This serum is in a gel form.
– help stop the production of melanin, which is the substance that provide pigment to your skin. It is widely used in skin lightening products.
– glycolic acid shortens the cell cycle so that pigment is lost more rapidly.
MSM is soothing and calming, especially for irritated and inflamed skin. MSM is anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial. MSM feeds the formation of collagen and elastin while preventing and reducing cross-linking between cells, which is the primary cause of wrinkles and scar tissue. MSM is a natural sulfur compound that contributes to healthy skin, hair and nails. MSM has been used orally and topically to aid skin disorders. When used topically, in the form of a cream or lotion, sulfur is helpful in treating skin disorders including acne, psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis, dandruff, scabies, diaper rash and certain fungal infections.
This is a natural product found in the sinovial joints of humans and animals.Our body produces an abundance of HA when young, but after 18-25 years of age gradually reduces, with a 50% decrease by the age of 50.
Hyaluronic Acid (HA) has excellent water retaining properties, visually it gives fullness to the face ("baby face") and when applied to skin, eases wrinkles, fine lines and smooths the surface with a slight "plumping" action. Whether taken as a supplement or in a topical solution, the benefits are well documented.
Aloe Vera is renown for its healing power due to its anti-inflammatory property. It also moisturizes, soften skin and soothes irritated skin.
Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant, which help your skin to fight aging.
Sunburn Alert: This product contains an Glycolic Acid that may increase your skin's sensitivity to the sun and particularly the possibility of sunburn. Use a sunscreen, and limit sun exposure while using this product and for a week afterwards.
Q When and how do I use this? It's everything I need, but I'm not sure when to use it in my skin care routine?
A Hi, you can use it morning and night, apply on cleansed skin (after clean and tone and before moisturizer). If you use it during the day, please be sure to apply sun screen as well.
Q What is the concentration of Kojic Acid and glycolic acid?
A They are about 1% each.
Q Effectiveness in terms of days?
A Our skin in average take about 28 days to renew, and it increase as we age Please allow at least 4 to 6 weeks to show improvement. Thank you for asking.
Q What is the ph of this serum?
Q Can I apply this is an eye serum?
A Thank you for your question. This is not designed as an eye serum. The salicylic acid might cause irritation to the sensitive eye area.


This option allows you to combine a Standard course in the morning with individual lessons in the afternoon. This is a flexible language course suited to your individual needs. You can concentrate on improving specific aspects of the language and on developing the abilities and the vocabulary needed in your professional life or for your studies.
While learning in a group is stimulating and challenging, the individual tuition provides maximum concentration on special requirements which are established by a questionnaire we previously send you , in which you can indicate the language needs you would like to focus on.
You will benefit both from group interaction and a personalized language training.


The organizational philosophy of a rehabilitation system, including its policies and procedures, should be written and operationalized so that the system empowers itself for purposes of self-direction, self-improvement and self-governance (consult Sussman, 1982).
Jim Hoefflin, CEO of Empower Software, will deliver the keynote address during Thursday's general session, followed by a full day of industry and educational sessions, and capped off by an offsite client appreciation event.
Headquartered in Orlando, FL, Empower is a leading provider of human resource management and business process outsourcing services.
Empower RF Systems' expert engineers have been designing high-power amplifiers since the 1960s, and their engineering reputation is well-known in the ultra-broadband and the solid state linear amplifier markets.
Such risks and uncertainties include: the ability of the Company to develop its products; receipt of 510(k) clearance for and future sales of Empower MR injector systems, market acceptance and sales of VoLumen([R]); future actions by the FDA or other regulatory agencies, overall economic conditions, general market conditions, price increases of raw materials and components, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations as well as the risk factors listed from time to time in the SEC filings of E-Z-EM, Inc.
As supply chains become increasingly global - and influential to overall operational success -- Empower attendees cite "improving visibility into timely and accurate spend data" and "adopting technologies and policy changes to ensure compliance" as the top strategies they plan to implement within the next two years.
NYSE:FIS), for FIS' Empower Platinum Vendor program.
Rated as one of the best conferences in the industry by the attendees, Procuri Empower 2006 will feature keynote addresses by recognized executives, case study presentations from major corporations and panel discussions led by top experts in the field.
The award winning Empower product line is the only family of CT injectors on the market powered by the IRiSCT(TM) Injector Reporting Information System, a powerful software application that automatically captures operational data from several important functions of the injector.
As the complexity of Medicare options continues to increase, Arkansas Blue Cross was looking for a tool that would empower Medicare beneficiaries to make the best purchase decision for them.


Jun 4, 2016 . DIY Floating Deck Plans - Rogue Engineer 20. DIY Floating . To avoid this we decided a floating deck would be the best option. We wanted to keep the design simple and clean, so with the help of our friends over at Kreg Tool Company, we used the deck jig and let the wood do all the talking. Note: The..
Jul 13, 2015 . When choosing deck lumber based on joist span, I use the following easy-to-remember rule of thumb that works for most of the treated wood species that. I use for building. This rule is not a substitute for a proper table of spans and sizes of framing lumber, but is helpful in over-designing my joists during the..
low garden decks | Instant deck. | Door Sixteen | For the Home .
Aug 3, 2012 . In the south, you might need to dig footings deeper than you would for an attached deck and have them engineered. Figure 5. Freestanding decks must resist wind uplift. The right hardware can provide a continuous load path from the framing to the footings. As you would with an attached deck, consider..
Jul 11, 2016 . Find out how to construct a composite deck and railings on a roof using rooftop deck supports that adjust for both height and pitch as the foundation. . Now, unlike your backyard that may be unlevel when you're building a deck, you can set your post and adjust your framing nice and level. But here it's a..
Aug 17, 2017 . California Redwood Association. Check local building code to see if you can attach a patio roof directly to your deck. . When bolting to the deck's structure, be sure to use heavy-duty galvanized lag screws that are long enough to penetrate the deck's framing by at least 2 inches. In some situations, you may..
Layout your deck outline on the ground by pushing spikes into the ground at the corners of the deck and running a string between them, or spray paint the outline . Start from one corner and establish a straight line along one of the longest edges by driving an 18 to 24 inch tall wooden stake into the ground at each corner of..


26 U.S.C. § 501 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 26. Internal Revenue Code § 501. Exemption from tax on corporations, certain trusts, etc.
(a) Exemption from taxation. --An organization described in subsection (c) or (d) or section 401(a) shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle unless such exemption is denied under section 502 or 503 .
(b) Tax on unrelated business income and certain other activities. --An organization exempt from taxation under subsection (a) shall be subject to tax to the extent provided in parts II, III, and VI of this subchapter, but (notwithstanding parts II, III, and VI of this subchapter) shall be considered an organization exempt from income taxes for the purpose of any law which refers to organizations exempt from income taxes.
(B) is described in subsection (l).
(2) Corporations organized for the exclusive purpose of holding title to property, collecting income therefrom, and turning over the entire amount thereof, less expenses, to an organization which itself is exempt under this section. Rules similar to the rules of subparagraph (G) of paragraph (25) shall apply for purposes of this paragraph.
(4)(A) Civic leagues or organizations not organized for profit but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare, or local associations of employees, the membership of which is limited to the employees of a designated person or persons in a particular municipality, and the net earnings of which are devoted exclusively to charitable, educational, or recreational purposes.
(5) Labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations.
(7) Clubs organized for pleasure, recreation, and other nonprofitable purposes, substantially all of the activities of which are for such purposes and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder.
(B) providing for the payment of life, sick, accident, or other benefits to the members of such society, order, or association or their dependents.
(9) Voluntary employees' beneficiary associations providing for the payment of life, sick, accident, or other benefits to the members of such association or their dependents or designated beneficiaries, if no part of the net earnings of such association inures (other than through such payments) to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. For purposes of providing for the payment of sick and accident benefits to members of such an association and their dependents, the term "dependent" shall include any individual who is a child (as defined in section 152(f)(1) ) of a member who as of the end of the calendar year has not attained age 27.
(B) which do not provide for the payment of life, sick, accident, or other benefits.
(B) the income consists solely of amounts received from public taxation, amounts received from assessments on the teaching salaries of members, and income in respect of investments.
(12)(A) Benevolent life insurance associations of a purely local character, mutual ditch or irrigation companies, mutual or cooperative telephone companies, or like organizations; but only if 85 percent or more of the income consists of amounts collected from members for the sole purpose of meeting losses and expenses.
(iv) from the prepayment of a loan under section 306A, 306B, or 311 of the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (as in effect on January 1, 1987).
(v) from any asset exchange or conversion transaction.
(ii) is used pursuant to the rental to support one or more wires (in addition to the wires described in clause (i)) for use in connection with the transmission by wire of electricity or of telephone or other communications.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term "rental" includes any sale of the right to use the pole (or other structure).
(E) For purposes of subparagraph (C)(ii), the term "FERC" means the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and references to such term shall be treated as including the Public Utility Commission of Texas with respect to any ERCOT utility (as defined in section 212(k)(2)(B) of the Federal Power Act ( 16 U.S.C. 824k(k)(2)(B) )).
(iii) any earnings from any trust, fund, or instrument established to pay any nuclear decommissioning costs.
(ii) producing, transmitting, distributing, or selling natural gas.
(H)(i) In the case of a mutual or cooperative electric company described in this paragraph or an organization described in section 1381(a)(2)(C) , income received or accrued from a load loss transaction shall be treated as an amount collected from members for the sole purpose of meeting losses and expenses.
(ii) For purposes of clause (i), the term "load loss transaction" means any wholesale or retail sale of electric energy (other than to members) to the extent that the aggregate sales during the recovery period do not exceed the load loss mitigation sales limit for such period.
(iii) For purposes of clause (ii), the load loss mitigation sales limit for the recovery period is the sum of the annual load losses for each year of such period.
(II) the megawatt hours of electric energy sold during the base year to such members.
(II) at the election of the mutual or cooperative electric company, the second or third calendar years preceding the start-up year.
(vi) For purposes of this subparagraph, the recovery period is the 7-year period beginning with the start-up year.
(vii) For purposes of this subparagraph, the start-up year is the first year that the mutual or cooperative electric company offers nondiscriminatory open access or the calendar year which includes the date of the enactment of this subparagraph, if later, at the election of such company.
(viii) A company shall not fail to be treated as a mutual or cooperative electric company for purposes of this paragraph or as a corporation operating on a cooperative basis for purposes of section 1381(a)(2)(C) by reason of the treatment under clause (i).
(ix) For purposes of subparagraph (A), in the case of a mutual or cooperative electric company, income received, or accrued, indirectly from a member shall be treated as an amount collected from members for the sole purpose of meeting losses and expenses.
(13) Cemetery companies owned and operated exclusively for the benefit of their members or which are not operated for profit; and any corporation chartered solely for the purpose of the disposal of bodies by burial or cremation which is not permitted by its charter to engage in any business not necessarily incident to that purpose and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.
(14)(A) Credit unions without capital stock organized and operated for mutual purposes and without profit.
(C) Corporations or associations organized before September 1, 1957, and operated for mutual purposes and without profit for the purpose of providing reserve funds for associations or banks described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of subparagraph (B); but only if 85 percent or more of the income is attributable to providing such reserve funds and to investments. This subparagraph shall not apply to any corporation or association entitled to exemption under subparagraph (B).
(II) more than 35 percent of such gross receipts consist of premiums.
Clause (ii) shall not apply to a company if any employee of the company, or a member of the employee's family (as defined in section 2032A(e)(2) ), is an employee of another company exempt from taxation by reason of this paragraph (or would be so exempt but for this sentence).
(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), in determining whether any company or association is described in subparagraph (A), such company or association shall be treated as receiving during the taxable year amounts described in subparagraph (A) which are received during such year by all other companies or associations which are members of the same controlled group as the insurance company or association for which the determination is being made.
(C) For purposes of subparagraph (B), the term "controlled group" has the meaning given such term by section 831(b)(2)(B)(ii) , except that in applying section 831(b)(2)(B)(ii) for purposes of this subparagraph, subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 1563(b)(2) shall be disregarded.
(16) Corporations organized by an association subject to part IV of this subchapter or members thereof, for the purpose of financing the ordinary crop operations of such members or other producers, and operated in conjunction with such association. Exemption shall not be denied any such corporation because it has capital stock, if the dividend rate of such stock is fixed at not to exceed the legal rate of interest in the State of incorporation or 8 percent per annum, whichever is greater, on the value of the consideration for which the stock was issued, and if substantially all such stock (other than nonvoting preferred stock, the owners of which are not entitled or permitted to participate, directly or indirectly, in the profits of the corporation, on dissolution or otherwise, beyond the fixed dividends) is owned by such association, or members thereof; nor shall exemption be denied any such corporation because there is accumulated and maintained by it a reserve required by State law or a reasonable reserve for any necessary purpose.
(iii) such benefits do not discriminate in favor of employees who are highly compensated employees (within the meaning of section 414(q) ). A plan shall not be considered discriminatory within the meaning of this clause merely because the benefits received under the plan bear a uniform relationship to the total compensation, or the basic or regular rate of compensation, of the employees covered by the plan.
(iii) merely because the plan provides only for employees who are not eligible under another plan (which meets the requirements of subparagraph (A)) of supplemental unemployment compensation benefits provided wholly by the employer the same benefits (or a portion of such benefits if determined in a nondiscriminatory manner) which such employees would receive under such other plan if such employees were eligible under such other plan, but only if the employees eligible under both plans would make a classification which would be nondiscriminatory within the meaning of subparagraph (A).
(C) A plan shall be considered to meet the requirements of subparagraph (A) during the whole of any year of the plan if on one day in each quarter it satisfies such requirements.
(ii) sick and accident benefits subordinate to the benefits described in clause (i).
(E) Exemption shall not be denied under subsection (a) to any organization entitled to such exemption as an association described in paragraph (9) of this subsection merely because such organization provides for the payment of supplemental unemployment benefits (as defined in subparagraph (D)(i)).
(iv) the requirements of section 401(a)(30) are met.
For purposes of subparagraph (D)(ii), rules similar to the rules of section 401(k)(8) shall apply. For purposes of section 4979 , any excess contribution under clause (ii) shall be treated as an excess contribution under a cash or deferred arrangement.
(C) no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.
(III) payment into the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund established under section 9501 , or into the general fund of the United States Treasury (other than in satisfaction of any tax or other civil or criminal liability of the person who established or contributed to the trust).
(B) No deduction shall be allowed under this chapter for any payment described in subparagraph (A)(i)(IV) from such trust.
(ii) 110 percent of the present value of the liability described in subparagraph (A)(i)(I) of such person.
The determinations under the preceding sentence shall be made by an independent actuary using actuarial methods and assumptions (not inconsistent with the regulations prescribed under section 192(c)(1)(A) ) each of which is reasonable and which are reasonable in the aggregate.
(i) The term "Black Lung Acts" means part C of title IV of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, and any State law providing compensation for disability or death due to that pneumoconiosis.
(III) time or demand deposits in a bank (as defined in section 581 ) or an insured credit union (within the meaning of section 101(7) of the Federal Credit Union Act, 12 U.S.C. 1752(7) ) located in the United States.
(iii) The term "miner" has the same meaning as such term has when used in section 402(d) of the Black Lung Benefits Act ( 30 U.S.C. 902(d) ).
(iv) The term "incidental expenses" includes legal, accounting, actuarial, and trustee expenses.
(D) the trust instrument provides that, on dissolution of the trust, assets of the trust may not be paid other than to plans which have participated in the plan or, in the case of a trust established under section 4223(h) of such Act, to plans with respect to which employers have participated in the fund.
(23) Any association organized before 1880 more than 75 percent of the members of which are present or past members of the Armed Forces and a principal purpose of which is to provide insurance and other benefits to veterans or their dependents.
(24) A trust described in section 4049 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (as in effect on the date of the enactment of the Single-Employer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1986).
(II) remitting the entire amount of income from such property (less expenses) to 1 or more organizations described in subparagraph (C) which are shareholders of such corporation or beneficiaries of such trust.
For purposes of clause (iii), the term "real property" shall not include any interest as a tenant in common (or similar interest) and shall not include any indirect interest.
(B) A corporation or trust shall be described in subparagraph (A) without regard to whether the corporation or trust is organized by 1 or more organizations described in subparagraph (C).
(iv) any organization described in paragraph (3).
(II) by having their stock or interest redeemed by the corporation or trust after the shareholder or beneficiary has provided 90 days notice to such corporation or trust.
(II) all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of a qualified subsidiary shall be treated as assets, liabilities, and such items (as the case may be) of the corporation or trust described in subparagraph (A).
(ii) For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "qualified subsidiary" means any corporation if, at all times during the period such corporation was in existence, 100 percent of the stock of such corporation is held by the corporation or trust described in subparagraph (A).
(iii) For purposes of this subtitle, if any corporation which was a qualified subsidiary ceases to meet the requirements of clause (ii), such corporation shall be treated as a new corporation acquiring all of its assets (and assuming all of its liabilities) immediately before such cessation from the corporation or trust described in subparagraph (A) in exchange for its stock.
(F) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "real property" includes any personal property which is leased under, or in connection with, a lease of real property, but only if the rent attributable to such personal property (determined under the rules of section 856(d)(1) ) for the taxable year does not exceed 15 percent of the total rent for the taxable year attributable to both the real and personal property leased under, or in connection with, such lease.
(G)(i) An organization shall not be treated as failing to be described in this paragraph merely by reason of the receipt of any otherwise disqualifying income which is incidentally derived from the holding of real property.
(ii) Clause (i) shall not apply if the amount of gross income described in such clause exceeds 10 percent of the organization's gross income for the taxable year unless the organization establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the receipt of gross income described in clause (i) in excess of such limitation was inadvertent and reasonable steps are being taken to correct the circumstances giving rise to such income.
(D) no part of the net earnings of the organization inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.
A spouse and any qualifying child (as defined in section 24(c) ) of an individual described in subparagraph (B) (without regard to this sentence) shall be treated as described in subparagraph (B).
(II) reducing initial premiums in anticipation of investment income.
(iv) the majority of the board of directors or oversight body of such organization are appointed by the chief executive officer or other executive branch official of the State, by the State legislature, or by both.
(28) The National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust established under section 15(j) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974.
(A) In general. --A qualified nonprofit health insurance issuer (within the meaning of section 1322 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) which has received a loan or grant under the CO-OP program under such section, but only with respect to periods for which the issuer is in compliance with the requirements of such section and any agreement with respect to the loan or grant.
(iv) the organization does not participate in, or intervene in (including the publishing or distributing of statements), any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for public office.
(d) Religious and apostolic organizations. --The following organizations are referred to in subsection (a): Religious or apostolic associations or corporations, if such associations or corporations have a common treasury or community treasury, even if such associations or corporations engage in business for the common benefit of the members, but only if the members thereof include (at the time of filing their returns) in their gross income their entire pro rata shares, whether distributed or not, of the taxable income of the association or corporation for such year. Any amount so included in the gross income of a member shall be treated as a dividend received.
(3) if such organization has capital stock, all of such stock outstanding is owned by its patrons.
For purposes of this title, any organization which, by reason of the preceding sentence, is an organization described in subsection (c)(3) and exempt from taxation under subsection (a), shall be treated as a hospital and as an organization referred to in section 170(b)(1)(A)(iii) .
then such organization shall be treated as an organization organized and operated exclusively for charitable purposes.
(g) Definition of agricultural. --For purposes of subsection (c)(5), the term "agricultural" includes the art or science of cultivating land, harvesting crops or aquatic resources, or raising livestock.
(B) makes grass roots expenditures in excess of the grass roots ceiling amount for such organization for each taxable year.
(A) Lobbying expenditures. --The term "lobbying expenditures" means expenditures for the purpose of influencing legislation (as defined in section 4911(d) ).
(B) Lobbying ceiling amount. --The lobbying ceiling amount for any organization for any taxable year is 150 percent of the lobbying nontaxable amount for such organization for such taxable year, determined under section 4911 .
(C) Grass roots expenditures. --The term "grass roots expenditures" means expenditures for the purpose of influencing legislation (as defined in section 4911(d) without regard to paragraph (1)(B) thereof).
(D) Grass roots ceiling amount. --The grass roots ceiling amount for any organization for any taxable year is 150 percent of the grass roots nontaxable amount for such organization for such taxable year, determined under section 4911 .
(B) is not a disqualified organization under paragraph (5).
(G) section 509(a)(3) (relating to organizations supporting certain types of public charities) except that for purposes of this subparagraph, section 509(a)(3) shall be applied without regard to the last sentence of section 509(a) .
(C) a member of an affiliated group of organizations (within the meaning of section 4911(f) (2) ) if one or more members of such group is described in subparagraph (A) or (B).
(B) begin before the date the election is revoked by such organization (under regulations prescribed by the Secretary).
nothing in this subsection or in section 4911 shall be construed to affect the interpretation of the phrase, "no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation," under subsection (c)(3).
For rules regarding affiliated organizations, see section 4911(f) .
(2) a club which in good faith limits its membership to the members of a particular religion in order to further the teachings or principles of that religion, and not to exclude individuals of a particular race or color.
(B) such organization shall not fail to meet the requirements of subsection (c)(3) merely because its membership is local or regional in nature.
(2) Qualified amateur sports organization defined. --For purposes of this subsection, the term "qualified amateur sports organization" means any organization organized and operated exclusively to foster national or international amateur sports competition if such organization is also organized and operated primarily to conduct national or international competition in sports or to support and develop amateur athletes for national or international competition in sports.
(2) the services provided by the organization are available to the general public.
(1) The Central Liquidity Facility established under title III of the Federal Credit Union Act ( 12 U.S.C. 1795 et seq. ).
(2) The Resolution Trust Corporation established under section 21A of the Federal Home Loan Bank Act.
(3) The Resolution Funding Corporation established under section 21B of the Federal Home Loan Bank Act.
(4) The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute established under section 1181(b) of the Social Security Act.
(1) Denial of tax exemption where providing commercial-type insurance is substantial part of activities. --An organization described in paragraph (3) or (4) of subsection (c) shall be exempt from tax under subsection (a) only if no substantial part of its activities consists of providing commercial-type insurance.
(B) in lieu of the tax imposed by section 511 with respect to such activity, such organization shall be treated as an insurance company for purposes of applying subchapter L with respect to such activity.
(4) Insurance includes annuities. --For purposes of this subsection, the issuance of annuity contracts shall be treated as providing insurance.
(B) the annuity is described in section 514(c)(5) (determined as if any amount paid in cash in connection with such issuance were property).
(B) subsection (m) shall not apply to a qualified charitable risk pool.
(C) which meets the organizational requirements of paragraph (3).
(iii) each policy of insurance issued by the risk pool shall provide that such policy will not cover the insured with respect to events occurring after the date such final determination was issued to the insured.
An organization shall not cease to qualify as a qualified charitable risk pool solely by reason of the failure of any of its members to continue to be an organization described in subsection (c)(3) if, within a reasonable period of time after such pool is notified as required under subparagraph (E)(ii), such pool takes such action as may be reasonably necessary to remove such member from such pool.
(A) Startup capital. --The term "startup capital" means any capital contributed to, and any program-related investments (within the meaning of section 4944(c) ) made in, the risk pool before such pool commences operations.
(B) Nonmember charitable organization. --The term "nonmember charitable organization" means any organization which is described in subsection (c)(3) and exempt from tax under subsection (a) and which is not a member of the risk pool and does not benefit (directly or indirectly) from the insurance coverage provided by the pool to its members.
(o) Treatment of hospitals participating in provider-sponsored organizations. --An organization shall not fail to be treated as organized and operated exclusively for a charitable purpose for purposes of subsection (c)(3) solely because a hospital which is owned and operated by such organization participates in a provider-sponsored organization (as defined in section 1855(d) of the Social Security Act), whether or not the provider-sponsored organization is exempt from tax. For purposes of subsection (c)(3), any person with a material financial interest in such a provider-sponsored organization shall be treated as a private shareholder or individual with respect to the hospital.
(1) In general. --The exemption from tax under subsection (a) with respect to any organization described in paragraph (2), and the eligibility of any organization described in paragraph (2) to apply for recognition of exemption under subsection (a), shall be suspended during the period described in paragraph (3).
(ii) such Executive order refers to this subsection.
(B) ends on the first date that all designations and identifications described in paragraph (2) with respect to such organization are rescinded pursuant to the law or Executive order under which such designation or identification was made.
(4) Denial of deduction. --No deduction shall be allowed under any provision of this title, including sections 170 , 545(b)(2) , 556(b)(2) , 642(c) , 2055 , 2106(a)(2) , and 2522 , with respect to any contribution to an organization described in paragraph (2) during the period described in paragraph (3).
(5) Denial of administrative or judicial challenge of suspension or denial of deduction. --Notwithstanding section 7428 or any other provision of law, no organization or other person may challenge a suspension under paragraph (1), a designation or identification described in paragraph (2), the period of suspension described in paragraph (3), or a denial of a deduction under paragraph (4) in any administrative or judicial proceeding relating to the Federal tax liability of such organization or other person.
(iii) the erroneous designations and identifications result in an overpayment of income tax for any taxable year by such organization, credit or refund (with interest) with respect to such overpayment shall be made.
(B) Waiver of limitations. --If the credit or refund of any overpayment of tax described in subparagraph (A)(iii) is prevented at any time by the operation of any law or rule of law (including res judicata), such credit or refund may nevertheless be allowed or made if the claim therefor is filed before the close of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the last determination described in subparagraph (A)(ii).
(7) Notice of suspensions. --If the tax exemption of any organization is suspended under this subsection, the Internal Revenue Service shall update the listings of tax-exempt organizations and shall publish appropriate notice to taxpayers of such suspension and of the fact that contributions to such organization are not deductible during the period of such suspension.
(iv) does not charge any separately stated fee for services for the purpose of improving any consumer's credit record, credit history, or credit rating.
(B) The organization does not refuse to provide credit counseling services to a consumer due to the inability of the consumer to pay, the ineligibility of the consumer for debt management plan enrollment, or the unwillingness of the consumer to enroll in a debt management plan.
(iii) except to the extent allowed by State law, prohibits charging any fee based in whole or in part on a percentage of the consumer's debt, the consumer's payments to be made pursuant to a debt management plan, or the projected or actual savings to the consumer resulting from enrolling in a debt management plan.
(iii) not more than 49 percent of the voting power of which is vested in persons who are employed by the organization or who will benefit financially, directly or indirectly, from the organization's activities (other than through the receipt of reasonable directors' fees).
(iii) the beneficial interest of any trust or estate (other than a trust which is an organization described in subsection (c)(3) and exempt from tax under subsection (a)) which is in the trade or business of lending money, repairing credit, or providing debt management plan services, payment processing, or similar services.
(F) The organization receives no amount for providing referrals to others for debt management plan services, and pays no amount to others for obtaining referrals of consumers.
(i) The organization does not solicit contributions from consumers during the initial counseling process or while the consumer is receiving services from the organization.
(ii) The aggregate revenues of the organization which are from payments of creditors of consumers of the organization and which are attributable to debt management plan services do not exceed the applicable percentage of the total revenues of the organization.
(i) In general. --For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the applicable percentage is 50 percent.
(III) 60 percent for the third such taxable year beginning after such date.
(3) Additional requirement for organizations described in subsection (c)(4). --In addition to the requirements under paragraph (1), an organization with respect to which the provision of credit counseling services is a substantial purpose and which is described in paragraph (4) of subsection (c) shall not be exempt from tax under subsection (a) unless such organization notifies the Secretary, in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe, that it is applying for recognition as a credit counseling organization.
(iii) a combination of the activities described in clauses (i) and (ii).
(B) Debt management plan services. --The term "debt management plan services" means services related to the repayment, consolidation, or restructuring of a consumer's debt, and includes the negotiation with creditors of lower interest rates, the waiver or reduction of fees, and the marketing and processing of debt management plans.
(D) meets the billing and collection requirement described in paragraph (6).
(ii) any other organization which the Secretary determines has the provision of hospital care as its principal function or purpose constituting the basis for its exemption under subsection (c)(3) (determined without regard to this subsection).
(ii) the organization shall not be treated as described in subsection (c)(3) with respect to any such facility for which such requirements are not separately met.
(ii) has adopted an implementation strategy to meet the community health needs identified through such assessment.
(ii) is made widely available to the public.
(v) measures to widely publicize the policy within the community to be served by the organization.
(B) Policy relating to emergency medical care. --A written policy requiring the organization to provide, without discrimination, care for emergency medical conditions (within the meaning of section 1867 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395dd )) to individuals regardless of their eligibility under the financial assistance policy described in subparagraph (A).
(B) prohibits the use of gross charges.
(6) Billing and collection requirements. --An organization meets the requirement of this paragraph only if the organization does not engage in extraordinary collection actions before the organization has made reasonable efforts to determine whether the individual is eligible for assistance under the financial assistance policy described in paragraph (4)(A).
(7) Regulatory authority. --The Secretary shall issue such regulations and guidance as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this subsection, including guidance relating to what constitutes reasonable efforts to determine the eligibility of a patient under a financial assistance policy for purposes of paragraph (6).
1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a period.
2 So in original. The second comma probably should not appear.


text:
package org.wte4j.ui.client.templates.mapping;

import java.util.List;

import org.gwtbootstrap3.client.ui.constants.AlertType;
import org.wte4j.ui.shared.MappingDto;

import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickHandler;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.IsWidget;

public interface MappingDisplay extends IsWidget {

	void resetTable();

	void setMappingData(List<MappingDto> mappingData);

	void setModelIdOptions(List<String> someModelIdOptions);

	void addSaveButtonClickHandler(ClickHandler clickHandler);

	void addCancelButtonClickHandler(ClickHandler clickHandler);

	void hideAlert();

	void showAlert(AlertType type, String message, List<String> details);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Jean Lacornerie
Jean Lacornerie is a director who trained under Jacques Lassalle, with whom he created ten productions at the Théâtre National de Strasbourg between 1987 and 1990. He founded the Ecuador company in Lyon in 1992. He is particularly interested in contemporary writing and stages authors such as Copi, Gadda, Del Giudice, and Marienghof. In 1994, he began working with Bernard Yannotta, an American composer who likes to combine genres, exploring the various forms of musical theater with the works of Michael Nyman, Leonard Bernstein, Kurt Weill, and Bertolt Brecht. He was co-director with Etienne Paoli of the Théâtre de la Renaissance (Oullins) from 2002 to 2009, and since 2010 he and Anne Meillon have been at the head of a project at the Théâtre de la Croix-Rousse that is a cross between theatre and music.
Lacornerie has been the guest at several music festivals around the world: the Festival Romaeuropa (Rome, Italy, 1993), the Spoleto Festival USA (Charleston S.C., United States, 1994) and the Festival d'Ambronay (1999). A specialist in the 20th-century American musical comedy repertoire, he has directed French productions of George Gershwin's Of Thee I Sing, Kurt Weill's One Touch Of Venus and Lady In The Dark, and Aaron Copland's The Tender Land. More recently Lacornerie directed The King and I by Rodgers and Hammerstein, and Bells Are Ringing by Betty Comden, Adolph Green, and Jule Styne in an orchestration by Gérard Lecointe for Percussions Claviers de Lyon, an ensemble with which Lacornerie also put on West Side Story as a concert, and Coq d'Or.
For the past ten years he has worked frequently with the Opéra de Lyon on this repertoire but also recently on Jacques Offenbach's Mesdames de la Halle or Romeo and Juliette by Boris Blacher with Philippe Forget. In October 2016 Lacornerie will direct a new production of the Three-Penny Opera by Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht.
Productions with Jean Lacornerie
Harriet - (Current season) Direction | Scenography
Façade: The last days of Mata Hari - (Current season) Direction | Scenography
Harriet - (Season 2018-2019) Direction | Scenography
Façade: The last days of Mata Hari - (Season 2018-2019) Direction | Scenography
Calamity / Billy - (Season 2018-2019) Direction
Facade: The last days of Mata Hari - (Season 2017-2018) Direction | Scenography

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The California Landscape Contractors Association (CLCA) is a non-profit trade organization of state licensed landscape and landscape-related limited specialty contractors. CLCA's membership, which totals approximately 2,500 individuals, also includes suppliers to contractors, landscape architects, educators, public officials, and students.
Although formally incorporated in 1952, CLCA has been meeting as an association since 1937. Mission CLCA serves the interests of its members, promotes professionalism, and advances awareness of the landscape industry.
The California Landscape Contractors Association members will be recognized by the public as the best qualified professionals of the landscape industry.
Contractor members are licensed by the state of California and regulated by the Contractors State License Board for the protection of the consumer. Since unlicensed individuals who contract for landscape installation are operating illegally and are not regulated by the Contractors State License Board, CLCA educates consumers about the significant dangers of hiring them. Many CLCA members are invaluable resources for consultations on planning, installing, and maintaining water-efficient landscapes.


text:
Q: Select only last row from table for list of values As example we have a table:
CREATE TABLE t1 (
   a BYTEA NOT NULL,
   r_pointer BIGINT,
   s_pointer BIGINT,
   data BYTEA,
   PRIMARY KEY(a, r_pointer)
) PARTITION BY HASH (a);

In case we I want get last element:
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a ='\xaaa' order by r_pointer desc limit 1;

Of course, I can use executemany for this statement, but this is not very good for performance.
How can I get only the first row found for each element in a given array like {\xaaa,\xbbbb}. Similar to the following, but this returns all rows:
SELECT * FROM t1
WHERE  a = ANY ('{\xaaa,\xbbbb}'::bytea[])
ORDER  BY r_pointer DESC;

A: For big tables, modern PostgreSQL (your example suggests Postgres 11, since PKs are not supported for partitioned tables before that), and many input values, this should perform excellently:
SELECT t1.*
FROM   unnest('{\xaaa,\xbbbb}'::bytea[]) a
CROSS  JOIN LATERAL (
   SELECT *
   FROM   t1
   WHERE  t1.a = a.a
   ORDER  BY t1.r_pointer DESC
   LIMIT  1
   ) t1;

Your PK on (a, r_pointer) provides just the index needed for this.
Related:

*

*How to properly implement compound greatest-n filtering

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In order for federal agencies to meet their National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106 (36 CFR 800) and Section 110 requirements, MASON has offered our consulting expertise to all branches of the military and several other federal agencies for over three decades.
This expertise has imbued us with a rich understanding of military properties, which in turn has allowed us to develop an extensive archive of building type information. Our work includes preparing evaluations of effect for Section 106 consultation letters and, in certain cases, developing the mitigation required by federal agencies that result from consultation with the historic partners. This can include everything from HABS/HAER documentation to historic context studies to additional interpretive materials.
Our historical architects also offer guidance on ways to avoid or minimize adverse effects on historic buildings by employing design modifications in line with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. Our historical architects are well-versed in producing Historic Structures Reports, which are helpful tools for federal agencies planning renovations to historic buildings.
Survey of 574 facilities and context report at six different Marine Corps Base Hawaii Special Areas (Camp Smith, Manana Housing Area, Marine Corps Base Hawaii Kaneohe Bay, Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, Pearl City Annex and Puuloa Training Facility), 2012.


Against the background of some unpredictable autumn weather, this conference looked at the European Union's foreign policy performance in a challenging global environment. Participants agreed that overall, the European Union had achieved some remarkable successes as the most effective of all regional organisations. However, no-one denied that there were also ways of improving the EU's global impact, not least by delivering on already-agreed policies with the tools currently available. Effective implementation should be a priority.
A constant theme in our discussions was the interplay, sometimes the disconnect, between national and collective policy-making. There had been substantial advances in the economic and trade fields, in competition policy, in capacity-building, aid and development and in the approach to certain international relationships, for instance with India and China. However, national interests and objectives still dominated on the harder political issues and could all too easily trump efforts to work together. Policy on Russia was a notable example, with Turkey and the Middle East close behind. Speaking consistently with a single voice at multilateral institutions remained a distant ambition. Several participants, specifically from countries outside the EU, thought that the lack of common interest was a reflection of reality, not just a problem of political will. They could see not only that the larger member states could sometimes promote more effective action in smaller groups, but also that the smaller countries might not always be attracted by efforts to solve the world's problems.
In the EU's range of instruments available, defence capability mattered. The European Security and Defence Policy, first adopted at St Malo ten years ago, still fell short of providing that capability. Defence funding needed to increase and be spent more effectively. The EU's soft power capacities had been used skillfully in crises such as Kosovo, but many participants lamented the EU's lack of strategic planning. In the end, it was the outcome that mattered, not the method of working together. President Sarkozy had used his position as EU Presidency well on Georgia, with the backing of member states. But divisions over Russian policy had affected the eventual outcome.
A strong theme throughout the three days was that the EU should focus on implementing existing policies and use its known strengths to best effect, not try constantly to acquire new ones. Unlike economic and trade policy, where big decisions were made at intervals, foreign policy was an accumulation of smaller moves. There needed to be a strategic understanding of the EU's long-term objectives, within which both collective action and member states' initiatives could be presented as 'European'. The areas in which the EU's competences gave it most purchase should be prioritised. Successful thematic cooperation between the EU and outside partners existed in the areas of organised crime, terrorism, migration, climate change and cultural exchanges. This was the outcome of the implementation of policies in existing treaties and proved the effectiveness of concentrating on issues to which the Union could add real value. The level of coordination taking place in preparation for the G20 summit shortly to take place in Washington was encouraging.
Nevertheless, the harder political issues would not go away. Policy towards Russia would naturally be viewed differently between the Baltic countries and those on the Atlantic seaboard, or between those more and those less dependent on Russian energy exports. The methodologies of decision-taking were themselves different at national level, as between smaller and larger countries, and again at the collective level. It was entirely normal that capitals with different priorities should take different approaches. The import thing was to accept that the EU encompassed a range of acceptable practices.
The EU needed to develop a more efficient internal energy policy before it dealt with external factors. Diversification of energy sources, especially for gas, was essential. Creating common storage facilities, unbundling and building more inter-connecters for networks were also useful approaches.
With the UN struggling in this area, the EU's consistent focus could be influential. Some bilateral dialogues on human rights, for instance with China, were having a slow impact. The EU could make better use of resources spent on human rights promotion and capacity-building expertise.
The Union's contingency planning should be de-politicised and analyses of lessons learned from ESDP operations should be systematically shared. Member states should offer better quality intelligence to the EU Situation Centre. Recognising resource constraints, EU member states should develop more shared capacities, particularly in the civilian aspects of conflict-remedying such as police and justice systems.
The EU should make it clear to outside partners that the ENP was not a 'no' on accession. At the same time, the policy should be used to focus much more on stronger bilateral policies with each neighbour, to be able to cooperate in a structured way without the automatic offer of membership.
There were many points in our debate which connected with enlargement policy. There was disagreement on whether further enlargement was desirable. Some felt that a larger Union would make it increasingly difficult for the EU to develop a more effective global strategy, while others thought that having more member states would force the EU to become much more of a strategic and global player. Decisions on Turkey and Ukraine would be especially indicative of the EU's future direction. In the end, every member state had to make up its mind. It was a crucial difference between enlargement and other EU policies, such as Schengen or the monetary union, that member states could not opt out of it.
An important feature of this conference was evidence of the perceptions and expectations of outside partners, especially those of the United States. The arrival of a President Obama was both an opportunity and a test for Europe. Participants agreed that Afghanistan would be a priority for the new Administration, which would certainly call on the European Union to do more. At the same time, bilateral channels between the United States and particular EU member states would carry plenty of traffic, and would remain the default position if EU-wide agreement was not quickly established. Nevertheless, there was room for the EU and the US to construct much more effective consultation mechanisms. Experts should share analyses more regularly and work together on concrete areas of common interest, such as developing civil capacities for crisis management. Summits and formal meetings could not carry all this essential detail.
Participants were frank in recognising that the EU's make-up laid itself open to exploitation of divisions. Russia was a case in point. Also, outsiders often found it difficult to distinguish between member states and institutions and to know who had complete competency over any specific issue. This led to a spread of approaches both to Brussels and to capitals. Strength in communication was therefore at a premium. The European Union could do several things to improve its image abroad. Its strategic partnerships currently had little substance. It should move away from its focus on summitry towards more tailored meetings on issues of real substance, such as trade, climate change and energy. In addition, it should resist political expediency and apply its rules equally. For instance, competition policy should be applied to Gazprom in the same way as to Microsoft.
Several participants said that it was important not to let foreign policy difficulties or failures reflect on the EU project as a whole. Gradually, Europe was building experience and flexibility. The handling of the financial crisis - a real and continuing test for the EU collectively and for the member states with their separate electorates - had included putting EU clothes successfully on the mix of individual banking packages and was evidence of flexible internal coordination. The Union was effective in trade policy and should work hard, together with the US, China and India, to end the deadlock on Doha. The European Security Strategy of 2003 was a succinct, effective document, which proved how important it was for joint policies not to be negotiated word by word. More important than any of these sectoral issues, the EU's greatest underlying strength was still the maintenance of peace in Europe and the recognition of the equality of states of different sizes, aspirations and power. To have built on that to construct the most complex and well organised regional organisation was a significant success. Several non-Europeans around the table expressed their admiration of how well the Union worked and how well member states cooperated, considering their number and their diversity.
We asked ourselves how essential adoption of the Lisbon Treaty would be for further progress. The Treaty was an expression of collective political will, in which member states had decided to apply the intergovernmental method to the field of foreign policy and had tried to solve some of the EU's institutional problems in its external relations. However, even though the Treaty was meant to clarify decision-making procedures and improve coordination between the Commission and the Council, several participants thought that the Lisbon Treaty provisions would in fact make things more complicated. The High Representative for Foreign Affairs would have a huge workload spread across the two institutions and would inevitably compete with the permanent President in external representation. Increased powers given to the European Parliament would complicate decision-making. On the other hand, the Treaty would ensure continuity, would facilitate strategic thinking and would move more policy areas into the community field. Other positive elements of the treaty were co-decision, applying the community method to the area of justice and home affairs, giving national parliaments more power and codifying the subsidiarity principle. The Treaty's aim should be seen as to improve, not change, the system.
· Increase efficiency by ad hoc delegation of tasks in a given political situation.
There was disagreement as to how this ad hoc delegation would work. Final decisions would still need to be made by the Council to ensure legality and safeguard democracy within the system. But working methods could be improved by reducing the need for negotiation on every small issue. In the meantime, there were several concrete problems which needed to be addressed, such as the size of the Commission. These sorts of practical and institutional issues could not be ignored if Lisbon remained unratified.
For all the talk about institutions, we agreed that people also mattered. Wise management of the EU's current capabilities could achieve a great deal. Good leadership could furthermore develop an ethos of coordination and compromise, with the EU being regarded as the context and the stage for a whole range of activity. This was already well reflected in the principle of subsidiarity but could be applied as well to the different processes that operated on different areas of substance. What was truly European did not have to carry a rigid definition. Again, the current economic crisis would offer an important context in which this spirit of compromise could be made to work.
· To create clear narratives on EU objectives for both electorates and policy-makers. Neither political leaders nor officials were good at explaining the underlying purpose of EU policies. This would help 'sell' the EU to the public, as well as guide policy-makers and encourage more strategic coherence.
· To use existing instruments coherently and flexibly. The EU should focus on effective policies and use the numerous frameworks and policies it already had, rather than find new institutions and processes.
· To develop strategic thinking. The EU did not act strategically enough, sometimes because of genuine disagreements and sometimes because of poor understanding of global trends. Member states could, at the very least, share more and better analyses with each other.
Our discussion covered a huge area of policy and dipped into many issues other than the EU's global role. We toyed with the idea of a Great Leap Forward, but in the end stayed with the more comfortable concept of incremental improvement. Agreement on some concrete ways forward was aided by the careful guidance of our expert Chairman and we came away with several clear ideas on what should be done next, not least in response to the fresh wind blowing from Washington. This debate in itself suggested that in some respects the EU already had an effective global outlook, but it recognised its limitations and left behind the prospect of a lot of work still to do.
Co-Founder and Director, Centre for European Reform (1996-); Board Member and Trustee, British Council (2002-); Member, International Council, Terra Nova; Advisory Board Member, Moscow School of Political Studies. Formerly: Defence Editor and Brussels Correspondent, The Economist. A Member, Ditchley Foundation Programme Committee.
Director, Centre for European Policy Studies; President, Eurizon Capital (2005-); Member, ECB Shadow Council (2002-); Editor, Economic Internationale.
Head, Division of European Affairs, Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2007-).
Ambassador of Canada to the European Union (2006-). Formerly: Assistant Deputy Minister, Strategic Policy and Public Diplomacy, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (2003-06).
Deputy Executive Director and Senior Fellow, The Centre for International Governance Innovation, Ontario, Canada.
Director, Institute of European Studies, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations.
Danish Diplomatic Service (1982-); State Secretary for Foreign and Security Policy, EU Policy and EU Coordination and Head of the North Group (2005-).
Estonian Diplomatic Service (1998-); Under-Secretary for European Union Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tallinn (2006-).
Head of Cabinet to Mrs Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Commissioner of External Affairs and European Neighbourhood Policy, European Commission.
Head of Cabinet to Baroness Ashton, Commissioner for Trade, European Commission.
Research Fellow, EU Institute for Security Studies, Paris. Formerly: Senior Research Fellow, Security and Defence Policy, Centre for European Reform.
Director, Directorate for General Policy Questions, General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union (2006-).
Chief Counsellor, Court of Auditors, Paris (2007-); Adjunct Professor of International Relations, Paris II Panthéon-Assas University. Formerly: French Foreign Service.
Chair, French Government Task Force on Europe in the Global Economy (2007-08); Managing Partner, Law Offices of Laurent Cohen-Tanugi; Member, Paris and New York Bars.
Head, Policy Planning Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France (2005-). Formerly: Head, Service for Common Foreign and Security Policy (2002-05).
German Diplomatic Service (1979-); Political Director, German Federal Foreign Ministry (2007-).
Head of Programme, Alfred von Oppenheim Centre for European Policy Studies, German Council on Foreign Relations.
Professor of European Studies (1998-) and Chairperson (2007-), Centre for European Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Secretary-General, Indian Association for European Union Studies.
Swedish Diplomatic Service (1975-); Ambassador of Sweden to the United Kingdom (2004-).
Director, Aegis Research and Intelligence (2008-); A Director, United Nations Association of the UK (2005-).
HM Diplomatic Service (1987-); Director for Strategy and Policy Planning, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) (2008-).
Director, European Research Institute and Professor of West European Politics, University of Birmingham.
Diplomatic Editor and Deputy Foreign Editor, The Economist. A Member, Ditchley Foundation Programme Committee.
Chief Foreign Affairs Columnist, The Financial Times (2006-). Formerly: The Economist: Business Editor; Brussels Bureau Chief.
HM Diplomatic Service (1989-); Director, European Union (2008-). Formerly: Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina (2005-08).
Senior Policy Adviser, Policy Directorate, 10 Downing Street (2007-); Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford: Fellow, Magdalen College, Oxford; Member, Council of Economic Advisers, HM Treasury.
Senior Policy Adviser on EU Affairs, Department for International Development, on secondment from EuropeAid, Directorate-General for external Assistance Implementation, European Commission.
Director, Foreign Policy and Defence, Centre for European Reform. Formerly: Senior Official, Slovak Ministry of Defence.
Chairman, The UN Association of the UK (2006-); Independent Member, House of Lords. Formerly: Member, EU Select Committee, House of Lords (2002-06); UK Diplomatic Service.
Director of Diplomatic Studies, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University; Member: National Council, United Nations Association of the USA; Executive Committee, Boston Committee on Foreign Relations; Council on Foreign Relations, New York.


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HomeGoogle Chrome: Cloud Operating Environment
Google Chrome: Cloud Operating Environment
September 2, 2008 February 7, 2015 samj Internet, Securitygoogle
Google Chrome is a lot more than a next generation browser; it's a prototype Cloud Operating Environment.
Rather than blathering on to the blogosphere about the superficial features of Google's new Chrome browser I've spent the best part of my day studying the available material and [re]writing a comprehensive Wikipedia article on the subject which I intend for anyone to be free to reuse under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (at least this version anyway) rather than Wikipedia's usual strong copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL). This unusual freedom is extended in order to foster learning and critical analysis, particularly in terms of security
My prognosis is that this is without doubt big news for cloud computing, and as a CISSP watching with disdain at the poor state of web browser security big news for the security community too. Here's why:
Surfing the Internet today is like unprotected sex with strangers; Chrome is the condom of the cloud.
The traditional model of a monolithic browser is fundamentally and fatally flawed (particularly with the addition of tabs). Current generation browsers lump together a myriad trusted and untrusted software (yes, many web sites these days are more software than content) running in the same memory address space. Even with the best of intentions this is intolerable as performance problems in one area can cause problems (and even data loss) in others. It's the web equivalent of the bad old days where one rogue process would take down the whole system. Add nefarious characters to the mix and it's like living in a bad neighbourhood with no locks
Current generation browsers are like jails without cells.
Chrome introduces a revolutionary new software architecture, based on components from other open source software, including WebKit and Mozilla, and is aimed at improving stability, speed and security, with a simple and efficient user interface.
The first intelligent thing Chrome does is split each task into a separate process ('sandbox'), thus delegating to the operating system which has been very good at process isolation since we introduced things like pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection. This exacts a fixed per-process resource cost but avoids memory fragmentation issues that plague long-running browsers. Every web site gets its own tab complete with its own process and WebKit rendering engine, which (following the principle of least privilege) runs with very low privileges. If anything goes wrong the process is quietly killed and you get a sad mac style sad tab icon rather than an error reporting dialog for the entire browser.
Chrome enforces a simple computer security model whereby there are two levels of multilevel security (user and sandbox) and the sandbox can only respond to communication requests initiated by the user. Plugins like Flash which often need to run at or above the security level of the browser itself are also sandboxed in their own relatively privileged processes. This simple, elegant combination of compartments and multilevel security is a huge improvement over the status quo, and it promises to further improve as plugins are replaced by standards (eg HTML 5 which promises to displace some plugins by introducing browser-native video) and/or modified to work with restricted permissions. There are also (publicly accessible) blacklists for warning users about phishing and malware and an "Incognito" private browsing mode.
Tabs deplace windows as first class citizens and can migrate between them like an archipelago of islands.
The user interface follows the simplification trend, and much of the frame or "browser chrome" (hence the name) can be hidden altogether so as to seamlessly blend web applications (eg Gmail) with the underlying operating system. Popups are confined to their source tab unless explicitly dragged to freedom, the "Omnibox" simplifies (and remembers) browsing habits and searches and the "New Tab Page" replaces the home page with an Opera style speed dial interface along with automatically integrated search boxes (eg Google, Wikipedia). Gears remains as a breeding ground for web standards and the new V8 JavaScript engine promises to improve performance of increasingly demanding web applications with some clever new features (most notably dynamic compilation to native code).
Just add Linux and cloud storage and you've got a full blown Cloud Operating System ("CloudOS")
What is perhaps most intersting though (at least from a cloud computing point of view) is the full-frontal assault on traditional operating system functions like process management (with a task manager that allows users to "see what sites are using the most memory, downloading the most bytes and abusing (their) CPU"). Chrome is effectively a Cloud Operating Environment for any (supported) operating system in the same way that early releases of Windows were GUIs for DOS. All we need to do now is load it on to a (free) operating system like Linux and wire it up to cloud storage (ala Mozilla Weave) for preferences (eg bookmarks, history) and user files (eg uploads, downloads) and we have a full blown Cloud Operating System!
Update: Fixed URLs.
Chrome URLs:
Official site (http://www.google.com/chrome)
Open Source code (http://code.google.com/chromium/)
V8 JavaScript engine (http://code.google.com/p/v8)
← Cloud User Shell (cush) multi-call executable prototype released
The Cloud Computing Doghouse: Nirvanix (aka Streamload aka MediaMax aka The Linkup) →


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Jeg havde en vidunderlig tid i København!
It's always hard coming back from a holiday and returning to your everyday life. Whilst in Copenhagen, we ate too much, drank too much and walked more than anyone really should on a holiday, but such excess made for a great trip. Our friend was the perfect host and tour guide, having planned five days worth of activities that kept us all busy from dawn to dusk…pretty much.
We visited castles and cafes, the tiny Little Mermaid and the grave of H.C Anderson, shopped in antique stores and toured the canals. Yet amongst our filled itinerary, I found time for fabric! A 15 minute train journey from the city center took us to Lyngby and Speich Design – a patchwork and quilting shop. Whilst I was in fabric heaven, my companions were not so enthralled, and slunk off to find coffee. I was alone, sans distract, and had time on my side.
The shop was beautifully arranged. Wall to wall fabric bolts arranged in colour order competed for my attention. A quick scan showed little designer fabric, but the selection was none-the-less impressive. As well as the yardage, there were baskets of fat quarters, threads, rulers, templates, and other notions. I was particularly taken with the large range of paper piecing templates, ranging from tiny quarter-inch hexagons to all manner of polygons. The price was a tad over what I would pay here in the UK, but I wasn't going to go home empty-handed.
As I rummaged through the colour-coded baskets I spotted some Botanics by Carolyn Friendlander. Branches and Line Scratch in charcoal were snapped up, as was a graphic green print by Riley Blake. My inner geek couldn't leave a Michael Miller Dinosaur print behind, and I was almost floored when I came across a fossil print, sadly lacking any selvedge information.
As well as this dedicated patchwork shop, Copenhagen also boasts a number of Stof 2000 stores, stof being the Danish word for fabric. The location I visited had a limited quilting weight selection, but the prices were very reasonable, with many bolts offered for £6 a meter.
I restrained myself and went away with a little of this ant fabric. Being a budding entomologist I couldn't leave it behind, and It'll sit well with the other creepy crawly fabric in my stash. I also have plans for these ants when my #NGAQB month comes around.
As usual, I'm linking up with Moli Sparkles for Sunday Stash. What new additions have you added recently?


text:
Rozpadliny () je jedno z menších východních odvětví Bielovodské doliny ve Vysokých Tatrách. Jsou nad horní jižní částí Bielovodské poľany, směřující ústím na severozápad. Jsou uzavřeny hřebeny Horvátova vrchu a dlouhé asi 1 kilometr.

Název
Dolina získala název podle zvětralého povrchu terénu.

Polohopis
Ve větší části jsou Rozpadliny zalesněny, pouze horní části, které jsou pod hřebeny Horvátova vrchu, jsou skalnaté. V jejich ústí jsou dvě poľany – Nižná Tropova poľana () a Vyšná Tropova poľana (). Obvykle se uvádějí jako Tropovy polianky. Příjmení Trop se i v současnosti objevuje ve Ždiaru. Roku 1923 byli Imrich, Jan a Pavel Tropovi členy tamního pasteveckého společenství, které odkoupilo od Javorinského panství 353 katastrálních jiter pozemků, včetně Tropovy Poliany. Polský název Trybskie Polany (Wyżnia a Nižnia) popisuje starší doby, kdy si poľany pronajímali občané z Trybsza. Rozpadliny byly v dávné minulosti mysliveckým revírem panství Tatranská Javorina.

Turistika
Dolina je pro turisty nepřístupná. Nevedou tudy žádné turistické stezky. Je přísně chráněnou přírodní rezervací TANAPu.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy
 Poloha na turistické mapě

Údolí ve Vysokých Tatrách

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Arthas Menethil was once a Paladin and trained by Uther the Lightbringer but changed to one of the strongest villains the world of Azeroth would ever see after he picked up the cursed runeblade and eventually changed into the Lich King himself. Arthas is a name nobody in the World of Warcraft wants to hear anymore.
This evil being was drawn here by Velimir Kondic from Serbia who used traditional tools like charcoal, pastels, acrylic paint and markers and worked around 20 hours on this artwork.
Like his Diablo drawing, another great tribute to the many cool characters by Blizzard Entertainment!


I am trying to publish a book and have included a punch cartoon which I purchased online. As part of the publishing deal I have to raise a certain amount of book pre-sales via crowd funding. One of my ideas is to include a reproduction of this Punch Cartoon along with a signed copy of the book. The cartoon itself is over 70 years old (1914) and the attribution states 'pictured by a Berlin artist'.Any idea if there are any issues with me reproducing this?
If the identity of the artist was known (for example, a name was attached to the image) then you would need to ascertain his date of death to determine if the cartoon is now out of copyright. A named artist would have needed to have died before 1 January 1947 for the work to be out of copyright.
(b) if during that period the work is made available to the public, at the end of the period of 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is first so made available.
thus, something published in 1914 would now be out of copyright.
I would like to use an illustration from Punch Magazine on my institution's intranet (accessible only to our students).
The drawing itself is in the public domain, as the drawer died more than 70 years ago, however I am not sure the various scans and photographs you find online are, as they were probably made in the late 20th century, if not even later.
Am I legally obliged to get Punch magazine's (probably not free-of-charge) copyright permission, or from whoever took a picture/scan or whichever publisher published the drawing in an anthology or other?
This is an aspect we have touched on before, as many sites claim copyright on their own scans of public domain material, and this is particulary true of online (typically subscription-based) archives.
If you know the exact issue the illustration appeared in, it may be less hassle and more cost effective to source an original copy and scan it yourself.
Last edited by Nick Cooper on Tue Mar 28, 2017 3:38 pm, edited 1 time in total.
And just to add to Nick's advice, Wikipedia indicates that much of Punch's archives were donated to the British Library, so quite possibly your illustration will be among the items they hold. You can therefore go to the BL and (subject to a couple of formalities such as registering for a Reader's Card) see and photograph the original yourself.
As for the many scans and prints available online, their exact orgin is somewhat confusing. They may well have originated either from Punch Ltd, a company owned by among others, Omar Fayed, son of Mohamed Al-Fayed who bought the Magazine in 1996, or from Gale Cengage Learning who appear to own some of the archive for the period 1841 -1992. Both of these latter organisations are actively exploiting the archive commercially and so it would be unlikely for them to allow the free use of one of their scans - if that is what you have found - and so Nick's suggestion makes much more sense.
Thank you very much to both of you for your replies.
They are proving extremely helpful, as I am fairly new to those copyright issues.
I will see what I can do on the British Library's side of things. Unfortunately, I am not based in the UK, but they might accept to let me use some pictures that they have already put on their website.
I do have another question. Should I not obtain permission to include the picture itself on our intranet, am I still allowed to simply add a link to a website containing the picture? Or, ideally, the link to the picture file itself. I would properly cite my sources and not include a copy of the picture on our intranet, but just the link for the students to click on.
1) Am I allowed to do that without the website's permission?
2) And I am obliged to check whether the website I'm linking to is legally using the image?
3) Am I allowed to to that even for a work of art which is not in the public domain?
PS: This discussion board is GOLD.
Last edited by Swan on Tue Mar 28, 2017 8:40 am, edited 2 times in total.
- Some of the pictures I'm looking for are listed as Public Domain on the BL website, and are downloadable in a legible size.
- But some pictures are listed as Punch LTD copyright, which I do not understand since they are listed as "held by the British Library" and should be in the public domain given the artist's year of death. Does this mean that the British Library does not really hold the copy?
It seems taken from a book instead of an actual magazine issue, so maybe this has something to do with it?
Taking your most recent post first, it seems probable that although the original is actually in the public domain, the digital version which the BL holds may be the thing over which someone other than the BL is claiming copyright, as you mentioned in your original posting. It is highly dubious that this claim is a legitimate one given that the scan was probably made by an automated process involving virtually no human creativity. Unfortunately it is not illegal to make a bogus claim to copyright and the only way to challenge it would be to go to court, but that is too expensive to contemplate.
So to return to your previous posting, yes it is perfectly legal to provide a link as long as you are sure that the site to which you are linking has an authorised copy and it is freely available without needing a login etc. There have been a number of recent CJEU judgments which have said this, the most recent being GS Media. This is useful for you since you are based in France, as obviously the same CJEU acquis applies there. Incidentally French law takes a much harder line over whether copyright applies to photographs which bear no obvious trace of the creativity of the author (see the Jimi Hendrix portrait case for example), and so neither Punch Ltd nor anyone else would want to try suing you in the French courts.
You also mention re-sizing the manner in which the image would appear on the intranet, presumably using a technique such as framing. Again this is OK and has been confirmed by the CJEU as such. You don't need to credit the site which you link to. Below, courtesy of Dr Eleonora Rosati of Southampton University, is a matrix which shows what is or isn't legal in the realm of linking, together with the CJEU decision(s) which make it so.
Although I have used a link to provide the graphic here, I am happy to acknowledge that it is © Dr Eleonora Rosati and has been released under a CC BY licence.
As for your other comment about the images possibly being taken from a book, this should not make any difference as the important fact is the date of death of the artist. Any copyright in the typographical layout of a book would only have lasted 25 years from the date of first publication, and in any case it could not apply to those cartoons which had previously been published in the magazine in the same form.
2) However, I need to make sure that the website in question seems to be posting the picture legally (which is the case for the British Library, who, I would suppose, have obtained Punch's permission).
Thank you as well for your answer on framing.
I will discuss this issue with my supervisors as I've just found out our unofficial recommendations suggest we only use external links opening in another tab to avoid misleading our users into thinking we own the contents.
3) if the site is posting the picture legally in its country (eg.: Wikipedia explains that according to US law they consider they can freely post faithful reproductions of public domain paintings but do not guarantee it's the case for France), is it still legal for me to link to it, as I'm in another country with different laws? (using only hyperlinks or framing). I would suppose it is okay.
Your question 3 is interesting. I think, like you, that the answer is, yes, such a link would not be infringing because the source of the item being linked to is only ever that remote server (Wikimedia in your example), and the only copy which will be made as a result of activating the link, will reside on the end-user's device. The CJEU have previously confirmed that the temporary copy of a work on the screen or in the cache of the user's device is non-infringing due to Art 5(1) of the Info Soc Directive. On that basis it doesn't matter where the user is located.
And in the case of question 4, you are correct, largely based on much the same reasoning as in the previous answer.
By the way, I may not have made it clear previously, but if the linking is being done on a website which exists for strictly non-commercial purposes, the positive knowledge element about the legality of the work is not necessary. A person who links in that circumstance only needs to make a reasonable assumption (much as you did over the BL site) that the work is held with the authority of the copyright owner, and they will be protected from liability for infringement. The requirement for a commercial site to go further and satisfy themselves that the work is legally hosted is something the CJEU dreamed up in the GS Media case, and is largely unsupported by the actual European legal framework. Since yours appears to be a company site, albeit an intranet, it is best to err on the side of caution.
I am realizing just now that I didn't properly explain who I'm working for. The 'intranet' in question is an online learning management system (basically an intranet containing interactive lessons) for a public university.
So we're using the documents for purely educational, non-commercial purposes.
I believe that the US and the UK have very loose legislation regarding educational use of documents (or at least that's what I gathered), but this is not the case in France unfortunately, and as we are a large institution we need to be very cautious.
While there are certainly problems under French law over the provision of exceptions for the purpose of education, the decisions I have referred to are all by the various courts which make up the CJEU, and thus the French courts should (!) follow those decisions. On that basis, the question is, "whether those links are provided without the pursuit of financial gain."1. Obviously I know nothing about the actual details of how or whether students are required to pay for these particular services so I can't comment on the answer. However my earlier advice remains that it is prudent to err on the side of caution over any links where you cannot be sure about the provenance of something found on the external hosting site.
1. Quote is taken from paragraph 55 of the CJEU's decision in GS Media C-160/15. In the French version of the judgment the wording is: " ...il convient de déterminer si ces liens sont fournis sans but lucratif ...".