad, cruiseship troopship, liner used as troop ship, old warships, SS America, steampunk navy, USS West Point, vintage warships, warship wednesday
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