text:
Home News Tickets alert: Magnificent Seven Oct 25th in Liverpool; Sept 20th NBC Sports...
Tickets alert: Magnificent Seven Oct 25th in Liverpool; Sept 20th NBC Sports Fight Night at Foxwoods
Credit: Frank Warren
Tickets for promoter Frank Warren's 'Magnificent Seven Fight Again' show at the Liverpool Echo Arena on Saturday, October 25th will go on sale tomorrow, the 13th, at midday.
The blockbuster event features some of the best talent in British boxing, including Merseyside stars: Paul Butler, Liam Smith, Derry Mathews, Terry Flanagan and Kevin Satchell, all in big title action, plus Chris Eubank Jnr., and many more.
Tickets priced at £40, £50, £75, £100 and £150 are available from the Liverpool Echo Arena Box Office on 0844 8000 400 or www.echoarena.com
Undefeated Ellesmere Port ace Paul Butler is back in action following his fantastic win over Stuart Hall to claim the IBF World Bantamweight title in June. After vacating the title to pursue an historic second world title in a lighter weight division, Butler will feature in a major championship contest with the challenger to be announced.
Big-hitting Liam Smith makes the third and crucial defence of his British Light-Middleweight title against bitter rival Navid Mansouri as he looks to make the prized Lonsdale belt his own property in front of his home fans.
All-action Derry Mathews heads straight back into title action when he challenges for the Vacant WBA Intercontinental Lightweight Championship against a challenger to be announced.
Flyweight star Kevin Satchell has a dream opportunity to be crowned champion of Europe in front of his own fans when he takes on the tough reigning champion Valery Yanchy. Unbeaten Satchell, who also holds the British and Commonwealth titles, aims to dethrone Yanchy in only his 13th pro fight to hold all three belts.
Newly crowned British Lightweight Champion Terry Flanagan, from Manchester, makes the first defence of the title as he looks to clean up domestically before moving onto world hounours.
Undefeated middleweight talent Chris Eubank Jnr., son of the British great, will feature in an eight-rounder as he builds towards his first pro title; plus top Liverpool light-welterweight prospect Tom Stalker, the 2012 Team GB Olympic Captain, also fights over eight rounds.
A quality packed undercard features unbeaten prospects: Chorley light-welterweight Jack Catterall, hot off his stunning second round KO win over rival Nathan Brough, in an eight-round contest; Manchester featherweight Michael Gomez Jnr. follows up on his explosive pro-debut last month in a four-round contest; Ellesmere Port lightweight Matty Fagan in a six-round contest; plus the professional debuts of Merseyside amateur stars Michael Joynson and Mason Cartright.
Sept 20th NBC Sports Fight Night at Foxwoods
Tickets are on sale now for the NABF Cruiserweight Title fight between Thabiso "The Rock" Mchunu (16-1, 11 KOs) and Garrett "The Ultimate Warrior" Wilson (13-7-1, 7 KOs) September 20, 2014 at Foxwoods Resort Casino. The fight will be broadcast as the main event on a special afternoon edition of NBC Fight Night at 3:00 PM ET/12:00 PM PT. Tickets are on sale now through Foxwoods.com and will go on sale Friday through Ticketmaster.com. Ticket prices are $100, $75 and $40. Doors open at 12:00 PM.
Mchunu, 26, the southpaw from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa is making his third appearance on Fight Night. In his last appearance he defeated Olanrewaju "God's Power" Durodola via unanimous decision in ten rounds at Resorts International Casino Hotel in Atlantic City, NJ on January 24, 2014. In his Fight Night and US debut he upset "Fast" Eddie Chambers via another ten round unanimous decision victory at Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville, CT on August 3, 2013.
Wilson, 32, is from the fighting city of Philadelphia, PA. He made his Fight Night debut on a special afternoon edition of NBC Fight Night on November 16, 2013 at Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona, NY against Vyacheslav "Czar" Glazkov. Wilson was a last minute replacement for Tomasz "Goral" Adamek who fell ill days before the fight. Wilson took the fight on less than 48 hours' notice and agreed to fight at heavyweight despite being a cruiserweight. He ultimately lost to Glazkov via a ten-round unanimous decision but he gained the respect of the boxing community for stepping up at the last minute and taking such a big fight on national broadcast television.
"The Rock" and "The Ultimate Warrior" were scheduled to face each other in January of this year but Wilson pulled out due to an injured Achilles tendon. Mchunu went on to defeat Durodola instead but fans are excited that the fight is finally scheduled to take place next month at Foxwoods. Kathy Duva, Main Events' CEO said, "This is our first time back at Foxwoods in over a decade. I'm happy that we could bring them such an important show that will be seen by millions on national broadcast television and I look forward to working together again in the future."
british boxing
derry mathews
garrett wilson
liam smith
nbc sports fight night
paul butler
terry flanagan
thabiso mchunu
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The Riigikogu will reorganise its work to prevent the spread of coronavirus
13.03.2020 / Press releases, Others
Today, the Council of Elders of the Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) decided to reorganise the work of the Riigikogu in connection with the emergency situation declared by the Government to prevent the spread of the coronavirus.
At the meeting with the representatives of the factions, the Board of the Riigikogu decided that, until 1 May this year, the Riigikogu would resolve only time-critical issues.
The Council of Elders proposes to the Riigikogu to change the working schedule of plenary sittings of the Riigikogu at each Monday's sitting so that, until the end of the emergency situation, plenary sittings will be held only on Mondays, and Question Time on Wednesdays. The public and the media can watch live coverage of the sittings on the web.
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All official travels of the members of the Riigikogu have been cancelled, and the Board of the Riigikogu decides if a travel is unavoidably necessary. Members of the Riigikogu are strongly advised not to travel abroad, and in the case of domestic meetings, to avoid holding meetings in Toompea Castle.
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Vital Energi to Save one of Europe's Largest Teaching Hospitals £2.5m a Year
20.02.19, by Katie Addison | Healthcare
Vital Energi and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust have entered into a 15 year partnership which will see us provide a full and comprehensive energy solution for the St James's site and guarantee savings of £2.5m per year over the contract term.
We were awarded the scheme which consists of a turnkey solution providing the design, build, operation, maintenance and ESCo services for the hospital.
Leeds Teaching Hospitals are one of the largest in Europe, employing almost 18,000 members of staff, therefore reliability of supply was a key factor when deciding upon the solution. The Trust have an existing 20 year old CHP gas turbine energy centre which was due for replacement and therefore we proposed a more efficient and cost effective solution. Following extensive analysis of the Trust's requirements, we identified that opting for a 4.5MWe CHP engine as an alternative to a replacement gas turbine would deliver greater efficiencies for the hospital, and provide a more cost effective energy supply.
As the ESCo energy partner, we have provided the finance for the £8.4m project which will eventually fund itself through the guaranteed savings of £2.5m per year, allowing for the hospital to benefit straight away without committing capital expenditure.
The scope of works will see us operate the existing energy centre for a period of around 6 months before refurbishing it with newer and more efficient equipment, as well as adapting existing infrastructure to cater for the additional low temperature hot water which will be provided from the CHP. The build is set to be completed by June 2020 with Vital providing assurances by committing to delivering the energy savings from this point.
Phil Mottershead, Account Director at Vital Energi, explains, "Due to the 24/7 nature of the hospital's environment, we have designed a careful implementation schedule to alleviate disruptions on daily operation. We look forward to delivering the scheme and working in partnership with the Trust over the next 15 years."
Mick Taylor, the Trust's Project Manager, pointed out that the efficiencies that the project will deliver will not only bring financial savings on the current energy budget, but will also reduce the carbon emissions of the site which will contribute to making Leeds a cleaner city.
Due to the close proximity to Vital's Leeds PIPES District Heating Network, there is the possibility to make connection to the hospital's network in the future to provide further benefits.


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text:
\section{Introduction}
Central detectors of the Large Hadron Colliders (LHC) experiments
ATLAS and CMS at CERN have a pseudorapidity $\eta$ coverage
2.5 for tracking system and 5.0 for calorimetry. In spite of that,
a certain amount of particles and momentum flow take place in
the very forward directions and are not detected by these detectors.
Furthermore, there are  contributions to the measured cross sections
from elastic scattering and ultraperipheral collisions.
For better understanding of the
physics from very forward region  one needs  additional equipments.
ATLAS and CMS collaborations developed a program of forward physics
with extra detectors located in a region nearly 100m-400m from the
interaction point \cite{royon}.
These are called  forward detectors which will be installed
very close  to the beamline.
In connection with these new equipments
a research plan has been organized  to investigate
soft and hard diffraction,
high energy photon induced interactions,
low-x dynamics with forward jet studies,
large rapidity gaps between forward jets,
and luminosity monitoring \cite{royon,khoze, schul}.
One of the main features of these forward
detectors is to tag the protons  with some energy fraction loss
$\xi =E_{loss}/E_{beam}$.
Based on the ATLAS and CMS working conditions
forward detectors will be located in  positions
from interaction point to have an overall acceptance
$0.0015<\xi<0.5$ \cite{royon2,albrow}.
Larger $\xi$ is created  if the  forward detectors are installed
closer to the interaction points.
Using the forward detectors it is possible to produce
high energy photon induced interaction with exclusive
two particle  final states such as photons or leptons.
In this work we are interested in the two photons
in the  final states.
Almost real photons are emitted by each proton
and  interact each other to provide two photons
$\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma$.
Forward detectors will detect the energy loss of the
deflected protons  but
the  central detector will identify  the final photons
with rapidity $|\eta|<2.5$ and $p_{T}>(10-20)$ GeV.
Emitted  photons by the protons with small angles
have  a spectrum depending on virtuality $Q^{2}$ and energy
$E_{\gamma}$. This is described by the equivalent photon
approximation \cite{budnev,baur}.  The spectrum differs
from the pointlike electron positron case
by taking into account the electromagnetic form
factors

\begin{eqnarray}
dN=\frac{\alpha}{\pi}\frac{dE_{\gamma}}{E_{\gamma}}
\frac{dQ^{2}}{Q^{2}}[(1-\frac{E_{\gamma}}{E})
(1-\frac{Q^{2}_{min}}{Q^{2}})F_{E}+\frac{E^{2}_{\gamma}}{2E^{2}}F_{M}]
\end{eqnarray}

where

\begin{eqnarray}
Q^{2}_{min}=\frac{m^{2}_{p}E^{2}_{\gamma}}{E(E-E_{\gamma})},
\;\;\;\; F_{E}=\frac{4m^{2}_{p}G^{2}_{E}+Q^{2}G^{2}_{M}}
{4m^{2}_{p}+Q^{2}} \\
G^{2}_{E}=\frac{G^{2}_{M}}{\mu^{2}_{p}}=(1+\frac{Q^{2}}{Q^{2}_{0}})^{-4},
\;\;\; F_{M}=G^{2}_{M}, \;\;\; Q^{2}_{0}=0.71 \mbox{GeV}^{2}
\end{eqnarray}

Here E is the energy of the proton beam which is related to the
photon energy by $E_{\gamma}=\xi E$
and $m_{p}$ is the mass of the proton.
The magnetic moment of the proton is $\mu^{2}_{p}=7.78$, $F_{E}$ and
$F_{M}$ are functions of the electric and magnetic form factors.
The integration of the cross section
$d\sigma_{\gamma\gamma \to
\gamma\gamma}$  should be made over the photon spectrum

\begin{eqnarray}
d\sigma=\int{\frac{dL^{\gamma\gamma}}{dW}}
d\sigma_{\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma}(W)dW
\end{eqnarray}

where the effective photon luminosity $dL^{\gamma\gamma}/dW$
is given by

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dL^{\gamma\gamma}}{dW}=\int_{Q^{2}_{1,min}}^{Q^{2}_{max}}
{dQ^{2}_{1}}\int_{Q^{2}_{2,min}}^{Q^{2}_{max}}{dQ^{2}_{2}}
\int_{y_{min}}^{y_{max}}
{dy \frac{W}{2y} f_{1}(\frac{W^{2}}{4y}, Q^{2}_{1})
f_{2}(y,Q^{2}_{2})}.
\end{eqnarray}
with

\begin{eqnarray}
y_{min}=\mbox{MAX}(W^{2}/(4\xi_{max}E), \xi_{min}E), \;\;\;
y_{max}=\xi_{max}E, \;\;\;
f=\frac{dN}{dE_{\gamma}dQ^{2}}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here W is the invariant mass of the two photon system
$W=2E\sqrt{\xi_{1}\xi_{2}}$ and maximum virtuality is
$Q^{2}_{max}=2$ $\mbox{GeV}^{2}$.
In Fig.\ref{fig1} effective $\gamma\gamma$ luminosity
is shown as a function of the invariant mass of the two
photon system where pp energy $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV is taken.

\smallskip
\FIGURE{\epsfig{file=fig1.eps}
\caption{Effective $\gamma\gamma$ luminosity as a function
of the invariant mass of the two photon system for
$0.0015<\xi<0.5$. pp  energy $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV is taken.}
\label{fig1}}

It is interesting to search for new physics
with invariant two photon mass $W > 1$ TeV
by  the photon-induced two photon final states
with available luminosity.
In this work, we explore the phenomenology of extra dimensions
in the framework of  the Arkani-Hamed,
Dimopoulos and Dvali(ADD) model of
large extra dimensions and Randall-Sundrum (RS) model
of warped extra dimensions via the photon induced process
$pp \to p\gamma\gamma p$ at the LHC. We also summarize the
Standard Model  ${\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma}$ loop process
in its own right and as a background. $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV is considered
when the proton-proton center of mass energy is needed.

\section{Standard Model ${\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma}$
one-loop Process}

In this section, we review the properties of the
helicity amplitudes of the  one-loop
${\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma}$ process and provide the
SM cross sections at LHC using the steps taken in the previous
section. An experiment involving
$\gamma\gamma$ scattering at high energies has not been done yet.
In this respect, the precise determination of this
cross section have a special importance
to test the renormalization procedure
of the parts of the SM containing W gauge bosons.
Furthermore, this loop process becomes a background for
new physics searches through $\gamma\gamma$ scattering.

One-loop diagrams involve charged fermions and W bosons.
For the $\sqrt{s_{\gamma\gamma}}>200-250$ GeV W boson contribution
is dominant over the lepton and quark contributions \cite{jikia}.
This  nice  property allows to separate the  contributions of the
fermions and W bosons in the cross section. There are
sixteen helicity amplitudes contributing to the process.
Fermion contribution with mass $m_{f}$ and charge $Q_{f}$
 to the helicity amplitudes can be given simply
by neglecting the terms like $m_{f}^{2}/\hat{s}$, $m_{f}^{2}/\hat{t}$
and $m_{f}^{2}/\hat{u}$

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\alpha^{2}Q_{f}^{4}}M_{++++}^{f}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u})
=-8-8(\frac{\hat{u}-\hat{t}}{\hat{s}})Ln({\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{t}}})
 -4(\frac{\hat{t}^{2}+\hat{u}^{2}}{\hat{s}^{2}})
[Ln({\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{t}}})Ln({\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{t}}})+\pi^{2}],
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
M_{+++-}^{f}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u})\simeq
M_{++--}^{f}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u})\simeq 8\alpha^{2}Q_{f}^{4}.
\end{eqnarray}
where invariant Mandelstam  variables are defined as
$\hat{s}=(p_{1}+p_{2})^{2}$, $\hat{t}=(p_{1}-p_{3})^{2}$ and
$\hat{u}=(p_{2}-p_{3})^{2}$.
The remaining amplitudes can be related to those given by the
equations above   by parity and Bose symmetry.

It is possible to get simple expressions for W contribution
when the terms like  $m_{W}^{2}/\hat{s}$, $m_{W}^{2}/\hat{t}$
and $m_{W}^{2}/\hat{u}$ are neglected

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\alpha^{2}}M_{++++}^{W}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u})&&=-16i\pi
[\frac{\hat{s}}{\hat{t}}Ln(\frac{-\hat{t}}{m_{W}^{2}})
+\frac{\hat{s}}{\hat{u}}Ln(\frac{-\hat{u}}{m_{W}^{2}})]\nonumber \\
&&+12+12(\frac{\hat{u}-\hat{t}}{\hat{s}})Ln(\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{t}})
\nonumber\\
&&+16(1-\frac{3\hat{t}\hat{u}}{4\hat{s}^{2}})
[Ln(\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{t}})Ln(\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{t}})+\pi^{2}]
\nonumber \\
&&+16[\frac{\hat{s}}{\hat{t}}Ln(\frac{\hat{s}}{m_{W}^{2}})
Ln(\frac{-\hat{t}}{m_{W}^{2}})+
\frac{\hat{s}}{\hat{u}}Ln(\frac{\hat{s}}{m_{W}^{2}})
Ln(\frac{-\hat{u}}{m_{W}^{2}})\nonumber \\
&&+\frac{\hat{s}^{2}}{\hat{t}\hat{u}}Ln(\frac{-\hat{t}}{m_{W}^{2}})
Ln(\frac{-\hat{u}}{m_{W}^{2}})],
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\alpha^{2}}M_{+-+-}^{W}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u})&&=
-i\pi[12(\frac{\hat{s}-\hat{t}}{\hat{u}})
+32(1-\frac{3\hat{t}\hat{s}}{4\hat{u}^{2}})
Ln(\frac{\hat{s}}{-\hat{t}})\nonumber \\
&&+16\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{s}}Ln(\frac{-\hat{u}}{m_{W}^{2}})
+16\frac{\hat{u}^2}{\hat{t}\hat{s}}Ln(\frac{-\hat{t}}{m_{W}^{2}})]
+12 \nonumber \\
+&&12(\frac{\hat{s}-\hat{t}}{\hat{u}})Ln(\frac{\hat{s}}{-\hat{t}})
+16(1-\frac{3\hat{t}\hat{s}}{4\hat{u}^{2}})
Ln(\frac{\hat{s}}{-\hat{t}})Ln(\frac{\hat{s}}{-\hat{t}})
\nonumber \\
&&+16[\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{t}}Ln(\frac{-\hat{u}}{m_{W}^{2}})
Ln(\frac{-\hat{t}}{m_{W}^{2}})
+\frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{s}}Ln(\frac{-\hat{u}}{m_{W}^{2}})
Ln(\frac{\hat{s}}{m_{W}^{2}})\nonumber \\
&&+\frac{\hat{u}^{2}}{\hat{t}\hat{s}}Ln(\frac{-\hat{t}}{m_{W}^{2}})
Ln(\frac{\hat{s}}{m_{W}^{2}})],
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
M_{+-+-}^{W}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u})=
M_{-+-+}^{W}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u}),
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
M_{+++-}^{W}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u})\simeq
M_{++--}^{W}(\hat{s},\hat{t},\hat{u})\simeq -12\alpha^{2}.
\end{eqnarray}

In the W contribution, one should note that the dominant terms
arise from the imaginary part of the helicity amplitude for the
energy region satisfying the approximation $m_{W}^{2}<<\hat{s}$.
For $m_{W}^{2}>>\hat{s}$ contribution of W boson decreases and
fermion contribution drastically increases and much larger than the
W contribution. The top quark contribution is neglected above
because it is much lower
than the light quark  and W contribution in both regions .
Fig.\ref{fig2} shows the contributions of fermions and W boson to the
cross sections $pp \to p\gamma\gamma p$ as a function of
invariant mass of the two photon system for the energy region of
200-500 GeV and for the rapidity $|\eta|<2.5$. Dominance of
the W contribution is clear in this energy region.
The total cross section of fermion contributions  for
W=20-80 GeV, $|\eta|<2.5$ is 0.723 fb
and W boson contribution for W=200-500 GeV,
$\sqrt{|\hat{t}|}>200 $ GeV, $\sqrt{|\hat{u}|}>200$ GeV,
$|\eta|<2.5$  is 0.074 fb. In both cases we take into account
$0.0015<\xi<0.5$.
Rapidity distributions of W-boson and fermion contributions
to the cross section are provided in Fig.\ref{fig3} for two
energy scales of two photon system 20-80 GeV and 200-500 GeV.
As it is seen,
the curves which  belong to the fermions and W boson
have different behaviour as rapidity changes.

\FIGURE{\epsfig{file=fig2.eps}
\caption{Contributions of fermions and W boson to the
cross sections $pp \to p\gamma\gamma p$ as a function of
invariant mass of the two photon system for the energy region of
200-500 GeV and for the rapidity $|\eta|<2.5$ in the laboratory
system. Forward dedector acceptance is taken  $0.0015<\xi<0.5$.}
\label{fig2}}

\FIGURE{\epsfig{file=fig3.eps}
\caption{Contributions of fermions and W boson to the
cross sections $pp \to p\gamma\gamma p$ as a function of
rapidity for the two energy regions of diphoton system
20-80 GeV and 200-500 GeV.
Fermion contributions are given by upper and lowest curves
corresponding 20-80 GeV  and 200-500 GeV.
Middle curve represents W-boson contribution with
200-500 GeV diphoton energies.
Forward dedector acceptance is taken  $0.0015<\xi<0.5$.}
\label{fig3}}

ATLAS detector at the LHC is capable of detecting
of photons efficiently(up to 90\%) based on its wide range of
parameters \cite{atlas}.
If sufficient luminosity of 100-200 $fb^{-1}$ is available at
LHC, the cross sections of the  contributions of W boson and fermions
can be observable separately in the  $\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma$
one-loop SM process.
All the cross sections and related distributions in this paper are
given in the laboratory system i.e. center of mass
system of the two incoming protons.

\section{ADD Model of Large Extra Dimensions}

The Hierarchy problem in particle
physics arises from the fact that
 there is a large  difference
in energy between the electroweak scale
which is a few hundreds of GeV and gravity
scale that is the Planck scale $M_{Pl}\sim 10^{19}$GeV
in a four dimensional spacetime.
Extra space dimensions
higher than three are already known in string theory.
Following the string theory ideas,
three space dimensional world is called a "wall" or
3-brane where all Standard Model particles are
confined to this wall. The D-dimensional spacetime,
$D=3+\delta+1$, with $\delta$ extra space dimensions
is called "bulk" where 3-brane is embedded in it.
The methods how to handle hierarchy problem are
model dependent.

In the model proposed by
Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali gravity propagates
in the bulk but SM fields can not go out of the 3-brane \cite{add}.
The solutions of the
linearized equations of motion of the metric field are
the Kaluza-Klein tower in D dimensions.
Upon integrations over extra
dimensions, the final 4-dimensional fields are the
Kaluza-Klein modes. Zero mode of the KK field is massless
that leads to the graviton in 4-dimensions. Excited
modes of the KK fields become  massive.
According to this model extra dimensions are
compactified with a compactification radius
$r_{c}\sim $mm-fermi (or $1/r_{c}\sim $eV-MeV)
by which  the KK mode spacing is specified.
This mode spacing is very small with respect  to
the typical collider energies.
This property allows for  the summation
over large number of KK states.
ADD model is also known as the large extra dimension model
due to large compactification radius.
Strong gravity occurs in $D=4+\delta$ dimensions because of
the overall effect of the KK states. Thus its effective
interactions in 4-dimensions  with the
Standard Model particles  are expected to be  measurable at
collider energies. The relation between  the Planck Mass
$M_{Pl}$ and the corresponding scale $M_{D}$ in D-dimensions
can be written by the use of the compactified volume $V_{\delta}$

\begin{eqnarray}
M^{2}_{Pl}=V_{\delta}M^{2+\delta}_{D}
\end{eqnarray}

When $M_{D}$ is assumed to be  in TeV
region, large higher dimensional  volume
of $V_{\delta}$ makes  $M_{Pl}$ large  with $\delta=2-7$.
This result  implies
that Planck scale $M_{Pl}$ is not the fundamental scale afterall.
The large gap between the electroweak
and Planck scale is compensated by the large
compactification scale of the extra dimensions.
It should be pointed out that this does
not resolve the hierarchy problem but large gap shifts to the
compactification radius and the inverse of the electroweak scale.

There are three Feynman diagrams containing KK propagators
in s, t and u channels.
Let us now calculate the Feynman amplitudes for the subprocess
$\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma$ for three channels
using the KK-$\gamma\gamma$ vertex function
$\Gamma^{\alpha\beta\rho\sigma}$ \cite{add2}

\begin{eqnarray}
\Gamma^{\alpha\beta\rho\sigma}=-\frac{i\kappa}{2}
[(p_{1}\cdot p_{2})C^{\alpha\beta\rho\sigma}+
D^{\alpha\beta\rho\sigma}]
\end{eqnarray}
where $p_{1}, p_{2}$, $p_{3}, p_{4}$
are incoming and outgoing photon momenta.
The coupling constant $\kappa$ is
related to the Newton constant
$G^{(4+\delta)}_{N}$ in $D=4+\delta$ dimension by
$\kappa^{2}=16\pi G^{(4+\delta)}_{N}$.
Explicit forms of the tensors $C^{\alpha\beta\rho\sigma}$ and
$D^{\alpha\beta\rho\sigma}$ are given by

\begin{eqnarray}
C^{\alpha\beta\rho\sigma}&&=\eta^{\alpha\rho}\eta^{\beta\sigma}
+\eta^{\alpha\sigma}\eta^{\beta\rho}-
\eta^{\alpha\beta}\eta^{\rho\sigma} \\
D^{\alpha\beta\rho\sigma}&&=\eta^{\alpha\beta}
p^{\sigma}_{1}p^{\rho}_{2}-(\eta^{\alpha\sigma}
p^{\beta}_{1}p^{\rho}_{2}+\eta^{\alpha\rho}
p^{\sigma}_{1}p^{\beta}_{2}-\eta^{\rho\sigma}
p^{\alpha}_{1}p^{\beta}_{2}) \nonumber \\
&&-(\eta^{\beta\sigma}
p^{\alpha}_{1}p^{\rho}_{2}+\eta^{\beta\rho}
p^{\sigma}_{1}p^{\alpha}_{2}-\eta^{\rho\sigma}
p^{\beta}_{1}p^{\alpha}_{2})
\end{eqnarray}
where $\eta^{\rho\sigma}$ is the metric tensor of the flat
space in four dimensions.
The square of the amplitudes are

\begin{eqnarray}
|M|^{2}&&=\frac{\kappa^{4}}{8}\{|D(\hat{s})|^{2}
(\hat{t}^{4}+\hat{u}^{4})+|D(\hat{t})|^{2}
(\hat{s}^{4}+\hat{u}^{4})+|D(\hat{u})|^{2}
(\hat{s}^{4}+\hat{t}^{4})  \nonumber \\
&&+[D^{\star}(\hat{s})
D(\hat{t})+D(\hat{s})D^{\star}(\hat{t})]
\hat{u}^{4}+[D^{\star}(\hat{s})
D(\hat{u})+D(\hat{s})D^{\star}(\hat{u})]
\hat{t}^{4} \nonumber \\
&&+[D^{\star}(\hat{t})D(\hat{u})
+D(\hat{t})D^{\star}(\hat{u})]
\hat{s}^{4} \}
\end{eqnarray}
Lorentz invariant Mandelstam variables $\hat{s}$, $\hat{t}$
and $\hat{u}$ are given in previous section.
Here the factor due to initial spin average and
statistical factor from identical final photons are absent.
From previous sections we know that
only W boson contributes to the Standard Model one-loop
amplitudes for the energies $\sqrt{\hat{s}}>200$ GeV. At these
energies the dominant terms are imaginary. This makes
the interference terms with the SM  negligible based on the
fact that KK contributions to the amplitudes are real.

KK propagator $D(\hat{s})$ contains
summation over Kaluza-Klein modes which can be calculated without
specifying any specific process. Since the KK tower is an infinite
sum, ultraviolet divergences are present in tree level process. Thus
we need a cutoff procedure.
For the purpose of phenomenological applications basic steps
of the approach followed by Han et al. \cite{add2}  are
given below

\begin{eqnarray}
\kappa^{2}D(\hat{s})&&\equiv
\kappa^{2}\sum_{n}\frac{i}{\hat{s}-m^{2}_{n}}=
\frac{8\pi \hat{s}^{\delta/2-1}}{M_{D}^{\delta+2}}[2iI(x)+\pi]
\end{eqnarray}
The last equality is obtained by approximating the infinite
KK sum by an integral. The real part in square bracket
in the right hand side comes from the narrow
resonant states of single KK mode.
$I(x)$ is related to nonresonant summation of infinite
KK tower where $x=\frac{\Lambda_{c}}{\sqrt{\hat{s}}}$ and
$\Lambda_{c}$ is defined as the ultraviolet cutoff energy.
The definition of $\kappa^{2}=16\pi/M_{Pl}^{2}$ and Eq.(3.1)
have been used to reach the form on the right side. The
explicit form of $I(x)$ is written for even and odd values
of $\delta$

\begin{eqnarray}
I(x)&&=-\sum_{k=1}^{\delta/2-1}\frac{1}{2k}x^{2k}
-\frac{1}{2}\log{(x^2-1)} \;\;\;\;\; \;\; (\delta=\mbox{even}) \\
&&=-\sum_{k=1}^{(\delta-1)/2}\frac{1}{2k-1}x^{2k-1}
+\frac{1}{2}\log{(\frac{x+1}{x-1})}\;\;\;\;\; \;\;
(\delta=\mbox{odd})
\end{eqnarray}

The relation between the unknown cutoff energy
$\Lambda_{c}$ and the fundamental scale
$M_{D}$ is not clear unless the full theory is known.
The connection $\Lambda_{c} < M_{D}$ can be given on the ground
of  the string theory. In several calculations in the
literature  the equality
$M_{D}\simeq \Lambda_{c}$ demonstrates the lower limit
of the fundamental scale $M_{D}$.
Within this work $M_{D}\simeq \Lambda_{c}$ is set for KK graviton
propagator of ADD model.
$\kappa^{2}D(\hat{s})$ is dominated by nonresonant ultraviolet
contribution for $x>>1$. Then approximate result can be obtained
for comparison with  other notations in the literature \cite{add2}.

\begin{eqnarray}
\kappa^{2}D(\hat{s})=-\frac{16i\pi}{(\delta-2)\Lambda_{c}^{4}}
\;\;\;\;\; \;\; (\delta > 2)
\end{eqnarray}
This corresponds to the result of Giudice et al. \cite{add2}
$\Lambda_{c}=\Lambda_{T}$ for $\delta=4$.
The same form can be used for t and u channels.

Collider signals of virtual graviton exchange manifest itself
as the deviations from the SM in the cross section. Furthermore,
the angular distributions of the final particles
are dedicated to spin-2 nature of the graviton.
First we show  the rapidity distribution of
the  final photons in Fig.\ref{fig4} for the  contribution
of the KK graviton with $M_{D}=1500$ GeV
 to the total cross section of the main process
$pp \to p \gamma\gamma p$ in the photon induced interactions
at LHC with forward detectors. We consider two acceptance
regions of the  forward detectors
$0.0015<\xi<0.5$ and $0.1<\xi<0.5$. Each curve correspons to
a rapidity cut $|\eta|<2$  with  additional
cuts on variables  $\sqrt{\hat{s}}>200$ GeV,
$\sqrt{|\hat{t}|}>200$ GeV and $\sqrt{|\hat{u}|}>200$ GeV.
Requirement  both $\sqrt{|\hat{t}|}>200$ and
$\sqrt{|\hat{u}|}>200$ GeV induces a cut  $|\eta|<2$.
We did not include SM one-loop contribution
 on the ground of its smallness that can be seen
in Fig.\ref{fig3}. All cuts are also given in the
laboratory frame of the protons as stated earlier

\FIGURE{\epsfig{file=fig4.eps}
\caption{Rapidity distributions of the KK terms in ADD model
for the rapidity cut $|\eta|<2$, $M_{D}=1500$ GeV
with two acceptance regions $0.0015<\xi<0.5$ and
$0.1<\xi<0.5$. Cuts and results are given in the
laboratory frame of the protons.}
\label{fig4}}

$p_{T}$ distribution of the final photons for the KK terms of the
cross section is plotted in Fig.\ref{fig5} with $|\eta|<2$ and
two acceptance regions $0.0015<\xi<0.5$ and $0.1<\xi<0.5$.
In Fig.\ref{fig4} and Fig.\ref{fig5} both curves for
different acceptance regions  seem  almost
identical in  shape and in the magnitude.
This leads to the fact that the cuts on
$\sqrt{|\hat{t}|}$ and $\sqrt{|\hat{u}|}$ are satisfied by
high $\sqrt{\hat{s}}$ values.
It is clear that the contribution of the energy from
the region $0.0015<\xi<0.1$ to the cross section
of the  KK terms  is negligible for the cuts given above.
Thus, it is more convenient to use the region $0.1<\xi<0.5$
for the rest of our calculations.
In this energy region cross section  from SM one-loop
contributions is the order of $10^{-4}$fb  where we ignore
it  from here on.

\FIGURE{\epsfig{file=fig5.eps}
\caption{$p_{T}$ distribution of the final photons for the KK
graviton exchange terms in ADD model with the same values of the
parameters  $|\eta|$, $\xi$  and $M_{D}$ as in
the previous figure.}
\label{fig5}}

Next, we calculate 95\% C.L.  bounds
on the $M_{D}$ as a function of the integrated LHC luminosity
for  the acceptance region $0.1<\xi<0.5$ with
the above restrictions on the rapidity and the Mandelstam variables.
Poisson distributed events are considered for statistical
analysis. The estimations are shown in Fig.\ref{fig6} where
the acceptance region $0.1<\xi<0.5$ is
good enough to feel the KK graviton exchange in the process
$pp \to p\gamma\gamma p$ via two photon fusion.

\FIGURE{\epsfig{file=fig6.eps}
\caption{95\% C.L. search reach for $M_{D}$ as a function of
integrated LHC luminosity for the acceptance region
$0.1<\xi<0.5$  and rapidity cut $|\eta|<2$ in ADD model.}
\label{fig6}}

\section{RS Model of Warped Extra Dimensions}

Randall and Sundrum proposed a model to handle
the large  hierarchy between the electroweak
and the gravity scales. In this model curvature in higher dimensions
play the important role to  remove this large hierarchy.
The metric in 5D is  a solution
to Einstein's equations respecting the 4D Poincare invariance \cite{rs}

\begin{eqnarray}
ds^{2}=e^{-2ky}\eta_{\mu\nu}dx^{\mu}dx^{\nu}-dy^{2},
\end{eqnarray}
where y is the $5^{th}$ dimension which is parametrized as
$y=r_{c}|\Phi|$ with $r_{c}$ being the compactification radius
of the extra dimension. Angular coordinate $\Phi$
has the limits of $0\leq|\Phi|\leq\pi$.
First term in this metric is the Minkowski spacetime
metric in 4D  multiplied by an exponential factor which
is called warp factor containing fifth
dimension and the degree of the curvature k.
This model includes two 3-brane with
opposite and equal tensions  at the boundaries
of  a 5D  Anti-de-Sitter space.
Each boundary has 4D Minkowski
metric and y is orthogonal to each 3-brane.
The distance between the two walls is $y=\pi r_{c}$.
The wall at $y=0$ on which  Gravity is localized
is called Planck brane. The other wall at $y=\pi r_{c}$
is referred to TeV brane where SM fields live on.
Gravity propagates in $5^{th}$ dimension.

Starting with 5D action, the 4D effective
lagrangian containing  the interaction of the KK gravitons
with the matter fields can be obtained by

\begin{eqnarray}
L=-\frac{1}{\bar{M}_{Pl}}T^{\alpha\beta}(x)h^{(0)}_{\alpha\beta}(x)
-\frac{1}{\Lambda_{\pi}}T^{\alpha\beta}(x)
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}h^{(n)}_{\alpha\beta}(x)
\end{eqnarray}
where $T^{\alpha\beta}(x)$ is the energy momentum tensor of the
matter field in the Minkowski space and
$\bar{M}_{Pl}=M_{Pl}/\sqrt{8\pi}$ is the reduced Planck scale.
$h^{(n)}_{\alpha\beta}(x)$ describes the KK modes of
the graviton on the 3-brane. The masless
zero KK mode decouples from the sum and its coupling
strength is $1/\bar{M}_{Pl}$. The massive  KK states has the
coupling of $(1/\Lambda_{\pi})\sim 1/\mbox{TeV}$ with
$\Lambda_{\pi}=e^{-kr_{c}\pi}\bar{M}_{Pl}$.

The  relation between 5D fundamental Planck scale M and
usual 4D reduced Planck scale is

\begin{eqnarray}
\bar{M}^{2}_{Pl}=\frac{M^{3}}{k}(1-e^{-2kr_{c}\pi}).
\end{eqnarray}
Taking  $k\sim M_{Pl}$  we reach  the
relation $M\sim M_{Pl}$. Therefore, there is no
additional hierarchy created by the model. If
$kr_{c}$ has the value  $\sim 10-12$  all the physical
processes take place in TeV scale on TeV-brane. This
demonstrates the fact  that  the hierarchy is
generated by the warp factor.

The mass spectrum created by  KK modes of the graviton
in the RS model  is given by \cite{rs}

\begin{eqnarray}
m_{n}=x_{n}ke^{-kr_{c}\pi}=x_{n}\beta\Lambda_{\pi},
 \;\; \mbox{with}\;\; \beta=\frac{k}{\bar{M}_{Pl}}
\end{eqnarray}
where $x_{n}$ are the roots of the Bessel function of order 1
$J_{1}(x_{n})=0$. The first values are $x_{1}=3.83$, $x_{2}=7.02$
and $x_{3}=10.17$. The scale of the  masses is
$m_{n}\sim \Lambda_{\pi}\sim \mbox{TeV}$
on the ground of   $\beta\sim 1$. It is clear   that
the each excitation should be sizable separately
at colliders. The appropriate parameters to describe
the RS scenario for phenomenological applications
are $\Lambda_{\pi}$ and $\beta$.
The only graviton propagator  differs  from the ADD case
in the squared amplitude for $\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma$

\begin{eqnarray}
\kappa^{2}D(\hat{s})=\frac{2}{\Lambda^{2}_{\pi}}
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{\hat{s}-m^{2}_{n}+i\Gamma_{n}m_{n}},
\;\;\;\;\;  \Gamma_{n}=\rho m_{n}(\frac{m_{n}}{\Lambda_{\pi}})^{2}
\end{eqnarray}
with $\rho=1$ is used in the width $\Gamma_{n}$ of the individual
KK graviton.
Limits on the parameter $\beta$ can be found for the first graviton
mode  with mass $m_{1}$. The estimation for 95\% C.L. parameter
exclusion region is shown in Fig.\ref{fig7} for the integrated LHC
luminosities; $50 fb^{-1}$, $100 fb^{-1}$ and $200 fb^{-1}$,
with the acceptance region $0.1 <\xi < 0.5$.

\FIGURE{\epsfig{file=fig7.eps}
\caption{95\% C.L. exclusion region for the parameters
$\beta$ and $m_{1}$ in RS model  at three different integrated LHC
luminosities; $50 fb^{-1}$, $100 fb^{-1}$ and $200 fb^{-1}$.
Other cuts are the same as in the previous figure.
Excluded regions are defined by the area over the curves.}
\label{fig7}}

In the approximation $m^{2}_{n}>>\hat{s}$, $m^{2}_{n}>>\hat{t}$,
$m^{2}_{n}>>\hat{u}$  KK graviton propagators for  three channels
take the form

\begin{eqnarray}
\kappa^{2}D(\hat{s})=\frac{2}{\beta^{2}\Lambda^{4}_{\pi}}
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{-1}{x^{2}_{n}}.
\end{eqnarray}

Fig.\ref{fig8} shows 95\% C.L. search reaches
in the $\Lambda_{\pi} - \beta$ plane for an acceptance region of
$0.1 <\xi<0.5$ and LHC luminosities given before.

\FIGURE{\epsfig{file=fig8.eps}
\caption{95\% C.L. constraints  on the parameter plane
$\Lambda_{\pi}$ and $\beta$ in RS model
 at three different integrated LHC
luminosities; $50 fb^{-1}$, $100 fb^{-1}$ and $200 fb^{-1}$
and the acceptance region $0.1 <\xi<0.5$.
Excluded regions are defined
by the area below the curves.}
\label{fig8}}

\section{Conclusion}

Photon-photon collision at LHC with  diphoton invariant mass
$ W> 1$ TeV allows to study physics at TeV scale beyond
the SM  with a sufficient luminosity.
There is no existing collider with this property except the
LHC itself. It is worth mentioning that
two photon final state is one of the cleanest channel to search
for any deviation from the SM physics. For this reason,
we have investigated how the photon-induced two photon final
state can extend the bounds on the model parameters of
extra dimensions in the framework of the ADD and RS models.
Taking an acceptance region of $0.1 < \xi < 0.5$
we have obtained constraints on the fundamental
scale $M_{D}$ in the ADD model for a LHC
luminosity interval 1-200 $fb^{-1}$.
Exclusion regions of the parameter
pairs of RS model $\beta -m_{1}$ and
$\Lambda_{\pi}-\beta$  have been provided for the LHC
luminosities $50 fb^{-1}$, $100 fb^{-1}$ and $200 fb^{-1}$.
Possible background coming from the SM one-loop diagrams can
be neglected  in the energy and rapidity range defined above
sections.
Excluded area of the model parameters that we have found from the
process $pp \to p\gamma\gamma p$ extends to wider regions than the
case of the   colliders LEP and Tevatron  \cite{rizzo,han}.
Certainly, the challenging processes are the quark antiquark annihilation
into two photons $q\bar{q} \to \gamma\gamma$ as well as  gluon fusion
$gg \to \gamma\gamma$ with KK graviton exchange at the LHC itself
\cite{han}. Although $\gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma$ process
has cleaner enviroment, $gg, q\bar{q} \to \gamma\gamma$ process
needs a sophisticated   background analysis.
The excluded regions  of this paper are wider than the case of
the similar study using the subprocess
$\gamma\gamma \to \ell^{+}\ell^{-}$ at LHC \cite{atag}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Улица Го́рького — одна из центральных улиц Нижнего Новгорода. Начинается от Окского откоса и через площадь Горького и площадь Свободы выходит к улице Белинского, в районе оврага реки Старки.

Застройка улицы началась в 1830—1850 гг. — в основном деревянными одно- и двухэтажными домами.

Прежнее наименование — Полевая улица. Это название было связано с тем, что вплоть до начала XX века это была окраина, и за ней шли поля.

В 1958 году улица была переименована в честь писателя Максима Горького, который жил здесь в детстве с бабушкой и дедом. Дом с кабаком на первом этаже на Полевой улице купил дед Горького после пожара в мастерской при домике Каширина и последовавшего раздела имущества с сыновьями. Предшествующие и последующие этому события описаны в его повести «Детство».

В 1970-х годах началась реконструкция улицы, в результате которой часть старых построек была снесена и на их месте были выстроены многоэтажные жилые дома с магазинами в первых этажах. Снос исторической застройки на улице продолжается и поныне.

Основные достопримечательности
 Нижегородский государственный театр юного зрителя
 Парк Кулибина
 Храм Всемилостивого Спаса

Транспорт
 Метрополитен:
  Горьковская
 Автобусные социальные маршруты:
 № 1 (Площадь Минина и Пожарского — пл. Свободы — пл. Горького — пр. Гагарина — трасса Р-125 — пр. Олимпийский — ул. Приокская — ул. Богородская — ул. Гагарина — ЖК «Окский берег»)
 № 16 (Площадь Максима Горького — ул. Горького — ул. Белинского — ул. Родионова — ул. Бринского — ул. Ивлиева — ул. Васюнина — ул. Ванеева — ул. Рокоссовского Кузнечиха-2)
 № 40 (мкр. Верхние Печёры — ул. Родионова — пл. Минина и Пожарского — пл. Свободы — пл. Горького — пл. Комсомольская — пр. Ленина — пл. Киселёва — Южное шоссе — мкр. Юг)
 № 41 (мкр. Цветы — ул. Сахарова — Кузнечиха-2 — ул. Ванеева — пл. Свободы — ул. Горького — пл. Горького — Похвалинский съезд — площадь Ленина — ул. Должанская — ул. С. Акимова — ул. К. Маркса —  Стрелка)
 № 58 (Улица Деловая — ул. Родионова — пл. Сенная — ул. Минина — пл. Минина и Пожарского — ул. Варварская — пл. Свободы — ул. Горького — пл. Горького — ул. Б. Покровская — пл. Лядова — пл. Комсомольская — пр. Ленина — ул. Переходникова — пр. Бусыгина — ул. Дьяконова — пр. Октября — пр. Ильича — ул. Красноуральская — ул. Спутника — ул. Толбухина — ул. Мончегорская — Улица Космическая)
 № 64 (Улица Усилова — ул. Родионова — ул. Минина — пл. Минина и Пожарского — ул. Варварская — пл. Свободы — пл. Горького — пл. Комсомольская — ул. Молитовская — ул. Баумана — ул. Памирская — ул. адмирала Нахимова — ул. Новикова-Прибоя — ул. Дьяконова — ул. Строкина — мкр. Соцгород-2)
 № 68 (Площадь Минина и Пожарского — ул. Варварская — пл. Свободы — пл. Горького — пр. Гагарина — Мызинский мост — пр. Ленина — пл. Киселёва — ул. Лескова — Улица Космическая)
 Маршрутное такси:
 № т34 «Ул. Долгополова — ул. Ванеева — ЖК "Новая Кузнечиха"»
 № т57 «Верхние Печёры-5 — Красное Сормово»
 № т74 «Ул. Долгополова — пл. Минина и Пожарского — Верхние Печёры»
 № т97 «Верхние Печёры — Мостоотряд»
 Троллейбусные:
 № 9 (Площадь Горького — пл.Свободы — ул. Ванеева — пл. Советская — ул. Рокоссовского — Кузнечиха-2)
 № 31 (Площадь Минина и Пожарского — пл. Свободы — пл. Горького — пр. Гагарина — Щербинки-2)

См. также
 Площадь Максима Горького
 Сенная площадь
 Площадь Свободы
 Ильинская улица
 Нижегородский метромост

Примечания

Ссылки
 Улица Горького на сервисе Яндекс.Панорамы.

Горького
Нижегородский район Нижнего Новгорода

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
10 Reasons why Iceland needs to be on your Bucket List
April 7, 2018 By Kirsty-Sian McShane Leave a Comment
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"The Land of Fire and Ice" as it's known is fast and furiously becoming one of the hottest travel destinations and with it's almost surreal beauty, friendly locals and endless opportunity for adventure it's not hard to see why. Here are just a few reasons why Iceland should be on your travel bucket list.
1. Weird and Wonderful Landscapes
Iceland sits on the spot where the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates collide resulting in some of the most fascinating geography you've ever seen. Expect eerie rock formations, long stretches of black sand beaches, feisty volcanoes and endless lava plains.
Copyright: Iurie Belegurschi
The best way to see these incredible vistas has to be on horseback where you can experience Iceland's lush valleys and steep mountain terrains in a whole new way. Landmannalaugar made up of Rhyolite Mountains, lava fields, and the Hekla volcano; is a great spot for these horseback tours.
Some other must see spots include the Thrihnukagigur volcano where the brave can navigate the 120 meter drop to explore inside the cavern as well as Gullfoss Waterfall, one of Iceland's many but most popular waterfall due to the sheer power of the stream and the natural beauty surrounding it.
Photo Credit: Richard Schneider (flickr)
2. Outdoor Adventures
In a country so defined by its natural wonder it's a given that it would be crammed full of outdoor adventure for you to fully immerse yourself in. With a large landmass (103,000 km²) and a rather small population (334,252 people) Iceland lends itself well to thrill seeking exploration from mild to adrenaline pumping adventure.
You will never be closer to the raw beauty of Iceland than while hiking. Whether it's along flower-filled meadows or black sand deserts and icefields the terrain is exceptionally varied and each with a magic of their own. Trails throughout the country range anything from an hour to a week and popular spots include Landmannalaugar, Jökulsárgljúfur National Park, and Skaftafell.
Photo Credit: Mark Bray (flickr)
Known for its grand glaciers and as being the ultimate winter wonderland there are of course a myriad of activities to enjoy on the icier side, just be sure to gear up in your warmest, and preferably waterproof, apparel.
If travelling over snowy landscapes and glaciers at top speed gets your adrenaline pumping then snowmobiling is a must and you should definitely put Skalafellsjökull on your itinerary.
Skiing and snowboarding are also popular activities and there are a number of venues arouynd Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hlíðarfjall and in the West Fjords.
Photo Credit: Yuan (flickr)
3.Local Cuisine
Iceland's history of fishing, farming and gathering on a volcanic island in the harsh conditions of the North Atlantic has resulted in some very interesting traditional cuisine. Even though fermented shark or sheep's heads may not be your cup of tea there are some very different although palatable dishes to experience like Skýr (yoghurt product) and rugbrauð (rye bread baked in a hot spring). Although still loyal to tradition there are plenty of fantastic restaurants offering modern, hearty meals perfect to end off a day of icy adventure.
4. Wildlife
Between April and October are best months for some of the most spectacular whale watching in Europe. Humpbacks, minkes, bottlenose and blues flourish in the fish-rich North Atlantic and Arctic waters around Iceland and during a tour departing from Reykjavik you can be 99% sure of a sighting of these magnificent creatures.
Photo Credit: Ted van den Bergh (flickr)
Bird watching is also a massive draw card for those visiting Iceland with a number of unique species coupled with stunning backdrops. Tours are also available to the seaside cliffs of Flatey Island that has its own colourful colony of puffins.
5. Live Music
The Icelandic love their live music and with music festivals running almost every month of the year including Dark Music Days in January and Secret Solstice in June there's no excuse not to enjoy the local scene. On most nights you can find more intimate performances at spots like Harpa Concert Hall, Húrra and Mengi all in Reykjavik.
Photo Credit: Amy-Lou Lafontaine (flickr)
6. The Northern Lights
This beautiful and elusive natural phenomenon also known as the Aurora Borealis is a result of charged particles from the sun becoming trapped in the Earth's magnetic field which gives the colourful, dancing light show we get to see on Earth.
Iceland is one of the best places to see this magical show particularly between September-April. There are many tours in Iceland offering the chance to venture into the remote countryside to spot the lights however if trekking in the cold is not your thing there is also the option of viewing them from a hot tub in one of the city pools.
Photo Credit: Modes Rodríguez (flickr)
7. Hot Pools
With geothermic waters hovering between 36-40 °C and picturesque snow-capped lava rocks everywhere you turn it's no wonder Blue Lagoon is such a popular tourist spot and locals hangout. You'll find it just a few minutes from Keflavik International Airport and known for its healing and anti-ageing properties with its sulfur and silica content its's the perfect way to relax tired muscles after a day of exploring. Wherever you find yourself you can find a geothermic outdoor public swimming pool in almost every town so ask locals where the best spots are.
8. Experience the Midnight Sun
Being the country of extremes it is, Iceland's seasons draw some interesting contrasts of their own. In winter you can expect long dark nights however come summer between June and August the sun barely sets before it's up again. It's a strange feeling and will take some getting used to but it does mean that there will always be enough light to get in as much sightseeing as possible.
Photo Credit: Peter Coughlan (flickr)
9. History & Folklore
Possibly my favourite part of this little country is the whimsy and folklore surrounding it. With a history tied very closely to the Vikings there are many activities dedicated to learning more about this fierce group of people who settled on Icelandic shores around 870 AD.
A little more unusual is the local belief in elves (huldufólk), or hidden folk, as they're more commonly referred to. Although very strange to outsiders the belief is very much a part of the Icelandic culture. It's not uncommon to spot small wooden alfhol (elf houses) in family gardens and there is even an Elf School in Reykjavik where you can learn all about the mystical creatures.
10. Glaciers & Ice Caves
With more than 4 500 square miles of glacier in Iceland there's no way of avoiding these grand structures so take a walking tour along the glaciers or a self-guided driving tour of Ring Road, the main national route that circles the country. For the more adventurous at heart guided ice climbing tours are also available. Trained professionals will guide you every step of the way and provide all the gear so any level of climber can have this once in a lifetime experience.
While you're there why not check out some of the ice caves usually found in and around glaciers. A number of movies have been shot from inside these crystal walls and they are even more stunning in real life.
Filed Under: Travel Tagged With: Blue Lagoon, bucket list, elves, Flatey Island, glacier, guide to iceland, hiking, horseback, Iceland, northern lights, puffins, ring road, Secret Solstice, ski, snowmobile, travel, viking, whale watching


text:
Q: Pentaho JavaScript JSON - Concatenate json objects into existing JSON document based on keys Basically what i'm trying to do is to build up a Json document, with it's pieces all spread into smaller Json pieces, all rows containing the Keys needed to insert the smaller Json bits inside the correct json structure.
My problem starts in that i know next to nothing about JavaScript. So i would have to learn JavaScript from scratch(already doing), So i'll describe as best i can the issue and what i want to achieve.
Issues: In every Pentaho / Json post i see a hardcoded(Like This answer, which is helpful but again, hardcoded number of fields) JavaScript to build a pre-formed Json structure, what i need is a way to to insert / create, dynamically built info into a Json Structure. And it also needs Nested Structures.
So, in the start i would bulk build all the Flat Json structure, which can be easily done with the Json output Step, since it outputs built Json objects, the objects themselves can be built dynamically, and then just concatenated(Again i don't know if this is possible).
After the flat part is done, comes the part of concatenating the other objects inside the correct structure, some are just more plain objects, others are Arrays of Objects(Nested part).
This is where i need confirmation from someone who understands this part that it is possible to achieve inside Pentaho JavaScript, or the only way using Pentaho is to build hardcoded structures. Below i'll show in Json examples what i want.
This would be an example of the Flat JSON:

  {
        "Apolices": [{
                "Apolice": {
                    "APO_numero_apolice": "1321635113",
                    "APO_ramo": "312",
                    "APO_data_proposta": "22-05-2018",
                    "APO_valor_desconto": 0.0,
                    "APO_valor_liquido": 1550.39,
                    "APO_cod_parceiro_negocio": "1000",
                    "APO_inicio_vigencia": "22-05-2018",
                    "APO_status_apolice": "EMITIDA"
                }
            },
            {
                "Apolice": {
                    "APO_proposta": "3212121",
                    "APO_data_registro": "08-08-2018",
                    "APO_numero_apolice": "7891321498",
                    "APO_ramo": "515",
                    "APO_data_proposta": "22-03-2018",
                    "APO_valor_desconto": 0.0,
                    "APO_valor_liquido": 2150.72,
                    "APO_cod_parceiro_negocio": "7548151100",
                    "APO_inicio_vigencia": "22-07-2018",
                    "APO_status_apolice": "EMITIDA",
                    "APO_produto": null,
                    "APO_codigo_corretor": "812182",
                    "APO_fim_vigencia": "22-05-2019",
                    "APO_valor_bruto": 2320.8,
                    "APO_percentual_comissao": 19,
                    "APO_iof": null
                }
            }
        ]
    }

Then in the course of said implementation, the desired outcome would be something like :

  {
        "Apolices": [{
                "Apolice": {
                    "APO_numero_apolice": "1321635113",
                    "APO_ramo": "312",
                    "APO_data_proposta": "22-05-2018",
                    "APO_valor_desconto": 0.0,
                    "APO_valor_liquido": 1550.39,
                    "APO_cod_parceiro_negocio": "1000",
                    "APO_inicio_vigencia": "22-05-2018",
                    "APO_status_apolice": "EMITIDA"
                },
                "Item": {
                    "ITE_ano_fabricacao": "2001",
                    "ITE_modelo": "FOCUS SEDAN GHIA 2.0 MPI 16V 4P",
                    "ITE_ano_modelo": "2001",
                    "Cobertura": [{
                            "COB_cod_cobertura": "21",
                            "COB_valor_importancia": "50000",
                            "COB_valor_premio": "415,71",
                            "COB_cobertura": "RCF-V - Danos Materiais"
                        },
                        {
                            "COB_cod_cobertura": "17",
                            "COB_valor_importancia": "16712",
                            "COB_valor_premio": "1165,96",
                            "COB_cobertura": "Colisão,Incêndio e Roubo\/Furto"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            },
            {
                "Apolice": {
                    "APO_proposta": "3212121",
                    "APO_data_registro": "08-08-2018",
                    "APO_numero_apolice": "7891321498",
                    "APO_ramo": "515",
                    "APO_data_proposta": "22-03-2018",
                    "APO_valor_desconto": 0.0,
                    "APO_valor_liquido": 2150.72,
                    "APO_cod_parceiro_negocio": "7548151100",
                    "APO_inicio_vigencia": "22-07-2018",
                    "APO_status_apolice": "EMITIDA",
                    "APO_produto": null,
                    "APO_codigo_corretor": "812182",
                    "APO_fim_vigencia": "22-05-2019",
                    "APO_valor_bruto": 2320.8,
                    "APO_percentual_comissao": 19,
                    "APO_iof": null
                }
            }
        ]
    }

The Json Objects of "Item" and "Cobertura", and others, would come as already built Json objects, with the necessary keys to insert the entire object in the correct position of the structure.
I have done next to no coding myself as of yet since i'm still learning JavaScript, but i already know that Pentaho's JavaScript is somewhat limited in resources, that's why i'm asking ahead if this is even possible inside Pentaho/Kettle

A: Don't be afraid of the resource limitations for Javascript in PDI. It uses the official Rhino OpenSource project which is 100% ES6 compatible.
Of course, the dynamic nature of JS makes it a little bit slower, but I do not think the difference will be significant unless you have a continuous input flow of millions per minutes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Review and Measurements of Okto DAC8 8Ch DAC & Amp
josh358 said:
If you talk to pro audio engineers, they'll tell you that modern DAC's are very, very good, but don't all sound the same.
Yes but you may be attributing too much to the DAC chip of choice, by talking about 'Sabre glare'.
The difference in sound might have more to do with analogue section and power supply sections designs... ie everything that's around the DAC chip...
phoenixdogfan
Music1969 said:
Maybe the ESS hump is to blame?
phoenixdogfan said:
Check page 1 of this thread. There is no hump.
But there is still audible "Sabre glare"?
I suspect if DACs sound different it's more to do with everything around the DAC chip (analogue section design and power supply sections designs)
Neddy
Oh, Pulease can we get back to OktoDAC?
And, to them: many many thanks for providing the AES outputs - just what I was hoping for - YAY!
Nice touch on the padded rack ears, too
Definitely will be ordering one!!
Likes: MWC, da Choge, Manbeard and 3 others
Okto Research said:
Hello everyone, here is the long-awaited launch of our 8-channel D/A converter, the DAC8 PRO!
After the ASR review, we received a lot of questions, feedback and suggestions and so we thought it would be a big shame to miss the chance to implement some of them into the production version. In the end, it took much more time than planned so thanks everyone for the patience, continuing support and interest in our products.
Let's dive into the feature list, starting with the most noticeable one:
More compact enclosure
The difference visible at the first sight is the more compact enclosure (448x183x50mm excl. feet), made from AW6082 aluminium alloy. This change only applies to the DAC8 PRO, not the upcoming DAC8 Stereo.
Dust-proof and spill-proof design with conductive cooling
Speaking of enclosure… we thought what other improvements could we make to increase the durability of the product. We wanted to get rid of the vents that allow dust to get trapped inside and pile up, eventually causing overheating and possibly even killing the electronics, not to mention an accidental spill of your favorite beverage. But our DAC module produce an amount of heat that needs to be taken care of. So instead of relying on convection, we have implemented a conductive cooling using a CNC-machined aluminium heatsink that transfers heat away from the DAC module to the enclosure. Additionally, the DAC8 PRO does monitor the temperature on the DAC module and will shut down in case of overheating.
Now for the electronic sweetness inside:
Our own XMOS implementation
No 3rd party modules in the DAC8 PRO! Our own XMOS-based board controlling the USB input and AES/EBU inputs is a result of our work for the last few months. It allows for a low-latency transfer, direct control over the data flow and is tightly integrated with the user interface and the DAC board. Based on a 16-core XU216 MCU, it gives us a solid foundation for future products. Huge thanks to our software team!
4xAES/EBU inputs routed to DAC and DAW + 1 AES/EBU output
In addition to the USB connectivity, 4 XLR AES/EBU connectors provide another 8 input channels. The data flow can also be routed to the DAW USB host for additional processing before looping back to the DAC. The AES frame clock is recovered by a precise receiver and the ESS's time-domain jitter eliminator does remove any remaining jitter. The first pair of channels is available as an AES/EBU output on a dedicated connector.
All incoming AES/EBU signals are expected to come from a single source domain. The DAC8PRO is not a quad stereo DAC, but an 8-channel DAC without any ASRC. The 8 AES/EBU dataflow is reassembled bit-perfectly by the XMOS processor and passed to the Sabre chip.
Next-generation DAC board
DAC8 PRO has received a next generation of our DAC board optimized for the task, including improved power supplies and shorter signal paths. As our other products, DAC8 PRO is designed to directly drive balanced amplifier inputs.
Ability to receive firmware updates
To add new features or fix bugs, DAC8 PRO is able to receive software updates through USB using a standard DFU protocol and an utility available for Windows, Linux and MacOS.
A powerful 8x8 routing matrix is available separately for USB and AES inputs. Individual volume can be assigned to each output channel using a 32-bit Sabre volume control
Rack mounting brackets
Our custom-designed 2U rack mounting brackets come with every unit. They are equipped with a soft lining so you don't scratch your DAC8 PRO when mounting them.
Designed for reliability, handmade in Prague
With a relay-free design and just 3 large electrolytic capacitors in the power supply, DAC8 PRO is designed for a lifetime of 10+ years. The intention during the design process was also to streamline the production and allow us to make the product in more significant numbers. But we continue to handmade all the units for you in Prague.
We are looking forward to your feedback!
Thank you for providing the update, it looks wonderful. I love the clean and elegant look of it all, down to the font choice! Can't wait to see @amirm 's next review of your products!
Desk system: Lenovo PC>SMSL M100>JDS Labs Atom>KEF Space One or Sennheiser HD 58X; Denon DVD-2910>Atom & Denon AVR-2805>KEF LS50 & KEF PSW3500
Main: Denon DVD-2910>Rotel RC-1070>Rotel RB-1070>KEF XQ5
Likes: Burning Sounds, Thomas savage, pos and 2 others
Yes, sidewall reflections produces subjective image widening -- I'm a familiar with the research -- but early reflections also color the sound and disrupt the image, as you'll hear if you suppress them. The reason is readily apparent in this wonderful illustration from Floyd Toole's book:
You didn't read the text explaining that graph, did you? Here is what it says:
Go to a live concert and then tell me that you hear the kind of imaging you are wishing for. It is not real.
Anyway, I am going to stop these side discussions at this point. Please focus your posts on Okto DAC. If time permits, I will move these posts to another thread.
Likes: Burning Sounds, Thomas savage, August and 3 others
The DAC designers I've spoken to say that other factors do have more of an effect on the sound than the DAC chip, e.g., Charles Hansen wrote that the chip itself contributed maybe 20% of the sound (I may be remembering the number wrong). But it has to be remembered that most modern pro DAC's (not the cheap semi-pro ones) are going to be pretty well engineered, so you shouldn't hear huge differences. If you do hear a difference, it's going to be quite subtle.
But when I say DAC's (and ADC's, remember we're talking pro here) sound different, I'm not just talking about "Sabre glare." To put that in perspective, let me repeat what the guy at Emotiva said:
"Note that the surrounding circuitry has a major effect on how a DAC chip will sound... and different products that use the Sabre DAC chips seem to exhibit this characteristic sound [Sabre glare] to different degrees. (However, it would be accurate to say that, in most situations where someone does notice a difference, this is the way they describe it.) "
amirm said:
Understandable and I apologize because I responded to another one of these posts before I saw this post of yours. Not that I'm not interested in responding to this, you understand. You've raised some very interesting issues to which I think there are some very simple answers.
Burning Sounds
Co. Durham, UK
I understand that now production is underway the Europe evaluation tour will also start. I'm really looking forward to hearing this DAC.
Likes: Neddy and Thomas savage
rickyhgarcia
OK, so I've spent several days now listening to the demo unit and thought I'd pass on my conclusions.
In a nutshell, this is a wonderful DAC at an amazing price, and I'm buying one. It almost equals the best DAC I have here, an Yggdrasil, which is twice the money for a quarter the channels and is frankly a hard act to follow, beating out even a $4000 DAC I had here. In fact, for the first half of my listening, I thought the Okto = would beat the Yggdrasil, and in the end, there were still some things it did better and some cuts as well.
All comparisons were level matched with a balanced A/B switch. I fed the Yggy from my Lynx E22 card, a slightly better source than my AES16e, and of course the demo version of the DAC8 is USB (but I'll be using it with the AES3 outputs of the AES16e, so hope they're as good as the USB one is). I usually triamp, but since my A/B switch has only two channels I went back to the passive crossover. I used my A21 rather than my AHB2 and the source was JRiver, using linked zones (damn, I wish JRiver would fix that feature) to feed the two DAC's.
The comparison was a challenging one, because there are so many filter options on the Okto. I had to familiarize myself with the sound of the filters first. That, though, was an interesting experience. I ended up preferring the linear phase apodizing filter, with the brick wall filter my least favorite -- which is curious, since they measure very similarly (in fact, it could be said that the apodizing filter measures worse since it has some probably inaudible ripple). Otherwise, overall, I found I preferred the linear phase filters, and the fast to the slow. It's hard to be absolutely sure, though, since you can only cycle through the choices, limiting A/B comparisons.
Anyone interested in how the various filters measure can check here:
http://archimago.blogspot.com/2019/02/measurements-look-at-hqplayer-325.html
A friend sent me that link after I'd listened and in retrospect, it seems I preferred the filters that had less high frequency garbage, and of course linear phase.
Once I'd settled on the apodizing filter, I used it for most of my comparisons. (Interestingly, piano was better on the Yggy with all filters but the apodizing filter, but better on the Okto with the apodizing filter.)
Anyway, overall, the main difference between the DAC's was in tonal balance. The Yggy had more midbass, and the Okto had more pronounced highs. I don't think that frequency response measurements account for this, since while the Yggdrasil has as I recall a downslope, it's very slight. (Though as I recall someone wrote a paper some years back claiming that such gradual slopes were responsible for perceived differences in the tonal balance of electronics.)
Unlike most of the other differences I noticed, this one was not subtle. As with every Sabre DAC I've listened to -- e.g., my Exasound e28 (ES9018), and the Exasound e38 Mk II that I had on trial here a few months ago (ES9038), the sound seemed hollowed out in the middle. It is a very light, bright, clean sound that's often exciting. However, at the top, it exhibits a high frequency emphasis, the infamous "Sabre glare." At its worst, violins and sopranos literally screeched (OK, screeched more than they usually do), and when that happened, switching to Yggdrasil was like running cold water over a burn.
That said, the Okto had its own virtues. It was cleaner on quiet passages (as was the Gungnir that I compared to the Yggy some months back), including chorus. It had more solid lateral imaging -- instruments were easier to pinpoint (I didn't notice much if any difference in depth). As I said, it was better on piano -- in general, the Okto had more pronounced attacks than the Yggy, perhaps because of the underdamped filters in ESS DAC's (which may be responsible too for the Sabre glare).
The Yggdrasil, on the other hand, was cleaner on orchestral climaxes. It had more and cleaner midbass, and of course less prominent highs. It also had more detail -- the Okto seemed to homogenize instrumental detail, so you'd hear the valve noise on an instrument through the Yggy but not on the same passage played through the Okto. (Based on experiments with HQPlayer, this may have to do with the closed form filter.) Curiously, it also had more reverberation than the Okto. I believe that I read a recording engineer say that when he tried a Benchmark (don't quote me on that) DAC in his studio, it stripped away the reverb. If so, there's an issue here.
The Okto sounded compressed and hard on massed strings -- not just violins, but violas as well. It had a slight layer of hardness overall.
I don't want to give the impression that these differences are huge. Except for the difference in the highs, which can be so pronounced you'd think someone had messed with tone controls, most were subtle. And I suspect that for many, the choice would be a matter of taste, other components, and the music you prefer.
Something that may not come through is that on some cuts, I prefered the Okto overall, and on others the Yggdrasil. I won't bore you with my nauseatingly exhaustive notes (will I ever even read them myself?), but I think some people would prefer one or the other on the basis of the music they listen to (I didn't listen to any rock but I did listen to some jazz and the Okto sounded great).
In the end, I preferred the Yggy for its rounder, glowing, more relaxed tone -- both because of subjective frequency balance and the lack of a slight hardness of the Okto. At essence, the music just sounded more real, and I found myself more and more inclined to keep that A/B switch on the Yggy side. So I'll be keeping the Yggy for the mid/tweet panels and using the Okto lower down. But hell, level matched A/B comparisons tend to show up things you'd never notice if you just sat down and listened -- the Okto is a wonderful DAC and if it weren't for the occasionally painful Sabre glare, I'd probably be selling the Yggy and vacationing in France.
It was very courageous of you to publish your findings in this forum. The minute I read your post, I knew your were going to get some heat. It is my impression that these forums are more focused on measurements, and unfortunately the Schitt DACs did not measure so good.
Each individual has his/her own set of ears, and listening taste is different for each one of us. I mean, just drive around downtown in any major city, you encounter these cars with so much bass that it feels their rear tires are jumping off the ground. I probably could not stand being inside those cars, but that is the way those people enjoy their music.
I like reading about listening tests because I do not have several units at my disposal for comparison. Of course the measurements are necessary, because it can help us point in the correct direction as to which unit to consider. However, measurements are not an indication of quality and durability. This is why I am so skeptical of the many Chinese branded DACs, with impressive measurements, that are tested in this forum.
I guess your findings and conclusions open a pandora box, if electronic measurements are true measurements of sound quality. I believe you referenced that the measured noise in the Yggy is outside the audible range, in other words, that Schitt did not clean up their design outside the audible range (Is this good or mediocre engineering?), and that is why it sounds so good. But the testing equipment measures everything, inside and outside the audible range. It is difficult to grasp that a unit that is 32db noisier sounds better. But it sounded better to your ears, and I respect that.
Ears are really the ultimate valid test, because we must buy what is most pleasurable to our hearing.
Likes: MWC and josh358
rickyhgarcia said:
It only opens a Pandora's box if you think uncontrolled subjective reports are worth more than established audio science...and/or expect what should be a transparent part of the audio chain to do some sound shaping to taste for you.
Otherwise, it doesn't change a thing...
Agree with rickyhgarcia, although I wouldn't have posted my impressions here if I'd known people would get upset -- it isn't my forum and they have a right to choose their own emphasis.
It's true as well that blind testing is more reliable than sighted testing, even exhaustive level-matched A/B testing of the kind I did, and that is the kind of listening test that they prefer here. I prefer it too, but I didn't have the DAC long enough to try it (I did order one, so maybe I can try it when it ships in the month or two).
Vis-a-vis the measurement issue, I think there's general agreement that some of what is measured can't be heard and some of what is heard can't be measured -- not because the instruments aren't more sensitive than the ear, but because we don't always know how to evaluate them and measurement suites are incomplete. I do think it's clear that something below the threshold of hearing (something like -10 dB SPL in the midrange) can't be heard, and in a real world room at typical levels the threshold is even higher (research suggests that we can listen about 10 dB down into the noise). Questions start to arise on the margins, forex, can we hear in practice the second harmonic distortion in the Schiit DAC, which is about 80 dB down? That's above the threshold of hearing, but it's going to be lower on anything but a very loud passage which I'd expect to mask it.
That said, I think it's important to note that most of the differences between good DAC's (and I think all of the DAC's measured here) is very, very subtle even if, as I and some others believe, it can actually be heard.
Vis-a-vis the measurement issue, I think there's general agreement that some of what is measured can't be heard and some of what is heard can't be measured -- not because the instruments aren't more sensitive than the ear, but because we don't always know how to evaluate them and measurement suites are incomplete.
I'm not sure I agree with that summation of general agreement...
If it can be heard, it can be measured.
Likes: FrantzM
BDWoody said:
Oh, I didn't mean to imply that it couldn't be. Instruments are more sensitive than the ear. The problem is that they aren't always easy to interpret, and that we don't always measure everything that counts, or interpret them correctly (which can be very complex, e.g., how many use the formula for the audibility of harmonics?)
I'll give you an example -- a loudspeakers ability to reproduce a sensation of depth. There's no single measurement for that, because it depends on a number of factors -- cabinet diffraction, polar pattern (see among other things Linkwitz's paper on the topic), phase response (allegedly), etc. So it isn't easy to look at the measurements and say "Speaker A will be better at reproducing depth than Speaker B." AFAIK, there isn't even a way to weight the factors numerically. And yet it's a significant contributor to our subjective impression.
That's where a listening test comes in -- and to be sure, a blind test to ratify the results (one speaker manufacturer I work with won't put any change into production unless it's been found both audible and superior in blind tests by two listening panels, one expert, one not -- and not surprisingly, their speakers are highly regarded).
Likes: MWC
We aren't talking about evaluating motors... (Drivers...) That's a very different endeavor.
Evaluating DAC's? Nothing unknown there.
I don't know how to answer that, because I don't know if it's true. In my career, I've seen some significant developments in our knowledge of what we can hear. Jitter, for example, wasn't on the radar when digital audio was introduced. Or consider transient intermodulation distortion, which was first identified by Otala when I was young. We didn't know it even existed, so didn't measure it, and today's solid state amplifiers and op amps are better because we discovered it.
I think we do get a better handle on what to measure as time goes on, and that since electronics are so much more accurate than loudspeakers, any audible effects are bound to be more subtle -- although by the same token, that makes them hard to hear and ABX. Today's converters are largely a result of that process of technological discovery. Some would say that they're audibly perfect, some would say not, and if the latter is true there's a certain degree of uncertainty about why it's so (though it's possible to make some informed guesses).
PS -- I think we should end this discussion because Amir rightly wants the thread to focus on the Okto, so despite the temptation I'm going to bow out.
FrantzM
Please allow me to emphasize.
Today's converters are largely a result of that process of technological discovery. Some would say that they're audibly perfect, some would say not, and if the latter is true there's a certain degree of uncertainty about why it's so (though it's possible to make some informed guesses).
Well, I guess it's back to disagreeing with the central premise, that today's converters are a result of technological discovery, rather than the result of adhering to Nyquist-Shannon and letting the math handle the details instead of personal preference.
Re: miniDSP U-DAC8
This can in no way be compared to the Okto DAC8, nor considered an alt option to the Octo simply to get RCA out instead of XLR. It can only do up to 192kHz PCM and no DSD at all. My PC sound card (Asus D2) can do that perfectly well for 3/4 the price!
Likes: da Choge
Gryphon Ethos CD player-D/A processor | Review & Measurements - Stereophile Digital Audio Player Reviews and Discussions (DAP) 31 Dec 19, 2019
Gryphon Ethos CD player-D/A processor | Review & Measurements - Stereophile
Started by North_Sky
Digital Audio Player Reviews and Discussions (DAP)


Casey Johnson, along with classmates Erickson Hernandez and Alejandra Vasquez want to rid the world of potholes.
Working on a project teaching computers how to recognize what drivers want to avoid the trio equipped their car with a GoPro, and captured mile after mile of video.
Then, they feed the pictures into a computer, and use a special open source framework from Google called "TensorFlow" to help teach an algorithm to recognize the problem spots.
What would take a human hours to manually process can be done in a matter of minutes.
In the future, data from the project could be geo-tagged and used by cities to fix the holes, or sent to the brains of self driving cars as an alert to avoid them.


DEFENCE FORCE coach Marvin Gordon has been impressed by his new striker Jamille Boatswain, who was a key performer in the team's recent success in the Digicel Pro Bowl.
The 23-year-old Boatswain joined Defence Force from Point Fortin Civic FC during the January transfer window.
According to Gordon, "as a coach, you always want strikers who could move off the ball (and offer) different dimensions. You have (Devorn) Jorsling who can hold it up.
"I thought it was the best decision I made this season, as a coach, in January by inviting Boatswain to join the Defence Force team," continued Gordon.
"I think the future is bright for him because he's the type of player that listens to coaches. He's coachable, he takes instructions so I think the sky's the limit for Boatswain." Defence Force retained their Pro Bowl crown and won the First Citizens Cup, but finished sixth in the 2016- 2017 Digicel Pro League season. How would he rate the past season?
"In the League disappointing as a coach, too much up and down," responded Gordon. "But I said at the start of the (Pro Bowl) that I have a bunch of soldiers who love knockout competition and we showed that again.


Rolling walls are a great use of space and offer quick background changes with little effort. Simply position the wall where you need it and attach your choice of baseboards to the bottom to complete the look. All walls are 8' high and 10' wide. We have several wall options that are included with your rental fee and are all on a first come first serve basis.
Our Boxwood/White Chicago Brick wall is very popular! It shoots amazing!
More wall options coming soon!!


I. Mark Cohen, JD, LL.M, CFP® is the founding partner and visionary for both OptiFour Integrated Wealth Management, LLC, Registered Investment Advisor, and Cohen & Burnett, P.C., Attorneys and Counselors at Law, as well as co-author of Lessons to My Children: Simple Life Lessons for Financial Success, Wealth and Abundance.
Mark is licensed to practice law in both Virginia and Arizona. Mark is a past president of the Northern Virginia Estate Planning Council and is an active member of the Legislative Committee of the Wills Trusts and Estates Section of the Virginia State Bar Association. Mark is a frequent lecturer and writer at attorney CLE seminars where he specializes in estate taxes and ethics.
Mark has been published extensively in trusts and estates journals and magazines, and is the author of the first and only comprehensive treatise on the Uniform Trust Code, (Cohen, 864 T.M., Uniform Trust Code).


Special Containment Procedures: SCP-3401 is contained in a standard anomalous item locker.
Description: SCP-3401 is a brown clay teapot, measuring 11cm in height and 17cm in length. The bottom of SCP-3401 bears the inscription 'A lasting memento for any tea lover'.
SCP-3401's anomalous effects manifest when a small portion of human ash, approximately a single teaspoon, is placed into SCP-3401 and then filled with boiled water. Ashes placed inside SCP-3401 will then begin to infuse with the boiled water in a manner consistent to fermented tea leaves. The water will initially experience a change in color and gain a particular scent depending on the ashes.
After 2-3 minutes, the water inside SCP-3401 will take a quasi-liquid form, coated in a thin clear membrane consistent with vegetable oil. In this state, the resulting 'brew' will resemble a miniaturized limp human body, resembling the individual whose ashes were used (SCP-3401-1). SCP-3401-1 instances are intricately detailed, portraying minor features of the individual, such as finger/toenails, hair and wrinkles. SCP-3401-1 will behave partly as a single liquid mass, separating only when manipulated feasibly by exterior sources. Closer examination of SCP-3401-1 instances reveals a faint sound emanating from them, similar to a heartbeat.
SCP-3401-1 may be drunk and is often described as having a consistency similar to hot tea and watery jelly. SCP-3401-1 each have their own distinguishing taste depending on the ashes used and are usually a complex mixture of flavours; including ones not limited to average tea. In all cases, SCP-3401-1 instances have been reported as also having a flavor bearing similarities to the respective person's cause of death1 (a list of reported flavors can be found below).
A mixture of ashes to brew SCP-3401-1 is possible; however, the produced instance will appear as a physically deformed fusion of the respected bodies and is described as tasting of blood and various other bodily fluids.
23 year old female Allergic reaction (bee sting) Sweet with a strong cherry zest and spice. Faint taste of freshly cut grass and honey.
42 year old man Homicide Aromatic, rich, bergamot orange. Hint of sweat, blood, metal and perfume.
14 year old male Reported accidental death (falling)3 Sweet with a flavor of vanilla and candied nuts. Slight hint of arsenic.
93 year old male Lung cancer Non-anomalous pure green tea (SCP-3401-1 was not produced).
1. Allergic reaction to almonds: slight nutty taste, death by burning: smokey, drowning: sea air and fish, homicide: decaying wood, iron and compost.
2. Subjects reported a significant mood increase after drinking. Reports showed subjects to have experienced a considerable release of dopamine.


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A community foundation builds and maintains an endowment, the earnings of which are used for philanthropic purposes within that community. Individuals, families, businesses, private foundations, and not-for-profit organizations may all donate to community foundations. At a time when the responsibility for solving local problems and enhancing the quality of life for local citizens is clearly shifting back to the local community, community foundations are in the right place at the right time.
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Established December 17, 1951, The Portland Foundation is the second oldest community foundation in Indiana. Its mission is to enhance the quality of life for the people of Jay County, Indiana, now and for generations to come, by building community endowment, effecting significant impact through grantmaking and providing leadership on key community issues. Appointments to the nine-member Board of Trustees include two each by the Mayor of Portland, the Superintendent of the Jay County School Corporation, the Judge of the Jay Superior Court, and the Judge of the Jay Circuit Court. The ninth member is selected by the Foundation Board of Trustees.
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As a result of the vision and energy of three distinguished community leaders: Mr. John Jaqua, Sr., Mr. Hugh Ronald Jr., and Mr. W. Haynes Starbuck, The Portland Foundation was established on December 17, 1951. They recognized that while our community was comprised of residents with diverse and specific concerns and priorities, many shared a common vision of ensuring that the quality of life for us and for those that followed was forever preserved, protected, and enhanced.
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Myocardial Infarction or Heart Failure is of the most common causes of death in humans. A person with heart problem needs surgery like a bypass or vascular anastomosis. Korean startup FutureBioWorks' Biotechnology Research Institute is developing a shape memory polymer for safe and fast vascular implants with excellent characteristics.
The product BM-Tube has many advantages because of shape memory polymer use. Shape Memory Polymer based vascular stents are more flexible, compliant and simpler in usage compared to current metallic vascular stents. Shape Memory Polymers have a lower manufacturing cost, better shape recovery ability, and easier shape change than shape memory alloys. When compared to existing methods of suturing or coupler devices . While suturing operation takes over 60 minutes of time and requires a specialist, the BM-Tube fixation can be done in 5 minutes and a general surgeon can also conduct the procedure.
FutureBioWorks has successfully done prototype production and animal testing of BM-Tube in 2016-17. Eight pig blood vessel anastomosis experiments were conducted successfully with a 3-month survival rate after the BM-Tube connection.
BM-Tube can be utilised for various healthcare necessities. The main function for the BM-Tube is for coronary bypass artery surgery, blood vessel connection. The startup views that BM-Tube can be utilised even for non-blood vessel organ connections like for ureteral stent and nasolacrimal enlargement, for breast reconstruction or skin tissue reconstruction after cancer treatment and even for organ transplant except for eyes, bones and spinal cord.
The team of FutureBioWorks consists of a team of R&D experts, surgeons, and specialists in the cardiovascular healthcare field. The company is expecting profound growth in the market of BM-Tube usage specially for organ connection. The startup is expecting to launch BM-Tube for organ transplant and flip-flap surgery worldwide by 2023.
In 2019, the startup is set to release the product for nasolacrimal duct expansion in Korea. The startup aims to reach a sales target of $136 million by 2024. Future Bio Works's mission is to become a global company that improves the quality of human life through safe and quick bio-connection tube products based on material technology and creative medical device manufacturing technology.
The post Korean startup FutureBioWorks making safe connections for health of 'hearts' appeared first on KoreaTechDesk.


In his exhibition, "Huoli" (Worry), Tuomas Linna deals with the Finnish child welfare services. Linna has photographed items that have been confiscated from the children, as well as drawings and writings of the children Furthermore, Linna has recorded stories told by young people who have been in institutional care.
Child welfare services offer many different types of support to families. In extreme cases they arrange for the child to be cared for outside of the home. This is usually a last resort, used only after all other options have been exhausted.
Children are easily left out of the public discussion. They are not in a position to offer insight on their situation and they are left without a voice in the media. This is partly justified, as any one child should not be singled out as an example of a problem, and because you need parental consent to interview a child.
The problems of children and families should be a central concern in the public forum based on numbers alone. In the year 2016, all together 17,330 children were placed in foster care either in emergency placements or because they were taken into care. This means one in a hundred children living in Finland.
Linna brings up this seemingly forgotten subject through his photographs.
Linna has cropped the pictures of the items seized from children in a way which leaves out everything that could give you a hint about the story behind the object. Many of the items are clearly meant for injuring others. However, often the context is not a intention to hurt but a deep rooted feeling of insecurity: a belief that others – adults – cannot take care of the child's wellbeing. The specifics about what kind of threats the children feel the need to safeguard themselves against are left out of the pictures. However the drawings and writings of the children contain clues.
The exhibition is supported by Arts Promotion Centre Finland, Finnish Cultural Foundation, Oskar Öflunds Foundation, Patricia Seppälä Foundation.


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Alex Correll
Alex is a shareholder in the Firm and is licensed in both North and South Carolina.
Alex's practice focuses on general litigation and business issue, including contract formation and negotiation and commercial disputes, with a particular emphasis in construction and construction-related matters. As part of his construction practice, Alex regularly represents owners, contractors, and subcontractors/suppliers and insurers with respect to contracting, payment disputes such as mechanic's liens claims and litigation, bond claims, Miller Act and Little Miller Act claims, along with complex construction defect and warranty disputes in the state, federal, and bankruptcy courts in North Carolina and South Carolina.
Alex has been recognized by North Carolina Super Lawyers as a Rising Star for Construction Litigation (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021) and as a "Young Gun" by Business North Carolina Legal Elite (2010).
General Business Law
Dram Shop Liability/Personal Injury
North Carolina, 2008
South Carolina, 2010
Wake Forest University School of Law, Winston Salem, North Carolina
Virginia Military Institute (VMI), Lexington, Virginia
Honors: With Distinction
Major: English & Fine Arts, History
Super Lawyers Rising Star, 2014 - 2021
South Carolina Bar Association
Mecklenburg County Bar Association
North Carolina Association of Defense Attorneys