Newcastle Airport is located in the north of England and handles about 5 million passengers per year. The busiest routes to and from Newcastle Airport are London Heathrow Airport, Alicante Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.
Where is Newcastle Airport situated?
Newcastle Airport is located northwest of the city. Its official name is Newcastle upon Tyne, but often the name is shortened to Newcastle. The airport is easily accessible via the A1 road and a short stretch of the A696.
How many terminals does Newcastle Airport have?
A good alternative for flying to or from Newcastle Airport are the following airports, sorted by distance from the airport. You can also take a look at the complete list of airports in United Kingdom.
The distance from Newcastle Airport to the centre of Newcastle is 12 kilometres. By car, it takes 20 minutes to get to the centre of Newcastle.
It is possible to travel to and from Newcastle Airport by public transport. If you opt for public transport to and from Newcastle Airport you can travel by metro. Visit the Newcastle Airport transportation page for the possibilities.
A taxi is the quickest and most comfortable way to get to and from Newcastle Airport. The price for a taxi ride from the airport to the centre of Newcastle is about £ 20.-. Book your taxi at Newcastle Airport and discover the comfort of pre-booked taxis.
At Newcastle Airport you can rent a car from car rental companies Europcar, Hertz, Avis, Budget and local providers. It is most convenient to find and book a car well in advance. By doing so, you can save money and time at the airport.
Newcastle Airport offers various official parking options, from premium to low cost. In addition, alternative parking options are available near the airport. If you want to park as cheaply as possible, it's wise to book online!
Do you want more information about facilities, currency exchange, services, free Wi-Fi, lounges, etc. at Newcastle Airport? Check our at the airport page for a complete overview of all facilities and services at Newcastle Airport.
Looking for departure times and/or arrival times? Find the latest flight status information for flights departing from and arriving at Newcastle Airport.
Which airlines fly from and to Newcastle Airport?
Looking for the best hotels near Newcastle Airport? We have selected the best hotels near the airport in different price ranges. Take a look at our accommodations page for more information.
Just a 2-minute walk from the main entrance to Newcastle Airport, this modern hotel offers great value, a bar, a restaurant and comfortable, spacious en suite rooms.
A short drive or easy Metro ride from Newcastle Airport, this Premier Inn hotel is also a 15-minute Metro trip from Newcastle city centre. Enjoy free parking and an on-site pub.
Looking for the best hotels in Newcastle? We have selected the best hotels in the city in different price ranges. Take a look at our accommodations page for more information.
Offering a 24-hour fitness centre, Hampton by Hilton Newcastle is located in Newcastle city centre, opposite Newcastle Central Station. Free WiFi access is available throughout.
It is possible to book tickets, activities and tours in the city and near Newcastle Airport. You can avoid queues and save money by buying your tickets online. Planning a trip and wondering what to do, we give you some inspiration!
Tour the Newcastle United Stadium with the guidance of a virtual assistant. Go behind the scenes for an insight into what happens on match days.
A 3-hour walking tour of the historic area of Newcastle visiting some of it's hidden gems and enjoying some craft beers in between!
Follow in the footsteps of Detective Chief Inspector Vera Stanhope as you explore the filming locations of the hit TV show, Vera. Take a 4-hour guided coach tour through shooting locations such as Newcastle, Gateshead, North Shields and Whitley Bay.
Have you visited Newcastle Airport lately? So far, 1 airport passenger has written an airport review about Newcastle Airport and gave a score of 2 out of 5. Provide other airport travellers with essential airport information and tell us about your airport experience.
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Green Bay has a history like no other city in the National Football League. Here the passion runs deep and true through generations of fans, and the success has been unparalleled: 13 championships, 22 Hall of Fame players, a past festooned with grand names such as Lambeau and Lombardi and Nitschke.
Not surprisingly, the Packers have won the admiration of fans the world over, and Sports Illustrated celebrates the franchise with this collection of new and classic stories and photographs.
The great players are all here, from Johnny Blood to Clay Matthews, and so is every title game, featuring moments such as Bart Starr's sneak in the Ice Bowl and Desmond Howard's kickoff return in Super Bowl XXXI. SI also salutes, in words and pictures, the most dedicated fans in sport. From cover to cover, this is a tribute any cheesehead would cherish.


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Q: java.lang.StackOverflowError? in java i get this " java.lang.StackOverflowError "
when i run the code
but the problem come when i put a big number like (7,10)
this is the code that i write
The code for calculate The Ackermann Function
public static void main(String[] args) {
    int m, n, s;
    Scanner maher = new Scanner(System.in);
    System.out.println(" the code for calculate The Ackermann Function ");
    System.out.println(" Enter first number M");
    m = maher.nextInt();
    System.out.println(" Enter Second number N");
    n = maher.nextInt();
    System.out.println("A(" + m + " , " + n + ") = " + Ack(m, n) + " \n");
}
public static int Ack(int m, int n) {
    if (m == 0) {
        return n + 1;
    }
    if (m != 0 && n == 0) {
        return Ack(m - 1, 1);
    }
    if (m != 0 && n != 0) {
        return Ack(m - 1, Ack(m, n - 1));
    }
    return 0;
    // This code written by Maher Al Shammari 212542270 // KFU
}

I try to change the type to long but the problem doesn't solve ,,,,

A: You have created "endless" or at least "too deep" recursion.
This is the problem here.
Not to talk of the fact that this function is known to grow very very very quickly.
So you will need BigInteger for it (not int, not long). Probably though even BigInteger will not get you too far.

A: *

*Stack overflow means too many nested method calls.

*Your logic seems right, its surely due many recursive calls involved.

*Anyways, I think you should be happy to see result for ACK(4, 4).

*ACK(7, 10) - really? asking too much... its like calling NQueens(16) :P

A: You can try manipulating the JVM stack size.  I'm not sure that this will help in the end, but if you have a machine with a lot of memory, you can increase both the stack and heap and push the failure out further.
The default stack size is 384KB.  You manipulate it using the -Xss parameter to the JVM.  For example, -Xss512k sets the stack size to 512KB.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Nick Shows to Air Free on ITV
Nickelodeon signed a deal to air the first two seasons of "Victorious" and "Big Time Rush" on ITV terrestrial and digital channels in the U.K. this month. The programs will be shown during peak viewing slots on breakfast weekend mornin
Nickelodeon signed a deal to air the first two seasons of "Victorious" and "Big Time Rush" on ITV terrestrial and digital channels in the U.K. this month. The programs will be shown during peak viewing slots on breakfast weekend mornings on ITV1, and after school slots on CITV, as well as in HD.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Your Christian Romance ebook deals for Wednesday, April 20, 2022
Posted on 20/04/2022 by LPC
We have Kindle eBook deals for you!
Where there is no vision, the people perish. (Proverbs 29:18)
We see good things happening for BookDeals and these authors.
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Amanda Lewis brings a little town alive with its busybodies, gossip, and ghost stories. This well-written novel weaves a hopeful woman, a lonely man, and an intricate underlying mystery into an engaging storyline. – Peggy Jo Wipf for Reader's Favorite
Bea was just supposed to spend an easy, fun summer with her grandma before going back to college in the fall… Elijah Callahan is broody, moody, and attitude-y.
The townspeople say he's a murderer with a troubled past. And that, supposedly, there are more ghosts up at the Callahan ranch than there are in any given cemetery. That's what they say, anyway.
Bea St. Claire only sees the man of her dreams. Wounded, beaten and oh-so-handsome, he's exactly the type of man who inspires all of her romance novel fantasies. Locked in a war of willpower as the clock spirals out of control, Bea will have to make a choice.
If she wants her man, she's going to have to conquer the biggest ghost of them all.
99 cents on Amazon
Three SWEET Marriage of Convenience Western Romances in ONE Boxset!
If you believe in heroes…
If you know that the power of love will heal all wounds…
Then you'll love these light-hearted, clean and wholesome romances of convenient arrangements that unfold into lasting love. The Brides of Purple Heart Ranch series features Wounded Warriors, the women they fall for, and the loyalest pack of dogs you'll ever meet!
Summers' Love will make you laugh, but keep a tissue close by. ~ Eva Marie Everson, Best-selling & Award-winning Author
Fun and clever, with a new twist every few pages that I didn't see coming. ~ Christy award-winning author, Ann Tatlock
Best-selling romance author Stu Summers expects fawning praise and flirtatious smiles from his female fans, but when his editor at New York's Little Brown Pelican informs Stu that his latest manuscript is a poor imitation of a Nicholas Sparks novel, Stu's carefully crafted career begins to unravel. Stu has one week to deliver a complete rewrite of Lap Dog Love that meets his editor's' demanding standards.
And he would if he could but Stu can't write—at least not romance novels.
For years Stu has paid a "Holy Ghost writer" on the Outer Banks of North Carolina to craft his manuscripts, but now Hattie May Hall has lost that loving feeling and feels God calling her to write paranormal Amish thrillers with an evangelical message woven into "End Times" sci-fi. With a looming deadline and no hope of learning how to write a novel in two weeks, Stu finds himself falling for Kate Winston, a women's self defense products rep selling stun guns, pepper spray, mace defense spray, personal alarms, and TASERS.
Kate instantly becomes Stu's source of inspiration, but is his sudden affection for her real or, like everything else about Stu, fake.
As the clock ticks closer to midnight, an unlikely pair of hearts collide, providing a "shocking" climax to a love story that was never meant to be and yet … is.
Wealthy socialite Kali McIntyre dreams of opening her own dessert bar, Sassy Sweets, in downtown Winnipeg—until her father crushes that dream when he cuts her off financially. He's determined to get her to use her law degree to join the family's high-powered law firm. She's determined to do anything but that. And when an unknown-to-her aunt dies in Churchill, Manitoba, leaving her an unbelievable inheritance, Kali's on the next flight up north to make her dreams a reality.
Chef Jake Miller has lived in Churchill for the past ten years, working hard to keep The Great Northern Lodge afloat through some tough times. But then his business partner dies unexpectedly, without telling him that she'd changed her will or that she had a niece who is set to inherit everything. Now, Jake and Kali have thirty days to work together and decide—who will stay and who will go—before Christmas rolls around. Secrets, attempted murder, and a new menu all add up to a Christmas unlike any other.
While trekking across South America, first-time backpacker Ellie Bartlett finds a mysterious guidebook that changes the course of her journey—and her life.
'A gorgeously written story with wonderful characters and stunning scenery.' – Alli Sinclair, bestselling author of The Codebreakers.
Ellie Bartlett dreams of a life away from the sharp edges of New York City. Away from her creepy boss, shoebox apartment, and nights spent alone eating ice-cream. She's desperate to find happiness—and love.
After losing out on yet another promotion, Ellie quits her job and buys a ticket to South America. Arriving at her hostel as a first-time backpacker, she finds a mysterious guidebook filled with cryptic messages about life and love. Intrigued, Ellie contacts the previous owner, Bella, who wrote her name under the heading THIS BOOK BELONGS TO.
Her email lands in the inbox of Jerry Townsend, an architect and widower living in San Francisco. Jerry is barely keeping his life together as he juggles raising three daughters alone and construction of a museum in memory of his late wife—Bella.
Ellie and Jerry start messaging, sharing their fears, hopes and desires. Following Bella's advice, Ellie embarks on a six-month solo adventure across South America, and over the course of emails, texts, phone calls and video chats, Ellie and Jerry's pen-pal friendship develops into something more…
But can you fall in love with someone you've never met?
Fans of Robyn Carr's Virgin River series will love this small-town, feel-good romance!
Mia Costas is a successful artist, not an event planner. Agreeing to help stage a charity gala is the last thing she needs, but it's for a good cause and she doesn't want to let her friends down. When she realizes how important the event is, she knows she's not the best person for the job—and so will the director of the hospital if he discovers who she is.
With less than three months until the opening of a new neonatal unit, Stan Lewis, the Director of Bozeman Deaconess Hospital, needs to organize the biggest fundraising event Montana has ever seen. An event staging company could be the answer to all his problems or create more than he ever imagined.
With the hopes of more than one child resting on their shoulders, Stan and Mia work together to create a night no one will forget. And maybe, if they let themselves believe in the power of love, they can create a little magic of their own.
COMING HOME is the first book in the Montana Promises series and can easily be read as a stand-alone. All of Leeanna's series are linked. If you find a character you like, they could be in another novel. Happy reading!
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Christian Romantic Suspense ebook deals for Wednesday, April 13, 2022
Your Christian Living ebook deals for Tuesday, April 26, 2022


Giving people a voice to influence real change in their neighbourhoods is vital to creating strong, united and prosperous communities. Our courses examine the practical ways to mobilise people to get involved in their communities.
This course will provide delegates with ideas, tools, and practical advice on how to develop their own 'Neighbourhood Champion Scheme' or community project using a 'how to' workshop approach.
This course will provide delegates with practical guidance on how to increase community participation, inspire practical action and encourage people to take greater ownership and pride in their community.
This course will provide tools to explore opportunities to effectively engage with young people and help them develop positive behaviours towards their local environment.
Perceptions of Place – Whose reality is it anyway?
This course will promote understanding of issues that can drive perceptions of place and equip delegates with practical tools to influence positive change in the way members of the public perceive your neighbourhoods, your organisation, and your service delivery.
This course will provide delegates with the knowledge and practical skills to deliver doorstepping activity, to engage and encourage residents in participating in their recycling services.
Waste and recycling collection crews and HWRC operatives play a vital role in maximising recycling through the quality of their service and their interactions with residents. This course will provide delegates with the knowledge and practical skills to act as service champions on the ground and engage effectively with residents in the course of their duties.
Find out more about our Eco-Schools training 'How to Become a Successful Eco-School' on the Eco-Schools website.


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Freight, Freight Cars, Locomotives, News
Savage to design, build and operate GCGV facility
The projected new facility. Photo courtesy of GCGV.
Savage revealed that it has been chosen by ExxonMobil and SABIC to design, build and operate a rail facility that will serve their recently announced joint venture, Gulf Coast Growth Ventures (GCGV), to be constructed in San Patricio County, Texas.
The rail facility—which has an expected completion date of 2021 in anticipation of GCGV's planned startup by 2022—will be located adjacent to the GCGV facility and will handle railcars transporting polyethylene.
Savage, a global partner for transportation, logistics, materials handling and other industrial services across customers' supply chains, said it will provide multiple services at the site, such as rail switching and indexing, railcar washing and loading, railcar repairs and facility maintenance.
"We're excited to partner with GCGV on rail infrastructure and operations to support what will be a world-class petrochemical facility," said Brad Crist, Savage's Energy and Chemical Sector President. "Our nearly two decades of handling plastics and working with major industry producers, coupled with our extensive rail experience, enable us to design this rail facility from an operator's perspective to ensure it functions safely, efficiently and reliably without impact on the surrounding environment."
"This project is an example of how we can bring our diverse rail, logistics, engineering and facility operations capabilities together to create value for our customers," said Kirk Aubry, Savage President and CEO. "It's the quality of our people, our solutions and our consistency delivering results that truly makes us distinctive in the markets we serve."
Categories: Freight, Freight Cars, Locomotives, News Tags: Breaking News, ExxonMobil, GCGV, SABIC, Savage


IN the universe of hi-fi loudspeakers, where bigger is often equated with better, the Bang & Olufsen Beolab 5 more than holds its own. It's just over three feet tall, weighs 134 pounds and, with amplifiers inside it capable of producing 2,500 watts of power, can make enough noise at a party to ensure a visit from the police.
Yet for all its brutish qualities, the Beolab 5 has a warm and fuzzy side as well. With the press of a button, it gets in touch with its inner self.
The speaker, Bang & Olufsen's top-of-the-line model (with a top-of-the-line price tag, $16,000 a pair), is equipped to overcome a common audio problem. Design engineers may be able to control most of the elements that make for great sound from a pair of speakers, but they have no control over perhaps the most important one: the person who buys them. That consumer may have a living room with poor acoustics or may otherwise harm the sound by hiding the speakers behind furniture or shoving them against the walls.
''Especially in the low-frequency region, placement of the speaker has a big influence on sound,'' said Poul Praestgaard, senior technology manager of Bang & Olufsen, which is based in Struer, Denmark.
Audiophiles who want to optimize their speaker setup often use a microphone placed in the listening area and a computer to analyze the sound and then adjust the response over ranges of frequencies, a process called equalization, to compensate for the room's deficiencies.
The Beolab 5 does a similar job on its own. As its downward-facing deep bass driver, or woofer, emits several test tones, an onboard microphone at the bottom of the speaker picks them up. Then a servomotor moves the microphone several inches so that it protrudes from the bottom and can pick up reflections from the room, and the tones are emitted again. A signal-processing chip within the speaker analyzes the difference between the two tests and digital equalization circuitry, also on board, adjusts the sound.
The calibration is done only with sounds below 300 hertz (middle C is about 262 hertz), because these long-wavelength tones are much more affected by room acoustics and speaker placement than high-frequency, shorter-wavelength ones. At any rate, the speaker uses other tricks, two acoustic lenses, to ensure faithful reproduction at the higher frequencies.
Acoustic lenses have been used with loudspeakers since the 1940's, said Edgar Villchur, a home-audio pioneer who with Henry Kloss was responsible for introducing the acoustic suspension driver, which is now the standard in loudspeaker design. Early lenses consisted of a series of multicellular horns that were intended to spread the high-frequency sound around so that it reflected off room surfaces.
The Bang & Olufsen speaker uses a different kind of acoustic lens that sits atop an upward-facing high-frequency driver, or tweeter. The elliptical walls of the lens's casting help radiate the sound evenly in a horizontal semicircle.
Mr. LaCarrubba invented the lens in its current form in 1990. He and Mr. Moulton installed it on some speakers and demonstrated it at audio engineering shows. ''We realized we had a winner here,'' Mr. Moulton said. Bang & Olufsen was interested in the concept and cooperated with Mr. Moulton, who works out of his own audio studio in Groton, Mass., and Mr. LaCarrubba to adjust the design.
Mr. Villchur said that an acoustic lens could improve a speaker's performance by dispersing sound. But even more important is ensuring that the reflected sounds have adequate tonal response, he said, and for that, a lot of power is needed. ''If they start out with a speaker that has adequate high-frequency energy, then a dispersing lens might help it,'' he said.
Bang & Olufsen takes care of the power issue by including four amplifiers in each speaker -- 1,000 watts each for each speaker's deep- and midbass woofers and 250 watts apiece for the midrange and high-frequency tweeters.


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Unfolding the AIDS Memorial Quilt at the Folklife Festival
K. Annabelle Smith
The AIDS Memorial Quilt, spread out on the National Mall. Image courtesy of The NAMES Project Foundation.
It would take more than 33 days to view the entire AIDS Memorial Quilt—if you spent only one minute per panel. The piece of community art, nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, remains the largest in the world.
The quilt was displayed for the first time on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. on October 11, 1987, during the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights. It included 1,920 panels. Today there are more than 48,000.
The quilt has returned to our nation's capital as a part of the 2012 Smithsonian Folklife Festival through July 8. The program, Creativity and Crisis: Unfolding The AIDS Memorial Quilt displays the patchwork of names and memories first thought up by the NAMES Project Foundation, an international organization that seeks to heighten awareness in the struggle to stop HIV and AIDS. We spoke with Julie Rhoad, president and CEO of the foundation, about how the quilt also managed to sew together a community for the past 25 years.
1) How did the idea to make the AIDS Memorial Quilt come about?
In 1985, people were rapidly dying from what was at that time not yet named HIV/AIDS. Family members and their friends in the Castro didn't have a place to grieve. It was a very volatile time. The NAMES project founder, Cleve Jones, organized a march in 1985 where he asked his friends and family to carry placards with the name of somebody they had lost to this yet unnamed disease. When they got to the Federal Building at the end of the march, Cleve got some ladders and they taped the names up the side of the wall. When Cleve looked at it, he saw a quilt.
Two years later, when a small group of people got together to talk about HIV/AIDS, Cleve brought a three-foot by six-foot panel of cloth that had one of his dear friends' name on it, and they realized it was time to form the NAMES project. We were founded in 1987 to make sure that people would be remembered and to make sure people would begin to talk about HIV/ AIDS in a different way—that these are real people who lived real lives and had people who loved them! As a result, it revolutionized the notion of quilting. Friends and family members began to make panels for their loved ones, growing to 1,900 total in the first few months. When the organization took them to DC and they laid the panels out on the Mall for the first time in 1987, people began to think 'Oh my goodness, this is really not about statistics, it's about people.'
2) What does it mean for the NAMES Project Foundation to bring the quilt back to DC?
I think 25 years ago we thought we'd be done with the disease within five years—that we'd be able to unhinge the panels, send them back to the panel makers and say 'Here is your loved one's panel. Care for it, we cared for it. It helped end AIDS.' The same thing is true right now. We're 25 years in, we have more than 94,000 names on this quilt and we're not only one of the major symbols of the epidemic, we are also the evidence—we bear witness. So in a time, when science is saying that the potential exists for us to find a pathway to end AIDS, it's imperative that we stand on our National Mall and tell people that this is about them. It's about all of us.
3) How did you get involved with the organization?
In 1981 when the disease was first being identified, I was beginning a career in the professional theater and was witness to a community that was decimated by this disease. Thirty years ago HIV/AIDS became a part of my world and it has remained so because part of my world is now gone—a slew of friends are gone. I came to this from the arts community and it made sense for me to be involved in an artistic response like . To want to care for it, to make sure that in the foreseeable and the not foreseeable future that this quilt is always here to bear witness.
4) What might people coming to the Mall this year find on these panels?
I think each panel of this quilt is beautiful in its own way. I remember a panel maker said in one of their letters: 'How does a mother, begin to sum up the life of her son in a three-foot by six-f00t piece of cloth?' I think people will not only see a glimpse into a person's life, but they will see how people loved them and how important they were. There are panels that have all sorts of things on them from flags to feathers to sequins; bowling balls, wedding rings, ashes, poems, photographs—all sorts of records of the person's life. When you look at it from up close and personal, the intimacy and detail lovingly stitched into each one of these panels is evidence of love and life.
5) Do you have a personal connection to the quilt?
It's personal the instant you begin to read one of the panels. All of a sudden it's like you know a little bit about Bill Abbott, for example, because his leather jacket is here and there are pictures of his friends and family. You begin to know he was an artist. You know what size he was because of his jacket, that he was born in 1960. It's a fascinating look at how valuable life is regardless of whether it's a life that was lived for 30 years or 13.
6) At the Folklife Festival, there will be workshops for people to create their own panels. How will these events contribute to the message?
What happens around the quilting table, is kind of extraordinary. People may start the conversation by helping somebody make a panel and then discover after an hour or so together that a second person who's come into the room is also there helping because they need to find a way to make a panel themselves. The dialogue begins and continues there.
7) What do you hope people will leave the festival thinking?
It would be interesting to see how people feel before they see it and after. We wonder about things: Does a piece of fabric carry the kind of weight of relevance that any other form of communication does? It's such a pivotal time for HIV/AIDS in the world that when we look at how people responded and how they cared for one another through arts and culture as a communication tool, we realize is advocacy, it is art. We are coming to the Mall to say we are connected to one another as human beings—that we have a responsibility for one another.
Creativity and Crisis: Unfolding The AIDS Memorial Quilt program at the 2012 Smithsonian Folklife Festival is a partnership between the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage and The NAMES Project Foundation, with the support and participation of many others. For a complete listing of events at the festival click here.
K. Annabelle Smith | | READ MORE
K. Annabelle Smith is a writer based in Santa Fe, New Mexico who covers a wide variety of topics for Smithsonian.com. Her work also appears in OutsideOnline.com and Esquire.com.


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Walter Reed, an American medical doctor had received his medical degree by the time he was 18 years old. He married Emilie Lawrence and they had two children, a son and a daughter. They also adopted an Indian girl.
Walter was a very young doctor. He thought he might have more opportunities for advancement if he joined the military, so he joined the Army and became a captain. For 16 years he served in an outpost* far away from other doctors. At one time he was looking after several hundred Indians. He wanted to be able to study and learn more about medicine, so he asked for a four month leave. He learned so well they allowed him to study for seven months at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
He continued to study and do experiments at the Army outpost. He and some other doctors studied typhoid fever.* The disease was rampant in the army camps. Many times people were carriers of the disease without having the symptoms themselves. They would be among the other soldiers carrying the disease and then those soldiers would become sick and die. Sanitary conditions were poor. People would not wash their hands before eating and then would become ill. Reed and the other doctors could recommend better sanitary conditions, but they couldn't order them. Flies would also transfer the disease from human waste to food.
Yellow fever* was a dreaded disease. 90,000 people in the United States had died of the disease. Thousands of American soldiers in Cuba had died also. Reed observed that people who cared for the patients with yellow fever didn't usually get the disease. His conclusion : people didn't catch it from each other.
Reed began looking for answers. He remembered the research they had done on typhoid fever. He wondered if maybe mosquitoes might be spreading it. Some of the doctors and soldiers volunteered to take part in the experiment.
The mosquitoes were put in test tubes. First they bit the arms of men who already had yellow fever. Then they were allowed to bite the arms of people who didn't have the disease. After many tests, they decided the mosquito did carry the disease from one person to another.
Modern day mosquito experiment
The next step was to get rid of the mosquitoes. They sprayed the areas of water where the mosquitoes were hatching, with chemicals. This stopped the spread of the disease.
Reed's success with stopping the spread of yellow fever made it possible for the building of the Panama Canal where previously the mosquitoes had caused so much death due to the disease.
The Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington D.C. is named in honor of him.
View a slideshow about Walter Reed
Pronunciation: 'aut-"pOst
.... : a settlement on a frontier or in a faraway place
: a disease that is caused by a bacteria, is characterized especially by fever, diarrhea, weakness, headache, and an inflamed intestine, and is passed from one person to another in dirty food or water
: a destructive infectious disease of warm regions marked by yellowness of the skin, intestinal bleeding, and vomiting and caused by a virus transmitted by a mosquito -- called also yellow jack
from the University of Virginia
Yellow Fever and the Reed Commission
Walter Reed and the Eradication of Yellow Fever
details of his crusade against the disease
Press "Go" to search for books about Walter Reed.
Walter Reed and Yellow Fever
By Howard Atwood Kelly (public domain, 1907, full view)
Walter Reed: a memoir
By Walter Drew McCaw(public domain, 1904, full view)
By Holly Cefrey (selected pages)
By Kurt Ray (selected pages)
Microbe Hunters
By Paul De Kruif, F. Gonzalez-Crussi (selected pages)
An American plague: the true and terrifying story of the yellow fever
By Jim Murphy (selected pages)
Picture courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
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New Hotel Indigo property to open in Jakarta
3 Sep 2020 by Business Traveller India
In a move to further expand its presence in Indonesia, Intercontinental Hotels Group (IHG) will open a new Hotel Indigo-branded property in Jakarta.
For this project, IHG has partnered with PT Kapuk Naga Indah, the land and building owner and a subsidiary of property developer Agung Sedayu Group (ASG) and Salim Group.
Situated within an exclusive development on Golf Island PIK or Kawasan Pantai Maju, Hotel Indigo Jakarta Pantai Indah Kapuk will feature 200 guestrooms, recreational facilities and MICE venues among others.
Scheduled to open in 2022, the property is set to give its guests a contemporary yet uniquely Indonesian experience.
A 15-minute drive from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport and a 40-minute drive from Jakarta city centre, PIK development spans the coastal districts of north Jakarta.
The exclusive development features luxury homes, offices, educational institutions and leisure facilities such as golf and country club, waterpark, luxury mall and hotels.
Serena Lim, vice president development, IHG southeast Asia and Korea said:
"Indonesia continues to be an important growth market for IHG, and we continue to see the demand for an aspirational lifestyle experience across segments. As the world's largest lifestyle hotel operator, we are delighted to be expanding Hotel Indigo into new markets."
ihg.com
Tags: Hotel Indigo, Jakarata
Steigenberger gears up to open Berlin airport hotel
Safe to Trade Scheme lists 175 "fully Covid-compliant" UK hotels
Over 100 IHG properties to be rebranded under Sonesta portfolio
IHG signs Holiday Inn resort in Karnataka
Accor considers possible merger bid for IHG
IHG to open Malaysia's first Kimpton-branded hotel in 2023


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July 19, 2019 12:05 am AESTDate Time
Phase II of Highway 410 extension in Sherbrooke
From: Infrastructure Canada
Safe and efficient road networks are key to maintaining economic productivity and a high quality of life for all Quebeckers. The governments of Canada and Quebec are investing in transportation infrastructure throughout the province to improve the flow of people and goods.
Sherbrooke, Quebec, July 18, 2019-Safe and efficient road networks are key to maintaining economic productivity and a high quality of life for all Quebeckers. The governments of Canada and Quebec are investing in transportation infrastructure throughout the province to improve the flow of people and goods.
The Honourable François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Infrastructure and Communities, and François Bonnardel, Quebec's Minister of Transport and Minister Responsible for the Estrie Region, today announced the start of construction on the third and final component of Phase II of the Highway 410 extension.
Totalling $32 million, work on Component 3 consists in building nearly 4 km of highway between where Highway 410 currently ends (at the Route 108 interchanges) and the new roundabout on Route 108 (near
Glenday Road). Work on the new divided highway – with two lanes in each direction – will also include the construction of some structures, including bridges and culverts.
Phase II work is being done over a three-year period, from 2018 to 2021, at an estimated cost of $75 million. The Government of Canada is contributing up to $37.2 million to this project through the New Building Canada Fund – Provincial-Territorial Infrastructure Component – National and Regional Projects. The Government of Quebec is providing $37.8 million.
"I am pleased to highlight the start of this important work on Highway 410, which makes up the final step in the extension of this key infrastructure for the Estrie region. This project will not only benefit the regional economy, but will also improve the safety of users and facilitate their travel. We have ambition for our regions and are making investments to equip them with the modern and efficient infrastructure needed to ensure their long-term prosperity."
The Honourable François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Infrastructure and Communities
"Providing Quebeckers with reliable road infrastructure to serve their communities and facilitate development is at the heart of the Department's mission, which it is wholly fulfilling with the extension of Highway 410. The start of construction on the third component of the project marks the culmination of a process that began 10 years ago: providing Sherbrooke with an urban connection that allows it not only to connect its two university hubs, but also provides easier access to the commercial centre while improving traffic conditions."
François Bonnardel, Quebec's Minister of Transport and Minister Responsible for the Estrie Region
Since work for Component 3 will be carried out off-road, impacts on traffic will be limited.
The extension of Highway 410 is the Quebec Transport Department's largest project in Estrie in the last 25 years. The extension is being carried out in two phases.
Phase I, which was gradually implemented from 2010 to 2015;
Phase II, which is currently underway and for which work began in spring 2018.
Phase II covers a distance of 4.2 km and comprises three construction components.
The relocation of Route 108 in Lennoxville, between Glenday Road and Spring Road (Component 1);
The construction of two bridges over the Massawippi River, one in each direction (Component 2);
The construction of the last portion of the highway (Component 3).
Phase II is expected to be put in service in 2020.
Through the Investing in Canada infrastructure plan, the Government of Canada is investing more than $180 billion over 12 years in public transit projects, green infrastructure, social infrastructure, trade and transportation routes, and Canada's rural and northern communities. More than $10.1 billion of this funding is supporting trade and transportation projects, including $5 billion available for investment through the Canada Infrastructure Bank.
The Quebec Infrastructure Plan (PQI) will invest $115.4 billion from 2019-2029 to maintain and develop public infrastructure, 15 per cent more than the previous plan.
Substantial investments are planned for the road network ꟷ more than $ 24.5 billion.
$9 billion will go towards public transit and a further $4.3 billion has been earmarked for projects that are currently under review and will eventually be prioritized. Another $1.3 billion will be provided for the Réseau express métropolitain (REM) bringing the total investment in public transit to an unprecedented $14.6 billion.
Tags:bank, Canada, Economy, Government, import, infrastructure, Investment, Minister, project, quality, Sherbrooke, trade, Transport, travel, university
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Feeling confident in the way you speak will help you connect with English speakers and enjoy the language even more!
By 2020 over 2 billion people will be speaking or learning English.
Speaking and learning English is becoming increasingly vital in order to have a successful career in a growing global economy. One-fourth of the global population speaks English, making it the most common language in the world. Surprisingly, English is spoken by more non-native English speakers than native speakers which allows people from a variety of countries to connect like never before.
Learning a non-native language is challenging for anyone. People learning a new language struggle to feel confident about their newfound skills. It can be difficult when miscommunications occur, but all new language learners share this common experience.
Increasing your confidence can help you to continue learning and growing as you speak English.
So, how can you increase your confidence and connect more with native English speakers?
Read on to discover how feeling confident in the way you speak can be achieved.
Confidence in speaking English doesn't require you to say everything perfectly. With the right tools and attitude, you can grow your confidence when speaking with native English speakers. Read on to discover tools for increasing your English speaking confidence.
The more you practice speaking out loud, the more confident you will feel. If you are too afraid to speak with a native speaker to practice, then practice by reading an English book out loud. When reading this book, practice projecting your voice with confidence and notice your body language as you read.
Body language can also impact our confidence. Powerful body language sends signals to our brain which alleviate fear and distress and increase our confidence. When you position your body in a confident manner, it can help you to speak more confidently and connect with others.
Speaking and communicating with others isn't just about the words you speak, but also how you present yourself and your attitude. A positive attitude is vital when communicating with others. Having a positive attitude helps others to feel at ease in your presence.
Allow yourself to make mistakes. Be open to asking others if you said a word correctly. Smile and believe that other people want to hear what you have to say!
Review the English vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation techniques you already know. Be open to learning new words and listening to native English speakers speak.
The more you know and understand the language, the less you will worry about making mistakes. Embrace your accent and focus on getting clear about the structure of the English language and how words are pronounced.
Feel proud of yourself for learning so much!
Feeling confident in the way you speak will help you to connect with English speakers and to enjoy learning English more. By learning English, you are giving yourself and your career a huge boost. You are making it more possible to receive increased opportunities and more connection with others.
Don't give up and never feel embarrassed to ask for help! Remember, even native speakers ask for help and continue to learn more about the English language.
Check out our blog post to learn more about how to speak English fluently with confidence! If you'd like more support in learning the English language and speaking fluently, then contact us today!


Recorded at Kellari Studio, in Helsinki, Finland, on January 22nd, 2018.
"Finnish composer and bassist Teppo Hauta-aho, is the most prolific bass composer of our time and since the 1970s has composed almost 300 works for double bass - spanning the entire range of standards from beginner to virtuoso.
Teppo Hauta-aho was born in 1941 and studied double bass with Orvo Hyle and Oiva Nummelin in Finland, and Frantisek Posta in Prague. He played with the Helsinki Philharmonic between 1965 and 1972, and the Finnish Opera Orchestra from 1975 to 2000. He is an active recitalist, both classical and jazz, has given more than 300 recitals with his duo partner, Carita Holmström, and is at the cutting edge of modern improvisation - performing with leading improvisers throughout the world.
Finnish composer Harry Wessman writes: "As a composer, Teppo Hauta-aho has always been his own teacher, basing his technical knowledge on his wide practical musicianship as an orchestral player, chamber and jazz musician. It would not be an exaggeration to claim that he was the jazz bassist most in demand in Finland in the 1970s, and a few of his works are pure jazz compositions. But the compositional techniques and musical means used in the majority of his works originate in an unusual openness for any devices. Along with modern techniques, his source of inspiration include all the previous stylistic periods in European music, impulses from Oriental music and, of course, jazz. His own instrument, the double bass, has profited especially from his rich inventiveness in finding new means to conjure forth unusual sounds from the instrument, and in applying them in an artistically meaningful and striking way."
Hauta-aho's music has been performed extensively in Finland and abroad, notably in America, Britain, Germany, France, Czech Republic, Soviet Union, Australia and Switzerland. His most famous work Kadenza (1978) has achieved cult-like status, is recognised universally as a 20th-century classic, and is the most performed contemporary work for double bass."
"Jukka Kääriäinen is a Finnish musician specialised in experimental and free improvised music. Jukka's instruments vary between plain acoustic and prepared guitar to back bag of pedals, live-electronics and bowed electric guitar. Jukka has toured many European countries such as Italy, Hungary, France, Germany, Russia and Estonia. Alongside solo concerts Jukka has been collaborating with musicians like Teppo Hauta-Aho, Kalle Kalima, Jone Takamäki, Roomet Jakapi, Pauli Lyytinen, Emilio Gordoa and Paul Pignon."
Finnish composer and bassist Teppo Hauta-aho, who works in both classical and improvised music and has recorded albums with Anthony Braxton and Evan Parker, is joined by Finnish experimental guitar Jukka Kaariainen for an album that brings warmth to the frosty austerity of winter through intricate dialog from stark reserve to rapid, fascinating flurries.


Spain has sold €2.5bn of bonds in three auctions this morning but at a high price.
Almost €1bn of three year bonds were sold at an average yield of 4.037% - nearly double the auction in March which yielded at 2.617%. However, demand was up with 2.9 bidders for each bond compared to 2.4 two months ago.
Spain also sold €1.5bn of five-year bond in two other auctions with average yields of 4.96% and 4.752% compared with 3.696% and 3.565% previously.
In contrast, the UK sold £1.2bn of 2034 gilts at an average yield of 0.049% with demand at a ratio of 1.93 to one.
France also had a debt auction this morning with €3.3bn of 10-year bonds at a yirld of 2.96% compared to 2.98% paid in April while it also sold €1bn of five-year debt, €1.5bn of 2021 bonds and 13-year bonds, yielding 1.89%, 2.85% and 3.31% respectively.
Spain has got €2.5bn of bonds away at three separate auctions this morning - but it's paid a high price.
European mutual funds are becoming more responsible for short-term volatility in credit makets as they increase their investments in credit assets to around €1trn according to research from agency Fitch Ratings.
Spanish bond yields have come under fire again after the government said a bailout wasn't possible and bank borrowing figures for March were revealed.


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HomeTechnologiesPackaging Briefs – Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Packaging Briefs – Wednesday, October 27, 2010
David Bellm | Mar 11, 2015
Plastipak announces successful commercialization of new lightweight hot-fill technology
Plastipak Packaging, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Plastipak Holdings, Inc. announced that it has successfully commercialized its new ThermoShape lightweight hot-fill technology. The first ThermoShape integrated high-speed blow and fill complete packaging line went into commercial operation this month at Al Ain Mineral Water Company, a beverage subsidiary of Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) based Agthia Group. Agthia is a leading Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) area food and beverage manufacturer. A second ThermoShape™ line is scheduled to begin commercial operation at a beverage manufacturer in France by the end of 2010.
Alcoa launches aluminum can recycling app for iPhone
Alcoa announced the launch of a free iPhone application compatible with iPhone, iPod touch and iPad that will make it easier for consumers to recycle aluminum cans. The new app – called Aluminate – will help consumers find recycling centers, track how many aluminum cans they recycle, and calculate the cash they can earn as they help protect the environment through recycling aluminum cans.
Aleris Rolled Products North America names Stephen Stone VP Sales & Marketing
Aleris International, Inc. named Stephen Stone vice president, Sales and Marketing of its Rolled Products North America business, effective today. Stone will lead all sales and marketing activities for aluminum rolled products, including mill-finish, coated and tread sheets, foil and plate for the automotive, building and construction, transportation, packaging, industrial products and distribution industries.


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Anthony Joshua Faces Career-Defining moment
Posted on December 12, 2020 by Hasib Afzal	Leave a comment
CARDIFF, WALES – SEPTEMBER 11: Anthony Joshua (l) and Kubrat Pulev pictured with promoter Eddie Hearn (c) during a media opportunity ahead of their World Heavyweight title clash at Principality Stadium on September 11, 2017 in Cardiff, Wales. (Photo by Stu Forster/Getty Images)
It only seems like yesterday, when Anthony Joshua succumbed to Andy Ruiz at Madison Square Gardens. A knock out defeat halted an all but potential mammoth super-fight with Deontay Wilder. And yet, history threatens to repeat itself, this time with Tyson Fury.
Step up the man who could deal that blow: Kubrat Pulev. The Bulgarian has an impressive 28 wins in 29 appearances with a sole loss on his record to none other than Wladimir Klitschko— in his last world title fight. Pre-fight, the Bulgarian was in a buoyant mood:
"A boxer must have power and speed, and right now, I feel very dangerous."
Confidence is one thing, but it's easy to forget that Pulev is now 39. But this time round, the Bulgarian promises to be better:
"I was too green to be at the world championship level. I wasn't ready, period.
I could have gone 25 rounds physically, but I was too green to be on the big stage. But it was a learning experience, and now I'm ready.
The experience I've added over the years will be priceless."
However, complacency around big fights doesn't bode all too well for Joshua. Just as it has become so accustomed with the boxer, Joshua seems to have learnt from the past:
"When I took a little loss to Ruiz, I don't think that's enough to change someone like me. I've got a lot of character. Every fighter trains hard, but it's the character that separates us, and I feel like I've got a lot of character. I'll be keen to stand there."
Victory would almost but guarantee an undisputed fight with Tyson Fury. And so the mind games begun with Fury denying a potential ringside appearance at the Pulev fight. Speaking on Instagram, Fury said:
"This is Tyson Fury, the Gypsy King. 'Just a quick one guys, I will not be attending any boxing this weekend.
For all the rumours this weekend that I'll be attending some boxing, I will not be. Don't expect fireworks.
Don't expect any action from the Gypsy King because I'll be grafting; I'll be working, as usual, always staying fit and ready. Good night and God bless."
A post shared by Tyson Fury (@gypsyking101)
With Joshua's career on the line, this Saturday promises to be an absolute cracker. With Tyson Fury waiting in the wings, anything other than a Joshua victory would be a travesty.
Written by Hasib Afzal
Founder of http://theanfieldroad.com
Writer for @Lfctransferoom, The Kopite, The Liverpool Chronicle
http://instagram.com/lfctalk7/
Twitter.com/LfcTalk7
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl1vHNgpuzstAc-GDhMtmgQ
tagged with Boxing, Featured


Bailey Murphy singled to left field; Kendell Hamm advanced to second.
Savannah Lee doubled to right center, 2 RBI; Bailey Murphy scored; Kendell Hamm scored.
Annie Clayton singled to left field; Savannah Lee advanced to third.
Annie Clayton stole second; Savannah Lee scored on a throwing error by c, unearned.
Karli Sewell singled up the middle; Taylor Oglesby advanced to second.
Olivia Reame singled up the middle; Karli Sewell advanced to second; Taylor Oglesby advanced to third.
Brooke Lowry homered to left field, 4 RBI; Olivia Reame scored; Karli Sewell scored; Taylor Oglesby scored.
Izzy Berkopec hit by pitch.
Jojo Johnston singled to third base, bunt; Izzy Berkopec advanced to second.
Abby Spencer singled to third base, bunt, advanced to second on a throwing error by 3b; Jojo Johnston advanced to third; Izzy Berkopec scored, unearned.
Kendell Hamm singled down the lf line, 2 RBI; Abby Spencer scored, unearned; Jojo Johnston scored, unearned.
Annie Clayton singled up the middle.
Abby Spencer singled to right field.
Paige Williamson pinch ran for Bailey Murphy.
Savannah Lee hit by pitch; Paige Williamson advanced to second.
Kaylyn Chapman pinch hit for Kolyn Kyser.
Kolyn Kyser to cf for Kaylyn Chapman.
Saydee Keith pinch hit for Izzy Berkopec.
Saydee Keith singled up the middle.
Jojo Johnston reached first on a fielding error by 2b; Saydee Keith advanced to third.
Abby Spencer singled to shortstop, RBI; Saydee Keith scored, unearned.
Bailey Murphy to dp for Paige Williamson.
Bailey Murphy singled to right field, RBI; Kendell Hamm advanced to second; Jojo Johnston scored, unearned.
Savannah Lee homered to left field, 3 RBI; Bailey Murphy scored; Kendell Hamm scored.
Izzy Berkopec to 3b for Saydee Keith.
Nicole Hendr pinch ran for Olivia Reame.
Avery Coldcl singled down the rf line; Brooke Lowry advanced to second.


Sapphire is the stone of Saturn. In old European and Indian cultures, it was used to represent and reflect the power of heavens, the sphere of angels, magic (metaphysics), fidelity and friendship. It is revered as a stone of royalty as it is believed to hold the power to keep its bearer safe from harm and envy.
The hexagonal-trigonal crystal system formation of sapphire takes the characteristics of the oxide and corundrum mineral stone family. It is magmatically formed from the liquid forms of aluminum-rich granite, syenite or pegmatite through a series of metamorphosis of similar rocks such as gneiss, crystalline slate and marble. It takes its distinct color and luster from its iron and titanium components. Kaolin clay (contains trace amounts of aluminum), iron-oxides and titanium dioxide are minerals found in mineral makeup. The finest pieces of sapphire were discovered in Tanzania, Pakistan, Afghanistan, East Africa and Australia. American sapphires are known for their pastel palette. As it occurs in the form of an asterated star, resulting from the inclusion of the small cylindrical cavities within its crystal composition, it acquires a form that is parallel to the prism planes. This explains its ability to share energies and establish vibrational signatures of different spiritual properties.
Prosperity, health, protection and safety are the sustaining gifts of life carried by sapphire. Its enigmatic power appeals to energies that eliminate frustration and replace it with fulfilling dreams and desires of the conscious being. It bears the straightforwardness of directing scattered spiritual energies into one single goal. This way, it helps us look into our lives in ways that will help us stand up to scrutiny and end up living in harmony, health and peace.
The calming effect of sapphire helps ease depression and other psychic illnesses. As it is symbolic of the love for wisdom, it helps strengthen the power of belief and love for truth. It helps us clear out our intentions, bringing about a realization that makes it easier for use or accept life as it is. And while this precious stone encourages spiritual healing, it also influences our physical state, alleviating pain and illnesses that may interfere with the harmonic balance of our existence.
Without conscious initiation, sapphire radiates energy to focus it on causes that needed our attention. In cases of illnesses, it aids the body in healing cellular disorders, strengthens the walls of the veins to support the flow of life. To stimulate healing, it brings out the energy of cooperation to the cellular level. Even in such things as eczema. In this light, it assists the provision of strength and health for us to go on with our endeavors. The attributes that gives the stone the power to hold mystical knowledge and information influences its ability to relate to the intuitive, psychic and astral aspects of our existence.
The variety of colored sapphire made it an essential element to laying-on-of-stone applications. Each color has its own meaning. The placement of each color is meant to attract all things positive, healing and peace to both our spiritual and physical beings. Hence, its significant influences to our mind, body and intuition are helpful in bringing lightness and joy to our lives. When wearing mineral makeup, you may even be wearing some sapphire influences!


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It's when the cold weather comes that you may realise that your radiators are not working very well. They may not heat up at all, or they may only give off a feeble heat. Your local plumber from the Radiator repair Romford services will put them right.
There are many things that can go wrong – and many different types of radiator and heating system, so you really need an expert to sort it out for you. Our plumbers have the skills and knowledge to fix the problem.
If the radiator system is repairable then that is what we do. However, if you need a new radiator then we can advise you as to your best options after a visit to your home or office. Then our professional installation team can fit the new radiator and associated plumbing for you – no mess and no fuss.
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The sabermetric community has generally been successful at challenging baseball's conventional wisdom. However, Bill James has noted a troubling historical pattern: sabermetric research often labels a phenomenon (e.g., clutch hitting) as non-existent when it can not be measured or detected. James suggests previous methods may be flawed and we may be "underestimating the fog" (note: that's a PDF link). Similarly, baseball statisticians may simply have too few instances when trying to measure something. Millions of pitches and at bats may not be sufficient given the statistical methods we are utilizing and the delicate trends we are attempting to find. Perhaps if baseball games lasted 100 innings and we had data sets containing 100 million at bats, we would then be able to detect more of the game's mysteries.
A production function – and its inputs – can provide clearer methods for measurement.
In Baseball Prospectus' Baseball Between the Numbers, James Click concludes, "Batting performance does not change significantly with the quality of the following batter..."
"… the result embodies not just all of the randomness in two original statistics, but all of the randomness in four original statistics. Unless you have extremely stable 'original elements' – original statistics stabilized by hundreds of thousands of trials – then the result is, for all practical purposes, just random numbers.
How can we get around these issues?
Through the lens of a production function, we can analyze this same protection problem as a process involving inputs as well as outputs. For the "protection process," inputs can describe what is going on within a pitch before the batter reacts to it (my data set tells me the location coordinates, velocity, pitch type, etc. of every pitch thrown in MLB since 2002). If protection exists, a batter's experience at the plate would be distinctly different – in several advantageous ways – when a great hitter is standing in the on-deck circle. For example, we would expect a batter in front of Barry Bonds to see more pitches within the strike zone (the pitcher will nibble less) and more fastballs (pitcher has more control). Both MLB players and empirical research would agree that these two inputs provide a significant advantage to the batter.
My regression analysis attempts to measure the effect of a better on-deck hitter in this way, i.e., the effect on the current batter's experience in seeing both more pitches in the strike-zone and more fastballs. Specifically, either "strike-zone location: yes or no" or "fastball: yes or no" is my dependent variable (left-hand side). On the right-hand side, I include the OPS of the next hitter and then control for everything within the situation: the pitcher, the batter, pitch type, count, outs, runners, ballpark, and year.
Using per pitch data from 2002 through 2006, the results show that better on-deck hitters have a positive and significant effect on both the strike location and fastball inputs, and hence, protection does exist in so far as a pitcher adjusts his approach and a batter enjoys multiple advantages when a good hitter is on-deck.
The protection production function seems to tell us conflicting stories. The "input" findings show that protection exists, but the "output" evidence suggests that protection does not exist. So, which answer is correct? In addition to the potential randomness issue discussed earlier, outputs suffer from one other relative disadvantage – the mere volume of data being studied is different. Analysis at the per-pitch level (inputs) employs about four times the number of instances as per-at bat level analysis (outputs). Thus, while prior research may (or may not) point us in the right direction, I would argue that the production function's inputs push us much closer to the truth.
Lastly, moving beyond this discussion on protection, I want to be clear about my broader argument. The sabermetric community will benefit as it moves away from its relatively strict reliance on outcomes and outputs. Events on the field of any sport involve a great deal of processes. While outcome data (e.g., much of what you find online at great sites such as retrosheet and baseball-reference) have generally been more widely available, a full picture of economic analysis in the future will rely much more heavily on whole processes and their inputs.
If you would like to contact me directly, please email me at kkovash at gmail.com.
And generally speaking, I agree that the pot of gold does lie in pitch-by-pitch data. That doesn't mean though that it would necessarily be better in all situations.
Interesting article. I'd be concerned about the accuracy of the raw data you're using - the people who compile the pitch-by-pitch data are just stringers, paid $50 per game or so, and I'm not sure how much I trust in their judgment of pitch types. Also, not all pitches of the same type are created equal - an 88 mph fastball and a 96 mph fastball both show up as "fastball" in the data, as do a two-seamer and a four-seamer, to give two hypothetical examples. Anyway, always good to see people continuing to question basic assumptions, especially as more data become available.
If you are saying the good hitter on deck is the reason that the batter sees more strikes, and thus a positive input, then I suggest there is also a philosophy where pitchers WANT to get ahead of a hitter by throwing early strikes, to increase the odds of getting the batter out. This could explain why the "input" in theory, does not match the "output"....? Sometimes, throwing early strikes puts a hitter at a disadvantage when they start out "down in the count".
This blog highlights academic research at the intersection of economics and sports.


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Can lithium cure what ails the Salton Sea?
By Louis Sahagun | LA Times | November 27, 2021
THE LOS ANGELES TIMES - Studying the complexity of mud on the ocean floor is a life's work for Timothy Lyons, so when the tall and lean biogeochemist asks you to join an expedition in search of chemical mysteries buried deep beneath the waves, be prepared to get wet and dirty.
On a recent foray onto California's largest and most troubled lake, Lyons rode a Zodiac skiff with a 15-horsepower engine across the Salton Sea against a backdrop of desolate mountains, dunes and miles of shoreline bristling with the bones of thousands of dead fish and birds.
As he approached the center of the lake with a clutch of passengers including two members of his laboratory at UC Riverside, Lyons said, "Cut the engine. Let's grab some mud."
Moments later, Caroline Hung, 24, and Charles Diamond, 36, dropped a coring device over the side, then hauled up a sample of sediment that was gray on the bottom, dark brown on top, and as gooey as peanut butter.
"The big problem at the Salton Sea is intermingled with that organic brown layer on top — and to be honest, it's scary," said Lyons, 63. "It's loaded with pesticides and heavy metals — molybdenum, cadmium and selenium — that linger in greatest concentrations in deeper water."
"That should worry people, because the Salton Sea is shrinking and exposing more and more of this stuff to scouring winds that carry them far and wide," he added. "Our goals include mapping where these hazardous materials are located, and determining where they came from and what may become of them if trends continue."
UC Riverside professor Tim Lyons and doctoral student Caroline Hung prepare a corer on the Salton Sea to collect sediment for their research. (Irfan Khan / Los Angeles Times)
For Lyons' research team, filling blanks in existing data is an obsession, and it could have significant implications at a time when the air practically crackles with a volatile mix of environmental danger and economic opportunities promised by ongoing efforts to tap immense reserves of lithium, a key ingredient of rechargeable batteries.
Few dispute the need for swift action at the 343-square-mile lake straddling Imperial and Riverside counties, about 150 miles southeast of Los Angeles. Clouds of salty, alkaline toxic dust containing heavy metals, agricultural chemicals and powdery-fine particulates linked to asthma, respiratory diseases and cancer are rolling off newly exposed playa, threatening the health of thousands of nearby residents.
Delays and costs are mounting for many projects that were designed to be showcases of restoration and dust mitigation. Scientists say it's because the projects were developed without consideration for heat waves, severe droughts and water cutbacks due to climate change, or for the constantly evolving underlying geology at the hyper-saline landlocked lake at the southern end of the San Andreas Fault, where shifting tectonic plates bring molten material and hot geothermal brine closer to Earth's surface.
Now, large corporations investing in proposals to suck lithium out of the brine produced by local geothermal operations have revived hopes of jobs and revenue from land leases, with lithium recovery projects potentially supporting internships, education programs and environmental restoration projects for years to come.
The big question during a recent meeting sponsored by the Lithium Valley Commission, a group of lawmakers and community leaders organized to help guide decisions that could affect low-income communities surrounding the Salton Sea, was this: What's in it for us?
"The lithium rush at the Salton Sea cannot be stopped," said Frank Ruiz, Audubon California's program director for the lake and a member of the lithium commission. Communities surrounding the Salton Sea, he said, "see that as a victory — a ticket to a better life."
"If done correctly," he said, "it will elevate the region by creating jobs, benefit the state and the nation by making geothermal energy more affordable, and lay the groundwork for negotiations aimed at ensuring that some of the royalties from lithium production and related land leases are used to support dust reduction and environmental restoration projects."
Jonathan Weisgall, a spokesman for Berkshire Hathaway Energy, which was recently awarded a $6-million California Energy Commission grant for a demonstration project at a geothermal facility in the nearby community of Calipatria, agreed, but stopped short of guarantees.
"My passion is workforce development and economic opportunities in the clean energy sector," Weisgall said. "We don't want to bring in a workforce from outside Imperial County if we don't have to."
"The big problem at the Salton Sea is intermingled with that organic brown layer on top — and to be honest, it's scary," says Tim Lyons, center. "It's loaded with pesticides and heavy metals." (Irfan Khan / Los Angeles Times)
A core sample of Salton Sea sediment shows a gradual change from gray mud at the bottom to darker, organic-rich material caused by fertilizer runoff from farmland. (Irfan Khan / Los Angeles Times)
The Salton Sea was created in 1905 when the Colorado River broke through a silt-laden canal and roared unimpeded for two years into a basin near Brawley then known as the Salton Sink.
Fishermen flocked to its barnacle-covered shores to catch corvina, croaker and sargo. Birds flocked to its wetlands, turning it into one of the most important stops along the Pacific Flyway for species including 90% of the migration's white pelicans.
But the Salton Sea is a non-draining body of water — which is what makes it technically a sea and not a lake — with no ability to cleanse itself. Trapped in its waters are salt and selenium-laden agricultural runoff as well as heavy metals deposited over the last 116 years, authorities say.
Some scientists believed that 2018 would be the start of a profound environmental, public health and economic disaster for California.
The change was predicted in 2003 when the state Legislature promised to slow the shrinking of the lake as part of a successful effort to persuade the Imperial Irrigation District to sell some of its water to San Diego. Under the agreement, the district stopped sending fresh water into the lake on Dec. 31, 2017.
With relatively little water flowing in, the salinity level continues to rise. It is now at about 68 parts per thousand, authorities say. That's nearly twice as high as the salinity of the Pacific Ocean, which is about 35 parts per thousand.
The Salton's high salinity has made it inhospitable to tilapia, a primary food source for migrating birds; the fish has all but stopped reproducing. Visiting bird populations are a small fraction of what they once were.
The only fish in the Salton Sea today are inch-long desert pupfish and hybrid tilapia. Scientists say even these will survive only near the mouths of rivers and canals once the salinity level reaches 70 parts per thousand, which is expected within the next few years.
A study by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation concluded that doing nothing to keep the Salton Sea viable could end up requiring nearly $10billion in mitigation projects.
Critics point to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Red Hill Bay project on the Salton Sea as an example of what has not been accomplished. The restoration program was designed to create more than 500 acres of shallow marine habitat for migratory shorebirds at the sea's southern end in Imperial County, using water from a nearby river and a 183,000-pound steel barge equipped with pumps anchored a mile offshore.
Six years of delays have added costs to the project's original $5.3-million budget. But it may never cross the finish line because of a series of unforeseen problems that have cropped up as the Salton Sea recedes and the flows of its tributaries decline. For example, the Alamo River is no longer considered a source of water for the project because its flows have fallen below an inlet that was designed to guide water into the proposed marine habitat.
UC Riverside researchers Tim Lyons, Charlie Diamond and Caroline Hung, from left, launch a skiff into the Salton Sea. (Irfan Khan / Los Angeles Times)
As of November, the Fish and Wildlife Service has spent roughly $1million in grants and budget allocations on the project, federal officials said. A $3.3-million grant awarded by the California Wildlife Conservation Board to help complete the work requires that the Fish and Wildlife Service secure a 25-year lease agreement with the Imperial Irrigation District by Dec. 31, said Pam Bierce, a spokeswoman for the federal agency.
On top of that, a year ago the Imperial County Air Pollution Control District slapped the irrigation district, which owns the property, with an order to deal with dust emanating from the work site. The irrigation district responded with surface-roughening techniques that reduced dust by 90%.
"The Red Hill Bay project was a solution to a problem that existed 15 years ago," said Tina Shields, water department manager at the irrigation district. "The design doesn't work anymore because it is a dynamic place and conditions have changed."
Beyond that, CalEnergy Resources Ltd., a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Energy, has a preexisting lease for the entire surface area of the project.
In a recent response to questions from Rep. Raul Ruiz (D-Coachella), the irrigation district said it "will work with CalEnergy to incorporate their plans for geothermal energy and lithium development on a commercial scale for the benefit of the local community and the rest of California."
The Salton Sea remains an environmental war zone like no other. Lyons' team aims to collect information that can help stakeholders make the best decisions moving forward.
His team members' recent venture into the Salton Sea got off to a wobbly start when they gathered in bulging life vests at one of the few remaining places where a boat can be put into the water: a remote stretch of ankle-deep shallows and ooze.
After several minutes of pushing and pulling their little skiff into deeper water, they climbed aboard and set out on tea-colored water as smooth as glass. Their goal was 30 feet below the surface.
"It is an exciting time to be investigating the contents of the mud we're pulling up out of the water," Hung said. "In it are pieces of information that could help bring environmental justice to local communities."
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A good friend of mine recently introduced me to Father Richard Rohr's description of the Christian life as "falling upward". My own fall began when I went to University. I suppose that's one reason that at the church I now lead, we're so passionate about students. In 2015 The Guardian reported on an NUS survey of 1,093 students in further and higher education. Eight out of 10 students (78%) said they had experienced mental health issues in the last year. A third of the respondents (33%) said they had had suicidal thoughts. Over half (54%) of respondents who reported having experienced mental health problems said they did not seek support.
I chose Economics at Cardiff. It seemed to rain every single day of my first term. Despite some good people and some fun times, I felt isolated, alone and slowly but surely, miserable. Salvation seemed to appear when I met a girl who didn't share my faith at all. Being with her seemed an intoxicating thrill. We hit it off and it all got serious very quickly. Deep down I knew she was the wrong girl for me but it was like an addiction I couldn't – maybe wouldn't – control. Our relationship totally messed me up. She had this rich boyfriend who would turn up unannounced every now and then, whereupon I'd get dropped and they'd go off on luxurious short trips. I don't blame her because her upbringing and left her pretty messed up too. They say hurt people, hurt people. And so it turned out. I loved her so I always took her back. Pathetic isn't it? It took me years to forgive myself for that relationship, long after God had forgiven me.
Our relationship came apart at the seams when we were both on a European year in the middle of our studies – she was in Italy and I was in Spain. I was absolutely crushed both by the emotional turmoil of losing her, and choked with the guilt of my personal moral failure. I was totally on my own, and I had no money. I was thrown out of the shared flat of foreign students where I had a small room. For a while I was at the mercy of loose friendships, sofa-surfing in a few different flats. Looking back, I was teetering on the edge of rough sleeping. But in the naivety of my youth I didn't see it back then. I had an old, cheap guitar with me and I could play three chords, so I decided to start street busking to get money. The trouble was, I was absolutely terrible at it! I recall regularly setting up to busk opposite one particularly-posh jewellery shop knowing the store manager would pay me to play somewhere else because I was scaring his customers away! I laugh now, but that's how low my self-esteem had got. I welcomed the rejection not only because I needed the money, but also because it validated what I felt about myself. It was the worst point in my life.
Weirdly, I look back on those six painful, poor months on my own in Spain with a huge amount of gratitude. They were the making of me. Because all I had was God. And I threw myself at him. I read in the Psalms that "The Lord is close to the brokenhearted and saves those who are crushed in spirit" (Psalm 34:18). That was no longer something I believed, it became something I experienced. For the first time in my life, my relationship with God stopped being something I could turn on and off. God became like the air I breathed. I didn't just want God for comfort, I needed God for survival. I echoed King David's prayer "From the ends of the earth I call to you, I call as my heart grows faint; lead me to the rock higher than I" (Psalm 61:2).
Rick Warren writes, "You will never know that God is all you need until God is all you've got" ("What On Earth Am I Here For?" Day 25). My need for God wasn't heroic and it wasn't a considered decision reflecting mature spiritual discipline and knowledge. Quite the opposite. God was all I had. If I didn't talk to him, I didn't talk to anyone. If he didn't help me get some money, I didn't have any money. If I couldn't find hope or joy in time with him, I couldn't find it anywhere else. But in reaching the end of myself, I'd found the start of something that changed the rest of my life. I've stopped beating myself up for being pathetic. I'm learning to simply exist within God (Acts 17:28). I'm learning to fall upwards.
Tim was a Chartered Accountant before life went off-piste and he became a minister in the CofE. Previously, he completed a PhD in Social Psychology. Later, he trained in counselling. He is quite sure that underneath, we're all nuts, but that God isn't.


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text:
Woman on the Waterfront
On October 6, 2014 November 9, 2014 By Lily Iona MacKenzieIn Links
Foghorns blast through the 7 AM San Francisco overcast. The only woman in the place, I saunter into the longshoreman's union hall, trying to appear as if I did this every day. A few cigarette-scarred wooden tables offer a place for the men to gather and talk while waiting to be called to work. Billowing clouds of cigarette smoke hang ominously over everyone.
It's the mid-70s, and I try to ignore the silence that cuts through the room after I enter. A few loud guffaws and an even louder patter of voices, all speculating on the broad who is challenging their stronghold and competing for work, follow it.
I amble over to a table set off in a corner and glance through some back issues of Psychology Today and McCall's, surprised to see more female-oriented publications in this male-dominated place. I also am grateful for the diversion, a way to avoid the curious and mostly hostile eyes.
At first, it had seemed like a good idea when my friend's husband—a 20-year waterfront veteran whose father had also worked there all his life—had urged me to find work there. "Look," he said. "It's time for women to bust into the docks. You can make at least $80 a day."
The money convinced me, a sizeable sum at that time. I was a single parent trying to support my teenage son and myself while I went to college. The escapade also held the promise of adventure: all those romantic waterfront characters cascaded through my mind, not least of whom was Marlon Brando. I also knew that the area attracted artists and intellectuals, as well as those who were just barely making it—some from skid row.
Curious about this male bastion, I wondered if it was possible for a woman to be accepted there. Females were rare in that world, even in clerical positions. But I also wanted to know more about the culture, the interface between land and sea, a switching yard from all over the world where goods were transferred, labeled, transported, and disposed of. Why should men have a stranglehold on that sphere?
Temporarily on semester break from my graduate program at San Francisco State, and working part-time in an office, I had nothing to lose and much to gain. My friend's husband paved the way by calling the dispatcher and letting him know I'd be there. He used whatever influence he had to increase the possibility that I would be called after the regulars had been taken care of.
And I did get sent out to a nearby wharf that first day. Hired as a clerk, my job was to oversee the movement of the containers on my list and keep track of where they were placed for unloading. That first day was relatively uneventful, and it seemed like an easy way to earn $80. Being the only female in a sea of men was not new to me. I had signed up for a drafting class in high school where I was the only girl and loved it.
At 7 AM the next morning, I appear again in the union hall. This time my presence doesn't create as much of a stir. I post myself once more at the out-of-the-way table, glancing through magazines until my name finally is called along with two younger black guys, also university students. The dispatcher hands the three of us instructions of where to go, a wharf some distance away, and we take a bus to get there. They are lovely guys, clean cut and dressed in preppy clothes. We chat about school and waterfront work, this also being their first time there.
At the wharf, the boss tells us to board a massive cargo ship to see the hundreds of cars that we'll be guiding into parking spaces on land. The ship has numerous levels, and we race from one to the other, amazed at how many vehicles are stored there. Finally we return to shore and are instructed to show the longshoremen where to park the cars.
I stand in front of a space, indicating with my arms that the driver should come forward to where I'm standing. A bearded longshoreman saunters over to me and says, "Hey, lady, do you want to get your legs broken?"
I don't plan to leave the wharf with broken legs, and I tell him that, trying to make a joke. But his icy look silences me. He isn't interested in banter. He says, "These guys are pissed to see a woman bossing them around. If you continue to stand where you are, you won't have any legs to walk on. Stand to the side like this." And he showed me where to position myself.
I followed his instructions and somehow got through the day intact. But I had heard enough. Though I consider myself a feminist, I didn't burn with a desire to integrate the waterfront. Nor did I need to make a statement by having my legs broken. I just wanted to make enough money to support my son and myself as I worked my way through college. These men, however, didn't know my intentions. They just saw me as a threat, someone who would alter their domain and change the balance of power there.
When I left that day, I realized my friend's husband had used me for his own purposes, though I wasn't totally clear about what they were. Was he genuinely interested in integrating the waterfront? Or was he just trying to test his own power. If the latter were true, he had abused our friendship and put me in great peril. After working at the docks for so long, he must have known what the men's reaction to me would be. If the former were true, had I made any dent in the male prejudice against women in that line of work? I doubt it.
So my two days on the waterfront were just that: a time when I experienced directly and vividly the reaction some men have towards women in a world that they still dominate. I can see why, even today as enlightened as some of us might be, women continue to suffer from prejudice. I too had grown up assuming that men were the fairer and better sex. Certainly they seemed to hold all the cards. But I also went through the tremendous consciousness-raising period of the 60s and came out of that time with a much different view of womanhood and myself.
While my experience of working on the waterfront was brief and may not have changed the dockworkers' lives, it did change mine. For the first time, I felt directly the physical threat that so many females face day in and day out. I had taken my gender and myself for granted, floating through life on a cloud of good will. And while I knew that women continued to be the second sex in spite of advances in numerous areas, I had never expected to face such bald hostility just because I happened to be female.
Pen-L Press will be publishing my novel Fling in 2015. A wildly comic romp on mothers, daughters, art, and death, the book should appeal to a broad range of readers. While the main characters are middle-aged and older, their zest for life would draw readers of all ages, male or female, attracting the youthful adventurer in most people. Though women may identify more readily with Feather and Bubbles' daughter and mother struggles, the heart of the book is how they approach their aging selves and are open to new experiences. Since art and imagination are key to this narrative, artists of all ages would find something to enjoy. And because the book crosses many borders (Scotland, Canada, the U.S., and Mexico), it also can't be limited to a specific age group, social class, gender, or region.
My first fan letter for Fling came from an 80 year-old woman who lives in the tiny village of Christina Lake, B.C. My son, who also lives there, had given her my manuscript to read. She said, "I just wanted to express to you how very much I enjoyed your writing. I started it and didn't stop till I had read it all. I very much like your style and your subtle humor. Thank you for a most enjoyable read. I can't understand why it hasn't been scooped up by some publisher. But I know that it will be. In my estimation I know that it is excellent literary work. I am a voracious reader and have been since grade 4. I remember my first book was Tom Sawyer and I have never stopped since then. I go through 4 to 5 books a week. We are so fortunate here at the Lake now. The Library staff in Grand Forks come out here every Wednesday. I have become very fond of the young lady who comes out. She provides me with all the award winning books and orders others for me. Again I want to express to you how very much I enjoyed your manuscript. Have patience my dear….it will be published to wide acclaim I am so sure." —Joan Fornelli.
Here is a synopsis:
Feather, an aging hippie, returns to her Calgary home to help her mother, Bubbles, celebrate her 90th birthday. Bubbles has received mail from the dead letter office in Mexico City, asking her to pick up her mother's ashes, left there seventy years earlier and only now surfacing. Bubbles' mother, Scottish by birth, had died in Mexico in the late 1920s after taking off with a married man and abandoning her husband and kids.
A woman with a mission, and still vigorous, Bubbles convinces a reluctant Feather to take her to Mexico so she can recover the ashes and give her mother a proper burial. Both women have recently shed husbands and have a secondary agenda: they'd like a little action. And they get it.
Alternating narratives weave together Feather and Bubbles' odyssey with their colorful Scottish ancestors, creating a family tapestry. The "now" thread presents the two women as they travel south from Canada to San Francisco and then Mexico, covering a span of about six months. "Now" and "then" merge in Mexico when Bubbles' long-dead mother, grandmother, and grandfather turn up, enlivening the narrative with their antics.
In Mexico, the land where reality and magic co-exist, Feather gets a new sense of her mother. The Indian villagers mistake Bubbles for a well-known rain goddess, praying for her to bring rain so their land will thrive again. Feather, who's been seeking "The Goddess" for years, eventually realizes what she's overlooked.
Meanwhile, Bubbles' quest for her mother's ashes (and a new man) has increased her zest for life. A shrewd business woman (she's raised chickens, sold her crafts, taken in bizarre boarders, and has a sure-fire system for winning at bingo and lotteries), she's certain she's found the fountain of youth at a mineral springs outside San Miguel de Allende; she's determined to bottle the water and sell it.
But gambling is her first love, and unlike most women her age, fun-loving Bubbles takes risks, believing she's immortal. Unlike her daughter, Bubbles doesn't hold back in any way, eating heartily, lusting after strangers, her youthful spirit and innocence convincing readers that they've found the fountain of youth themselves in this character. At ninety, she comes into her own, coming to age, proving it's never too late to fulfill one's dreams.
Fling, a meditation on death, mothers and daughters, and art, suggests that the fountain of youth is the imagination, and this is what they all discover in Mexico. It's what Bubbles wants to bottle, but she doesn't need to. She embodies it. The whole family does.
feministlongshorementhreat to femaleswaterfrontwoman on waterfront
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