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Hyper-V , IP Routing , Networking , virtualization
Hyper-V and Networking – Part 3: IP Routing
Muhammad AnwarJanuary 12, 2015
In the previous post, we dug into VLANs, which are a layer 2 concept in the ISO model. In this piece, we're going to step up into layer 3 and look at IP address and routing and how they work with Hyper-V.
Part 1 - Mapping the OSI Model
Part 2 - VLANs
Part 3 - IP Routing
Part 4 - Link Aggregation and Teaming
Part 5 – DNS
Part 6 - Ports, Sockets, and Applications
Part 7 - Bindings
Part 8 - Load-Balancing Algorithms
How IP Interacts with Ethernet, Part 1
As you recall from our first post on this series, each layer works with the layers immediately above and immediately below to package the transmission on the way down or unpackage it on the way up. For a TCP/IP packet to be able to participate on an Ethernet network, it needs to be placed into an Ethernet frame. Once that happens, its "TCP/IP-ness" is masked from Ethernet. The frame then moves according to MAC addresses. This is helpful to understand for this post, as it is very similar to the way that TCP/IP frames move in a TCP/IP network. Let's start with a crude visualization:
Once the frame is packaged like this, it's dropped onto the Ethernet broadcast network. If it encounters a switch, that switch will attempt to discern where the destination MAC address is. If it's in a switch port on that switch, it will deliver the frame to that port. If it's not, it will talk to all of the switches that it knows. If any of the other switches know where the MAC is, the switch that currently possesses the frame will deliver it to the switch port or aggregated ports that connect to the switch that knows how to get there.
There, you've just had an eight-second shot of what ARP (address resolution protocol) does. If, on the other hand, the frame lands on a hub, then the hub will just repeat the frame on all of its other ports. An endpoint that receives an Ethernet frame that wasn't sent to its MAC or to the broadcast address (FF in every octet) will normally be set to silently discard the frame.
Relating Ethernet to IP
A TCP/IP packet looks very similar to the Ethernet packet above, although it is much busier:
Aside from the order being reversed, the addressing portion is the same. As with the Ethernet frame, if a device receives a TCP/IP packet and the host portion of the destination address is not the broadcast address or that device's address, then the packet is usually discarded. Be aware that in TCP/IP lingo, "host" means any IP endpoint, such as a Hyper-V host, a virtual adapter, a desktop computer's NIC, a networked printer's NIC, a smartphone's Wi-Fi adapter, etc.
Seems sort of redundant, doesn't it? You have source and destination addresses in both layer 2 and layer 3. I've never worked in protocol design so I don't know if it's strictly necessary to have addressing information in both layers. What is certain is that this duality allows TCP/IP to be routed. Where Ethernet frames are permanently limited to a single broadcast network, TCP/IP routers can theoretically get a TCP/IP packet anywhere in the world. Not only that, but they aren't restricted to an Ethernet network:
This is all possible because of layer separation. In the first hop, the Ethernet frame contains the source MAC address of the sending computer and the destination MAC address of the local router. Routers are considered to be layer 3 devices because upon receipt of a frame, they'll disassemble it, repackage it into a new frame, and send it on to the next device. All the while, the TCP/IP packet remains intact. In order to do that, the router must be able to inspect at least the IP header.
IP Subnet
When I used to teach classes, this seemed to be the most universally despised subject, at least at the outset. It requires math. Not only does it require math, but it requires binary math. Just saying this caused many students to give up in abject despair. If that's you, take heart! If you can tell the difference between a 0 and 1, then you know everything you need to in order to understand IP subnetting. While students might certainly lie on course evaluations, it always seemed like they ended these classes with a much better attitude than they started them. Or maybe they were just excited to be able to leave. Either way, this is really not a complicated subject.
When you assign an IP address to a system, you've probably noticed there are only two required entries: the IP address and a subnet mask. The subnet mask has exactly one functional purpose: to determine whether or not an outbound packet can be sent right to the destination or if it needs to go through a router first. That's all that it does. Logically, what it does is determine which portion of the IP address references the network and which portion references the host. The place people get stuck on this is that because they are more comfortable thinking in decimal, they try to process subnet masks in decimal. I've met a handful of people who can do that very quickly, but for the most part, it is much easier to operate in binary.
IP Classes
Even though the terminology around IP classes has pretty much faded into the annals of history, understanding them helps with comprehension of subnetting. In days of yore, there were three unicast address classes: A, B, and C. Class A had a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0, B was 255.255.0.0, and C was 255.255.255.0. If you look, you can still find tables that show you which address ranges are considered to belong to each of these classes. The reason that we like these so much is because they work well with our decimal way of thinking. Remember that in an IP address, there are four octets. An octet is nothing more than a byte, or a string of 8 bits. A single bit can have a value of 0 or 1. Eight can have a value from 0 through 255. Or, in hexadecimal, 00 through FF. Or, in binary, 00000000 through 11111111. So, we can start with this simple table:
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
Minimum 00 00000000 00
Maximum 255 11111111 FF
Armed with this knowledge, let's look at a basic IP and subnet mask combination.
IP Address 192.168.0.10 11000000.10101000.00000000.00001010 C0.A8.00.0A
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 FF.FF.FF.00
Let's look at what this gives us. We compare the subnet mask against the IP address. From this comparison, we can determine which part of the IP address describes the network and which describes the actual host. All you have to do is look at the Binary column in the table, and it should be pretty obvious. For each position in the IP address that lines up with a 1 in the subnet mask, that is part of the network. Each position in the IP address that lines up with a 0 in the subnet mask represents part of the host's address.
So, we now know that this host will consider every single other host whose IP starts with 192.168.0 to be on the same network. It considers itself to be the host with the number 10, and other hosts on that network will be numbered 1 through 9 and 11 through 254. 192.168.0.0 represents the IP address of the network (host ID of all 0s) and 192.168.0.255 is the broadcast address for that network (host ID of all 1s). See? Just by being able to tell the difference between a 0 and a 1 (and maybe how to use Calc.exe to convert from decimal to binary), you figured out the networking details for this computer.
In case you don't know how to use Calc.exe, let me help you:
If you do this a lot, you can set yourself up with a PowerShell script to do it even more quickly.
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
We used a Class C subnet mask because it falls along octet boundaries which makes it easier on the eyes (and maybe the brain), but the basic pattern is established here. A subnet mask always begins with a 1 and always (well, almost always) ends with a 0. There is always an unbroken line of 1s and (almost) always a following line of unbroken zeros.
What makes this "almost" is that 255.255.255.255 is a valid subnet mask, so sometimes the zeros won't be there. However, in no case can the line of 1s and the line of 0s ever intermingle.
As we found out pretty quickly, trying to break everything up into hard-line classes of A, B, or C ran us out of valid networking combinations pretty quickly. So, the idea of "classless" IPs was born. This is very simple: it just means that the network/host breaks don't necessarily fall inline with neat octet boundaries. People get scared here, because now you see subnet masks like 255.255.248.0, and most people can't immediately parse what that means. Keep calm, and calc on:
255.255.248.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000.
Just line that up against your IP, and you know exactly what's going on. For simplicity's sake, let's just use the same 192.168.0.10 that we started with.
Subnet Mask 255.255.248.0 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 FF.FF.F8.00
This is a little less fun than the previous edition because again, we have a network section of 192.168.0.0, but the host portion is now 0.1 instead of just 1. It's effectively indistinguishable from the Class C description. For that, we use CIDR notation. This just appends /xx to the end of the network and means nothing more than the total number of 1s used in the subnet mask. So, the network is 192.168.0.0/21 (1 full octet of 8 + 1 full octet of 8 plus 1 partial octet with 5, 8 + 8 + 5 = 21). It's also nice because we can express an entire IP address this way as well: 192.168.0.10/21 means the same thing as 192.168.0.10 with a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0. What's changed from the Class C example is the scope of our network.
Instead of it stopping at FF in the final octet, it stops at 00000111.11111111 in the final two octets. So, the broadcast address in 192.168.0.0/21 is 192.168.7.255. The valid range of host addresses for this network is 192.168.0.1 through 192.168.7.254. If you don't understand at this point, it's not because you're not smart enough, it's because you're over-thinking it. You're letting those little dots get in the way of comprehension. All that you need to do to figure out what IPs fit in the same network is to determine how far you can go without modifying a number that's blocked off by a 1 in the subnet mask. This is why most of us work this stuff in binary. It's actually easier.
Pre-CIDR, that example would have probably been called "supernetting". We took a Class C range and made it bigger. The traditional /24 break would have meant networks of 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, and so on. In the case of our /21, the next network is 192.168.8.0/21, then 192.168.16.0/21, etc. When we first started doing all this stuff, subnetting was more common.
We would take a Class C range and make it smaller, as in converting it to a /25. Doing this, we could split out networks into smaller chunks, and then we'd have, perhaps, a server IP network and a desktop IP network, etc. You get the idea. Sub/supernetting is really not what I want to talk about here, I just want you to understand what the subnet mask does.
Putting the Subnet to Practical Use
As I said before, the subnet has exactly one practical purpose. That's for the sending host to determine whether or not the destination host is on the same network. That's all it does. Pay attention here: this is a one-way calculation. It only comes into play in the send operation.
Let's start with an easy one. My desktop computer's IP is 192.168.25.55/24. I want to talk to a computer with IP address 192.168.25.37. Here's the process:
Decimal Binary
Source IP Address 192.168.25.55 11000000.10101000.00011001.00110111
Destination IP Address 192.168.25.37 11000000.10101000.00011001.00100101
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Source Network 192.168.25.0 11000000.10101000.00011001.00000000
Destination Network 192.168.25.0 11000000.10101000.00011001.00000000
Source Host 55 00110111
Destination Host 37 00100101
The source host looks at the source network and the destination network and realizes they're the same. How does it know this? By lining up the subnet mask against the source and the destination network:
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Source 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Destination 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Subnet Mask 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
If there is any variance at any point of either address in the columns that line up against the leading march of 1s in the subnet mask, then the source and destination IPs are on different networks. It's that simple.
Let's look at a "harder" one.
192.168.1.42/25 wants to talk to 192.168.37.42.
Source IP Address 192.168.1.42 11000000.10101000.00000001.00101010
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
Source Network 192.168.1.0 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
We can (hopefully) see right away that the source and destination networks are different. So, the sender will need to go through a router. The fact that the host numbers are identical is irrelevant.
Getting to a Router
For our second example, we understand that we need to find a router. How do we do that? Well, you've probably filled out an entry for a "default gateway" a few hundred or thousand times in your career. But have you ever thought much about it? Here's a dump of the routing tables on my system, restricted to IPv4 and the adapter that gets my onto my live network:
The DestinationPrefix column defines target networks for outbound networks. Starting at the top and working our way down, we begin with 255.255.255.255/32. 255.255.255.255 is THE broadcast address for TCP/IP. Any adapter that receives a packet with that IP as the destination should process it. So, this first entry says that if any packet appears with a destination address that perfectly matches 255.255.255.255 (the /32 means "identical match", remember?), then that packet should be processed by 0.0.0.0 (that's what NextHop means). 0.0.0.0 is nowhere, so it effectively means "process here, do not forward".
Next we see 224.0.0.0/4. This is for multicast and is beyond the scope of this article. However, it is basically handled the same way as 255.255.255.255/32, except that it applies to any packet destined to 224.0.0.0/4.
Based on our discussion above, do you recognize the significance of 192.168.25.255/32? This is the broadcast address for the 192.168.25.0/24 network. So, this line says, "any packet with a destination IP address that perfectly matches 192.168.25.255 should be processed here".
Next, we see 192.168.25.55/32. 192.168.25.55 is the IP address on this adapter. You might be wondering why this line is necessary. Basically, the IP versus subnet mask is calculated on every single packet that touches an adapter, no matter what. So, since the IP of this system is 192.168.25.55, then if I ping 192.168.25.55, 255.255.255.255/32 is the only matching subnet mask, and due to this entry our adapter knows that means "process here".
192.168.25.0/24 should also be familiar, as it is the network that this adapter is a member of. This is a bit trickier than the entries above. What's going to happen is that it's going to be processed on this adapter, but if it doesn't match the local adapter's address and it's not intended to be outbound, then it will be discarded. In a switched network, this doesn't happen a lot, but it's very common on networks that use hubs. If it is intended to be outbound, then it will be delivered into the local network. Either way, the "process here" still applies, hence the 0.0.0.0 hop entry.
The last and final entry is where routing comes into play. The rules are applied in a top-down fashion, so any packet that gets to this point can be considered "none of the above"… hence, default gateway. So, any packet that hasn't already been trapped will be passed off to the device with an IP address of 192.168.25.1 for it to deal with. Hopefully, that device is a router, otherwise that traffic is going nowhere.
So, now that we've read that list in techno-speak, let's read it in English.
Is this a general broadcast packet (255.255.255.255/32)? If yes, I'll process it. If not, send it to #2.
Is this a multicast packet (224.0.0.0/4)? If yes, I'll process it. If not, send to #3.
Is this a local broadcast packet (192.168.25.255/32)? If yes, I'll process it. If not, send it to #4.
Is this packet addressed to me (192.168.25.55/32)? If yes, I'll process it. If not, send it to #5.
Is this packet destined for the local network (192.168.25.0/24)? If yes, I'll process it. If not, send it to #6.
Whatever this is, it is not my problem. Send it to the gateway (192.168.25.1).
We can sort of ignore the first four rules and focus on the last two. Essentially, if it's on the same network, we'll process it on the same network (rule #5). Otherwise, we kick it to a gateway. We can insert specific gateways, if we like. For instance, I might have an isolated network that sits behind a different router, say, a secured file server that holds data I want to be accessible to my home computers but to not have any route of its own out to the Internet.
Let's say I make that network 192.168.100.0/24. The router that connects my 192.168.25.0/24 network to that one has an IP address of 192.168.25.2. To make that work, I need to tell my adapter that packets destined to 192.168.100.0/24 need to go to 192.168.25.2. The PowerShell is like this:
New-NetRoute -DestinationPrefix 192.168.100.0/24 -InterfaceIndex 3 -NextHop 192.168.25.2
My route dump now looks like this:
The placement of the rule for 192.168.100.0/24 means that if something needs to go through that gateway, it will be processed before the default gateway. The placement of the default gateway in the last rule literally means that it's the "gateway of last resort". If it can't deal with the packet, then the packet is doomed.
After all that, now we get to circle back to the beginning. What does process at "0.0.0.0″ really mean, anyway? It means that the local adapter can't just send this on to a gateway. It has to deal with it on it's own. So, what it will do is decide if it's going to keep the packet or not. Even though it might seem obvious to you if a packet is inbound or outbound, computers really aren't that smart. They have to calculate the direction of the packet. So, if it's got a packet that matches on a 0.0.0.0 rule, the next thing it will do is compare the source and destination addresses. If the source is not the local IP, then it's inbound. The adapter will discard the frame if the destination indicates that it's not meant for this host, or it will send the packet up to layer 4. If the source is the local IP, then it will send it down to layer 2 for Ethernet processing.
Here, then, is where it gets interesting. If the destination is the local subnet, then the layer 2 portion of this process needs to go out and get the MAC address that corresponds to that IP address. This is where ARP comes into play. I don't know if there's any built-in command-line way to go out and resolve an IP to a MAC address, but Windows does cache entries. So, if you have communicated with any given IP address, then you can ask Windows for its MAC:
What happened when Windows was assembling the frame for the PING packets was that it went out and got the MAC address for the adapter that's using 192.168.25.10. It then built the Ethernet frame with a source MAC address of the local adapter and a destination MAC address of a0-b3-cc-e4-ef-bb. Then, it kicked it out onto the physical network for the switch to deal with.
OK, so now we understand local traffic. What about non-local traffic? Take a look at this:
What? How can this be? How can we communicate with that destination IP without its MAC address? The answer is, "It's not our problem". Whose problem is it? See for yourself:
C:\Users\Rock>arp -a 192.168.25.1
Interface: 192.168.25.55 --- 0x3
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.25.1 a8-39-44-20-0d-d0 dynamic
TCP/IP knew that 64.91.220.229 wasn't on the local subnet. There's no specific route entry that matches 64.91.220.0/24, so it bubbled down to the gateway of last resort. That gateway is 192.168.25.1. So, while the TCP/IP packet kept its source of 192.168.25.55 and its destination of 66.91.220.229, the Ethernet frame used the MAC address of the local adapter but a destination MAC address that belongs to the router. Once the router received the packet, it stripped off the Ethernet frame and made a new one with a destination MAC address of the next router in the series and its own source MAC address.
Now, I know some of you are about to compose a nastygram about the network designation of 64.91.220.0/24, but you need to wait until after the next section. For completeness, my router also performs network address translation, so it would have also replaced the source IP address with its own, but that's beyond the scope of this article and unnecessary knowledge for the comprehension of basic TCP/IP routing.
The Return Trip
So, we know that almost all TCP/IP communications is two way. You request a web page, you receive a web page. You copy a file, you get acknowledgement. Etc. But, there is really no such thing in TCP/IP as "return traffic". Packets are sent and packets are received. They aren't really "returned". So, what can, and does, happen is that you can send to a host but it can't send to you. If you ever take a TCP/IP exam, there will probably be lots of sample configurations in which they'll ask you which computers can talk to which other computers, based solely on IP addresses and subnet masks.
I can pretty much promise you that you'll have multiple situations where Computer A can send to Computer B, but Computer B can't send to computer A, all over a subnet mismatch. When I said above that my system just knows that 64.91.220.0/24 is a network other than its own, that's because as far as it's concerned, 255.255.255.0 is the only subnet mask that matters in the whole world and the only two networks that exist are 192.168.25.0/24 and that other network that isn't 192.168.25.0/24.
The actual network that 64.91.220.229 lives in is something for the host with IP 64.91.220.229 to be concerned with. When that system "replies" to a packet that I sent it, it has to go through the exact same process of figuring out if I'm on it's local subnet and if not, which router to send it to.
TCP/IP and VLANs
I need to take a brief detour here and talk about VLANs. Because of the way network engineers tend to build things, a lot of non-networking people come away believing that VLANs and IP subnets have some relation. They do not. If I put 192.168.3.10/24 in VLAN 2 and 192.168.3.11/24 in VLAN 3, those adapters will never be able to talk to each other. Their adapters will try to reach each other using the local Ethernet broadcast network, but they exist in different Ethernet broadcast networks. Putting a router in won't help, because routers will think they're both on the same subnet.
IP addresses are a layer 3 component and VLANs are a layer 2 component. Routers don't actually cross VLANs, either. Routers only cross IP subnets. What happens, though, is that network engineers will give routers a layer-2 presence in a particular VLAN and give it an IP address that shares a subnet with the other devices in that VLAN, which gives the appearance that what the router is doing is sending from one VLAN to another. While technically true, all it's doing is moving traffic from one IP subnet to another. This could just as easily be done without using VLANs at all. The purpose of VLANs is to wall off these Ethernet broadcast networks to cut down on the effects of Ethernet broadcasts and to guard against network breaches that work at layer 2.
Application to Hyper-V
Overall, Hyper-V is oblivious to layer 3 and IP addresses. Hyper-V Network Virtualization is more or less a layer 3 operation, but the parts that really matter come in VMM's extensions, not so much with Hyper-V's innate powers. Without a basic understanding of how IP addressing works, the function of the Hyper-V switch and the configuration of Hyper-V hosts, especially in a failover cluster, is far more confusing than it needs to be.
From here, we're going to move on from basic theory into technologies that are more Hyper-V centric. We'll start with link aggregation and teaming.


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The 2010 Web2 Summit Theme: Points of Control
Each year at the Web 2 Summit, Tim and I try to focus our program on an overarching theme that we believe best sums up the year ahead. This is never easy to do – the event is still eight months away. But this year I feel better than I…
Each year at the Web 2 Summit, Tim and I try to focus our program on an overarching theme that we believe best sums up the year ahead. This is never easy to do – the event is still eight months away. But this year I feel better than I ever have about our focus, because it's a return to our roots, as it were.
If you know my work, you know I'm fascinated by the interplay between the entrepreneurial culture of our industry and the giants who have emerged from within it – Google, Facebook, Microsoft, to name a few – as well as those who have joined it from other industries – Comcast, GE, and Newscorp come to mind.
For 2010, Web 2 will focus on the chess game in which all of these companies are now engaged, a battle to gain the upper hand in crucial "points of control" across the Internet Economy. The idea sprang from Tim's "War for the Web" post last Fall, but we're taking that riff and broadening it, identifying chokepoints on an increasingly crowded chessboard.
Fifteen years and two recessions into the commercial Internet, it's clear that our industry has moved into a new competitive phase – a "middlegame" in the battle to dominate the Internet economy. To understand this shift, we'll use the Summit's program to map strategic inflection points across the Internet landscape, identifying key players who are battling to control the services and infrastructure of a websquared world.
The stakes are high. As the Web and the world intertwine through mobile and sensor platforms, the decisions we make – as leaders of this industry, as entrepreneurs, and as consumers – will determine the fundamental architecture of our society.
Will distribution, for example, be locked in, or left open? While the Web was once considered to be an open distribution platform, access to content is increasingly becoming a key point of control. The rise of iTunes and Hulu, the vertical integration of the iPhone and iPad, and the promise (or threat) of paid content have brought the model of free media into question.
Another battle is brewing for control of the social graph. While we'd argue that no one "owns" your social graph, Facebook may beg to differ, at least in practice, and Google has clearly laid down its own gauntlet in the form of Buzz and social search. Related, of course, is control of identity services – will Facebook become the one ring to rule them all? And is that a good thing?
Throughout the program, we'll be talking to leaders, upstarts, and unexpected new players in these and many other key "points of control." Payment systems, location services, voice recognition, hardware and mobile platforms, content management, data transport, commerce and advertising ecosystems: We'll unpack them all.
We'll look at the calculus behind entrenched platforms like Google, Facebook and Microsoft, of course, but we'll also feature companies who are changing strategy and moving into new fields of battle. Apple as an advertising channel? Comcast as a content network? Cisco as a social network? Adobe as an online marketing company? And of course, as we do every year, we'll feature the insurgent upstarts and disruptors who hope to replace them all.
I'm proud of the role that the Web 2 Summit plays, once each year, in gathering leaders of the Internet Economy to debate and determine business strategy. With this year's program we're redoubling our focus on this critical discussion. I hope you'll all join Tim and me this November 15-17 in San Francisco – we look forward to the conversation. Early registration for those of you who have invitations can be done here. If you want to come, simply fill out a request here. See you there!
Author John BattellePosted on March 21, 2010 Categories Site Related, The Conversation Economy, The Web As Platform, Uncategorized
2 thoughts on "The 2010 Web2 Summit Theme: Points of Control"
It is amazing that 15 years after I started working with the web, everyday I wake up to find a new battle, a new challenge and a new horizon unfolding.
These skirmishes of Facebook vs. Twitter, Google vs. Bing are only opening salvos in a war that might not even fully heat up until after I've left the earth.
I do hope I can attend this year.
Lorencokat says:
Did you know that USA and Europe blocked Wikileaks? What do you think about it?
By the way, anybody home?!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php

namespace app\controllers;

use Yii;
use app\models\Library;
use app\models\LibrarySearch;
use yii\web\Controller;
use yii\web\NotFoundHttpException;
use yii\filters\VerbFilter;
use yii\filters\AccessControl;

use yii\web\Response;
use kartik\form\ActiveForm;

/**
 * LibraryController implements the CRUD actions for Library model.
 */
class LibraryController extends Controller
{
    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function behaviors()
    {
        return [
            'verbs' => [
                'class' => VerbFilter::className(),
                'actions' => [
                    'delete' => ['POST'],
                ],
            ],
            'access' => [
                'class' => AccessControl::className(),
                'rules' => [
                    [
                        'allow' => true,
                        'roles' => ['configSetting'],
                    ],
                ],
            ],
        ];
    }

    /**
     * Lists all Library models.
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function actionIndex()
    {
        $searchModel = new LibrarySearch();
        $dataProvider = $searchModel->search(Yii::$app->request->queryParams);

        return $this->render('index', [
            'searchModel' => $searchModel,
            'dataProvider' => $dataProvider,
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new Library model.
     * If creation is successful, the browser will be redirected to the 'view' page.
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function actionCreate()
    {
        if (!Yii::$app->request->isAjax) {
            throw new NotFoundHttpException('The requested page does not exist.');
        }

        $model = new Library();

        if ($model->load(Yii::$app->request->post()) && $model->save()) {
            $response = Yii::$app->response;
            $response->format = Response::FORMAT_JSON;

            return $response->data = [
                'result' => 'success',
            ];
        } else {
            return $this->renderAjax('create', [
                'model' => $model,
            ]);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Updates an existing Library model.
     * If update is successful, the browser will be redirected to the 'view' page.
     * @param integer $id
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function actionUpdate($id)
    {
        if (!Yii::$app->request->isAjax) {
            throw new NotFoundHttpException('The requested page does not exist.');
        }

        $model = $this->findModel($id);

        if ($model->load(Yii::$app->request->post()) && $model->save()) {
            $response = Yii::$app->response;
            $response->format = Response::FORMAT_JSON;

            return $response->data = [
                'result' => 'success',
            ];
        } else {
            return $this->renderAjax('update', [
                'model' => $model,
            ]);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an existing Library model.
     * If deletion is successful, the browser will be redirected to the 'index' page.
     * @param integer $id
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function actionDelete($id)
    {
        $this->findModel($id)->delete();

        return $this->redirect(['index']);
    }

    public function actionValidate()
    {
        if (!Yii::$app->request->isAjax) {
            throw new NotFoundHttpException('The requested page does not exist.');
        }

        $model = new Library();

        if ($model->load(Yii::$app->request->post())) {
            $response = Yii::$app->response;
            $response->format = Response::FORMAT_JSON;

            return ActiveForm::validate($model);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Finds the Library model based on its primary key value.
     * If the model is not found, a 404 HTTP exception will be thrown.
     * @param integer $id
     * @return Library the loaded model
     * @throws NotFoundHttpException if the model cannot be found
     */
    protected function findModel($id)
    {
        if (($model = Library::findOne($id)) !== null) {
            return $model;
        } else {
            throw new NotFoundHttpException('The requested page does not exist.');
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Non Slip Construction holds Common items within easy reach on dash boards.
Just place your things on the mat and prevent them from falling off and sliding from your dashboard.
If the stickyness is fading just wash it and let it dry,it would become as good as new.
If the mat is cut too small in comparison to the object,it would be less efficient.


in the words of a sarcastic Carrie Bradshaw, as she sees her beautiful, new walk-in-closet for the first time in SATC. This direct quote is exactly what popped into my head when I saw the work of Anna Spiro, the Australian Interior Designer. Her work is fresh, modern, eclectic and 100% inspiring! I love her use of bright coloured textiles and wallpaper against vintage, reupholstered furniture and lots of fun accessories. If I ever happen to be in the "neighborhood", I most definitely will be stopping by her very own, Black + Spiro showroom! In my eyes, Spiro is an absolute design genius! Be sure to stop by her blog, rightfully named, "Absolutely Beautiful Things".


Designer Wallpaper direct to your home, some of the most stylish and luxury wallpaper from a fine selection of brands. With a large selection of designer wallcoverings it means you can be sure to find any style to fit with your home interior.
Some brands like Brian Yates, Romo Black Edition are well known for producing both luxury and textured wallpapers, while the likes Osborne and Little, including Nina Campbell and Matthew Williamson, produce fashionable wallpaper designs with holographic, and metallic effects including vinyl wall coverings.
Brands, including Sandersons, and Thibaut with their heritage are known for their chinoiserie wallpaper designs and traditional damask papers. Zoffany, and of course Morris & Co, and Mulberry, all have heritage aswell, but recent ranges have seen more contemporary and even art deco wallpaper designs.
Geometric wallpaper and floral wallpapers are covered by all, but some designer wallpaper brands always producing original affordable designs are the likes of Romo, Harlequin, Eijffinger, and Designers Guild in defined colour pallets of their own.
Of course there are more designer brands out there with a difference like Andrew Martin, Lewis and Wood and french wallpaper companies Casmance & Pierre Frey. Not forgetting the upmarket luxury wallpaper brands such as Elitis and Nobilis, Jab, Zimmer + Rohde, Dedar, Arte wallpaper and Carl Robinson.
Many of these designer wallpaper brands produce matching designer curtain fabric available from our online shop. We also offer our made to measure curtains service, to help achieve any bespoke custom curtain and blind window treatment you may have. Please contact for further information.


text:
Riz Ahmed Makes History, Becomes The First Muslim Actor To Receive Best Actor Oscar Nomination
AllBollywoodCelebscoopHollywoodOriginals
2 min read 3.9 K Shares
Manisha MandalUpdated on Mar 16, 2021, 16:47 IST
Earlier, Mahershala Ali became the first supporting actor to win an Oscar for his performance in Moonlight (2017). And now Riz Ahmed's nomination has made him the first in the lead category.
Now, this is quite an achievement for Riz Ahmed to bag an Oscar nomination in the lead actor category. And he also created history with it as he is the first Muslim actor to be nominated at the Oscars.
Since morning the leading man is trending on Twitter and making everyone proud. He earned the lead nomination for his film Sound of Metal.
Earlier, Mahershala Ali became the first supporting actor to win an Oscar for his performance in Moonlight (2017). And now Riz Ahmed's nomination has made him the first in the lead category. The Pakistani British actor has his fingers crossed to reach to the finale.
Talking about this achievement in an interview with Los Angeles Times, he said, "To be honest, I just feel like however people can find themselves in this moment, however they can find a connection to this moment, is beautiful to me. Some people may connect to the fact that it's the first Muslim, some people might say British Pakistani, some people might say first person from Wembley in London, what matters to me is that these moments of celebration, these moments of collective recognition, are actually moments where as many people as possible can recognize themselves in it."
He was also the first Muslim and Asian to win a lead acting Emmy in 2017 for 'The Night of'.


Athletes can now check their medications when out and about thanks to the new mobile-enhanced website for Global Drug Reference Online, Global DRO.
Global DRO provides athletes and support personnel with information about the prohibited status of specific substances under the rules of sport based on the current World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List, for products sold in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
Following a successful collaboration between national anti-doping organisations from Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States, the mobile-enhanced Global DRO launched on Wednesday. The new tool makes Global DRO more accessible, responding to the ever-growing popularity of accessing information through mobile media.
This is one of many proposed new phases of Global DRO, demonstrating the anti-doping community's commitment to continually improving this service with partners striving to make it truly global. Data for the UK version of Global DRO will now be sourced from Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. An agreement was signed with Pharmaceutical Press enabling the leading publisher to update medicines and their ingredients more efficiently than ever via the Global DRO website.
Pharmaceutical Press are the publishing division of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. They will be the sole provider of medical brand data to UK Anti-Doping which will be feed into Global DRO in the UK.
Andy Parkinson, UK Anti-Doping Chief Executive, said: "These two developments will further establish the Global DRO website as a valuable, reliable tool for checking medications for athletes and their support staff. Pharmaceutical Press is a leading provider of authoritative pharmaceutical information used throughout the world, and will no doubt prove an invaluable partner in supporting athletes.
Global DRO is brought to you through a partnership between UK Anti-Doping (UKAD), the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES), and the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA).
UK Anti-Doping is the National Anti-Doping Organisation for the UK.
UK Anti-Doping has responsibility for ensuring sports bodies in the UK are compliant with the World Anti-Doping Code through implementation and management of the UK's National Anti-Doping Policy. UK Anti-Doping's functions include an education and information programme, athlete testing across more than 40 sports, intelligence management and exclusive results management authority for the determination of anti-doping rule violations.
Accountable to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), UK Anti-Doping has a very clear remit in anti-doping in the UK and plays a lead role in the fight against doping in sport.
Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference provides reliable, unbiased and evaluated information on drugs and medicines used throughout the world - no other source has the breadth and depth of coverage.


text:
Home / Blog / Evaluation and social media
Evaluation and social media
When evaluating public campaigns aimed at social or policy change, we are often asked to provide insights on social media strategies. Clients may provide large quantities of data relating to online petitions and levels of engagement with posts on Twitter and Facebook and so on, with an expectation that we will be able to determine whether particular strategies have been successful. In itself, this is a reasonable enough request, but it is one which tends to come with certain assumptions – that campaign targets are sensitive to social media activity and that more – hits, likes, followers – is better. It is these assumptions behind the data, rather the data themselves, which are the proper focus for scrutiny in a campaign evaluation.
A direct causality between a number of clicks and outcomes of a campaign can't rightly be assumed. A brief review of petitions on change.org reveals that there is no simple correlation between number of signatories and campaign impact. A total of 37,000 people signed a petition as part of a successful campaign calling on the Bank of England to keep a woman on bank notes, but a petition signed by nearly 500,000 people demanding that the-then UK Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith be forced to live on £53 a week after saying this was possible did not achieve its goal.[1] More recently, 1,276,628 signatures did not manage to ban Donald Trump from entering the UK although it may have helped raise some doubts about whether it would actually go ahead.[2]
In all these cases, signatories on the petition were anyway only one part of the influencing equation.
Social Media strategies can help produce public pressure when campaigns aim for significant changes. But a sophisticated campaign would not, of course, hinge on sheer weight of numbers. It would be grounded in a thorough understanding of the forms of pressure that campaign targets are susceptible to and work back from this to identify audiences, tactics and activities, including social media, to bring influence to bear upon them. In turn, this would be broken down into specific objectives for different media channels – how far each contributes to mobilisation at any of several stages:
getting more people to know about an issue; or
getting more of the people who know to agree; or
getting more of the people who agree to care; or
getting more of the people who care to act; or
making sure that the actions of those who act are visible to decision-makers and influencers.
This still leaves the question as to how to measure whether progress is being made across these stages and how important social media is to that. There may be scope to draw comparisons with an organisation's own previous social media engagement, taking into account differences between campaigns and the scale of investment of resources. Or it may be possible to measure against social media activities by others, whether on a similar issue or by those of a similar profile and size.
In this, any or all of the following indicators may be useful:
Trends in the adoption and use of campaign hashtags on Twitter;
Levels of activity and profile of Twitter 'super-users' – how many connections they have, how active they are on the campaign issue;
Basic engagement metrics (retweets, likes, comments, etc.);[3]
Webpage visits, including to compare visits on regular days with visits when a campaign is at its height;
Mapping spikes in Facebook reach, top-performing Instagram posts etc. against levels of campaign activity;
Monitoring the reaction of campaign targets on their own social media channels or in the press – how often they post content in reaction to a campaign may be an indicator of how engaged or even "annoyed" they are by it.
It is important not to reify data derived from these sorts of indicators, but to find the link between the data and campaign outcomes. Data have meaning only when understood in context and given qualitative flesh by information harvested from interviews with those involved in, or targeted by, a campaign. Two examples are instructive here. A review of the Occupy Oakland campaign drew on quantitative Twitter data and qualitative information from interviews and participant observations. It established that both physical places and online spaces were important to the work of activists. Although social media are used within the Occupy movement, physical space remains a prominent component, and critical consideration, for this movement: the physical and digital are not distinct aspects of the movement, occurring in isolation, but are interlinked.[4]
As a second example, the Oxfam corporate campaign Behind the Brands combined evidenced-based advocacy with digital mobilization, media, offline and online stunts, advertising, investor and shareholder activism, case studies, and collaboration with allies and influencers.[5] Companies made significant concessions, both because of the campaign's direct engagement of them and because of actual or threatened public mobilization.[6]
As these examples suggest, the meaning of social media activities comes only from the context in which they are delivered. Social media outreach is a tactic whose effectiveness depends on the deployment of other, complementary tactics. Without reflection on the wider context and without considering social media outputs as part of overall campaign strategies, data for the number of clicks, likes and such like are only random numbers.[7]
Elena Lucchi, with thanks to colleagues in the Hub for the discussion and the relevant inputs
[1] http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/06/22/changeorg-successful-petitions_n_7635750.html
[2] http://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/2017/01/do-online-petitions-actually-work-numbers-reveal-truth
[3] Engagements: Total number of times a user interacted with a Tweet. Clicks anywhere on the Tweet, including Retweets, replies, follows, likes, links, cards, hashtags, embedded media, username, profile photo, or Tweet expansion – https://support.twitter.com/articles/20171990
[4] Occupy Oakland and #oo: Uses of Twitter within the Occupy movement by Sky Croeser and Tim Highfield. First Monday, Volume 19, Number 3 – 3 March 2014. Available at: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/4827/3846#author
[5] https://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/2015/09/critical-friends-the-dos-donts-of-corporate-campaigning-oxfam-style/
[6] http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/how-can-campaigners-influence-the-private-sector-4-lessons-from-the-behind-the-brands-campaign-on-big-food/
[7] Coe, J., What the data can tell us. May 2017, http://www.coeandkingham.org.uk/evaluation/what-the-data-can-tell-us/
Tags: Monitoring & Evaluation, Social media
Posted by: Elena Lucchi
© 2017 The Advocacy Hub. All rights reserved.


Let's start with the food. From February 11-22, all Draft restaurant branches in Metro Manila and The Brewery at the Palace in BGC offers the Valentine meal bundle for only P499. The set already includes one main course (choice of Peri Peri Chicken/ Mashed Potato or Pan-Seared Fish Fillet/Pesto Pasta); dessert, which is a delicious Red Velvet Waffle; and a Drink – choice of One Glass Beer or Wine.
Ordering the V-Day Meal Bundle allows you to play Beer Pong with your friends or even make new friends. First come first served.
Draft and The Brewery. One grand winner will be declared per night from February 11-22.
refillable Compadre beer per day for the rest of the month of February 2019.


text:
IMF endorses India's financial reforms approach
| Washington, Feb 13 | Updated on: Feb 13, 2011
India's assertion about its conservative financial reforms having safeguarded it from global crisis has now been endorsed by senior officials of International Monetary Fund (IMF), which has always favoured a more open Indian economy.
These observations are part of the latest report by IMF's Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) that reviewed the lender's performance in the run—up to the financial meltdown in 2008.
Noting that the International Monetary Fund provided few clear warnings before the 2008 meltdown, IEO said the agency's "quality of surveillance" during the run—up was mixed.
"In India, for example, in 2006—07, the IMF was recommending that India continue to move forward with liberalisation of financial markets and the capital account.
"Yet, some senior officials consider that India's success in weathering the crisis could be attributed in part to its more conservative banking sector and gradual approach to liberalising its capital account," IEO said.
Unlike many advanced nations that were severely hit by the crisis, India was successful in tiding over the problems and even managed to grow 6.7 per cent in 2008—09 fiscal.
According to RBI's annual report, released in August last year, India's financial system remained largely stable against the backdrop of global financial crisis, as banking system was profitable, well—capitalised and prudently regulated.
"On hindsight, it appears that various measures/proposals now being considered globally as a part of the regulatory reforms in response to the crisis were put into practice in India even before the crisis," it had said.
Prior to the crisis, RBI had kept interest rates relatively high, despite calls from many quarters for lower rates to boost business activities. However, the then RBI Governor Y V Reddy's stance was vindicated as asset bubbles were mainly due to availability of cheap money.
As per the IEO, for some emerging markets that were running current account surpluses, IMF did not expect crisis in other parts to have an impact on them.
"For these countries, the IMF had expected a decoupling and did not fully recognise the adverse impact of the crisis on them," it added.
The report said there was a perception among country officials that the IMF was pushing these countries to reduce the pace of accumulation of their excessive reserves —— which helped them to weather the worst of the crisis.
"Some observers presumed that these messages reflected political pressures from advanced economy members to address the global imbalances in a manner that better suited their domestic interests," it noted.
prices, inflation and deflation
international economic institution
currency value
RBI and other central banks


Please tick ONE box only.
for transplantation after my death. Please tick the boxes that apply.
45 Station Road, Addlestone, Surrey.
treatment and sometimes information can be hard to access.
emergency or when your GP practice is closed.
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text:
Q: How can I search 3 different tables and output the results in one query? I'm working on a site, and have 3 tables (articles, news, and blogs) that I would like to search in one query. Each table has at least 2 columns I would like to search. (title and post)
The script below works for a query on a single table but I want to know if there is a way to modify it to work on all three tables at once...
    <?php

    if(isset($_GET['keyword'])){
    $keyword =  trim($_GET['keyword']) ;
    $keyword = mysqli_real_escape_string($db, $keyword);

    $query = "select title,article_post from articles where title like '%$keyword%' or article_post  like '%$keyword%'";

//echo $query;
    $result = mysqli_query($db,$query);
    if($result){
    if(mysqli_affected_rows($db)!=0){
          while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result,MYSQLI_ASSOC)){
     echo '

'.$row['title'].'

                             '.$row['article_post'].'

'   ;
    }
    }else {
        echo 'Could not find"'.$_GET['keyword'].'"';
    }

    }
    }else {
    echo "";
    }
    ?>

A: Try query using Union like :
select title,post from
(
    select title,article_post as post from articles
    union all
    select title,news_post as post from news
    union all
    select title,blogs_post as post from blogs
) where title like '%$keyword%' or post  like '%$keyword%'

A: You can use UNION
(select title, article_post as post from articles where title like '%$keyword%' or article_post  like '%$keyword%')
UNION
(select title, news_post as post from news where title like '%$keyword%' or news_post  like '%$keyword%')
UNION
(select title, blog_post as post from articles where title like '%$keyword%' or blog_post  like '%$keyword%')

A: I think your are looking for UNION like that:
$query = "select title,article_post
              from articles
              where title like '%$keyword%' or article_post  like '%$keyword%'
          UNION ALL
          Select title, news_post
              from post
              where title like '%$newskeyword%' or news_post like '%$otherkeyword%'
          UNION ALL
          Select ...
          ...";

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Zinneke Pis är en fontän och staty i Bryssel som installerades 1998. Den föreställer en hund, på samma sätt som Manneken Pis (en pojke) och Jeanneke Pis (en flicka).

Referenser

Externa länkar

Skulpturer i Bryssel
Bronsskulpturer
Djurskulpturer
Sevärdheter i Belgien
Skulpturer av belgiska konstnärer
Hundar i kulturen
Skulpturer 1998

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Digital Marketing Agency blog General
How to Monetize Your YouTube Channel: 8 Ways to Do It
Join a YouTube Partner Program
How to Get Monetized on YouTube: All Your Options
Ad Revenue
Channel Memberships
Merchandise Shelf
Super Chat and Stickers
Create Sponsored Content
YouTube Premium Revenue
Become a Brand Affiliate
Tips for Monetizing Your YouTube Videos
Did you know your video content can generate money online? If you're racking up a substantial number of views, or if your content keeps the attention of viewers for minutes at a time, then you could be cashing in on advertising revenue and more.
At Comrade Digital Marketing, we understand that you want to make and share the best video content possible – and if you want to make some profit using those videos, follow these tips on how to earn money via your YouTube account.
Everybody can monetize videos on YouTube, as long as you first meet several criteria. To become a member of the YouTube Partner Program, you'll need to first reach two important milestones.
The first is hitting 1,000 subscribers. This means 1,000 people have clicked the "subscribe" button on your YouTube channel to see your videos in their feed when they login to YouTube on their computer or mobile device.
The second milestone is reaching 4,000 watch hours over the last 12 months. To be clear, this means people have collectively watched 4,000 hours of content on your channel and does not require you to upload videos that total 4,000 hours in playtime.
Once you hit this milestone, you'll need to make sure that your content is within YouTube's guidelines. That means producing high-quality content that doesn't violate copyright rules or terms of service. That's no problem if you pay attention to publicly available guidelines and general fair use rules but is something you should be conscious of if you want to join youtube's partner program.
Breaking those rules can ruin your chances of making it as a video creator online. When you break copyright law the actual creator of the content can issue a copyright strike on your channel and your video will be removed. If you get three of them – your own channel will be deleted. If you break general YouTube's terms of service you may find your multiple videos being demonetized, ad restricted, or even deleted. Video creators need to tow that thin line between copyright and TOS very carefully, but ones that do can find a lot of success online.
So, you did everything right, fulfilled all youtube partner program requirements and your content is within guidelines. Next, if you want to learn "how to monetize my YouTube videos" in terms of ad revenue, memberships, and youtube monetization in general take a look at our list of different ways you can make money from your content.
Okay, now let's look at how to monetize your YouTube videos. Your YouTube channel can have several revenue streams.
Ad revenue is the most common way to monetize your YouTube videos. When you become a member of the YouTube Partner Program, you can instantly turn on advertisements for all of your videos that meet the advertiser-friendly content guidelines.
Videos may show advertisements before they play, occasionally during your content, or may appear as a banner over your video as people watch. The amount of ads depends on your video's length. YouTube algorithm sometimes changes what is considered the optimal length of a video, so you need to pay attention to it. Every ad that appears on your video gives you a 55% cut of the revenue, and the money you make is paid into your Google AdSense account.
Channel membership is a more modern feature of YouTube that you may be less familiar with. This feature allows people who love your content to pay a membership fee to access special videos that aren't available publicly, along with personal livestreams and other extra content.
Don't neglect the people who pay the additional fee if you want to make money from channel memberships. Be sure to add sufficient extra content and host livestreams to make your members feel special.
To access channel membership, you must first hit 30,000 subscribers on your channel.
YouTube is a great way to sell official branded merchandise. Whether you set up your traditional merchandise store or use a third-party site that prints and distributes the merch for you, it's easy to make your ads on YouTube to encourage people to buy your merchandise.
You may also wish to use YouTube's Merchandise Shelf feature, which works with third-party distributor Teespring. This feature is available for users with over 10,000 subscribers.
Super Chats and stickers allow people to donate you money during a live stream. If you frequently do livestreams with your subscribers, then anybody who wants to send you a sticker or a message will be able to do so via Super Chat.
This attaches the tip to a message and makes it easier for you to see it. Be sure to engage with people who send these Super Chats to give people a reason to continue tipping and create a more engaging experience.
Users may tip up to $500 in a Super Chat, and you will keep around 70% of any donation.
Sponsored content is another popular way of making money on YouTube, and it's not a feature of the website.
To make sponsored content, you'll first need to find a company willing to sponsor the videos you publish. The more views you get, the more likely you are to be reached out to by companies willing to pay you money to promote their brands.
Some online services also make it easier to find brands looking for sponsorship opportunities, including BrandConnect.
Crowdfunding is another way of generating revenue that doesn't involve a specific YouTube feature.
Using a popular crowdfunding platform like Patreon, you can encourage people to sign up to make monthly donations to help you keep producing content. Advertise your crowdfunding page in your content or in the description of your videos to make it easy for people to find you on other platforms.
YouTube Premium is a service available to all YouTube accounts. When people pay for access to YouTube Premium, they pay to do away with ads and access additional features like "background play."
There are more than 20 million Premium members, and that number is always increasing.
When a member of YouTube Premium watches your content, YouTube will automatically pay you if you are already accepted into the Partner Program.
Finally, becoming a brand affiliate is an increasingly popular way of getting monetized on YouTube.
Joining an affiliate program means finding products that you think your viewers are likely to want to buy and then providing an affiliate link to your viewers and encouraging them to make the purchase. When people purchase products through your affiliate link, you'll make a percentage of the sale.
Remember that just because these features are available to you, it doesn't mean you'll instantly start making money. The key to being a successful YouTuber and making money from your content is ensuring that every video you put out offers value to your viewers.
People need a reason to continue visiting your page and watching your content.
There are also some things you can do to maximize your ability to generate revenue from YouTube.
Only sponsor quality products you genuinely recommend
Sell quality merch that people want to use
Be consistent and post regularly
Listen to your audience and interact as much as you can
Grow your channel across multiple platforms
Reward your followers
Remember that asking yourself, "how can I provide the best content for my viewers?" is more important than asking "how to monetize my YouTube videos." The key is creating quality and engaging content and going from there.
Comrade specializes in digital marketing and working with businesses and creators that make content that people care about, want to see more of, and learn from. We can help your business build its online presence by creating an effective online marketing strategy for your video content.
To learn more about our video marketing services, call our team today at (312) 265 0580 or get in touch online.
Digital Marketing Solutions Content Marketing Services Social Media Marketing Services
If you would like to discuss your project, reach out to our specialists.
Stan Bogdashin
Stan co-founded Comrade Digital Marketing and serves as its marketing strategist and IT expert recruiter.
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Aubrey High School junior Rachel Black and senior Sarah Wainwright were named to the all-state band on Saturday, Jan. 12.
Rachel and Sarah were among six AHS band members that competed at the Area B tryouts at Argyle High School on Saturday. These six musicians had advanced out of the regional competition in December.
Rachel was selected to the all-state band for the second straight year after earning first chair on alto sax on Saturday. Sarah was selected 3rd chair on flute.
Ben Wilson was 4th chair on bari sax, Charlie Cole was 5th in percussion, Megan Wright was 8th in bass clarinet and Julia Garza was 8th in french horn.
Rachel and Sarah will perform with the all-state band at the all-state clinic and concert in San Antonio on February 13-16.


From pre-production to final product, our team can bring your vision to life. We work with you every step of the way to produce videos that will help promote and market your business to it's audience. Our team has the experience to create content to perfectly tell the story of your brand. Our team is also FAA Part 107 licensed to commercially operate drones to capture aerial shots.
Our team is here to help bring your website ideas to reality. From updating current websites to complete re-designs, we are ready to help create the website you've always hoped for. First impressions are everything, and a fresh website with optimized SEO may be exactly what your business needs.
Great content or a beautiful website is nothing if it isn't reaching the correct audience. Our team offers various marketing services to help make sure your website, videos, and photos are reaching your target audience. We utilize platforms such as Facebook, Google, and LinkedIn to make this happen.
From professional headshots to product photos, our team has the experience to capture snapshots of your business and it's employees. Replace those old stock photos on your website with engaging photos of your employees in your place of business.


text:
Search in titles only Search in Side, Solo, & Related Bands and Projects only
Black Sabbath Discussions
Side, Solo, & Related Bands and Projects
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-- Joe
sellingmysoul
Any news of any more gigs or a album?
OzzyIsDio
I'd like to know if they're going to release a final package or something, like a live album and DVD, it's near the end and nothing has been announced.
"Without Black Sabbath there never would have been an Ozzy, and without Ozzy there never would have been a Black Sabbath"
"If there ever was a band whose voice is so significant and distinct, that band is Black Sabbath and the voice is Ozzy Osbourne"
________________________________________OzzyIsDio_ (YoY)
Originally posted by OzzyIsDio View Post
Shouldn't they release an album before even thinking about live stuff? Although (like so many other Bill related projects) I doubt anything will come out of this one either...the man just can't get anything done for what ever reason.
Jack the Stripper
Originally posted by Charger View Post
You'd think so, but I have a feeling this project has already bitten the dust.
Anyhow, It seems OID might have been reffering to Sabbath. Maybe he misinterpreted the thread.
svullo
I heard they had some error with the drum machine.
Axe fiend
Originally posted by Jack the Stripper View Post
You'd think so, but I have a feeling this project has already bitten the dust..
It's a shame, To present the band to everyone, put out some videos and give everyone a taste and then seemingly, piss all the momentum away with inactivity. I think you're right Jack.
I was so looking forward to "Beyond Aston" coming out as well after "Accountable Beasts", and that hasn't happened. As time goes by and Bill's almost in his 70's, I guess he won't be getting any quicker.
We don't see things as they are; we see them as we are.
That's correct Jack, I made an error. I haven't forgotten you brother, will be responding, so damn busy.
Originally posted by Axe fiend View Post
Yep, Bill definitely marches to the beat of his own drum these days The only consistent thing he's done and kept up with music related in recent years has been his Rock 50 radio show.
Whatever makes him happy though I suppose.
Maybe the 2 guys that are in the band will try to push him to get a album released at some point. The whole Beyond Aston idea is dead.
SweetSymptom
Bill apparently played a Day of Errors track on his radio broadcast. I don't know if it was a studio, or live track, however.
Originally posted by SweetSymptom View Post
I wish I had heard the song.
Originally posted by sellingmysoul View Post
Do his broadcasts get archived at all? It might still be possible to hear it.
Scratch that: Three songs from the playlist aren't streamable, because they're not on Spotify. One of those is the Day of Errors track, apparently titled 'It Is Achieved'.
Last edited by SweetSymptom; 03-07-2017, 11:36 PM.
KiloDeltaCharlie
Just announced a few dates for December on the West Coast.
https://www.dayoferrors.com/
More details from Bill's Facebook page here:
Day of Errors Set To Hit The Road For A String Of West Coast Dates This December
(Los Angeles, CA) Day of Errors will hit the road for seven dates along the west coast, kicking off in Eugene, OR on December 7, 2017. The band features Grammy Award winning, Hall of Fame inductee, Bill Ward on drums, guitarist Joe Amodea, and new member Dewey Bragg on vocals. Full list of dates below.
Day of Errors is currently writing and recording a few new tracks that they hope to share live for the first time on the tour. Supporting Day of Errors across all seven dates, will be Portland based band, Witch Mountain.
Bragg, the newest member of Day of Errors, replaces vocalist/bassist Nick Diltz who was in Day of Errors since 2015. Ward and Diltz made an amicable decision to part ways. Says Ward of Diltz. "We wish to thank him for his great musicianship and hope to remain friends in the future."
Thursday, December 7 – Eugene, OR – WOW Hall
Friday, December 8 – Seattle, WA – High Dive
Saturday, December 9 – Portland, OR – Dante's
Tuesday, December 12 – San Francisco, CA – Great American Music Hall
Wednesday, December 13 – Santa Cruz, CA – The Catalyst
Thursday, December 14 – Ventura, CA – The Garage
Friday, December 15 – San Diego, CA – The Casbah
Day of Errors was formed in 2015 by the founding father of heavy metal drumming, Rock and Roll Hall of Famer, and Grammy winner, Bill Ward. The band, which was started as Ward says "in the desire to have my drumming spirit continue to live" also features guitarist Joe Amodea (The Mighty Pragmatics, Alekhine's Gun, and Warrior Soul), and Dewey Bragg (Kill Devil Hill and Pissing Razors) on vocals.
Last year Ward discussed exactly what fans can expect from the group, by exclaiming, "We play loud, hard, with overtures of gut-kickin heavy, heavy parts."
Personally I'd prefer it if they released an album, or better still if Bill would complete Beyond Aston.
My name is Lucifer please take my hand.
Billy Underdog
Originally posted by KiloDeltaCharlie View Post
Me too, or even better: get a better band and tour Accountable Beasts.
I think it's great he's actually doing something, but i'm not stoked about what i've heard from DoE...
Btw, i think in a way Beyond Aston and Accountable Beasts to a degree merged together. Atleast Straws and First Day Out was originally announced to be on BA, and who knows what titles might've been changed?
Anyone noticed the link to a clip of the tune The Dark Half Hour on this site?
http://www.billward.com/sounds/Bill%...alf%20Hour.mp3
https://www.black-sabbath.com/discog...d/beyondaston/
95% of everything i say is pure bullshit just for the fun of it. The other 95% is damn serious!
Til árs ok friðar ok forn siðr
Dante_Doomsday
Originally posted by Billy Underdog View Post
According to Joe's Discography page for Bill's Beyond Aston, Ashes was supposed to be on BA along with a song called Woodshop. I found a live recording of Woodshop awhile back and part of that song was put into Ashes on AB


The velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca), also called a velvet duck, is a large sea duck, which breeds over the far north of Europe and Asia west of the Yenisey basin.The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek melas "black" and netta "duck". The species name is from the Latin fuscus "dusky brown". The lined nest is built on the ground close to the sea, lakes or rivers, in woodland or tundra, and typically contains 7–9 eggs. This duck dives for crustaceans and molluscs.


Hard Frescos, the San Francisco Brewery, draws influences from both California and Mexico to brew their refreshing agua frescas. The company started in a Mexican brewery and then perfected their recipe alongside experts at the University of California, Davis. Each can is a perfectly blended combination of real fruit, extracts, and yeast.
For more information about Hard Frescos, visit http://www.hardfrescos.com/.


This article will help you to fix "This installation package could not be opened" error while installing software in Windows 10/8.1/8/7.
In Windows, we install different type of software, drivers and other packages. All of these installations are blessed by Windows Installer service, which keeps running in the background. If something is not right with this service, you may not be able to install new packages to your Windows OS.
This installation package could not be opened. Verify that the package exists and that you can access it or contact the application vendor to verify that this is a valid Windows Installer Package.
If you've already ensured that you got the correct package file from legitimate vendor and it is applicable to your system architecture, here the suggestions to fix this issue.
1. First of all, run SFC scan to check if your system file has integrity violations and fix them.
2. Make sure you're signed in as administrator, while you're installing any package.
3. Open Services snap-in, check the Windows Installer service. Make sure it is Running status and have Automatic Startup type.
4. You may also try to re-register Windows Installer service and see if that helps. For this, open administrative Command Prompt, type msiexec.exe /unregister and press Enter. Then type msiexec.exe /regserver and then press Enter. Close Command Prompt.
5. If you're installing an older version of program, try running it in compatibility mode.
3. Right click on msiserver registry key, and select Permissions. In the Permissions for msiserver window, highlight SYSTEM and make sure it have Full Control. Click Advanced button.
4. In the Advanced Security Settings window, you can add your account and provide it Full Control as well. Once SYSTEM and your account have Full Control Access listed, you'll no longer face this issue.


text:
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Established in 2010 for the express purpose of expanding the education and training offered in the region, the Greater Houston Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Foundation seeks to develop Emerging Leaders who are representative of Houston's demographics.
Through its trailblazing Emerging Leaders Institute the Chamber Foundation serves as a catalyst for identifying, empowering, and furthering young Hispanic leaders. Launched in 2012, the program has now graduated more than 200 young leaders in a variety of industries and professions. These leaders represent the future of the Hispanic community and the Greater Houston region, and the Emerging Leaders Institute program helps give them the additional tools they need to continue their trajectories.
The intensive curriculum seeks to empower young leaders in the areas of leadership, effective communication, setting and achieving goals, excelling in their career, and much more. The program features sessions led by leaders of industry, government, education, and the public sector. The ultimate goal of the Emerging Leaders Institute is to empower these young leaders to take their professional and personal lives to an entirely new level.
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Contribute to the Emerging Leaders Institute
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The vision of the Greater Houston Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Foundation is to develop Emerging Leaders who are representative of Houston's demographic population.
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info@ghhccfoundation.org
CONTACT THE GHHCCF
© Copyright - Greater Houston Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Foundation


text:
Die Voralpreuss ist ein etwa siebeneinhalb Kilometer langer, linker und nordwestlicher  Zufluss der Göschener Reuss in der Gemeinde Göschenen im Kanton Uri.

Geographie

Verlauf
Im Tal der Voralp, einem linken Seitental des Göschenentals, entspringt der Bach von am Hangfirn unterhalb des Stucklistocks.

Er nimmt Bäche von weiteren Gletschern auf, z. B. vom Brunnenfirn und dem Flachensteinfirn östlich unter dem Sustenhorn – mit dem Schiessend Bach – sowie eine Gruppe von Bächen unter dem Hoch Horefellistock. Das Auengebiet im unteren Alpbereich umfasst zwischen Felsblöcken Bachläufe, Sand- und Kiesbänke und Flachmoore.

Beim Weiler Wiggen, 4,5 km westlich von Göschenen, erreicht die Voralpreuss die Göschener Reuss.

Einzugsgebiet
Das 25,19 km² grosse Einzugsgebiet der Voralpreuss liegt in den Urner Alpen und wird durch sie über die  Göschener Reuss, die Reuss, die Aare und den Rhein zur Nordsee entwässert.

Es besteht zu 5,1 % aus bestockter Fläche, zu 6,1 % aus Landwirtschaftsfläche und zu 88,8 % aus unproduktiven Flächen.

Die Flächenverteilung

Die mittlere Höhe des Einzugsgebietes beträgt , die minimale Höhe liegt bei  und die maximale Höhe bei

Zuflüsse
 Schiessendbach (rechts), 1,7 km, 1,29 km²
 Horefellibach (rechts), 2,1 km, 2,19 km²
 Spicherribichelen (links), 1,7 km
 Mittwald-Couloir (Bach) (links), 1,2 km
 Hirtlislaui (links), 0,9 km
 Wiggenchehle (rechts), 1,1 km

Hydrologie

Abflusswerte
Bei der Mündung der Voralpreuss in die Göschener Reuss beträgt ihre modellierte mittlere Abflussmenge (MQ) 1,65 m³/s. Ihr Abflussregimetyp ist b-glaciaire und ihre Abflussvariabilität beträgt 11.

Hochwasser
Im August 1987 verwüstete ein Hochwasserereignis nach Starkregen das Tal.

Nutzung
Das Wasser der Voralpreuss wird zum Teil von einer Wasserfassung zwischen den Alpstufen Horefelli und Bodmen durch einen 1960 gebauten Zuleitungsstollen von 3,9 km Länge in den Göscheneralpsee geleitet, um vom Kraftwerk Göschenen genutzt zu werden.

Das Tal wird mit extensiver Alpwirtschaft genutzt und ist im Alpinsport bekannt dank der weit hinten im Tal nahe an der Voralpreuss liegenden Voralphütte des Schweizer Alpen-Clubs SAC. Die erste Hütte errichtete die SAC-Sektion Uto 1891 an diesem Standort. Nach Erweiterungen im Lauf der Zeit baute die Sektion 1989 die von einer Lawine zerstörte Hütte neu auf.

Weblinks

 Voralpreuss

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Göschenen)


text:
ONS: 24 June 2018
Tags: Africa, Asia, Colombia, Communications, earthquake, Ebola, Election, elections, EU, Europe, Facebook, Iraq, ISIS, Islamic State, Libya, Media, Middle East, North Korea, Opposition, Protest, Russia, Social media, South Korea, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, UN, United States, virus, Zimbabwe
AFRICA: Three Turkish engineers kidnapped last year in southern Libya were released; the fate of a South African engineer kidnapped at the same time is not known.
AMERICAS: A one-year-old boy was killed in ongoing clashes between police and protesters in Nicaragua.
Asia: North Korean state media demanded the abolition of South Korea's human rights act and a foundation dedicated to its enforcement.
EUROPE: A radar shield to detect low-flying targets, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, has been put into operation above all major Russian cities.
MIDDLE EAST: Saudi Arabia's ban on women driving was officially lifted.
TECHNOLOGY: Facebook is developing a tool that would help users monitor time spent on the platform, demonstrating the company's new commitment to users' well-being.
Turkey: Polls open for snap presidential and parliamentary elections.
58 million Turks are registered to vote, including 3 million overseas.
Incumbent Recep Tayyip Erdogan is favored to win, but projections indicate that he may not be able to avoid a runoff election scheduled for July 8.
The winner will inherit a powerful executive presidency created by Erdogan himself in a controversial 2017 referendum.
Polls are set to close at 14:00 GMT (10:00 AM EST).
Reporting: Reuters, NBC, Al-Jazeera, RFE/RL
Ethiopia: A second person died following yesterday's grenade attack at a rally in Addis Ababa. (AP)
Libya: Three Turkish engineers kidnapped last year in the southern town of Ubari were released; the fate of a South African engineer kidnapped at the same time is not known. (Reuters)
Zimbabwe: President Emmerson Mnangagwa vowed to continue his election campaign following yesterday's assassination attempt in Bulawayo. (Xinhua)
Ecuador: The Foreign Ministry lodged a formal complaint against Colombia's "hasty" release of details on a three-member reporting team from Ecuador who were captured and killed along the shared border in March. (Xinhua)
Nicaragua: A one-year-old boy was killed in ongoing clashes between police and protesters in Managua. (Xinhua)
United States: 522 migrant children have been reunited with their parents, according to a fact sheet published by the Trump administration. (Reuters)
Afghanistan: Prominent Islamic State militant Adam Khan was killed following a special operation in Nangarhar province. (Xinhua)
Kazakhstan: Police detained dozens of opposition protesters after the exiled nemesis of long-time leader Nursultan Nazarbayev called for rallies across the country. (Reuters)
North Korea: State media demanded the abolition of South Korea's human rights act and a foundation dedicated to its enforcement, arguing they only hamper efforts to improve cross-border ties. (Yonhap)
Belgium: 16 European leaders are meeting in Brussels for what has been called a "mini-summit" to address the ongoing migration crisis. (RFE/RL)
Russia: Radar shield to detect low-flying targets, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, has been put into operation above all major Russian cities. (TASS)
Ukraine: Police arrested seven people in connection with a deadly attack on a Roma camp outside of Lviv, the fifth such attack in the last two months. (RFE/RL)
United Kingdom: Pro-Brexit figures are urging Theresa May to be ready to walk away from the European Union without a trade agreement, despite warnings from major manufacturers that a "no deal" Brexit would be an economic disaster. (AP)
Iraq: A prominent provincial IS leader and five aides were killed by security forces in Salahuddin province. (Xinhua)
Saudi Arabia: The ban on women driving was officially lifted. (AFP)
Syria: The United States has told rebel factions they should not expect military support to help them resist a Russian-backed government offensive in the southwest. (Reuters)
Communications: Facebook is developing a tool that would help users monitor time spent on the platform, demonstrating the company's new commitment to users' well-being after a string of scandals that threatened trust in the social media platform. (Fortune)
Cyclones: Nothing to report
Ebola Virus Disease:
Confirmed Cases as of 13UN18: 38 (DR Congo)
Suspected Cases as of 13JUN18: 14 (DR Congo)
Deaths as of 13JUN18: 28 (DR Congo)
Sourcing: WHO
TOMORROW'S OUTLOOK (25 JUN)
Croatia: Statehood Day – 1991
France: 3rd part of the PACE 2018 session open in Strasbourg (to 29JUN)
Mozambique: Independence Day – 1975
Slovenia: Statehood Day – 1991


We become the accounting department for your business.
Accurate bookkeeping is an essential part of every successful business.
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I am a realist in my head, but a dreamer in my hart. Work mostly outdoors and love it. Everything I do has in some way to do with being at the ocean, up in the mountains or somewhere in the bush. I have a great very sharp and witty but sometimes bone-dry sense of humor. I can only do bachelor food or a braai for lunch or dinner, but I do a cool breakfast and coffee in bed. Love to see the sun come up, and love to see it go down. Want to share this with someone special.
I am looking for a confident, self-sufficient, individual who knows what she wants in life and who is as comfortable with a Land Rover/Land-cruiser as she is with the BM or Merc. She needs to have a sense of humour to be around me, because....well....mmm....I can be a handfull. And yes she has be comfortable on a farm/bush environment, so if you have to be close to lights of the city and spend your day in shopping centres and your evenings in the clubs, I am not your cup of tea.


text:
Officers info
What Is A Chief Accounting Officer? (Solved)
by John King 27.11.2021 Leave a Comment on What Is A Chief Accounting Officer? (Solved)
A chief accounting officer, sometimes called a corporate controller, is the top of the accounting leadership pyramid. A person with this executive-level position holds final responsibility for organizational bookkeeping, regulatory compliance and other essentials.
1 Is Chief Accounting Officer same as CFO?
2 What is the difference between controller and chief accounting officer?
3 What is a chief accounting officer called?
4 Is the CFO the accounting officer?
5 How do you become a chief accounting officer?
6 Do all companies have a chief accounting officer?
7 Who makes more money CFO or COO?
8 Is a chief accounting officer a controller?
9 Who reports to the chief financial officer?
10 Does Chief Accounting Officer report to CFO?
11 What do chief financial officers do?
12 Is CEO higher than CFO?
13 What are the qualifications of a chief financial officer?
Is Chief Accounting Officer same as CFO?
The CAO is in charge of all things within the accounting department of a company, especially the day-to-day operations. The CFO is the highest financial position in the business and manages things like budgets, forecasts, credit, taxes, and insurance.
What is the difference between controller and chief accounting officer?
Chief accounting officers vs. The CAO is an executive-level position in charge of all accounting capacities. A controller, by contrast, closely monitors the day-to-day functions of the company and are responsible for hiring, training, payroll, compliance, licensing, bookkeeping and budget management.
What is a chief accounting officer called?
CAO, Chief Accounting Officer, is an increasingly popular title across the finance industry. The CAO is responsible for overseeing all accounting functions such as ledger accounts, financial statements, and cost control systems.
You might be interested: What Does A Compliance Officer Do In Healthcare? (Perfect answer)
Is the CFO the accounting officer?
4.3 Chief financial officer The CFO plays an integral role in implementing the financial reforms at the direction of the accounting officer with the assistance of appropriately skilled finance staff.
How do you become a chief accounting officer?
How to Plot Your Steps on the CFO Career Path
Gain broad financial experience.
Expand your business and operational experience.
Widen your customer service experience.
Broaden your understanding of technology.
Earn a CPA or MBA.
Consider controller and treasury positions.
Prepare to take on expanded roles.
Do all companies have a chief accounting officer?
Most businesses and corporations have a management hierarchy that starts with lower-level line managers and tops out with chief officer positions. Company officer positions are senior executive-level in nature in most companies and include chief financial officers and, sometimes, chief accounting officers.
Who makes more money CFO or COO?
If you wanted to know what the COO vs. CFO salary is, Salary.com put the median COO salary at $538,022, with bonuses. Average CFO Salary: $138,698. Average COO Salary: $119,495.
Is a chief accounting officer a controller?
Who reports to the chief financial officer?
The chief financial officer usually reports to the CEO, as well as the board of directors. They may also assume a seat on the board. They are the head of the company's finance personnel and are also the key financial spokesperson.
You might be interested: How Much Money Does A Military Officer Make? (Question)
Does Chief Accounting Officer report to CFO?
Chief Accounting Officer Duties They work closely with the chief financial officer (CFO) to report on financial operations and analyze the impact that important business decisions will have on the company's finances.
What do chief financial officers do?
The chief financial officer (CFOs) holds the top financial position in an organization. They are responsible for tracking cash flow and financial planning and analyzing the company's financial strengths and weaknesses and proposing strategic directions.
Is CEO higher than CFO?
The CEO and CFO both have high-level C-suite positions. However, the CEO has the highest rank in the company. The CFO, alongside other specialized C-level positions like the COO, rank below the CEO. A CFO's duties impact the success of the company, but they still must report to the CEO.
What are the qualifications of a chief financial officer?
Most CFOs of large companies have finance qualifications such as a Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Science (in either Finance or Accounting), CFA or come from an accounting background such as a Certified Public Accountant.
Previous Post » What Is A Compliance Officer Salary? (Best solution)
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India is growing at a rate of over 7 per cent and to accelerate this growth, India needs to focus on social sectors like healthcare and education. 33 percent of student in India are stunted, while 42 percent of students are unable to study in their mother tongue. Quality of education and healthcare has fallen radically and it is important to focus on healthcare and education.
Amitabh Kant, CEO, NITI Aayog, highlighted that India's growth is not possible till there is focus on key social sectors like education, health and nutrition. This is impossible without the right use of technology and right partners on the ground level. It is not possible for India to transform 21st century education in India with 19th century institutes.
Government wants private partners for the changes in the social sectors like education to take place on ground. Technology can also offer interactivity. It is a common misconception in higher education institutions and amongst educationists that technology is elite in India, or solutions offered are of no educational value and are not interesting to engage with.
Regional and economic differences continue to constrain India's literacy levels. There might be a steady increase in school enrolment but quality education and age-appropriate learning continue to remain elusive.
Tata Trusts has focused on ensuring quality education for children as well as adults, especially those from marginalised backgrounds. They have taken multiple initiatives, including Integrated approach to Technology in Education (ITE); Connected Learning Initiative (CLIx), and strategic partnership with Khan Academy, Tata Trusts have been striving to bridge this gap.
Tata Trusts is changing the literacy landscape of India by incorporating information and communication technology (ICT) tools in curriculum and pedagogy.
Another education initiative of Tata Trusts has been IISc, which has completed its 108 years of establishment and has become the premier institute for advanced scientific and technological research and education in India.


text:
Q: Android Layouts like FB Messenger I want to have layout similar to Facebook messenger that the bottom EditView and Button are always on bottom and the main part is scrollable.
How should it look like ?
I wrote something like :
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<ScrollView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent">

    <Button
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="Send"
    android:id="@+id/button"/>

    <EditText
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:id="@+id/editText"
        android:layout_toLeftOf="@+id/button"
        android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/button"
        android:hint="write here.." />

</ScrollView>

<RelativeLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="New Text"
        android:id="@+id/textView"/>

</RelativeLayout>

A: Use the following layout to allow you to have a header & footer with scrollable content:
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">

    <RelativeLayout
        android:layout_width="fill_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:id="@+id/top_control_bar">

        <Spinner
            android:id="@+id/sort_by"
            android:layout_width="fill_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

    </RelativeLayout>

    <LinearLayout
        android:id="@+id/bottom_control_bar"
        android:layout_width="fill_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignParentBottom="true">

        <Button
            android:layout_width="fill_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="Add Item" />
    </LinearLayout>

    <ListView
        android:id="@android:id/list"
        android:layout_width="fill_parent"
        android:layout_height="0dip"
        android:choiceMode="multipleChoice"
        android:layout_below="@id/top_control_bar"
        android:layout_above="@id/bottom_control_bar"></ListView>

    <TextView
        android:id="@android:id/empty"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_below="@id/top_control_bar"
        android:layout_above="@id/bottom_control_bar" />

</RelativeLayout>

Source: http://blog.maxaller.name/2010/05/attaching-a-sticky-headerfooter-to-an-android-listview/
To achieve a chat layout similar to Facebook Messenger take a look at these:
http://warting.se/2012/06/04/chat-bubbles-in-android/
http://warting.github.io/AndroidChatBubbles/