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Zachary Levi Opens Up About Surviving A Period of Suicidal Tendencies
Speaking about his struggle with anxiety and depression, the 'Shazam!' star believes that his 'tortured and psychologically abused' mother contributed to him developing his mental health issues.
AceShowbiz - Actor Zachary Levi doubts he would have survived a period of "such darkness" years ago had he not sought therapy to deal with suicidal tendencies.
The "Tangled" star, 38, admits he struggled through a really tough time during his youth, and his anxiety and depression became so bad, he came close to choosing to end his own life.
"I got to a place in my life where I legitimately didn't want to live anymore. I was in such darkness," he told U.S. daytime show "The View".
Levi believes his mental health issues developed from his rough childhood, as his mother Susan Pugh also battled personal trauma.
"It's generational, I fully believe," he shared. "My mum was a beautiful, vibrant, intelligent, incredible woman, was also very, very tortured and psychologically abused her whole life, and therefore me and my sisters got the brunt of that."
"My mum didn't know she was doing that to us, most people don't; in fact, I would argue that all the people who are doing bad in the world genuinely don't really know how bad they're doing (sic)."
"They have problems and we have to be able to stop dehumanising each other, stop dehumanising ourselves," he said. "We have to love one another, we have to be patient and kind and understanding and forgiving, because that is the way we all get back to a better world."
The experience has inspired Levi to speak openly about mental health and its treatment, in a bid to destigmatise the topic for others.
"I think mental health is the most important thing we should all be talking about, legitimately," he added. "I have therapists in Los Angeles and also people I will use sometimes when I'm not in L.A."
Levi has also previously credited prayer and meditation with helping him overcome his internal issues.
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Lil Wayne's Daughter Tells Nipsey Hussle's Son to 'Be Strong' in Touching Tribute
Zachary Levi and Missy Peregrym Are Divorcing


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We also have remedies to convince parents for love marriage. Before you try to do vashikaran, you should just talk about this issue in your family. If you feel that they won't accept the marriage. Only then you should try to think of another approach. There are actually several types of vashikaran. There are vashikaran for business purposes, family troubles, love problem, financial problem, etc.
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In a few cases, the people are not destined for love marriage. Even for them, we do some mantras so that they will marry by convincing their parents. This mantra will work despite their caste, religion, society. This mantra can be started anytime and has to be practiced by any one person in the relation. While chanting this mantra, you should sit calmly and place a photo of your lover in front along with an oil lamp. Then you should chant the below mantra for 108 times to get marriage proposal within 21 days.
Before you reach out to perform puja. You should first make sure that he or she best suits as your life partner. Marriage is not a spur of the moment thing. So, you should first think clearly before trying to do puja or chant mantra. As these mantras will work lifelong. You should talk with your lover and think it thoroughly.
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Bottlers? Jurgen Klopp explains why £52m Liverpool-duo missed penalty shootout. Confirms Sturridge 'couldn't walk'
During Liverpool's ill-fated penalty shootout against Manchester City, Daniel Sturridge and Jordan henderson were conspicuously absent from the club's list of penalty takers, and both are now being accused (by some fans) of 'bottling' the shootout. That, of course, is nonsense, and after the game, Reds boss Jurgen Klopp explained the thinking behind his penalty taker selection.
When asked about Sturridge, Klopp told reporters:
"Sturridge had no chance for penalties, had cramps and couldn't walk".
After a long period out injured, Sturridge clearly isn't used to playing 120 minutes straight, so his tiredness is understandable, and totally expected. If, as Klopp claims, Sturridge 'couldn't walk', then he obviously shouldn't have been on the penalty taker's list (!)
On the subject of Henderson, Klopp added:
"We asked these five players and they said yes."
I don't for one second believe that Henderson bottled it.
* It's possible that Can, Lucas, Lallana, Coutinho, and Milner were the first five players asked by Klopp to take a penalty. Once they'd accepted, I doubt they'd then back out just to let Henderson take over (that would be seen as 'bottling').
* As confirmed many times by Klopp, Henderson is still suffering from pain associated with his recent heel injury, and after 120 minutes of hard graft, it's probable that he was feeling the pain.
* As such, Henderson (or Klopp) made the right decision to sit out the penalty shootout. The team comes first, and a player with a painful heel injury should not (IMO) be taking a penalty.
Hendo may not be the greatest captain, and his current form is middling, but one thing he is *not* is a shirker. If he sat out the shootout, then he did so (IMO) for the good of the team.
One a related note: As expected, Raheem Sterling didn't step-up to take a penalty for Man City, and he probably did bottle it. Last season, Liverpool lost to Besiktas on penalties in the Europa League, and despite the absence of Balotelli, Gerrard, Sturridge, and Coutinho, Sterling stayed in the shadows during the shootout.
Given his abject finishing, though, it's probably just as well.
* Hendo: £27m-rated. Sturridge: £25m-rated

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if oligopolists start cutting prices to capture a larger market share, the result will be
Figure 1. Competing Brands? The laundry detergent industry is one that is characterized neither as perfect competition nor monopoly. (Credit: change of job-related by Pixel Drip/Flickr Creative Commons)
The Temptation to Defy the Law
Laundry detergent and also bags of ice—commodities of markets that seem pretty mundane, probably even boring. Hardly! Both have been the center of clandestine meetings and also trick deals worthy of a spy novel. In France, between 1997 and 2004, the optimal four laundry detergent producers (Proctor & Gamble, Henkel, Unilever before, and also Colgate-Palmolive) managed around 90 percent of the French soap sector. Officials from the soap firms were meeting covertly, in out-of-the-method, small cafés approximately Paris. Their goals: Stamp out competition and set prices.
You are watching: If oligopolists start cutting prices to capture a larger market share, the result will be
Around the same time, the optimal 5 Midwest ice markers (Home City Ice, Lang Ice, Tinley Ice, Sisler's Dairy, and also Products of Ohio) had actually comparable goals in mind once they secretly agreed to divide up the bagged ice market.
If both teams could accomplish their purposes, it would enable each to act as though they were a single firm—in essence, a monopoly—and reap monopoly-dimension earnings. The problem? In many kind of components of the people, consisting of the European Union and also the USA, it is illegal for firms to divide up markets and also set prices collaboratively.
These two cases provide examples of markets that are defined neither as perfect competition nor monopoly. Instead, these firms are competing in market frameworks that lie between the extremes of monopoly and perfect competition. How do they behave? Why do they exist? We will revisit this case later on to find out what taken place.
Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
Perfect competition and monopoly are at opposite ends of the competition spectrum. A perfectly competitive sector has actually many type of firms offering identical assets, that all act as price takers in the face of the competition. If you recontact, price takers are firms that have no industry power. They ssuggest have to take the sector price as offered.
Monopoly arises once a solitary firm sells a product for which tright here are no close substitutes. Microsoft, for instance, has been taken into consideration a syndicate bereason of its domination of the operating devices industry.
What around the large majority of real civilization firms and also establishments that fall in between these extremes, firms that could be described as imperfectly competitive? What determines their behavior? They have actually more influence over the price they charge than perfectly competitive firms, yet not as much as a monopoly would certainly. What will certainly they do?
One form of imperfectly competitive market is called monopolistic competition. Monopolistically competitive sectors feature a huge number of competing firms, but the commodities that they offer are not the same. Consider, as an instance, the Mall of America in Minnesota, the biggest shopping mall in the USA. In 2010, the Mall of America had actually 24 stores that marketed women's "ready-to-wear" clothing (like Ann Taylor and also Coldwater Creek), another 50 stores that offered clothes for both men and womales (favor Banana Republic, J. Crew, and also Nordstrom's), plus 14 more stores that marketed women's specialty clothes (choose Motherhood Maternity and Victoria's Secret). Many of the industries that consumers encounter at the retail level are monopolistically competitive.
The other kind of imperfectly competitive market is oligopoly. Oligopolistic sectors are those conquered by a tiny variety of firms. Commercial aircraft gives a great example: Boeing and also Airbus each create slightly much less than 50% of the big commercial aircraft in the world. Anvarious other instance is the U.S. soft drink market, which is conquered by Coca-Cola and also Pepsi. Oligopolies are identified by high obstacles to enattempt via firms choosing output, pricing, and various other decisions strategically based upon the decisions of the various other firms in the sector. In this chapter, we initially check out how monopolistically competitive firms will certainly choose their profit-maximizing level of output. We will certainly then talk about oligopolistic firms, which face 2 conflicting temptations: to collaborate as if they were a solitary monopoly, or to individually contend to acquire profits by expanding output levels and also cutting prices. Oligopolistic sectors and also firms deserve to likewise take on aspects of monopoly and of perfect competition.
Monopolistic competition involves many kind of firms competing versus each other, but selling commodities that are distinctive in some method. Instances include stores that sell various styles of clothing; restaurants or grocery stores that offer different kinds of food; and even products like golf balls or beer that may be at leastern rather equivalent yet differ in public perception bereason of proclaiming and brand also names. When assets are distinctive, each firm has a mini-monopoly on its certain style or flavor or brand also name. However, firms creating such products must additionally contend through other layouts and also flavors and brand names. The term "monopolistic competition" captures this mixture of mini-monopoly and difficult competition.
Who created the concept of imperfect competition?
The concept of imperfect competition was arisen by two financial experts separately however simultaneously in 1933. The first was Edward Chamberlin of Harvard College who publimelted The Economics of Monopolistic Competition. The second was Joan Robinchild of Cambridge College who publimelted The Economics of Imperfect Competition. Robinchild consequently came to be interested in macroeconomics wbelow she came to be a significant Keynesian, and also later on a post-Keynesian economist.
Differentiated Products
A firm have the right to attempt to make its assets various from those of its rivals in numerous ways: physical elements of the product, location from which the product is offered, intangible aspects of the product, and also perceptions of the product. Products that are distinctive in among these methods are called differentiated products.
Physical facets of a product incorporate all the phrases you hear in advertisements: unbreakable bottle, nonstick surconfront, freezer-to-microwave, non-shrink, added spicy, recently redesigned for your comfort. The location of a firm can additionally create a distinction between producers. For example, a gas terminal situated at a heavily traveled intersection can probably offer even more gas, because even more cars drive by that corner. A supplier to an car manufacturer may find that it is an advantage to locate close to the car factory.
Intangible aspects deserve to identify a product, too. Some intangible elements might be assures favor a guarantee of satisfactivity or money back, a reputation for high quality, solutions like cost-free distribution, or providing a loan to purchase the product. Finally, product differentiation may occur in the minds of buyers. For instance, many civilization might not tell the difference in taste in between widespread varieties of beer or cigarettes if they were blindfolded however, because of previous actions and also advertising, they have strong preferences for certain brands. Advertising can play a function in shaping these intangible preferences.
The idea of distinguished products is very closely related to the degree of array that is obtainable. If everyone in the economy wore only blue jeans, ate just white breview, and also drank only tap water, then the markets for garments, food, and drink would certainly be much closer to perfectly competitive. The range of layouts, flavors, areas, and qualities creates product differentiation and also monopolistic competition.
Perceived Demand for a Monopolistic Competitor
A monopolistically competitive firm perceives a demand also for its items that is an intermediate situation in between monopoly and competition. Figure 2 supplies a reminder that the demand curve as confronted by a perfectly competitive firm is perfectly elastic or level, bereason the perfectly competitive firm can market any type of quantity it wishes at the prevailing market price. In comparison, the demand also curve, as confronted by a monopolist, is the market demand also curve, considering that a monopolist is the just firm in the market, and thus is downward sloping.
Figure 2. Perceived Demand also for Firms in Different Competitive Settings The demand curve confronted by a perfectly competitive firm is perfectly elastic, meaning it deserve to market all the output it wishes at the prevailing sector price. The demand curve faced by a syndicate is the industry demand also. It can sell even more output just by decreasing the price it charges. The demand curve faced by a monopolistically competitive firm drops in in between.
The demand curve as challenged by a monopolistic contender is not level, but quite downward-sloping, which implies that the monopolistic competitor deserve to raise its price without losing all of its customers or lower the price and acquire even more customers. Since tright here are substitutes, the demand also curve facing a monopolistically competitive firm is more elastic than that of a monopoly where there are no close substitutes. If a monopolist raises its price, some consumers will pick not to purchase its product—yet they will then have to buy a completely various product. However before, when a monopolistic challenger raises its price, some consumers will certainly choose not to purchase the product at all, however others will certainly pick to buy a similar product from another firm. If a monopolistic contender raises its price, it will not shed as many customers as would certainly a perfectly competitive firm, yet it will certainly lose even more customers than would a monopoly that raised its prices.
At a glance, the demand curves challenged by a monopoly and by a monopolistic challenger look similar—that is, they both slope dvery own. But the underlying financial meaning of these regarded demand also curves is various, bereason a monopolist faces the sector demand curve and a monopolistic competitor does not. Rather, a monopolistically competitive firm's demand curve is but among many type of firms that make up the "before" industry demand also curve. Are you following? If so, exactly how would you categorize the market for golf balls?
Are golf balls really identified products?
Monopolistic competition refers to an sector that has actually even more than a couple of firms, each giving a product which, from the consumer's perspective, is various from its rivals. The U.S. Golf Association runs a laboratory that tests 20,000 golf balls a year. Tright here are strict rules for what makes a golf ball legal. The weight of a golf sphere cannot exceed 1.620 ounces and also its diameter cannot be less than 1.680 inches (which is a weight of 45.93 grams and also a diameter of 42.67 millimeters, in situation you were wondering). The balls are also tested by being hit at different speeds. For instance, the distance test entails having a mechanical golfer hit the round via a titanium driver and also a swing rate of 120 miles per hour. As the testing center explains: "The USGA system then uses an array of sensors that accurately meacertain the flight of a golf round throughout a short, indoor trajectory from a ball launcher. From this trip information, a computer calculates the lift and also drag pressures that are generated by the speed, spin, and dimple pattern of the ball…. The distance limit is 317 yards."
Over 1800 golf balls made by even more than 100 service providers meet the USGA criteria. The balls do differ in miscellaneous ways, like the pattern of dimples on the ball, the forms of plastic supplied on the cover and in the cores, and also so on. Due to the fact that all balls must condevelop to the USGA tests, they are a lot more aprefer than various. In other words, golf round manufacturers are monopolistically competitive.
However, retail sales of golf balls are around $500 million per year, which implies that a lot of large companies have actually an effective inspiration to persuade players that golf balls are extremely differentiated and that it makes a huge distinction which one you pick. Sure, Tiger Woods can tell the difference. For the average duffer (golf-speak for a "mediocre player") that plays a few times a summer—and also who loses most golf balls to the woods and also lake and demands to buy new ones—a lot of golf balls are pretty identical.
How a Monopolistic Competitor Chooses Price and also Quantity
The monopolistically competitive firm decides on its profit-maximizing quantity and price in much the exact same way as a monopolist. A monopolistic challenger, favor a monopolist, encounters a downward-sloping demand curve, and also so it will certainly select some combicountry of price and quantity alengthy its perceived demand curve.
As an instance of a profit-maximizing monopolistic contender, think about the Authentic Chinese Pizza save, which serves pizza through cheese, sweet and sour sauce, and your choice of vegetables and meats. Although Authentic Chinese Pizza should compete versus various other pizza businesses and also restaurants, it has a differentiated product. The firm's viewed demand curve is downward sloping, as shown in Figure 3 and also the initially two columns of Table 1.
Figure 3. How a Monopolistic Competitor Chooses its Profit Maximizing Output and also Price To maximize revenues, the Authentic Chinese Pizza shop would certainly select a quantity wbelow marginal revenue equates to marginal expense, or Q wright here MR = MC. Here it would certainly pick a quantity of 40 and a price of $16.
Table 1. Revenue and also Cost Schedule
QuantityPriceTotal RevenueMarginal RevenueTotal CostMarginal CostTypical Cost
10 $23 $230 – $340 – $34
20 $20 $400 $17 $400 $6 $20
40 $16 $640 $10 $580 $10 $14.50
50 $14 $700 $6 $700 $12 $14
70 $10 $700 –$2 $1,020 $18 $14.57
80 $8 $640 –$6 $1,280 $26 $16
The combinations of price and amount at each allude on the demand curve can be multiplied to calculate the full revenue that the firm would certainly receive, which is presented in the 3rd column of Table 1. The fourth column, marginal revenue, is calculated as the change in total revenue divided by the adjust in quantity. The last columns of Table 1 present full price, marginal price, and average cost. As always, marginal cost is calculated by splitting the readjust in complete cost by the change in amount, while average price is calculated by dividing complete cost by amount.
How a Monopolistic Competitor Determines How Much to Produce and also at What Price
The process by which a monopolistic contender chooses its profit-maximizing quantity and price resembles closely how a syndicate renders these decisions procedure. First, the firm selects the profit-maximizing amount to produce. Then the firm decides what price to charge for that quantity.
Tip 1. The monopolistic contender determines its profit-maximizing level of output. In this situation, the Authentic Chinese Pizza company will identify the profit-maximizing amount to produce by considering its marginal revenues and also marginal prices. Two scenarios are possible:
If the firm is producing at a quantity of output wright here marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost, then the firm need to keep widening manufacturing, because each marginal unit is adding to profit by bringing in even more revenue than its expense. In this way, the firm will create as much as the quantity wbelow MR = MC.If the firm is producing at a quantity wright here marginal costs exceed marginal revenue, then each marginal unit is costing more than the revenue it brings in, and the firm will rise its earnings by reducing the amount of output till MR = MC.
In this instance, MR and MC intersect at a amount of 40, which is the profit-maximizing level of output for the firm.
Tip 2. The monopolistic competitor decides what price to charge. When the firm has identified its profit-maximizing amount of output, it can then look to its regarded demand also curve to uncover out what it deserve to charge for that quantity of output. On the graph, this process can be shown as a vertical line reaching up through the profit-maximizing quantity until it hits the firm's viewed demand curve. For Authentic Chinese Pizza, it have to charge a price of $16 per pizza for a quantity of 40.
Once the firm has favored price and amount, it's in a position to calculate total revenue, total cost, and also profit. At a amount of 40, the price of $16 lies above the average cost curve, so the firm is making financial earnings. From Table 1 we deserve to see that, at an output of 40, the firm's complete revenue is $640 and its full expense is $580, so revenues are $60. In Figure 3, the firm's full profits are the rectangle through the quantity of 40 on the horizontal axis and also the price of $16 on the vertical axis. The firm's full expenses are the light shaded rectangle with the very same amount of 40 on the horizontal axis yet the average expense of $14.50 on the vertical axis. Profits are total profits minus complete prices, which is the shaded location over the average price curve.
Although the process by which a monopolistic challenger renders decisions about amount and also price is equivalent to the method in which a monopolist renders such decisions, two distinctions are worth remembering. First, although both a monopolist and a monopolistic contender face downward-sloping demand curves, the monopolist's perceived demand also curve is the industry demand curve, while the perceived demand curve for a monopolistic challenger is based on the degree of its product differentiation and just how many kind of competitors it encounters. 2nd, a monopolist is surrounded by barriers to enattempt and also need not are afraid enattempt, yet a monopolistic competitor that earns profits need to suppose the entry of firms via similar, however differentiated, products.
Monopolistic Competitors and Entry
If one monopolistic competitor earns positive economic revenues, various other firms will be tempted to enter the market. A gas station via a good area must concern that various other gas stations could open up across the street or down the road—and also maybe the brand-new gas stations will offer coffee or have a carwash or some various other attractivity to entice customers. A effective restaurant through a unique barbecue sauce should be concerned that various other restaurants will certainly try to copy the sauce or sell their own distinct recipes. A laundry detergent via a great reputation for quality must be involved that other competitors might look for to construct their very own reputations.
The entry of other firms into the very same general industry (prefer gas, restaurants, or detergent) shifts the demand also curve faced by a monopolistically competitive firm. As more firms enter the market, the quantity demanded at a provided price for any type of particular firm will decline, and also the firm's viewed demand also curve will shift to the left. As a firm's perceived demand curve shifts to the left, its marginal revenue curve will certainly transition to the left, as well. The change in marginal revenue will readjust the profit-maximizing amount that the firm chooses to develop, because marginal revenue will then equal marginal price at a reduced quantity.
Figure 4(a) mirrors a instance in which a monopolistic contender was earning a profit via its original viewed demand curve (D0). The intersection of the marginal revenue curve (MR0) and marginal cost curve (MC) occurs at suggest S, matching to quantity Q0, which is connected on the demand curve at allude T with price P0. The combicountry of price P0 and amount Q0 lies above the average expense curve, which mirrors that the firm is earning positive financial earnings.
Figure 4. Monopolistic Competition, Entry, and Exit (a) At P0 and also Q0, the monopolistically competitive firm displayed in this number is making a positive financial profit. This is clear bereason if you follow the dotted line above Q0, you deserve to check out that price is above average expense. Confident economic profits entice contending firms to the sector, driving the original firm's demand down to D1. At the brand-new equilibrium quantity (P1, Q1), the original firm is earning zero financial revenues, and also enattempt into the industry ceases. In (b) the opposite occurs. At P0 and Q0, the firm is shedding money. If you follow the dotted line over Q0, you can see that average expense is above price. Losses induce firms to leave the industry. When they do, demand for the original firm rises to D1, wright here as soon as again the firm is earning zero economic profit.
Unprefer a syndicate, through its high obstacles to entry, a monopolistically competitive firm with positive economic profits will certainly lure competition. When one more challenger enters the industry, the original firm's perceived demand also curve shifts to the left, from D0 to D1, and also the connected marginal revenue curve shifts from MR0 to MR1. The new profit-maximizing output is Q1, bereason the intersection of the MR1 and MC currently occurs at suggest U. Moving vertically up from that quantity on the new demand also curve, the optimal price is at P1.
As long as the firm is earning positive financial profits, brand-new rivals will certainly proceed to enter the sector, reducing the original firm's demand also and marginal revenue curves. The long-run equilibrium is shown in the figure at point V, wright here the firm's regarded demand also curve touches the average cost curve. When price is equal to average cost, financial revenues are zero. Thus, although a monopolistically competitive firm may earn positive financial earnings in the brief term, the process of brand-new entry will certainly drive down economic profits to zero in the lengthy run. Remember that zero financial profit is not equivalent to zero bookkeeping profit. A zero financial profit means the firm's accounting profit is equal to what its resources could earn in their next ideal usage. Figure 4(b) mirrors the reverse instance, wbelow a monopolistically competitive firm is initially shedding money. The adjustment to long-run equilibrium is analogous to the previous instance. The financial losses bring about firms exiting, which will result in raised demand also for this particular firm, and subsequently reduced losses. Firms leave up to the allude where there are no more losses in this sector, for instance when the demand curve touches the average cost curve, as in allude Z.
Monopolistic competitors have the right to make an economic profit or loss in the short run, however in the long run, enattempt and leave will certainly drive these firms toward a zero economic profit outcome. However before, the zero economic profit outcome in monopolistic competition looks various from the zero financial profit outcome in perfect competition in a number of ways relating both to effectiveness and to array in the market.
Monopolistic Competition and also Efficiency
The irreversible outcome of entry and also exit in a perfectly competitive industry is that all firms finish up selling at the price level identified by the lowest allude on the average cost curve. This outcome is why perfect competition screens productive efficiency: items are being produced at the lowest possible average price. However, in monopolistic competition, the finish result of entry and also exit is that firms finish up through a price that lies on the downward-sloping portion of the average price curve, not at the extremely bottom of the AC curve. Hence, monopolistic competition will certainly not be productively reliable.
In a perfectly competitive sector, each firm produces at a quantity wbelow price is set equal to marginal expense, both in the brief run and in the lengthy run. This outcome is why perfect competition displays allocative efficiency: the social benefits of extra production, as measured by the marginal benefit, which is the very same as the price, equal the marginal expenses to society of that manufacturing. In a monopolistically competitive sector, the rule for maximizing profit is to collection MR = MC—and also price is better than marginal revenue, not equal to it because the demand also curve is downward sloping. When P > MC, which is the outcome in a monopolistically competitive sector, the benefits to culture of providing added quantity, as measured by the price that world are willing to pay, exceed the marginal expenses to culture of creating those devices. A monopolistically competitive firm does not produce more, which implies that society loses the net advantage of those extra devices. This is the exact same debate we made around monopoly, however in this instance to a lesser degree. Thus, a monopolistically competitive sector will create a reduced amount of an excellent and also charge a higher price for it than would a perfectly competitive market.
Why does a shift in regarded demand reason a shift in marginal revenue?
The combicountries of price and also amount at each suggest on a firm's viewed demand also curve are supplied to calculate total revenue for each combination of price and also amount. This information on total revenue is then provided to calculate marginal revenue, which is the change in full revenue divided by the adjust in quantity. A change in regarded demand also will certainly change full revenue at eincredibly amount of output and in turn, the change in full revenue will transition marginal revenue at each amount of output. Hence, when entry occurs in a monopolistically competitive market, the regarded demand curve for each firm will change to the left, because a smaller sized amount will be demanded at any type of offered price. Anvarious other means of interpreting this shift in demand also is to notification that, for each quantity marketed, a lower price will be charged. Consequently, the marginal revenue will be lower for each quantity sold—and the marginal revenue curve will change to the left also. Conversely, leave reasons the viewed demand also curve for a monopolistically competitive firm to change to the right and also the corresponding marginal revenue curve to shift ideal, also.
A monopolistically competitive market does not display screen productive and allocative effectiveness in either the short run, when firms are making financial revenues and also losses, nor in the long run, once firms are earning zero revenues.
The Benefits of Variety and Product Differentiation
Even though monopolistic competition does not administer fertile efficiency or allocative effectiveness, it does have benefits of its own. Product differentiation is based upon range and also invention. Many world would prefer to live in an economic climate with many type of kinds of clothes, foods, and auto styles; not in a world of perfect competition where everyone will certainly always wear blue jeans and white shirts, eat just spaghetti via ordinary red sauce, and drive an similar design of car. Many type of civilization would certainly like to live in an economic climate wright here firms are struggling to number out methods of attracting customers by methods prefer friendlier company, free distribution, assures of quality, variations on existing assets, and also a much better shopping suffer.
Economists have actually struggled, with just partial success, to attend to the question of whether a market-oriented economy produces the optimal amount of range. Critics of market-oriented economies argue that culture does not really require dozens of different athletic shoes or breakrapid cereals or automobiles. They argue that much of the price of producing such a high level of product differentiation, and then of heralding and marketing this differentiation, is socially wasteful—that is, a lot of civilization would be simply as happy via a smaller sized selection of distinguished products created and marketed at a reduced price. Defenders of a market-oriented economic climate respond that if world execute not want to buy distinguished assets or extremely advertised brand names, no one is forcing them to execute so. Moreover, they argue that consumers advantage considerably when firms seek short-lived revenues by giving identified assets. This dispute may never before be completely refixed, in part because deciding on the optimal amount of selection is exceptionally hard, and in component bereason the two sides frequently place various values on what array implies for consumers.
How does advertising affect monopolistic competition?
The U.S. economy invested around $139.5 billion on proclaiming in 2012, according to Kantar Media Reports. Roughly one third of this was tv heralding, and also an additional third was divided approximately equally in between Net, newsdocuments, and radio. The continuing to be 3rd was divided up between direct mail, magazines, telephone directory yellow pperiods, billboards, and also other assorted resources. More than 500,000 workers held tasks in the declaring industry.
Advertising is all around explaining to civilization, or making world believe, that the assets of one firm are differentiated from the products of another firm. In the frame of monopolistic competition, there are 2 methods to develop of how declaring works: either advertising reasons a firm's regarded demand curve to become even more inelastic (that is, it causes the regarded demand curve to end up being steeper); or advertising causes demand also for the firm's product to increase (that is, it causes the firm's perceived demand also curve to transition to the right). In either case, a effective advertising campaign might enable a firm to offer either a greater amount or to charge a higher price, or both, and also for this reason boost its earnings.
However before, economists and business owners have likewise lengthy suspected that a lot of the proclaiming might only offset various other declaring. Economist A. C. Pigou wrote the complying with back in 1920 in his book, The Economics of Welfare:
It may take place that expenditures on advertisement made by contending monopolists will sindicate neutralise one another, and also leave the industrial position precisely as it would have actually been if neither had actually expfinished anypoint. For, plainly, if each of 2 rivals provides equal initiatives to lure the favour of the public ameans from the various other, the full outcome is the exact same as it would certainly have actually been if neither had actually made any initiative at all.
Oligopoly
Many type of purchases that people make at the retail level are created in sectors that are neither perfectly competitive, monopolies, nor monopolistically competitive. Rather, they are oligopolies. Oligopoly arises as soon as a tiny variety of large firms have all or the majority of of the sales in an market. Examples of oligopoly abound and also incorporate the auto industry, cable television, and commercial air take a trip. Oligopolistic firms are prefer cats in a bag. They have the right to either scrape each various other to pieces or cuddle up and acquire comfortable with one one more. If oligopolists compete hard, they may end up acting extremely a lot favor perfect rivals, driving down prices and also bring about zero revenues for all. If oligopolists collude through each other, they might successfully act favor a monopoly and succeed in pushing up prices and earning repeatedly high levels of profit. Oligopolies are frequently characterized by mutual interdependence wbelow various decisions such as output, price, heralding, and also so on, depfinish on the decisions of the other firm(s). Examining the choices of oligopolistic firms around pricing and amount developed requires considering the pros and cons of competition versus collusion at a given allude in time.
Why Do Oligopolies Exist?
A combination of the barriers to entry that produce monopolies and the product differentiation that characterizes monopolistic competition have the right to produce the setting for an oligopoly. For instance, as soon as a government grants a patent for an development to one firm, it may produce a monopoly. When the federal government grants patents to, for instance, 3 various pharmaceutical companies that each has its very own drug for reducing high blood pressure, those three firms might end up being an oligopoly.
Similarly, a herbal monopoly will aincrease as soon as the amount demanded in a sector is only large enough for a solitary firm to operate at the minimum of the long-run average price curve. In such a setting, the market has actually room for just one firm, because no smaller sized firm can run at a low sufficient average expense to compete, and also no larger firm might offer what it produced provided the quantity demanded in the market.
Quantity demanded in the sector may also be two or three times the quantity essential to develop at the minimum of the average price curve—which means that the industry would certainly have actually room for only 2 or three oligopoly firms (and they require not produce distinguished products). Aacquire, smaller sized firms would have actually better average prices and be unable to compete, while extra huge firms would certainly create such a high amount that they would not have the ability to offer it at a profitable price. This combination of economies of range and market demand creates the barrier to entry, which brought about the Boeing-Airbus oligopoly for large passenger aircraft.
The product differentiation at the heart of monopolistic competition deserve to also play a duty in producing oligopoly. For example, firms might must reach a certain minimum dimension prior to they are able to spend enough on declaring and also marketing to create a recognizable brand also name. The difficulty in contending with, say, Coca-Cola or Pepsi is not that producing fizzy drinks is technologically challenging, yet rather that producing a brand also name and also marketing initiative to equal Coke or Pepsi is an huge job.
Collusion or Competition?
When oligopoly firms in a specific industry decide what amount to create and what price to charge, they face a temptation to act as if they were a monopoly. By acting together, oligopolistic firms have the right to organize dvery own market output, charge a greater price, and also divide up the profit among themselves. When firms act together in this method to mitigate output and also keep prices high, it is referred to as collusion. A group of firms that have actually a formal agreement to collude to produce the monopoly output and offer at the monopoly price is referred to as a cartel.
Collusion versus cartels: How can I tell which is which?
In the USA, and many type of other nations, it is illegal for firms to collude because collusion is anti-competitive behavior, which is a violation of antitrust law. Both the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department and also the Federal Trade Commission have actually responsibilities for preventing collusion in the United States.
The problem of enforcement is finding hard evidence of collusion. Cartels are formal agreements to collude. Due to the fact that cartel agreements provide evidence of collusion, they are rare in the United States. Instead, most collusion is tacit, wbelow firms implicitly reach an expertise that competition is negative for earnings.
The desire of businesses to avoid competing so that they have the right to instead raise the prices that they charge and earn higher earnings has actually been well interpreted by financial experts. Adam Smith created in Wealth of Nations in 1776: "People of the same profession rarely accomplish together, also for merriment and also diversion, yet the conversation ends in a conspiracy versus the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices."
Even once oligopolists recognize that they would benefit as a team by acting prefer a syndicate, each individual oligopoly deals with a personal temptation to develop just a slightly greater amount and also earn slightly better profit—while still counting on the various other oligopolists to host down their manufacturing and keep prices high. If at leastern some oligopolists give in to this temptation and also begin creating even more, then the market price will autumn. Certainly, a tiny handful of oligopoly firms might finish up completing so fiercely that they all finish up earning zero economic profits—as if they were perfect rivals.
The Prisoner's Dilemma
Due to the fact that of the intricacy of oligopoly, which is the outcome of mutual interdependence among firms, tbelow is no single, generally-welcomed theory of exactly how oligopolies behave actually, in the very same way that we have actually theories for all the various other industry frameworks. Instead, economists use game theory, a branch of math that analyzes instances in which players have to make decisions and then get payoffs based upon what various other players decide to do. Video Game theory has discovered widespread applications in the social scientific researches, and also in service, legislation, and also army strategy.
The prisoner's dilemma is a scenario in which the gains from collaboration are bigger than the rewards from pursuing self-interemainder. It uses well to oligopoly. The story behind the prisoner's dilemma goes choose this:
Two co-conspiratorial criminals are arrested. When they are taken to the police station, they refusage to say anypoint and are put in sepaprice interrogation rooms. Eventually, a police officer enters the room wbelow Prisoner A is being organized and says: "You understand what? Your partner in the other room is confessing. So your partner is going to get a light prichild sentence of just one year, and bereason you're remaining silent, the judge is going to stick you with eight years in prichild. Why don't you gain smart? If you confess, as well, we'll cut your jail time down to 5 years, and your companion will get 5 years, additionally." Over in the next room, another police officer is offering exactly the same speech to Prisoner B. What the police police officers execute not say is that if both detainees reprimary silent, the evidence versus them is not particularly strong, and also the detainees will certainly finish up via just 2 years in jail each.
The game concept instance facing the 2 detainees is displayed in Table 2. To understand also the dilemma, initially take into consideration the selections from Prisoner A's point of view. If A believes that B will confess, then A must confess, also, so as to not get stuck to the eight years in prichild. But if A believes that B will not confess, then A will be tempted to act selfishly and also confess, so as to serve only one year. The crucial point is that A has actually an motivation to confess regardmuch less of what option B makes! B deals with the very same set of options, and also hence will certainly have actually an catalyst to confess regardmuch less of what choice A renders. Confess is thought about the dominant strategy or the strategy an individual (or firm) will certainly seek regardless of the various other individual's (or firm's) decision. The result is that if prisoners seek their own self-interemainder, both are likely to confess, and also end up doing a complete of 10 years of jail time in between them.
Table 2. The Prisoner's Crisis Problem
Prisoner B
Remain silent (corun through various other prisoner) Confess (do not cooperate with various other prisoner)
Prisoner A Remain silent (cooperate with other prisoner) A gets 2 years, B gets 2 years A gets 1 year, B gets 8 years
Confess (perform not cooperate with other prisoner) A gets 8 years, B gets 1 year A gets 5 years, B gets 5 years
The game is dubbed a dilemma bereason if the 2 prisoners had cooperated by both staying silent, they would certainly just have had actually to serve a total of 4 years of jail time between them. If the two prisoners have the right to work out some way of cooperating so that neither one will certainly confess, they will certainly both be much better off than if they each follow their very own individual self-interemainder, which in this case leads directly right into much longer jail terms.
The Oligopoly Version of the Prisoner's Dilemma
The members of an oligopoly have the right to face a prisoner's dilemma, also. If each of the oligopolists coopeprices in holding dvery own output, then high monopoly revenues are possible. Each oligopolist, but, need to issue that while it is holding down output, various other firms are taking advantage of the high price by elevating output and earning better profits. Table 3 shows the prisoner's dilemma for a two-firm oligopoly—known as a duopoly. If Firms A and also B both agree to host dvery own output, they are acting together as a syndicate and also will each earn $1,000 in profits. However before, both firms' leading strategy is to rise output, in which situation each will certainly earn $400 in revenues.
Table 3. A Prisoner's Dilemma for Oligopolists
Firm B
Hold down output (corun via other firm) Increase output (do not corun with other firm)
Firm A Hold dvery own output (cooperate through various other firm) A gets $1,000; B gets $1,000 A gets $200, B gets $1,500
Increase output (execute not corun with other firm) A gets $1,500; B gets $200 A gets $400, B gets $400
Can the two firms trust each other? Consider the instance of Firm A:
If A thinks that B will cwarmth on their agreement and increase output, then A will certainly rise output, also, bereason for A the profit of $400 as soon as both firms increase output (the bottom right-hand also alternative in Table 3) is much better than a profit of just $200 if A keeps output low and B raises output (the top right-hand alternative in the table).If A thinks that B will corun by holding down output, then A may seize the opportunity to earn better revenues by increasing output. After all, if B is going to hold down output, then A have the right to earn $1,500 in profits by expanding output (the bottom left-hand also alternative in the table) compared through just $1,000 by holding dvery own output as well (the top left-hand also alternative in the table).
Hence, firm A will certainly factor that it renders feeling to expand also output if B holds down output and that it likewise makes feeling to expand also output if B raises output. Aget, B deals with a parallel set of decisions.
The outcome of this prisoner's dilemma is often that even though A and B can make the greatest unified profits by cooperating in producing a reduced level of output and acting favor a monopolist, the 2 firms may well finish up in a situation wright here they each increase output and also earn only $400 each in profits.
What is the Lysine cartel?
Lysine, a $600 million-a-year market, is an amino acid provided by farmers as a feed additive to encertain the proper growth of swine and poultry. The primary U.S. producer of lysine is Archer Daniels Midland also (ADM), yet several various other large European and also Japanese firms are likewise in this sector. For a time in the initially fifty percent of the 1990s, the world's significant lysine producers met together in hotel conference rooms and also chose precisely how much each firm would market and what it would charge. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), yet, had actually learned of the cartel and inserted wire taps on a variety of their phone calls and meetings.
From FBI security tapes, following is a comment that Terry Wilson, president of the corn processing division at ADM, made to the various other lysine producers at a 1994 meeting in Mona, Hawaii:
I wanna go back and also I wanna say somepoint incredibly straightforward. If we're going to trust each other, okay, and if I'm assured that I'm gonna get 67,000 tons by the year's finish, we're gonna offer it at the prices we agreed to . . . The just thing we have to talk about tright here because we are gonna obtain manipulated by these buyers—they can be smarter than us if we let them be smarter. . . . They are not your friend. They are not my friend. And we gotta have actually 'em, but they are not my friends. You are my frifinish. I wanna be closer to you than I am to any customer. Cause you can make us … money. … And all I wanna tell you again is let's—let's put the prices on the board. Let's all agree that's what we're gonna perform and then walk out of below and perform it.
The price of lysine doubled while the cartel was in result. Confronted by the FBI tapes, Archer Daniels Midland also pled guilty in 1996 and paid a fine of $100 million. A number of top executives, both at ADM and also various other firms, later passist fines of as much as $350,000 and were sentenced to 24–30 months in prichild.
In one more one of the FBI recordings, the president of Archer Daniels Midland also told an executive from an additional completing firm that ADM had actually a slogan that, in his words, had actually "penetrated the whole agency." The company president stated the slogan this way: "Our rivals are our friends. Our customers are the foe." That slogan could stand as the motto of cartels anywhere.
How to Enforce Cooperation
How deserve to parties that find themselves in a prisoner's dilemma situation protect against the undesired outcome and corun via each other? The way out of a prisoner's dilemma is to discover a way to penalize those that carry out not corun.
Perhaps the easiest strategy for colluding oligopolists, as you can imagine, would be to sign a contract via each other that they will hold output low and save prices high. If a group of UNITED STATE providers signed such a contract, but, it would certainly be illegal. Certain global institutions, choose the nations that are members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), have signed global agreements to act like a syndicate, organize down output, and also store prices high so that every one of the countries can make high earnings from oil exports. Such agreements, however, because they autumn in a gray area of international regulation, are not legally enforceable. If Nigeria, for instance, decides to begin cutting prices and also selling even more oil, Saudi Arabia cannot sue Nigeria in court and force it to speak.
Link It Up
Visit the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries website and learn more about its background and also exactly how it defines itself.
Because oligopolists cannot sign a legally enforceable contract to act favor a monopoly, the firms might rather keep close tabs on what other firms are developing and charging. Alternatively, oligopolists might select to act in a way that geneprices push on each firm to stick to its agreed amount of output.
One instance of the push these firms have the right to exert on one one more is the kinked demand also curve, in which contending oligopoly firms commit to match price cuts, yet not price increases. This instance is presented in Figure 5. Say that an oligopoly airline has actually agreed via the remainder of a cartel to administer a amount of 10,000 seats on the New York to Los Angeles route, at a price of $500. This option defines the kink in the firm's viewed demand curve. The reason that the firm faces a kink in its demand also curve is bereason of how the other oligopolists react to alters in the firm's price. If the oligopoly decides to develop even more and cut its price, the various other members of the cartel will automatically complement any type of price cuts—and therefore, a lower price brings very little bit boost in amount marketed.
If one firm cuts its price to $300, it will have the ability to market just 11,000 seats. However, if the airline looks for to raise prices, the various other oligopolists will not raise their prices, and also so the firm that elevated prices will lose a substantial share of sales. For example, if the firm raises its price to $550, its sales drop to 5,000 seats marketed. Hence, if oligopolists always enhance price cuts by other firms in the cartel, yet execute not enhance price boosts, then namong the oligopolists will certainly have actually a solid catalyst to change prices, considering that the potential gains are minimal. This strategy deserve to work prefer a silent form of participation, in which the cartel effectively manperiods to organize down output, increase price, and share a monopoly level of profits also without any type of legally enforceable agreement.
Figure 5. A Kinked Demand Curve Consider a member firm in an oligopoly cartel that is intended to create a amount of 10,000 and also market at a price of $500. The other members of the cartel have the right to encourage this firm to honor its commitments by acting so that the firm deals with a kinked demand curve. If the oligopolist attempts to expand output and also reduce price slightly, other firms likewise reduced prices immediately—so if the firm broadens output to 11,000, the price per unit falls dramatically, to $300. On the other side, if the oligopoly attempts to raise its price, various other firms will certainly not carry out so, so if the firm raises its price to $550, its sales decrease sharply to 5,000. Hence, the members of a cartel can discipline each various other to stick to the pre-agreed levels of quantity and price through a strategy of equivalent all price cuts yet not matching any price boosts.
Many type of real-civilization oligopolies, prodded by economic alters, legal and also political pressures, and also the egos of their peak executives, go via episodes of teamwork and also competition. If oligopolies could sustain teamwork through each other on output and pricing, they might earn earnings as if they were a single monopoly. However before, each firm in an oligopoly has an incentive to create even more and grab a bigger share of the in its entirety market; as soon as firms start behaving in this way, the industry outcome in terms of prices and also quantity have the right to be similar to that of a highly competitive sector.
Tradeoffs of Imperfect Competition
Monopolistic competition is most likely the single many prevalent market structure in the U.S. economic situation. It gives effective incentives for development, as firms seek to earn revenues in the brief run, while entry assures that firms carry out not earn financial earnings in the lengthy run. However, monopolistically competitive firms carry out not develop at the lowest suggest on their average expense curves. In enhancement, the endmuch less search to impress consumers through product differentiation might result in excessive social prices on proclaiming and also marketing.
Oligopoly is probably the second many widespread market framework. When oligopolies outcome from patented inventions or from taking benefit of economies of scale to develop at low average expense, they may provide significant advantage to consumers. Oligopolies are regularly buffeted by significant barriers to entry, which enable the oligopolists to earn sustained earnings over lengthy periods of time. Oligopolists additionally do not typically create at the minimum of their average cost curves. When they lack colorful competition, they might lack incentives to carry out innovative products and high-quality organization.
The job of public policy with regard to competition is to type via these multiple realities, attempting to encourage habits that is valuable to the broader culture and also to discourage actions that just adds to the revenues of a few huge carriers, with no equivalent advantage to consumers. Monopoly and also Antitrust Policy discusses the vulnerable judgments that go into this job.
Oligopolistic firms have been referred to as "cats in a bag," as this chapter mentioned. The French detergent makers made a decision to "cozy up" with each other. The result? An unstraightforward and tenuous partnership. When the Wall Street Journal reported on the issue, it wrote: "According to a statement a Henkel manager made to the commission, the detergent machines wanted 'to limit the intensity of the competition between them and clean up the market.' Nevertheless, by the at an early stage 1990s, a price war had actually damaged out among them." During the soap executives' meetings, which occasionally lasted even more than 4 hours, complex pricing frameworks were establimelted. "Oe executive rereferred to as 'chaotic' meetings as each side tried to job-related out just how the various other had bent the rules." Like many kind of cartels, the soap cartel disintegrated due to the extremely strong temptation for each member to maximize its very own individual earnings.
How did this soap opera end? After an investigation, French antitrust authorities fined Colgate- Palmolive, Henkel, and also Proctor & amble a full of €361 million ($484 million). A comparable fate befell the iceequipments. Bagged ice is a commodity, a perfect substitute, mostly sold in 7- or 22-pound bags. No one cares what label is on the bag. By agreeing to carve up the ice industry, manage broad geographical swaths of area, and collection prices, the icemakers moved from perfect competition to a syndicate model. After the agreements, each firm was the sole supplier of bagged ice to a region; tright here were earnings in both the long run and the short run. According to the courts: "These suppliers illegally conspired to manipulate the marketlocation." Fines totaled about $600,000—a steep fine considering a bag of ice sells for under $3 in a lot of components of the USA.
See more: Assuming Ideal Behavior, Calculate The Density Of Cn- (G) At 1.000 Atm And 25 0C?
Even though it is illegal in many kind of parts of the people for firms to collection prices and carve up a industry, the temptation to earn higher revenues renders it exceptionally tempting to defy the regulation.
cartel a group of firms that collude to develop the monopoly output and sell at the monopoly price
collusion as soon as firms act together to alleviate output and keep prices high
differentiated product a product that is regarded by consumers as distinctive in some way
duopoly an oligopoly with only 2 firms
game theory a branch of mathematics regularly supplied by financial experts that analyzes situations in which players need to make decisions and also then get payoffs based upon what decisions the various other players make
imperfectly competitive firms and institutions that loss between the extremes of monopoly and perfect competition
kinked demand also curve a perceived demand also curve that arises when contending oligopoly firms commit to enhance price cuts, however not price increases
monopolistic competition many firms contending to sell comparable yet identified products
oligopoly as soon as a couple of large firms have all or a lot of of the sales in an industry
prisoner's dilemma a game in which the gains from collaboration are bigger than the rewards from pursuing self-interest
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Thanks so much Bob! We actually just announced a show in Columbus at Newport Music Hall on 4/18 with JJ Grey & Mofro. And we may be able to announce another show in Ohio soon. We really appreciate your support!


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Q: Current time is off on a Windows 2003 Server DC I have a single server that is also a domain controller in a cabinet, there are no other servers attached to its domain.  I've reset the time in the BIOS (from what I recall) and in Windows to the current correct time, over a period of a few days the time will be off by about 20 minutes.
Since it's a DC it shouldn't be getting time over NTP, correct?
Does this mean the issue could be with the BIOS battery?  The server is almost 4 years old and the CMOS battery is original.

A:
Since it's a DC it shouldn't be getting time over NTP, correct?

No. Not unless you configured it that way.
How would a domain controller automatically configure itself to use an external NTP source? That would be a really bad default behavior for many reasons.
The DC holding the PDC emulator role is used as the time source for all other DCs. Then, all clients sync their time from any DC, usually their logon server but not always. Since you are in a single-DC environment, you still need to configure the Domain Controller to sync from a reliable external time source. I suggest syncing from the ntp.org sources if you don't have another in mind.

Does this mean the issue could be with the BIOS battery?  The server is almost 4 years old and the CMOS battery is original.

Probably not, but if you think that might be an issue, then replace it. They're only like $2.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Copper engraving of a plant. Creeping Buttercup. Printed in Paris in the year 1774.
Beautiful original hand coloured large folio copper engraving of a Creeping Buttercup. Drawn and engraved by Regnault's wife Geneviève. With wide margin. The engraving comes from "La botanique" which is according to Blunt "Perhaps the most impressive French botanical book of the period".
Title La Renoncule des Prez. Ranunculus Repens. Ranoncole Dolee. Seuvite Woode Crawe Foel. Sus Hanenfus.


The single most important thing to understand about worship is that the only worship that is acceptable to God is worship that proceeds from a heart that is trusting in God, and in God alone.
R.C. Sproul – Can We Stomach God's Holiness?
Our thinking goes like this: If there is a God at all, He is certainly not holy. If He is perchance holy, He is not just. Even if He is both holy and just, we need not fear because His love and mercy override His holy justice. If we can stomach His holy and just character, we can rest in one thing: He cannot possess wrath.


These white velvet pyjamas will be contrasted by triangles on the sleeves and the edging will in grey. There is also a pretty owl print on the front that will bring lots of tenderness.
Its composition (75% cotton/25% polyester) allows a washing at 30°C on delicate program.


text:
Tag Archives: Melrose Avenue
Beacon Garage
Garage that was at 189/191 Streatham Road, on the east side of the road on the north corner of Melrose Avenue. Currently a block of flats possibly built in 2009/2010.
1950 OS map
ad from April 1962
ad from 1938
Text of ad:
MITCHAM 2941
AGENTS FOR
A.A. & R.A.C.
BEACON GARAGE CO. LTD.
AUTOMOBILE AND GENERAL ENGINEERS
Electric Pumps, High Pressure
Washing and Greasing, Welding
and Vulcanizing Equipments
ANY CAR SUPPLIED.
CASH OR DEFERRED TERMS
CARS FOR HIRE
Open Day and Night
189 STREATHAM ROAD MITCHAM
Listed in the 1930 commercial directory as
Beacon Garage Co. Ltd. motor engnrs. 189 Streatham rd. T N 2941
In 2007, planning application 07/P3668 from the Genesis Housing Group to build a block of flats on this site was refused, but was later allowed in 2009 after an appeal. The application was for
Construction of four-storey block consisting of commercial units on ground floor (uses within classes A1(retail), A2 (financial and professional services) and B1 (business) and 14 residential units, with associated access, parking & works.
The site had become a petrol filling station and when this application was submitted it had been no longer in use as such.
This entry was posted in Garages, Roads and tagged 1930, 1938, 1950, 1962, 2007, Melrose Avenue, Streatham Road on December 11, 2019 by Mitcham History Team.
John Baptiste Rompel
From the Mitcham & Tooting Mercury, 11th September, 1914
J.B. ROMPEL, watchmaker, jeweller, and optician,
3, Central Market, London Rd., Mitcham
(opposite old address)
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JOIN OUR CLUB. Full particulars in application.
The Central Market was opposite the Parade, between Raleigh Gardens and Tom Francis's shop London House.
He was listed in the 1915 commercial directory as a watch maker in the 'high street', London Road. The full name was given in the 1911 commercial directory. He is listed in the 1925 street directory as watchmaker at 3 Central Market. In electoral register of autumn 1926, this address was changed to 278 London Road, when that road was renumbered. His last entry at this address was in the 1934 electoral register. See also his ad in 1929 Where to shop in Mitcham.
From Ancestry:
He was born in Hessen Nassau, Prussia (Germany) on 13th September 1872, as Johannes Baptiste Rompel. His parents were Johann and Barbara Rompel. He was naturalised as a UK citizen in 1911.
He married Nellie Louise Court on 8th March, 1903, at the parish church. His wife was born in Oxford, and she lived at 12 High Street. Her father was William Court, confectioner. His father, deceased, Johann Carl Rompel, was a veterinary surgeon. John Rompel was living at 42 Kings Road, Mitcham, when he married.
John Rompel died on 26th December, 1935, aged 63, at Kingston hospital. His home address was 4 Melrose Avenue. He left £1,563 1s 9d. to his wife. Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to £100,000 in 2018.
His wife died on 19th March 1954, aged 74. She left £1,813 in her will, which is around £50,000 in 2018 values. Her probate record shows she was living at 4 Melrose Avenue, Mitcham, and died at Grange Nursing Home, Morden. She left her money to Cecil Howard Mason, departmental head.
In 1915, his shop was approached by an angry crowd protesting at the sinking of the Lusitania.
ANTI-GERMAN DEMONSTRATIONS AT MITCHAM
Early last evening a crowd, which gradually swelled until about 8 o'clock, when it
numbered several hundred persons, assembled at the Fair Green for the purpose of
expressing indignation at the recent murders on the high seas.
Proceeding in the direction of the Parade, the crowd halted in front of the jeweller's
shop tenanted by Mr. J. B. Rompel, a naturalised German.
Their attitude was distinctly menacing, and but for the presence of a large force of
Special Constabulary they would, no doubt, have vented their feelings in no unmistakable manner. After some jeering and hooting the police dispersed the crowd.
With the exception of one man, whose head was cut with a stone, no damage or
injury took place.
Source: Mitcham & Tooting Mercury, 14th May, 1915.
This entry was posted in People, Roads, Shops, WW1 and tagged 1914, 1915, Central Market, London Road, Melrose Avenue, Raleigh Gardens, Rompel on February 5, 2017 by Mitcham History Team.


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HomeUSA News
US intelligence chief: Snowden and 'accomplices' should return stolen info
Director of National Intelligence James Clapper (Alex Wong / Getty Images / AFP) © AFP
The most powerful intelligence official in the United States told a Senate committee Wednesday that National Security Agency leaker Edward Snowden is a hypocrite and that he and his supposed accomplices should return any classified documents he still has.
Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper Jr. said in an unusually contentious Senate Intelligence Committee hearing that Snowden's decision to leak a trove of classified NSA documents to the press has hurt US security and tipped off suspected terrorists on potentially safer ways to communicate. Clapper, who told the same committee the NSA did not collect information on millions of Americans months before being proven wrong, also insinuated that Snowden had help.
"Snowden claims that he has won and that his mission is accomplished," Clapper said during his opening remarks to the committee, as quoted by a transcript published by the Washington Post. "If that is so, I call on him and accomplices to facilitate the return of the remaining stolen documents that have not yet been exposed to prevent even more damage to US security."
The director did not elaborate on what he meant by "accomplices," but a spokesman insisted he was "referring to anyone who is assisting Edward Snowden to further threaten our national security through the unauthorized disclosure of stolen documents related to lawful foreign intelligence collection programs."
A number of journalists on Twitter interpreted that as a threat to Glenn Greenwald, Barton Gellman, Laura Poitras, and the number of other reporters who have published information based on the Snowden documents.
Clapper calls on "Snowden & his *accomplices*" -- I guess he means us? -- to "facilitate the return" of the document trove.
— Spencer Ackerman (@attackerman) January 29, 2014
Aside from his introductory outburst Clapper spent most of the remainder of the hearing deflecting questions.
Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) was among the visibly frustrated. Wyden is the same lawmaker who asked Clapper in March about massive data collection programs and scolded Clapper Wednesday, accusing top intelligence officials or partaking in a "culture of misinformation" when questioned about the programs Snowden revealed.
"This committee can't do oversight if we can't get direct answers," Wyden said, adding that international trust in the FBI, CIA, and NSA "has been seriously undermined by senior officials' reckless reliance on secret interpretations of the law and battered by years of misleading and deceptive statements."
Wyden pressed Clapper to provide details on whether any searches have ever been conducted on information US citizens "sent over the web or in the cloud" and whether the NSA had conducted or is continuing to conduct "warrantless searches" on individual Americans.
"Senator Wyden, I think, at a threat hearing, this would…I would prefer not to discuss this and have this as a separate subject," Clapper responded. "There are very complex legal issues here, I just don't think this is the appropriate time or place."
US President Obama has not only kept Clapper as part of the administration but effectively endorsed the director earlier this month when Obama announced that the polarizing data collection programs employed by the NSA would not be eliminated. Still, six lawmakers led by California congressman Darrell Issa signed a letter to Obama Monday seeking Clapper's dismissal.
"The continued role of James Clapper as director of national intelligence is incompatible with the goal of restoring trust in our security programs and ensuring the highest level of transparency," they wrote.
The White House announced Clapper would not be fired by end of the same day.
Clapper was more specific about the ongoing turmoil in the Middle East, where he claimed that Al-Qaeda has found strength in the uncertain political situation in Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and elsewhere.
He said counterterrorism officials now estimate that 7,000 fighters have streamed into Syria from 50 other countries, creating the fear that extremists will use Syrian passports to enter and attack the US. The war-torn country is "in some respects a new FATA," a reference to the Pakistani tribal region that Al-Qaeda leadership has made its home. Al-Nusra, an Al-Qaeda-backed rebel group that has become one of the most feared rebel factions in Syria "does have aspirations for attacks on the homeland," Clapper said.
NSA is after industrial spying – Snowden to German TV
US officials say Snowden disclosures will lead to deaths, plead for an end to leaks
'Spying Birds': Hackers deface Angry Birds website following NSA revelations
'Our views are far apart': German chancellor slams US, UK over spying


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RE: It's possible to sort your own mods by first upload date or in custom sorting?
if good for you when i want update one of my old mod i will type in the description somwhere: "please dont update the version"
i thinks the first method better for my car mods if the statics & dl counts gonna work after this change, i would like to turn off my every old mod before S14 Kouki but keep it for the 240sx bn sports (i will update this later).
It's possible to sort your own mods by first upload date or in custom sorting?


text:
Kosher chicken linked to deadly salmonella outbreak
Posted 6:49 pm, September 1, 2018, by CNN Wire Service
One person has died and 16 others have become ill from a salmonella outbreak linked to kosher chicken, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Wednesday.
Eight people have been hospitalized, including the person who died.
Illnesses were reported in Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia. The death was reported in New York.
According to the CDC, the agency began an outbreak investigation in June after several cases were reported in New York among people who said they had consumed kosher chicken.
"In interviews, ill people reported eating kosher chicken, and when asked about the specific brand eaten, several people reported Empire Kosher brand. The outbreak strain was also identified in samples of raw chicken collected from two facilities, including one facility that processes Empire Kosher brand chicken," the CDC said in its announcement.
"We are shocked and saddened to have just learned there may have been a death potentially related to a Salmonella outbreak and we extend our sympathies to anyone affected," Empire Kosher said in a statement.
The CDC is not telling consumers to avoid eating kosher chicken or Empire brand chicken. Rather, they should follow safe food preparation practices including washing hands before and after touching raw chicken and washing utensils, cutting boards and counters where raw chicken was prepared.
Consumers should also cook chicken thoroughly, making sure the inside temperature reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit. This is the temperature recommended to kill germs that cause illness such as salmonella.
Salmonella illness usually begins between 12 and 72 hours after consuming the bacteria. Symptoms can include diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps and can last four to seven days.
The earliest illness linked to this outbreak began September 25, and the most recent case began June 4.
Severe illness may require hospitalization and treatment with antibiotics. Those most at risk for severe illness and complications are children younger than 5 and adults over 65, as well as people with compromised immune systems.
The youngest patient in this outbreak is younger than 1 year old, and the oldest is 76.
The US Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service issued a public health alert "out of an abundance of caution," the agency said.
"FSIS is concerned that some product may be frozen and in consumers' freezers. Consumers who have purchased these products are urged to properly handle, prepare, and cook these raw chicken products."
The CDC and the USDA are working with state health officials on the investigation.
Empire Kosher said the company is "cooperating fully" with federal health officials in the outbreak investigation although, "we have no data that connects this tragic even to our products … We take food safety and the health of our consumers very seriously and any illness, even potentially linked to our products, is unacceptable. We continue to very aggressively work to ensure the quality and safety of our products."
Kosher food is prepared under supervision to ensure that the dietary laws followed by observant Jews are adhered to. This includes how kosher animals are slaughtered and processed.
Topics: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, salmonella
CDC: 1 killed, 10 sickened by multi-state salmonella outbreak believed linked to ground beef
Puppies may be making people sick, CDC says
Vaping illness death count surpasses 50 in US
E. coli outbreak sickens 17 people in 8 states, including Wisconsin, CDC says
Vaping-related lung injuries surpass 2,500 cases nationwide, CDC says
138 cases of E. coli linked to romaine lettuce; CDC warns consumers to continue avoiding it
No single e-cigarette brand linked to vaping-related lung injuries, CDC says
67 E. coli infections across 19 states are linked to romaine lettuce, CDC says
It's OK to eat romaine lettuce again: Officials declare E.coli outbreak over
CDC: Deaths linked to vaping often involved THC products, not nicotine
3 unvaccinated children potentially exposed Denver and Los Angeles airport travelers to measles
CDC: 100% of those sickened with hepatitis A ate blackberries from Fresh Thyme, Woodman's
New virus prompts CDC to screen passengers arriving from Chinese city


text:
(-) Expert Brief
The U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy Needs More Indian Ocean
Washington will need to identify and commit to specific goals in the Indo-Pacific if this geographic and strategic approach is to be successful.
Expert Brief by Alyssa Ayres Asia Program
Al-Qaeda's Resurrection
With the demise of the Islamic State, a revived al-Qaeda and its affiliates should now be considered the world's top terrorist threat.
Expert Brief by Bruce Hoffman National Security and Defense Program
The Rise of Islamist Groups in Malaysia and Indonesia
The rise of Islamism in Malaysia and Indonesia could have severe consequences for the two states' societies, political systems, and overall stability.
Expert Brief by Joshua Kurlantzick
Trump Security Strategy a Study in Contrasts
The president's first national security strategy eloquently sums up the U.S. role in the world and what should be done to defend it, but much of the document is at odds with what the president himsel…
Expert Brief by Max Boot
Taking Stock of the Treaty on Open Skies
A little-known treaty provides transparency for confirming arms control agreements and serves as an important measure of the health of the U.S.-Russia relationship.
Expert Brief by George M. Reynolds
Can the United States Broker Peace Between Iraq and the Kurds?
Washington should respond to sectarian conflict near Kirkuk by seeking to preserve a united Iraq while supporting Kurdish autonomy.
Trump's Path to Indefinite Afghan War
President Trump's much-anticipated Afghan policy rightly avoids troop withdrawal timelines but offers little prospect for progress against the durable Taliban.
Iran's Presidential Test
Iran's May 19 election will pit Ibrahim Raisi, a hard-line protégé of the supreme leader, against the more centrist incumbent, Hassan Rouhani, in a contest that may hinge on the perceived economic im…
Expert Brief by Ray Takeyh
Taking On North Korea at the G20
North Korea's test of an intercontinental ballistic missile during the week of the Hamburg summit injects an air of crisis into an already tricky set of meetings.
Expert Brief by Sheila A. Smith
How Stable Is Saudi Arabia?
Saudi Arabia's stability is not under immediate threat, but questions about the Kingdom's fate in longer-term will persist.
Expert Brief by Paul B. Stares and Helia Ighani Center for Preventive Action


text:
Q: Cadlag and adapted (usual conditions assumed) imply progressively measurable (related to Protter's Stochastic Calculus theorem 6) Hi maybe someone on here can help me. I have been stuck on showing this fact for several months. I asked this question in the stack exchange and it has floated around for a while but to no avail.
The question I would like to answer is: If my filtration $\{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t \geq 0}$ satisfies the usual conditions, and a cadlag process is adapted to that filtration, then that process is progressively measurable. The reason I would like to know this is because I am trying to figure out the proof of Theorem 6 in Protter's Stochastic Integration and Differential Equations. I have a hunch that what may have been used is the statement in the title. I've seen it used a couple of places already, but I cannot figure out why it is true. For example in this question https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1682370/measurability-of-a-stopped-random-variable, both answers use the statement.
Here is Protter's theorem 6: Let $\{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t \geq 0}$ be a filtration satisfying the usual conditions. Let $T$ be a finite stopping time for the filtration $\{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t \geq 0}$. The $\{A \in \mathcal{F}: \text{ for each }t \geq 0, A \cap T^{-1}([0,t]) \in \mathcal{F}_t\} = \sigma( \{X_T: X \text{ is a cadlag process adapted to } \{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t \geq 0} \})$
In Protter's theorem, he claims that
As far as I'm aware, cadlag means that ALMOST every path is cadlag. I showed that if a process $X$ has each sample path cadlag and is adapted, then it is progressively measurable by using the the functions $X^n(s,\omega) = X(0,\omega)\mathbf{1}_{\{0\}}(s)+\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{2^n}X(tk/2^n,\omega)\mathbf{1}_{(t(k-1)/2^n, tk/2^n]}(s)$ on $[0,t]\times \Omega$.
$X^n$ is $\mathcal{B}([0,t]) \bigotimes \mathcal{F}_t$ measurable and by right continuity, $X^n$ converges everywhere to $X$ on $[0,t]\times \Omega$, so X is progressively measurable.
However, if we drop the assumption that $X$ has every path cadlag and instead just almost every path is cadlag (ie $X$ is a cadlag process) we can let $N = \{\omega \in \Omega: X(\cdot,\omega) \text{ is not cadlag}\}$. Then N is a null set. Even if $\mathcal{F}_t$ is complete, $N$ is a measurable null set in $\mathcal{F}_t$ and therefore $[0,t]\times N$ is null in $\mathcal{B}([0,t]) \bigotimes \mathcal{F}_t$. Since $X^n$ converges to $X$ pointwise on $([0,t]\times N)^c$ we have that $X^n$ converges to $X$ almost everywhere. Now, if we don't know that the product measure space ($[0,t] \times \Omega, \mathcal{B}([0,t]) \bigotimes \mathcal{F}_t) $ is complete, then we can't say that the limit $X$ is $\mathcal{B}([0,t]) \bigotimes \mathcal{F}_t$ measurable.
So if anyone can clear up my confusion I would be very appreciative. I've been stumped for weeks now. I think that there must be another way to show the result than how I did with the simpler case above using sequences.
In theorem 6 of Protter, I was able to show that regardless of whether $\mathcal{F}_t$ is complete or not, $\mathcal{G}^* = \sigma(\{X_T: X \text{ is everywhere cadlag and adapted to } \{\mathcal{F}_t\}\}) = \{A \in \mathcal{F}: \text{ for each } t \geq 0, A \cap T^{-1}([0,t]) \in \mathcal{F_t}\} = \mathcal{F}_T$
However, I still cannot show the analogue for $\mathcal{F_t}$ satisfying the usual conditions and $X_t$ cadlag almost everywhere.
**Edit
I could show Protter's theorem 6 by following along in Bass' book using simpler stopping times that approximate $T$, but still have not solved the question I posted here. So now, I do not need a solution to Protter's theorem, but to the statement in the title.


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Jen Wood (ashroc)
Joined 6 years ago from Australia
Contact Jen Wood
I love to take photos and paint using acrylics. Online is an interesting environment to dive in an out of. I hope you enjoy my pages on the topics which I find interesting.
Young People Can Get Glaucoma Too
My story of being diagnosed with glaucoma as a teenager and the journey it has taken me on throughout my life so far...
What's so intriguing about The Abbey girls books by Elsie J Oxehnam?
A highly collectable school series where girls have adventures, growup and their girls feature in stories in the same settings.
Genealogy, Family History & Family Trees
Edward Hartnett, Convict and Adelong Gold Prospector
Edward Hartnett came to Australia as a convict. A gold prospector at Adelong, Edward raised 2 families but ended up taking his own life after his 2nd wife passed away.
William Wood, Publican, Mayor and Grazier
William Wood and his family journeyed from Ashton under Lyne in England to Australia. Their occupation in England was in the cotton industry. In Queensland, William flourished in his new home of Dalby.
Jockey, Norman Hugh Mckinnon, Tragically Killed During a Horse Race at Randwick Race Course in Sydney
Norman McKinnon was born and raised in a small new south wales country town. A successful jockey, Norman was tragically killed during a horse race at Randwick Race Course in Sydney.
William Twomey, 1843-1927
William Twomey was born in Ireland, went to America and fought in the Civil War. After coming to Australia, William settled in a small town in New South Wales where he raised a family.
William and Patrick Kiley of Kiley's Run
Patrick Kiley featured in one of Banjo's poems "On Kiley's Run". Here you can find out more about what the man was like in real life.


text:
tRNA SYNTHETASE BIOLOGY
NRP2 Biology
Publications, Posters and Presentations
Efzofitimod (ATYR1923)
ATYR2810
About Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Working at aTyr
© 2007 - 2023 aTyr Pharma. Legal Privacy Policy
aTyr's mission is to translate findings from our tRNA synthetase platform into new therapeutics for fibrosis, inflammation and cancer.
aTyr has built a global intellectual property (IP) estate covering a library of extracellular tRNA synthetase protein fragments from all 20 tRNA synthetase genes. Extracellular tRNA synthetase fragments are believed to play a role in disease regulation through unique and novel signaling pathways. aTyr's approach is to elucidate these pathways and create new biologic therapies to modulate them. We have demonstrated clinical proof-of-concept for our platform with our lead product candidate, efzofitimod (ATYR1923).
Efzofitimod is a first-in-class biologic based on a naturally occurring, lung-enriched splice variant of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HARS) that downregulates immune responses via selective modulation of neuropilin-2 (NRP2). We are developing efzofitimod as a potential disease-modifying therapy for patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), a group of rare immune-mediated disorders that can cause progressive fibrosis of the lung. Our lead indication for efzofitimod is pulmonary sarcoidosis, the most prevalent form of ILD. We are currently investigating efzofitimod in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis in a global Phase 3 study known as EFZO-FIT™.
In addition to efzofitimod, we have a pipeline of therapeutic candidates derived from our proprietary tRNA synthetase platform.
Our most advanced preclinical candidate, ATYR2810, is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively and functionally blocks VEGF signaling through NRP2, a target identified through our platform. This pathway is a driver of drug resistance and metastasis in cancer, and we are developing ATYR2810 as a potential treatment for patients with aggressive solid tumors where NRP2 is implicated.
The next two tRNA synthetase-derived candidates in our pipeline are fragments from alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) and aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (DARS), which may have potential in the treatment of fibrosis, inflammation and cancer.
Extracellular tRNA Synthetase Biology