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How Can You Build a Base on the Moon?
Akash Saini
1 Which Side Should the Base on the Moon be Built on?
2 Construction Machines
2.1 A 3D Printer Will Print the Moon Base
2.2 Moonbase Pressure in Practice
2.3 Temperature Fluctuations and Radiation Exposure
2.3.1 Move the Moon Base Below the Surface
2.3.2 How Much Space Should a Moon Station Offer?
3 When do we Start the Construction of the Base on the Moon?
The much-awaited goal of humanity is the return to the moon. But this time, a permanently inhabited moon base is to be created there, inside which people live and work. According to NASA, the lunar outpost can also be used for future missions to Mars. But how can the construction of the base on the moon be realized and what problems have to be overcome? Let's find out.
©NASA
In numerous science fiction stories, mankind will have a permanently inhabited base on the moon in the future where people will live and work. But how realistic is such a lunar colony at all and how can the construction of a base on the moon be carried out technically, taking into account the physical peculiarities of the moon?
Although the moon is incredibly close to the earth from a cosmic point of view, we are still around 384,400 kilometers apart. Besides, the two celestial bodies differ in many respects. The moon has no magnetic field to protect its surface from the dangerous cosmic radiation, its gravity is only about a sixth of the earth and it has no atmosphere.
Earth and moon also differ enormously when it comes to surface temperature and texture. During the day it can get around 100 degrees Celsius on the moon, at night the temperatures drop to minus 180 degrees Celsius.
Besides, the entire lunar surface is covered with debris and dust. These facts alone influence numerous factors that must be taken into account when building a base on the moon. The traditional building construction as we know it from Earth will not work here.
But how can buildings be built on the moon in which people can live and work permanently? The large space organizations and some private companies have developed solutions for building a base on the moon, also tackling the problems that we will find on the moon.
Which Side Should the Base on the Moon be Built on?
There is also a day-night cycle on the moon, but unlike on Earth, it takes around two weeks. Due to its synchronized rotation, the same side of the moon always points to the earth, the so-called dark side is permanently turned away from the earth. When choosing the location, we need to first decide on which side of the moon, the base should be built on.
The side facing the earth offers the advantage of direct communication with the earth, while the dark side of the moon offers a better view of the universe and is, therefore, more suitable for astronomical observations.
©NASA Visual Studio
The latest probe images show that the dark side of the moon differs from the side facing the earth. On the side facing away from the earth, there are significantly more craters from small meteorite impacts. However, since the lunar base should be exposed to the least possible risk, the side facing the earth would be the better choice for a base on the moon.
Along with that, since the base needs to be supplied with energy, one will opt for solar energy as a power source for practical, but also cost reasons. With this choice of energy source, the pole regions of the moon are best suited as a location because, unlike the equatorial region, these areas are almost permanently illuminated by the sun.
The polar regions, primarily the north pole region of the moon, offer two further important advantages as the location of the moon base: Here, the temperatures are more moderate and only fluctuate by around 60 degrees Celsius between day and night. The most important reason is that there is water on the moon here.
In 2009, NASA had a probe (LCROSS) target the moon with a second probe to analyze the approximately 10,000 tons of dust and rock fragments thrown up with special cameras, 90 seconds later. The result surprised everyone as the moon dust contained 5.6 percent water content in the form of ice. The fact that the ice does not melt and then evaporate is because it is protected under the surface or in the permanent shadow of deep craters.
Projections by the scientists indicate that around 600 billion liters of water ice is stored in the north pole region of the moon alone. Since water is an essential raw material and an immense cost factor for the permanent operation of a lunar station, especially if it always had to be replenished from the earth, the future lunar base will most likely be set up somewhere in the north pole region of the moon. With the right machines and equipment, the vital water can be obtained directly on-site and does not have to be constantly replenished from the earth.
When planning and building a lunar station, as on Earth, various devices and construction machinery are required. However, cranes, excavators, wheel loaders, dump trucks, and bulldozers are not only very large, but they are also very heavy. These machines would have to work on the moon under completely different conditions. The lower gravity is not a problem. It is even an advantage because it only weighs around a sixth of the weight on the machines.
There is also a vacuum on the moon and Oils and lubricants might escape into the vacuum. The question is how to get these huge construction machines onto the moon. The answer is we can't. There are currently no rockets that would be able to carry such a large and voluminous payload to the moon. So there has to be another solution.
Suggested Read: How Are Black Holes Formed
A 3D Printer Will Print the Moon Base
The ESA is already working on 3D printers that will print the future base on the moon. 3D printers are already able to print entire houses. Although the required printers are also huge, they are still smaller and lighter than conventional construction machines from Earth.
For the 3D printers to work on the moon, we need raw material to print the buildings. Bringing the necessary material from the earth to the moon would be far too expensive and too inefficient. After all, transporting one kilogram of payload to earth orbit costs between $ 20,000 and $ 50,000.
©ESA, Foster and Partners
Thanks to the Falcon 9 from the private space company SpaceX, the cost per kilogram of the payload can be reduced to a maximum of $ 2,500, but these costs only describe the transport into earth orbit and the transport to the moon would be significantly more expensive.
The solution to this problem is called lunar regolith. Instead of bringing the essential materials from Earth for the construction of the moon base, we use the raw materials that the moon has to offer. Lunar regolith is nothing more than moon dust but there is more on the moon than sand at the sea.
Moonbase Pressure in Practice
Autonomous rovers collect the moon dust independently and mix it with magnesium oxide. The moon dust can only be printed by adding the oxide of magnesium. A nozzle on the vehicles also applies a layer of binding salt, which turns the lunar regolith in combination with the magnesium oxide into a kind of moon concrete. The magnesium oxide and the salt would have to be brought from the earth. However, these raw materials only make up one percent of the required material – 99 percent of the material is already available on the moon.
Lunar regolith offers another advantage. At 46 to 110 micrometers, it is twice as fine as the sand dust on Earth. This makes the moon concrete around ten times stronger than concrete that we already know from Earth. Also, due to the lower gravity, it only has to carry one-sixth of the load.
The absence of atmosphere on the moon prevents degeneration of the buildings which is another clear advantage in terms of durability and maintenance. However, there are completely new problems with buildings at the base on the moon.
There has to be 1 bar of pressure applied from inside the lunar station. Outside the building, there is zero bar pressure. This means that the pressure load on the building structure acts from the inside out. The problem could just blow away the building from the inside, however, it has a simple solution. The unusual pressure difference on the moon is not a problem since the air-inflated hall is simply covered with the moon concrete and this counteracts the excess pressure with its own weight.
Temperature Fluctuations and Radiation Exposure
As already mentioned, there are extreme temperature fluctuations on the moon. This poses very special challenges for all solid constructions, which must not show any cracks or other signs of fatigue. Another danger is the increased radiation exposure on the moon. Measurements have shown that people who only live on the moon for one month are exposed to a radiation dose that corresponds to that of an entire human life on earth.
To adequately protect the inhabitants of the future moon base, the printed outer wall thickness of the buildings would have to be at least 2.5 meters thick. This enormous thickness also makes sense for another reason. The analysis of 14,000 photos of the lunar surface has shown that our moon is hit by around 180 meteorites annually.
Some of them are as large as refrigerators and tear up craters of up to 43 meters into the surface of the moon. But even smaller meteorites, which we know from the Earth as falling stars, can be a great danger on the moon because the moon has no atmosphere in which, small meteorites that can travel up to 500 kilometers per second, can burn up.
Suggested Read: How Dangerous are Meteorites? Are they Nature's Bullets for Us? Let's find out
Move the Moon Base Below the Surface
To increase protection for the lunar colony, part of the lunar base could be shifted below the surface. However, the problem is that it is not possible to print the building underground without heavy construction machinery. But there is also a solution to this problem on the moon.
Caves used to be a preferred place to live because they protected us from wind, weather, and other dangers. There are also such protective caves on the moon, which can be found in the lava landscapes of the moon, which are over 100 million years old and have cooled down. These lava caves occur in numerous places on the moon. The largest known lunar caves are several kilometers long and some have a ceiling up to 200 meters thick, which also offers protection against larger meteorite impacts.
As luck would have it, in January 2018 NASA also discovered an open cave entrance on the moon in the preferred north pole region for a lunar base. The lighting conditions are ideal here, sufficient ice is believed to be in the immediate vicinity and the cave seems to offer more than adequate protection.
How Much Space Should a Moon Station Offer?
One of the last questions about the lunar station concerns the size of the base. Of course, this depends on the number of people who are supposed to live and work here and thus indirectly also on the greenhouses needed to produce food and oxygen.
The number of laboratories also determines the ultimate size of the moon base, which ideally has a modular structure and can, therefore, be expanded at any time. But what about life on the moon? What requirements do people make of their living space outside of the earth? How much space does it need and what social needs must base on the moon be able to meet?
Several long-term experiments have already been carried out on Earth. Here scientists have investigated the longer coexistence of people in a confined space. The experiments were carried out in absolute isolation either in desert regions or in the Antarctic.
These results are elementary for the planning of a lunar station but also for manned flights to Mars. NASA concluded that everyone needs a personal retreat. In the smallest case, this should be 20 cubic meters. This results in a footprint of approximately four by two meters. For this purpose, NASA has defined the so-called Man-System Integration Standard.
When do we Start the Construction of the Base on the Moon?
Even if theoretically all problems can be solved, a lot has to be done before the construction of the base on the moon begins. So the building site must be viewed and studied on site. Solutions have to be found for many smaller technical problems and above all the financial means are needed.
Suggested Read: Tribute to Stephen Hawking Through His Main Theories
Because one thing is clear, a moon base is much more complicated and expensive than a space station. And even if we fix the schedule, a technical unforeseen problem is enough to overwhelm the entire schedule. Mankind will have a permanent base on the moon in the future, only when is still unknown.
Tags Base On Moon Moon


text:
Performance audit 6
(-) Remove Employment filter Employment
(-) Remove Immigration filter Immigration
Human Services 8
Indigenous 7
Ageing 4
Taxation 4
Treasury 4
Attorney-General's 3
Indigenous Employment: The Australian Government's Contribution to the Australian Employment Covenant
The objective of the audit was to assess the effectiveness of the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations' management of the Australian Government's contribution to the Covenant. The scope of the audit is the Australian Government's role in the initial establishment of the Covenant and its ongoing contribution through other employment programs.
Cross-Agency Coordination of Employment Programs
The audit objective was to assess the administrative effectiveness of the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations(DEEWR), Department of Human Services (DHS) partnership arrangement in supporting the delivery of employment programs.
Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations; Department of Human Services
Establishment, Implementation and Administration of the General Component of the Local Jobs Stream of the Jobs Fund
The objective of the audit was to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the establishment, implementation and administration of the general component of the Local Jobs stream of the Jobs Fund, with a particular focus on the establishment of program objectives and the extent to which approved grants have demonstrably contributed to the cost-effective achievement of those objectives.
Published: Monday 11 February 2013
Individual Management Services Provided to People in Immigration Detention
The objective of the audit was to assess the effectiveness of DIAC's management of individual management services provided to people in immigration detention.
Delivery of Workplace Relations Services by the Office of the Fair Work Ombudsman
The audit objective was to assess the effectiveness of FWO's administration of education and compliance services in relation to the Fair Work Act 2009.
Office of the Fair Work Ombudsman
Published: Wednesday 3 October 2012
Improving Access to Child Care — the Community Support Program
The objective of the audit was to assess the effectiveness of the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations' administration of the Community Support Program. The program aims to improve access to child care, especially in areas where the market would otherwise fail to provide services.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Chair File: Advancing Health Equity — Now
Posted on March 8, 2021 by ericadminchia
"Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health is the most shocking and inhuman."
In the 55 years since Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke those words, our nation has made some progress to ensure all individuals have an equal opportunity to reach their healthiest life — but we still have a long way to go.
The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated deep health disparities across our communities. We must now seize this opportunity to take actions to address systemic inequities that have led to disparities in care outcomes for some patient populations.
The AHA's Community Health Improvement and Institute for Diversity and Health Equity are co-leading the Accelerating Health Equity virtual conference, March 16-18. It's a timely and important opportunity for health care leaders and professionals to deploy evidence-based strategies, proven resources and promising practices that can lead to sustained change.
The conference offers sessions on getting to the root of health disparities and driving organizational commitment and accountability to achieve health equity. Other sessions focus on improving community health and advancing diversity, inclusion and equity initiatives — all by "aligning for action" inside and outside your organization. If you haven't yet, you can still register and participate in the conference.
The AHA continues to develop and share resources on health equity with the field. Most recently:
A new webpage to help hospitals and health systems better engage with communities of color and share accessible information about the equity issues in COVID-19 testing, treatment and vaccination.
A recent AHA briefing for congressional staff on health equity, featuring leaders from three health systems discussing how their organizations are working with their communities to deliver high-quality, culturally responsive care.
The AHA Trustee Match program, which connects diverse affiliate leaders of the National Urban League and UnidosUS with hospital and health system executives to promote their participation on health care governing boards.
At Providence, last year we committed $50 million to address racial disparities and improve health equity in our communities. We'll listen to and partner with our local communities to understand and reduce structural, racial and cultural barriers. Our strategic priorities also include creating a more equitable and inclusive workplace for our caregivers, and ensuring health equity is integrated throughout our advocacy agenda.
The work to collaborate with our communities, build strategic partnerships, and develop and sustain diversity and inclusion efforts needs our full focus today. We also must ensure the ongoing commitment and accountability of our organizations. Together, hospitals and health systems have a unique opportunity to help build a society of healthier and equitable communities for all — tapping into the dedication of our vast workforce of healers.
Rod Hochman, M.D.
AHA Chair
Countering payers, drugmakers say net prices declined in 2020Blog: Choose to support moms on International Women's Day


text:
Sunshine Meadery – Lowell, MI
Sunshine Meadery
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If you are not tired of print spooler crashes then this article is not for you. If you are, you may find a new feature of the upcoming next version of Windows interesting: printer driver isolation.
In the dark ages of NT4 printer drivers were kernel drivers. From a reliability standpoint, that was a nightmare. Since printer drivers are not, have never been and probably will never be famous for stability, errors in printer driver code caused the computer to bug check (i.e. present the frustrated admin with a blue screen of death, BSOD).
Windows 2000 brought the major improvement of so-called version 3 drivers which are executed in user mode (although, for compatibility reasons, version 2 kernel mode printer drivers can still be used even today). Version 3 drivers are implemented as DLLs which are loaded by the print spooler (spoolsv.exe) whenever a specific driver is required in order to process a print job.
So far so good. Beginning with Windows 2000, buggy printer drivers do not bring down the entire machine, they "only" crash the spooler process. That may not be a big deal on single user systems, since the spooler is restarted automatically, but is a source for trouble on multi-user systems like terminal servers and on print servers. What often happens is this: a faulty printer driver crashes the spooler while processing a print job. The spooler is restarted and starts to pick up where it left off. The faulty driver gets a second go at the print job and crashes again.
Seen from a user's perspective, the printing subsystem is unreliable. The only remedy is to pick printer drivers very, very carefully, ideally using only inbox drivers, i.e. drivers that ship with the operating system. But that is not always practical.
The logical consequence is to isolate printer drivers from each other and/or the spooler. Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 achieve that by executing printer driver code not from within spoolsv.exe, but from a dedicated process, PrintIsolationHost.exe. In case of a driver causing a crash, only one instance of PrintIsolationHost.exe goes away, but the spooler service itself is left unperturbed.
If you enable or do not configure this policy setting, the print spooler will execute print drivers in an isolated process by default.
If you disable this policy setting, the print spooler will execute print drivers in the print spooler process.
– Other system or driver policy settings may alter the process in which a print driver is executed.
– This policy setting applies only to print drivers loaded by the print spooler. Print drivers loaded by applications are not affected.
– This policy setting takes effect without restarting the print spooler service.
There is a second configuration option related to printer driver isolation: Computer Configuration / Administrative Templates / Printers / Override print driver execution compatibility setting reported by print driver.
This policy setting determines whether the print spooler will override the Driver Isolation compatibility reported by the print driver. This enables executing print drivers in an isolated process, even if the driver does not report compatibility.
If you enable this policy setting, the print spooler will ignore the Driver Isolation compatibility flag value reported by the print driver.
If you disable or do not configure this policy setting, the print spooler will use the Driver Isolation compatibility flag value reported by the print driver.
When and How is Isolation Enabled?
How a driver is isolated depends on a number of factors. Firstly, the driver manufacturer must have marked it as compatible with isolation in the INF file. Either that, or the group policy setting "Override print driver execution compatibility setting reported by print driver" is enabled by the administrator. If neither is true, a driver is loaded into the spooler process as with previous Windows versions.
Note: all inbox drivers shipped with Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 must support isolation.
Shared: The default. Load the driver into one process together will all other drivers in "shared" isolation mode.
Isolated: Load the driver into its own process. Recommended for troublemakers.
Printer driver isolation is a very interesting new feature that promises to increase the stability of the printing subsystem, and with it the overall and perceived stability not only of print servers, but also of terminal servers and maybe even single user machines. The price to pay is reasonably low: slightly more overhead because the number of processes needed for printing is higher than with isolation turned off. All in all, it is a good thing that isolation is available and turned on by default, alas for inbox and new drivers marked as compatible only.
Microsoft filed a patent on printer driver isolation in 2003 which was published only a few weeks ago.
Many sources, including the explanation texts from the group policy settings cited above, use the term "print driver", which I feel is wrong. A driver does not "drive print" but "drive a printer". So it should be "printer driver" in my opinion.
If you want to check whether a specific printer driver supports isolation, look for the line "DriverIsolation=2" in the INF file.
Very interesting feature. Looking forward to RTM of Server 2008 R2. Thanks for the post!
The Official MSDN documentation says that by default Isolation is off. But you say it is on by default. Can you clarify?
Now coming to the Isolation per se, all XPS drivers/filters under Vista and even XP SP2 onwards run under the printfilterpipeline.exe, which is'nt the spooler process. It is only the v3 drivers(GDI based) that still run under the spooler process. And this new process (printfilterpipeline.exe) shuts down based on a timeout when there are no pending jobs to process. So another issue of a long executing process with memory leaks is longer valid.
Based on all this, should'nt we say that there was some sort of isolation for XPS filter right from Vista?
Let me have your comments on this?
great information – thanks much. I was just researching because I have a new Win7 system in a network environment, but with a local printer, and the computer is getting an error whenever she tries to print that says "printisolation host has stopped working". She has rebooted, but still the same error and can't print from any application. What do you do in this case? Can you advise?


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Bradley Edward Wright-Phillips (Lewisham, Inglaterra, 12 de marzo de 1985) es un exfutbolista inglés. Jugaba de delantero.

Trayectoria
Inició su carrera en el Manchester City y posteriormente jugó en otros equipos.
Wright-Phillips anunció su retiro del fútbol el 8 de marzo de 2022.

Selección nacional
Ha sido internacional con la selección de fútbol sub-20 de Inglaterra.

Estadísticas

Tripletes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Distinciones individuales

Nota

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha del jugador

Futbolistas de Inglaterra
Futbolistas del Manchester City Football Club
Futbolistas del Southampton Football Club
Futbolistas del Plymouth Argyle Football Club
Futbolistas del Charlton Athletic Football Club
Futbolistas del Brentford Football Club
Futbolistas de los New York Red Bulls
Futbolistas de Los Angeles Football Club
Futbolistas del Columbus Crew SC
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Jamaica
Hermanos futbolistas
Anglo-granadinos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


November has already almost come and gone, all of the holiday lights are starting to appear and we have the rest of the year full of family, friends, parties, and lots of eating and drinking. It is easy to let this time of year throw you off your fitness track. We all get really busy, traveling near and far, and it is very hard to keep a consistent schedule.
Here are some things I have done to keep myself fit during the holidays.
When I started to travel a lot, I would get anxious that the places I was going wouldn't have a gym. I decided to try out resistance bands. I ordered some off Amazon (https://www.amazon.com/Fit-Simplify-Resistance-Exercise-Instruction/dp/B01AVDVHTI) there are 5 different resistances and it also came with a booklet of some exercise ideas. I was skeptical at first because really how many different moves can you do with these awkward bands. Turns out, I was wrong. Not only can you hit mostly every muscle group, I was doing 45 minute workouts because there was so much to do. After the first day doing it, I woke up the next day extremely sore and that is when you know you did a good job. They are super compact and can fit into any purse, carry on, or suite case. Definitely a great thing to bring on all your holiday travels.
Wherever you are going there is bound to be some sort of gym or fitness studio. Before you hit the road, check out what your destination has to offer. Most places will offer free first time classes or some sort of discounted rate for visitors. Find out what is around before you go so you can schedule a workout into your trip.
Many fitness trainers and even studios offer classes online. You can find live streams, recorded workouts and even sites that let you custom build a routine. My very best friend Elise Joan has an amazing website where you can customize a work out around what you want to work on and also how much time you have! Check her out at http://elisejoanfitness.com/ (you even get a free trial) and I am not just endorsing her because she is one of my closest friends, her knowledge of the body and ability to make you work your booty off is why I highly recommend her.
Most of us who are concerned about staying with our fitness routine during the holidays are pretty familiar with working out. All you have to do is take your knowledge of all the different workouts or classes you do and pick and choose some of your favorite things. After trying out all sorts of combinations of moves, here are some easy ones you can do anywhere. Run through this list 4 times and I promise you will be sweating.


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An Investigation of Environmental Motivation Factors Affecting Fans of Minor League Baseball
Submitted by: Dr. Soonhwan Lee, Dr. Cynthia Ryder, and Dr. Hee-Joon Shin
Although they are important to the sports spectator experience, there have been few studies of crowd control, concession services, parking, and the like. These environmental motivation factors as they affect fans of specified sports were the focus of this study, which took as its premise that fans of a given sport differ from fans of other given sports in terms of their motivation to follow the progress of a team. The neo-Marxist critique of spectator sports in capitalist society holds that sports spectators are more likely than nonspectators to be actively involved both in sports and in other cultural activities, including politics. Furthermore, many spectator sports actually tend to increase hostility and aggression in fans, rather than rendering fans apathetic or providing them the lucid equivalent of an Aristotelian catharsis (Guttmann, 1981). From ancient times to the present, individuals who have demonstrated allegiance or devotion to a particular sport, a particular team, and/or a particular player have been classified as sports fans.
According to previous studies (Hansen & Gauthier, 1989; Zhang, Pease, Hui, & Michaud, 1995), there are four major factors that affect spectators' decisions about attending games. The attractiveness of the home team is a first and vital consideration. Individual players' skill, league standing, breaking of prior records, team record, performance, and star players together affect fans' attendance at games (Zhang et al.,1997). In Greenstein and Marcum's study (1981) of Major League Baseball from 1946 to 1975, hypothesized reasons for attendance at games were teams' win-loss records, pitching staff, and home-run batters. The study results showed that 25% of the variance in attendance was due to team performance. Jones (1984) found a number of significant factors related to hockey game attendance: a winning home team relative to the league, a qualified visiting team relative to the league, a game's role in progress to season play-offs, superstar players, and preference as to team style (i.e., fighting vs. skating).
The attractiveness of the visiting team (its quality, the presence of star players, the strength of its rivalry with the home team, etc.) is a second major factor in fans' decision making about game attendance (Zhang et al., 1997), and a third is economic variables including ticket pricing, promotions, and advertising (Hansen & Gauthier, 1989; Zhang et al., 1995). Promotions and income have been found to relate positively to game attendance, while ticket price, televising of games, available entertainment alternatives, and available sport-event alternatives have generally been found to relate negatively to game attendance (Baade & Tiehen, 1990; Bird, 1982; Siegfried & Eisenberg, 1980; Zhang et al., 1995). The fourth significant factor in fans' decisions to attend games is audience preference, meaning, for example, game schedules, convenience, stadium quality, weather, and team history in a community. Weekend games and end-of-season games increase attendance, while afternoon games decrease attendance; showing no effect on attendance are double headers and home dates (Drever & MacDonald, 1981; Hansen & Gauthier, 1989; Hay & Thueson, 1986; Hill, Madura, & Zuber, 1982; Siegfried & Eisenberg, 1980). In addition, team attractiveness variables and audience preference variables have generally been found to relate positively to game attendance (Baade & Tiehen, 1990; Becker & Suls, 1983; Bird, 1982; Demmert, 1973; Godbey & Robinson, 1979; Hansen & Gauthier, 1989; Jones, 1984; Wall & Myers, 1989; Whitney, 1988; Zech, 1981).
Employing psychological and sociological theories concerning sports fans, Wakefield and Sloan (1995) sought to identify specific stadium factors affecting attendance. Their study argued that spectators who enjoyed spending time at a stadium should be relatively likely to want to spend additional time there, while conversely, spectators who had had an unpleasant experience at a stadium should be relatively unlikely to want to spend additional time there (and risk repetition of the unpleasant experience). Stadium qualities that have been considered environmental motivation factors include parking, cleanliness, comfort (or convenience), food service, and fan behavior, as outlined below.
Where stadium parking spaces are ample, spectators' enjoyment of the stadium experience may be enhanced. Low-tolerance and task-oriented individuals may experience frustration if locating a parking space and/or walking in to the stadium require excessive amounts of time (Bitner, 1992; Snodgrass, Russell, & Ward, 1988). Spectators dissatisfied with parking conditions are relatively likely to leave a game early and express less satisfaction with their stadium experience.
The cleanliness of a stadium is primarily a function of stadium service quality. For instance, as a game progresses, restrooms and concession areas can fill with trash and spilled food and drink. Spectators confronting such refuse may feel unwilling to use the facilities and may become dissatisfied (Wakefield & Sloan, 1995).
Physical comfort in a stadium is, as Melnick (1993) found, another important factor. The width of aisles and hallways, the arrangement of seats, and the amount of room afforded for concessions and restroom facilities (which may also be thought of as the convenience of stadium facilities) should be sufficient to accommodate social interaction and facilitate enjoyment of the game. A spectator who feels uncomfortable because other spectators are too close or who feels hampered in exiting the stands and accessing restrooms or concessions may leave a game early and hesitate to attend further games (Wakefield & Sloan, 1995).
From a food service perspective, spectators are virtually held captive in the stadium for the three or more hours before and during a game (Wakefield & Sloan, 1995). By offering a variety of appetizing foods, a stadium facility enhances the spectator's sports encounter.
Finally, fan behavior that is offensive to or abusive of fellow fans may, Bernstein noted (1991), prompt some spectators to leave a game early, especially when such behavior continues throughout a game. Both players' behavior and the intensity of the two opponents' rivalry affect fan behavior, as does alcohol consumption. When stadium managers and personnel carefully monitor fan behavior, moving quickly to end unpleasant situations (in other words, when they practice crowd control), many negative experiences on the part of their patrons can be prevented (Wakefield & Sloan, 1995).
In addition, while each of the five preceding stadium factors would be expected to influence all spectators, those spectators who are most loyal to the home team should be relatively likely to stay throughout a game and to return to the stadium in future, due to their loyalty to the team. In other words, spectators who are loyal to the home team are likely to want to spend time at the stadium, and to return, primarily due to a desire to see the team play (Wakefield & Sloan, 1995).
]Methodology[
The purpose of this study was to examine environmental motivation factors and fan loyalty affecting Alabama residents whose communities had no Major League Baseball team, but did have a Class AA Minor League Baseball (MiLB) team. Specifically, the study sought to ascertain the types of environmental factors (parking, crowd control, stadium cleanliness, convenient facilities, and food and beverage service) affecting fans who are attending professional baseball games. Fan loyalty to specific baseball teams was also analyzed.
To obtain fan responses reflecting realistic evaluations of the related stadium and environmental factors, Wakefield and Sloan's (1995) adapted Stadium Factors Measurement questionnaire was modified and used with an on-site distribution and collection strategy during each July 2001 home game of the Mobile (Alabama) BayBears. The BayBears are a Class AA MiLB team in the Southern League and play in Hank Aaron Stadium. The questionnaire was distributed in all 14 seating sections of the stadium. The researchers employed a stratified random sampling method with no discriminating factors except age. Any qustionnaire collected by the researchers that had been completed by an individual under 18 years of age was excluded. Age discrimination was made subjectively in the effort to exclude children whose visit to the baseball stadium was believed to have been influenced by their parents. To promote fans' participation in the survey, the BayBears organization provided to participants complimentary tickets to any upcoming regular season game in 2001.
To obtain reliability estimates and to establish the construct validity of the instrument, a pilot study was conducted before the data were collected from the final target population. Administration of the existing instrument also served as a field test further establishing its content and face validity. After the questionnaire items had been formulated, the survey was administered to 46 United States Sports Academy graduate students who had survey experience. Their remarks were sought concerning the appropriateness of the questionnaire, relevance of its content, clarity of its questions, ease of completion, and time required for completion. Based on the 46 students' responses, a few minor changes were made to the instrument. In its final form, the instrument contained 20 items on four pages; average time to complete the survey was 3–4 min.
The 20 separate items comprising the survey covered both sociodemographic characteristics and environmental motivation factors. Participants' sociodemographic information included demographics as well as behavioral variables. Demographic variables were gender, ethnicity, age, marital status, education level, employment status, income, and residence. Behavioral variables were game attendance rate, type of ticket purchased, reasons for following favorite teams' progress, and preferred means of following favorite teams' progress (e.g., at ball park, by television broadcast, by radio broadcast, etc.).
The modified Stadium Factors Measurement questionnaire was used with a 7-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The scale was developed and employed in order to indicate respondents' characteristics related to environmental motivation factors and team loyalty.
]Results[
The data were collected from a stratified random sample of respondents (N = 282) at the Hank Aaron Stadium in Mobile, Alabama. The sample consisted of 155 males (n = 155, 55%) and 127 females (n = 112, 45%) (Table 1). To simplify the data analysis, the variable age was first recoded in seven categories: 18–20 years, 21–30 years, 31–40 years, 41–50 years, 51–60 years, 61–70 years, and 71 or more years. Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 74 years (M = 37.97, SD = 13.07), with 89% falling between age 21 and age 60. Those fans age 18–20 constituted 6% of the sample, while fans 61 years old or older constituted 5.3% of the sample.
The majority of respondents were Caucasian (n = 251, 89.0%), followed by African-American (n = 27, 9.6%), Hispanic (n = 2, 0.7%), Asian (n =1, 0.4%), and other (n = 1, 0.4%). The majority of respondents were married (n = 180, 63.8%). Some 30% (n = 82) had completed college, and approximately 29% (n = 81) had some college education (respondents who had earned a graduate degree or completed some graduate study comprised 17.3% of the sample, n = 49). About 71% (n = 201) of the respondents were employed; 10% were full-time homemakers. Most of the respondents (n = 236, 83.7%) were residents of Alabama, although 46 individuals (16.3%) were nonresidents. More than half the respondents had yearly incomes between $20,000 and $59,999, while another 13.5% earned between $60,000 and $79,999 annually; those earning more than $80,000 comprised about 13% of the sample. The remaining 20% (approximately) had incomes below $20,000 (Table 1).
Concerning game attendance rates, during the previous season, approximately 57.0% of the study respondents (n = 159) had attended BayBears games (including home and away games) less than 3 times per month. In addition, 18.1% of the sample (n = 51) were attending their first BayBears game. The third largest group of respondents reported attending games 3 to 5 times per month during the previous season. Most of the survey participants were attending the game using a single-game ticket (n = 183, 64.9%); 33 respondents had used a group ticket to attend the game (n = 33, 11.7%). The remaining 23% of respondents fell in 5 categories: full-season ticket (4.6%), half-season ticket (2.5%), package ticket (5.7%), guest of season ticket holder (6.4%), and other, for instance a complimentary ticket (4.3%).
More than 25.0% of the respondents (n = 78) said that they followed a favorite baseball team because they had grown up in the host city or state; another 26.0% said they followed a particular team because of its geographic location. Having family members who liked the team was a reason cited by 11.0% of the sample for following a particular team. The presence of a favorite player on the team was the reason given by 11.7% of the sample for following a given team. The majority of respondents (n = 222, 78.7%) reported following a favorite baseball team by watching television; other means employed to follow teams were going to ball parks (n = 24, 8.5%), magazine and/or newspaper coverage (n = 16, 5.7%), Internet coverage (n = 9, 3.2%), radio coverage (n = 3, 1.1%), and other, such as information gained from friends or family members (n = 8, 2.8%) (Table 2).
Analysis of the data on environmental motivation factors in respondents' attendance at the baseball stadium (Table 3) showed that the most important such factor was cleanliness (M = 5.47, SD = 1.33). Next in importance was convenient facilities (M = 5.40, SD = 1.36), followed by parking (M = 5.33, SD = 1.52), and "fan control" (M = 5.27, SD = 1.36). In terms of team loyalty, the respondents demonstrated positive opinions about a favorite MiLB baseball team even when stadium-related environmental factors were unsatisfactory (M = 5.00, SD = 1.36).
In addition, a group of t tests was employed to look for significant differences in environmental motivation factors affecting Alabama residents and nonresidents (Table 4). Those survey participants who were Alabama residents had significantly higher "loyalty factor" scores (M = 5.15, SD = 1.45) than did nonresident participants (M = 4.26, SD = 1.98), at the .01 level. No other significant difference between residents and nonresidents was observed for the remaining environmental motivation factors considered in the study.
Multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship of loyalty to environmental motivation factors (Table 5). The multiple regression analysis showed three environmental motivation factors to be significantly predictive of the loyalty variable: parking (at the .01 level), convenient facilities (at the .01 level), and food and beverage services (at the .05 level). The regression model explained 38.9% of variance.
The results of correlation analyses indicated correlations among the environmental motivation factors (Table 6). Significant positive relationships were found among all environmental motivation items, as follows:
1. correlation between parking and stadium cleanliness, r = .697 (p < .01)
2. correlation between parking and convenient facilities, r = .567 (p < .01)
3. correlation between parking and food and beverage services, r = .489 (p < .01)
4. correlation between parking and fan control, r = .598 (p < .01)
5. correlation between parking and team loyalty, r = .499 (p < .01)
6. correlation between stadium cleanliness and convenient facilities, r = .721 (p < .01)
7. correlation between stadium cleanliness and food and beverage services, r = .532 (p < .01)
8. correlation between stadium cleanliness and fan control, r = .673 (p < .01)
9. correlation between stadium cleanliness and team loyalty, r = .459 (p < .01)
10. correlation between convenient facilities and food and beverage services, r = .604 (p < .01)
11. correlation between convenient facilities and fan control, r = .745 (p < .01)
12. correlation between convenient facilities and team loyalty, r = .572 (p < .01)
Furthermore, significant positive relationships were found between food and beverage services and fan control (r = .710, p < .01), between food and beverage services and team loyalty (r = .482, p < .01), and between fan control and team loyalty (r = .531, p < .01). All correlations were significant at the .01 level.
Finally, one-way multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were performed to compare the mean vector scores for the six environmental motivation items with respect to the behavioral variables. The structural coefficients were used to define a function based on an eigenvalue equal to .30, while the standardized coefficients were used to test redundancy of environmental motivation items (Pease & Zhang, 2001). The results of MANOVA showed significant effects on environmental motivation items both for attendance rate, Multivariate F(30, 1086) = .807, p = .001, and for ticket type, Multivariate F(36, 1188) = .811, p =.013. On the other hand, remaining MANOVA results indicated no significant effect for reason for following favorite teams, Multivariate F(42, 1265) = .868, p = .619, and no significant effect for preferred means of following favorite teams, Multivariate F(30, 1086) = .879, p = .224.
Specifically, respondents' mean vector scores differed significantly, at the .01 level, based on attendance rate for the preceding baseball season. The loyalty item was the main contributing factor: Respondents who had attended every home game of the preceding season had a higher mean. In addition, their mean vector scores differed significantly, at the .05 level, based on type of ticket used for game attendance. Two factors, parking and loyalty, were the main contributing factors. Respondents using single-game tickets had higher mean scores for parking and stadium cleanliness than did respondents using other kinds of tickets. Respondents using package tickets scored higher than other respondents on items pertaining to convenient facilities and fan control. Respondents who were guests of season ticket holders scored higher than other respondents on items pertaining to food and beverage services and team loyalty. Mean vector scores did not differ significantly, however, in terms of respondents' reasons for following or preferred means of following a favorite team (Table 7).
Discussion and Recommendations
Mahony, Madrigal, and Howard (2000) have argued that a variety of marketing strategies should be applied with different types of sports consumers they refer to as "high loyal fans," "spurious loyal fans," "latent loyal fans," and "low loyal fans." Varied strategies are necessary in light of the different consumers' differing motivations and/or reasons for attending professional sports events and making commitments to professional sports teams. The present study focused on sociodemographics and environmental motivation factors, knowledge of which may affect professional baseball franchises' marketing strategies and frameworks. While the present study focused on residents of a state that hosts no major-league professional teams, its results may inform the development of efficient business concepts for minor-league professional teams.
The study respondents' views on environmental motivation items suggest a number of ways to maintain fan satisfaction, perhaps thereby increasing attendance. The three most important concern stadium cleanliness, parking, and convenient facilities; relative satisfaction with these factors affects the likelihood that a spectator will return to the stadium in the future. Wakefield and Sloan's similar results (1995) led them to advise MiLB administrators to emphasize efforts to ensure that parking, cleanliness, convenience, food and beverage services, and crowd control satisfy the baseball fans who attend games. The present study found, in particular, a correlation between team loyalty and the other environmental motivation factors, and loyalty of course plays one of the biggest roles in determining fans' willingness to attend games. For this reason, administrators of MiLB teams should use a well-prepared stadium environment to appeal to each of Mahony, Madrigal, and Howard's types of sports consumer.
Recommendations for future studies are, first, an extension of the scaled motivation items to include psychological and sociological motivation, adding for example promotional events, frequency of media exposure, family effects, and gambling factors. Second, the findings of this study suggest a link to be explored between baseball fans' motivation to attend games and judgments about satisfaction with game attendance.
Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics, Frequency and Percentage
Sociodemographic Characteristic
Age, in Years (N = 282)
71 or over
Gender (N = 282)
Ethnicity (N = 282)
Caucasian 251 89.0
African-American 27 9.6
Asian 1 .4
Hispanic 2 .7
Other 1 .4
Marital Status (N = 282)
Never married 65 23.0
Married 180 63.8
Divorced 26 9.2
Separated 2 .7
Widowed 5 1.8
Other 4 1.4
Education Level (N = 282)
Lower than high school 9 3.2
Graduated from high school 61 21.6
Some college 81 28.7
Completed college 82 29.1
Some graduate study 19 6.7
Earned graduate degree 30 10.6
Employment Status (N = 282)
Employed 201 71.3
Unemployed 9 3.2
Retired 23 8.2
Full-time homemaker 28 9.9
Student 17 6.0
Residential Status (N = 282)
Alabama resident 236 83.7
Not a resident of Alabama 46 16.3
Annual Income Level (N = 266)
Below $20,000 55 20.7
$20,000–$39,999 65 24.4
$80,000–$99,999 16 6.0
Above $100,000 18 6.8
Table 2 Fan Behavior, Frequency and Percentage
Behavior Variable
Frequency Percentage
Game Attendance Rate
First time attending a game 51 18.1
Less than 3 times per month during preceding season 159 56.4
3–5 times per month during preceding season 44 15.6
6–10 times per month during preceding season 11 3.9
Every home game during preceding season 14 5.0
Every BayBears game during preceding season 3 1.1
Full-season ticket 13 4.6
Half-season ticket 7 2.5
Package ticket 16 5.7
Single-game ticket 183 64.9
Group ticket 33 11.7
Guest of season ticket holder 18 6.4
Other 12 4.3
Reasons for Following Favorite Teams' Progress
Because I grew up in that state and/or city 78 27.7
Because I frequently visited the team's ballpark with my parents 23 8.2
Because of the team's location near my current hometown 74 26.2
Because my family (spouse, parents, children) likes the team 31 11.0
Because I remember the team treated me well as a customer 2 .7
Because the team has my favorite players 33 11.7
Because I have a membership of the team 1 .4
Other reasons 40 14.2
Preferred Means of Following Favorite Teams' Progress
At ball park
By television broadcast
By radio broadcast By Internet
Magazine and/or newspaper coverage
Table 3 Relative Importance of Environmental Motivation Variables
Variable Mean Standard Deviation
I like to come back to the Hank Aaron Stadium to watch BayBears games because convenient parking spaces are easily available. 5.33 1.52
I like to come back to the Hank Aaron Stadium to watch BayBears games because I like the cleanliness of the stadium. 5.47 1.33
I like to come back to the Hank Aaron Stadium to watch BayBears games because there are enough and convenient facilities, including hallways, space and arrangements of seats, concessions, restrooms, etc. 5.40 1.36
I like to come back to the Hank Aaron Stadium to watch BayBears games because the food and beverage services are very good. 4.91 1.42
I like to come back to the Hank Aaron Stadium to watch BayBears games because of good stadium fan control. 5.27 1.36
Even if the above question items (E1 through E5) are not satisfied, I like to come back to the Hank Aaron Stadium to watch BayBears games because I am loyal to the BayBears. 5.00 1.58
Table 4 Importance of Environmental Motivation Factors by Alabama Residence vs. Nonresidence
Variable Alabama Resident Mean Number of Respondents Standard Deviation t p
Parking Yes
1.51 1.54 .125
Cleanliness Yes
Convenient facilities Yes
Food / beverage services Yes
Fan control Yes
Team loyalty Yes
1.98 2.90** .005
Note: Yes = residents of Alabama, No = nonresidents of Alabama
** Indicates significance at the .01 level
Table 5 Multiple Regression Analysis Examining Relationship of Team Loyalty to Environmental Motivation
Constant .730 .348 2.097* .037
Parking .261 .071 .250 3.662** .000
Cleanliness -.124 .098 -.104 -1.255 .210
Convenient facilities .453 .092 .388 4.900** .000
Food .178 .074 .160 2.424* .016
Fan control .045 .100 .039 .447 .655
R = .623; R2 = .389; F = 35.099** Dependent variable: team loyalty
* Indicates significance at the .05 level
Dependent variable: team loyalty
Table 6 Correlations Among Environmental Motivation Items
Parking Cleanliness Convenient Facilities Food/Beverage Services Fan Control Team Loyalty
Parking 1.00
Cleanliness .697** 1.00
Facility .567** .721** 1.00
Food .489** .532** .604** 1.00
Fan control .598** .673** .745** .710** 1.00
Loyalty .499** .459** .572** .482** .531** 1.00
Spearman rho, ** Indicates significance at the .01 level
Table 7 Multivariate Analysis of Variance for Environmental Motivation Items with Respect to Behavioral Variables
Attendance Rate in Preceding Season:
Wilks's (30, 1086) = .807,
p = .001
(Standard Deviation) Mean(Standard Deviation) Mean(Standard Deviation) Mean(Standard Deviation) Mean(Standard Deviation) Mean(Standard Deviation)
Never 5.06
(1.27) 5.20
Less than 3 times per month
3–5 times per month
6–10 times per month
Every home game
Every BayBears game
Full-season ticket
Half-season ticket
(.90)
Package ticket
Single-game ticket
Group ticket
Guest of season ticket holder
Reasons for Following Favorite Teams' Progress:
Because I grew up in that state and/or city
Because I frequently visited the team's ballpark with my parents
Because of the team's location near my current hometown
Because my family (spouse, parents, children) likes the team
Because I remember the team treated me well as a customer
Because the team has my favorite players
Because I have a membership of the team
Other reasons 4.97
Preferred Means of Following Favorite Teams' Progress:
At ball park 5.33
By television broadcast 5.35
By radio broadcast 4.67
(.58) 4.33
By Internet 5.78
Magazine and/or newspaper coverage 5.44
Other 4.50
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Wakefield, K. L., & Sloan, H. J. (1995). The effects of team loyalty and selected stadium factors on spectator attendance. Journal of Sport Management, 9(2), 153–172.
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]Author Note[
Soonhwan Lee ; Cynthia Ryder, United States Sports Academy; Hee-Joon Shin
U.S. Sports Academy2013-11-26T20:51:54-06:00February 22nd, 2008|Contemporary Sports Issues, Sports Facilities, Sports Management|Comments Off on An Investigation of Environmental Motivation Factors Affecting Fans of Minor League Baseball


to be the topic for another day.
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The study was carried out by Nokia along with Kings' College London Department of Twin Research and almost 4000 twins took part in it. Their music tastes showed that approximately 50% of what music genre we like is predetermined by what we've inherited by our parents.
However, much more interesting is the fact that actually this percentage varies from genre to genre. Only pop and classical music managed to reach 53%, while the feeling for jazz, blues and soul were less formed by genes. And when it comes to genres like country and folk, only 24% of the twins turned out to like those genres because their moms and dads do.
The study unveiled another interesting fact: the older we get the less decisive get music genes and the bigger gets our experience's influence.
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Vista Home Premium, SP2, 32 bit system.
Try uninstalling it, reboot, then let it install again.
Type CMD in search box.
Right click on CMD and select Run as administrator.
Stop the BITS, Cryptographic, MSI Installer and the Windows Update Services. To do this, type the following commands at a command prompt. Press the ENTER key after you type each command.
Now rename the SoftwareDistribution and Catroot2 folder. You can do this by typing the following commands in the Command Prompt. Press the "ENTER" key after you type each command.
Now, let's restart the BITS, Cryptographic, MSI Installer and the Windows Update Services. Type the following commands in the Command Prompt for this. Press the ENTER key after you type each command.
Type Exit in the Command Prompt to close it.
These repeated MSRT offerings are a common problem for Vista SP2 users - see the last section of my post # 430 in the bleepingcomputer thread Windows Vista Update Hangs at "Checking For Updates". There is a link in that post to Gunter Born's 13-Apr-2017 tech blog entry Issues with Update KB890830 (Windows Malicious Removal Tool) that might have a possible solution.
Vistaar's June 2016 thread May's Malicious Software Removal Tool returns to haunt me June 13 might also have some useful feedback from other Vista SP2 users affected by this problem.


Have you ever faced the situation when Windows does not let you install third party or unofficial drivers? You have to disable driver signature verification in order to install those drivers.
Note: Please save all your work before continuing, steps involve Windows restarting.
Then select "Update and Recovery" and "Recovery".
After clicking "Restart now", your computer will be restarted.
On next screen select "Troubleshoot" option.
Now click on "Advanced options".
After that choose "Startup Settings" and click "Restart", your computer will be restarted again.
Now we have specific options to boot with. Look for Disable driver signature verification option, it is 7. Now press "F7 " or "7" on your keyboard when you see Startup setting screen.
Now you can install your drivers.
After that select "Update and Recovery" and click "Recovery" option.
Click "Restart now" to restart your computer.
After reboot select "Troubleshoot" option.
Then choose "Startup Settings" and click "Restart" to restarted again.
Now we have Startup setting screen. Disable driver signature verification option is 7. Press "F7 " or "7" on your keyboard.
After next restart Windows driver signature verification will automatically turned on again.


Wait until you see what Schenectady has done, you won't believe you are in Upstate New York! If you haven't stopped to see the Mohawk Harbor in its making, it's definitely worth the trip.. Come and enjoy a couple hours of paddling then head up to Druthers for your favorite food and beverage!
Come explore where the Hudson River meets the Historic Erie Canal and paddle Horseshoe Falls around Peebles Island. Paddle right next to Lock 2 and see all the beautiful boats lined up at the Waterford Harbor Center waiting to enter and/or exit the Flight of Locks. Stop into town for lunch, visit the farmer's market on Sundays, or take a hike over at Pebbles Island. So much to explore in this little area!
Cost: $20.00 up to 2 hours.


text:
The People's History
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Facts About James Monroe For Kids
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10 Interesting facts about Marilyn Monroe you probably didn't know about. Born Noma Jeane Mortenson One 1 st June, 19269, the movie star and symbol of ultimate beauty, Marilyn Monroe, began her career as a model, before embarking on a movie career in 1946.
Printable Pictures Of Thomas Jefferson Child Benjamin Franklin Costume Boston Tea Party Project Working on a project about the Boston Tea Party? Compliment your work with this attention-grabbing poster idea! Including eye-catching clip art and room for quick bits of information, this poster is an easy way to draw people in. Category: History/Social Studies Boston Tea Party Project More. Discover
Lesson Summary. In 1823, President Monroe presented the Monroe Doctrine, which called for an end to new colonies in the Western Hemisphere. He also said the United States would get involved if a country in Europe tried to rule one in the Western Hemisphere (that wasn't already its colony).
28-4-2016 · James Monroe was the only president, aside from George Washington, to run unopposed for re-election. But that may not be the most surprising fact about the last Founding Father to occupy the White House. Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Virginia, and his.
1-1-2020 · Learn about James Monroe: his birthday, what he did before fame, his family life, fun trivia facts, popularity rankings, and more.
3 Nov 2016. This two-year garbage fire of an election has overflowed with firsts. The obvious: Hillary Clinton is the first woman nominated for president by a major political party and would be the first female…
22 Jul 2016. In fact, firsthand descriptions of Jefferson note his stockings, which wouldn't have been visible if he were. Meanwhile, Madison's immediate successor, James Monroe, was known for being old-fashioned, favoring knee.
18 Mar 2014. James Monroe Iglehart, who stars as The Genie in Disney's new Broadway production of Aladdin, fills out Playbill.com's questionnaire of random. in Disney's new Broadway production of Aladdin, fills out Playbill.com's questionnaire of random facts, backstage trivia and pop-culture tidbits. It's embarrassing because I so wanted to play ball like my boys, but alas that is not my ministry.
Providing a wide variety of educational resources about President James Monroe for kids. Including internet resources, videos, printables, facts and more.
15 Feb 2019. From owning giant blocks of cheese to a prolific wrestling history, here are some surprising facts about US presidents. James Monroe (1817-1825). Tyler had 15 children, which is the most known children by any president.
20 Feb 2017. Tyler died in 1862, but he had 15 children and fathered some late in life. His living. It is the alma mater of President Tyler, as well as two other presidents, Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe. Harrison R. Tyler spent his.
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Less than a year after the San Diego Fleet went under when the Alliance of American Football folded, a new professional.
Thomas Jefferson High School Elizabeth Nj Title: Thomas Jefferson high school with Scott Park in foreground, Elizabeth, N.J.; Date: [ca. 1930–1945]; Format: Postcards/Cards; Genre: Postcards; Location:. Thomas Jefferson Arts Academy, Elizabeth Public SchoolsKean University. Greater. Elizabeth, NJ. Interim Director of Elementary and Secondary Education. gingerbread creations. From life size gingerbread houses to complete gingerbread creations with animation and sound effects, these
In fact, his nickname for her was the German word for "the girl who breaks things. Her mom was a homeopath. "We didn't.
James Monroe (1758 – 1831) was the fifth President of the United States who served for two terms from 1817 to 1825. His presidency is most known for achievements in foreign affairs including the Monroe Doctrine, which is considered a defining moment in U.S. foreign policy.
29 Sep 2016. Know about the Monroe doctrine, and the domestic and foreign policy of U.S. President James Monroe through his 10 major accomplishments.
Martin Luther King For 4th Graders American Revolution Proclamation Of 1763 In 1763, in order to avoid confrontations with Indian nations, the English ministry issues a proclamation forbidding settlement to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. On October 7, 1763, King George III issued a royal proclamation that caused a furor amongst the colonists. The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by
American Revolution Proclamation Of 1763 In 1763, in order to avoid confrontations with Indian nations, the English ministry issues a proclamation forbidding settlement to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. On October 7, 1763, King George III issued a royal proclamation that caused a furor amongst the colonists. The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III of Britain
Which president enjoyed skinny-dipping? Which one befriended his burglar? Just like us, presidents have been wild, wonderful, and just plain weird.
James Monroe facts, James Monroe, worksheets for kids, are the vital contents of this page. With the worksheets for kids on James Monroe facts, kids and students will be able to. Small Business Management Adams Name James Monroe Quincy Adams John Adams S Class Free Resume Microsoft Word Worksheets For Kids
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4-10-2016 · They were married the following year and eventually had three children—Eliza Kortright Monroe, James Spence Monroe (who died in infancy), and Maria Hester Monroe. Despite Monroe's many trips abroad, he spent precious little time away from his.
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Topic: The M15 Super Special Awesome Spoiler Thread!
Re: The M15 Super Special Awesome Spoiler Thread!
Phosphatide wrote: You can just walk around a store during the prerelease and you're bound to pick one up off the ground or in the recycling bin. That's how I got all my prerelease Hero cards without actually having to participate.
I'm still missing two of the hero cards: the white ones from Theros and from Journey.
get the garruk from a friend who's going to bin it?
I wouldn't base a purchase decision on Courser alone. I doubt it can hold the $16 it's currently pulling.
So a friend of mine completely scrapped all plans for his Enchantress standard deck because he saw the Back to Nature reprint.
I don't think it's all that bad. It's like not playing creatures because Supreme Verdict is in the format.
Topic: Loading Ready Fan Draft.
Re: Loading Ready Fan Draft.
I forget that there are people not using Chrome, I've been using it for so long.
I love that Karona build. It's very close to what my Niv MIzzet deck should look like.
I like the card, but the templating is really clumsy. Apparently they've gone back to "base power and toughness" after 15 years.
What I see not being said that should be is that the new token frame looks positively badass.
Mill is so bad in my local EDH meta because everyone sticks an Eldrazi titan in their deck. Colorless, check. Big effect, check. Anti-mill, incidental check. I'm actually running a Stifle in my counterspell deck just to counter Eldrazi triggered abilities.
I need all these slivers for reasons.
I remember the original slivers, and the second run of them. I wasn't around for the time spiral ones. I like the ally versions better, honestly, because I don't have to track which changelings get bonuses off of my slivers.
I think I'm going black at this prerelease, too.
We've still got a long way to go for the list to be complete, but it's extensive.
I shall henceforth call the new Jace "Cheekbones," because seriously, someone's going to cut themselves on them.
It's hard to build a decent limited environment without some fixing of some kind, and reprinting a dual doesn't take up spell slots, so most sets are going to have duals of some flavor.
It's definitely a hard G. I'm not sure how rest should be, but 'Gar-' isn't pronounced "Jar-" however you look at it.
agh, that looks like Populous (SNES), but the palette and controls are wrong.
I feel like sticking Ob Nix in EDH. I think he'll go into my theoretical Sheoldred deck.


LEXINGTON, Ky. — PJ Washington set a career high with 25 points and had a season-high seven rebounds, Tyler Herro added 18 points and No. 10 Kentucky rolled over North Dakota 96-58 on Wednesday night.
Conner Avants had 14 points and Filip Rebraca 13 for North Dakota, which shot 40 per cent in its first meeting against the Wildcats.
Kentucky's long-overdue convincing performance should seal another week in the Top 10.
North Dakota: Three-point shooting helped the Fighting Hawks make things interesting early against the Wildcats. That strong start lasted just six minutes as they were thoroughly overwhelmed in their first meeting against a Southeastern Conference school.
Kentucky: The Wildcats looked much better than in Friday's shaky escape of Southern Illinois. Besides consistently shooting a season best from the field, they controlled the paint (46-18) and owned the glass 45-15. Washington certainly needed an offensive boost and delivered inside and outside the arc.
Kentucky hosts VMI on Sunday in the second game of the Hardwood Showcase that also features Winthrop and Tennessee State.
A previous version of this story incorrectly said Washington's seven rebounds were a career high. They were only a season high.


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Marcus Minucius Felix war ein römischer christlicher Apologet wahrscheinlich des späteren 2., eventuell auch des frühen 3. Jahrhunderts. Seine einzige überlieferte, auf Latein verfasste Schrift Octavius verteidigt das Christentum gegen pagane Kritik. Sprachlich und formal lehnt sich der Dialog eng an die römische Bildungswelt an.

Leben

Über das Leben des Minucius Felix ist wenig bekannt. Die einzige Quelle für biographische Hinweise ist der Dialog Octavius selbst, ein religiöses Streitgespräch zwischen dem Christen Octavius Ianuarius und dem Heiden Caecilius Natalis mit dem Verfasser Minucius Felix als Schiedsrichter. Aus der Einleitung und Rahmenhandlung des Texts (ein Spaziergang am Strand von Ostia) wird geschlossen, dass es sich beim Autor wohl um einen aus Nordafrika stammenden Juristen handelte, der in jungen Jahren Christ wurde und als erfolgreicher Rechtsanwalt in Rom tätig war. Alle weiteren Aussagen darüber, ob das Gespräch tatsächlich stattgefunden hat und die beiden anderen Personen wirklich lebten, sind in der Forschung umstritten. Zwar sind die Namen der drei Sprecher auf Inschriften in der Gegend des nordafrikanischen Cirta zu finden, doch ist eine eindeutige Identifizierung wegen der vielen verschiedenen Namensträger nicht möglich.

Werk und Rezeption

Der Dialog Octavius ist ein erster Höhepunkt in der Auseinandersetzung der christlichen Religion mit der heidnischen Bildungswelt und bewegt sich rhetorisch und philosophisch auf beachtlichem Niveau. Darin wird ein platonisch gebildeter Heide zum Christentum bekehrt, nachdem Minucius Felix dessen Vorwürfe gegen die christliche Lehre und das Verhalten der Christen entkräftet hat. Jedoch enthält der Text als einzige apologetische Schrift keine christliche Dogmatik. Es fehlen sogar die zentralen christlichen Begriffe, insbesondere wird Jesus Christus selbst nicht erwähnt. Der Text lehnt sich zudem formal und sprachlich deutlich an Cicero und Seneca an; auch tauchen Wendungen aus der klassischen Dichtersprache auf. Diese Besonderheit hat einerseits vermuten lassen, dass es sich bei Minucius Felix um einen synkretistischen Häretiker gehandelt habe; wahrscheinlicher dürfte es sich dabei um den Versuch einer vorsichtigen Heranführung heidnischer Leser an eine philosophisch eingekleidete christliche Lebenswelt handeln, deren Begrifflichkeit in vielen Andeutungen unterschwellig zum Tragen kommt.

Aufgrund der Übereinstimmung zahlreicher Sätze und argumentativer Beweisführungen des Octavius mit dem Apologeticum Tertullians wird die Frage diskutiert, welcher der beiden Schriftsteller dem anderen als Vorlage gedient haben könnte oder ob es eine gemeinsame unbekannte Quelle gegeben hat. Bereits die christliche Spätantike stritt über dieses bis heute ungelöste Problem; Hieronymus hielt Tertullian für den älteren Autor, Lactantius hingegen den Minucius Felix. Bis heute werden seitens der Forschungsliteratur etliche Argumente sowohl für die eine wie auch die andere Position angebracht. Die Erfahrung, dass ein späterer Autor in der Regel seine Vorlage ausschmückt und erweitert, wäre etwa ein Argument dafür, dass es sich bei Octavius um die ältere Quelle handelt.

Der Text des Octavius ist allein aus dem Codex Parisinus 1661, einer Handschrift des 9. Jahrhunderts, zu erschließen. Es existiert zwar ein Codex Bruxellensis 10847, der aber eine Abschrift des Parisinus ist. Die Überlieferung ist dem Umstand zu verdanken, dass der Titel mit dem Zahlwort octavus (achter) verwechselt wurde und so das Werk als Teil der vorangehenden siebenteiligen Schrift Adversus nationes (Gegen die Heiden) des Arnobius erhalten blieb. Der Dialog erschien erstmals 1542 in Rom, doch hielt ihn der Herausgeber Fausto Sabeo wie seine Vorlage für den Schlussteil der Arnobius-Handschrift. Erst François Baudouin erkannte, dass es sich hier um ein eigenständiges Werk handelte, und publizierte 1560 in Heidelberg die eigentliche Erstausgabe des Octavius.

Ausgaben und Kommentar
 Jean Beaujeu (Hrsg.): Minucius Felix. Octavius. Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1964 (kritische Ausgabe mit französischer Übersetzung).
 Bernhard Kytzler (Hrsg.): M. Minuci Felicis Octavius. 2. Auflage. Teubner, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-8154-1539-X (maßgebliche kritische Ausgabe).
 Christoph Schubert: Minucius Felix, "Octavius" (= Kommentar zu frühchristlichen Apologeten. Band 12). Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Wien 2014, ISBN 978-3-451-29049-7 (deutsche Übersetzung mit ausführlichem Kommentar).

Literatur
Übersichtsdarstellungen
 Michael von Albrecht: Geschichte der römischen Literatur von Andronicus bis Boethius und ihr Fortwirken. Band 2. 3., verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage. De Gruyter, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-026525-5, S. 1337–1348.
 Jean-Claude Fredouille: Minucius Felix. In: Richard Goulet (Hrsg.): Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques. Band 4, CNRS Éditions, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-271-06386-8, S. 525–528.

 Bernhard Kytzler: Minucius Felix. In: Gerhard Krause, Gerhard Müller (Hrsg.): Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Band 23, Berlin u. a. 1994, ISBN 3-11-013854-9, S. 1–3.

Untersuchungen
 Carl Becker: Der "Octavius" des Minucius Felix. Heidnische Philosophie und frühchristliche Apologetik. Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, München 1967.
 Christiane Ingremeau: Minucius Felix et ses sources. Le travail de l'écrivain. In: Revue des études augustiniennes et patristiques. Band 45, 1999, S. 3–20.
 Pieter G. van der Nat: Zu den Voraussetzungen der christlichen lateinischen Literatur: Die Zeugnisse von Minucius Felix und Laktanz. In: Manfred Fuhrmann (Hrsg.): Christianisme et formes littéraires de l'antiquité tardive en occident. Fondation Hardt, Genf 1977, S. 191–234.

Weblinks

 Editio princeps als 8. Buch des Arnobius, Rom 1542 (Digitalisat der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek)
 Octavius im Originaltext bei The Latin Library
 Octavius in der deutschen Übersetzung von Alfons Müller
 Octavius in der Patrologia Latina von Jacques-Paul Migne

Anmerkungen

Literatur (Latein)
Autor
Literatur der Antike
Christliche Literatur
Römischer Jurist
Felix, Marcus Minucius
Geboren im 2. oder 3. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 2. oder 3. Jahrhundert
Mann


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Q: Android dynamic tab and multiple instance of an activity problem I am making a chat application. Where i am using tabhost. I have a activity A to show the frndlist and activity B for chat window. Now when an entry in the frndlist clicked a tabwindow opens where i add tab dynamically using the intent of activity B. Now if there are more than one tab when i nevigate through those tab nothing get called(oncreate, onpause,onresume) and the containt remain same for all tabs. Only one instance of activity B is created.
Is there any idea to create chat application with tab(like yahoo mail chat).
thanks in advance
Please help
Rawcoder

A: Create this class too in your TabActivity
class PreExistingViewFactory implements TabContentFactory {
    private final View preExisting;

    protected PreExistingViewFactory(View view) {
        preExisting = view;
    }

    public View createTabContent(String tag) {
        return preExisting;
    }
}

This works for me.

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