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Lots of Time on Social Media Linked to Anxiety, Depression in Teens
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by Tampa General Hospital on Wednesday September 11, 2019
WEDNESDAY, Sept. 11, 2019 (HealthDay News) -- Teens who spend more time with social media are more likely to suffer from social withdrawal, anxiety or depression, a new study says.
Twelve- to 15-year-olds who spent more than six hours a day on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other social media were nearly three times more likely to have these types of "internalizing" mental health issues, researchers report in the journal JAMA Psychiatry. The study was published online Sept. 11.
"The more time you spent on social media, adolescents were more likely to have issues like anxiety and depression on follow-up," said lead researcher Kira Riehm, a doctoral student at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore. "It was a pretty clear-cut association."
These teens also were more than four times as likely to have both internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, researchers said. Externalizing problems include bullying, acting out and having trouble paying attention.
For the study, researchers analyzed nationwide data from a U.S. federally funded survey of nearly 6,600 teens. It was conducted between 2013 and 2016.
Fewer than 17% of teens said they used no social media, researchers found. About 32% said they spent less than 30 minutes a day on social media; 31% spent between 30 minutes and three hours; 12% spent three to six hours, and 8% said they used social media more than six hours per day.
As use increased, so did the risk of problems with anxiety, depression or feelings of isolation.
For example, kids who used social media 30 minutes to three hours a day had nearly twice the risk of internalizing problems, compared with kids who didn't use social media at all.
But kids who used social media three to six hours a day had 2.5 times the risk, and at more than six hours were nearly three times as likely to have internalizing mental health problems.
The same pattern emerged among kids who had both internalizing and externalizing problems, researchers said. But links between social media use and externalizing problems alone were inconsistent.
Researchers concluded that teens who spent more than three hours a day on social media could be at increased risk for mental health problems.
Other studies have found similar effects, but no one's quite sure why social media might have this impact on teenage minds, Riehm said.
It could be that social media harms a teen's self-esteem by creating the illusion that everyone else is much happier and better off, she said.
"Even if your life isn't going great, you can make it seem like it's going super well on social media," Riehm said. "It's possible adolescents who are spending a lot of time on social media see people having a great time in their life and doing really well, and any issues they have just seem that much worse."
The findings are consistent with other studies, but some debate persists about how much impact this technology has on people's moods and minds, said Dr. Cesar Escobar-Viera, a postdoctoral associate at the University of Pittsburgh Center for Research on Media, Technology and Health. He wasn't involved with the study.
There's also disagreement about whether the amount of time spent on social media -- the measure used in this study -- is the only way to gauge its impact on people, he said.
For example, prior research has shown that the number of social media sites people use might also be a problem. Using one or two might have a different effect on your mood than using 11 or 12 sites, Escobar-Viera said.
"We think the number of platforms people use or the behavior people have on social media are also potentially strong indicators of mental health issues," he said.
Because this is an observational study, it also can't be clear in which direction the relationship runs, Escobar-Viera said. It might be that using social media causes these mental health issues, or conversely, that kids with these problems are more drawn to social media.
Riehm suggested parents who are concerned about the effects of social media on their kids check out the Family Media Use Plan developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics.
The plan "helps set developmentally appropriate expectations for digital media use," she said. These might include parts of the home where screens are not allowed, times of day when screens are forbidden, and device curfews.
The American Academy of Pediatrics has more about .
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The bottle-neck in most cloth simulation systems is that time steps must be small to avoid numerical instability. This paper describes a cloth simulation system that can stably take large time steps. The simulation systemcouples a new technique for enforcing constraints on individual cloth particles with an implicit integration method. The simulator models cloth as a triangular mesh, with internal cloth forces derived using a simple continuum formulation that supports modeling operations such as local anisotropic stretch or compression; a unified treatment of damping forces is included as well. The implicit integration method generates a large, unbanded sparse linear system at each time step which is solved using a modified conjugate gradient method that simultaneously enforces particles' constraints. The constraints are always maintained exactly, independent of the number of conjugate gradient iterations, which is typically small. The resulting simulation system is significantly faster than previous accounts of cloth simulation systems in the literature.
David Baraff, Andrew P. Witkin (1998). Large Steps in Cloth Simulation. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 98, 43--54.


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What We're Looking Forward to in Denver in 2021
Things are looking up already.
By Molly Martin
Benjamin Rascoe/Unsplash
As we rang in 2021, it was with a new perspective on what a new year means. Now we know to expect (literally) anything. And as we continue to mask up and socially distance, we know that the calendar turning to January 1 doesn't mean things are going back to "normal" anytime soon. But this year's gotta be better than the last, right? In the Mile High, some big changes are coming to the city, and we've more than earned the right to get excited about what we've got to look forward to. So let's step into the future, where big projects like Meow Wolf and the renovated Cog Railroad are set to make their debut, and where we'll (hopefully) be back in the stands cheering on our home teams and watching our favorite bands take the stage. 2021 is here and we're older, wiser, and finally learned to wash our hands regularly, so let's do this, Denver.
Meow Wolf
Meow Wolf Denver
If you've ever walked through the washing machine into another dimension at Meow Wolf's OG Santa Fe location, you know you should expect the unexpected when the Denver outpost opens in late 2021. At 90,000 square feet, this will be Meow Wolf's biggest installation yet, with plenty of space for mind bending surprises. The project was first announced in January 2018, and this is (hopefully) going to be the year we all finally get a firsthand glimpse of the experience being created by over 110 local artists.
McGregor Square
This massive new complex next to Coors Field is poised to transform the Ballpark neighborhood in 2021, which means if we get to root for the home team in person this year, things are gonna look different. Along with luxury condos, hotel rooms, new restaurants, shops, and more, the development features a 30,000 square foot public plaza where you can expect to see activations all year long like a winter time ice rink and outdoor movie screenings in the summer. Construction is in its final phases now, so it shouldn't be long before we're scoping out the foodhall eats and checking out the new Rockies Hall of Fame that'll be located in the hotel.
The return of Red Rocks shows
Summer shows at this iconic venue are synonymous with Colorado summers… until 2020 that is. While the reality of getting back on the rocks for live music in 2021 remains to be seen, the venue does have a tentative schedule listed featuring a packed lineup of shows from artists like Die Antwoord, Lord Huron, Glass Animals, Iron & Wine, and much more. So in the spirit of staying positive, let's all collectively envision climbing the stairs as we head back to our seats with a beer in hand as the sun sets and our favorite band is playing… and stay masked up in the meantime so we can make that a reality.
Concerts at small music venues
While Red Rocks is the mecca for large scale events, what really makes Denver's music scene special is all our smaller venues. This is where local acts get to share their craft as crowds gather, sweaty and smiling, and we can't wait to get them back. In the meantime many venues have other ways you can show your support like Lion's Lair Lounge, Denver's oldest consistently operating independent music venue, which currently has a GoFundMe to help cover back expenses from 2020, The Oriental Theatre which has their Become a Friend of the O fundraiser with options for donating, and Hi-Dive's merch store where you can score tees, masks, and more to show this South Broadway classic some love.
Elitch Gardens
In 2018, Denver got quite a shock when it was announced that a massive new development, The River Mile, is planned for the site where Elitch Gardens Amusement Park currently sits. The roller coasters, Ferris wheel, and twisting water slides are a fixture in the downtown skyline, so it's strange to imagine a Denver without it. And while yes, it will be going away in the future, the development is still a few years off, so we all relaxed a little knowing we could still get a Mind Eraser fix for a while longer. Then 2020 came around, and the park was never able to open for their summer season. 2021 marks Elitch Gardens' 130th anniversary, and they're hard at work planning a summer-long celebration, so plan on plenty of classic amusement park adventures coming soon.
Pikes Peak Cog Railway
Down in Colorado Springs, this major attraction has a 2021 comeback planned after a non-COVID-related closure that's lasted since 2017. The Cog's been operating since 1891, but this latest closure for maintenance has lasted much longer than first expected. Now, the railway is (finally) slated to reopen in May 2021 so you'll once again be able to experience a train ride like no other. The tracks climb 14,115 feet in altitude over a nine mile ride with breathtaking 360 degree views the whole way as you climb toward the summit. Add this to your summer plans ASAP.
The Martin Building at The Denver Art Museum
This major renovation project was originally slated to make its debut in 2020 but then… we all know what happened there. The good news? It's comeback is still in the works and will give us one more reason to visit this cultural institution in 2021. Along with expanded gallery space, a spiral staircase, and other elements that will improve the building's functionality, the highlight will be the unveiling of the new outdoor space on the seventh floor rooftop which promises sweeping views of downtown from a whole new perspective.
Filling the stand at sports venues
We all collectively realized that COVID was for really real when entire seasons of sporting events were cancelled in March. And in Denver, a city with five major professional sports teams, the prospect of a year with no cheering fans made for some long stretches of sadness in 2020. And sure, while games returned, fans, for the most part, did not. There was no Rockies opening day fervor. Broncos games offered super limited seating only. And when the Nuggets played their season opener at Ball Arena (formerly The Pepsi Center) in late December, the seats were empty. Whether 2021 will bring the chance to don our favorite team colors and cheer in person like we used to remains unknown, but fans are sure to be there as soon as it's safe to, 'cause COVID couldn't stop our Mile High pride.
The reopening of restaurants and bars in hibernation mode
In 2020, we permanently lost a lot of favorites for food and drinks, from the iconic jazz bar El Chapultepec to longtime favorites like Tony's Diner and The Market. But others have taken a different approach, closing temporarily as winter's cold temperatures combined with current restrictions made it more profitable to turn off the lights for a while and wait it out. As 2021 gets rolling, here's to hoping we hear reopening plans soon from the long list of hibernating restaurants and bars which includes everything from the South Park-famous Casa Bonita and Denver's oldest restaurant, The Buckhorn Exchange to weiner-mecca Biker Jim's and classic dive bar faves like The Squire Lounge.
Sign up here for our daily Denver email and be the first to get all the food/drink/fun in town.
Molly Martin is a Denver-based freelance writer who cannot wait to go on a Colfax dive bar crawl in 2021. Follow her @mollydbu on Instagram and Twitter for more updates on food, fun, and life in the Mile High.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Do curved displays flip their images? I was looking at one of those new curved screens the other day and it reminded me of concave mirrors and the peculiarities about how they reflect light.
This image from the BBC found here should illustrate it:

So if I am interpreting this correctly, the reflection should appear to be mirrored left of the focal point, but unaltered right of the focal point. You can reproduce this by looking at the inside of a spoon; things look flipped (in the case of a spoon, horizontally and vertically because it bends both ways), but as you hold the spoon closer and closer to your eyes, you eventually notice the reflection "snapping" into place and having the "right" orientation. Depending on the spoon this may be pretty close to your eyes, but in any case, it allows you to find the spoon's focal point.
This is were curved displays come in. Either I am mistaken in my assumption that they should also have a focal point - the assumption here is that surfaces that reflect light and surfaces that emit light both have a focal point as long as they're both concave - or I am mistaken about how to find the display's focal point.
In my experiment, I start standing very close to the display, and see the image unaltered, as expected. Once I start moving away, I expect to see the image flip horizontally if I just move away far enough. But that point never comes. I came to a distance of about 20 yards and the image still had not flipped. (Unfortunately I couldn't go further as there was a wall behind me.)
Granted, these displays all seem to be curved only slightly, so perhaps the focal length is just really long? If I am right about this, does the curvature of the screen in a movie theater dictate how many rows the movie theater can have? Or do concave sources of light not have a focal point?

A: No, a curved display will never flip the image it displays.
Consider two lamps stacked on top of each other. Why can a curved mirror flip the image of this object upside down? Rays of light from each lamp hit the mirror and then hit your eye. The image of the lamps looks flipped to you if the ray from the upper lamp hits your eye coming from a lower angle, and vice versa. This is only possible if a reflection occurs.
When you have a computer screen, there is just light coming straight from the screen itself. If you have the computer display a picture of two lamps stacked on top of each other, the light from the upper lamp will always hit your eye at the higher angle, so the image is not flipped.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Pair of 1960s off-white painted mushroom-form wicker lamps. The removable wicker shades fit snugly over the painted metal bases. Measure 18″H to top of socket. Wired and working using standard 60W max vanity "globe" bulbs. Minimal age wear with no breaks in wicker.


The TV Broadcast class has a large responsibility to the school. The broadcasts that this class creates need to include all sorts of information about various school functions and policies, events that are yet to occur and video footage from events that have already occurred.
When you join this class, you sign up for action. Our broadcasts are aired live, not taped. There are very few schools that even attempt to do a daily broadcast, let alone doing it live every day. The Inside Scoop has aired daily since the 2004 – 2005 school year. Since then, we have aired over 600 shows.
Each broadcast has about 10 people on the crew. All jobs from production assistant to director are all student positions. Everybody in the class will eventually run every crew position during a broadcast. The only position that is not required of everyone is the news anchor position announcing the news during the broadcast. That position is auditioned and filled with the top readers from the class. While the anchor position is the one that the school sees the most, every position is essential for a good broadcast. It's definitely a team effort every morning.
Do you want to be a part of that action? If yes… then join the TV Broadcast class. You won't regret it.


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Template:Infobox Military Unit
The Template:Audio (German Template:IPA2) is a generic German term for an air force. It is also the official name for two of the four historic German air forces, the Wehrmacht air arm founded in 1933 and disbanded in 1946; and the current Bundeswehr air arm founded in 1956. Two other historic German air forces are the World War I-era Luftstreitkräfte and the Luftstreitkräfte der NVA in the GDR.
1.1 World War I
1.2 Interwar period
1.3 World War II
1.4 Cold War
1.5 1970s
1.6 Reunification
3 Tactical Training Centers
3.1 Holloman Air Force Base
4 Organization
5 Aircraft inventory
7 Select bibliography
See also Luftstreitkräfte
The forerunner of the Luftwaffe, the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte), was founded in 1910 with the emergence of military aircraft, although they were intended to be used primarily for reconnaissance in support of armies on the ground, just as balloons had been used in the same fashion during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 and even as far back as the Napoleonic Wars. It was not the world's first air force, however, because France's embryonic army air service, which eventually became the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air), had also been founded in 1910. Britain's Royal Flying Corps (which merged in 1918 with the Royal Naval Air Service to form the Royal Air Force) was founded in 1912.
During World War I, the Imperial Army Air Service utilised a wide variety of aircraft, ranging from fighters (such as those manufactured by Albatros-Flugzeugwerke and Fokker) to reconnaissance aircraft (Aviatik and DFW) and heavy bombers (Gothaer Waggonfabrik, better known simply as Gotha, and Zeppelin-Staaken).
File:Red Baron.jpg
Portrait of Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron, who brought down 80 Allied aircraft before being shot down and killed on April 21, 1918. The medal around his neck is a Pour le Mérite.
However, the fighters received the most attention in the annals of military aviation, since it produced aces such as Manfred von Richthofen, popularly known as the Red Baron (der rote Baron), Ernst Udet, Hermann Göring, Oswald Boelcke, Max Immelmann (the first airman to win the Pour le Mérite, Imperial Germany's highest decoration for gallantry, as a result of which the decoration became popularly known as the Blue Max), and Werner Voss. As did the German Navy, the German Army used Zeppelins as airships for bombing military and civilian targets in France and Belgium as well as the United Kingdom.
All German and Austro-Hungarian military aircraft in service used the Iron Cross insignia until early 1918. Afterwards, the Balkenkreuz, a black Greek cross on white, was introduced.
After the war ended in German defeat, the service was dissolved completely under the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, which demanded that its aeroplanes be completely destroyed. As a result of this disbanding, today's Luftwaffe (which dates from 1956) can not claim to be the oldest independent air force in the world, since the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom is older, having been founded on April 1, 1918.
Since the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany from having an air force, German pilots had to be trained in secret. Initially, civil aviation schools within Germany were used, yet only light training planes could be used in order to maintain the facade that the trainees were going to fly with civil airlines such as Lufthansa. To train its pilots on the latest combat aircraft, Germany solicited the help of its future enemy, the USSR, which was also isolated in Europe. A secret training airfield was established at Lipetsk in 1924 and operated for approximately nine years using mostly Dutch and Russian, but also some German, training aircraft before being closed in 1933. This base was officially known as 4th squadron of the 40th wing of the Red Army.
File:Luftwaffe major collar insignia.jpg
Collar tabs of a Luftwaffe major (1935–1945). The background colour denotes that the wearer was in a flying division; other divisions had patches with different coloured backgrounds, such as red for those in antiaircraft artillery (Flak) units.
On February 26, 1935, Adolf Hitler ordered Hermann Göring to establish the Luftwaffe, breaking the Treaty of Versailles's ban on German military aviation. Germany violated the treaty without sanction from Britain and France or the League of Nations, and neither they nor the league did anything to oppose this. Although the new air force was to be run totally separately from the army, it retained the tradition of according army ranks for its officers and airmen, a tradition retained today by united Germany's Bundesluftwaffe and by many air forces throughout the world. It is worth noting, however, that before the official promulgation of Göring's new Luftwaffe in 1935, Germany had a paramilitary air force known as the Deutscher Luftverband (DVL: German air union). The DVL was headed by Ernst Udet and the its insignia were taken over by the new Luftwaffe, although the DVL "ranks" had special names that made them sound more civilian than military.
Dr. Fritz Todt, the engineer who founded the forced labor Organisation Todt, was appointed to the rank of Generalmajor in the Luftwaffe. He was not, strictly speaking, an airman, although he had served in an observation squadron during World War I and had been awarded the Iron Cross. He died in a plane crash in February 1942.
Hermann Göring personally chose an insignia for the Luftwaffe that differed from that of the other armed branches[citation needed]. The eagle, an old symbol of the German Empire, was used, but in a different posture. Since 1933, when Hitler's National Socialist Party came to power, the eagle held between his claws the symbol of the party—the swastika (an old symbol of sunrise)—which usually was enveloped by an oak wreath. Göring rejected the old heraldic eagle because he felt it was too stylized, too static, and too massive; instead he chose a younger, more natural and lighter eagle with wings spread as if in flight, as he considered this a more suitable symbol for an air force. While the Wehrmacht eagle held the symbol of the Nazi Party firmly in its claws, the Luftwaffe eagle held the swastika with only one claw while the other was bent in a threatening gesture.
The Luftwaffe had the ideal opportunity to test its pilots, aircraft and tactics in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, when the Condor Legion was sent to Spain in support of the anti-Republican government revolt led by Francisco Franco. Modern machines included names which would become world famous: the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bomber and the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter plane. However, since the aircraft were seconded to Franco's Nationalist air force, Luftwaffe markings were replaced to avoid giving the world the impression that Germany was actively supporting the revolt. Instead of the Nazi Party's swastika on the tail, the German planes used the nationalist air force aircraft markings (a Saint Andrew's cross over a white background, painted on the rudder of the aircraft and a black disc on fuselage and wings). All aircraft in the Legion were affiliated to units given a designation ending in the number 88. For example, bombers were in Kampfgruppe (combat group) 88, abbreviated K/88; and fighters, in Jagdgruppe (fighter group) 88, J/88.
A grim foretaste of the systematic bombing of cities during World War II came in April 1937 when a combined force of German and Italian bombers under Spanish-Nationalist command destroyed most of the Basque city of Gernika in north-east Spain. This bombing received worldwide condemnation, and the collective memory of the horror of the bombing of civilians has ever since become most acute via the famous painting, named after the town, by the Cubist artist Pablo Picasso. Many feared that this would be the way that future air wars would be conducted, since the Italian strategist, General Giulio Douhet (who had died in 1930), had formulated theories regarding what would be dubbed "strategic bombing", the idea that wars would be won by striking from the air at the heart of the industrial muscle of a warring nation, and thus demoralising the civilian population to the point where the government of that nation would be driven to sue for peace—a portent of things to come, certainly, and not just during the war which would break out in Europe only months after the end of the civil war in Spain.
Main article: History of the Luftwaffe during World War II
At the outset of the war, the Luftwaffe was one of the most modern, powerful, and experienced air forces in the world, dominating the skies over Europe with aircraft much more advanced than their counterparts. The Luftwaffe was central to the German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) doctrine, as the close air support provided by various medium two-engine bombers, Stuka dive bombers and an overwhelming force of tactical fighters were key to several early successes. Unlike the British and American Air Forces, the Luftwaffe never developed four-engine bombers in any significant numbers, and was thus unable to conduct an effective long-range strategic bombing campaign against either the Russians or the Western Allies. The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was the most versatile and widely-produced fighter aircraft operated by the Luftwaffe and was designed when biplane was still standard. Many versions of this aircraft were made. The engine, a liquid cooled Mercedes-Benz DB 601, initially generated up to almost 1000 horsepower. This power increased as direct fuel injection was introduced to the engines. The Focke Wulf Fw 190 was considered the best German fighter of World War II. It had relatively short wings and was powered by a radial BMW engine. The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka was a main asset for Blitzkrieg, able to place bombs with deadly accuracy. The leader of the Luftwaffe was Hermann Göring, a World War I fighter ace and former commander of von Richthofen's famous JG 1 who had joined the Nazi party in its early stages. In the (northern) summer and autumn of 1940, the Luftwaffe lost the Battle of Britain over the skies of England, the first all-air battle. Following the military failures on the Eastern Front, from 1942 onwards, the Luftwaffe went into a steady, gradual decline that saw it outnumbered and overwhelmed by the sheer number of Allied aircraft being deployed against it. Towards the end of the war, the Luftwaffe was no longer a major factor, and despite fielding advanced aircraft like the Messerschmitt Me 262 and Me 163, was crippled by fuel shortages and a lack of trained pilots.
Template:Bundeswehr
File:Model of Canadair CL-13 Sabre in Luftwaffe markings.jpg
The Canadian version of the North American F-86 Sabre, the Canadair CL-13, had a long career in the Luftwaffe, with which 75 Mk. 5 and 225 Mk. 6 examples served. This model is in the markings of 1. Staffel, Waffenschule 10 (1. / WaSLw 10), based at Oldenburg in 1959.
(Model by Peter Mojzisek)
German aviation in general was severely curtailed, and military aviation was completely forbidden when the Luftwaffe was officially disbanded in August 1946 by the Allied Control Commission. This changed when West Germany joined NATO in 1955, as the Western Allies believed that Germany was needed in view of the increasing military threat posed by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. Throughout the following decades, the West German Luftwaffe (Bundesluftwaffe: federal air force) was equipped mostly with U.S.-designed aircraft manufactured locally under license. All aircraft sported—and continue to sport—the Iron Cross on the fuselage, harking back to the days of World War I, while the national flag of West Germany is displayed on the tail.
File:Luftwaffen Schiffchen.jpg
West-German Luftwaffe field cap from 1962
Many well-known fighter pilots who had fought with the Luftwaffe in World War II joined the new post-war air force and underwent refresher training in the U.S. before returning to West Germany to upgrade on the latest U.S.-supplied hardware. These included Erich Hartmann, the highest-ever scoring ace (352 enemy aircraft destroyed), Gerhard Barkhorn (301), Günther Rall (275) and Johannes Steinhoff (176). Steinhoff, who suffered a crash in a Messerschmitt Me 262 shortly before the end of the war that resulted in lifelong scarring of his face and other parts of his body, would eventually become commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, with Rall as his immediate successor. Hartmann retired as an Oberst (colonel) in 1970 at age 48. Josef Kammhuber, mentioned above, also served in the post-war Luftwaffe, retiring in 1962 as Inspekteur der Bundesluftwaffe (chief inspector of the Federal air force).
During the 1960s, the "Starfighter crisis" developed into a political issue, as many of these Lockheed F-104 fighters crashed after being modified to serve for Luftwaffe purposes—specifically for terrain, weather and ground troop support issues. In Luftwaffe service, 292 of the 916 Starfighters crashed, claiming the lives of 115 pilots and leading to cries that the Starfighter was fundamentally unsafe from the West German public, which referred to it as the Witwenmacher (widow-maker), fliegender Sarg (flying coffin), and Erdnagel (ground nail).
Steinhoff and his deputy Rall noted that the non-German F-104s proved much safer—Spain, for example, lost none in the same period. The Americans blamed the high loss rate of the Luftwaffe F-104s on the extreme low-level and aggressive flying of German pilots rather than any faults in the aircraft.[1]. Steinhoff and Rall immediately left their daily work and learned to fly the aircraft in America under Lockheed instruction and noted some specifics in the training (a distinct lack of mountains and foggy weather training), combined with handling capabilities (sharp start high G turns) of the aircraft that could create accident situations.
Steinhoff and Rall immediately changed the training regimen for the F-104 pilots, and accident ratios quickly fell to those comparable or better than other air forces. They also brought about the high level of training and professionalism seen today throughout the Luftwaffe, and the start of a strategic direction for Luftwaffe pilots to tactically and combat train outside Germany. However, the F-104 never lived down its reputation as a widow-maker and was replaced much earlier by the Luftwaffe than other national air forces.
File:Panavia Tornado IDS of Luftwaffe, static display, Radom AirShow 2005, Poland.jpg
One of 212 Panavia Tornado IDSs delivered to the Luftwaffe
From 1965 through 1970, two surface to surface missile wings (Flugkörpergeschwader) fielded 16 of the Pershing I missile systems with nuclear warheads under U.S. Army custody. In 1970, the system was upgraded to Pershing IA with 72 systems. Although not directly affected by the 1988 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the Luftwaffe unilaterally agreed to the retrograde of the Pershing IA system from their inventory in 1991, and the missiles were destroyed.
Beginning in June 1979, the Luftwaffe took delivery of 212 Panavia Tornado IDSs.
The United States provides nuclear weapons for use by Germany under a NATO nuclear sharing agreement. As of 2007, only 22 B61-4s are provided, stored at Büchel Air Base for delivery with German Air Force Tornado IDS. They will likely be withdrawn when the Tornados at Büchel are replaced with Eurofighter Typhoons after 2012, as it is not planned to integrate the B-61 bomb into the Eurofighter. B-61s stationed at Nörvenich and Memmemingen Air Base have already been withdrawn in the mid to late nineties. All bombs formerly stored at Ramstein Air Base have been brought back to the US due to ongoing construction work at Ramstein AB and will not be returned.
GDR Air Force plane marking
The GDR air force, the Luftstreitkräfte der NVA, was supplied exclusively with Eastern Bloc-produced aircraft such as the Sukhoi Su-17 Fitter and the more famous Mikoyan-Gurevich (MiG) family of aircraft, such as the MiG-21, MiG-23 and MiG-29 fighters, and served primarily as an extension of Red Air Force units in Eastern Germany. The East German Air Force was unique among Warsaw Pact countries in that it was often equipped with Soviet-standard combat aircraft instead of downgraded export models, though operated an extension of Soviet air power, the East German Air Force enjoyed less autonomy than other Eastern Bloc air forces. Unlike the West German Luftwaffe, the markings sported on the aircraft reflected the identity of the country as belonging to the Communist bloc. These markings consisted of a diamond-shaped design, in which could be seen the vertically oriented three stripes in black, red and gold surmounted by the stylized hammer, compass and wreath-like ears-of-grain design, which was also on the Flag of East Germany, although the stripes were a 90-degree orientation from those to be seen on either national flag of the two German nations between 1959 and 1990.
After East and West Germany were reunified in October 1990, the aircraft of the NVA were taken over by the unified Federal Republic of Germany, and their GDR markings were replaced by the Iron Cross, thus creating the singular situation of Soviet-built aircraft serving in a NATO air force. However, most of these would eventually be taken out of service altogether, in many cases being sold to the new Eastern European allies now part of NATO, such as Poland and the Baltic states.
File:MiG-29 Fulcrum B Luftwaffe.jpg
Luftwaffe MiG-29UB
The exception to this was the Jagdgeschwader 73 "Steinhoff" (Fighter Wing 73 Steinhoff) stationed in Laage. The pilots of the JG 73 flew MiG-29s acquired during the reunification and were some of the most experienced MiG-29 pilots in the world. One of their primary duties was to serve as aggressor pilots, training other pilots in dissimilar combat tactics. The United States sent a group of fighter pilots to Germany during the Red October exercise to practice real tactics against the aircraft they were most likely to meet in real combat. In 2004, however, the MiG-29s were sold to Poland. Since then, pilots of the JG 73 fly the Eurofighter Typhoon.
In March 1999, for the first time since 1945, the Luftwaffe engaged in combat operations as part of the NATO-led Kosovo War. This event was noted as significant in the British press with The Sun running the headline "Luftwaffe and the RAF into battle side by side".[2] The Luftwaffe flew suppression of enemy air defence (SEAD) sorties. No Luftwaffe aircraft were lost during the campaign, but the force's role proved to be controversial in Germany because Germany was not and, indeed, still is not allowed to participate in "wars of aggression" owing to its 1949 constitution (Grundgesetz). In addition to constitutional concerns, strong pacifist sentiment is present in the population that is opposed to the use of force by Germany in international affairs.
In 2005, four F-4F Phantoms participated on NATO's Baltic Air Policing operation.[3]
In 2006, to support coalition operations across Afghanistan, the Luftwaffe deployed Panavia Tornado reconnaissance aircraft from Aufklärungsgeschwader 51 "Immelmann" (the 51st Reconnaissance Wing Immelmann), stationed in Mazar-i-Sharif, Northern Afghanistan.[4]
File:Eurofighter ILA 2006.jpg
A Luftwaffe Eurofighter Typhoon (two-seater trainer version)
Since the 1970s, the Luftwaffe of West Germany and later the reunited Germany (as well as many other European air forces) has actively pursued the construction of European combat aircraft such as the Panavia Tornado and, more recently, the Eurofighter Typhoon, which was introduced in 2006.
On January 13, 2004, the then-German Defence Minister Peter Struck announced major changes to the German armed forces. A major part of this announcement was a plan to cut the German fighter fleet from 426 aircraft in early 2004 to 265 by 2015. Assuming the full German order for 180 Eurofighter Typhoons is fulfilled, this will see the Tornado force reduced to 85.[5] The German Navy's air wing (Marineflieger) received 112 Tornado IDSs. In late 2004 the last Tornado unit was disbanded. The maritime combat role has been assumed by the Luftwaffe, a unit of which has had its Tornados upgraded to carry the Kormoran II and AGM-88 HARM missiles.
Tactical Training Centers
File:Luftwaffe Goose Bay.jpg
Luftwaffe Panavia Tornados at CFB Goose Bay
In light of the destroyed infrastructure of West Germany post-World War II, the restrictions on aircraft production placed on Germany and the later restrictive flying zones available for training pilots, the reconstructed Luftwaffe trained most of its pilots tactically away from Germany, mainly in the U.S. where most of its aircraft were sourced.
During the 1960s and 1970s, when large numbers of Luftwaffe jets began to crash—the Luftwaffe suffered a 36 percent crash rate for F-84F Thunderstreaks and an almost 30 percent loss of F-104 Starfighters—created demands from Germany's citizens that the Luftwaffe move most combat training away from Germany.
As a result, the Luftwaffe set up two tactical training centres: one, like those of many of the NATO forces, at the Canadian Forces Air Command base at Goose Bay; and the second in a unique partnership with the United States Air Force at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico. Both facilities provide access to large unpopulated areas, where tactical and combat training can take place without danger to large populations.
In September 2004, the Luftwaffe's chief of staff, Klaus-Peter Stieglitz, announced a reduction in its training program of roughly 20%.
Holloman Air Force Base
On May 1, 1996, the Luftwaffe established the German Air Force Tactical Training Center (TTC) in concert with the United States Air Force 20th Fighter Squadron, which provides aircrew training in the F-4F Phantom II. The TTC serves as the parent command for two German air crew training squadrons. The F-4 Training Squadron oversees all German F-4 student personnel affairs and provides German instructor pilots to cooperate in the contracted F-4 training program provided by the U.S. Air Force (20th Fighter Squadron). A second TTC unit, the Tornado Training Squadron, provides academic and tactical flying training, by German air force instructors, for German Tornado aircrews.
The first contingent of Tornado aircraft arrived at Holloman in March 1996. More than 300 German air force members are permanently assigned at Holloman to the TTC, the only unit of its kind in the United States. The German Air Force Flying Training Center activated on March 31Template:Vague with German Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Portz and U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Michael Ryan present. The Luftwaffe has since stationed up to 800 personnel at Holloman for training exercises, due to limited training space in Europe.
File:Patriot System 2.jpg
MIM-104 Patriot system of the Luftwaffe
File:Büchel Fliegerhorst.jpg
Büchel airbase of the Luftwaffe, Germany
Current Structure of the German Luftwaffe down to Squadron-level, as of 20th of December 2007
XXX Inspektor of the Airforce (Currently: Lieutenant General Klaus-Peter Stieglitz)
XXX Air Force Command Staff at the Federal Ministry of Defence
XXX Air Force Command
HQ Squadron
XX Command of Aerial Forces
X National Aerospace Defence Command
X Support Service Command of the Air Force
1st Air Force Division
1st Air Force Band
1st Aerial Region Command
5th Aerial Defence Wing
32nd Strike Fighter Wing
321st Strike Fighter Squadron
322nd Strike Fighter Squadron
741st Fighter Squadron
742nd Fighter Squadron
Tactical School Italy
2nd Air Force Division
2nd Air Force Band
3rd Aerial Region Command
2nd Aerial Defence Wing
31st Strike Fighter Wing "Boelcke"
311th Strike Fighter Squadron
33rd Strike Fighter Wing
73rd Fighter Wing "Steinhoff"
4th Air Force Division
4th Air Force Band
2nd Aerial Region Command
4th Aerial Region Command
1st Aerial Defence Wing
71st Fighter Wing "Richthofen"
711th Fighter Squadron
51st Reconnaissance Wing "Immelmann"
511th Reconnaissance Wing
Air Force Regiment "Frisia"
I Squadron
II Squadron
III Squadron
IV Squadron
XX Air Lift Command
Ministerial Transport Readiness Wing
1st Transport Squadron
2nd Transport Squadron
61st Air Transport Wing
611th Transport Squadron
62nd Air Transport Wing
621st Transport Squadron
622nd Transport Squadron
62nd Air Transport Group
63rd Air Transport Wing
633rd Transport Squadron
XXX Air Force Office
HQ Support Squadron
XX Air Force Training Command
HQ Company
Officer's School of the Air Force
Non-Commissioned Officer's School of the Air Force
1st Technical School of the Air Force
3rd Technical School of the Air Force
Air Force Recruit Regiment
Air Force Regional Command USA/ Canada
Aviation Training Centre of the Air Force
Tactical- and Retraining Centre for Ground-to-Air Warfare of the Air Force
XX Weapon System Command of the Air Force
1st Maintenance Regiment
2nd Maintenance Regiment
Weapon System Support Command
X Surgeon General of the Air Force
X Office for Air-Traffic Control of the Air Force
Aircraft inventory
File:Transall C 160 02.jpg
A Transall C-160
File:Airbus A310 MRTT.jpg
Luftwaffe Airbus A310 MRTT ready for refueling, shown at the Paris Air Show 2007
File:Flugbereitschaft A310 10+22 20060803 STR.jpg
A310 VIP transport aircraft for the leaders of the German government
Template:Standard table ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Aircraft ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Origin ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Type ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Versions ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|In service[6] ! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Notes |-----
| Airbus A310 || Template:EU || transport
tanker || A310-304
A310 MRTT || 7 ||
|----- | Airbus A319CJ || Template:EU || VIP transport || Airbus A319-114CJ || 0 || 2 ordered |----- | Airbus A400M || Template:EU || transport/tanker || Airbus A400M || 0 || 60 on order |----- | UH-1 Iroquois || Template:USA || utility helicopter || UH-1D || 73 || built by Dornier |----- | Bombardier Challenger 600 || Template:CAN || VIP transport || CL-601 || 6 || |----- | Global Express 5000 || Template:CAN || VIP transport || Bombardier Global Express 5000 || 0 || 4 ordered |----- | Cessna T-37 Tweet || Template:USA || trainer || T-37B || 47|| flying under USAF roundel |-----
| Eurocopter Cougar || Template:FRA
Template:GER || transport helicopter || AS 532U-2 || 3 ||
|-----
| Eurofighter Typhoon || Template:GER
Template:ITA
Template:ESP
Template:UK || fighter || || 37 || another 143 under delivery
|----- | Grob G-120 || Template:GER || trainer || || 6 || |----- | McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom II || Template:USA || fighter || F-4F || 65 || In service until 2012 (to be replaced by Eurofighter Typhoon) |----- | NHI NH90 || Template:EU || transport + CSAR || NH90 TTH|| 0 || 42 on order (+12 options) |----- | Northrop T-38 Talon || Template:USA || trainer || || 46 || flying under USAF roundel |-----
| Panavia Tornado || Template:GER
Template:UK || electronic warfare
attack || Tornado ECR
Tornado Recce
Tornado IDS || 34
153 ||
| Transall C-160 || Template:FRA
Template:GER || tactical transport || C-160D || 83 ||
Organization of the Luftwaffe
List of military aircraft of Germany
Luftwaffe-Museum, Berlin
German Air Fleets in World War II
Luftstreitkräfte der NVA
Hundreds of books, magazines and articles have been written about the Luftwaffe. A select few are listed here.
Aders, Gebhard (1992), History of the German Night-Fighter Force, 1917-1945 (edited and translated by Alex Vanags-Baginskis), Crecy. ISBN 0-947554-21-1. (Originally published by Jane's in 1979.)
Amadio, Jill (2002), Günther Rall: A Memoir, Seven Locks Press. ISBN 0-9715533-0-0.
Galland, Adolf (2000 [1957]), The First and the Last, Buccaneer Books, Inc. ISBN 0-89966-728-7.
Green, William (1990), Warplanes of the Third Reich, Galahad. [Second edition, following from original work published in 1970.] ISBN 0-88365-666-3.
Held, Werner and Nauroth, Holger (1982), The Defence of the Reich: Hitler's Nightfighter Planes and Pilots (translated by David Roberts), London, Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-414-6.
Mermet, Jean-Claude and Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (2002), Les Jets de la Luftwaffe: Aéro-Journal Hors-Série No.4, Aéro-Éditions International (French language edition only). ISSN 0336-1055 .
Orbis Publishing Limited, London (1974-77), Wings, a part-work encyclopedia of aviation in eight volumes, which included many articles about the battles during World War II in which the Luftwaffe took part, as well as biographies of some of its high-profile airmen.
Orbis Publishing Limited, London (1981-84) (second edition), World War II, a part-work encyclopedia in eight volumes about the 1939-1945 War.
Philpott, Bryan (1986), History of the German Air Force, Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-50293-7.
Price, Alfred (2005), Battle Over The Reich: The Strategic Bomber Offensive Against Germany 1939-1945, Classic Publications. [Revised, second edition based on the previous work with the same title first published in 1973.] ISBN 1-903223-47-4.
Price, Alfred (2000), Blitz on Britain, 1939-1945, Sutton. [Revised edition of Blitz on Britain : the bomber attacks on the United Kingdom, 1939-1945, first published by Ian Allan in 1977]. ISBN 0-7110-0723-3 (1977 edition).
Sobolev, D. A. and Khazanov, D.B. (2001), The German Imprint on the History of Russian Aviation, Moscow, Rusavia (English edition). ISBN 5-900078-08-6.
Wood, Tony, and Gunston, Bill (1984), Hitler's Luftwaffe: A Pictorial History and Technical Encyclopedia of Hitler's Air Power in World War II, Book Sales (originally published by Salamander Books). ISBN 0-89009-758-5.
↑ German Starfighter losses
↑ "Historic day for Germany", BBC News, 1999-03-25. Retrieved on 2006-11-01. (in English)
↑ "Germans takes over Baltic NATO mission", The Baltic Times, Baltic News Ltd., 2005-06-29. Retrieved on 2006-11-01. (in English)
↑ Recce-Tornados nach Afghanistan
↑ "Germany Announces Major Armed Forces Cuts", Air Forces Monthly, Key Publising, March 2004, pp. 8. Retrieved on 2006-10-19.
↑ "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 15 2007.
Luftwaffe official website (German)
Luftwaffe museum (German) & (English)
German Democratic Republic (1955-1990) Air Force website (German)
Luftwaffe Resource Center - Data and photos of Luftwaffe aircraft
Luftwaffe Fighter Pilots
Neil Page's web site translated German pilot accounts and exclusive material on the leading Fw 190 Reich's defence Geschwader JG 300
Luftwaffe missing-in-action (MIA) website
Template:Military of Germany
bg:Луфтвафе ca:Luftwaffe cs:Luftwaffe da:Luftwaffe de:Luftwaffe (Bundeswehr) es:Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) fr:Luftwaffe gl:Luftwaffe hr:Luftwaffe id:Luftwaffe it:Luftwaffe he:לופטוואפה ka:ლუფტვაფე nl:Luftwaffe ja:ドイツ空軍 no:Deutsche Luftwaffe pl:Luftwaffe pt:Luftwaffe ro:Luftwaffe ru:Люфтваффе simple:Luftwaffe sk:Luftwaffe sl:Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) sr:Луфтвафе fi:Luftwaffe sv:Tysklands flygvapen tr:Luftwaffe uk:Люфтваффе
It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Luftwaffe".
Retrieved from "https://plane.spottingworld.com/wiki/index.php?title=Luftwaffe&oldid=5784"
Articles with unsourced statements since December 2007
German loanwords
Military of Germany
Air forces by country
Military units and formations established in 1910
Articles sourced originally from Wikipedia


7 days to the alien delivery!
Ok it is now one week until my liver cyst is removed. Today I was able to complete two tasks with one item. I have been growing my hair out to donate it. With the surgery coming up I decided that getting it cut short would make it easier. So today one haircut fulfilled two goals!
« 12 Days and counting down to a serving of …..?


text:
Q: User privileges in php(and multi user login form) i'm working on a school system(just to learn PHP) and i've already completed the administrator end but i want my login form to accept login data from the student,teacher and system administrator so that i can show a specific view of the system for each type of user. The code that is commented under the "if(isset($_POST["log"]))" is the one that i'm currently using for the administrator and it works perfectly(for my standards). Here is the code:
<?php
//Fazer login para admin e prof;ligar todas databases ao login;????
include("conect.php");
include("classes/class_est.php");
include("classes/class_login.php");
include("classes/class_admin.php");
include("classes/class_prof.php");
$user=(empty($_POST["username"])? "" :$_POST["username"]);
if(isset($_POST["log"])){
/*if(($user)&&($_POST["senha"]!=null)){
        $est=new admin();
        $est->login($user,$_POST["senha"],$_POST["tipo_user"]);
        }else{
            echo"";
        }
    }*/

switch($_POST["tipo_user"]){
        case"administrador":echo 'ighb';
            if(($_POST["username"])&&($_POST["senha"]!=null)){
            $admin=new admin();
            $admin->login($_POST["username"],$_POST["senha"],$_POST["tipo_user"]);
            }else{
            echo"";
        }
            ;
         break;
        case"estudante":
            if(($_POST["username"])&&($_POST["senha"]!=null)){
            $est=new est();
            $est->login($_POST["username"],$_POST["senha"],$_POST["tipo_user"]);
            }else{
            echo"";
        };
        break;
        case"professor":
            if(($_POST["username"] && $_POST["senha"])!=null){
                $prof=new prof();
                $prof=login($_POST["username"],$_POST["senha"],$_POST["tipo_user"]);
            }else{
                echo"";
            };
            break;
        default;break;
    }
}
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>

        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="estilos/forms.css"/>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">

        <form method="POST">

Tipo de usuário:	<?php $listar=new login;$listar->list_tipo()?>	(Para Alpha)

Username: 	<input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Insira o nome de usuário" id="texto"/>

Senha: 	<input type="password" name="senha" placeholder="Insira a senha" id="texto"/>

<input type="submit" name="log" value="ENTRAR" id="texto"/>

        </form>

`

A: Are you familiar with using a database? Storing username,password and access_levels inside a users table of a database might be the best option for you. OTherwise, you will have to hard-code the user's access values in your script. If you do this, you can create a switch defining their privilege values like:
$username=$_POST['user'];
switch $username {
  case "supercool_admin":
  $access_level="admin";
break;
  case "supercool_student":
  $access_level="student";
break;
  case "supercool_teacher":
  $access_level="teacher";
break;
  default:
  $access_level="none";
}

Then when you are displaying contents, you would reference the access_level as either an if statement, or another switch.
eg:
if($access_level=="admin") {
 //DISPLAY ADMIN CONTENTS
} elseif ($access_level=="teacher") {
 //DISPLAY TEACHER CONTENTS
} elseif ($access_level=="student") {
 //DISPLAY STUDENT CONTENTS
} else {
  echo "YOU DO NOT HAVE PERMISSION TO VIEW THESE CONTENTS";
}

I can also suggest not using post values to do your lookups, instead use the post values to authenticate against either a database, or in your case, inside the switch. Once authenticated and their access_level is defined, store those values in a session and reference that instead.


text:
'Baby's gotta eat': Minister downplays Question Period breastfeeding moment
Monique Scotti GlobalNews.ca
Democratic Institutions Minister Karina Gould played down Tuesday's somewhat historic moment, explaining that her son's "gotta eat" and she had to be in the House for votes.
It's been a pretty historic week for political babies, both here in Canada and around the world.
On Thursday morning, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern welcomed her first child, a daughter, at a hospital in Auckland. She becomes only the second elected leader in modern history to give birth in office, with former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto the first.
WATCH: New Zealand's Prime Minister gives birth to first child
But about 48 hours earlier, Canadian Democratic Institutions Minister Karina Gould also made a small bit of history, appearing in the House of Commons with her son and breastfeeding him openly on camera as a typically raucous Question Period unfolded around them.
Baby Oliver wasn't the first child to have a meal in the House of Commons by any stretch, and plenty of babies in other countries have done the same — including recent high-profile moments in Australia and Iceland. But he is the first child of a Canadian minister to do so.
WATCH: Australian parliament unfazed by breastfeeding senator
The incident was also notable for the fact that it was recorded by the cameras in the House. Members of Parliament typically cannot be filmed unless they have been recognized by the Speaker, but because Gould was sitting behind Health Minister Ginette Petitpas Taylor as she answered a question about marijuana legalization, the moment was captured.
The camera lingered on the MP for Burlington and her son for almost a full minute, with Gould alternatively watching him and looking up at the health minister. The parliamentarians around Gould appeared completely unfazed.
READ MORE: Karina Gould on ministerial motherhood and electoral reform
Gould downplayed the widely-circulated clip on Wednesday, explaining that she had to be in the House for votes that were about to begin, and "baby's gotta eat." Responses on social media were largely positive.
"No shame in breastfeeding!" she tweeted. "Clearly still work to do."
Parliament has made certain adjustments to give new parents on all sides more leeway when they are caring for new additions to their families, but there are still calls for increased accommodations as the composition of the House shifts and more women are elected. There has also been a broader push to end the stigma around public breastfeeding in Canada, after a number of highly-publicized incidents involving women being shamed in stores and restaurants.
No shame in breastfeeding! Baby's gotta eat & I had votes. Clearly still work to do… Glad @HoCSpeaker & parl colleagues supportive! 🙂 https://t.co/5kQmWuP8Z3
— Karina Gould (@karinagould) June 20, 2018
Oliver has become something of a minor celebrity on the Hill since joining his mother at work in late May. He was born in March, and Gould took a few weeks off, but MPs do not receive any formal parental leave.
Gould's caucus colleagues, including Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, have taken turns holding the baby while she addresses the House of Commons and works at her desk. Trudeau actually voted with Oliver in his arms late last month, and MP Andrew Leslie was pictured holding him on May 31.
In Question Period @karinagould just arrived with her baby boy and Minister @jimcarr_wpg engaged in some baby talk as she took her seat #cdnpoli
— Bryan Mullan (@BryanMGlobal) June 19, 2018
Gould has, for the most part, been carrying out her usual daily schedule of meetings, events, media interviews and appearances in the House of Commons since returning to work.
Her son is sometimes in tow, and sometimes not, but he's seemingly accommodated even when he isn't with her.
Thank you @IOGca for having me back this year to talk about democracy in the digital age. Oliver couldn't make it but love the name tag! #cdnpoli #getcybersafe #DGF18 pic.twitter.com/A5RJw2Ns1e


Drivers are required to have a valid driver's license (see sample here). A temporary license is acceptable, but be sure to upload your permanent copy when you receive it.
Drivers are required to have personal vehicle insurance. Proof of insurance needs to be provided with either a photo of an insurance policy (sample) or vehicle registration (sample).


text:
ELECTION DAY IS NOV. 6
The Kavanaugh hearing is a political disaster for Republicans—just ask them
Ford is sworn in.
Image: AP/Tom Williams
Tim Fernholz
Republican strategists think Christine Blasey Ford's Senate testimony about her alleged sexual assault by Brett Kavanaugh is going to be a problem.
Behind the gravity of a Supreme Court nomination and America's ongoing struggle to engage with the basic humanity of women, there are the upcoming congressional elections. With midterm turnout likely to fall from 2016, both parties are looking to drive up the enthusiasm of their voters to get the out.
Putting Donald Trump's ultra-conservative nominee on the bench is a major priority for the GOP, but his record of misleading Congress and multiple allegations of sexual assault while heavily drinking has his nomination under threat. Democrats have capitalized on public outrage to demand a new nominee and remind voters of Trump's own history of facing credible allegations of sexual assault.
Perhaps Kavanaugh's testimony before the judiciary committee later today will help his case. And senate Republicans can ultimately ignore whatever comes out at the hearing and vote Kavanaugh over the line. Even if they do, the spectacle of Ford testifying about her assault—in front of the all-male Republican members of the committee who chose to hire a female prosecutor, Rachel Mitchell, so they would not have to question her—will reverberate to the election day.
So far, at least, Republicans are worried that today's events will drive Democrats to the voting booth and keep centrist voters from holding their nose and voting GOP. Indeed, three Republican governors—John Kasich of Ohio, Charlie Baker of Massachusetts and Larry Hogan of Maryland—have asked for a delay in the vote.
In the White House:
On Fox News:
Among Republican campaign strategists:
Correction: A previous version of this story incorrectly reported the name of Rachel Mitchell, the prosecutor hired by the Senate judiciary committee.


text:
John Hilton Edwards (* 26. März 1928 in London; † 11. Oktober 2007 in Oxford) war ein britischer Humangenetiker.

Edwards studierte Medizin und Zoologie in Cambridge und Middlesex. 1960 beschrieb er erstmals das dann nach ihm benannte Edwards-Syndrom (Trisomie 18), das durch eine Trisomie des menschlichen Chromosom 18 oder von Teilen davon hervorgerufen wird.

Weblinks
Kurzbiografie bei whonamedit.com (englisch)
Nachruf (englisch)

Literatur
 J. H. Edwards, D. G. Harnden, A. H. Cameron, V. M. Crosse, O. H. Wolff: A new trisomic syndrome. In: The Lancet. London, 1960, 1: 787–790

Humangenetiker
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Royal Society
Brite
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2007
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
[Official repository][repo].

[repo]: https://index.docker.io/u/thoughtpolice/hdfs/

# Quick Start

Start a HDFS single-node cluster. (NB: this doesn't have MapReduce support
since I use it with Spark):

```
$ docker pull thoughtpolice/hdfs
$ HDFS_MASTER=$(docker run -d thoughtpolice/hdfs /opt/start-dfs.sh)
$ HDFS_MASTER_IP=$(docker inspect $HDFS_MASTER | grep IPAddress | awk '{ print $2 }' | tr -d ',"')
```

You can view the node HTTP interface at `$HDFS_MASTER_IP:50070`.

Now you can upload data to the LXC container directly on port 8020.

```
$ cd $HOME/spark/hadoop-1.1.2
$ cat /tmp/hdfs-test.txt
the
quick brown
fox
jumped over
the
dog
$ ./bin/hadoop fs -put /tmp/hdfs-test.txt hdfs://172.16.42.207:9000/hdfs-test.txt
$ ./bin/hadoop fs -cat hdfs://172.16.42.207:9000/hdfs-test.txt
the
quick brown
fox
jumped over
the
dog
$
```

If you're using `spark-shell`, you can now connect to the cluster and get data from HDFS:

```
$ MASTER=spark://172.16.42.205:7077 ./spark-shell
scala> val textFile = sc.textFile("hdfs://172.16.42.207:9000/hdfs-test.txt").cache()
...
textFile: spark.RDD[String] = MappedRDD[1] at textFile at <console>:12

scala> textFile.count()
...
13/07/28 23:27:46 INFO spark.SparkContext: Job finished: count at <console>:15, took 0.895920868 s
res0: Long = 6

scala> textFile.count()
...
13/07/28 23:28:58 INFO spark.SparkContext: Job finished: count at <console>:15, took 0.04510405 s
res1: Long = 6
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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The M1200 ECU
This article is about the Adaptronic M1200 ECU. We have been looking for a way to replace the e420d for 4 cylinder engines using the technology from our new Modular ECUs, but in a way that we can match the price point of the e420d which was very popular.
Well, we've found a way to do it, but there are several limitations compared to the M2000 required to get the cost down (not only of the ECU but of looms as well). Here are the differences:
In short, it's a cut down M2000 with less capable outputs, and less in the way of output diagnostics, and it can't be upgraded in the way that the Modular ECUs can. We use the 48-pin OEM connector as well, not because it's cheaper than the Superseal connector on the ECU end, because it isn't really – but it makes the looms a lot more cost effective.
I know that some of our competitors offer on their basic model ECUs only 3 or so 0-5V inputs, of which you need to use one for throttle position, one for MAP and that leaves you with one to do everything else you might want to do. One of our core values at Adaptronic is encouraging people to do things the right way, and since I've learned so much about fuel systems over the last 2 and a half years I think it's really important to use a fuel pressure sensor and for the ECU to use it in its fuel modelling. Also some engines like the early Toyota ones really need 3 crank / cam triggers to sync up quickly, so we've left all 3 triggers available and the third one can be used for flex fuel.
Also in deciding the best way to handle the connections, obviously I looked at what our competitors have done and it seems that the way many do it is by using a single 34-pin Superseal header. The reason we chose not do to that was that 34 pins doesn't really give enough functionality in my opinion. It would have given us the opportunity to make the device waterproof but we have a lot of data on the thousands of e420ds we've sold over the years and enquiries we've had; waterproofness on the entry level ECU has come up as a question very rarely, and we know that people either use enough functions to warrant more than 34 pins, or if they don't then we want them to – for example fuel pressure as I mentioned before.
It doesn't run the exact same firmware as in the Modular ECUs, but it's the same code base – some code such as to drive the outputs is different for example. But it means that you still have access to the excellent fuel modelling in the Modular ECUs, the communications and so on. It also means that maps are compatible except for the limitations on the outputs, and as we develop other functions like exception detection they will be available in the M1200 also.
We think this is a big step up from the functionality of the e420d at the same price point, made possible by some things we've been able to do to improve performance at the same price (that is, new technology we're using on the Modular ECU that wasn't available before), and also some things we've been able to do to reduce cost in other areas of the ECU (for example the ECU enclosure).
Thank you and happy learning!
Keep up with us on our social media accounts. Not a boring day goes by at Adaptronic!
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Today we'll discuss a really interesting topic with you. Are you ready? We have an age-old question at play - what should you do to become popular? Perhaps, you may suppose the article will be about the popularity of applications. Yes, you guessed it. But not only!
In this article, we will cover the mobile development but also we'll reflect on how to become a popular vlogger (video blogger). You may ask - how it is related?
It's very simple. Because today, we'll talk about live streaming apps. Thus, we will look at the most popular apps for streaming. So we'll find out how to create a flagship in this niche and how to make money on it.
There are so many different stream apps floating around the most popular app stores. So you plan to find out how to make a live streaming Android app or iOS app, to deal with all this abundance, we suggest finding out what kinds of video stream apps exist.
How Much Does It Cost to Create an App Like Periscope?
Live broadcasting apps. Well, it is one of the most popular types of streaming media. This is when you watch videos that are delivered in a real-time mode. It is recorded and broadcasted simultaneously. There are professional streamers that stream how they play games, how they talk about different things, even how they simply answer questions online. There are many live broadcasting apps, the most popular ones are Facebook Live, YouTube Live, Livestream, Periscope, etc.
Audio-only streaming. The principle is the same - users can listen to the music without preliminary downloading. Everything is simple. Pandora, Spotify, Apple Music are the most popular music streaming services you can find today.
Video on demand streaming (VoD). It makes it possible for users to watch TV series and movies also without downloading it, however, they have an opportunity to pause it, resume, rewind it, skip unwanted moments and so on. As a rule, users need to pay to a streaming service for watching content. Netflix, Hulu, Vevo, Amazon Video are the leaders in this area.
We recommend you to have a look at what they offer to users and what functions they have.
Streaming apps can also differ by the area of focus. Some of them are used for work purposes, some for personal ones. But most of them yet combine both directions. Of course, we won't choose between them. Because applications of each of these categories are designed to complete different types of tasks.
In this article, we will discuss in more detail precisely the second category of applications. It's about applications designed for live streaming, and you will see how to create live streaming app for Android and iOS.
Why do you need a live streaming app?
Live streaming helps you capture more attention from customers since live broadcasting is perceived by users differently. They are more interested in real-time streaming, they want to see what you will offer them right now. Besides that, many users don't like staged videos where everything was planned in advance, whereas live streaming becomes more attractive to customers.
With the help of live streaming, you can tell more about your brand to new customers. In a real-time promotion of your product will look much brighter and more captivating, that is why live streaming gives you a good chance to increase loyalty to your brand.
Even if you provide people with a detailed information about your brand in social media, the benefits of your product and so on, it will not be a serious motivation for people to use. But live streaming can give users richer content that will be much more engaging.
How can you arrange a better interaction with a customer? Well, streaming is an option again. You can reach more potential customers since you can reply to all their questions, interact more deeply and it will have a positive effect on leads generations.
If you think that this issue is not so considerable, you are wrong. People are tired of watching unwanted ads on YouTube videos, so live streaming will give users a pleasant ad-free experience, it will also lead to loyalty increase and better engagement of new users.
What about basic features for live streaming app? Let's check them out.
There are certain pitfalls you should avoid and our goal is to help you make it real. Read about a few important steps you should undertake to create a live streaming service.
CDN stands for Content Delivery Network, and it is a must-have step if you want to scale your server. Even if you think that you don't need it, try to think ahead of time and you will probably see that it will be a useful option. You will need to pay additionally for CDN, however, everything will be paid off. It will ensure flawless delivery of content without interruptions.
It is also required to choose a reliable hosting that will ensure uninterrupted streaming services for your customers. The quality of hosting may be not so important for a start, but when you service becomes popular, the number of users will grow and imagine that one video will be watched by thousands of users simultaneously. To ensure that users will have a quality video delivery, you should have a strong server infrastructure. A good option is to use a ready-made cloud solution like Amazon S3 and so on. But our developers will choose the most appropriate solution for your specific case, so don't worry about it.
All your content should be stored in a reliable place that makes it possible for users to watch a video without failures and unexpected distortions. You choose a good and powerful SSD-storage that will ensure proper functionality, and a user will not have any problem with a video display.
You should consider that appearance means a lot and users will judge your streaming service according to its first impression. So you should hire high-skilled UI/UX designers or find an experienced software development company that offers all services on a turnkey basis. You can analyze how your competitors created their live streaming software and what UI and UX it has for now. UX in your software should be intuitive and try not to overload your service with tons of images.
In order not to fail and make sure that your service will be interesting for users, create an MVP version, an app with a minimal feature list. If you don't know what features your streaming app should contain, our next section will spell everything out.
Customers won't forgive your mistakes. If something works improperly, a customer will stop using your service and find something more reliable. That is why that quality assurance of your live streaming service should be performed on a high level.
Steps are clear but it is required to keep up with them and you will succeed. Now it is the time to proceed to MVP features and show you what features your new streaming app or website should include.
Impressed by the success of giants, don't jump in feet first and don't stuff your stream app with all features at once. It is more logical to create MVP (Minimum Viable product) first. When you create streaming app, it will help you to understand how viable your application is and what it lacks of at the initial stage and at minimum cost.
Focusing on the native app, you will need to choose which platform your first version will be created for. It can be iOS, Android, Windows Phone, etc.
That is, they can register, create a broadcast, search for other users, and comment their broadcasts. Thus, you get a high-quality frame of your application, which will be enough for the first going.
We also include the testing and bug fixing in the process of developing the first version. After fixing errors, it is uploaded to the store of a chosen platform (iOS, Android, or else). Then, you need to pay attention to the promotion of applications in stores and wait for feedback from the first users.
And what then? Then, seeing a positive response, and making sure that the project is viable, we are working to make your application a really high-class one. Thus, we proceed to the next step on the way to the goal - how to create a live streaming app.
In this section, we'll find out what features you can add to your application to ensure that it has successfully developed and your project is on the way to the top results.
Here we'll tell you what you need to implement, and a couple more ideas to stand out in the market.
Look at the list of MVP features. What is missing in your opinion? A lot of things, you'll say. But let's start with the beginning.
At the stage of the first version, it is enough to make one variant. For example, it can be registration of the account in your application only. It is implemented with the use of a mobile number or e-mail address and password. And also, you need to add a forgotten password recovery function by e-mail or a mobile message.
For example, in the process of live streaming Android app development, we can add several logs in through social networks options. That is, the user will be able to log in using their account on Facebook or Twitter, for example.
See more on our Dribbble profile.
With this step, you simplify the user's life. And so, you increase the attractiveness of your application in his eyes.
Important tip. You have to remember that everything in your app should be fairly simple and clear. Usability is one of the main components of the success of your application. The fewer actions the user have to make on the way to achieving the goal, the more favorably your app is compared to others.
With this, we attract users because before subscribing to someone or joining to a broadcast, they can see how interesting that streamer is. Also, users can share information about themselves. To some extent, this step turns your project into a kind of social network.
In the first version of the app for video streaming, we can just implement the function of online streaming without the possibility to watch further. In this case, the server function is to convert your broadcast and transmit it to the stream of viewers. That is, the video is not stored on the server.
For further development of the project, we can implement the function of watching broadcasts after it finished. To do this, we need larger storage. For the convenience, we can use cloud servers. Because, if we take into account the subsequent scaling, the more users you have, the larger your server has to be.
We'll explain in detail how this works. Broadcasting stream passes through the server, gets converted, and appears on the subscriber's device. In the same time, the video is uploaded to the server and stored there for some time. The duration of this period is determined depending on the size of storage. After the end of this period, the video is automatically deleted from the server.
Thus, such an application would be more popular. This is due to the fact that the users have the opportunity not to miss interesting things and stay connected.
Important tip. Always consider the subsequent ability to scale the project. Scalability is a very important moment in the streaming app development process. Therefore, think about how you want to expand your project, and the number of users you plan to serve at every next stage. Having scheduled these indicators, you can avoid many problems.
for the audience - to ask questions and get answers.
Later, it will be useful to add the ability to like and, thereafter, likes counter. There are different options for implementation.
Likes can be both to translations and to the user page in general. Accordingly, the counters will be different. In the profile, we can display the information about the total number of likes for all broadcasts, or the number of likes to a page only.
to take into account the criticism and improve the quality of broadcasts.
Also, various metrics are always attractive and increase the popularity of applications.
For the further development of the application, it is useful to implement the choose of the video quality feature. That is there was the ability to watch video not only in the base, highest quality but also in the lower. This will attract users with low quality or speed of their Internet connection.
Thus, you expand the target audience of the application. After all, what's the use of your app for those who have the low quality of the Internet or little abilities of devices?
Important tip. To ensure that your product can become popular, consider the possibilities and interests of your target audience when you create live streaming app. Examine the state of the market and be guided by what your potential consumers require.
by the number of watching, etc.
With the help of filters, any user will be able to find what he is interested in, and thus stay longer with your application.
Probably, there is no need to talk about how important the design of the application is. The fact of how convenient the use of the application often determines the impression of it. It should constantly be improved in response to the feedback of users.
Also, more and more tasks will appear with the implementation of new features.
Important tip. The formula of perfect design doesn't exist. But we advise you to create a symbiosis of two components: the most popular trends and your personality. It always works.
Just a great upgrade for an app for video streaming is the integration of geolocation. With its help, you can find the broadcasts by their location.
Users can open the world map, which shows the marks of broadcasts that are made at the moment in a particular part of the world. Thus, you can choose where to go today right from the comfort of your chair.
Agree, not always you want to be in the limelight. Sometimes you want to share your impressions and emotions with close friends only. Sometimes we prefer the family hearth comfort and privacy with relatives. To realize this quite a natural desire in streaming video apps, it will be useful to implement privacy settings.
Give your users the ability to choose whom they will broadcast for and you will be surprised the number of positive feedbacks.
only in the certain area, etc.
You can provide a wide range of privacy settings to achieve the ideal result.
If you use Skype, then surely you know the 'show the screen' feature. This is when you instead of entering into explanations of what you see on your screen, just show it your partner instead of your lovely face. This feature saves valuable time for various tutorials. And there is an equally interesting use of this feature.
With the appearance of bright and high-quality games for desktops, which captured the attention of the world, it has become a very popular thing to stream the game process. This type of streaming has a very large audience.
With the 'show screen' feature, you can implement this type of streaming for mobile devices. Why don't you show your subscribers that you throw birds at pigs as a superhero, or how elusive surfer you are, and none of the police can catch you?
Going back to the fact that our aim when developing an application is to make the life of the user as much comfortable as possible, the implementation of notifications and schedules will be a very useful upgrade. How does it work?
The user gets push-notifications on his device when an interesting broadcast starts. So when a broadcaster decides to start to stream video or audio from the phone, his subscribers are invited to join. No matter if they are not on the app at the moment.
You can also add the schedule feature. That is, if the streamer is going to 'go on the air' at a certain time, he can schedule the time of his broadcast. Then a common schedule of broadcasts is formed based on the user subscriptions.
So the user is always kept up with the most interesting events. In return, your application is always on a wave of success.
For the convenient search of friends, we can implement the importing contacts feature to streaming app. Contacts can be imported from social media or the phone book. This function is successfully implemented in the most popular applications of this niche.
Here's an important fact to pay attention to. Implementation of some of the features above is impossible without others.
And now, let's turn to the most "delicious" part of our guidance.
Experienced software development company knows what tools and technologies it should use to develop live streaming app, but we consider it necessary to show you the list of the main tools required for the app development.
geolocation: Google Maps, MapKit/Core Location (iOS).
However, it would be also necessary to single out technologies that for live streaming specifically that make it impossible for such apps to function properly. We will speak about media servers that are shown above more in detail.
DaCast. It is a video streaming and hosting platform. Developers can use APIs and SDKs of this streaming platform to integrate all DaCast features into your software. DaCast also provides users with its own CDN like Akamai at affordable prices. As for cons of DaCast, it has rather high latency and it can be slow from time to time.
Wowza. This media server is good both for audio and video streaming. As for pros, it has no channel restrictions, and it offers Streaming Engine option for self-hosted streaming. It works with low bandwidth, and it gives customers full control over their Wowza server. But its cons include a rather high price, support is available only on a paid basis.
WebRTC. An open-source project that makes it possible to adjust streaming from one point to another. In other words, data like audio and video can be sent from one browser to another. As for pros, using WebRTC 3 main APIs like MediaStream, RTCPeerConnection, RTCDataChannel users can adjust communication on any device like a smartphone, PC, tablet, smart TV, and even household appliance and car. But its cons include possible incompatibility of different browsers and it is connected with a lack of required codecs.
Let's be honest. One of the most important goals of any startup (of course, except making the world a better place) is making a profit.
In the first case, you make your application paid. That is, in order to install it, the user will have to pay a certain sum of money.
With the freemium strategy, you'll have two versions of your app: free and premium. So, the user will have to pay only for some features. For example, to gain access to a particular function, the user will have to purchase the paid version.
If you choose the latter option, you show your partners' ads in your application. Of course, there are not all of the options, how to make money on the application. But these are the most popular and common ones.
successful operation of the application.
These rules are correct for almost any application. Thus, using these simple tools, you will certainly come to success.
Important tip. Try to find your own niche, to attract the user with something unusual and innovative. People are always happy to try something new. And the main thing is to be bright and stand out from the rest.
So what to do to bring it all to life?
These are just guidelines of how the way of the realization of such a project looks like. You can imagine it quite differently. Your ideas can be completely crazy. And it's awesome!
Always look for your own way and be individual. Bring to the market something original. And if you have a worthwhile idea, you always find ways to bring it to life.
In the end, you have two options. You can wander through the Internet to find the ideal solutions and the right steps. Or you can contact the team of people who really understand all of this. Such people always hand you through this world of complicated things and lead to a desired result. Contact us and we'll turn the torture to the enjoyable process.


text:
Localised government can drive our political recovery from coronavirus crisis
BY Paul Goldsmith |
pg_onthemove / 18 May 2020
"If we learn something from this, it is that the higher you go, the more incompetent institutions are; The opposite applies too… the most competent people are in small villages. They know exactly what measures to take. We must move to localism."
So proclaimed Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Distinguished Professor of Risk Engineering at New York University, and the author of The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, writing about lesson's to be learned from Covid-19 in last week's Sunday Times.
Is Taleb right? Or should there be tight central coordination to maximise efficiency and ensure equality? What serves us best dealing with Covid-19 crisis, or more broadly with the societal challenges we face?
The creation of the Nightingale Hospitals and rapid decisions on what functions hospitals should stop and how wards should be reallocated was a great success for central government. PPE provision less so. The aim to ensure that the initial PPE distribution was to some extent equitable across the country was logical. But opening up to local solutions has demonstrated the value of this. Similarly with efforts to scale up testing and as may happen again, the pace of opening up local services.
Considering the question more broadly, and thinking about precisely what should be centralised, the obvious but not particularly informative answer is that coordination and decision making should be made at the right level. Sometimes that is centrally, but I agree with Taleb that the default should be hyper-local. In his words, the village. In UK terms this means the Parish or Ward.
Why should this be the case?
If the challenge is complex and unpredictable, requires integration of different pieces of information and discussions made at speed, then those involved can be better coordinated when they have relationship-based interactions, rather than transactional ones. Humans max out at 150 people, the manageable number to interact with in a group, sometimes referred to as The Dunbar Number after the Oxford anthropologist who highlighted the link between primate brain size and optimal social group size. This group works best if there is a shared geography, but there doesn't have to be, with the key element being the group having a shared interest.
The next advantage of small groups is it is easier to see trade-offs. Everything in life has a trade-off, but when decision-making is remote, these are hidden from people, so things appear free from cost and compromise. This then leads to the arms race between the political parties at election time, each offering more and more goodies.
The most important reason though for devolution to small groups is that people embrace solutions if they are actively involved in formulating them. That's the way our brains work. If there had been any doubt beforehand, Covid-19 has shown us the latent potential in local groups, whether that be the many neighbourhood support schemes, or local academics and businesses working together at speed to create new ventilator kit or PPE, delivering these often in weeks or even days.
With the war effort motivational incentive and associated freedom of action, people have done amazing things and of a complexity and pace most would have doubted was possible before the crisis.
Still, I do actually support some aspects of centralisation and the need for a tight coordinating group at the centre of government that can link across departments, like the Number 10 Policy Unit or equivalent. But it needs to also embrace grassroots local activity, with rings of coordination in between, such as the mayors. Polycentric governance with good links between the rings and a principle of devolution to the most local level possible. That is true participatory democracy.
What goes in each ring is open for debate. Placing some things is easy, such as central control of the army or intellectual property law. Regional control has coordinating advantages, but must not replace one distant bureaucracy with another closer to home and with current voting systems comes a risk that some regions may be lumbered with the same political incumbents forever.
This is why I favour some form of proportional representation at and below regional level, and much stronger protection for public representatives from the vexatious, troubled or plain nasty, who create misery, impede progress and inhibit too many people from entering public service.
How and who we elect should vary according to the domain we are talking about, because our attitude to type of governance also changes according to the polycentric ring and the subject of the control.
"I am, at the Fed level, libertarian; at the state level, Republican; at the local level, Democrat; and at the family and friends' level, a socialist.", as American experts on neighbourhood planning, brothers Vince and Geoff Graham, so brilliantly put it.
The role of central government should be to provide the enabling tools and at least in certain domains, parameters of the destination. Localities are best placed to work out how to get there. Rather like with an orienteering race, where there are several choices which must be made to get to the target destination, do you take the safe but longer route along an easy path, or a shorter but more uncomfortable route crossing a marsh? Or is your preference for the fast but high risk route which has no markings.
The point is you assess the trade-offs and make a decision appropriate for your situation and risk tolerance.
Central government can help with data, informing us as to whether progress is being made. If completely lost, then higher levels of government should step in, orientate and share best practise. County can support Parish, Regions the Counties, and national government the Regions.
With this, a more nurturing and less paternalistic state can emerge after the shock of the Covid-19 crisis.
A competitive exchange rate, not higher taxes, is the solution to our Covid economic quagmire