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Today is a day that only comes once every four years. February 29, is an extra day that is added to the calendar. This day comes with some interesting traditions that are still known today. Some of these traditions are funny, while some are thought as crazy. Then there are superstitions that are still around on this special day. Here are some facts about this day
A woman can propose to man on February 29. If a man refuses then he can be fined. In fact in Denmark if a man says no he has to buy her twelve pairs of gloves. Meanwhile, if a man says no in Finland he has to buy her twelve skirts.
In Greece it is considered unlucky to get married during a Leap Year.
In Italy and Russia, a Leap Year is not exactly celebrated. In Italy it is said to be a bad year. While in Russia, they claim Leap Years are associated with bad weather and a higher risk of dying.
In Taiwan it is believed that parents are more likely to die.
In Scotland, Leap Years are considered to be bad for livestock.
A whole leap month is added to the Chinese calendar every three years.
People born on February 29 are called 'leaplings'. They celebrate their birthdays on either February 28 or March 1. In some countries, it is March 1 by law.
There is a club for people born on February 29.
The Leap Year Capitol of the World is said to be the city of Anthony, which sits on the border of Texas and New Mexico. They hold a huge Leap Year celebration that lasts four days.
Today is known as Rare Disease Day. There are about 7000 diseases that are considered rare.
Modern Olympics are always held on a Leap Year.
Every four years February has an extra day. All of this is represented in the movie Leap Year. Starring Amy Adams and Matthew Goode, this 2010 movie follows the love life of a young woman who considers proposing to her boyfriend. This romantic comedy has the tradition of a woman proposing to a man on this day.
Anna has been with the same man for the past four years. She becomes frustrated with him because he has not proposed yet. So, when she learns of the tradition that a woman can propose to a man on February 29 she makes the trip from Boston to Ireland to see him. However, the flight does not go as planned causing her to be a couple of miles from where she wants to be. Enlisting the help of a reluctant bartender she finds is able to find her way to Dublin to where her boyfriend is. Yet, Anna finds herself attracted to the bartender who has helped her along the way. Ultimately, Anna finds herself making the toughest decision of who she wants to end up with.
Leap Year follows the age old tradition of a woman proposing to a man. Anna decides to take advantage of this tradition. This romantic comedy does have its ups and downs, yet, it does stick true to a tradition that is sometimes taken advantage of.
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?
When the first vaudeville show opened on February 28, 1883 in Boston a new form of theater was born. These actors would put on shows that would lead them to travel across the country. Making little to no money at all, many of them were able to make names for themselves when movies became popular. What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? is a 1962 movie that follows the life of a former vaudeville actress and her famous movie actress sister.
Jane Hudson grew up as the loving daughter to her father. The star of a vaudeville show that made her famous, Jane finds herself spoiled. In the background, we are introduced to her sister Blanche who is jealous of her sister and spends most of her time backstage with her mother. However, the limelight changes for Jane and Blanche. Blanche becomes a famous movie star, while Jane fails at moving beyond the vaudeville stage. As time moves on we are introduced to a paralyzed Blanche and a controlling Jane. Both sisters live together, yet they hate each other. Blanche spends most of her time in her home trying to convince Jane to let her go. While Jane spends most of her time reliving her childhood by playing with a doll that looks like her. Blanche stays true to the times. However, Jane is unable to accept that she is not the cute child star she used to be. When all of this becomes a reality for Jane she takes things out on her sister in a horrific manner that results in a terrible downfall for Blanche.
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane premiered in theaters in 1962. This psychological thriller gives us a little glimpse into the life of vaudevillian life. Although, not the entire film follows this, we see through Jane's actions what life must have been like for her. What Ever Happened to Baby Jane is a classic thriller that reveals what happened to some vaudeville performers once motion pictures became the biggest thing.
Vincent Minnelli directed some of the finest musical films of all time. The Band Wagon is no different. The story about a man who is concerned his career is taking a nose dive. Only to be reassured when a couple of friends write a Broadway show that reassures him that his career is not declining as fast as he thinks.
Tony Hunter has spent much of is life on stage and screen singing and dancing. He does fear that the time is coming for him to retire. However, when his two friends Lester and Lily contact him to star in a Broadway show he signs up immediately, despite misgivings from the director. After the director makes many changes to the musical, he meets his costar Gabrielle. A beautiful ballerina, Tony is attracted to her and is intimidated by her beauty at the same time. All of this prove to be too much for Tony. After nearly giving up, Gabrielle convinces him to do the show. He agrees, one night he goes and visits the director and demands the show go back to what it originally was as a musical comedy, not a dark drama. This proves to be disastrous, yet it inspires Tony to take complete control of the production.He does so and the show is a success with Tony and Gabrielle falling in love.
Vincent Minnelli directed this musical masterpiece. The Band Wagon is considered to be one of the best musicals to come out of MGM. Born on February 28, 1903, Vincent Minnelli became one of the most celebrated directors of all time.
John Steinbeck is one of the most beloved authors of all time. His books bring us into the world of those who are hardworking and downtrodden. Many of them work jobs that people look down upon during the Great Depression. This is no different in his novel The Grapes of Wrath. This well known book became an Academy Award winning movie in 1940. Following the life of the Joad family as they leave Oklahoma for a better life in California.
When the film starts out we are introduced to Tom Joad who has recently got out of jail. When Tom returns to his parents house he discover that they are gone as is many of the land around him. He is informed that his family is preparing to head out west and is living near by. When Tom finally catches up with his family he is welcomed back with open arms. His mother, Ma Joad, was concerned that she would have to leave without him. His sister Rose of Sharon is expecting a child with her husband. While his younger siblings are happy to see him. However, the trip to California is not without tragedy. The patriarch of the Joad family dies just as they leave Oklahoma and Tom finds himself in trouble again for defending a man against a camp guard. There are many migrant camps that the Joads stay at on their way. Ma Joad finds herself comforting Rose of Sharon who miscarries her child (in the book the child is stillborn) after her husband runs off. Tom ends up accidentally committing a crime that leads him to flee his family for their own safety. He does so with Ma Joad reflecting on their journey by stating that they need people who are like them.
The Grapes of Wrath is a film that opens our eyes to the troubles of the Great Depression. Everything that happened to the Joad family was a reality for many families who were trying to find a better life for themselves. This film shows that the road to redemption was not an easy on. Based on the book The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck we are shown the tragedy that can be fall an all American family. John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, only to bring about brilliantly written books that reflect chasing the American dream.
BUtterfield 8
Elizabeth Taylor is considered to be one of the greatest actresses of all time. Starting out as a young child she captured the hearts of millions with her talents on and off the screen. Not only was she an actress, but a humanitarian who donated to many charities that she cared about. In the 1960 film BUtterfield 8 she won her first Academy Award for her portrayal as Gloria Wandrous.
When the film opens up we are introduced to Gloria as a young woman who spends most of her nights with different men. In the opening scene she wakes up to see there is money left by the man who she slept with last night. Thinking this is a way of him calling her a prostitute, she writes no sale in lipstick on the mirror and takes a mink coat to cover herself up. Later she gets a phone call from him, who explains that the money was meant for a new dress, since he tore the last one. Throughout the film, we are introduced to many people who are good friends with Gloria. However, they do not agree with her lifestyle. Gloria continues on to have an affair with a married man, however, she decides to end it. All of this leads to Gloria deciding to leave to start a new life in Boston. However, the married man has a different ideas including, divorcing his wife and marrying Gloria. All of this upsets Gloria leading to disastrous results.
BUtterfield 8 was not a film that Elizabeth Taylor enjoyed doing. Yet, she did win an Oscar for her role. Born on February 27, 1932 she would rise to become one of the most iconic actresses in history. BUtterfield 8 may not have been her favorite film to do, yet it is still a classic today.
Jack Clayton directed some of the most popular movies of all time. Yet, not many people know who this British director is. He passed away on February 26, 1995 leaving behind an amount of films he produced and directed. One of those films is The Innocents. Starring Deborah Kerr in this haunting 1961 movie, we are introduced to a governess who quickly learns the children who she cares for are not what they seem.
Miss Giddens applies for a job for bachelor. Not caring much about the fact that she has no experience, she gets the job. The children who she is assigned to look after are his niece and nephew who he doesn't care much for. Miss Giddens learns that the previous governess died suddenly a year ago. Overlooking the tragic passing of the former governess, she forms friendships with the house staff. The job as governess starts off as normal and easy for Miss Giddens. The children are polite and friendly. However, their behavior scares her from time to time. The behavior of the children gets to her once the boy recites a disturbing poem and the girl dances strangely by the lake. All of these activities frighten Miss Giddens as death starts to be the for what the children have to say. Soon Miss Giddens learns that death comes more commonly that she thought in this family. Learning more from the children and the friends she has made, she finds out some of the close family have died. All of this finally leads up to an ending that still haunts Hollywood today.
The Innocents is just one of the many films that Jack Clayton directed in his lifetime. This terrifying 1961 classic is a ghost story that has an ending that many people don't realize until the final scene. Jack Clayton passed away on February 26, 1995 leaving behind a quiet legacy of brilliant film work.
Anthony Burgess wrote one of the most iconic books of all time. A Clockwork Orange premiered as a book in 1962 only to become one of the most well known movies of all time. In 1971, this dystopian novel became a movie that reflected the future in a terrifying way. Through the eyes of a sociopath who only cares about violence, rape, and Beethoven we are transported into the mind of what the world looks like to him.
Alex DeLarge is the main character of this film. However, we do not like Alex right at the beginning. We learn that he and his friends are common criminals who partake in various delinquent activities. One night he and his friends go and rape the wife of an man. Later on Alex, takes his crimes to a higher level when he accidentally kills a young woman while attempting to rape her. Alex is sentenced to prison. One day he is given the chance to participate in a study. He does so, but not with out the consequence. The techniques are seen as barbaric by some. He does believe it works and he is set free. On the day that Alex is set free, he bumps into his droogs who are now police officers who violently beat him. Before this happens he discovers that his parents have rented out his room. Later on he finds himself at the house of the man who's wife he raped. The man does not recognize Alex because he was wearing a mask at the time. He does come to realize who Alex is once he hears him singing "Singin' in the Rain" in the shower. The very song that Alex sang as he raped his wife, while the droogs paralyzed him. The man tries to take advantage of Alex and drive him to suicide as revenge. The plan almost works when Alex jumps out the window. Yet, Alex survives and is visited by a politician in who convinces Alex to join him in making the world a better place through more studies.
A Clockwork Orange is an iconic film by Anthony Burgess who used color and sexual scenery to represent how Alex saw the world. The novel that was originally written by Anthony Burgess reflected everything that is wrong with a near future dystopian society. Anthony Burgess was born on February 25, 1917 to bring about a new era of writing. Through the eyes of Alex DeLarge we are introduced to the world in a different way.
Wilhelm Grimm and his brother Jacob created some of the most beloved fairy tales of all time. Wilhelm, the younger of the Brothers Grimm, was born on February 24, 1786 in Germany. He and his brother were able to write one of the most iconic fairy tales of all time: Sleeping Beauty. In 1959, Walt Disney strayed a little away from the original story of Sleeping Beauty in the movie.
When the movie opens we are introduced to a kingdom where there is a King and Queen who long for a child. When they finally had a daughter the entire kingdom rejoiced in a festive celebration. Everyone in the land was invited, except for one. Maleficent is the most feared witch who is scorned for not receiving an invitation. After barging in on the middle of the three good fairies granting their wishes to the child, Aurora, she casts a spell so they would die. Merrywether, had yet to grant her wish goes along and makes it so that she would go into a deep sleep only to be awaken by true loves kiss. Merrywether and her fellow fairies, Flora and Fauna, come up with the idea of taking Aurora and raising her as their own in an attempt to stop Maleficents magic. They do so, promising to return before her sixteenth birthday when the spell is supposed to take effect. One day in the woods, Aurora, now going by Briar Rose, meets Prince Phillip. Little does she know hat this is the man whom her long lost parents have betrothed her to. The two fall for each other with her telling him to meet up with her at the cottage she was raised in. When Aurora returns home, the fairies inform her of her true identity. Shocked and frustrated with the fact that she can't marry the man who she met in the forest (she doesn't know his real identity), she runs and cries. After the fairies return her to the castle she is left alone to dwell upon her lost love alone in a room. The fairies return into the room just in time to see a hypnotized Aurora taken by Maleficent to prick her finger on a spinning wheel. She does so, and the fairies case a spell so everyone does not have to live with the grief. Meanwhile, Phillip informs his father of Aurora and gets the same response as she did. This leaves Phillips fatehr to ponder whether it is more important for his son to marry a girl he loves or a princess whom he has met only once as a child. Later the fairies return to the cottage only to learn that the man whom she fell in love with is Prince Phillip and he has been taken away by Maleficent, who set a trap. The three good fairies go to set Prince Phillip free. They do so using their magic to make sure that he reaches the palace in time to wake up Princess Aurora with true loves kiss. Yet, Maleficent casts a spell so that thorns grow quickly to prevent him from reaching the castle. But, he makes it through infuriating Maleficent causing her to turn into a dragon. He narrowly defeats Maleficent with the help of the fairies. Phillip is then shown to be running into the castle to the highest tower towards Aurora only to awaken her with true loves kiss. When Aurora and Phillip realize who the other person is they smile with joy. Phillip and Aurora make their grand entrance with the kingdom rejoicing at the return of the princess.
Sleeping Beauty came out in 1959 from Walt Disney Studios. It did not receive the popularity that Walt Disney had hoped for. Yet, today, it is regarded as a Disney classic. Wilhelm Grimm and his brother are responsible for the story of Sleeping Beauty. Wilhelm Grimm was born on February 24, 1786 only to become a popular teller of fairy tales that live on today.
Flags of Our Fathers
When I got home today I was reminded that one of the most iconic photographs ever taken happened. The "Raising of the Flag at Iwo Jima" has become known as one of the best photographs ever taken being published over and over again. All of this is reflected in the 2006 war film Flags of Our Fathers. This film follows the regiment of the men who had partaken in this iconic raising that is represented in the photograph today.
We are introduced to two of the men who are home on leave. They come home as heroes for their partaking in raising the flag at Iwo Jima. We are told the rest through flashback. In this film we are introduced to the horrors of war that surrounded these men when they were fighting. Starting out at Camp Tarawa where they are heading out to fight the Japanese forces in World War II. After landing on the beaches the men head up to Mount Suribachi despite the wind and rain. After making it to the top of the mountain, photographer Joe Rosenthal captures: John Bradley, Ira Hayes, Franklin Sousley, Rene Gagnon, Michael Strank, and Harlon Block raising the flag on top of the mountain. Yet, this is not the end of the story for these men. They still have to continue fighting a war that is going on. Three of the men pass away the next day in battle. While the other three live and fight. As the film goes on we watch as Rosenthal's photo is reprinted over and over again. The three remaining soldiers are requested to go home to go on war bond shows. The three are reluctant at first, yet they agree to go. After their return home they are struggling to adjust to life away from the battlefield and unwanted fame. One of them, Ira Hayes, faces discrimination for being Native American and struggles with alcoholism passes away due to exposure from freezing outside. After following Ira Haye's tragic death, we go onto John Bradley telling his son James about what happened. The film ends with a flashback of the men swimming in the ocean after raising the flag.
Flags of Our Fathers was directed by Clint Eastwood. Everyone knows about the photograph that was taken on February 23, 1945, yet many people are unaware of the story behind it. This film gives us a glimpse into what not just the five men who did when they raised the flag on Mount Suribachi that day, but what happened to them after. Three of them, Franklin Sousley, Michael Strank, and Harlon Block passed away a couple of days after the flag was raised. While the other three were able to return home. We are able to get a glimpse into what the three remaining soldiers went through when they returned as heroes. Flags of Our Fathers has the reminder as to why American's have the freedom today.


I get a lot of emails every day, whether it's from a tutor updating me on a change to my schedule, information about an interesting talk or exhibition that's happening at the university, and of course masses of promo emails that I haven't got around to unsubscribing from yet.
But this particular email from my uni administrator caught my eye. Curious, I clicked it and read about the opportunity to take part in a one-week experimental workshop at TUAS Arts Academy in Turku, Finland. It sounded interesting, so I whipped up an application email and some samples of my work. Just over a week later, I got the good news that I had been accepted to join the workshop: I was going to Finland!
The workshop was offered as an express course by KUNO, "an art academy without walls". KUNO is a network of 18 fine art academies in the Nordic and Baltic region. They aim to develop higher fine art education in this region by offering express courses at the participating academies. And because I attend one of these art academies, I have the fantastic opportunity to apply for these courses. If you also go to a KUNO university, you can apply too! The express courses cover a variety of themes; for example, there have recently been courses in mechatronic art, digital weaving, sound art and art related to climate change.
Is funding available for students who want to do a KUNO express course?
If accepted onto an express course, students at KUNO schools are eligible to apply for a grant covering travel and accommodation. I was lucky enough to receive this grant, which covered the cost of my flights to and from Turku as well as my accommodation during the 5 nights I stayed there. The grant was essential – without it, I would not have been able to attend the course.
I applied for the course because the theme, Repetition between the digital and physical image, sounded very relevant to my current project in which I am using photography to explore the boundaries between online life and 'real world' experience of using the internet.
It also seemed like a good opportunity to see how classes in other fine arts academies in the region are run and to share ideas with students and teachers who had not seen each other's artwork before. I hoped that the new environment might stimulate some fresh ideas and new approaches to the topic, and I was curious to see what the students in Finland were working on.
Pre-departure, the international co-ordinator at my campus helped me with the paperwork to apply for the grant, and we booked accommodation following a suggestion from the teacher at the academy in Finland. As I'm an EU citizen, there was no additional visa process for me, so booking the travel to Finland was very quick and simple.
It was our first time in Finland for both me and my classmate Ana, who was also accepted to study on the course. After a brisk n' bumpy 40 minute flight from Stockholm with about 4 other people, we arrived at the minuscule Turku airport at around 1am. We jumped into a taxi which whisked us off to our lovely (it had a sauna!) but slightly weird (it had a book about ghosts and crystal skulls!) AirBnb. I liked Finland already!
The next day, we were free to explore the city and do an individual task for the workshop which had been previously set by the course co-ordinator. As the theme of the course was repetition, we had to repeat an action and somehow record the marks of the action.
On that first day, Ana and I also checked into our new AirBnb which we were sharing with three other students from overseas KUNO institutions in Sweden, Iceland, and Lithuania. We would have missed scheduled tutorials related to our academic writing course back at the University of Gothenburg, but our tutor arranged for us to have these tutorials with her remotely via Zoom so we didn't miss out.
On the first day at TUAS Arts Academy, we attended a lecture by the course leader, Otto-Ville Väätäinen, discussed ideas based on the theme of the workshop and were given a tour around the academy by the home students, who were really friendly and welcoming!
The facilities were great, and we saw glimpses of student projects in the workshops and studio spaces. Then, there was some time in the afternoon to visit an exhibition at Wäinö Aaltonen Museum of Art.
Over the next few days, we developed our ideas and works using the school's facilities. The idea of the workshop was not to create a finished work to exhibit, but just to make work by experimenting with different creative processes and using repetition as our central theme. For me, my home was the analogue darkroom (if you read my previous blogpost you'll know how much I love it there!), where I was helped out a lot by two of the home students, Alexandra and Jesper, who were also working there and who showed me how everything worked and lent me some equipment.
Each day, we would get together as a class and share the projects we had been working on, reflecting on the results and sparking new ideas in discussions.
In the evenings, the 5 of us international students who were sharing a house cooked meals together or went out in the city with the local students to an exhibition opening. They also showed us nice places to eat and drink in Turku!
100% YES! My week in Turku at TUAS Arts Academy was such a valuable experience. As a student in a creative field, spending time making work in a different environment to the one you're used to can be a source of fresh inspiration. The students on the course, around 12 of us in total, were a mix of BA and MA students from 4 different arts academies, so there was a real mixture of perspectives and creative approaches at play. Getting input from a teacher who had not seen my work before was also really valuable, as he offered new suggestions on how to progress and different references to artists and texts I hadn't encountered before.
I'm really happy I took this opportunity as it gave my work a new potential direction, I met great people and explored a new city! If you keep your eyes open to opportunities like these, being a student in Sweden can really open doors to the rest of the world.
If you have any questions about creative courses in Sweden, please get in touch!
Exploring Sweden – Part 1.


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Q: Is creating separate support class for logging relevant? I'm working on project that connects to remote API.
In case response is not ok (e.g. there is status TOO_MANY_REQUESTS) I'd like to log data.
With just adding code to fetching method e.g.
logger.debug("example");

I could provide logging functionality however I may face an issue with testing it.
Is creating additional support class with methods providing functionality to add logs relevant in such case or is there different approach?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Several dimensions and factors influence the definition of e-governance or electronic governance. The word "electronic" in the term e-governance implies technology driven governance. E-governance is the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and services between government-to-customer (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G) as well as back office processes and interactions within the entire government framework.Through e-governance, government services will be made available to citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are government, citizens and businesses/interest groups. In e-governance there are no distinct boundaries.


While hiking the PCT I got in touch with a man named Britt Boone who lives in Montenegro. Britt owns a startup travel company in Eastern Europe called Meanderbug (meanderbug.com). After a few months of talking it was decided that I would come for three months and do a work-for-stay. A short two weeks after arriving home from the PCT I set out once again with adventure on the horizon.
Once of the main reasons for my visit was to help create a thru-hike in Montenegro, that follows the scenic Katun Road. This road goes through the north mountains of the country and our goal was to create a hut-to-hut hike. On this type of hike you are able to sleep in a bed and eat real food, but still hike every day.
I few days after I arrived we headed out. Never before done, this hike had a lot of unknowns but a shortly after starting we both realized the potential of this hike. The mountains were breathtaking and the cherry on top was the people. Mountain farmers and shepherds were scattered through the area and offered a unique cultural aspect to the hike.
The first day we hiked about 10 km almost exclusively uphill. At this time of year daylight was not on our side so we were not allowed many breaks. Besides talking with a few locals and sadly denying their invitations for coffee, few breaks were taken. Shortly before sunset we arrived at our first Katun. This Katun village was high in the mountains but also in a giant grassy field that was shaped like a bowl, with hills rising up on all sides above the village.
Side note: Katuns are mountain houses generally occupied in the summer months by shepherds so their flocks can graze in the mountains.
Our Katun was owned by a mountain of a man. Montenegrins are already the third tallest peoples in the world and this man towered above the rest. Since this man spoke no English, Brit was my translator. Almost immediately after arriving he took us to a garden and we dug up fresh mountain potatoes. As we skinned them in the front yard, the other two men in the village brought out their guns and a can shooting tournament was soon in place. Expecting me to not be able to shoot they were all surprised when I knocked down the cans. After Britt told them I was from Texas the all shouted "cowboy!".
After the old mountain man turned around to go home, we continued confident in our navigation abilities. Ignoring our map, we decided to continue on this back-country route. This was not smart. As we walked we went down almost 3,000 vertical feet, off trail, and ended up in a giant canyon. With nothing else to do we were forced to find a way out. The only way was up so that's where we went. At an excruciatingly slow pace we climbed, mostly with all fours on the ground, all the way out of the never ending canyon. Unlike the first day, we were not luckily enough to beat the fading sun and shortly after making it out, the sun had completely retreated.
We brought tents and sleeping bags in case we weren't able to make it one day and I was convinced we would have to use them. With the sun, the temperature also dropped very fast and we still weren't at our Katun. If we didn't make it, we would not only have an uncomfortable night, we would let down our hosts. They were expecting us and had spent the day preparing our food. Because of this we hiked on in the dark. Miraculously, Britt got cell service and we found out we were very close. Being night, we had our hosts pick us up and we were inside with warm food only shortly after not expecting to make it at all.
Exhausted from the day's hike we both knew that this was the conclusion of our trip. With a good start we could get to work on our Katun-Road thru hike and so we arranged a taxi for the next day to take us back to our car.
Although we didn't finish the hike we were able to recognize the potential this hike could hold and get a idea of the beauty and culture that surrounds it. In the upcoming weeks I will be working with Britt to create this hike. Stay tuned to see how it turns out!
(The blog post I did for Meanderbug is now out!) Check the link below.
I was so excited to see that you posted about your new adventure! I am not familiar with this area so it's amazing to be able to see the country through your eyes! Prayers for your success and your safety! God go with you!
I was wondering what you were up to now that the PCT hike is in the books. This looks amazing! I'm excited that you grabbed this opportunity and look forward to reading more about it.
Amazing stuff. I had no idea you had started another adventure. Thanks as always for sharing.
You know how pumped I am that you are in Montenegro with the Boone family! Love this update…looks like you are using your skills in an amazing way to assist Britt with meanderbug.com. Can't wait to go myself…hopefully next year! Prayers for the remainder of your stay there in that beautiful place!
I'm glad to see you are continuing to blog about your adventures. I will enjoy reading them. God bless you!
Good piece and thanks for all the help! Making a difference is exciting and exhausting even in a beautiful place. Let's press on!
YOU ARE SO AWESOME!!! I am insanely jealous of your time exploring! I know you have had such an amazing year and I can't wait to see what 2018 holds for you!!


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First China International Music Competition announced May 4–21, 2019, in Beijing
China Conservatory of Music presents the competition with an unprecedented first prize of US$150,000
Conservatory president Li-guang Wang to serve as president of the Competition
Yoheved Kaplinsky named artistic director of the Competition and head of the international Competition jury
Competition veteran Richard Rodzinski named General Director of the Competition
Competition finalists to perform with Yannick Nézet-Séguin and the Philadelphia Orchestra
The China Conservatory of Music has announced the creation of a major new international music competition, the First China International Music Competition. Held in Beijing from May 4 to 21, 2019, the inaugural edition of the Competition will be an invitational devoted to piano performance. It will consist of competitors who have been recommended by the world's foremost international musical authorities.
The Conservatory will award a first prize of US$150,000, with second and third prizes of US$75,000 and US$30,000, respectively. In addition to winning this unprecedented purse, the gold medalist will be represented by major international artist management companies, Opus 3 Artists in the United States and Armstrong Music and Arts in China, which will coordinate three years of international concert tours.
The Conservatory is also proud to announce that The Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by its music director, Yannick Nézet-Séguin will perform the Final Round concert with each of the three Competition finalists.
A distinguished international jury of eleven has been assembled and includes Li-guang Wang, president of the China International Music Competition, president of the China Conservatory of Music, and chairman of the Global Music Education League; Yoheved Kaplinsky, chairman of the jury and artistic director of the Competition; Dmitri Alexeev; Jan Jiracek von Arnim; Lydia Artymiw; Boris Berman; Michel Beroff; Fabio Bidini; Warren Jones; Katarzyna Popowa-Zydroń; and Arie Vardi.
Twenty outstanding competitors from around the world, ages 17 to 28, have accepted the invitation to participate in the premier event, which will consist of a Preliminary Round, Semifinal Round, and Final Round in two phases.
None of the competitors currently study or have ever studied with any member of the jury.
Each pianist will perform a recital in the Preliminary Round. The jury will then select 12 pianists to advance to the Semifinal Round and perform an additional recital as well as collaborate in a vocal recital. The first phase of the Final Round will include six pianists each playing a classical concerto with a chamber orchestra, after which time three finalists will be selected for the second phase of the Final Round to play with The Philadelphia Orchestra under Maestro Nézet-Séguin. All performances will be held at the concert hall of the China Conservatory, except The Philadelphia Orchestra performance, which will take place at Beijing's renowned National Centre for the Performing Arts.
In announcing the First China International Music Competition, President Li-guang Wang, said: "The Global Music Education League and The China Conservatory of Music invite brilliant young artists from around the world to gather together and share their gifts for making music at the First China International Music Competition 2019. With its great passion for music, China welcomes you with open arms to inspire us with the timeless harmonies and colors of the piano. I would like to send my warmest invitation to the jury members, competitors, and guests and to extend my good wishes and heartfelt thanks to all who are devoting their efforts to the Competition!"
Yoheved Kaplinsky, artistic director of the Competition and chairman of the jury, responded: "We are looking forward to 16 days of music-making of the highest artistic level. We have assembled a jury that will listen to carefully chosen contestants with the utmost integrity and artistic expertise. We pledge to provide a nourishing environment for the participants and create a platform for them to be heard, supported, and treated with dignity and respect."
Richard Rodzinski, president emeritus of the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition and former general director of the International Tchaikovsky Competition, commented: "We are delighted to have been entrusted with the means to ensure the highest standards from the outset of this first edition of the CIMC, which will set the tone for all competitions in the various disciplines that are to follow. With the participation of an illustrious jury, one of the world's greatest orchestras, and international concert management, we are determined to provide the winners and indeed all the invited participants an extraordinary opportunity to launch the significant careers they so richly deserve."
Matías Tarnopolsky, president and CEO of The Philadelphia Orchestra, said: "Supporting future generations of artists is central to The Philadelphia Orchestra's and Music Director Yannick Nézet-Séguin's vision. We are delighted to participate in this important new competition that not only furthers the development of young artists, but also broadens our deep and extensive musical partnerships in China."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


British Columbia, Canada six-piece powerhouse The Body Politic have posted a teaser for their upcoming music video 'All Hands' in support of their latest EP 'Egressor', which is available for FREE download.
The Body Politic's EP 'Egressor' was released September 16th to follow up their 2011 debut album 'All Too Human'. Taking their name from a Clive Barker short story and shifting gears from jazz (which most of the members studied at Vancouver Island University) to progressive metal, the band combine poly-metric grooves, aggressive screams and soaring vocal melodies.
Sounds like the Canadian mob are gonna smash some faces..


A caller on blogtalk radio has a piece of glass in her foot and she asks Susun how to draw it. Susun tells a story about a student drawing a needle out of her childs foot by soaking it.
Join Susun Weed on blogtalkradio, Tuesday nights 7:30-9:30 pm EST. Call or Skype in: 1-646- 929-2463, with your questions or email ahead of time to wisewoman@herbshealing.com.
We are in the woods with Grandmother Growth, who, for all her age, is setting a rapid pace uphill. She talks as she goes, her words trailing behind her like a rainbow, creating a resonance of wholeness that sinks deep, nourishes us, and moistens seeds that will germinate in their time.
"As I said, ginseng is the most valuable root in the world. Many monographs, entire books, have been written on ginseng, and thousands of studies have delved into its mysteries. Its constituents have been torn apart, examined, isolated, and used in experiments. And many say it shouldn't be taken by pregnant women, or lactating women, or menopausal women, or, to hear some tell, any woman.
"So why are we women climbing this mountain in search of the elusive wild ginseng? I want you to talk with her, lady ginseng, and let her tell you if she wants to be added to our collection of herbs useful during labor.
"Science says ginseng can cause fetal abnormalities. True. If high doses of an isolated glycoside found in ginseng (ginsenoside Rb1), are given to lab animals during the first trimester of pregnancy. This has never been seen in humans. Perhaps it is only true in animals. Perhaps it is only true of an isolated constituent, and not so when the whole root is used. Perhaps it is no more damaging than coffee or sonograms, both of which are generally considered safe during the first trimester when used with care.
"Ginseng is widely used during pregnancy in China; and has been for more than 5000 years with no reports of adverse effects, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity, according to Aviva Romm, MD. In fact, she continues, women who consume small amounts of ginseng during pregnancy have less pre-eclampsia than controls.
Grandmother Growth stops so sharply we nearly run into each other. She shrugs off her pack and sits down with her eyes closed. We are mystified, but follow her example, taking off our packs and finding places to sit comfortable. Just as we close our eyes, her voice resumes.
"Let you breathing be deep and even. Give your breath away to the plants. Take in what the plants are breathing out to you. Let yourself be present to the give-away dance between plants and people, the dance of oxygen and carbon, the dance of consciousness. Sink your roots into the Earth. Breathe earth energy into your womb space (whether it is physically present or not).
Welcome to my home. I trust you enjoy the warmth of the late afternoon sun as much as I do. I have lived here for many turnings: from light to dark, from heat to cold, turning, turning. I have found the silent center of the turning and I can share it with you.
Can you feel me in your womb space? Can you feel my energy?
I can help you find your second wind. I can give you courage to continue when all seems lost. I can show you how to root yourself so deeply that the winds of change do not uproot you.
Stamina, energy, enhanced performance, improved response under stressors, mental alertness. Yes, I can give you all of these and more, much more. Use me during labor not just to strengthen the labor, but also to hasten recovery from birthing. I will step up your metabolism and protect your baby's heart and immune system during its passage from wet to dry, from in to out.
Feeling unfocused? Reach for ginseng. Feeling too beat to push? Reach for ginseng. Feeling nervous, anxious, fearful? Reach for ginseng. Feeling like you can't breathe? Reach for ginseng. Feeling your heart racing? Reach for ginseng.
Overuse me and we may find ourselves on a fast ride to nowhere. Use me wisely and we will get to your goal in record time. Birds sing. Crickets chirp. The wind rustles the leaves.
"Another uterine stimulant. Another helper during labor. Ginseng is a woman, is she not? Ask her to help you when you attend women who are pale, weak, scattered, unsure, and likely to panic. Ask her to help you when you feel too tired, too conflicted, too befuddled. Ask her. Have you any doubt that she will aid you?


Has it really been one year?!! A year ago I never imagined that my little blog would give me the opportunity to do something I have always love. I thought my only supporters would be my parents. In just the last six months, Neonurse has opened many doors for me. I can't thank all my friends, family, and, supporters enough!!!


Image Title: Door Window Treatment Window Treatments For Sliding Glass Doors For Sliding Glass Doors Window Treatments Decorating. Filename: door-window-treatment-window-treatments-for-sliding-glass-doors-for-sliding-glass-doors-window-treatments-decorating.jpg. Image Dimension: 400 x 400 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Derick Hirthe. Uploaded Date: Friday - February 15th. 2019 02:50:27 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: interior.com.
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text:
Michael Goodchild
Michael.Goodchild@asu.edu
School of Geog Sci & Urban Pln
Mailcode
SPARC - Spatial Analysis Research Center
Michael F. Goodchild is a global leader in Geographic Information Science who joined ASU's faculty in 2017. He is Emeritus Professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he directed the National Center for Geographic Information Analysis, the Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science, and the Center for Spatial Studies. At ASU, he joins the Spatial Analysis Research Center (SPARC). His part-time appointment focuses on strategic spatial science initiatives and mentoring faculty and graduate students.
Professor Goodchild is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and Foreign Member of the Royal Society of Canada, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is a Foreign Member of the Royal Society and Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. In 2007 he received the Prix Vautrin Lud, considered the highest honor in the field of geography.
Professor Goodchild's research interests center on geographic information science, spatial analysis, and uncertainty in geographic data.
MICHAEL FRANK GOODCHILD.docx
Ph.D. Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
B.A. Physics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England


In his recent Ronnie Barker Memorial Lecture, the comedian and writer said social media and technology are killing traditional TV comedy. Not so.
Traditional humour is being pushed off UK screens in favour of 'edgy' comedy.


waffles and tassels and stripes, oh my!
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text:
Justia Patents Resin, Rubber, Or Hardenable Oil Containing CoatingUS Patent for Process for manufacture of particulate built nonionic synthetic organic detergent composition comprising polyacetal carboxylate and carbonate and bicarbonate builders Patent (Patent # 4,720,399)
Process for manufacture of particulate built nonionic synthetic organic detergent composition comprising polyacetal carboxylate and carbonate and bicarbonate builders
Jun 1, 1984 - Colgate-Palmolive Company
A particulate built nonionic synthetic organic detergent composition includes a detersive proportion of a nonionic synthetic organic detergent and a building proportion, in combination, of a polyacetal carboxylate builder for the nonionic detergent and carbonate and bicarbonate builders for such nonionic detergent. Such compositions are readily made by adding polyacetal carboxylate builder to the formula of a control detergent composition, with corresponding diminutions of other component(s), and have detersive powers superior to such control despite the decrease in proportions present of detergent and other builders. Preferably, certain nonionic detergents, polyacetal carboxylate builders, carbonate and bicarbonate, in certain proportions, are employed to make a product of better detergency and physical characteristics, e.g., flowability.Processes for manufacturing the described detergent compositions are disclosed are disclosed, in which processes spray dried builder base beads, containing carbonate and bicarbonate builder salts, have nonionic detergent and polyacetal carboxylate builder mixed with or applied to them. Also described are pumpable and sprayable compositions of polyacetal carboxylate builder in normally solid, liquid nonionic detergent at elevated temperature, which compositions are suitable for applying the nonionic detergent and polyacetal carboxylate builder to the spray dried carbonate-bicarbonate base beads, preferably as a spray impinging on moving surfaces of such beads.
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This invention relates to a particulate built nonionic synthetic organic detergent composition. More particularly, it relates to such a composition containing a building proportion, in combination, of polyacetal carboxylate and carbonate and bicarbonate builders for the nonionic detergent. The invention also includes processes for manufacturing such products.
Particulate nonionic detergent products are known wherein base beads, comprised mostly of inorganic builder salt(s), e.g., carbonates and bicarbonates, obtained by spray drying an aqueous crutcher mix or slurry, have normally solid nonionic detergent in liquid state absorbed by them, to produce free flowing particulate compositions. Polyacetal carboxylate builder salts suitable for use as builders with various organic detergents, primarily anionic organic detergents, have been described in the literature and in various U.S. and foreign patents. However, before the present invention, particulate built nonionic synthetic organic detergent compositions containing carbonate and bicarbonate builder salts and polyacetal carboxylate in a total building proportion had not been disclosed and the advantages of such compositions and of processes for their manufacture, wherein the polyacetal carboxylate and nonionic detergent were applied to base beads of carbonate and bicarbonate builder salts, were not known.
Particulate nonionic detergent compositions in which the nonionic detergent is applied in liquid state to porous base beads containing carbonate and bicarbonate builder salts are referred to in U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,722, and such compositions have been marketed under the trademark FRESH START.RTM.. They are especially useful as non-phosphate or limited phosphate content detergents in those areas where high phosphate content detergent compositions are prohibited. Polyacetal carboxylates are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,144,226 and 4,315,092. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,146,495 and 4,219,437 claim detergent compositions containing the polyacetal carboxylate builder (U.S. Pat. No. 4,146,495) and similar compositions containing keto dicarboxylates (U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,437), which can often be employed in replacement of the polyacetal carboxylates. Various other patents on similar builders include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,141,676; 4,169,934; 4,201,858; 4,204,852; 4,224,420; 4,225,685; 4,226,960; 4,233,422; 4,233,423; 4,302,564; and 4,303,777. Also relevant are European patent application Nos. 0 015 024; 0 021 491; and 0 063 399. Although in some such patents and/or applications there are included broad teachings that polyacetal carboxylates may be included in various types of detergent compositions, and although some such polyacetal carboxylates are described as components of compositions containing nonionic detergents and cationic softening agents, none of the references or combinations thereof describes or suggests such polyacetal carboxylates as components of the nonionic detergents of the present invention and none teaches the obtaining of the described improved detergency of the invented compositions and the free flowing nature of the products made. Also, the present manufacturing processes are not described or fairly suggested in any such reference or in any combination of the references.
In accordance with the present invention a particulate built nonionic synthetic organic detergent composition comprises a detersive proportion of a nonionic synthetic organic detergent, and a building proportion, in combination, of a polyacetal carboxylate builder for the nonionic detergent and carbonate and bicarbonate builders for the nonionic detergent. Preferably, certain nonionic detergents, polyacetal carboxylate builders, carbonate and bicarbonate builders are utilized in certain proportions and the product obtained is a free flowing particulate built detergent composition of improved detergency (or soil removing properties). Also within the invention are processes for making such particulate detergents.
The polyacetal carboxylate may be considered to be that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,226 and may be made by the method mentioned therein. A typical such product will be of the formula ##STR1## wherein M is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, ammonium, alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, tetraalkylammonium groups and alkanolamine groups, both of 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyls thereof, n averages at least 4, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are any chemically stable groups which stabilize the polymer against rapid depolymerization in alkaline solution. Preferably the polyacetal carboxylate will be one wherein M is alkali metal, e.g., sodium, n is from 4 to 200, R.sub.1 is ##STR2## or a mixture thereof, R.sub.2 is ##STR3## and n preferably averages from 20 to 100, more preferably 30 to 80. The calculated weight average molecular weights of the polymers will normally be within the range of 2,000 to 20,000, preferably 3,500 to 10,000 and more preferably 5,000 to 9,000, e.g., about 8,000.
Although the preferred polyacetal carboxylates have been described above, it is to be understood that they may be wholly or partially replaced by other such polyacetal carboxylate or related organic builder salts described in the previously cited patents on such compounds, processes for the manufacture thereof and compositions in which they are employed. Also, the chain terminating groups described in the various patents, especially U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,226, may be utilized, providing that they have the desired stabilizing properties, which allow the mentioned builders to be depolymerized in acid media, facilitating biodegradation thereof in waste streams, but maintain their stability in alkaline media, such as washing solutions.
The carbonate and bicarbonate builders are highly preferably sodium salts but other water soluble alkali metal carbonates and bicarbonates may also be employed, at least in part, such as those of potassium. Such may be in anhydrous, hydrated or partially hydrated state. Sodium sesquicarbonate may be used in partial or complete replacements of the carbonate and bicarbonate. One of the advantages of the present invention is that the sodium carbonate found in "Builder U", the available polyacetal carboxylate, is useful as a builder in the detergent compositions made.
The fourth component of the present detergent compositions is a nonionic synthetic organic detergent or a mixture of such detergents. While various suitable nonionic detergents having the desired detersive properties and physical characteristics (normally solid, at room temperature, but liquefiable so as to be capable of being applied to base beads in liquid form) may be employed, at least as a part of such detergent content of the invented compositions. very preferably the nonionic detergent will be a condensation product of ethylene oxide and a higher fatty alcohol. The ethylene oxide content of such detergents will be within the range of 3 to 20 moles, preferably 3 to 12 moles and more preferably 6 to 8 moles, e.g., about 6.5 or 7 moles of ethylene oxide, per mole of fatty alcohol, and the fatty alcohol will usually be of 10 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably averaging 12 to 15 carbon atoms, e.g., about 13 or 14 carbon atoms. Among other nonionic detergents that are also useful are the ethylene oxide condensation products of alkylphenols of 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, such as nonylphenol, in which the ethylene oxide content is from 3 to 30 moles per mole, and condensation products of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, sold under the trademark Pluronic.RTM..
Although essentially anhydrous products can be manufactured and are useful, usually moisture will be present in the detergent composition, either in free form or as a hydrate, such as a hdrated carbonate. The presence of such a hydrate helps to strengthen the detergent composition particles and sometimes facilitates dissolving of such particles in the wash water. For such reasons, and to facilitate manufacturing, moisture is preferably present in the product.
In addition to the mentioned components, other materials, such as a supplementing builder (sodium silicate) and adjuvants may be employed. Also, in some cases condensation products of higher fatty alcohol and ethylene oxide of greater ethylene oxide contents than 20 moles per mole may be employed in substitution for some of the condensation products of lesser ethylene oxide content. Thus, if it is desirable to further improve flowability of a preferred product a harder nonionic component, such as one of 21 to 50 ethylene oxide groups per mole, may be utilized in part, in which case it will desirably be from 1 to 50%, usually more preferably from 5 to 25% of the total nonionic detergent content. Also, sodium silicate, which has a supplementing building action and aids in inhibiting corrosion of aluminum items in wash water containing the detergent composition, will be of Na.sub.2 O:SiO.sub.2 ratio in the range of about 1:1.6 to 1:3, preferably 1:2 to 1:2.6, e.g., 1:2.35 or 1:2.4.
Among the various adjuvants that may be employed are colorants, such as dyes and pigments, perfumes, enzymes, stabilizers, antioxidants, fluorescent brighteners, buffers, fungicides, germicides, and flow promoting agents. If desired, fillers, such as sodium sulfate and/or sodium chloride, may also be present. Also among the "adjuvants" are included various fillers and impurities in other components of the compositions, such as Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 in the polyacetal carboxylate (Builder U).
The proportions of the various components that will result in the desired improved detersive properties (previously mentioned) will normally be from 5 to 35% of nonionic detergent, and from 30 to 95% of a combination of polyacetal carboxylate and carbonate and bicarbonate builders. The ratio of the polyacetal carboxylate to combined carbonate and bicarbonate will be in the range of 1:5 to 2:1, preferably 1:5 to 3:2, and more preferably 1:4 to 1:1, e.g., about 1:2.2. Any balances of such compositions will be filler(s), other builder(s), adjuvant(s) and moisture. Usually the nonionic detergent content will be at least 5% of the product and the carbonate plus bicarbonate builders content will be at least 15%, preferably at least 25% thereof. The nonionic detergent content will preferably be 10 to 30%, more preferably 10 to 20%, e.g., about 16%, the polyacetal carboxylate will preferably be 10 to 40%, more preferably 12 to 30%, e.g., about 18 or 23%, and the total of carbonate and bicarbonate will preferably be from 20 to 75%, more preferably 25 to 55%, e.g., about 41%, of the detergent composition. The ratio of carbonate to bicarbonate will be within the range of 1:3 to 3:1, preferably 1:2 to 2:1 and more preferably 1:2 to 1:1, e.g., about 1:1.5. Preferably the percentages of carbonate and bicarbonate will be within the ranges of 10 to 30% and 10 to 40%, respectively, more preferably being 10 to 20% and 15 to 35%, e.g., about 17% and about 24%. The moisture content of the product will usually be from 1 to 20%, preferably 3 to 15% and more preferably from 3 to 8%, e.g., about 4 or 5%. Such moisture content includes that which is removable from the product in standard oven drying (105.degree. C. for two hours). The sodium silicate content, when sodium silicate is present, will be from 1 to 18%, preferably 5 to 15% and more preferably 8 to 14%, e.g., about 13%. The total percentage of adjuvants may range from 0 to 20% but normally will be at the lower end of such range, 1 to 10%, preferably 2 to 6%, e.g., about 4 or 5%, with individual adjuvant percentages usually being from 0.1 to 5%, preferably 0.2 to 3%. In the foregoing description and elsewhere in the specification of the percentages of carbonate and bicarbonate given are on an "anhydrous" basis, and do not include moisture that is removable by oven drying, as described above. The content of filler(s) may be as high as 40% in some instances but usually, if filler is present, the proportion thereof will be in the range of 5 to 30%, often 10 to 25%.
The particulate detergent product of this invention may be made by the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,722. That patent and U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,226 are hereby incorporated by reference. Following such method, an aqueous slurry is made which includes the particulate sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, usually added as an aqueous solution, water, and any suitable fillers and adjuvants, such as fluorescent brightener and pigment, which are heat stable. Sodium sulfate has been found to adversely affect flowability of the detergent composition, when added to base beads with nonionic detergent, so its presence is sometimes avoided. In some instances the polyacetal carboxylate builder may be added in the crutcher but because it has sometimes been found to be of limited stability when processed at elevated temperature, such builder is often post-added. Generally the crutcher mix is at a solids content in the range of 40 to 70% and is heated to a temperature in the range of 40.degree. to 70.degree. C. Anhydrous or hydrated bicarbonate and carbonate or other suitable combined form thereof, such as sodium sesquicarbonate, may be employed. However, a major proportion of the nonionic detergent component will not be present in the crutcher; instead, it will be post-added, and preferably the proportion of nonionic detergent in the crutcher will be limited to about 4%, preferably 2% or less (on a final product basis), and most preferably, none, so as to avoid loss of such detergent during the spray drying operation. If agitation to produce uniformity of the slurry is difficult, because of excessive gelation or thickening of the mix, viscosity control agents, such as citric acid, magnesium sulfate and/or magnesium citrate may be employed. Such thinning agents will be considered to be within the group designated "adjuvants". After thorough mixing in the crutcher, which may take from 10 minutes to an hour, the crutcher slurry is pumped to a conventional spray drying tower, either concurrent or countercurrent, in which it is dried by heated drying air at a temperature in the range of 200.degree. to 500.degree. C., preferably 200.degree. to 350.degree. C. if the mix contains polyacetal carboxylate, to produce globular spray dried particles of sizes in the range of Nos. 8 to 100 sieves, U.S. Sieve Series. Such base beads are desirably porous, so as to be capable of absorbing nonionic detergent, and such porosity is due at least in part to the decomposition of bicarbonate to carbonate during spray drying, which produces "puffing" carbon dioxide. Normally, from 20 to 80% of the bicarbonate converts to carbonate, depending on spray tower conditions.
The porous base beads resulting are introduced into a suitable batch or continuous mixer or blender, such as an inclined rotary drum (batch), in which they are post sprayed at a suitable temperature at which the nonionic detergent is liquid, usually in the range of 45.degree. to 60.degree. C., preferably 45.degree. to 50.degree. C. In one embodiment of the invented process all the nonionic detergent, in liquid state and preferably at elevated temperature in the described preferred range, is sprayed onto the moving surfaces of the mass of base beads by means of an atomizing nozzle of conventional type, and during mixing it penetrates into the interiors of the beads, with some of nonionic detergent being near the surface thereof. Then, without cooling to the solidification point of the detergent, the polyacetal carboxylate builder, in finely divided powdered form, as of particle sizes in the range of 200 to 400 mesh (although coarser particles as large as No. 100, U.S. Sieve Series, may also be used), is dusted onto the moving base beads, which now contain absorbed nonionic detergent. Some of the finely divided polyacetal carboxylate particles are drawn into the interstices and cavities of the beads by the still liquid nonionic detergent and others adhere to such detergent near the surfaces of the beads, and are held to the beads as the detergent is cooled to solidification. In such operation the polyacetal carboxylate which is held to the base beads inhibits the production of tacky product. At the same time, the holding of it to the beads prevents stratification of the product in its end use package during shipment and storage.
Various adjuvants of the types that would normally be post-added, such as enzyme powders and perfumes, may be added with the polyacetal carboxylate powder or before or after the power addition. Usually, as with the nonionic detergent, it is preferred to spray liquid components onto the surfaces of the intermediate detergent composition particles but in some instances, as is also the case with application of the nonionic detergent in liquid state to the base beads, spraying is unnecessary and dripping of the liquid also serves to distribute it satisfactorily and to promote absorption of it into the porous particles. Powdered materials being added are preferably in finely divided powdered form, as described above for the polycarboxylate builder, but other particle size ranges may also be utilized (as they may be for the builder), although in such cases the results may not be as satisfactory. Also, instead of spraying the liquid material onto spray dried base beads for absorption, in some instances one may apply the liquid to granular (not spray dried or agglomerated) mixed carbonate and bicarbonate particles, but such is not usually as satisfactory because such particles do not normally have the absorbing capacity of spray dried base beads and are less uniform.
Instead of having post-applied powdered polyacetal carboxylate particles adhered to liquid detergent that has been applied to base beads, in another and preferred process of this invention the builder is applied to the base beads as a dispersion of the polyacetal carboxylate in the normally solid nonionic detergent at elevated temperature and in liquid state. In such application, some of the polyacetal carboxylate builder may be dissolved in the liquid nonionic detergent but normally more of it is dispersed therein, preferably in finely divided particles, such as those smaller than 200 mesh, and preferably larger than 400 mesh. In such applications the base beads may be heated initially to a temperature like that of the liquid state detergent being applied but it has been found that although theoretically such an operation would be thought to promote greater absorption of the detergent and polyacetal carboxylate builder, in practice it is sufficient for the base beads to be at room temperature, at which satisfactory absorption and quick cooling of the product result. The dispersion of polyacetal carboxylate builder particles in liquid state nonionic detergent is preferably sprayed onto a moving bed of base beads but sometimes spraying is unnecessary, and mere dripping of the liquid medium onto the base beads is satisfactory, and in some instances it is enough merely to admix the base beads and the dispersion together without any concern for the mode of application of the liquid dispersion to the base beads being required.
The temperature of the dispersion of polyacetal carboxylate particles in a nonionic detergent may be such as has been found to be suitable for use in the application process described. Normally such temperature will be in the range of 45.degree. to 95.degree. C. but preferably, so as better to maintain stability of the polyacetal carboxylate and to promote quicker cooling after application thereof to the base particles, the temperature of application will be in the range of 45.degree. to 60.degree. C., most preferably about 45.degree. to 50.degree. or 55.degree. C. However, this depends on the solidification point of the nonionic detergent, which will be the same as or lower than the lowest temperature of such a range. Of course, with higher melting nonionic detergents the lower limit of the range will be adjusted accordingly, usually being at least 2.degree. and preferably at least 5.degree. or 10.degree. higher than the solidification point. The polyacetal carboxylate will preferably be of particle sizes, substantially all (usually more than 90%, preferably more than 95% and more preferably more than 98%) of which are no larger than that which will pass through a No. 200 sieve, U.S. Sieve Series (or a 200 mesh sieve). However, larger sized particles may be employed but generally such are not larger than 100 or 160 mesh. Preferably the particles will be in the 200 to 400 mesh range, e.g., 200 to 325 mesh, to promote penetrations into interstices of the base beads and to promote better holdings to the surfaces thereof.
In the dispersions mentioned, in which some of the polyacetal carboxylate may be in solution, the proportion of polyacetal carboxylate to nonionic detergent will normally be in the range of 1:20 to 3:2, preferably 1:10 to 1:1 and more preferably 1:2 to 1:1. However, such proportions may be adjusted, depending on the formula proportions of the polyacetal carboxylate and nonionic detergent desired to be in the end product. Still, normally no more than three parts of the polyacetal carboxylate will be present with two parts of nonionic detergent, and preferably such upper limit will be 1:1. If more polyacetal carboxylate is desired in the product formula it may be post-applied, as previously described, after absorption of some of the polyacetal carboxylate and the liquid state nonionic detergent. While other materials, including particulate materials, such as enzymes, may be post-added, sometimes thay may also be dissolved and/or dispersed in the nonionic detergent, with the polyacetal carboxylate and may be applied to the base beads together with such builder and detergent.
In some cases, some (sometimes all) of the polyacetal carboxylate may be spray dried with the carbonate and bicarbonate builders but in such instances the employment of mild conditions will be desired, with special care being taken not to allow buildup of product on the spray tower interior walls, where the polyacetal carboxylate could be decomposed. So long as the spray tower conditions are such that the bead temperatures do not rise to a destabilizing temperature for the polyacetal carboxylate employed, spray drying is feasible but because this cannot always be assured in commercial spray drying processes, as a practical matter it is often preferable to post-apply the polyacetal carboxylate.
The product of the formulations given, produced by any of the methods described, is satisfactorily free flowing, non-tacky and non-caking despite its contents of nonionic detergent and polyacetal carboxylate. The particles thereof are regular in shape, approximating the spherical, and the product is of desired bulk density (higher than the bulk density of usual spray dried products, which tends to be in the range of 0.25 to 0.4 g./ml.), normally being in the range of about 0.5 to 0.8 g./ml., such as 0.6 to 0.7 g./ml. Thus, smaller packages may be employed, creating more available supermarket shelf space and facilitating home laundry storage. The detergent composition made is an excellent detergent, with improved cleaning power against a variety of soils. Its detergency is greater than that of a control detergent without the polyacetal carboxylate. Surprisingly, the detergency of the present compositions is better than that of a control, despite the fact that the proportion of nonionic detergent in the control is higher. It should be pointed out that the total ratio of builder is greater in the "experimental" product, but then too, the ratios of carbonate, bicarbonate and silicate builders are lower.
The following examples illustrate but do not limit the invention. Unless otherwise indicated all temperatures are in .degree.C. and all parts are by weight in the examples, elsewhere in the specification, and in the claims.
Component                  Parts
Sodium carbonate (anhydrous)
Sodium bicarbonate         24.7
Higher fatty alcohol polyethoxylate nonionic
detergent.sup.(1)
Sodium polyacetal carboxylate [Builder U].sup.(2)
Sodium silicate solids (Na.sub.2 O:SiO.sub.2 = 1:2.4)
Moisture                   4.6
Enzyme powder (proteolytic enzyme, 200 mesh)
Fluorescent brightener (Tinopal 5BM Conc.)
Blue pigment (ultramarine blue)
Perfume                    0.19
.sup.(1) Condensation product of 6.5 moles of ethylene oxide and one mole
of higher fatty alcohol of 12-13 carbon atoms sold as Neodol 236.5 by
Shell Chemical Company
.sup.(2) Supplied by Monsanto Company (as Builder U), having a calculated
weight average molecular weight of about 8,000, and of about 80% active
polymer content.
The particulate detergent composition of the above formula is made by spray drying some of the formula, including the sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to produce base beads, and then post-blending with such base beads other components of the formula, including the nonionic detergent, polyacetal carboxylate, enzyme and perfume. The crutcher mix or slurry is made by sequentially adding to a detergent crutcher 35.6 parts of water (preferably deionized water but city water of up to 150 p.p.m. CaCO.sub.3 equivalent may be employed), 7.0 parts of natural soda ash, 32.3 parts of industrial grade sodium bicarbonate, 23.6 parts of a 47.5% aqueous solution of sodium silicate of Na.sub.2 O:SiO.sub.2 ratio of about 1:2.4, 1.3 parts of fluorescent brightener (Tinopal 5BM Conc.) and 0.3 part of ultramarine blue pigment, and mixing at a temperature of about 45.degree. C. during such additions and for about 20 minutes thereafter, after which the crutcher slurry, of a solids content of about 45%, is dropped to a high pressure pump which pumps it through atomizing nozzles at the top of a countercurrent spray drying tower, in which heated drying air at a temperature of about 325.degree. C. dries it to essentially globular porous particles of sizes in the Nos. 10 to 100 sieve (U.S. Sieve Series) range, and of a moisture content of about 7.6%. In some instances a minor proportion of recycled base beads (or final product) may be included in the crutcher mix for reworking, with appropriate modifications of the formula to allow for such.
The base beads resulting, usually at about room temperature but in some cases still at a temperature between the tower bottom air temperature and room temperature, nearer to room temperature (sometimes 5.degree. to 30.degree. C. above it), are charged to a blending apparatus, in this case an inclined rotary drum, in which there are successively added to 78.41 parts of the base beads, 20.02 parts of the ethoxylated alcohol nonionic detergent, 30 parts of Builder U, 0.32 parts of enzyme and 0.25 part of perfume. The ethoxylated alcohol is sprayed onto the moving bed of base beads at an elevated temperature, 50.degree. C., at which it is in liquid state. The Builder U and proteolytic enzyme (mixtures of amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes, e.g., 1:1 mixtures, may also be used) are "dusted" onto the moving bed of base beads after absorption thereby of the nonionic detergent (which usually occurs within about 2 to 10 minutes), after which the perfume is sprayed onto such moving intermediate product. The particulate detergent composition resulting is of particle sizes in the range of Nos. 10 to 100 sieves, U.S. Sieve Series, and is of a bulk density of 0.65 g./ml. At room temperature it is free flowing, non-tacky and non-caking. After cooling and screening, if that is desired, to obtain all or substantially all of the particles in the desired Nos. 10 to 100 sieve range, the product is packed, cased, warehoused and shipped. It is found to be of uniform composition throughout the package and the contents of various packages are also uniform. It is also non-settling during shipping and storage.
A comparative product is made in the same manner as previously described except for the omission of the sodium polyacetal carboxylate (Builder U) from it. Thus, instead of 100.0 parts of product, 76.9 parts are made, and the proportions of the various components in the product are 30% greater than those given in the above formula. When the "experimental" product is tested against the "control" for detergency, in a standard soil removal test which utilizes different soils deposited on a variety of substrate fabrics, the invented product is found to be significantly better in soil removal activity (or detergency) than the control.
In the detergency tests employed an automatic washing machine containing 67 liters of water at 49.degree. C. has charged to it four pounds of clean clothes and three swatches each of five different test fabrics. The first and second such test fabrics are obtained from Test Fabric Company. The first has a soil of graphite, mineral oil and thickener on nylon and the second has a soil of sebum, particulate material and kaolin on cotton. The third test fabric is cotton soiled with New Jersey clay and the fourth fabric is a cotton-dacron blend soiled with such clay. The fifth test fabric, identified as EMPA 101, is of cotton and it is soiled with a mixture of sebum soil, carbon black and olive oil.
After washing of sets of the test fabric swatches, one set being washed in an automatic washing machine, to the wash water of which the invented composition has been charged, with the concentration thereof in the wash water being 0.07%, the wash water being of a hardness of about 150 p.p.m., calcium carbonate equivalent (Ca:Mg ratio of 3:2), and with the time for the washing portion of the cycle being about 10 minutes, and the other set, to the wash water of which the control composition has been charged, being washed subsequently in the same machine, and after dryings, reflectances of the swatches are measured and the averages for each soiled test fabric are taken. Utilizing different factors that have been found by experience to be representative of human evaluations of the importance of a detergent's cleaning powers against the various soils, the final soil removal indices are obtained for the experimental and control detergent compositions. The soil removal index for the invented product is 12.6 points higher than that for the control, indicating a significant improvement in detergency for the invented composition.
When, in the formulation of the invented product other nonionic detergents are employed, such as Neodol.RTM. 25-7, Alfonic.RTM. 1618-65, or a suitable ethylene oxide-propylene oxide condensation product such as those marketed under the trademark Pluronic.RTM., similar improved detergency results, compared to a control from which the polyacetal carboxylate has been omitted. Also, when parts of the sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate are replaced by equivalent sesquicarbonate, e.g., 10 to 50%, comparable results are obtained. This is also the situation when the silicate employed is of Na.sub.2 O:SiO.sub.2 ratio of about 1:2. Changes in the adjuvants utilized, such as omission of the enzyme or replacement of it with amylolytic enzyme, or addition of relatively small proportions of filler, such as NaCl and Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4, or the presence of other builders, such as zeolites, will result in the invented products also showing the described type of improvement over the control. This is also true when different polyacetal carboxylates, such as those of potassium, ammonium, lower alkyl and alkanolamine are present, of 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyls thereof, when the end terminating groups employed are others than the present ones, given in the preceding formula, such others being those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,226, and when the calculated weight average molecular weights of the polyacetal carboxylate are 5,000 or other weights within the described preferred range of 3,500 to 10,000. Of course, when the less desirable components are employed the difference in detergency may not be as great.
Similarly, comparable results are obtained when the manufacturing of the product is effected in other ways, under different conditions, as previously described, and utilizing components in different proportions, also as previously described. For example, when the composition of the formula is varied by changing the proportions of components .+-.10, .+-.20 and .+-.30%, while maintaining them within the ranges given, similar results are obtained.
Ten parts of Neodol 25-7 (a condensation product of 7 moles of ethylene oxide and one mole of higher fatty alcohol of 12 to 15 carbon atoms, on the average), and ten parts of Builder U, of calculated weight average molecular weight of about 8,000, are converted to a liquid state dispersion-solution by first mixing them together and then heating to about 49.degree. C. The builder powder, of particle sizes in the range of 325 to 400 mesh, does not dissolve in the hot nonionic detergent but disperses well therein. The dispersion thus made is applied as a spray to or is dripped (or sprayed) onto, at an elevated temperature within the range of 45.degree. to 55.degree. C., preferably about 50.degree. C., 30 parts of base beads (in a moving bed) comprising 47% of sodium bicarbonate, 34% of sodium carbonate, 13% of sodium silicate (Na.sub.2 O:SiO.sub.2 =1:2.4), 1.6% of magnesium sulfate, 0.6% of sodium citrate (thinner), and 3.8% of water. The product resulting is free flowing, non-caking and non-tacky, and is of excellent appearance. When tested against a control, from which the Builder U has been omitted, it is found to be of significantly better detergency.
Similar results are obtainable when other carbonates, bicarbonates nonionic detergents and polyacetal carboxylates are employed, and in different proportions, within the descriptions previously given.
To improve flowability, non-tackiness and non-caking properties further, if desired, there may be dusted onto the beads, after absorption of the nonionic detergent and Builder U, about 5 parts of finely divided Zeolite 4A or other suitable zeolite, or the zeolite, of particle sizes like those of the builder, may also be dispersed in the nonionic detergent and applied to the base beads with the nonionic and builder. If zeolite is employed (and it may be spray dried with the polyphosphate or dispersed in the nonionic detergent, too) it will preferably be a Zeolite A (4A is most preferred) of particle size of 200 to 400 mesh, preferably 325 to 400 mesh (if dispersed in nonionic or post-applied) and the proportion thereof will be from 5 to 40%, preferably 10 to 20%, and the zeolite:nonionic ratio will be from 1:20 to 1:1. The ratio of the sum of zeolite and polyacetal carboxylate to nonionic detergent will preferably be in the range of 1:10 to 1.1:1 or 1.2:1.
The procedure of Example 2 is repeated but the composition is made by applying the Neodol 25-7, in liquid state, at a temperature o 49.degree. C., to the moving base beads by dripping (or spraying) it thereon, after which a finely divided Builder U powder (200 to 400 mesh) is admixed with the intermediate product. The powder adheres to the surface of the nonionic detergent and the product resulting is free flowing, non-tacky, non-caking and non-settling on storage, although without the addition of the Builder U the particles are tacky and lazy. The detergency of the final product is essentially the same (superior), compared to a control, as that of the same composition of Example 2.
Variations in the formula of Examples 2 and 3 may be made, as by utilizing different nonionic detergents, such as those which have been described previously, and polyacetal carboxylates of other types, previously mentioned. Variations also can be made in the base bead formulations, as have been described earlier. In all such instances, the product resulting will be satisfactory and will be of improved detergency, compared to a control from which the polyacetal carboxylate component has been omitted. In some instances, as when the proportion of Builder U and/or nonionic detergent employed is sufficiently high so that flowability could desirably be improved, flow improving agents (zeolite builders can perform such function) may be incorporated in the final product, preferably by mixing them with the Builder U and applying the mixture thereof to the base beads, already containing deposited nonionic detergent in liquid state and at elevated temperature, or by applying the flow-improving agent after absorption by the base beads of the nonionic detergent-polyacetal carboxylate dispersion. Alternatively, some zeolite, e.g., 10 to 20% of the product, may be dispersed in the nonionic detergent, too.
The mixing procedures and apparatuses may be changed too. For example, instead of mixing for twenty minutes in a batch process employing an inclined drum, mixing time may be changed to from 5 to 40 minutes, and other apparatuses may be used, such as V-blenders, fluid beds, Schugi mixers and Day mixers. The results from such changes will still be acceptable product of the desired characteristics and washing properties, with a desired bulk density being in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 g./ml., as in these working examples.
The invention has been described with respect to various illustrations and working embodiments thereof but it is to be understood that it is not limited to these because one of skill in the art, with the present specification before him or her, will be able to utilize substitutes and equivalents without departing from the invention.
1. A process for manufacturing a substantially phosphate-free particulate built nonionic synthetic organic detergent composition, which composition comprises a detersive proportion, 5 to 35%, by weight, of a nonionic synthetic organic detergent which is a condensation product of ethylene oxide and a higher fatty alcohol, and a building proportion, 30 to 95%, by weight, in combination, of polyacetal carboxylate, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate builders for the nonionic detergent, wherein the polyacetal carboxylate builder is of a calculated weight average molecular weight in the range of 3,500 to 10,000, the ratio of the weight of polyacetal carboxylate to the combined weights of the sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate builders is within the range of 1:5 to 2:1, and the weight ratio of sodium carbonate to sodium bicarbonate is within the range of 1:3 to 3:1, with the balance of the composition, if any, being filler(s) and/or other builder(s) and/or adjuvant(s) and/or moisture, which process comprises the steps of spray drying an aqueous crutcher mix of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, mixing the resulting spray dried beads with the nonionic detergent in liquid form at elevated temperature, whereby the detergent is absorbed into the spray dried carbonate-bicarbonate beads, and mixing such beads containing the nonionic detergent with the polyacetal carboxylate builder, whereby said builder is held to such beads and a free flowing particulate detergent composition results.
2. A process according to claim 1 which comprises the steps of applying finely divided zeolite to the resulting product, to cover the carboxylate builder and the nonionic detergent, so as to improve the free flowing characteristics of the product.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the aqueous crutcher mix is of a solids content in the range of 40 to 70%, by weight, is at a temperature in the range of 40.degree. to 70.degree. C., and is mixed for a period of 10 minutes to an hour, the spray drying of the crutcher mix is in drying air which is at a temperature of 200.degree. to 500.degree. C., the spray dried beads resulting are of sizes in the range of Nos. 8 to 100 sieves, U.S. Sieve Series and are porous, mixing is effected in an inclined rotary drum mixer in which the porous spray dried beads are post sprayed with liquid state nonionic detergent at a temperature in the range of 45.degree. to 60.degree. C., and the polyacetal carboxylate builder is of particle sizes in the range of 200 to 400 mesh, U.S. Sieve Series, and is dusted onto the moving base beads containing liquid state nonionic detergent so as to be adhered thereto.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein finely divided zeolite, of particle sizes within the range of 200 to 400 mesh, U.S. Sieve Series, is applied to the product, to cover the polyacetal carboxylate builder and the nonionic detergent, so as to improve the free flowing characteristics of the product.
5. A process for manufacturing a substantially phosphate-free particulate built nonionic synthetic organic detergent composition, which composition comprises a detersive proportion, 5 to 35%, by weight, of a nonionic synthetic organic detergent which is a condensation product of ethylene oxide and a higher fatty alcohol, and a building proportion, 30 to 95%, by weight, in combination, of polyacetal carboxylate, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate builders for the nonionic detergent, wherein the polyacetal carboxylate builder is of a calculated weight average molecular weight in the range of 3,500 to 10,000, the ratio of the weight of polyacetal carboxylate to the combined weights of the sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate builders is within the range of 1:5 to 2:1, and the weight ratio of sodium carbonate to sodium bicarbonate is within the range of 1:3 to 3:1, with the balance of the composition, if any, being filler(s) and/or other builder(s) and/or adjuvant(s) and/or moisture, which process comprises the steps of dissolving and/or dispersing the polyacetal carboxylate builder in nonionic detergent in liquid form at elevated temperature, spray drying an aqueous crutcher mix of the sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, and applying to the resulting spray dried beads the polyacetal carboxylate builder-nonionic detergent solution or dispersion, with mixing, whereby such solution or dispersion is sorbed by the carbonate-bicarbonate beads, producing a free flowing particulate detergent composition.
7. A process according to claim 5 which comprises the steps of dispersing finely divided zeolite particles in a nonionic detergent with the polyacetal carboxylate builder and applying the dispersion of zeolite particles, nonionic detergent and polyacetal carboxylate builder to the spray dried beads.
8. A process according to claim 5 wherein the polyacetal carboxylate builder is in particulate form of sizes within the range of 200 to 400 mesh, U.S. Sieve Series, is dissolved and/or dispersed in a liquid state nonionic detergent which is at a temperature in the range of 45.degree. to 60.degree. C., at which temperature the nonionic detergent is in liquid state, the aqueous crutcher mix comprises 40 to 70%, by weight of solids and is at a temperature in the range of 40.degree. to 70.degree. C., the spray drying of the aqueous crutcher mix is into drying air which is at a temperature in the range of 200.degree. to 500.degree. C., the spray dried beads resulting are of particle sizes in the range of Nos. 8 to 100 sieves, U.S. Sieve Series, and the polyacetal carboxylate solution/dispersion in nonionic detergent, in which the proportion of polyacetal carboxylate to nonionic detergent is in the range of 1:10 to 1:1, by weight, is sprayed onto moving spray dried beads of mixed sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to produce free flowing, non-tacky and non-caking detergent composition particles which are of regular, approximately spherical shape.
10. A process according to claim 8 wherein finely divided zeolite particles of sizes in the range of 200 to 400 mesh, U.S. Sieve Series, are dispersed in the nonionic detergent with the polyacetal carboxylate builders, and such mixture, wherein the zeolite:nonionic detergent ratio is in the range of 1:20 to 1:1, by weight and the sum of zeolite and polyacetal carboxylate:nonionic detergent is within the range of 1:10 to 1.1:1, by weight is applied to the spray dried carbonate-bicarbonate base beads.
4144226 March 13, 1979 Crutchfield et al.
4260651 April 7, 1981 Wixon
4264464 April 28, 1981 Gangwisch et al.
4284524 August 18, 1981 Gilbert
4315092 February 9, 1982 Crutchfield et al.
0021491 June 1980 EPX
Filed: Jun 1, 1984
Assignee: Colgate-Palmolive Company (New York, NY)
Inventor: Riad A. Taha (Spotswood, NJ)
Primary Examiner: Paul Lieberman
Assistant Examiner: John F. McNally
Attorneys: H. S. Sylvester, M. M. Grill, N. Blumenkopf
Current U.S. Class: Resin, Rubber, Or Hardenable Oil Containing Coating (427/221); Organic Coating (427/220); 252/91; 252/17414; 252/17421; 252/17424; 252/17425; 252/174; 252/135; 252/140
International Classification: B05D 700; C11D 1700;


text:
Eva-Maria Stolberg (* 1964) ist eine deutsche Historikerin.

Leben
Nach ihrem Abitur studierte Stolberg Neuere Geschichte mit Schwerpunkt Osteuropäische Geschichte, Sinologie, Japanologie und Slavistik an der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität. Von 1988 bis 1991 war sie wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Seminar für Osteuropäische Geschichte. 1992 folgte ein Studienaufenthalt an der Universität Peking (Beida), 1993 ein Research Fellowship am Institut des Fernen Ostens (Moskau, Russische Akademie der Wissenschaften). 1996 promovierte sie über die sowjetisch-chinesischen Beziehungen während des Kalten Krieges (1945–1953). Ihre wesentlichen akademischen Mentoren waren Alexander Fischer, Rolf Trauzettel, Dieter Heinzig (ehemals Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche Studien/Köln), Ru Ruizhen an der Peking University.

In der Zeit zwischen Promotion und Habilitation beschäftigte sie sich mit Themen der osteuropäischen Geschichte, insbesondere hinsichtlich der transkulturellen Beziehungen zu Ostasien. 2005 habilitierte sie sich am Seminar für Osteuropäische Geschichte der Universität Bonn mit dem Thema "Sibirien – Russlands Wilder Osten. Mythos und soziale Realität im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert", gefördert durch verschiedene in- und ausländische Stipendien (Lise-Meitner-Habilitationsstipendium NRW, Canon-Foundation/Leiden). Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die russische Kolonial-/Imperialgeschichte am Beispiel Sibiriens unter globalen und transnationalen Fragestellungen (Bezug zu Inner- und Ostasien, zum Pazifischen Raum).

2007 erfolgte die Umhabilitierung an die Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg-Essen, wo sie ihren Schwerpunkt in globaler und transnationaler Geschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert hat (Osteuropa, Russland/Sowjetunion, Inner- und Ostasien, USA, Pazifischer Raum). Bis 2012 war sie Redakteurin des Jahrbuches für Außereuropäische Geschichte (Periplus), Assistentin am Lehrstuhl für Außereuropäische Geschichte (Christoph Marx). Im deutschsprachigen Raum ist sie die Initiatorin der Russland-Asienstudien. 2012 machte Eva-Maria Stolberg eine Ausbildung zur Mediatorin (Schwerpunkt Wirtschaftsmediation) und erwarb am Hagener Institut für Managementstudien das European Business Certificate. Sie ist Mitglied in AcessAsia – National Bureau of Asian Research, Seattle. Seit 2019 ist sie Gutachterin bei der Max-Weber-Stiftung für asienspezifische Themen.

Forschungsschwerpunkte
Transnationale Geschichte (West- und Osteuropa),
Globalgeschichte (Russland, Eurasien, Ostasien, Pazifischer Raum),
Geschichtstheorien (frontier, spatial turn, historische Soziologie, globale Urbanität, Indigene Völker)

Schriften
 Sibirien – Russlands Wilder Osten. Mythos und soziale Realität im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zur Europäischen Geschichte. Hg. Markus A. Denzel, Hermann Hiery, Stuttgart 2009.
 Traugott von Stackelberg. Voljeni Sibir (Geliebtes Sibirien). Serbische Edition gemeinsam mit Milorad Sfronijevic, Belgrad 2009.
 Auf der Suche nach Eden. Kulturgeschichte des Gartens, Frankfurt a. M. 2008.
 Themenheft "Sibirische Völker". Periplus. Jahrbuch für Außereuropäische Geschichte, Lit: Münster 2007.
 The Siberian Saga: A History of Russia's Wild East. Frankfurt a. M./ New York 2005.
 Geschichte Russlands und der Sowjetunion. Kurseinheit 5: Sowjetisch-chinesische Beziehungen im 20. Jahrhundert, Fern-Universität Hagen, Lehrstuhl: Außereuropäische Geschichte Jürgen Osterhammel 1999.
 Stalin und die chinesischen Kommunisten. Eine Studie zur Entstehungsgeschichte der sowjetisch-chinesischen Allianz vor dem Hintergrund des Kalten Krieges. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des östlichen Europa, Band 48, Stuttgart 1997.

Mehr als 100 Artikel, Lexikonbeiträge und Beiträge für nationale und internationale Konferenzen, mehr als 50 Rezensionen zur osteuropäischen, asiatischen und nordamerikanischen Geschichte.

Weblinks

Historiker
Person (Universität Duisburg-Essen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1964
Frau

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