text:
\section{Motivation}
The equation of state (EoS) of nuclear matter and the
nucleon-nucleon cross sections (NNCS) in the nuclear medium are hot topics in nuclear
physics since a long time~\cite{BALi08}. Heavy ion collisions (HICs) provide a unique
opportunity to study these subjects in the laboratories around the world. It has
been always difficult, however, to directly extract the information on the EoS and
NNCS from the measured quantities of HIC experiments because of the complexity of the
collision process and the restriction of the experimental data to the asymptotic
configurations recorded by the detectors. Microscopic transport theory has,
therefore, been a valuable tool for simulating the dynamical process of HICs, so as
to link the experimental observables to both the nuclear EoS and
the in-medium NNCS~\cite{Danie02}.

The collective flow is a common phenomenon of HICs,
first discovered at the Bevalac in 1984 (see Ref.~\cite{reisdorf1997} and
references therein). The directed flow (also named in-plane or sidewards flow)
and the elliptic flow
(also named out-of-plane flow) are two lower-order components of the flow which
have been widely used for studying HICs in a large range of beam energies varying
from tens of MeV up to several TeV per nucleon.
Newly measured experimental data of flows were usually compared with corresponding
theoretical results, calculated with the most recent updated theoretical transport
models, in order to obtain further insight into the properties of the EoS and
the in-medium NNCS. A large effort has been devoted
to constraining the stiffness of the EoS of isospin symmetric nuclear matter,
e.g., the pioneer works in Ref.~\cite{Hartnack:2005tr} with sub-threshold kaon production and in Ref.~\cite{Danie02} with collective flow observables,
with the result that it is most likely soft with an incompressibility $K_0$
of about 230 $\pm$ 30 MeV~\cite{Dutra:2012mb}. Up to now, however,
the stiffness of the EoS of isospin asymmetric nuclear matter (``$K_{asy}$''),
especially at high densities, is
still not well constrained and the medium modified NNCS have not been well
understood either. Thus both, more precise experimental data and self-consistent
theoretical models are still called for.

One of the interesting phenomena, already known from early-stage flow-related
experiments~\cite{Doss:1987kq,Gutbrod:1989wd,Gutbrod:1989gh}, is the dependence of
the directed and elliptic flows on the particle species. The flow effect is larger for
composite particles than for protons.
With the subsequent large number of experimental (see, e.g.,
Refs.~\cite{Westfall:1993zz,Partlan:1994vs,Huang:1996zz,Rami:1998bf,Barrette:1998bz})
and theoretical (see, e.g., Refs.~\cite{Peilert:1989kr,koch:1990,Zhang:1995zzb,Danielewicz:1994nb,Nemeth:1998by,Insolia:2000sr}) endeavors, the presence of this effect was confirmed by observing the increase of flow with the particle mass more precisely, even though the definitions of flow and the interpretations were somewhat different in the respective studies. Recently, by using the large acceptance apparatus FOPI at the Schwerionen-Synchrotron
(SIS) at GSI, a large amount of directed and elliptic flow data
for light charged particles (protons, deuterons, tritons, $^3$He and
$^4$He) from intermediate energy HICs have been made available
\cite{FOPI:2010aa,FOPI:2011aa}. Moreover, flows are presented differentially in the
FOPI data~\cite{FOPI:2011aa} in the form of both rapidity and transverse momentum
distributions. Therefore, new opportunities have been opened up which will allow us
to discuss the following questions:\\
(1) Is it possible to reduce the uncertainty of $K_0$ of the EoS by comparing a large
number of two-dimensional flow data with model calculations?\\
(2) Is it now possible to extract more information on the medium modifications of
NNCS? \\
(3) How do different cluster recognition criteria affect the flows of light particles?
This latter question arises because the newly developed isospin-dependent cluster
recognition method has been reported to affect the production of light
particles~\cite{Zhang:2012qm}.

The paper is arranged as follows. In the next section the new
version of the UrQMD transport model with the Skyrme potential
energy density functional is presented. In Section III, results
of collective flows of light particles from $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au
reactions at beam energies 150, 250 and 400 MeV$/$nucleon are shown.
Finally, a summary and outlook is given in Section IV.

\section{UrQMD model updates}
The UrQMD model~\cite{Bass98,Bleicher:1999xi,Li:2011zzp,Li:2012ta} has been widely and
successfully used to study \emph{pp}, \emph{p}A, and AA collisions within a large
energy range from Bevalac and SIS up to the AGS, SPS, RHIC, and LHC.
At lower energies, the UrQMD model is based on principles analogous
to the quantum molecular dynamics model (QMD) \cite{aichelin91} in which each
nucleon is represented by
a Gaussian wave packet in phase space. The centroids ${\bf r}_i$ and ${\bf p}_i$
of a nucleon $i$ in the coordinate and momentum spaces are
propagated according to Hamilton's equations of motion:

\begin{equation}
{\bf \dot{r}}_i=\frac{\partial H}{\partial {\bf p}_i},
\hspace{1.5cm} \mathrm{and} \hspace{1.5cm} {\bf
\dot{p}}_i=-\frac{\partial H}{\partial {\bf r}_i}. \label{Hemrp}
\end{equation}
The Hamiltonian $H$ consists of the kinetic energy $T$
and the effective two-body interaction potential energy $U$,
\begin{equation}
H=T+U
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
T=\sum_i (E_i-m_i)=\sum_i (\sqrt{m_i^2+{\bf p}_i^2}-m_i), \label{HT}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
U=U_{\rho}+U_{md}+U_{coul}
\end{equation}
where $U_{coul}$ is the Coulomb energy, while the nuclear interaction potential energy terms $U_{\rho}$ and $U_{md}$ can be written as
\begin{equation}
 U_{\rho,md}=\int u_{\rho,md}d{\bf r} .
\end{equation}

In the current new version of the UrQMD model, the form of the momentum
dependent term $u_{md}$ is taken from the QMD model~\cite{aichelin91}
while the Skyrme potential energy density
functional $u_{\rho}$ is introduced in the same manner as in the improved
quantum molecular dynamics (ImQMD)
model~\cite{Zhang:2006vb,Zhang:2007gd} in which

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{equrho}
u_{\rho}=\frac{\alpha}{2}\frac{\rho^2}{\rho_0}+
\frac{\beta}{\eta+1}\frac{\rho^{\eta+1}}{\rho_0^{\eta}}+
\frac{g_{sur}}{2\rho_0}(\nabla\rho)^2
+\frac{g_{sur,iso}}{2\rho_0}[\nabla(\rho_n-\rho_p)]^2\nonumber\\
+(A\rho^{2}+B\rho^{\eta+1}+C\rho^{8/3})\delta^2
+g_{\rho\tau}\frac{\rho^{8/3}}{\rho_0^{5/3}}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\delta=(\rho_{n}-\rho_{p})/(\rho_{n}+\rho_{p})$ is the
isospin asymmetry defined through the neutron ($\rho_n$) and proton
($\rho_p$) densities with $\rho=\rho_n + \rho_p$.
The parameters $\alpha, \beta, \eta, g_{sur}$, and $g_{sur,iso}$ are related
to the Skyrme parameters via $\frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{3}{8}t_{0}\rho_{0}$,
$\frac{\beta}{\eta+1}=\frac{1}{16}t_{3}\rho_{0}^{\eta}$,
$\frac{g_{sur}}{2}=\frac{1}{64}(9t_{1}-5t_{2}-4x_{2}t_{2})\rho_{0}$,
and $\frac{g_{sur,iso}}{2}=-\frac{1}{64}(3t_{1}(2x_{1}+1)+t_{2}(2x_{2}+1))\rho_{0}$.
The parameters $A$, $B$, and $C$ in the volume symmetry energy term of
Eq.~\ref{equrho} are
given by $A=-\frac{t_{0}}{4}(x_{0}+1/2)$, $B=-\frac{t_{3}}{24}(x_{3}+1/2)$,
and $C=-\frac{1}{24}(\frac{3\pi^{2}}{2})^{2/3}\Theta_{sym}$
where $\Theta_{sym}=3t_{1}x_{1}-t_{2}(4+5x_{2})$. The last term reads
$g_{\rho\tau}=\frac{3}{80}(3t_{1}+(5+4x_{2})t_{2})(\frac{3\pi^{2}}{2})^{2/3}\rho_{0}^{5/3}$.
The coefficients
$t_{0},t_{1},t_{2},t_{3}$ and $x_{0},x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}$ are the well-known parameters
of the Skyrme force.

In this work, we choose three sets of the Skyrme force, SkP
\cite{Dob84,Dutra:2012mb}, SV-mas08
\cite{Dutra:2012mb,Klupfel:2008af}, and SkA
\cite{Dutra:2012mb,Kohler} for incompressibility values $K_0$ varying
within 230 $\pm$ 30MeV. The main saturation properties of each
set are listed in Table \ref{skyrme} which shows that the saturation
density ($\rho_0$), the saturation energy
($E_0$), and the symmetry energy ($S_0$) at $\rho_0$ are close to
their commonly accepted values, $0.16$ fm$^{-3}$, $-16$ MeV, and
$32$ MeV, respectively. The other three parameters,
the slope $L$ of the symmetry energy, the symmetry incompressibility
$K_{asy}$, and the effective mass ratio $m^*/m$ at $\rho_0$, are also
found within their known regions of uncertainty.
It should be noticed that with the introduction of the ``standard" Skyrme potential energy density functional, these parameters are not varied independently. But, the effect of isovector part of EoS will not be much involved in this paper since its contribution to flows is much smaller than the isoscalar part of EoS.
\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{\label{tab:table1} Saturation properties of three Skyrme parametrizations used in this work.}
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{cccccccc}
 &SkP\cite{Dob84,Dutra:2012mb} & &SV-mas08\cite{Dutra:2012mb,Klupfel:2008af}& &SkA\cite{Dutra:2012mb,Kohler}\\
\hline

$\rho_{0}$ (fm$^{-3}$)& 0.163 && 0.160 && 0.155  \\
$E_0$ (MeV)        & -15.95 && -15.90 && -15.99 \\
$S(\rho_{0})(MeV)$ & 30.00 && 30.00 && 32.91 \\
$L (MeV)$          & 19.68 && 40.15 && 74.62 \\
$K_{asy}(MeV)$     & -266.60 && -172.38 && -78.46  \\
$m^{*}/m$          & 1.00 && 0.80 && 0.61  \\
$K_0(MeV)$         & 201 && 233 && 263  \\
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular} \label{skyrme}
\end{table}

Concerning the NNCS, it is known that it will be modified by the nuclear
medium, according to approaches such as the (self-consistent) relativistic Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (RBUU) and the (Dirac-)Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (DBHF), which are based on the theory of quantum hydrodynamics (QHD), see e.g.,
Refs.~\cite{Chou:1984es,Li:1993rwa,Mao:1994zza,Li:2000sha,Sammarruca:2006jd}.
However, the details of this modification are still not clear. In this work,
as done previously~\cite{Li:2011zzp,Li:2006ez}, the in-medium nucleon-nucleon elastic
cross sections (NNECS) are treated to be factorized as the
product of a medium correction factor $F$ and the free cross sections.
For the inelastic channels, we still use the experimental free-space cross
sections which will not have a significant influence on results
studied in this work. The total nucleon-nucleon binary scattering
cross sections can thus be expressed as
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{tot}^{*}=\sigma_{in}+\sigma_{el}^{*}=\sigma_{in}+F(\rho,p)
\sigma_{el}  \label{ecsf}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
F(\rho,p)=\left\{
\begin{array}{l}
f_0 \hspace{3.45cm} p_{NN}>1 {\rm GeV}/c \\
\frac{F_{\rho} -f_0}{1+(p_{NN}/p_0)^\kappa}+f_0 \hspace{1cm}
p_{NN} \leq 1 {\rm GeV}/c
\end{array}
\right.
\label{fdpup}
\end{equation}
where $p_{NN}$ denotes
the relative momentum of two colliding nucleons. Here
$\sigma_{el}$ and $\sigma_{in}$ are the nucleon-nucleon elastic and
inelastic cross sections in free space, respectively, with the
proton-neutron cross sections being considered as different from the
proton-proton and neutron-neutron cross sections in accordance with
experimental data. The factor $F_\rho$ in Eq.\ \ref{fdpup} can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
F_\rho=\lambda+(1-\lambda)\exp[-\frac{\rho}{\zeta\rho_0}], \label{fr}
\end{equation}
which is also illustrated in Fig.\ \ref{fig1}(a). In this work, $\zeta$=1/3 and
$\lambda$=1/6 are adopted which corresponds to the
parametrization FU3 in Ref.~\cite{Li:2011zzp}.
The three parameters
$f_{0}$, $p_{0}$ and $\kappa$ in Eq.\ \ref{fdpup} can be varied in order
to obtain various momentum dependences of $F(\rho,p)$.

We select several parameter sets for this work which are shown in Table II. The
corresponding $F(\rho,p)$ functions at $\rho=2\rho_0$ are
illustrated in Fig.\ \ref{fig1}(b). The parameterizations FP1, FP2,
and FP3 were investigated and used in our previous
works \cite{Li:2011zzp,guocc,wangyj}. Specifically, the parameter set FU3FP1 was
used to investigate HICs around the balance energy where the
experimental data can be reproduced quite well with this set. Here,
we further introduce the FP4 and FP5 sets which lie
roughly between FP1 and FP2. This will permit more accurate tests of the
momentum dependence of the in-medium NNCS by taking advantage of the large
number of new FOPI data for directed and elliptic flows of light charged particles.
FP4 and FP5 differ mainly within
$p=0.2-0.4$ GeV/$c$ and the largest difference is within the narrow
region $p=0.25-0.35$ GeV/$c$. The treatment of the Pauli blocking
effect is the same as that in Ref.~\cite{Li:2011zzp}.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|}\hline
\bf Set & $f_0$ & $p_0$ [GeV c$^{-1}$]   & $\kappa$  \\\hline\hline
\tt FP1 & 1   & 0.425 & \ 5  \        \\
\tt FP2 & 1   & 0.225 & 3        \\
\tt FP3 & 1   & 0.625 & 8        \\
\tt FP4 & 1   & 0.3 & 8        \\
\tt FP5 & 1   & 0.34 & 12        \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{The parameter sets FP1, FP2, FP3, FP4 and FP5 used for
describing the momentum dependence of $F(u,p)$. } \label{tabfp}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.9\textwidth]{fig1.eps}
\caption{\label{fig1}(Color online) (a) The medium correction factor $F_\rho$ obtained with the parameterization FU3 and (b)
the momentum dependence with the four options FP1, FP2, FP4, and FP5 given in Table \ref{tabfp} for FU3 at $\rho=2\rho_0$. }
\end{figure}

The UrQMD transport program stops at 250~fm$/c$ at which time a phase-space
coalescence mode~\cite{Kruse:1985pg} is used to construct clusters.
Usually, the minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm is used. Recently,
an isospin-dependent MST (iso-MST)
method was introduced by Zhang {\it et al.}~\cite{Zhang:2012qm}.
Accordingly, in this work we will apply the two methods of fragment
recognition. The relative distance and momentum parameters $R_0$ and
$P_0$ are set to
$R_0^{nn}=R_0^{np}=R_0^{pp}=3.2$ fm for MST and
$R_0^{nn}=R_0^{np}=4.5$ fm and $R_0^{pp}=3.2$ fm for iso-MST and
$P_0 =0.25$ GeV/$c$ for both.

\section{Observables and Calculations}

\subsection{What to calculate}
Several hundred thousand events of $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions for
each of the beam energies $E_{\text{lab}}$=150, 250, and 400 MeV$/$nucleon are
simulated randomly within the impact parameter region 0-7.5 fm, in order for small enough statistical error bars for observables. As
in Ref.~\cite{FOPI:2011aa}, the centrality is
characterized by the reduced impact parameter $b_0$ defined as
$b_0=b/b_{max}$, taking $b_{max} =1.15 (A_{P}^{1/3} +
A_{T}^{1/3})$~fm =13.4~fm for $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au.
At each beam energy, the calculations are
divided into 4 groups according to $b_0$:
$b_0<0.15$, $0.15<b_0<0.25$, $0.25<b_0<0.45$, and $0.45<b_0<0.55$ ($b_{max} \cdot 0.55 =7.4$~fm).
Five options of the UrQMD model differing in the treatment of the
mean-field potential (EoS), the medium modified NNCS and the
cluster recognition method are adopted and listed in Table
\ref{urqmd}. Clearly, the options UrQMD-I, UrQMD-IV, and UrQMD-V are for testing the influence of the mean
field potential, the options UrQMD-III and
UrQMD-IV are for testing the in-medium NNCS, and, UrQMD-II and UrQMD-IV are for testing the
influence of the cluster recognition method.
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}\hline
\bf Set        &   EoS  &  NNCS            &  Cluster recognition  \\\hline\hline
\tt UrQMD-I    &   SkP       &  FU3FP4             &  iso-MST     \\
\tt UrQMD-II    &   SV-mas08  &  FU3FP4             &  MST      \\
\tt UrQMD-III   &   SV-mas08  &  FU3FP5             &  iso-MST       \\
\tt UrQMD-IV  &   SV-mas08  &  FU3FP4             &  iso-MST      \\
\tt UrQMD-V   &   SkA       &  FU3FP4             &  iso-MST      \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Five options of the UrQMD transport model differing in
the treatments of the potential terms (EoS), of the
medium-modified NNCS, and of the cluster recognition method.}
\label{urqmd}
\end{table}

As a general test of the model, we first calculated fragment spectra as a function of
atomic number $Z$ for central $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au
collisions at beam energies $E_{\text lab}$=150, 250, and 400 MeV$/$nucleon.
It is found that results obtained by the five UrQMD options listed in
Table~\ref{urqmd} are in
agreement with experimental data and the difference among them are
relatively small. As a sensitive observable to both the EoS and the in-medium NNECS~\cite{FOPI:2010aa,Li:2011zzp}, the nuclear stopping quantity \emph{vartl}, defined by FOPI collaboration, of light charged clusters is investigated as well. One finds that results for flows and for the nuclear stopping follow in the same order when different treatments of the mean field and the collision terms are chosen. However, details on nuclear stopping calculations will be published elsewhere soon later. Since the aim of this work is to explore whether more
accurate constraints to the whole dynamic process of HICs can be obtained by
comparing with the new flow data of the FOPI collaboration,
we will not present results on the fragment spectrum and on stopping power in this paper.
  It is known that one of the most important observables to constrain the stiffness of EoS of nuclear
matter, especially at supra-normal densities, is the collective flow in HICs at
intermediate energies. Using the same parameterization as in
Ref.~\cite{FOPI:2011aa}, we have
\begin{equation}
 \frac{dN}{u_{t}du_{t}dyd\phi} = v_0 [1 + 2v_1 \cos(\phi) + 2v_2
\cos(2\phi)] ,
\end{equation}
in which the directed and elliptic flow parameters $v_1$ and $v_2$ can be written as:
  \begin{equation}
v_1\equiv \langle
cos(\phi)\rangle=\langle\frac{p_x}{p_t}\rangle;
v_2\equiv \langle cos(2\phi)\rangle=\langle\frac{p_x^2-p_y^2}{p_t^2}\rangle.
\label{eqv1}
\end{equation}
Here $\phi$ is the azimuthal angle of the emitted particle with
respect to the reaction plane, and $p_t=\sqrt{p_x^2+p_y^2}$ is the
transverse momentum of emitted particles. The angle brackets in
Eq.~\ref{eqv1} denote an average over all considered
particles from all events. The $v_{1}$ and $v_{2}$ have complex
multi-dimensional dependences. For a certain reaction with fixed
reaction system, beam energy, and impact parameter, they
are functions of $u_t$ and rapidity $y$. Here $u_t=\beta_t
\gamma$ is the transverse component of the four-velocity
$u$=($\gamma$, $\bf{\beta}\gamma$). We use the scaled units
$u_{t0}\equiv u_t/u_{1cm}$ and $y_0\equiv y/y_{1cm}$ as done
in \cite{FOPI:2011aa}, and the subscript $1cm$ denotes
the incident projectile in the center-of-mass system.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.9\textwidth]{fig2.eps}
\caption{\label{fig2} (Color online) Contour plots of $p_x/A$ vs
$p_y/A$ of free protons [left, (a) and (d)], deuterons [middle, (b) and (e)]
and $A=3$ clusters [right, (c) and (f)] calculated with UrQMD-IV and presented
without a $u_{t0}$ cut (upper row of panels) and with the cut $u_{t0}>0.8$
(lower panels) for $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au reactions at 250 MeV$/$nucleon,
$b=5$~fm, and the bin of forward rapidities $0.4<y_0<0.6$.
The solid lines represents the averaged $\langle{p_x}\rangle/{A}$ value for each
$\langle{p_y}\rangle/{A}$ bin while the displayed numerical values in the lower part of each panel are the
averages over the considered range of $\langle{p_y}\rangle/{A}$.
Values of $cos(\phi)$ are shown in the upper right corners of the panels.
}
\end{figure}

We first investigate how the condition $u_{t0}>0.8$, applied by FOPI to their
data, influences the
directed flow of different particles. In Fig.\ \ref{fig2}, the
$p_x/A$ vs. $p_y/A$ contour plots for emitted protons,
deuterons, and $A=3$ clusters (considering $^3H$ and $^3He$ results) are shown
without the $u_{t0}$ cut in the upper and with the cut $u_{t0}>0.8$ in the lower panels.
The interval of forward rapidities $0.4<y_0<0.6$ is selected,
so that more particles have positive $p_x$. The solid lines represent
the averaged $\langle{p_x}\rangle/{A}$ values for each $p_y/A$ bin and the
numerical values in the lower part of the panels are the averages over all
considered $p_y/A$ bins. In the upper right corner of each panel, the averaged value of $cos(\phi)$ ($=v_1$) for separate particles is also shown for comparison. It is apparent from the upper plots (a) -- (c)
that the $\langle{p_x}\rangle/{A}$ values of protons,
deuterons, and $A=3$ clusters are the same when the $u_{t0}$ cut
is not taken into account. When the cut $u_{t0}>0.8$ is applied, however,
shown in the lower plots (d) -- (f), the
$\langle{p_x}\rangle/{A}$ value increases with increasing particle mass.
If, however, the value of $v_1$ is examined, heavier clusters have larger transverse flow, even though there is no any $u_{t0}$ cut. With the consideration of the $u_{t0}$ cut, the effect of the particle species on flows becomes even more remarkable. This shows that the expected collective proportionality to the particle mass is observed when all particles are included and suggests that the phenomenon of an additional increase of the flow effect with the particle mass is strongly correlated with whether a transverse momentum cut is applied or not.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.9\textwidth]{fig3.eps}
\caption{\label{fig3}(Color online) Rapidity distribution of (a) the flow parameter
$v_1$ of protons under various centralities
and (b) flow parameter $v_1$
for protons, deuterons, $A=3$ clusters, and alpha particles
from $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions at 250 MeV$/$nucleon with $0.25<b_0<0.45$,
as calculated with the
UrQMD-IV option (open symbols). The cut $u_{t0}>0.8$ is chosen.
The lines are fits to the calculation results (see text), while the
corresponding experimental data from Ref.\ \cite{FOPI:2011aa} are given by the
solid symbols.}
\end{figure}

Now, let us look at the collective flow as a function of rapidity when a $u_{t0}$ cut is applied.
Fig.\
\ref{fig3} shows the directed flow $v_1$ of protons under different centralities (open symbols) in plot (a), and $v_1$ of protons,
deuterons, $A=3$ and $\alpha$ particles (open symbols) with the centrality $0.25<b_0<0.45$ in (b) as a function of $y_0$.
 The UrQMD-IV is adopted for calculations, the reaction conditions in Fig\
\ref{fig3}(b) are chosen to be the same as the FOPI experimental data (solid symbols) of Ref.~\cite{FOPI:2011aa}.
The solid curves in the figure are fits to calculation
results assuming $v_1(y_0)=v_{11}\cdot y_0 + v_{13}\cdot y_0^3+c$
in the range of $-1.1<y_0<1.1$. The fit also provides the
slope value $v_{11}$ of $v_1$ at $y_0=0$ which will be discussed later.
In Fig.~\ref{fig3}(b), it is found that our calculated results for all particles considered are in agreement
with the experimental data in the whole rapidity region.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.9\textwidth]{fig4.eps}
\caption{\label{fig4} (Color online) Rapidity distribution of the flow parameter
$v_2$ of protons for various centralities (a) and the $v_2$ of
protons, deuterons, and alpha particles for the impact-parameter
bin $0.25<b_0<0.45$ for $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au
collisions at 400 MeV$/$nucleon. Calculations
with UrQMD-IV are shown with open symbols while the FOPI data,
taken from Ref.\ \cite{FOPI:2011aa}, are shown by solid symbols.
The lines are fits to the calculated results (see text).}
\end{figure}

The elliptic flow $v_2$ of light particles is also calculated and compared with
FOPI data from Ref.\ \cite{FOPI:2011aa}. In Fig.\ \ref{fig4}, the results of
calculations with UrQMD-IV and the FOPI data from $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions
at 400 MeV$/$nucleon are represented by the open and solid symbols, respectively.
In the left panel, the elliptic flow parameter $v_2$ of protons as a function of
$y_0$ is shown for three centralities, while the $v_2$ for different particles,
i.e., protons, deuterons and alpha particles, is given in the right panel
(for semi-central collisions and with the less restrictive $u_{t0}$ cut applied by FOPI
at the higher energy).
The figure shows that the FOPI $v_2$ flow data, within a large centrality region
and for several particles, can also be quite well described with the updated
UrQMD transport model.
Further, with the fit $v_2(y_0)=v_{20} + v_{22}\cdot y_0^2 +
v_{24}\cdot y_0^4$ to the calculation, the elliptic flow at mid-rapidity, $v_{20}$,
can be obtained.
\subsection{Effects of EoS, NNCS, and cluster recognition on flows of light particles}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.9\textwidth]{fig5.eps}
\caption{\label{fig5} (Color online) (a) The $v_{11}$ and (b) the $v_{20}$  values for
light particles up to mass number $A=4$ calculated with FP1, FP2, FP4 and FP5 (lines with symbols) while other inputs are the same as those in the UrQMD-IV set.
The reaction $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au
at the beam energy 250 MeV$/$nucleon with $0.25<b_0<0.45$ is considered as an example. The FOPI
experimental data (stars) are taken from Ref.\ \cite{FOPI:2011aa}.}
\end{figure}

In order to show why the sets FP4 and FP5 have been introduced in addition
to FP1 and FP2 used previously for testing the
momentum dependence of the in-medium NNCS, we display in Fig.\ \ref{fig5}(a)
the $v_{11}$
and in Fig.\ \ref{fig5}(b) the $v_{20}$ values for
light particles calculated with the four sets FP1, FP2, FP4, and FP5.
Other inputs are the same as those in the UrQMD-IV set. Firstly, one sees clearly that
calculation results with FP4 and FP5 are well separated. It means
that the directed and elliptic flows of light
particles are very sensitive to the exact momentum dependence of in-medium
NNCS within a narrow region of $p=0.2-0.4$
GeV/$c$, which is due to a larger number of collisions happened in such a relative momentum region. Secondly, the $v_{11}$ of light particles calculated with FP2 and FP4 and
the $v_{20}$ calculated with FP1 and FP5
are very close to each other, respectively. Remembering that there is a large
difference between FP2 and FP4 at the low momentum part and
between FP1 and FP5 at high momenta (see Fig.\ \ref{fig1}),
we may conclude that the directed flow of light particles is not sensitive to the
low momentum part while the elliptic flow is not sensitive to the high
momentum part of the momentum dependent NNECS. However, with the further increase of beam energy, the sensitivity of the collective flow to the parameterization FP4 and FP5 will be reduced since they overlap at higher relative momentum (which is also shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig6}). The figure finally also shows
that the calculations with FP4 can best reproduce the experimental data.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.7\textwidth]{fig6.eps}
\caption{\label{fig6} (Color online) $v_{11}$ [(a) and (b)]
and $v_{20}$ [(c) and (d)] for light particles from
semi-central ($0.25<b_0<0.45$) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions
at $E_{\text lab}=150$ (left) and 400 MeV$/$nucleon (right). The calculations
performed with five UrQMD parameter sets are
distinguished by different lines as indicated. The FOPI experimental data
from Ref.\ \cite{FOPI:2011aa} are shown by stars. }
\end{figure}

Besides the medium modification on NNECS, also the influence of the mean field
and of the cluster recognition method on flows is further investigated.
In Fig.\ \ref{fig6}, the $v_{11}$ and $v_{20}$ values obtained from calculations
with different UrQMD sets for light particles from
semi-central $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions
at two beam energies, 150 (left) and 400 MeV$/$nucleon (right),
are compared with the FOPI data.
More specifically, the mean field effect is examined in Fig.\
\ref{fig6}(a) and (c) where calculations with UrQMD-I, UrQMD-III, UrQMD-IV and
UrQMD-V sets are shown, while the cluster recognition effect is tested in
Fig.\ \ref{fig6}(b) and (d) with calculations using the UrQMD-II, UrQMD-III
and UrQMD-IV sets.
One immediately sees that, for both $v_{11}$ and $v_{20}$,
calculations with UrQMD-I, UrQMD-II, UrQMD-IV and UrQMD-V are grouped together,
while absolute values obtained with UrQMD-III are apparently
smaller, especially  for composite particles. The main reason
is that, with FP5, the reduction of the in-medium cross section is stronger
in the UrQMD-III case. Flows of composite particles at intermediate
energies are, apparently, very useful to test the behavior of
the momentum dependence of in-medium NNECS, especially in the momentum region
$p$=0.2-0.4 GeV$/c$. Secondly, although the absolute values of $v_{11}$ and $v_{20}$ are still seen to
increase gradually with the increasing incompressibility $K_0$ of the EoS, by
examining calculations going from UrQMD-I, UrQMD-IV, to UrQMD-V sets,
the differences between them are too small to extract a more
accurate $K_0$ value than 230 $\pm$ 30 MeV from the present calculations
and experimental data. By employing a much stiffer EoS such as SIII (with $K_0$=355 MeV), we have checked that the sensitivity of the flows to the EoS is comparable with previous studies shown, e.g., Ref.~\cite{Danie02}. The insensitivity of the flows to the EoS shown here is only due that the selected range of $K_0$ values is rather narrow based on the latest progress on it. It is further noticed that, although the effective mass values of the three Skyrme forces are largely different, the flow is not influenced significantly. It is because that the momentum dependent terms in the Skyrme potential energy density functional are obtained by the Thomas-Fermi approximation to the kinetic energy density and can not fully represent the momentum dependence of the whole non-equilibrium dynamic process. We note that, in order
to obtain an improved flow data set of light fragments for $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au
collisions and to extend the study of the density dependent symmetry energy to
other systems,
a new experiment (S394) was recently carried out at the GSI laboratory by the
ASY-EOS collaboration \cite{Russotto:2012jb}. It is certainly hopeful for us to
further reduce the uncertainties in both $K_0$ and $K_{asy}$ with the help of the
new experiment. Finally, from Fig.\ \ref{fig6}(b) and (d) one finds that,
no matter which flow parameter is chosen, the difference between results calculated
with UrQMD-II and with UrQMD-IV is also very small. And, the flow parameter difference in some isospin partners such as proton+neutron and $^{3}He$+$^{3}H$ is not obvious as well. It indicates that the different
cluster recognition methods MST and iso-MST have only a weak
effect on the flow parameters. However, the effect should depend on the transverse momentum and rapidity cuts (as will be seen in Fig.\ \ref{fig7}(c), the difference in $v_1$ between MST and iso-MST becomes larger as $u_{t0}$ decreases). Since both MST and iso-MST are different treatments related to isospin in the coalescence model at freeze-out, it
 has been found in Ref.~\cite{Zhang:2012qm} that yields of neutron-rich lighter fragments as well as isospin-dependent observables such as yield ratios between isospin partners are influenced. Similarly, the flow difference or ratio between isospin partners in some transverse momentum and/or rapidity windows might be influenced by the consideration of isospin in MST, which deserves further investigation.
Generally speaking,
we can conclude that
the new FOPI flow data can be reproduced by the UrQMD model calculations when
the FU3FP4 medium modification of NNECS is adopted, with the
only exception of $\alpha$ particle flow which is underestimated. Reasons for the underestimation will be discussed in the next subsection.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.9\textwidth]{fig7.eps}
\caption{\label{fig7} (Color online) Parameters $v_1$ of directed flow (upper panels)
and $v_2$ of elliptic flow (lower panels) for protons and $A=3$ clusters as
a function of $u_{t0}$. Calculations are obtained with UrQMD-I and UrQMD-V in (a)
and (d), UrQMD-III and UrQMD-IV in (b) and (e), and UrQMD-II and UrQMD-IV in (c)
and (f), respectively. The reaction $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au at the beam energy 250 MeV$/$nucleon with $0.25<b_0<0.45$
is considered as an example. The rapidity cuts $0.4<y_0<0.8$ and $|y_0|<0.4$ are
chosen for $v_1$ and $v_2$, respectively. }
\end{figure}

In order to see more clearly effects of the mean field
potential, the in-medium NNCS, and the cluster recognition method
on flows, the calculated parameters $v_1$ of directed and $v_2$ of elliptic flow
are shown as a function of $u_{t0}$ in Fig.\ \ref{fig7}.
For this purpose, we compare results of
protons and $A=3$ clusters obtained
with UrQMD-I and UrQMD-V in (a) and (d), with UrQMD-III and
UrQMD-IV in (b) and (e), and with UrQMD-II and UrQMD-IV in (c) and (f),
respectively. As an example, $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions at the beam
energy 250 MeV$/$nucleon with $0.25<b_0<0.45$ are chosen. One sees a significant
effect on both flow parameters only in the case of the comparison
of calculations with UrQMD-III to UrQMD-IV shown in (b) and (e), especially for $A=3$
clusters.
This situation is quite similar to that shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig6}. Further, it can be seen from Fig.\ \ref{fig7}
that at about $u_{t0}>0.5$
the effect of medium modified NNCS on flows of $A=3$ clusters is enlarged [from (b) and (e)] while the
other two effects are reduced so that one may be able to
more cleanly determine the medium modifications of NNCS in this momentum region.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.9\textwidth]{fig8.eps}
\caption{\label{fig8} (Color online) The $u_{t0}$ dependence of parameters $v_1$ of
directed (left) and $v_2$ of elliptic flows (right) of light charged particles from
semi-central ($0.25<b_0<0.45$) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions at beam energies
150 [(a) and (b)], 250 [(c) and (d)], and 400
MeV$/$nucleon [(e) and (f)]. The rapidity cuts $0.4<y_0<0.8$ and $|y_0|<0.4$ are
chosen for $v_1$ and $v_2$, respectively.
Calculated results
with UrQMD-IV are represented by different lines as indicated, the FOPI experimental
data from Ref.\ \cite{FOPI:2011aa} are shown by solid symbols. }
\end{figure}

\subsection{Comparison of calculated $u_{t0}$ dependent flows to experimental data}
We finally show in Fig.\ \ref{fig8} the $u_{t0}$ dependence of calculated directed
(left panels) and elliptic flows (right panels) of light charged particles at beam
energies 150, 250, and 400 MeV$/$nucleon (lines).
The reaction system and chosen rapidity cuts are the same as for the
experimental data taken from Ref.\ \cite{FOPI:2011aa} and shown by the full symbols.
It is firstly observed that calculations with the UrQMD-IV set
reproduce the $v_1$ and $v_2$
data reasonably well with some exceptions. Although the experimental data of directed
flow of $\alpha$ particles can not be well described by the
model, the relatively large flow effect is clearly exhibited in plots (a), (c) and (e)
of Fig.\ \ref{fig8}.
Secondly, calculation results for absolute $v_1$ and $v_2$ values of protons are
slightly larger than the FOPI data, which is similar to the simulation
results shown in Ref.\ \cite{FOPI:2011aa} where the IQMD model was used.
Thirdly, when $u_{t0}$ is larger than about 1.0, the
deviation of the calculated $v_1$ from the data starts to increase in some of the
particle cases.
Although, on the other hand, the yields of these particles are quite small in these
$u_{t0}$ and $y_0$ regions and the contribution to the final $v_{11}$ value is
thus very limited. One has indeed seen the successful description of the
$u_{t0}$-integrated data by
the UrQMD-IV set shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig6}.

To our knowledge, the discrepancies shown above can be (partly) understood since (1), it is argued that, largely due to simplifications in the initial wave function of particles (nucleons and possible clusters) and quantum effects in two-body collisions, the yield of free nucleons (intermediate mass fragments, especially alpha particles), is largely overestimated (underestimated) by QMD. And, because of the strong decay of excited fragments, flows of lighter particles will definitely inherit partly those of their heavier parent fragments. Therefore, some of the free nucleons might thus actually belong to fragments. Since the flow effect is larger for fragments than for emitted nucleons, the calculated flows of free protons are consequently overestimated. As for alpha particle, however, the calculated flows are larger underestimated especially at small $u_{t0}$ for HICs at lower beam energies [as can be seen in Fig.\ \ref{fig8}(a)], which might be due to its deficiency of production from heavier excited fragments and its instability after production in model calculations. In order to make it better, the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model (AMD) has been around and being kept updating~\cite{ono,KanadaEn'yo:2012bj}. (2), the importance of the optical potential to observables such as particle production and flow measured in HICs at intermediate energies has been widely investigated but its form is still far from settled~\cite{aich3,hart4,chen5}. And (3), the treatment of the fragment production could be more comprehensive than the current constraints in the phase space besides the consideration of the isospin. For example, in order to describe the early formation of fragments, the simulated annealing clusterization algorithm (SACA)~\cite{Puri:1996qv}, which is based on the energy minimization criteria, was proposed and shown promising.

Finally, as for flows of deuterons and $A=3$ clusters, it is seen that the comparison
of UrQMD-IV calculations with the experimental data is fairly good in the range
$0.5<u_{t0}<1.0$. In view of the result shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig7}, it is highly
advantageous to investigate the detailed behavior of the medium corrected NNCS
in this momentum region.
In order for a more reliable comparison to data, some recently concerned issues in the community, i.e., the internal magnetic fields \cite{Ou:2011fm} and non-central forces as, e.g., the tensor force and spin-orbit coupling \cite{Xu:2009bb,Xu:2012hh} which might influence the freeze-out mode of HICs especially for non-central collisions at large momenta and rapidities, will be further studied within the same transport theory.

\section{Summary and Outlook}
In summary, we have studied the directed and elliptic flows of
light particles in $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions at beam energies 150, 250 and 400
MeV$/$nucleon by using the updated UrQMD model in which the Skyrme
potential energy density functional is introduced. After the detailed study of the
influence of equation of state (EoS), medium-modified
nucleon-nucleon elastic cross section (NNECS) and cluster
recognition criteria on flows, the three
questions asked in the introduction can be answered: (1) it is difficult to get
a more exact value of the incompressibility from the present flow data
than $K_0$ =230 $\pm$ 30~MeV, (2) the different choices of medium-modified NNECS
exhibit a significant influence on the light particle flows and,
particularly, on the flows of light composite particles;
(3) the influence of the cluster recognition method on cluster flows is weak. The
version of UrQMD-IV, comprising the SV-mas08 force with a corresponding
incompressibility $K_0$=234~MeV, the FU3FP4 medium-modified NNECS and the iso-MST
cluster recognition method, describes the directed and elliptic flows of light
particles as functions of both rapidity and transverse momentum rather well.

Theoretically, the spin-orbit coupling term in the Skyrme interactions will be
further put into the UrQMD transport model after incorporating the spin degree of
freedom and its contribution
to flows, especially at large rapidities and/or transverse momenta, for intermediate
energy HICs can then be identified.
Together with the forthcoming new flow data of light particles measured by the ASY-EOS
collaboration at GSI, we hope to further reduce the uncertainties in both $K_0$
and $K_{asy}$ of the isospin-dependent EoS within the present framework of UrQMD in
the near future.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We acknowledge support by the computing server C3S2 in Huzhou
Teachers College. The work is supported in part by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10905021, 10979023,
11175074, 11075215, 11275052, 11375062), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural
Science Foundation of China (No. Y6090210), the Qian-Jiang
Talents Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2010R10102), and the National
Key Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013CB834400).
\end{acknowledgements}

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This is a list of cities and towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
↑ 1.0 1.1 "Congo (Dem. Rep.): largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 2013-02-10.
This page was last changed on 13 August 2018, at 21:34.


text:
Q: $\sum_{i=1}^{[ a/2]} [\frac {ib}{a} ] + \sum_{i=1}^{[ b/2]} [\frac {ja}{b} ] = [a/2][b/2] + [(a,b)/2].$ Show that if $a$ and $b$ are positive integers then
$$\sum_{i=1}^{[ a/2]} [\frac {ib}{a} ] + \sum_{i=1}^{[ b/2]} [\frac {ja}{b} ] = [a/2][b/2] + [(a,b)/2].$$
I was trying by taking cases with integers $a$ and $b$ as both even,...etc. But not able to combine the right set of terms.
Here $[.]$ is greatest integer function. Help Needed.
Thank You.

A: Consider the set of integer pairs $(i,j)$ such that
$$0<i\le\frac a2\ ,\quad 0<j\le \frac b2\ .$$
This can be visualised as a rectangle with diagonal from $(0,0)$ to $(\frac a2,\frac b2)$.  We will count the number of points in this rectangle in two ways.
First, the width of the rectangle is $[\frac a2]$ and the height is $[\frac b2]$.  So the answer is $[\frac a2][\frac b2]$.
Alternatively, count the points in the triangle below the diagonal.  Since the diagonal has slope $\frac ba$, the number of points with $x=i$ is $[\frac{ib}a]$ and the total is
$$\sum_{i=1}^{[a/2]} \Bigl[\frac{ib}a\Bigr]\ .$$
Doing the same for the triangle above the diagonal gives
$$\sum_{j=1}^{[b/2]}\Bigl[\frac{ja}b\Bigr]\ .$$
However, we have counted some points twice, namely, those (if any) on the diagonal.  Let $g=gcd(a,b)$.  Then these points are
$$\Bigl(k\frac ag,\,k\frac bg\Bigl)$$
with $1\le k\le\frac g2$.  So there are $[\frac{(a,b)}2]$ points that we must subtract and hence
$$[\frac a2][\frac b2]=\sum_{j=1}^{[b/2]}\Bigl[\frac{ja}b\Bigr]+\sum_{j=1}^{[b/2]}\Bigl[\frac{ja}b\Bigr]-\Bigl[\frac{(a,b)}2\Bigr]\ .$$

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Undoubtedly Remains also true for the last and supporting important segment of phylogenetics!
The spiritual competence reigns dividends unto the geometry and geographical precedence of the said phylogeny of the host organism and its multiple organs! Benefitting each organ mimicking a domino effect of cause and causalities! Distributing up up and down the mainframe of the bodies various streamlines and connections. Host of neurons pass on the anointing to their next of kin and is reciprocated in conclaves of unisonous fluctuations!
While announcements of rejuvenation to the membranes feature titillation and enliven the such live firing wires, the neurons and such cells which govorn sponanuity and cause and the effect of the blood pools lava!
Such communication allows the state of the body to be privileged to VIP Presidential type response and importance of well being of the unity, triglyphic, trigonometry of said host!
When such amiable communication is dwarfed by interference, encrypted from foreign sources alien to the body and its organic and natural preferential aids, there ends benevolence and longevity of the organs and overall organism!
Such as the demise of the organism! Which a duplex of functions immediately become back seat passengers or juvenile delinquents in the boot or under the vehicle, oppose to experienced engineers piloting a great vehicle! While alerting the nervous system of dangers to the immune system!
It is possible to lay waste in this mannerism by not carefully nourishing, abiding by with spiritual nutriments, nurturing with the spiritual biography intended to be whispered to the phylogeny of the organism, and touching with healing of the spiritual cardiologists -(which can be initiated by one's ownself to one's ownself) no such need for anyone one else, but close ones can incorporate it into a lifestyle practice with or without ones aided company once all aided information have been eagerly excepted and divulged, personal attention to ones own "Scalar Quantity", "absolute value", "magnitude", "direction", "absolute radius" & "parrallelogram of forces" can be unearth and radiated quite competently!
Our personal "Dot Product" be ones favoured goal and regulatory register in the scheme of evolutionary importance!
Such of this equation is marked by understand and "ACTUALITY".
I hope you have enjoyed or taken anything of value from this post!
I myself often feel as though this journey is a huge learning curb to share and gather information, one can not survive on bread alone and needs as much armoury to continue the everlasting trek!
Where or when it will end is anyones guess, yet I fear the consequences of not nourishing your soul in the big scheme of existence, far out weight any other consequence one can ever conjure, imagine or predict!
Yet I know more than I feel I should or at least more than compared to modern day citizens, who frantically shy away from such notions which govorn ones existence!
So if my hunch is wrong either way… what have I lost, nothing, even an improved cleaner life than the ordinary life, is still my benefit I have always though!
Whereas the nonchalance of the opposing spectrum may not be so nourishing and beneficial!
Rather a contrast and consequences I can not fully fathom, but appreciate an opposite contrast should the notion be correct!
Instincts, clarification, cognizance, clear voyagers of unconsciousness, clairvoyance, premonitions are all possibities and stand quite honestly for more then mere wide eyed notions.
But possibly "Premature Manuel Scripts" of something bigger to come!
Always leave a light for guidance, to those who shall need a touch for the journey and subsequent road ahead!


text:
From the Cluttered Desk. . .
Dawson takes out La Marque and Clear Falls
Dawson's Ryan Woods got the win against La Marque as the Eagles stomped on the Cougars 21-1 in a District 24-4A contest. The Eagles will host league-leading Santa Fe on Thursday, April 5 at 7:00 p.m. (Photo by Rick Skeen)
PEARLAND DAWSON — The Dawson Eagles stayed in the District 24-4A playoff hunt with wins over La Marque and Clear Falls.
The win over La Marque was more like a football score as the Eagles dismantled the Cougars with an embarrassing 21-1 pounding that ended in four innings.
Dawson scored four runs in the first frame, three in the second, and erupted for 14 runs in the third for 21 runs. La Marque finally scored in the fourth to end the game.
The Eagles banged out 21 hits as 10 players had at least one hit while 12 players scored as least once.
Dawson 12 - Clear Falls 9
Clear Falls jumped out to an early 2-0 lead in the second inning before Dawson scored three times in the fourth to take a 3-2 lead. The Eagles erupted for seven runs in the fifth for a 10-2 advantage and then added two more in the sixth making the score 12-2.
But Clear Falls wasn't going to go down easy as they scored seven runs in the sixth to close the gap to 12-9 which is the way the game would end as neither team scored in the seventh inning.
Travis Duke led Dawson in hitting going 3-for-3 with a pair of two-baggers, three runs scored and one RBI. Sam Boake was 2-for-5 with a double, one run scored and one RBI. Taylor Grigsby was 3-for-5 with two doubles, three RBIs and two runs scored. Michael Dewey was 1-for-2 with a double, two RBIs and one run scored. Anthony Franco was 3-for-3 with three RBIs. Pat Coleman was 1-for-3 with a double and two runs scored.
All-in-all, the Eagles banged out eight doubles for 10 RBIs. Dawson has a .312 overall team batting average.
Michael Jefferson took the mound to start the game and went 1.1 innings. Kyle Beatty took over in the second inning and gave up two runs in relief before retiring the side. Ryan Woods entered the game in the third inning and closed out the game allowing seven runs, six hits, while walking five and striking out six to get the win.
Dawson is sitting behind Santa Fe (7-1) in the league standing with a 5-3 mark. The Eagles are 9--9 overall.
The Eagles faced Manvel on Tuesday (late) and then will host league-leading Santa Fe on Thursday, April 5 at 7:00 p.m.
Copyright © 2019 by Dr. David Davis. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This should hopefully be the last of these baby updates before I'm putting up a picture of the little tike! We had another check-up on Wednesday with the midwife and not much is going on. The baby is healthy and all, but seems to be liking it in the womb a whole bunch! The official due date was last Sunday so we are +4 days after the due date now.
We are going to see the midwife again on Monday along with an ultrasound to check on things. And if the baby hasn't decided to come out by Thursday we'll be induced then. We'd really like to avoid that, but at least there is an outside date now.


Young people growing up in rural areas are constrained by poor skills and weak prospects of finding good local jobs that pay decent wages, according to a new report.
And the lack of employment opportunities and rural remoteness is leading to a 'brain drain' where teenagers move out of their home county to university in cities and never return, increasing the 'dependency ratio' of counties well above the national average.
An inquiry by a cross-party group of MPs has found that the least socially mobile areas in England are rural counties, and those areas are held back by an 'outdated' and 'inequitable' method of funding councils, and the false perception they are affluent.
The report, Social Mobility in Counties, by the County All-Party-Parliamentary Group and County Councils Network blames the current way of funding councils and growing financial strain on their budgets as helping to embed a cycle of low social mobility.
Eight of the ten least socially mobile areas in England are rural county areas, the report found.
The report finds that transport networks in particular are a major hindrance to social mobility in counties.
MPs say the perception of counties as affluent areas has masked deep-seated socio-economic challenges and deprivation in shire counties, while the additional costs of delivering rural services are also not fully recognised in the way funding is allocated to councils.
The report outlines that councils in London receive £482 per head, whilst metropolitan boroughs and cities receive £351 per head, compared to £182 per person for public services in county areas – including Wiltshire.


When my dad was still alive, he and I often made dinners or suppers together. Then he, my 2 kids and I would sit down either to a picnic or we would gather in my living room to watch TV. Mom didn't want to be a part of this and it leaves me to wonder if it was because of Alzheimer's Disease. I guess I will never know, but I still make these fries and fond memories gather around my children and I as we eat the meal together and remember happier times.
Preheat oven to 425-450 degrees, depending on how your oven heats.
Most recipes say 450 degrees, but my oven burns too hot at that temperature, so I use 425 degrees.
Cut potatoes into 1/4 inch sticks, then put in a bowl.
Add olive oil. Toss to coat the outside of the potatoes.
In a separate little bowl, mix seasonings together. Sprinkle the seasonings over the potatoes.
Toss to coat the potatoes evenly.
Put potatoes in a single layer on a baking sheet.
Put in oven and bake for 30 minutes or until golden brown.
Sit down with your family at the table. You can watch your favorite TV show or turn the TV off and enjoy each other's company.
If you want something a little different then the usual squirt of ketchup, you can make your own slightly different version of it. Mix together 3 tablespoons ketchup with 3 tablespoons mayonnaise.
Sometimes, I spray the baking sheet with cooking spray, just to keep the potato slices from sticking.


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CWCT Standards for Systemised Building Envelops and Test Methods for Building Envelopes, December 2006.
Section 9, Section 10, BS EN 13051:2001, AAMA 501.2-15, NHBC Standards 2018 Chapter 6.9 S17 and NHBC Standards 2018 Chapter 6.9 S18.
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Mile High United Way and Right on Mobile Education launch the first mobile preschool in the City and County of Denver
This innovative initiative will serve families in the Globeville and Elyria-Swansea neighborhoods.
DENVER, CO – Mile High United Way and Right on Mobile Education (ROME) have launched the first mobile preschool in the City and County of Denver. The launch of the mobile preschool, a fully-renovated airport shuttle turned classroom on wheels, is part of Mile High United Way's United for Families initiative – an initiative focused on increasing access to high-quality early childhood education in under-resourced communities. The mobile preschool operates in the Globeville and Elyria-Swansea (GES) neighborhoods. The GES community is considered a childcare desert.
"We are incredibly proud to bring the first mobile preschool to the City and County of Denver," said Christine Benero, President and CEO of Mile High United Way. "This initiative is a continuation of Mile High United Way's long-standing commitment to young children and their families. Through this program, we are re-imagining how high-quality early childhood education is delivered."
"We are honored to be a part of this historic moment," said Rany Elissa, Co-Founder and Executive Director or Right on Mobile Education. "Not only are we advancing our shared goal of ensuring young children enter kindergarten ready to learn, but through our partnership with Mile High United Way and local agencies, we can leverage other resources Mile High United Way brings to ensure our families' holistic needs are being met."
View more photos and learn more about the bus.
The unique concept of a mobile preschool was advocated for and informed by a group of resident moms in the GES neighborhood. Mile High United Way and ROME worked collaboratively with parents to bring the mobile preschool to fruition. The bus travels to the GES community and parks in easily accessible locations to bring the preschool to the neighborhood and its residents.
"I am proud of the innovative spirit of the Mile High City and our partnership with Mile High United Way to make this idea a reality," said Denver Mayor Michael Hancock. "This mobile preschool helps advance our goals in the Denver Plan 2020 to ensure more children are reading at grade-level. When the public, nonprofit and private sectors work together to bring solutions to complex problems, especially for those in under-resourced communities, the positive outcomes we can accomplish are game-changing."
As the school year begins in the fall, Mile High United Way and ROME have implemented local, state, and federal safety protocols, including frequent handwashing, cleaning, and masks. If needed, classrooms will be broken up into smaller groups sizes and multiple sessions throughout the week to ensure the safety of the children and teachers.
About Mile High United Way
Working side-by-side with the community, Mile High United Way takes on critical human services issues facing our seven-county footprint including the Metro Denver, Boulder and Broomfield communities. Our united approach changes the odds for all children, families, and individuals in our community, so that we all have the opportunity to succeed. Learn more at unitedwaydenver.org and follow us on social media @UnitedWayDenver
About Right on Mobile Education
Right On Mobile Education (ROME) delivers high-quality educational services to pre-school children and their families right in their own communities. Our mobile bus is outfitted as a fully functional classroom, with certified teachers that travel to neighborhoods where access to affordable pre-school education is non-existent. Through community partnerships, parental education workshops, and project-based learning, ROME gives students a head start on developing the social/emotional and motivational skills for children to develop into capable, competent, and energetic learners.
Shelby Morse
Senior Director, Media and Community Relations
Shelby.Morse@UnitedWayDenver.org


text:
One More Chance (Electro Pop Version)
Grau - Die Ärzte - 13 (File, Album), Ubique Daemon, I Dont Wanna Fight, Summertime - Sam Cooke - Soul Heartbreaker (CD), Turn Around - 4FRONT* - Laughing Field (Vinyl), Viens, Gosse De Gosse, Kings Chorale - Mountain - Flowers Of Evil (CD, Album), Were A Mystery - Lindsay Phillips - Taedium Vitae (Vinyl, LP, Album), Move It - Cliff Richard - The Rock n Roll Years 1958-1963 (Cassette), Day Of Mine (Ludicrous Idiots) (Starecase Remix) - Toktok vs. Soffy O. - Day Of Mine (Ludicrous Idio, Loverman - Thomas Lang - Torch (CD)
Posted 04.10.2019 by Faushura in category "Metalcore
By Felar on 2 October, 2012
For example, Nena's '99 Red Balloons' appears on 3 separate compilations, 'Essential 80s Electro', 'Essential 80s Hits' and 'Essential 80s Pop' and excuse me being pedantic the duration is 1 second different i.e. 4 minutes 41 seconds on 'Electro' as compared to 4 /5(41).
By Met on 2 October, 2012
View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the Vinyl release of One More Chance on Discogs.
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Discover releases, reviews, credits, songs, and more about E.Y.C. - One More Chance at Discogs. Complete your E.Y.C. collection.
By Kakora on 2 October, 2012
View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the CD release of One More Chance on Discogs. Label: Gasoline Alley Records - GAS5P • Format: CD Single, Promo • Country: US • Genre: Funk / Soul, Pop • Style: Ballad, Soul, Contemporary R&B.
By Meshakar on 2 October, 2012
Biggie give me one more chance! I don't need nobody else One more chance! Biggie give me one more chance! [Diddy (The Notorious B.I.G.):] Bad boy, bad boy! (I got that good love girl, you didn't know?) East Coast, East Coast West Coast, West Coast Submit Corrections.
By Shakasida on 2 October, 2012
"One More Chance" is a song recorded by American singer Madonna for her ballads compilation album, Something to Remember (). Written and produced by Madonna and David Foster, it was released on March 7, by Maverick Records as the album's second single in Australia and Japan, and the third single in the European countries. An acoustic pop ballad, the song lyrically talks about.
By Aracage on 2 October, 2012
One More Chance by PSP) PERFECT SOUND PRODUCTION: Listen to songs by PSP) PERFECT SOUND PRODUCTION on Myspace, a place where people come to connect, discover, and share.
By Shakagar on 2 October, 2012
"West End Girls" is a song by the English pop duo Pet Shop Boys. Written by Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe, the song was released twice as a truesmasherdilkreeredshade.xyzinfo song's lyrics are concerned with class and the pressures of inner-city life which were inspired partly by T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste truesmasherdilkreeredshade.xyzinfo was generally well received by contemporary music critics and has been frequently cited as a highlight.
I Started Something I Couldnt Finish - The Smiths - Singles (CD)
恋に恋して - Mai Kuraki - Best 151A -Love & Hope- (CD)
Michael Olatunji* - Soul Makossa Pt. I / Pt. II (Vinyl)
Yaun Twais Oy - Microstoria - Reprovisers (Vinyl, LP)
Rock And Roll - Led Zeppelin - How The West Was Won (CD, Album)
Arashijas on One More Chance (Electro Pop Version)


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La catedral de Mokvi (; ) es un edificio religioso de la iglesia Ortodoxa de Georgia en Mokvi , en el distrito de Ochamchira de la de facto independiente República de Abjasia, aunque su estatus de iure está dentro de la República Autónoma de Abjasia, parte de Georgia.

En 2007, la catedral fue incluida en la lista de monumentos culturales inmuebles de importancia nacional en Georgia.

Historia
La Eparquía de Mokvi se estableció en el siglo X pero Mokvi experimentó un florecimiento especial a partir del siglo XIII en adelante, como uno de los centros más importantes de la cultura georgiana. La catedral tuvo algunos obispos que contribuyeron de formar trascendente a la cultura georgiana, entre los cuales las fuentes literarias georgianas nombran a Grigol Mokveli, Daniel Mokveli, Abraam Mokveli, Eptvime Sakvarelidze o Pilipe Chkhetidze. Esta catedral fue sede del catolicosado de Abjasia hasta al menos el siglo XVII.

El edificio en sí fue construido en el tercer cuarto del siglo X, bajo el reinado del rey León III de Abjasia. El templo fue sustancialmente renovado y pintado en el reinado de David IV el Constructor (1089-1125), siguiendo las costumbres bizantinas de tiempos del emperador Alejo I Comneno.

A finales del siglo XVII, la catedral fue abandonada. En 1848, la catedral fue visitada por el orientalista Marius Brosse, quien la describió de la siguiente manera:"Las vastas dimensiones del cuerpo de la iglesia, enredado en una red de plantas rastreras, su techo convertido en un jardín de aire, su hermosa cúpula, extendida por altos troncos de árboles, todo esto sorprende al espectador. Sin embargo, lamentablemente, fragmentos de vidrios de colores, restos de cornisas con maravillosas tallas, pórticos derrumbados llevan al visitante a la desesperación."En la década de 1850, la catedral fue reparada y convertida en una tumba para la familia Chachba, príncipes soberanos de Abjasia. Aquí fue enterrado el último príncipe soberano de Abjasia, Miguel Shervashidze.

El 7 de diciembre de 2006 un ciudadano fue acusado de delito doloso por disparar a una escultura con una escopeta.

Arquitectura
Se trata de una iglesia en cruz con cúpula con capillas a lo largo de las cinco naves. El lado este tiene tres ábsides sobresalientes. El ábside medio del altar (bema) tiene forma de herradura desde el interior y forma pentagonal en el exterior. La cúpula se levanta sobre cuatro pilares, que se encuentran en el centro del edificios, cuyo cuello tiene nueve huecos de baja altura. El edificio está adornado con piedra labrada. Las fachadas son sencillas, sin adornos, donde las superficies lisas se dividen en dos niveles por la fila de las aberturas.

La catedral de Mokvi tuvo pinturas murales como la mayoría de las iglesias georgianas. Sin embargo, no quedan rastros de estos murales en la actualidad en la iglesia y su existencia nos llega por una inscripción (hoy en día inexistente) localizada por el patriarca Dositeo II de Jerusalén, que visitó Mokvi en 1659. Aun así, en la década de 1980, se encontraron fragmentos de pinturas cuyo origen es presumiblemente el siglo XV, además murales y muchas otras inscripciones en georgiano.

A lo largo de los siglos, Mokvi fue un importante centro de la cultura georgiana, donde se copiaron manuscritos y se renovaron códices antiguos. Hasta nuestros días se han conservado manuscritos de la biblioteca de la catedral de Mokvi. Entre las obras conservadas, se encuentran los famosos Cuatro Evangelios de Mokvi, encargados por el obispo de Mokvi Daniel Mokveli en 1300 debido a su especial importancia y valor artístico. Como centro de una vasta actividad cultural, la iglesia de Mokvi también era rica en monumentos epigráficos. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, solo se conserva una inscripción en el campanario del edificio.

Los expertos artísticos de Georgia no pueden acceder a la zona, pero aseguran que para preservar el edificio en buenas condiciones, como mínimo se debe volver a techar el templo. sabe que es necesario volver a techar el templo.

Véase también
 Religión en Georgia
 Cultura de Abjasia
 Historia de Abjasia
 Catedral de Bedia
 Iglesia de San Jorge de Ilori

Referencias

Catedrales de Abjasia
Catedrales ortodoxas de Georgia
Monumentos culturales inmuebles de importancia nacional de Georgia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Earlier in March Wiltshire Council also held two well attended public information drop-in days for the campus team to speak to people about the plans and answer questions.
A decision on the planning application is expected by the end of August this year. If the application is approved then construction work is anticipated to start in early 2020 with the project due to be completed by mid-2021.
To read the full and original article please visit Wiltshire Council news page.


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Doin' It For The Troops
Author: Wes Moorhouse 24/09/2014
2HayFM
2HAYFM received this request regarding the support of the Repat Foundations fundrasier Doin' It For The Troops.
I was wondering if there was any chance of you forwarding this around to people that you think may be interested in purchasing a copy to help The Repat Foundation raise money for our returned Veterans. Maybe workmates, colleagues, friends and family. It is only $24.95 + postage which is great value. Every single cent raised goes towards helping our returned Veterans who suffer from PTSD and their families nationally. I've put the play list below for you to have a look at so you can see how many wonderful artists came on board for this project. The DVD was completely made from sponsorship money and donor money which is how we are able to give back 100% to our returned Veterans.
Doin' It For The Troops DVD. Narrated by award winning artist Amber Lawrence and with the following play list this is a DVD that everybody would like to own. One hour and 39 minutes of wonderful entertainment.
The DVD begins with a live to camera speech from General Peter Cosgrove (Ret'd) – now Governor General of Australia
Shout – Performed by Kylie Minogue & John Farnham
Shadow Boxer – Performed by the late Doc Neeson
Poster Girl – Performed by Beccy Cole
By The Light of the Moon – Performed by Chelsea Basham
I Still Call Australia Home – Performed by all Artists in East Timor (John Farnham, Kylie Minogue, the late Doc Neeson, Gina Jeffreys, James Blundell, Jack Jones & Rachel Thorne
Missing Heroes – Performed by Adam Harvey
Lay Down Your Guns – Performed by Jimmy Barnes
Jingle Bell Rock – Performed by Kylie Minogue and The Living End
The Anzac – Performed by Adam Brand
Touch – Performed b Touch – Noiseworks
Rockin' Robin – Performed by Kylie Minogue
The Man Across the Street – Performed by Amber Lawrence
Battle Scars – Performed by Guy Sebastian featuring Lupe Fiasco
Diggers of the Anzac – Performed by John Williamson – this song is used as a backing song to a Montage that includes various artists who have sung to the troops overseas including Diva Demolition, Beccy Cole, Doc Neeson, John Williamson and many more
You're the Voice – Performed by John Farnham, Kylie Minogue, Doc Neeson, Gina Jeffreys & James Blundell
Come Back Home – Performed by Dianna Corcoran
I'll See Ya – Performed by Simply Bushed
What About Me – Performed by Shannon Noll (only part of the song) – this is Channel 7 News footage of when the troops returned to Townsville in 2008
Dancing With Elvis – Performed by Gina Jeffreys
And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda – Performed by Eric Bogle
Take a Long Line – Performed by the late Doc Neeson and John Farnham, Kylie Minogue, Gina Jeffreys, James Blundell, Jack Jones and Rachel Thorne
Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again – Performed by the late Doc Neeson and the others as listed above
There are also live to camera short speeches by Prinnie Stevens, Rear Admiral Ken Doolan (Ret'd), Michael Chugg, Lehmo, The McClymonts and Angry Anderson.
Contact The Repat Foundation on 8275 1039 or go to www.therepatfoundation.org.au to order your copy. People can follow Doin' It For The Troops on both Facebook and Twitter. The Facebook link is https://www.facebook.com/doinitforthetroops?ref=hl#!/ and Twitter is @Dvdtroops.
Any help you could offer would be absolutely wonderful.
Thanks J
Cathy Jackson
Fundraising Co-ordinator
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Tag: Gro Harlem Brundtland
Brundtland
A sustainable activity or use is one which, in practice as well as principle, can continue forever. It can be argued that sustainability is essentially a homocentric concept, since the touchstone of moral value remains the effect that actions will have upon the quality or continuance of human life. The idea of sustainable development is ambiguous in that it can be given a technocentric slant, in which environmental conservation criteria are traded-off against economic development criteria, or a more radical, ecocentric spin, which emphasises the constraints on human activity that must be accepted if biospheric systems are to be protected against further life threatening deterioration. The Brundtland Report is inclined to regard species and ecosystems as resources for humans rather than things which have intrinsic value. However, it recognises that the quality of human life can only be guaranteed if it does not put excessive demands upon the carrying capacity of the supporting ecosystems. Following Callicott and Mumford, we may prefer the term 'ecological sustainability' to the term 'sustainable development'. The latter is often taken to imply (or at least condone) continued economic growth, whereas the former encourages a vision of steady-state economic development in which human wants are met through greater efficiency rather than an increased consumption of resources.
Following Brundtland, the principles of sustainability received further definition in Conserving the World's Biological Diversity. Of particular interest is the set of ethical principles suggested by the authors of this document, which represent an attempt to get beyond 'resourcist' thinking. They are based upon the idea of interdependence: 'humanity is part of nature, and humans are subject to the same immutable ecological laws as all other species on the planet', from which it follows that sustainability must be 'the basic principle of all social and economic development. Personal and social values should be chosen to accentuate the richness of flora, fauna and human experience.' So far these principles could be construed as homocentric, as could the report's insistence that the well-being of future generations is a social responsibility of the present generation. However, the document also embraces Naess's principle of biocentric egalitarianism when it states, 'All species have an inherent right to exist. The ecological processes that support the integrity of the biosphere and its diverse species, landscapes and habitats are to be maintained.'
The report's attempt to balance the ecocentric with the homocentric is valiant. It attempts to draw a parallel between conserving species diversity and encouraging diversity in ethnic and cultural outlooks towards nature. In doing so, it inevitably ducks some of the difficult, maybe even intractable, conflicts that are sure to arise when the effects of particular cultures or lifestyles are examined closely. Nevertheless, its overall thrust is surely right; it acknowledges ecological limits within which human society must work, but emphasises that these are not limits to human endeavour; 'instead, they give direction and guidance as to how human affairs can sustain environmental stability and diversity'. If Norton's convergence hypothesis is right, the steps taken to implement such a policy of sustainable development should also meet most of the concerns of the deep ecologists. What the landscape architectural profession requires, at this stage in its development, is a revised system of values which places sustainability alongside the more traditional interests in aesthetics and utility, together with credible visions of how these three value areas may be combined in realisable landscapes.
Ian Thompson, Ecology, Community and Delight. Sources of values in Landscape Architecture (1999)
Kamel Louafi, Expo Water Garden (2000)
Posted on -1999 -2019 Categories politics, sustainabilityTags Gro Harlem Brundtland, Ian Thompson, Kamel LouafiLeave a comment on Brundtland


Thirteen countries – Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK – are projected to miss their respective ceilings for at least one of the four pollutants if additional actions to reduce emissions are not taken.
Three countries, namely France, Germany and the Netherlands, anticipate missing two of their emission ceilings, while Spain is forecast to miss as many as three.
The national emission ceilings (NEC) directive sets legally binding emission ceilings that each member state must meet by 2010. A new report1 from the European Environment Agency presents information from the latest reporting round (deadline 31 December 2008) for the four pollutants covered by the directive: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ammonia (NH3).
The latest data available covers past emissions up until 2007 and only few member states have yet fully incorporated the effects of the recession into their projections for 2010. It seems that as a result of the recession, emissions for 2008 will be lower than for previous years for certain pollutants and sectors, and this might improve the chances of some countries to meet their 2010 ceilings.
However, member states must ensure that future emissions stay within their national ceilings after economic recovery, as the NEC directive limits also apply beyond 2010.
Figure 1. Aggreated "with measures" projected emissions for 2010 reported by member states compared with the EU27 combined emission ceilings as given in Annex I and Annex II of the directive. Annex II does not define a ceiling for NH3.
In most cases it is the emission ceiling for NOx that poses the greatest problem, with twelve countries predicting they will miss their ceilings, unless they take taking additional measures. Five of them – Austria, Belgium, France, Ireland and Spain – show that even with additional measures, they are unlikely to meet their NOx ceilings in 2010.
The shortfall in absolute values is largest for Spain (298 kilotons), France (295 kt) and the UK (84 kt), and in relative terms for Ireland (58%), Austria (50%) and Belgium (43%).
Between 1990 and 2007, four countries increased their emissions: Greece (26%), Cyprus (20%), Spain (17%), and Malta (8%).
The projected NOx emissions for the EU27 are six per cent above the aggregated national ceilings for 2010, and 16 per cent above the Annex II ceiling.
Four member states – France, Poland, Portugal and Spain – report that they do not envisage meeting their VOC ceilings in 2010.
Projections for the EU27 as a whole are ten per cent below the aggregated ceiling target, but five per cent above the Annex II ceiling. The largest shortfall in both absolute and relative values is 147 kt (18%) for Poland, 99 kt (15%) for Spain, and 19 kt (8%) for Portugal.
Regarding sulphur dioxide, only the Netherlands does not expect, with the current measures in place, to meet its ceilings in 2010, although it may do so by implementing additional measures.
The EU27 as a whole is projected to be 31 per cent below the aggregate ceiling, and 27 per cent below the Annex II ceiling.
Between 1990 and 2007 all member states except Greece report a decrease in emissions. The biggest reductions were reported by Latvia (97%), Germany (91%), Denmark (87%), Hungary (82%) and Italy (80%).
The major polluters were Spain and Poland, each contributing 15 per cent of total EU emissions.
Twenty-two member states have already reduced ammonia emissions below their respective ceilings. Germany and Spain report that they will not reach the target for 2010 with the current measures in place. However, Germany intends to implement additional measures to reduce emissions.
Among the nineteen countries that provided data for 1990–2007, three increased their emissions, namely Spain (25%), Cyprus (12%) and Italy (1%).
The projections for the EU27 are seven per cent below the aggregated EU emission ceiling target for 2010.
Figure 2. Distance to the 2010 NOx emission ceilings for countries' reported emission levels in the year 2007 (left), and distance to the 2010 NOx emission ceilings according to countries' reported projections of emissions in 2010 under the "with measures" scenario (right).
The EEA delivers some criticism for the fact that five of the countries submitted their reports too late. Moreover, seven countries failed to submit their data in the standardized format, thus making evaluation more difficult.
After publishing its Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution in September 2005, the European Commission spent more than two years preparing a proposal for a revised NEC directive – the main intention being to set new (stricter) emission ceilings for 2020, and expand the number of air pollutants covered from four to five by adding fine particles (PM2.5).
According to the NEC directive's articles 9 and 10, a review was to be completed in 2004, and reports were to be published by the Commission in 2004 and 2008. Each of these reports were to be accompanied by proposals for "further emissions reductions with the aim of meeting, preferably by 2020, the long-term objectives" set out in article 1 of the directive.
However, adoption and publication by the Commission of the revision proposal have repeatedly been postponed. As late as June 2008 the Commission had a draft proposal ready, but decided again to postpone. The outgoing Commission will now hand the file over to the new one, and it is currently not clear when the revision proposal will eventually be presented.
About the dataThe EEA report is based on the 2008 annual reporting cycle, for which member states provided final emissions data for the year 2006 and preliminary data for 2007, as well as projected data for 2010. By the end of 2009, the countries are again required to submit updated 2010 estimates, together with final 2007 and preliminary 2008 emissions data. The EEA report now also provides emissions expressed on a per capita and per GDP basis.
Data presented in the report is also available through the EEA's NEC directive data viewer. New country-specific profiles presenting key information and parameters for each member state are available at www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/nec-directive-member-state-country-profiles.
Annex I of the NEC directive defines both country-based ceilings and aggregated emission ceilings for the EU27 (which are the sums of the individual member state ceilings in that Annex). Annex II defines SO2, NOx and NMVOC ceilings for the EU27 as a whole. These ceilings are stricter than those in Annex I and are designed with the aim of attain-ing by 2010 the interim environmental objectives set out in the directive.


Today I got some super exciting new skin care and wanted to share it straight away!
So, last week I used some of my sisters Lactic Acid 10% solution and really really loved it, I was searching for my own to get (I would've just got the same as my sister but she wasn't too impressed with the customer service after purchasing) and came across The Ordinary. I've heard of The Ordinary quite a few times but have never actually looked into the brand myself. Obviously it was important for the product to be cruelty free, and all of The Ordinary's formulas are vegan and cruelty free. Another strong point is most, if not all, of their products are less than a tenner- literally just so fab! Both of the things I brought today added to only £10 together!!
Recently my skin hasn't been the worst it's ever been but is definitely not good and I'm really getting fed up with break outs and redness. Honestly I just dream of having nice skin. So, I'm going to focus more on skin care and actually put some more attention into looking after my face. After using my sisters Lactic Acid last weekend I noticed a difference even after one use, Im really hoping this stuff works! I have great expectations. I plan on using the Lactic Acid all over maybe three/four times a week and The Salicylic Acid once or twice a week to start off with on specific spotty areas. I have also started using night cream. Shock. Horror. Going to be honest I haven't used it every night but I have for the most of last week and seriously dont know why I havn't before. My skin was screaming for some extra hydration! I feel like because both of these acids are exfoliating, I should also focus on hydrating my skin at the same time. I'm still using my beloved Superdrug Vitamin E range… my goodness I bloody love it. I've also moved on to the day cream with spf, because thats just a basic necessity and I was being silly not using it before!
I popped down to Shoreditch Box Park as I knew there was a whole shop dedicate to The Ordinary and a few of the products I wanted were sold out online, I was hoping they would be stocked in an actual shop. Luckily, the Salicylic Acid I wanted they had in stock but the toner I was after was sold out. However, after speaking to a guy working there, he informed me that particular toner would've been too much to use along side both the Lactic and Salicylic Acid so I'm really glad I went and spoke to an actual person. I wanted a toner to use before the acids to re-set the ph levels in my skin but because The Ordinary one has some acid in too it would've just been too harsh. In the end I haven't brought a toner and am just going to be super careful and if I find I need one i'll invest in a week or two.
Ahhhh! I'm so excited about all this stuff and just treating my skin really well and hopefully reaping the rewards! hehe! I'll do an updated post in a month and carry on updating this blog to see how I get along with these products I think it should be quite interesting.