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» Common Names
Fri, 13 Jul 2012 | Common Names
Frith, C.B., and D. W. Frith. The Bowerbirds: Ptilonorhynchidae. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Gilliard, E.T. Birds of Paradise and Bower Birds. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969.
Marshall, A.J. Bower-birds, Their Displays and Breeding Cycles— A Preliminary Statement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954.
Schodde, R., and I. J. Mason. The Directory of Australian Birds, Passerines. Melbourne: CSIRO, 1999.
Borgia, G. "Why Do Bowerbirds Build Bowers?" American Scientist 83 (1995): 541-547.
Dwyer, P., M. Minnegal, and J. Thomson. "Odds and Ends, Bower Birds as Taphonomic Agents." Australian Archaeology 21 (1985): 1-10.
Frith, C.B., and D.W. Frith. "Biometrics of the Bowerbirds (Aves: Ptilonorhynchidae): with Observations on Species Limits, Sexual Dimorphism, Intraspecific Variation and Vernacular Nomenclature." Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 24 (2001): 512-542.
Madden, J. "Sex, Bowers and Brains." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B268 (2001): 833-838.
Birds Australia. 415 Riversdale Road, Hawthorn East, Victoria 3123 Australia. Phone: +61 3 9882 2622. Fax: +61 3 9882 2677. E-mail: [email protected] Web site: <http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au>
Clifford B. Frith, PhD Dawn W. Frith, PhD
(Paradisaeidae)
Class Aves Order Passeriformes Suborder Passeri (Oscines) Family Paradisaeidae
Thumbnail description
Small to very large, powerfully footed, highly animated, and vocal crow-like passerines, most of which are sexually dichromatic. Highly colorful and elaborated, adult male plumages of polygynous species are used in spectacular and complex courtship displays.
• it ^ V '
6.3-43.3 in (16-110 cm); 0.11-1 lb (50-450 g)
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Number of genera, species
17 genera; 42 species
\ f
Lowland to subalpine rainforests and some associated forests and wet woodland communities
"H
Vulnerable: 4 species; Near Threatened: 8 species
Mainland New Guinea and offshore islands, the northern Moluccas of Indonesia, and northeastern and central eastern Australia
Types Pigeons


Ledyard - At the halfway point of his dance, David Dorfman had his wife concerned.
Dorfman, the head of the dance department at Connecticut College, is one of 32 dancers around the country who danced Wednesday - from midnight to midnight - as an act of solidarity with people who live in war-torn areas.
"It's a quiet protest," Dorfman said during a short break in his piece, which he performed without musical accompaniment at Dragon's Egg dance and yoga studio in Ledyard.
"Freedom of Information" - named for the law requiring disclosure of many government documents - was first conceived by New York choreographer Miguel Gutierrez in 2001. Gutierrez meant the performance to serve as a protest of the American invasion of Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.
During the initial performance, on Dec. 31, 2001, Gutierrez drank only tea and water, and did not leave his studio at all, choosing to urinate in empty milk jugs.
Dorfman's interpretation was less strict, allowing for breaks to use the restroom and the occasional clementine wedge.
Because he was alone for some of the 24-hour period, Dorfman arranged about 25 water bottles around the perimeter of the large Dragon's Egg studio, in case he needed a drink and did not know what part of the room he was in.
When he first started the dance, Dorfman became almost immediately disoriented, smacking his hand against the mirrored walls with some velocity.
"I was lost," said Dorfman, who said he became slightly claustrophobic during the piece.
"It's happened about four times thus far," he said.
Danielle Short, a dancer and filmmaker from Queens, N.Y., was videotaping Dorfman's dance for an art project to be developed later.
For a while, Race and their 7-year old son, Sam, joined Dorfman, as they wrapped around each other slowly, then rolled away.
Race, who also teaches dance at Connecticut College, said it is "really beautiful" that her husband went through with the project.
Dorfman said that when he finally takes off his blindfold, he expects the world will look different to him.


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The official language is Obama once he nationalizes that too.
It's the BS lingo that he uses that everyone will be required to use eventually and in prayer to him.
Okay, okay seriously I feel that I live in some Spanish speaking country verses one that speaks English - as a country WE ARE STUPID (which is taken to new heights daily) to cater to the rest than to be proud of our English language origins.
Get used to it. I routinely print notices in as many as nine languages. My son writes/speaks four on an adult level. And those languages do not include Spanish. yet. They and Czech. are the new wave here. Truck drivers? Russian.
WHAT WORRIES ME IS THAT THEY ARE LET IN FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE IN THEIR OWN NATIVE LANGUAGE. How can I invest in training? Give me 500 Japanese and I'll take over this city.
If you did have an influx of Japanese (a recognized industrial country) you'd only see them in the hospital lobby as the doctor, and they'd be too busy to attend the PTA meeting because they're all busy working and paying into the tax system.
o hi o, go ziamus!
Do you appreciate it if you ever go to European countries, and see english translations on some things? If you do, you are a hypocrite for liking that but finding the things here annoying as hell. Shouldn't everyone get the same curiosities we get?
My English teachers in L.A. were incredible; even though I was an average student I cringe for them as I see the internet use of English spelling/systax/comprehension beginning it's big nose dive into oblivion.
A young Czech. girl whiter than me said "I don't speak English" in a perfect sentence: TRANSLATION: I don't and have no intention to learn. That "no intention to learn" worries me more than what the new language on transit is this week.
And Writing three or even four languages in this town? Normal. And I'm not even including our other official language, French.
yes, I know. but it's the refusal of American culture to not recognize Spanish as the unofficial language. If there is no "official" language including English then we can include all the commentary as well.
I get tired of the automated bank by phone asking me press one for English. It wasn't like this a few years back.
protest your bank, by going to another bank, or start your own "english only" bank.
Lets be very clear...most people are complaining about American Busisnesses. If anyone does not like the practices of a business, do business somewhere else.
Here in Florida the DMV offers the Driver's Manual and test in Spanish.
I don't care if non-English speakers can pass a simple road test with basic signs. If they can't understand anything but colors and shapes of elementary signs, they don't belong on the road. They're a danger to everyone else.
I think you are confused about private entities and government entities.


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CultureAdventures in Feministoryhistory
Adventures in Feministory: Annie "Little Sure Shot" Oakley
by Rachel Toback
Published on February 6, 2012 at 9:18am
Born on August 13, 1860 to Quaker parents Jacob and Susan, Phoebe Ann Mozee came from humble beginnings without a hint of foreshadowing of the wild and adventurous life she would have. Phoebe Anne, or "Annie," spent the bulk of her childhood in Drake County, Ohio. In 1866 her father died from pneumonia after getting caught in a snow storm, which thrust the remaining family into poverty. Due to the family's financial circumstances, Annie and her sister Elizabeth were sent to live in a poor house and later to work for a local family she would refer to as "The Wolves" because of their physically and emotionally abusive ways of treating her. Eventually Annie ran away to her mother, who had remarried in her absence. The new marriage didn't especially improve the family finances and in an effort to help, Annie took to trapping small animals for food and shooting them with her dad's old gun. She was able to sell the meat to restaurants and shops in town, which enabled her to eventually pay off the mortgage on her mother's home.
Annie's penchant for hunting became local legend and she started to garner fame and respect in her region for her excellent shot. On Thanksgiving Day in 1875, traveling performer and marksman Frank E. Bulter set up a competition at a downtown hotel, saying that he could out-shoot any local. Much to Francis' surprise, 15-year old Annie beat him in the competition and he promptly fell in love with her. They married the next year and Annie toured the county with her husband and his performance partner. Only when Francis' partner fell ill on May 1st, 1882, did Annie first step into the role of performer, much to the delight of her audience. Recognizing her instant appeal, Francis took a managerial role and left the performing to Annie from there on out. Around this time Annie adopted the stage name "Oakley," a moniker for which she's still widely recognized. Annie's awe-inspiring skill and conservative performance outfits differentiated her from other performers on the vaudeville circuit and she toured with Francis for many years, growing more and more famous as she went.
During one of her many stops along the circuit in St. Paul, Minnesota, Annie's popularity attracted the renowned Native American warrior Sitting Bull, who liked Annie so much that he made her his honorary daughter and gave her the nickname "Watanya Cicilla" or "Little Sure Shot." Annie was bequeathed her nickname in 1884 and used it for the rest of her career. Starting the next year, Annie joined Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West traveling show and toured with it for most of the next 17 years, impressing those along the way with her abilities to shoot a cork off a bottle, split cards down their sides and snuff candle flames with bullets. Her connection with Buffalo Bill Cody's show took her all over the world on various tours, including one where she met and impressed Queen Victoria, and another in which the French president offered her a position in the French Army and she allegedly shot the ashes off of the German Prince (and future Kaiser) Friedrich Wilhelm's cigarette while he held it in his hand, at his request.
Following her return from Europe, Annie was in a particularly traumatizing train accident, and she opted for a quiet life out of the limelight, despite being a world-wide superstar. Sadly, William Randolph Hearst published a false story (about Oakley entering a life a crime to support a cocaine habit) that so infuriated Annie that she filed 55 lawsuits against the publisher, 54 of which she won in what was a long, time-consuming litigious process to regain her good reputation. Finally life settled down enough for she and Frank to enjoy their retirement, during which Annie would give performances for charities and shooting lessons to other women. At the dawn of World War I, Annie offered to gather a group of female crack shooters to assist the effort, but the Government ignored her—she continued raising money for the Red Cross through additional performances instead.
In 1926, Annie Oakley died at the age of 66 (18 days later her husband of 50 years died also). Annie's life was full of adventure, excitement and serendipity but it was her innate talent that led her to become the first female sharp-shooting superstar in the US. Annie's skillful marksmanship was highlighted by her modest, confident demeanor. Her insistence that she could use her passion and talents to both make her living and entertain those around her without bowing to the pressure to be sexualized or pander to a society that saw her as a novelty makes Annie Oakley a fascinating historical figure.
Previously: Juliette Gordon Low, Assia Djebar
Adventures in Feministory: Annie Oakley
Tracy Kendall replied on Mon, 02/06/2012 - 12:30pm
Great article! Concise & informational while being totally interesting. Would love to read more from Rachel Toback.
What an excellent lady. My
Tahnee Elliott replied on Mon, 02/06/2012 - 9:23pm
What an excellent lady. My sister and I wore Annie Oakley costumes when we were kids that were passed down from our mum and aunty.
thirdWorld Fem replied on Tue, 02/07/2012 - 9:20am
I didn't grow up in the U.S. so this is an intriguing piece of history for me. I'm particularly curious about the role that her husband played in her life and their relationship with each other. Any reading recommendations?
Relevant: WOMANPRODUCER Project Celebrates the Women Behind the Music
Khaela Maricich and Melissa Dyne of The Blow have founded a new multimedia art project and organization, WOMANPRODUCER, to connect and celebrate women who make their own music.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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La Casa Museo de Arturo Umberto Illia situada en calle Avellaneda 181 en el barrio centro de la ciudad de Cruz del Eje, en la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina, fue declarada Monumento Histórico Nacional, el 27 de noviembre de 2001 por Ley 25.533.

La misma fue la casa en la cual vivió el Dr. Arturo Umberto Illia hasta el año 1963 cuando se hizo cargo de la Presidencia de la Argentina y por dicha razón dejó de vivir en Cruz del Eje.

La Casa-Museo es un patrimonio cultural no solo perteneciente a los cruzdelejeños, sino a toda la nación. Esta afirmación responde a que la casa no solo perteneció a un expresidente más, sino porque el mismo fue ejemplo de comportamiento en su cargo, sinónimo de honestidad, lealtad, civismo y humildad.

Historia

La Casa-Museo constituye un patrimonio único y relevante, que se constituyó en el centro de la localidad de Cruz del Eje y es el fiel reflejo de su dueño, Arturo Illia. La casa en si es típica de clase media, de construcción y estilo Art déco, con el balcón encima del garaje, de tres habitaciones, comedor, baño, cocina y sala de estar.

Pero no se tiene solamente en cuenta lo tangible, la casa y los objetos, sino lo intangible, lo que representa, la unión de los vecinos para adquirir esa vivienda y regalársela a "su médico" para que él pueda instalarse en la ciudad y atender a todos los vecinos, como lo hizo desde el primer momento, sin distinción de clases sociales, y sin cobrar un solo peso (los vecinos le realizaban regalos en agradecimiento, como panes caseros, huevos, verduras y lo que cada uno tuviese). Adquirida al Sr. José Debard, quien fuera encargado de construirla cuatro años antes, con una superficie cubierta de 210 m², en un terreno de 9 m de frente por 27,70 de fondo. Finalmente le fue donada a Illia en 1944.

El 12 de octubre de 1963, cuando asumió la primera magistratura de la República ya poseía la propiedad, obsequiada con el aporte de 4000 vecinos que habían contribuido individualmente con un peso moneda nacional, sus útiles de escritorio y un automóvil, mientras que a la fecha de su destitución, en 1966, seguía teniendo la casa, pero había tenido que vender su automóvil.

La casa estuvo mucho tiempo deshabitada y abandonada. Tras la muerte del Dr. Illia, sus hijos la mantuvieron cerrada y no la habitaron. Fueron las reiteradas gestiones del municipio de Cruz del Eje las que posibilitaron la apertura de la casa como Museo, en noviembre de 2003. En la actualidad se encuentra en calidad de préstamo, por 50 años, al municipio, quien se encarga de su mantenimiento. Los años en que estuvo cerrada deterioraron notablemente la vivienda, la cual data de mediados del S.XX. Hubo que realizar arduos trabajos de restauración y arreglos generales, antes de la apertura de la misma, debido a problemas de humedad y de hormigueros.

Exposición

La Casa-Museo se encuentra amoblada con vitrinas que muestran diversos objetos:

 De la vida privada del Dr. Illia: como fotografías familiares, ropa, calzado, relojes, libros, etc.

 De su vida profesional:
 Como médico: maletín, guardapolvo, recetario, libros, instrumental médico, etc.
 Como político: libros, medallas, fotografías, cuadros, etc.

 Su consultorio médico: Ubicado en una de las salas de la casa, donde están la camilla, los frascos de medicina, escritorio personal, anotaciones médicas, y todo el instrumental de trabajo de la medicina utilizado en la década de 1960.

 Muebles y adornos de la época: donde pueden observarse mesas, sillas, aparador, teléfono, cocina, heladera, radio, sillones, camas, cuadros, fotografías, elementos de la cocina, cortinas, etc., características de una época y de una clase social( a la clase media ,a la que pertenecía el Dr. Illia).

 La casa en si: con sus características edilicias, los colores característicos, estilo arquitectónico, disposición de las habitaciones, patio de luz, etc.

Visitas

La Casa del expresidente convoca a más de 2000 visitantes cada año, provenientes de todo el país, además de numerosos contingentes extranjeros. Todos los visitantes son acompañados por guías que explican cada detalle de la casa y de la vida de Don Arturo, no solo como político, sino también como ciudadano y como médico.

El museo posee una entrada de valor simbólico de $ 1 (básica) y de $ 0,50 (grupos escolares y jubilados).

Galería de imágenes

Véase también
 Cruz del Eje
 Arturo Umberto Illia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de Facebook

Cruz del Eje
Arturo Illia
Museos biográficos y casas museo de Argentina
Museos inaugurados en 2003
Art déco en Argentina
Epónimos de Arturo Umberto Illia
Arturo Umberto Illia
Museos de Argentina del siglo XXI
Casas de Argentina del siglo XX

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In 1958, Chairman Mao Zedong started the Four Pests Campaign, otherwise known as the Great Sparrow Campaign, as part of the Great Leap Forward.
Mao ordered the eradication of rats, flies, mosquitoes and, notably, sparrows.
But this ecological imbalance caused insect populations to boom, with locusts in particular wreaking havoc, eating crops intended as food.
This horrific error on the part of the Chinese government is widely considered to have worsened the Great Chinese Famine, which caused between 20 to 45 million deaths. Just because sparrows were being exterminated from the ecological system. Seemingly irrelevant animals are often anything but.
Cross-pollination facilitated by bees has a role in the growth of around one-third of the world's crops. We need to look after the bees.


In the fall of 1956..the heads of WABC TV Ch.7 in NYC created and produced a saturday morning children's variety tv series..that featured the talents of a sad face tramp clown character known as"Popo".Who hosted "Popcorn Theater!".
Set against the backdrop of a traveling circus…"Popcorn Theater"had "Popo The Clown"performing comedy skits..inbetween the reruns of old movie cartoons,comedies,westerns,serials and circus films.
The program had a moderate ammount of success and a series of comic books were merchandized and published by a local comic book company.
The series did well..but..it didn't become a big hit and the station execs at Ch.7 closed down "Popcorn Theater"following the saturday December 1,1956 broadcast.
This entry was posted in Saturday and tagged 1950 by Skooldays. Bookmark the permalink.
Poppo the clown is not the same person as PoPo the clown. PoPo's show name was Count PoPo and he worked in Oakland, Ca after retiring from working in circuses. He was resident clown at Fairyland in Oakland, Ca and was on Romper Room there. He was also a UNICEF Ambassador and traveled all over the Pacinas their representative. Count PoPo's real name was Charles deBathe. He successfully sued the Actor Danny Kaye for using his name.


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Chronic Pain Injuries
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Police Misconduct and Civil Rights Violations
Home » Practice Areas » Common Accident Types » Police Misconduct and Civil Rights Violations
We live in a world full of injustice, and the abuse of power is becoming more and more frequent. In most cases, this overreach results in a violation of rights. Police misconduct causes plenty of headlines, although misconduct is not always linked to police. This inappropriate police behavior often results in a breach of civil rights.
Those who have unfortunately had to live through situations involving police abuse, mistreatment, or brutality can attest: victims find their civil rights violated. Although one might be pessimistic when it comes to suing negligent police acts, the reality is that more and more complaints are being successfully settled.
Have you ever been in a situation where your civil rights were violated, whether by law enforcement officers, state institutions, or individuals? Have you experienced a case of police misconduct that resulted in personal injury? We can help. At Adamson Ahdoot, we know all the legal channels to get your claim compensated as you deserve.
Police misconduct results in a civil rights violation.
What Are Civil Rights and Police Misconduct?
When we speak of civil rights, we are referring to constitutional protection that guarantees the right to equal treatment. In the United States, the Constitution looks out for the civil interests of all its citizens. Its purpose is to defend and protect freedom from any kind of violation against an individual.
These civil rights are fundamental to society. With this equal protection, people must be treated fairly, receive proper care, and be free from any action taken by governmental entities.
Such rights are intended to prevent any type of discrimination that may arise as a result of different factors that define us as a person:
Race or skin color;
National origin;
Age;
Sexuality;
Or gender, among many others.
As we mentioned above, the objectives of these constitutional laws are to protect U.S. citizens from abuses of power by individuals or government entities. Specifically, from police misconduct. This includes everything from unconscionable oppression, exceeding the limits of authority, unlawful detention, false arrest, physical brutality, and racial discrimination, to excessive use of force, among many others.
Thanks to these constitutional principles, society has the right to denounce discriminatory injustices. A successful resolution in a case of police misconduct can include punitive sanctions against the offender. But, above all, adequate financial compensation for the damages caused to the victim.
Civil Rights Laws: Section 1983
The U.S. Civil Rights Act is a federal statute enacted in 1871. It was created for the purpose of eradicating oppressive conduct by the government. One of the sections is Section 42 U.S.C. § 1983 – also known as the civil action for deprivation of rights statute. This rule made public officials, including police officers, liable for financial compensation for damage or personal injury caused by violating a person's constitutional rights.
You can apply this legal avenue for holding government workers liable for unconstitutional actions in many scenarios. And the claims do not always have to involve violence. However, most complaints involve victims who have suffered inappropriate conduct by law enforcement officers. In addition to cops, misconduct can also come from prison employees, correctional guards, electoral officials, social services, or leaders of a school district.
The Constitution supports this law. When a figure employed by a state or federal institution violates civil rights, he or she usually also violates two amendments:
The Fourth Amendment: It protects people from arbitrary apprehension. In other words, it prevents unreasonable seizures and searches.
The Fourteenth Amendment: It prohibits the states from depriving "any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law."
The term "under color of" is used under the law to refer to individuals who, on behalf of the state for which they work, abuse their authority or power.
Principle of Qualified Police Immunity
Following the 1871 Act, where Congress adopted 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a principle of police immunity was also established. The doctrine of qualified immunity protects "state and local officials, including law enforcement officers, from individual liability unless the official violated a clearly established constitutional right."
In other words, police-qualified immunity renders police officers unfit to be sued for doing their jobs. This means that if a police officer is interacting with or interrogating a suspect, he or she will not be able to sue the agent.
California passed the proposed BS2 Act in 2021, punishing police misconduct.
As long as the officers are doing their job properly, it will not amount to a violation of any individual's rights. Police are authorized to justifiably use force if the situation requires it.
Although many voices today have proposed a modification or elimination of qualified immunity, no change has yet been made to federal law. The most recent proposal that wanted to address such legal liability for law enforcement officers was in 2020. When it failed to come to fruition, states began making modifications to their state laws. Colorado was the first to limit the use of qualified immunity as a defense in cases where state law applies. In 2021, California also incorporated the proposed BS2 Act into its law.
What Is a Bivens Lawsuit?
This is a civil rights lawsuit against a government official seeking monetary damages. Although quite similar to Section 1983, this law focuses on actors working for the government as well as federal entities:
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) or Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents.
Agencies such as the Department of Justice (DOJ), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), or Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
U.S. Government Has Domestic Agencies Against Illegal Law Enforcement Behavior
The U.S. government itself also has an agency that focuses on ensuring protection against unlawful discrimination. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR), as part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), was created in order to "improve the health and welfare of all Americans."
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) also has a section that addresses police misconduct laws. DOJ officials may conduct an investigation and share the results with the victim. However, they do not act to provide any legal advice as a private attorney would.
Is Police Misconduct Considered a Civil Right Violation?
Yes. While police brutality is the first thing that comes to mind, there are many other ways in which police can engage in unlawful conduct. Any action by an officer that results in a violation of rights, whether it is an abuse of force or discrimination, is categorized as police misconduct.
How Do Civil Rights and Police Misconduct Infractions Interact With Personal Injury?
Establishing a civil rights law is essential to society. Because of this, we can receive fair and indiscriminate treatment, proper care, and be free from forceful actions by the government. But, what happens if civil rights are violated and, as a result, there are personal injuries?
The experience of a rights violation case involving physical injury can be very intense. Not only do you see your principles inflicted, but you also sustain injuries that can mark you for life. Police misconduct, unfortunately, is closely related to personal injury. In fact, the most well-known and common cases often involve physical violence at the hands of a law enforcement officer. The most frequent cases of police misconduct involving personal injury are:
Excessive and unreasonable use of force;
Negligence involving shootings;
Police dog attacks;
Exploitation, harassment, and being forced to live in inhumane conditions;
Denial of medical care;
Or, physical abuse.
Any action by an officer that results in a violation of rights, whether it is an abuse of force or discrimination, is categorized as police misconduct.
Police Misconduct Civil Rights Violation Statistics
Many police officers risk their lives to protect the country. The legal power they have over the public makes them a key tool in maintaining proper social control. Similarly, they can denounce injustices where civil rights have been violated.
Despite the general good police work, the numbers do not lie. Although the absence of official data is evident, different agencies and private investigations have compiled information about police misconduct. And the conclusion is clear: police abuses are rampant, complaints are not made public until very late, and a lot of public money is spent.
Thousands of complaints are processed each year involving police officers who use their authority to violate the constitutional principles of others. These complaints involve officers violating civil rights: from racial discrimination, illegal detention, excessive use of weapons and riot control strategies, as well as torture or sexual abuse, among many cases.
Police killings are proceeding at almost exactly the same pace as previous years. No progress has been made in reducing deadly police violence nationwide. Another ~870 people will be killed by police by year's end unless there are massive systemic changes. https://t.co/G3YiCYZoEi pic.twitter.com/bvhQvZJKWV
— Samuel Sinyangwe (@samswey) March 26, 2022
Concrete Data on Race and Gender
Thanks to research conducted by PNAS, using data from 2013 to 2018, we were able to deduce estimates of deadly police accidents by age, race, and gender. The analysis clearly shows an inequality towards people of color: they have nearly twice the odds as white males of being killed at the hands of the police.
Young adulthood is the most common age for these incidents. The report indicates that out of every 100,000 African-American citizens, 96 are killed by police misconduct. In contrast, white people see their average almost halved: only 39 deaths out of every 100,000.
In 2019, Rutgers University published a study showing that police violence was the leading cause of death for young men in the country.
However, this number has risen again in the last two years. As evidenced by Mapping Police Violence, today African-American citizens are 2.9 more likely to die in a police malpractice crash than white people.
According to data obtained in the first five months of 2022, police had taken the lives of a total of 491 people. During that period, there were only 8 days with no recorded fatalities. Compared to 2021, which had a total of 1,157 deaths, this year already has 18 more fatalities.
Source: Mapping Police Violence (2019).
Overview of Police Violence in Recent Years: Shocking Facts and Figures
The average rate of police violence toward African-American citizens is one every 40 hours.
Police departments typically handle any cases or evidence of police brutality and abuse internally.
Mapping Police Violence data shows that only 1% of negligent officers who used misconduct were charged in 2020.
The same research group indicates that 2021 was one of the deadliest years.
Out of 1,127 people killed by police in 2020, 80 were unarmed.
According to data provided by the National Vital Statistics System, a high number of police officers involved in fatal shootings had been engaged in a shooting previously. Specifically, at least 14 officers were part of 440 cases. Five of them had already been part of multiple shootings.
A large portion of police-initiated shootings stems from non-violent crime.
Many shooting deaths arise from traffic infractions. As The Guardian reports, police have killed nearly 600 people over routine traffic stops since 2013. 10% of annual fatalities.
In 2020 and 2021, police misconduct took 97 and 104 lives of victims who were in the midst of a mental crisis.
A 2018 Journal of Urban Health study showed that there is a 40% greater likelihood of a shooting occurring in states with higher gun ownership.
The Washington Post revealed that, since 2015, African Americans account for nearly 24% of the 6,000 fatal shootings by police. The national population of African-American citizens is 14%.
Statistics of Police Misconduct in California
Illegal police behavior also has a strong presence in California. According to several studies, there has been a high increase in wrongful deaths by law enforcement officers over the past decade. While not all of them are civil rights violations, the reality is that there are a large number of citizens who have died due to police misconduct. In 2021, police used force in 628 incidents, resulting in 233 shootings and causing 149 deaths.
The data, as is the case with the national figures, is devastating. According to PPIC reports, there are an average of 195 law enforcement deaths in California each year. The statistics for the last six years in the state reflect the increase in police violence. As shared by the California Department of Justice, the total number of fatalities since 2016 is 1,000 fatalities.
Without going any further, as Mapping Police Violence tracking shows, police killed 51 civilians in the first five months of 2022. However, in contrast to the national average, this period records 17 fewer deaths than in 2021.
In California, black people are more likely to be killed than white people, exceeding the national average of 3.6 times. Similarly, they are also three times more likely to be seriously injured or shot.
Among the most shocking data is the high number of victims from police traffic stops. Up to 15% of those injured or killed as a result of inappropriate behavior by officers arise after routine stops of vehicles or pedestrians.
Shooting, the Most Common Cause of Police Negligence in California
Of all police-induced wrongful deaths, shootings are the most common cause. In particular, there are about 250 shootings against citizens per year.
Shootings are the most controversial cases of unlawful police behavior. As was the case with the murder of David Ordaz Jr., many officer-involved gunshot wounds are perpetrated against people with mental problems or disorders. Exactly four out of every ten gunshot victims had a diagnosis related to psychological illness.
The PPIC study also points out that not in all shooting cases the civilians involved in the incident were armed. While 80% did carry a weapon, the remaining 20% were unarmed. In the cases of victims with serious non-weapon injuries, the figure is striking: about 56% were unarmed.
The question for many residents is the same, do officers implicated in negligent cases tend to be charged with misconduct and civil rights violations? Yes, although most lawsuits do not materialize. Currently, the Golden State has over 78,000 law enforcement officers. Out of this number, approximately 80 were arrested for police misconduct.
Types of Civil Rights Violations and Unlawful Police Conduct
Not all civil rights violations come from law enforcement. However, most of the complaints filed involve police misconduct.
The Most Common Cases of Civil Rights Violations:
Excessive or Unreasonable Force/Police Brutality: This usually arises during an arrest. It results in serious physical injury or death.
Abuse of Power/Authority: A police officer takes advantage of his or her position for a particular benefit.
False Arrest: If a police officer does not have prior authorization from a judge or sufficient and logical evidence, any arrest will be illegal.
Unlawful Detention: Focuses on victims who have felt their constitutional rights violated while in police facilities or in police custody.
Discrimination: Detaining or targeting someone under the pretext of discrimination; violates a citizen's civil rights.
Malicious Prosecution: Police charges made without foundation, with the intent to harm and ruin an individual's reputation.
Sexual Assault: Occurs when there has been sexual harassment or abuse, both physical and verbal, as well as any non-consensual sexual act, such as rape.
Negligent Shooting: Groups together any shooting or gunfire that causes a fatality or serious injury when the situation did not require it.
Prison Abuse: Sexual abuse or harassment, coercion to perform tasks for the benefit of officers, abuse of authority, police brutality, excessive use of force, as well as discrimination based on their status as prisoners.
Witness Tampering or Manipulation of Evidence: These situations often arise as a result of improper police behavior. This may occur when members of the state forces try to cover up their own mistakes, by coercing witnesses or tampering with evidence.
Police Dog Attacks: The officer responsible for the police dog causes serious personal injury to the victim.
Failure to Intervene: When a police officer witnesses a crime and does not intervene.
Types of Police Misconduct Cases.
Major Incidents of Civil Rights Violations and Illegal Law Enforcement Conduct
In 2021, California was one of only four states that did not have statewide power to de-license police officers. However, that same year, Governor Newson pushed through the proposed BS2 Act. This one made law enforcement punishable for misconduct and negligence.
At that time, personal injury and wrongful death claims for police misconduct began to take center stage on the national scene. California, unfortunately, ranks as one of the states with the most high-profile police negligence cases.
Society takes into account that, at times, the police may make a negligent mistake. The problem comes when there are numerous mishaps, both national and statewide, where the same officers are involved in different conflicting cases. Consequently, the state's budget is used to pay claims for damages to victims.
The cost of repeated police misconduct in the US. Source: The Washington Post.
A report by The Washington Post has uncovered dirt on many of the nation's police departments. According to the investigation based on data collected over the past decade from the nation's top 25 police agencies, there were more than 40,000 payouts for police malpractice cases. These payments totaled $3.2 billion to settle.
But, how many of those payouts were for cases involving police officers who already had cases of misconduct under their belts? Repeat police misconduct by officers cost nearly half of the total claims, $1.5 billion.
Impactful Misconduct Cases and Settlements in California
2005 to 2018. $190 million. As The Wall Street Journal reported in its analysis, Los Angeles paid nearly $200 million in settling cases of illegal police behavior.
2010 to 2020. $77 million. Riverside County paid nearly $80 million in police misconduct cases. As The Washington Post investigation explains, $63 million was for excessive force cases and $12 million for false arrests.
2015 to 2021. $245 million. According to a Los Angeles Times analysis, between 2015 and 2021, Los Angeles County allocated more than $245 million to pay for Police Department negligence cases.
October 2022. $47 million for five California misconduct lawsuits. The Los Angeles Board of Supervisors approved nearly $50 million for five families.
Timothy Neal ($16M) was shot in the back while suffering from a bout of schizophrenia.
Eric Briceño ($16.25M) was suffering a mental breakdown when he was beaten and shot with a Taser by a group of police officers.
Andres Guardado ($8M) was on his knees with his hands on the ground when a sheriff's deputy shot him in the back.
Pedro Lopez ($5M) was accidentally shot while in the backyard of his home when several police officers were chasing a suspect.
Rufino Paredes ($1.9M) committed suicide while in judicial custody. The victim was suffering from mental problems.
November 2022. $3M. Vallejo police fatally shot angel Ramos. Agents falsified the official report to cover up their negligence.
David Ordaz Jr.: Adamson Ahdoot Leads Next Big Misconduct Case in California
In March 2021, another injustice filled the front pages of the media. Los Angeles law enforcement officers shot and killed David Ordaz Jr. in gross police negligence. The victim was in a mental breakdown when one of the Sheriff's deputies, Remin Pineda, fired up to 12 shots when Ordaz Jr. was already on the ground. As can be seen in the visual evidence obtained by witnesses and police, the victim was defenseless when he died. The worst part of the case is that the officers were aware of Ordaz Jr.'s psychological problem when they arrived.
Adamson Ahdoot was the law firm chosen to represent the case. While the legal process is still ongoing, there were developments in November 2022. Los Angeles County District Attorney, George Gascón indicted Officer Pineda on charges of assault by a semi-automatic firearm and assault.
We will keep you updated on developments in the case.
Una publicación compartida de Adamson Ahdoot LLP (@adamsonahdoot)
George Floyd, the Case that Shocked the Nation
The incident that awakened society to the seriousness of police malpractice was the George Floyd case. It occurred on May 25, 2020, when a food store clerk reported to police that Floyd had purchased a pack of cigarettes with a fake $20 bill. Cops arrived on the scene, where they found Floyd, who resisted arrest. The officer responsible for his death, Derek Chauvin, placed his knee on Floyd's neck for 9 minutes, while Floyd gasped and claimed he couldn't breathe. The rest is history: police brutality recorded by dozens of people and witnessed by millions. Chauvin was sentenced to 22 years in prison in 2022. The victim's family received a $27 million settlement.
How Can Victims of Police Misconduct Defend Themselves? Know Your Rights
Currently, federal and state laws are on the side of the citizen. Although it has taken a while to implement them, victims of police brutality, abuse or discrimination can get the justice they deserve. Choosing a law firm that specializes in misconduct cases and collecting all the evidence will help you win your claim.
Also, it is important to know your civil rights before you begin your complaint. As we have noted, as of 2021 California state law has reduced qualified immunity for police officers. This will make it easier to file a complaint against a state or federal employee.
How to Sue a Civil Rights Violation or Police Negligence
Reporting any instance of unlawful police behavior is the key to upholding citizens' civil rights. Although it may seem like a difficult process, you just need to find the right help.
While it is positive to pursue an internal complaint against the agency, it is also vital to file a civil rights complaint for police misconduct. This lawsuit will be vital in obtaining financial compensation for the personal injuries sustained. It will also impose heavy penalties and punitive damages on the law enforcement officer involved in the police negligence. This can range from disbarment to years of imprisonment.
What are the Procedures to Follow in Filing a Police Misconduct Claim?
At Adamson Ahdoot, we recommend building a strong case through these steps:
The first thing you should do is go to the doctor. Even if the harassment or abuse has been verbal. Getting an injury report strengthens the case.
Hire an attorney with experience in police misconduct cases. This will allow you to put the stress of the legal process aside, so you can recover from your injuries. The lawyer will be sure to review a legal analysis and plan a future strategy for the case.
Gather as much evidence as possible. This can range from documents to medical reports, audio, videos, testimonials, or photographs.
File an internal complaint with the police department. Some consider it imprudent to do so, as there may be a risk of the accused tampering or destroying evidence.
Submit a claim within the statutory period. This procedure may involve the defense trying to use its position as an agent of the law to get even for its responsibilities.
If the judge has made a favorable decision for the victim, they will award compensatory damages. These will vary according to the severity of the case and may also include punitive damages.
How Can Adamson Ahdoot Help You with Your Case?
If you or someone in your family has experienced police misconduct, we can help. Our firm, with over 100 years of combined legal experience, knows how to handle these accidents. Our bilingual police misconduct experts will make sure you get maximum compensation for your damages.
We have attorneys who have handled a large number of law enforcement misconduct cases and are ready to guide you through this process. From the first day to the last, we will put all of our resources into getting you the compensation you deserve.
This is who we are! #wecanhelp #podemosayudarle #LosAngelesCA pic.twitter.com/oegp3r7k1o
— Adamson Ahdoot LLP (@AdamsonAhdoot) November 1, 2022
Injured by Police Brutality? Did you Suffer a Violation of Your Rights? We Can Help You
While there are many respectful, ethical, and dedicated law enforcement officers in the Golden State, there are others who do not adequately perform their duties. Although the role of a police officer is to enforce the law, in recent years a civil rights violation problem has grown: police misconduct.
Experiencing a case of police misconduct can be stressful. The experience of police brutality, discrimination, or excessive use of force by an officer can leave lifelong scars. Especially if the victim sustains serious personal injuries or even dies as a result of police negligence.
Don't let a police officer's abuse of authority go unpunished. File your lawsuit against the negligent cop today. Call us today at (800) 310-1606 if you would like to learn more about how to file a personal injury claim. We assure you that our team will assist you with the sensitivity and empathy you deserve.
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text:
import msgpack
import os
from os import path

from .common import RaftBaseTestCase
from .common import fake_populate_members
from .common import FAKE_NODE_IP_PREFIX, FAKE_NODE_PORT
from ..log import DiskJournal
from ..log import RaftLog
from ..stm.state_machine import DictStateMachine
from .. import cmds
from .. import settings

TEST_LOG_INDEX = 100
TEST_LOG_TERM = 1

class DiskJournalTest(RaftBaseTestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.journal_prefix = '~test_file_event_raft_journal'

    def test_journal_create(self):
        journal = DiskJournal(self.journal_prefix)
        self.assertTrue(path.exists(journal.journal_path))

    def test_journal_append_and_browse(self):
        journal = DiskJournal(self.journal_prefix)
        write_entries = _build_append_entries(list(range(10)))
        for entry in write_entries:
            journal.append(entry)
        journal.close()

        read_entries = [entry for entry in journal.browse_journal()]
        self.assertEquals(write_entries, read_entries)

    def test_journal_cut(self):
        journal = DiskJournal(self.journal_prefix, cut_limit=256)
        write_entries = _build_append_entries(list(range(20)))
        for idx, entry in enumerate(write_entries):
            journal.append(entry)
            if idx > 0 and idx % 10 == 0:
                journal.flush()
        journal.close()

        destaged_journal_path = "{0}.{1}".format(self.journal_prefix, '0.10')
        self.assertTrue(path.exists(destaged_journal_path))
        file_info = os.stat(destaged_journal_path)
        self.assertTrue(file_info.st_size > 256)

        current_journal_path = "{0}.{1}".format(self.journal_prefix, '11.19')
        self.assertTrue(path.exists(current_journal_path))
        file_info = os.stat(current_journal_path)
        self.assertTrue(file_info.st_size > 0)

def _fake_client_reg_log_entry(raft_log, term):
    log_entry = raft_log.build_log_entry(
        term,
        settings.LOG_TYPE_CLIENT_REG,
        cmds.get_client_register_cmd(),
    )
    log_entry['client_id'] = log_entry['log_index']
    return log_entry

def _get_log_index_array(log_entry_list):
    return [entry['log_index'] for entry in log_entry_list]

def _fake_server_commit_log_entry(raft_log,
                                  node_id,
                                  term,
                                  ):
    return raft_log.build_log_entry(
        term,
        settings.LOG_TYPE_SERVER_CMT,
        msgpack.packb(dict(op=settings.STM_OP_INT)),
        client_id=node_id,
    )

def _fake_client_update_log_entry(raft_log,
                                  term,
                                  client_id,
                                  seq,
                                  key,
                                  value
                                  ):
    return raft_log.build_log_entry(
        term,
        settings.LOG_TYPE_CLIENT_REQ,
        cmds.get_client_update_cmd(key, value),
        client_id=client_id,
        seq=seq,
    )

def _build_follower_raft_log(node_id, progress, index_list, disk_journal):
    raft_log = RaftLog(
        node_id=node_id,
        progress=progress,
        disk_journal=disk_journal,
    )
    for index in index_list:
        raft_log.append(_fake_client_update_log_entry(
            raft_log,
            0,
            0,
            index,
            'index',
            index,
        ))
    return raft_log

def _build_append_entries(index_list):
    return [
        dict(
            log_index=x,
            log_term=0,
            log_type=settings.LOG_TYPE_CLIENT_REQ,
            client_id=0,
            seq=x,
            cmd=cmds.get_client_update_cmd('index', x),
        )
        for x in index_list
    ]

class RaftLogTest(RaftBaseTestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.members = fake_populate_members()
        self.current_node_id = (FAKE_NODE_IP_PREFIX + str(0), FAKE_NODE_PORT)
        self.journal_prefix = '~test_file_event_raft_journal'
        self.disk_journal = DiskJournal(self.journal_prefix)

    def test_creation(self):
        raft_log = RaftLog(
            node_id=self.current_node_id,
            progress=self.members,
            disk_journal=self.disk_journal,
        )
        self.assertEquals(len(raft_log.mem_log), 0)

    def test_append_log_entry(self):
        raft_log = RaftLog(
            node_id=self.current_node_id,
            progress=self.members,
            disk_journal=self.disk_journal,
        )
        current_term = 3
        raft_log.append(_fake_client_reg_log_entry(raft_log, current_term))
        self.assertEquals(len(raft_log.mem_log), 1)
        new_term = 4
        raft_log.append(
            _fake_server_commit_log_entry(
                raft_log,
                self.current_node_id,
                new_term,
            )
        )
        self.assertEqual(raft_log.last_log_term, new_term)
        self.assertEqual(raft_log.last_log_index, 2)

    def test_append_entiries_to_follower_case_1(self):
        """
        - prev log entry matched
        - there are conflict entries
        - there are newly appended entries
        """
        follower_log = _build_follower_raft_log(
            self.current_node_id,
            self.members,
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
            self.disk_journal,
        )
        leader_append_entries = _build_append_entries([3, 4, 7, 8, 9])
        success = follower_log.append_entries_to_follower(
            2, 0, leader_append_entries,
        )
        self.assertTrue(success)
        self.assertEquals(
            [entry['log_index'] for entry in follower_log.mem_log],
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9],
        )
        self.assertEqual(follower_log.last_log_index, 9)

    def test_append_entiries_to_follower_case_2(self):
        """
        - can not find prev match
        """
        follower_log = _build_follower_raft_log(
            self.current_node_id,
            self.members,
            [1, 2],
            self.disk_journal,
        )
        leader_append_entries = _build_append_entries([4, 7, 8])
        success = follower_log.append_entries_to_follower(
            3, 0, leader_append_entries,
        )
        self.assertTrue(success is False)
        self.assertEqual(follower_log.last_log_index, 2)

    def test_append_entiries_to_follower_case_3(self):
        """
        - prev log entry matched
        - there are no conflict, but have common elements
        - there are new append entries
        """
        follower_log = _build_follower_raft_log(
            self.current_node_id,
            self.members,
            [1, 2, 3],
            self.disk_journal,
        )
        leader_append_entries = _build_append_entries([4, 7, 8])
        success = follower_log.append_entries_to_follower(
            3, 0, leader_append_entries,
        )
        self.assertTrue(success)
        self.assertEquals(
            [entry['log_index'] for entry in follower_log.mem_log],
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8],
        )
        self.assertEqual(follower_log.last_log_index, 8)

    def test_append_entiries_to_follower_case_4(self):
        """
        - prev log entry matched
        - there are no conflict, and have no common element
        - there are new append entries
        """
        follower_log = _build_follower_raft_log(
            self.current_node_id,
            self.members,
            [1, 2, 3],
            self.disk_journal,
        )
        leader_append_entries = _build_append_entries([5])
        success = follower_log.append_entries_to_follower(
            3, 0, leader_append_entries,
        )
        self.assertTrue(success)
        self.assertEquals(
            [entry['log_index'] for entry in follower_log.mem_log],
            [1, 2, 3, 5],
        )
        self.assertEqual(follower_log.last_log_index, 5)

    def test_append_entiries_to_follower_case_5(self):
        """
        - prev log entry matched
        - there are no conflict, just need to trunk
        """
        follower_log = _build_follower_raft_log(
            self.current_node_id,
            self.members,
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
            self.disk_journal,
        )
        leader_append_entries = _build_append_entries([4, 5])
        success = follower_log.append_entries_to_follower(
            3, 0, leader_append_entries,
        )
        self.assertTrue(success)
        self.assertEquals(
            [entry['log_index'] for entry in follower_log.mem_log],
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
        )
        self.assertEqual(follower_log.last_log_index, 5)

    def test_append_entiries_to_follower_case_6(self):
        """
        - prev log entry matched
        - there are no conflict, no need to trunk
        """
        follower_log = _build_follower_raft_log(
            self.current_node_id,
            self.members,
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
            self.disk_journal,
        )
        leader_append_entries = _build_append_entries([4, 5, 6])
        success = follower_log.append_entries_to_follower(
            3, 0, leader_append_entries,
        )
        self.assertTrue(success)
        self.assertEquals(
            [entry['log_index'] for entry in follower_log.mem_log],
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
        )
        self.assertEqual(follower_log.last_log_index, 6)

    def test_recover_or_init(self):
        raft_log = RaftLog(
            node_id=self.current_node_id,
            progress=self.members,
            disk_journal=self.disk_journal,
        )
        stm = DictStateMachine()
        raft_log.recover_or_init(stm)
        self.assertEqual(len(raft_log.mem_log), 1)
        self.assertTrue(path.exists(raft_log.disk_journal.journal_path))
        raft_log.disk_journal.flush()
        self.assertTrue(
            os.stat(raft_log.disk_journal.journal_path).st_size > 0
        )

        raft_log.append(_fake_client_reg_log_entry(raft_log, 1))
        raft_log.append(_fake_client_update_log_entry(
            raft_log,
            1,
            1,
            1,
            'index',
            2,
        ))
        raft_log.append(_fake_client_update_log_entry(
            raft_log,
            1,
            1,
            2,
            'index',
            3,
        ))
        raft_log.append(raft_log._build_cancel_log_entry(3, 1))
        raft_log.write_commit_log(2, 1)
        raft_log.disk_journal.close()

        raft_log = RaftLog(
            node_id=self.current_node_id,
            progress=self.members,
            disk_journal=self.disk_journal,
        )
        stm = DictStateMachine()
        raft_log.recover_or_init(stm)
        self.assertEqual(len(raft_log.mem_log), 3)
        self.assertEqual(raft_log.last_log_index, 2)
        self.assertEqual(raft_log.last_log_term, 1)
        self.assertEqual(stm.get('index'), 2)
        self.assertEqual(stm._client_seq[1], 1)

class LeaderAndFollowerRaftLogTest(RaftBaseTestCase):

    current_term = 3

    def _gen_raft_log(self, ip_sub_no):
        members = fake_populate_members(member_count=5)
        node_id = (FAKE_NODE_IP_PREFIX + str(ip_sub_no), FAKE_NODE_PORT)
        journal_prefix = '~test_file_event_raft_journal_node_{0}'.format(
            ip_sub_no,
        )
        return RaftLog(
            node_id=node_id,
            progress=members,
            disk_journal=DiskJournal(journal_prefix)
        )

    def _prepare_leader_raft_log(self):
        leader_raft_log = self._gen_raft_log(0)
        leader_raft_log.append(
            _fake_server_commit_log_entry(
                leader_raft_log,
                leader_raft_log.node_id,
                self.current_term,
            )
        )
        entry = leader_raft_log.append(
            _fake_client_reg_log_entry(leader_raft_log, self.current_term)
        )
        client_id = entry['log_index']
        for i in range(5):
            leader_raft_log.append(
                _fake_client_update_log_entry(
                    leader_raft_log,
                    self.current_term,
                    client_id,
                    i,
                    'counter',
                    i
                )
            )
        return leader_raft_log

    def test_replicate_log_to_follower(self):
        leader_raft_log = self._prepare_leader_raft_log()
        follower_raft_log = self._gen_raft_log(1)

        peer = leader_raft_log.progress[follower_raft_log.node_id]
        peer.next_idx = leader_raft_log.last_log_index - 4

        entries_for_replication, prev_index, prev_term = \
            leader_raft_log.get_entries_for_replication(peer)
        self.assertEquals(
            _get_log_index_array(entries_for_replication),
            [3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
        )
        self.assertEqual(prev_index, 2)
        self.assertEqual(prev_term, 3)

        follower_raft_log.mem_log.extend(
            [x for x in leader_raft_log.mem_log][:2]
        )
        follower_raft_log.last_log_index = \
            follower_raft_log.mem_log[-1]['log_index']
        follower_raft_log.last_log_term = \
            follower_raft_log.mem_log[-1]['log_term']
        success = follower_raft_log.append_entries_to_follower(
            prev_index,
            prev_term,
            entries_for_replication,
        )
        self.assertTrue(success)
        self.assertEquals(
            follower_raft_log.mem_log,
            leader_raft_log.mem_log,
        )

    def test_check_and_update_commit_then_get_entries_for_apply(self):
        leader_raft_log = self._prepare_leader_raft_log()
        follower_1_raft_log = self._gen_raft_log(1)
        follower_2_raft_log = self._gen_raft_log(2)
        self.assertEqual(leader_raft_log.commited, 0)
        follower_1_peer = leader_raft_log.progress[follower_1_raft_log.node_id]
        follower_2_peer = leader_raft_log.progress[follower_2_raft_log.node_id]
        follower_1_peer.match_idx = 3
        follower_2_peer.match_idx = 4
        majority = len(leader_raft_log.progress) / 2 + 1
        leader_raft_log.check_and_update_commits(3, majority)
        self.assertEqual(leader_raft_log.commited, 3)

        leader_raft_log.last_applied = 2
        entries_for_apply = leader_raft_log.get_commited_entries_for_apply()
        self.assertEquals(
            _get_log_index_array(entries_for_apply),
            [3, ],
        )

    def test_destage_fully_replicated_log(self):
        leader_raft_log = self._prepare_leader_raft_log()
        follower_peers = [leader_raft_log.progress[x]
                          for x in sorted(leader_raft_log.progress.keys())]
        for peer in follower_peers:
            peer.match_idx = 4

        follower_peers[-1].match_idx = 2

        majority = len(leader_raft_log.progress) / 2 + 1
        leader_raft_log.check_and_update_commits(3, majority)
        leader_raft_log.last_applied = 3

        leader_raft_log.destage_fully_replicated_log()
        self.assertEquals(
            _get_log_index_array(leader_raft_log.mem_log),
            [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
        )
        leader_raft_log.destage_fully_replicated_log()
        self.assertEquals(
            _get_log_index_array(leader_raft_log.mem_log),
            [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
        )
        follower_peers[-1].match_idx = 4
        leader_raft_log.last_applied = 4
        leader_raft_log.destage_fully_replicated_log()
        self.assertEquals(
            _get_log_index_array(leader_raft_log.mem_log),
            [4, 5, 6, 7],
        )

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Tempo Wizard is a funny four beats plan battle game.
Control a wizard and tries to kill each other. Use your wits to outfox your opponent.
2 Game Modes: Single player and Two players.


Following some feedback that the speed of the earth spinning was causing some unwanted motion sickness, the speed of the Earth has now been slowed down. It will now take 90 minutes to do a complete orbit of the Earth, which is exactly how much time it takes for the International Space Station to complete a single orbit of Earth!
Another massive change to gameplay will be the requirement to build storage modules to store things like food, water and oxygen. The first two of these will still be delivered via shuttles, but Oxygen will now need to be generated with Extractors that you can construct on your station. This all becomes important when it comes to dealing with your crew.
There's some changes to the crew, too. They'll no longer work like machines and will actually require sleep! However, you can now put them into work shifts, so with a team of astronauts, you can have them working around the clock, earning you a constant stream of revenue!
Your crew also have some sense of preservation now. They'll refuse to board, or even leave, your space station if you can't keep your supplies in order! How is this communicated, you ask…?
There has been a complete overhaul of how you get feedback in game. Gone are the pop up messages and in is a brand new messages bar.
When you hover over the new message bar on the right of the screen, it'll pop out with some further information e.g. "Lab 4 is overheating!" or "Martin Ash is leaving the station due to low water supply levels" and so on. This will provide accurate feedback as to where your space station is failing and allow you can take measures to remedy it.
You'll also see new tabs for your crew's shift patterns, status of your supplies and a new version of your game speed controls.
We've also made a few videos about the basics of the game and some of the new features over on YouTube. You can also check out the Vector Update and our upcoming updates.


text:
Home / Business / News
Facebook to Test First Open Compute Racks
By Joab Jackson
PCWorld Jul 27, 2012 12:40 pm PDT
Facebook has taken delivery of the first set of innovative server racks it helped design, technology that the company hopes other organizations with large data centers will adopt.
The prototype racks represent some of the first significant tangible gear from a year-old multicompany effort, called the Open Compute Project, to drive down costs and improve data center hardware, namely by open sourcing the designs.
"I'm embarrassed to say but it was kind of emotional to see the Open Rack" units, said Frank Frankovsky, Facebook director of hardware design and founding board member of the Open Compute Project. "We had been working on Open Rack for a long while."
In April 2011, Facebook launched the Open Compute Project, an initiative to apply the open-source software collaboration model to the world of data center hardware. With this project, buyers of data center equipment could collaborate to design products, or at least the specifications for products, that they would like to see. Vendors can then use these blueprints to build the equipment.
Motherboards, power supplies and electrical subsystems are among the equipment Open Compute is collaboratively designing. A number of manufacturers have signed on and volunteered engineer support, including Asus, Hewlett-Packard, Advanced Micro Devices and Supermicro.
Open Rack can be seen as a test case for this approach. Facebook plans to test the prototypes over the next few months, and, if they work as planned, the company will start using them in its data centers by early next year, Frankovsky said. "From 2013 forward, every rack we deploy in our data centers will be Open Rack," he said. Thanks to how the rack design is freely available under an open-source license, any manufacturer can produce these racks for Facebook or other customers.
At first glance, an Open Rack chassis may appear much like any other rack, though these prototypes carry a lot of thoughtful design.
Today, the most widely used racks in data centers are based on the EIA 310-D specification, which wasn't developed for holding computer equipment at all, Frankovsky pointed out. It actually was created during the 1950s to hold railroad signal relays.
"They were never designed to go into data centers," Frankovsky said. Using EIA 310-D, "You have devices that are poking out the front, or poking out the back. You have cable routes that make IT nonserviceable."
Among other issues, EIA 310-D only specifies the length of the inner rails in a rack. Other dimensions, such as height, depth and mounting points, are left to manufacturers. As a result, each manufacturer creates a slightly different rack, and each vendor's rack is incompatible with those from competing vendors.
Frankovsky called this practice "gratuitous differentiation." If a data center wants to use only one kind of rack — a common practice to help standardize the data center — then it must buy all its racks from one vendor. While good for the vendor, this practice is potentially problematic for the customer, should the vendor wish to take advantage of this reliance by raising prices.
"Can I stick a HP server into a Dell chassis? No. Why not? Does it really have value to me to have different racks?" Frankovsky told an audience at the O'Reilly Open Source Conference (OSCON), held earlier this month in Portland. "Why can't we all get along right there, and work on something more innovative than the underlying physical infrastructure?"
To help design the racks, Facebook collaborated with Asian Internet giants Baidu and Tencent. Baidu and Tencent engineers visited Facebook at the company's Prineville, Oregon, data center to discuss rack technologies. Those companies experienced many of the same frustrations with racks that Facebook did, and even started their own design specification, Project Scorpio. "We converged our voices," Frankovsky said.
"We compete with those guys, but on the infrastructure side, if we can make our infrastructure more efficient, it makes everyone that much better," Frankovsky said. "Where we differentiate our business is in the service we provide to our end users."
The Open Rack specification calls for a slightly taller chassis, one 48 inches (122 centimeters) tall rather than the 44.5 inches (133 centimeters) that is the norm for most racks. The taller rack allows more air to circulate through the equipment and makes it easier for technicians to access the gear, Frankovsky said.
Like the EIA 310-D, Open Rack is 24 inches (61 centimeters) wide, the standard size for a floor tile patch. But the equipment bay itself is 21 inches (53 centimeters) wide — 2 inches wider than EIA 310-D's — allowing for three motherboards or five 3.5-inch disk drives side-by-side in one chassis.
The rack supports an entirely new modular server design Facebook wants to pursue, also under Open Compute development. In this design, all of the major components of a server — such as the CPU, hard drive, network cards and memory — would be easily accessible on the rack tray.
"Servers in the future will look a lot more like sleds," Frankovsky said. "The value of disaggregating servers is that you can [replace] the technology faster," he said. Instead of replacing the entire server when a component fails, or needs to be upgraded, the technician can just replace that particular component.
The racks are also innovative when it comes to supplying power to the individual servers — through a cableless system consisting of distributed bus that server components can hook into. "The rack becomes the power enclosure," Frankovsky said.
At OSCON, Frankovsky reiterated some of the core drivers behind Open Compute. "We will be building larger and larger data centers, and they will have unique challenges associated with them," he said. "If we don't vote with our wallets, and demand something better, we may not ever know how far the cost of equipment would have gone down if we didn't work together on something like Open Compute."
Joab Jackson covers enterprise software and general technology breaking news for The IDG News Service. Follow Joab on Twitter at @Joab_Jackson. Joab's e-mail address is Joab_Jackson@idg.com
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Radio Group Alleges FCC Main Studio Vote Threatens Public Safety
October 23, 2017 Midnightschildren	Leave a comment
Common Frequency, which performs engineering and regulatory assistance for educational radio stations across the Western US, says the pending decision to eliminate the main studio rule is an "egregious" oversight that disregards that only 16% of Puerto Rico's 3.34 million residents have regained electricity, more than three weeks after Hurricane Maria ripped through the island.
Contact: Todd Urick, Common Frequency
Email: todd@commonfrequency.org Phone: (530) 792-0763
Disaster Communications Capacity Dependent On Local Origination
Davis,CA – A CA nonprofit organization has claimed a preliminary ruling up for a vote tomorrow at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) poses a grave threat to U.S. resilience after natural disasters. They ask for the main studio vote to be postponed until residents of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands can give testimony to the Commission.
The nonprofit states: "We are at a point where natural disasters are commonplace with global climate change–flooding, fires, earthquakes, hurricanes and landslides. The Commission has been unequivocally apprised of the situation in Puerto Rico–power, internet, and cellular communications for the most part, are decimated, with at first the only, and now primarily, form of communication being live analog radio broadcast. In emergency situations; broadcast main studios are the only communications infrastructure that stands between life and death".
The letter cites FCC statistics on the impact of Hurricane Maria (one of several major hurricanes this year):
Per FCC's Communications Status Report for Areas Impacted by Hurricane Maria October 15, 2017 (25 days after impact)
Puerto Rico: 74.4% of the cell sites are out of service. 11 out of the 78 counties in Puerto Rico have 100% of their cell sites down.
U.S. Virgin Islands: Overall, 55.4%of cell sites are out of service. 88.9% of cell sites in St. John are out of service.
Per FCC's Communications Status Report for Areas Impacted by Hurricane Maria October 1, 2017 (10 days after impact)
Puerto Rico: Overall, 88.8% of cell sites are out of service
U.S. Virgin Islands: Overall, 68.9% of cell sites are out of service. 100% of cell sites in St. John are still out of service.
The FCC proceeding, Docket # 17-106, proposes to modernize regulations by eliminating the "main studio rule" which mandates broadcasters maintain at least a minimal studio in their community of license which can transmit terrestrial signals without dependence on the electrical grid. Broadcasters who jettisoned a main studio would be unable to transmit to their community of license in the event of severe interruptions to the wireline, cellular or broadband connections, which have reliably experienced service problems during natural disasters including hurricanes, floods, fires and earthquakes.
Common Frequency adds: "Our grievance lies in the Commission's dismissal of this reality. Due to their eagerness to dismantle the nation's decentralized content origination capacity, the Commission is setting up a disaster scenario that could potentially lead to the loss of lives of thousands of U.S. citizens".
The nonprofit goes on to state: "We believe Commission voting on this issue should be tabled until U.S. citizens in Puerto Rico have a chance to comment on their first hand dependence upon the local studio as the sole emergency communications infrastructure".
The full letter and accompanying policy comments can be read in full here.
The planned Commission vote on Tuesday October 24 occurs in the middle of nationwide concern over the insufficient federal response to the Puerto Rican disaster and the Federal Communication Commission's aggressive attempts to undo Obama-era Open Internet regulations preventing blocking, throttling and paid prioritization on the nation's Internet services.
Common Frequency is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit dedicated to innovative new community and college radio. By providing free and low-cost aid to regular people educating themselves to be the media, Common Frequency (CF) has been supporting the launch of grassroots stations since 2006. They believe every town should have a common frequency on which peoples' voices can be broadcast and heard. http://lpfm.commonfrequency.org/common-frequency/
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text:
module Graphics.Core(
    Renderer
  , drawLoop
  ) where

import Core.State
import Core.Input
import Control.Concurrent (yield)
import Control.Concurrent.STM.TVar (TVar)
import Graphics.GPipe
import qualified Graphics.UI.GLFW as GLFW
import Util.Monad

import qualified Data.Text as T
import Data.Text (Text)

type Renderer = Vec2 Int -> IO (FrameBuffer RGBAFormat DepthFormat ())

drawLoop :: Text -> Vec2 Int -> Vec2 Int -> IO Renderer -> TVar (Maybe InputEvent, [InputEvent]) -> IO () -> IO ()
drawLoop windowTitle windowPos windowSize renderer userEventBus terminator = do
  _ <- GLFW.init

  renderFunc <- renderer
  (w, gpipeCallback) <- newWindow (T.unpack windowTitle) windowPos windowSize renderFunc initWindow
  mainLoop w gpipeCallback
  GLFW.terminate
  where
  initWindow :: GLFW.Window -> IO ()
  initWindow win = do
    GLFW.setErrorCallback $ Just $ \err msg ->
      putStrLn $ unwords ["GLFW error:", show err, ", details:", msg]
    GLFW.setWindowCloseCallback win $ Just $ const terminator
    makeUserInputChannel win userEventBus

  mainLoop :: GLFW.Window -> IO () -> IO ()
  mainLoop win gpipeCallback = unlessM (GLFW.windowShouldClose win) $ do
    GLFW.pollEvents
    gpipeCallback
    yield
    mainLoop win gpipeCallback


Seeking the best military schools or boot camps for your troubled boy in Jefferson, Georgia? Here is your best option. – Christian schools for troubled youth and residential schools for girls.
Seeking Military Schools or Boot Camps for Troubled Boys in Jefferson, Georgia?
While you look for military schools or boot camps in Jefferson, Georgia, perhaps you will look at a therapeutic boarding school for boys that offers better results, absent the drill sergeant and trauma of a boot camp or military school. In fact, he will really like it here while he gets back on track in life.
Treasure Coast Boys Academy, on the Gold Coast of Florida, is a residential program and school specifically designed for at-risk boys. It is part of the nationally acclaimed Teen Challenge program. Instead of the harsh environment of military schools and boot camps, Treasure Coast Boys Academy shows boys the right way to live through example, lessons, counsel, mentoring and team exercises. Also, removing distractions and detaching from troublesome situations is what helps to make possible break destructive patterns of behavior. Unlike military schools and boot camps you may find near Jefferson, GA, we believe that relationships are what make a long-term difference in a boy, not more anger, yelling and force.
Parents register their sons at Treasure Coast Boys Academy from across the nation, including from Jefferson, Georgia, both to let them experience a new environment and because of the loving and fun environment they find here. Enrollment is year-round.
Treasure Coast Boys Academy serves 50 teenage boys at our residential boarding school on a 30-acre parcel surrounded by ranch and orchard country. In the course of our program, we focus on character, integrity, hard work, and respect. We create an atmosphere of positive peer pressure. We give boys ownership in work projects and special events on campus to keep them engaged in what is their home away from home. We want to see young men grow in their faith in Christ, and we provide worship, chapel services, bible studies, discipleship, retreats and mission trip opportunities toward that end. Residents also challenge and encourage each other in their faith. Would any of that happen in a military school or boot camp? That's unlikely.
At Treasure Coast Boys Academy, we keep boys physically active and challenged. Our recreational and sports facilities include a well-equipped gym and a professional array of weight machines, soccer field, baseball diamond, basketball court, pool, game room, fishing ponds, and horses. We often go fishing on the Florida waterways and out in the ocean. The summit of the program is a breathtaking wilderness experience in the mountains of North Carolina during the last month of the boys' residency. Whitewater rafting, hiking, camping, and other adventures illustrate that life can be both adventuresome and constructive.
While we conduct individual, group, and family counseling in traditional settings, we know that most life-changing conversations tend to take place during outdoor activities and during ordinary situations. Counseling takes place frequently during the day, in all settings, through conversations with mentors during chores or activities. We put a strong emphasis on mentorship, providing the boys with positive male role models during their residence with us.
Our on-campus academy is in session year-round to give students the chance to fulfill any missed credits. We have on-campus teachers who support the boy's education and tutor individual students. Boys from Jefferson, Georgia quickly catch up on missed coursework or get far ahead.
It is our conviction that the most important change is a heart change — understanding that Jesus Christ has a purpose and a plan for each individual's life. Through biblical discipleship, engaging chapel services, the daily discipline of chores, and regular attendance in our private school, Treasure Coast Boys Academy offers a once troubled teenage boy a second chance at a successful future. Again, unlike military schools and boot camps, our emphasis and main tool is a change of heart, not fear or breaking of the spirit.
"At Treasure Coast Boys Academy…our son received exactly what he needed to get back on track in life. Treasure Coast Boys Academy was a God-send for our broken family…restoring our relationship with our son. It is a place of hope, a place of love, and a place of renewal." — Parents of a Treasure Coast Boys Academy students share heartfelt thanks for the transformation they saw in their son.
To hear more of what parents and students are saying, and to learn more about how our boys ranch can bring restoration in your family, we invite you to investigate our website, then fill out our inquiry form or call us today.
Jefferson is a city in Jackson County, Georgia, United States. The population was 3,825 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Jackson CountyGR. Jefferson is known for its superior recreation department. Jefferson Parks and Recreation was recognized as the Georgia Recreation and Parks Association Department of the Year in 2006 and 2011 for the population group 10,000 and under.
Excerpt about military schools and boot camps in Jefferson, Georgia, used with permission from Wikipedia.
Thank you for thinking about Treasure Coast Boys Academy as you seek boot camps and military schools near Jefferson, GA.
Should you need help finding residential treatment for youth or home for troubled youth or Christian boarding schools for teens or alternative schools, please let us know. This Teen Challenge boys ranch helps at-risk teenage boys who are exhibiting oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intermittent explosive disorder (IED), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
Seeking the best military schools or boot camps for your troubled boy in Jefferson, Georgia? Here is your best option.


text:
The Founding of the Roman Republic: Analysis of the Article: "The Founding of Rome"
The founding of Rome and the Roman republic has been explained by the use of many myths. The Romans hold different kinds of myths as to where they originated.
Even though the history of the Romans is explained by myths, there is some evidence through historical records of the Romans' leadership to support these myths. It is believed that "Rome was founded on 21 April 753 BC" ("The Founding of Rome" 2007). Twin brothers Romulus and Remus accomplished this. This paper gives an analysis of the article "The Founding of Rome".
This article gives the historical perspective of the coming into existence of the Romans, the leadership of the Romans and the circumstances that gave way to the establishment of the Roman Republic. It is organized into sections. Each section has its own sub-heading. The writer also uses images of drawings and paintings to enhance the clear presentation of the message in a convincing way. The article is organized into paragraphs, with an introduction that clearly states the thesis statement
The thesis statement informs us that the founding of Rome is based on ancient Roman mythology. The writer then develops on this by giving examples of the two common myths and showing how they are related in explaining the founding of Rome. The writer uses traditional mythology as the primary source of the information. There is no evidence of any type of secondary source of information for this article.
In this article, the writer presents the two common myths on the founding of Rome. These are the tales of "Romulus and Remus and Aeneas". Rather than contradict each other, the tale of Aeneas adds to that of Romulus and Remus" ("The Founding of Rome" 2007). Romulus and Remus were twin brothers who are said to have contributed to the founding of the ancient empire.
The brothers were sons to Rhea Silvia, daughter to the ejected King Numitor of Alba Longa. When they were old enough, the two brothers returned to their home area, killed the King and reinstated their grandfather Numitor to power. The twins then founded a city and built it on Palatine hill.
The legend of Aeneas comes into play after a long period characterized by the long reign of seven kings. Aeneas married a princess whom another king wanted to marry. This triggered a war between the two, a war that Aeneas won. This happened after the Trojan wars. Aeneas settled in Latium, a place believed to be the river course of river Tiber.
The revolt is what connects the two tales. Having given the two mythical accounts, the writer then gives an historical background of the Latinos. The writer explains how the Latinos settled in Rome. They settled in areas, which "were not mistaken for anything like a city. They kept pigs, herded sheep, goats, cattle and lived in primitive, round huts" ("The Founding of Rome" 2007). These settlements with time turned to be a great city.
Rome had to experience transformations in order to become a mighty city. Its location facilitated its development. The people had much to learn from the Greeks. The article says that the Romans learnt from the Greeks important skills such as reading, writing and religion.
The article presents the history of the emergence of Rome and concludes at a time when the Roman People have had their first king. The kingdom had several kings and this gave rise to the development of the Roman republic. According to "the Roman Republic" (n.d), Rome experienced a revolt over the rule of one of its kings due to the misbehavior of the King's son.
The king's name was Tarquinius. The king fought but failed to redeem his city. "The rebellion against Tarquinius failed to achieve final independence for Rome, but it should be the birth of the Roman Republic" ("The Roman Republic" n.d).
The article is important in that it helps us to know where the Romans and the Roman city came from. It explicitly shows the ideas behind the formation of the city and the myths which try to explain the circumstances that prevailed during formation of the city and the roman Republic. The article also clarifies the issue concerning the mythical kings and the kings who are historically recognized. It shows the time when the first known king emerged, whose behavior and activities led to the emergence of the Roman Republic.
In conclusion, the article, "The Founding of Rome," is an historical account showing the origin of the Romans and how they became organized as one community that later formed a great city. The Roman people had to learn much from the people who surrounded them, especially the Greeks. The article also shows that there is no legitimate record of the origin of Rome.
This clarifies many questions about the emergence of the mighty Roman Empire. The Romans therefore believe in myths that explain their origin. These myths have some connection with recorded events in the history of Romans and therefore the Romans assume that they have some truth.
"The Founding of Rome." 2007. Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. July 4, http://www.roman-empire.net/founding/found-index.html (accessed November 10, 2010).
"The Roman Republic." N.d. Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/rep-index.html (accessed November 10, 2010).
World's History
History to the 18th Century


I work in the public sector. In the NHS, specifically. In Audiology. Hearing and balance.
To do my job in the private sector is tricky. There are precious few equivalents. An exact equivalent (working in a private hospital) would mean working in London, or doing consultancy work and I am not a suitable position financially or career-wise to do so. The alternative (being a hearing aid dispenser in a high street branch) often utilises unpleasant tactics, poor standards, far too much emphasis on sales, and is considerably limited in terms of the scope of the job.
I consider myself lucky. The private sector effectively pays my wages. Via the government. I am very grateful for this. It allows me to do my job impartially, with no element of self-motivation as regards the care I provide.
I will never reach the dizzying heights of salaries available in the private sector. I'm ok with that. I have ambition as regards my career. I want to reach as high as I can. I want to be involved at high levels. Because there I can do the most good, I can get the best job satisfaction and the most enjoyable challenges of the job.
I have excellent conditions. Lots of holiday, sick pay (which I will only use if I am genuinely sick), the opportunity for flexible working, a good pension and an incremental pay scale.
I don't need 27 days holiday (plus bank holidays). I effectively don't even work a full 11 months out of the year. Ridiculous. I don't need a pension that good. I can save money. There are private pension schemes I can enter. I most certainly do NOT need an automatic pay rise every year as if it were my DUE???? I can work hard, excel and be offered a pay rise in accordance with my performance. And if I want it badly enough, I will get it.
I am also in the hands of the government. This is far from an ideal position to be in. They can choose to interfere and meddle at will. They can slash pensions, they can cause redundancies, they can close hospitals, they can kick entire fields out of the NHS (as is likely to happen with mine if we don't get our act into gear and evolve to meet the needs of Lansley's health bill).
I have made my peace with this. I will not rely entirely on my terms and conditions staying the same. I will not trust the government. I will put into place contingencies, personal savings and other investments to ensure my long term security. I am in charge of my own destiny. The government will, undoubtedly, try to mess with it. It is up to me to ensure they cannot do so irreparably.
I am not, never have been, nor ever will be a member of a union. Biting that hands that feeds me is stupid. I work in the public sector in order to serve the public. I am proud to do so and I am paid to do so. I will not let my patients, colleagues or managers down by going on strike.
The state giveth and the state taketh away. Public sector workers should accept this, or move on.


Using a sauna is one way to detoxify your body. When you use a sauna, your body creates an artificial fever, purging toxins, and creating white blood cells to fight off bacteria and illness. Your skin cleanses as your pores open and release trapped dirt and oil. Folk medicine used sweat therapy to treat illnesses, and many cultures still use them today.
Clean and prepare the sauna for use. With the sauna door open and turned off, wipe down the sauna with warm soapy water and rinse thoroughly. Turn the sauna on and wait for the sauna to heat up, approximately 30 to 60 minutes.
Lay a towel down on the sauna bench and roll another one to use as a pillow. The sauna bench gets hot, so be sure to use a body-length towel on the bench so your skin doesn't burn. Use a pillow or another towel to cushion your head from the hard wooden bench.
Prepare a mixture of essential oils for aromatherapy. Add 4 to 6 drops of essential oil to a liter of water, and pour this mixture over the rocks. Do not apply pure essential oil directly on the rocks without diluting with water.
Apply a moisturizing treatment to rough skin patches. Apply moisturizer that does not contain mineral oil, petroleum, or glycerin because those ingredients trap moisture and prevent moisture loss. You need to lose moisture through your perspiration in order for your body to remove toxins, so use a body oil such as avocado or olive oil.
Sit in sauna for 10 to 20 minutes. For beginners,only 10 minutes at first until you learn how your body reacts to the sauna sensation. Inhale and exhale through your mouth, taking deep breaths. Your lungs are working harder to expel toxins as your body temperature rises and demands more oxygen.
Step out of the sauna and drink water. Replace water lost through perspiration. Water also helps facilitate toxin removal through your digestive system. Do not drink too much water, more than a liter during a break session, in order to prevent dizziness from a full stomach.
Take a cold shower. This is a popular method used by advanced sauna users to improve circulation in the capillaries and tightens muscles. Perspiration eventually evaporates, but taking a shower removes salty components and other debris on your skin. To balance your ecosystem, your cool off period should equal the same amount of time in the sauna, so you should break for 20 minutes if you spent 20 minutes in the sauna.
Consider using lavender, ylang ylang, and eucalyptus essential oils in the sauna. Lavender essential oil helps with meditation, stress, and high blood pressure. Eucalyptus is good for opening the sinuses and ridding yourself from a cold. Use ylang ylang for stimulating hair growth and balancing oily skin.
You must have water before and after your sauna session. Take a bottle in the sauna with you if you wish, but the water will not stay cool in the sauna.
If you have a medical condition, such as heart disease or pregnancy, talk to your doctor before using a sauna. Do not drink alcohol at any time before or during your sauna session. If you feel dizzy at any time in the sauna, step out and allow yourself to cool down naturally, without a cold shower.