C.1.8 Outline the different components of a web page.
C.2.9 Describe the different metrics used by search engines.
C.2.10 Explain why the effectiveness of a search engine is determined by the assumptions made when developing it.
C.2.11 Discuss the use of white hat and black hat search engine optimization.
C.4.1 Discuss how the web has supported new methods of online interaction such as social networking.
What is the difference between scalability and elasticity?
C.3.3 Distinguish between interoperability and open standards.
C.3.4 Describe the range of hardware used by distributed networks.
Save your original uncompressed images!
C.3.6 Distinguish between lossless and lossy compression.
C.3.7 Evaluate the use of decompression software in the transfer of information.
A Filter Bubble Demonstration - Try this at home!
Tech: The World Wide Web, also known as "www" is a part of the internet, using web browsers to share information across the globe via hyperlinks.
Non-Tech: "WWW" is short for World Wide Web, and it uses browsers such as google chrome and firefox to access information online. It's basically a software that allows us to connect to other people around the world.
Internet is the global network of networks of computers. Internet is networks of computers, cables and wireless connections, which governed by Internet Protocol (IP), which deals with data and packets.World Wide Web, also known as the Web, is one set of software running on the Internet. Web is a collection of webpages, files and folders connected through hyperlinks and URLs.Internet is the hardware part, and Web is the software part. Therefore, Web relies the Internet to run, but not vice-versa. In addition to WWW other examples would include VoIP and Mail which have their own protocols and run on the internet.
Many people label www and the internet as the same thing. However the internet is connecting many different computers together, giving people the ability to exchange data within one another, such as the news, pictures, or even videos.
hardware or operator 2. WWW(world wide web) - operating system. The difference between Internet and WWW is that without internet their won't be a WWW. The WWW needs the internet to operate.
A student in the United Kingdom is viewing a page from a newspaper's website based in South Africa. (a) Using this example, distinguish between the internet and the World Wide Web.
Many newspapers now host an internet version through which users can read the various news stories.
Evolution of the web, different protocols and web technologies. Difference between static and dynamic web pages. External data sources. Role of the browser.
The world wide web started around 1990/91 as a system of servers connected over the internet that deliver static documents, which are formatted as hypertext markup language (HTML) files, which support links to other documents, but also multimedia as graphics, video or audio. In the beginnings of the web, these documents consisted mainly of static information and text, where multimedia were added later. Some experts describe this as a "read-only web", because users mostly searched and read information, while there was little user interaction or content contribution.
The internet and thus the world wide web is constantly developing and evolving into new directions and while the changes described for the Web 2.0 are clear to us today, the definition for the Web 3.0 is not definitive yet. Continuing the read to read-write description form earlier, it might be argued that the Web 3.0 would be the "read-write-execute" web. One interpretation of this, is that the web enables software agents to work with documents by using semantic markup. This allows for smarter searches and the presentation of relevant data fitting into context. This is why Web 3.0 is sometimes called the semantic executive web.
It's about user input becoming more meaningful, more semantic, by users giving tags or other kinds of data to their document, that allow software agents to work with the input, e.g. to make it more searchable. The idea is to be able to better connect information that is semantically connected.
However, it might also be argued that the Web 3.0 is what some people call the Internet of Things, which is basically connecting every day devices to the internet to make them smarter. In some way, this also fits the read-write-execute model, as it allows the user to control a real life action on a device over the internet. Either way, the web keeps evolving and the following image provides a good overview and an idea where the web is heading to.
This is not visible on the page itself, but contains important information about it in form of metadata.
The title goes inside the head and is usually displayed in the window top of the web browser.
There are various types of meta tags, which can give search engines information about the page, but are also used for other purposes, such as to specify the charset used.
The main part of the page document. This is where all the (visible) content goes in.
Usually a collection of links that helps to navigate the website top of page or as hamburger on mobile.
A hyperlink is a reference to another web page.
Might be contained in a sidebar and is used for navigation and orientation within the website.
Area at the top of a web page linking to other big topic areas.
Usually used for a table of contents or navigation bar.
A search engine is a program that allows a user to search for information normally on the web.
The surface web is the part of the web that can be reached by a search engine. For this, pages need to be static and fixed, so that they can be reached through links from other sites on the surface web. They also need to be accessible without special configuration. Examples include Google, Facebook, Youtube, etc.
The deep web is the part of the web that is not searchable by normal search engines. Reasons for this include proprietary content that requires authentication or VPN access, e.g. private social media, emails; commercial content that is protected by paywalls, e.g. online news papers, academic research databases; personal information that is protected, e.g. bank information, health records; dynamic content. Dynamic content is usually a result of some query, where data are fetched from a database.
The most known search algorithms are PageRank and the HITS algorithm, but it is important to know that most search engines include various other factors as well, e.g.
For the following description the terms "inlinks" and "outlinks" are used. Inlinks are links that point to the page in question, i.e. if page W has an inlink, there is a page Z containing the URL of page W. Outlinks are links that point to a different page than the one in question, i.e. if page W has an outlink, it is an URL of another page, e.g. page Z.
PageRank works by counting the number and quality of inlinks of a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is. The underlying assumption is that more important websites are likely to receive more links from other websites.
As mentioned it is important to note that there are many other factors considered. For instance, the anchor text of a link is often far more important than its PageRank score.
Links from site that are relevant carry more weight than links from non related sites.
Based on the idea that keywords are not everything that matters; there are sites that might be more relevant even if they don't contain the most keywords. It introduces the idea of different types of pages, authorities and hubs.
Authorities: A page is called an authority, if it contains valuable information and if it is truly relevant for the search query. It is assumed that such a page has a high number of in-links.
Hubs: These are pages that are relevant for finding authorities. They contain useful links towards them. It is therefore assumed that these pages have a high number of out-links.
The algorithm is based on mathematical graph theory, where a page is represented by a vertex and links between pages are represented by edges (in form of vectors).
Attempts to computationally determine hubs and authorities on a particular topic through analysis of a relevant subgraph of the web. Based on mutually recursive facts: Hubs point to lots of authorities. Authorities are pointed to by lots of hubs.
A web crawler, also known as a web spider, web robot or simply bot, is a program that browses the web in a methodical and automated manner. For each page it finds, a copy is downloaded and indexed. In this process it extracts all links from the given page and then repeats the same process for all found links. This way, it tries to find as many pages as possible.
Issue: A crawler consumes resources and a page might not wish to be "crawled". For this reason "robots.txt" files were created, where a page states what should be indexed and what shouldn't.
Students should be aware that this is not always a transitive relationship.
Meta Keywords Attribute - A series of keywords you deem relevant to the page in question.
Title Tag - This is the text you'll see at the top of your browser. Search engines view this text as the "title" of your page.
Meta Description Attribute - A brief description of the page.
Meta Robots Attribute - An indication to search engine crawlers (robots or "bots") as to what they should do with the page.
In the past the meta keyword tag could be spammed full of keywords sometimes not even relevant to the content on the page. This tag is mostly ignored by search engines. The met description can sometimes be show in the results, but is not a factor in actual ranking.
Robotics Tag : This is super important and can be sued to disallow crawlers from crawling the page, you can specify all crawlers or list the ones that you do not wish to be crawled by.
According to a study released in October 2000, the directly accessible "surface web" consists of about 2.5 billion pages, while the "deep web" (dynamically generated web pages) consists of about 550 billion pages, 95% of which are publicly accessible [LVDSS00].
By comparison, the Google index released in June 2000 contained 560 million full-text-indexed pages [Goo00]. In other words, Google — which, according to a recent measurement [HHMN00], has the greatest coverage of all search engines — covers only about 0.1% of the publicly accessible web, and the other major search engines do even worse.
Increasing the coverage of existing search engines by three orders of magnitude would pose a number of technical challenges, both with respect to their ability to discover, download, and index web pages, as well as their ability to serve queries against an index of that size. (For query engines based on inverted lists, the cost of serving a query is linear to the size of the index.) Therefore, search engines should attempt to download the best pages and include (only) them in their index.
It downloads multiple pages (typically 500) in parallel. This modification allows us to download about 10 million pages a day; without it, we would download well under 100,000 pages per day.
Only a single HTTP connection is opened to any given web server at any given time. This modification is necessary due to the prevalence of relative URLs on the web (about 80% of the links on an average web page refer to the same host), which leads to a high degree of host locality in the crawler's download queue. If we were to download many pages from the same host in parallel, we would overload or even crash that web server.
If it took t seconds to download a document from a given web server, then Mercator will wait for 10t seconds before contacting that web server again. This modification is not strictly necessary, but it further eases the load our crawler places on individual servers on the web. We found that this policy reduces the rate of complaints we receive while crawling.
Search engines index websites in order to respond to search queries with relevant information as quick as possible. For this reason, it stores information about indexed web pages, e.g. keyword, title or descriptions, in its database. This way search engines can quickly identify pages relevant to a search query.
Indexing has the additional purpose of giving a page a certain weight, as described in the search algorithms. This way search results can be ranked, after being indexed.
Relevancy does your site provide the information the user is searching for. The user experience (UX) is becoming a big part as this can not be manipulated and in the future will play a much bigger role. User Experience ( time user stays on site / bounce rate ). Many factors play a role in the user experience. Load Speed, Easy Navigation ( no broken links ), Spelling, quality and factually correct content, Structured layout 5 Use of images/video 5 page design colors, images video infographics and formatting so it is easy to scan the page for relevant information. The idea is to get the user to stay on your site ( sticky ) . If a use lands on your site after do a search and leaves after a few seconds sends or even before the page loads ( slow loding ) the is a very BIG signal to google that they should not have served up that result.
Back Links from other web site the more authoritative the site the better ( example huffington post ), The site that links to your site should also be relevant. Example if your selling dog insurance a site from a respected charitable dog web site would be a very big boost. A link from a site that provides car rental would have little impact as totally irrelevant.
Social media marketing FACE Book etc. Be a leader in your field and comment on relevant authoritative forums or blogs. Others users sharing via social bookmarking sites.
This an area in which you can manipulate the search results. If Google discovers this your web site will be dropped from index. So need to ensure any links are natural linking to an authoritative article info graphic on your web site.
The process of making pages appear more prominently in search engine results is called SEO. There are many different techniques, considered in section C.2.11. This field is a big aspect of web marketing, as search engines do not disclose how exactly they work, making it hard for developers to perfectly optimise pages.
In order to improve the ranking of a web site Google uses many many metrics below is a few of the important ones.
If link broker browser will return a HTTP response code 404. This should be detected by web designer and provide a help page with user navigation.
The search engine must serve up results that are relevant to what the users search for, Google used page rank , prior to that search engines just used title tags key word tags. These could be easily manipulated ( stuffed with keywords that you wish to rank for ) to get your site on page 1. Google devised a Page Rank checking algorithm which played a big part of their search algorithm.
Determine sites that change on a regular basis and cache these.
The spider should not overload servers by continually hitting the same site.
Use comments box to add more or question why these.
Definition: Black hat SEO is a technique, in simple words, to get the top positions or higher rankings in the major search engines like Google, Yahoo and Bing that breaks the rule and regulations of search engine's guidelines. See example of guidelines for google click here.
This worked at one time, now you still need the key words / search terms in your title and page content you need to ensure that you do not overuse the keywords / phrases as that will trip a search engine filter.
Google ( currently ) favors older sites, sites with history. In this approach you buy an expired domain with good metrics , build it up and add links to your sites giving a boost in ranking. This works, but it is costly to set set up and you need to use alias etc.
Similar to PBN the aim is to get good quality links from high authority sites. Have a look at Fiverr where yo can buy such links. This is difficult for google to detect and it is also very effective.
Search engines evaluate the content of a web page, thus a web page might get higher ranking with more information. This will make it more valuable on the index and other web pages might link to your web page if it has a high standard in content.
Good menu navigation. Proper use of title tags and header tags, adding images with keyword alt tags, interlinking again with keyword anchor text. Create a, sitemap to get site crawled plus inform the spiders how often to visit site.
This a broad term and overlaps some other areas mentioned example page load speed. The purpose to ensure that if a use click to go to your site they stay without clicking back to the serps immediately. Google is happy as this a quality signal as its main purpose to provide the user with relevant results.
Provide fresh content on a regular basis.
Google is continually ( as are other search engines ) fighting black hat techniques that web masters employ to rank high in the serps. Investigate these 2 major algorithm updates Panda and Penguin. A good example of a current black hat practice is the use of PBN's.
Students to investigate PBN's Panda and Penguin Quick discussion on these and what Google was targeting and how PBN's are currently being used effectively to rank sites higher ( if caught you will wake up one morning and you web site(s) have been de-indexed from Google.
Search engines must be fast enough to crawl the exploding volume of new Web pages in order to provide the most up-to-date information. As the number of pages on the Web grows, so will the number of results search engines return. So, it will be increasingly important for search engines to present results in a way that makes it quick and easy for users to find exactly the information they're looking for. Search engines have to overcome both these challenges.
Use of natural language process will also become more prevalent. Today, the search engine takes a set of keywords as the input and returns a list of rank-sorted links as the output. This will slowly fade and the new search framework will have questions as the input and answers as the output. The nascent form of this new framework is already available in search engines like Google and Bing.
Personalized Search Because mobile is becoming the primary form of consumption, future search engines will try to use powerful sensing technologies like accelerometer, digital compass, gyroscope and GPS. Google recently bought a company called Behavio which predicts what a user might do next by using the information acquired from the different sensors on the user's phone.
successful companies that emerge at each stage of its evolution become monopolies market economics don't apply.
Abundantly available information can be placed in new contexts and reused in unanticipated ways. This is the dynamic that enabled the WWW to spread, as the value of Web documents was seen to be greater in information rich contexts (O'Hara & Hall, 2009).
Students should be aware of issues linked to the growth of new internet technologies such as Web 2.0 and how they have shaped interactions between different stakeholders of the web.
Google Maps is it free ?
Should Google have a monopoly on location information?
Are there Alternatives to Google Maps?
It's worth noting that this comparison is not about two opposites. Both concepts do not exclude each other and can complement one another.
An application gets split into the client side and server-side. The server can be a central communicator between clients (e.g. email/chat server) or allow different clients to access and manipulate data in a database. A client-server application does also not necessarily need to be working over the internet, but could be limited to a local network, e.g. for enterprise applications.
Pay per use: elasticity allows the user to only pay for the resources that they actually use.
Using these services offers many advantages over the server client model : Can you think of some?
In a private cloud model a company owns the data centers that deliver the services to internal users only.
In a public cloud services are provided by a third party and are usually available to the general public over the Internet.
Defined as the seclusion of information from others. In the context of the web this can relate to healthcare record, sensitive data from financial institutions, residential/geographic records, criminal justice investigations/proceedings. For such information it is essential to prevent unauthorized access.
Defined as the process of claiming to be one's identity. This process is important for privacy and is required for authentication.
Process of proving/confirming one's identification. Most usually done through a username-password combination, but other methods such as two-factor authentication become more and more prominent on the web. A common form of two-factor authentication requires the user to enter a code received by SMS in addition to the conventional password.
Students should be aware of developments in mobile technology that have facilitated the growth of distributed networks.
The primary web file formats are gif (pronounced "jiff"), jpeg ("jay-peg"), and, to a much lesser extent, png ("ping") files. All three common web graphic formats are so-called bitmap graphics, made up of a checkerboard grid of thousands of tiny colored square picture elements, or pixels. Bitmap files are the familiar types of files produced by cell phone and digital cameras, and are easily created, edited, resized, and optimized for web use with such widely available tools as Adobe's Photoshop or Elements, Corel's Paint Shop Pro and Painter, and other photo editing programs.
The CompuServe Information Service popularized the Graphic Interchange Format (gif) in the 1980s as an efficient means to transmit images across data networks. In the early 1990s the original designers of the World Wide Web adopted gif for its efficiency and widespread familiarity. Many images on the web are in gif format, and virtually all web browsers that support graphics can display gif files. gif files incorporate a "lossless" compression scheme to keep file sizes at a minimum without compromising quality. However, gif files are 8-bit graphics and thus can only accommodate 256 colors.
The gif file format uses a relatively basic form of file compression (Lempel Ziv Welch, or lzw) that squeezes out inefficiencies in data storage without losing data or distorting the image. The lzw compression scheme is best at compressing images with large fields of homogeneous color, such as logos and diagrams. It is much less efficient at compressing complicated "photographic" pictures with many colors and complex textures (fig. 11.4).
Figure 11.4 — The LZW compression built into the GIF graphic format is very good at efficiently saving diagrammatic graphics (right) but poor at compressing more complex photographic images (left).
Full-color photographs can contain an almost infinite range of color values; gif images can contain no more than 256 colors. The process of reducing many colors to 256 or fewer is called dithering. With dithering, pixels of two colors are juxtaposed to create the illusion that a third color is present. Dithering a photographic image down to 256 colors produces an unpleasantly grainy image (fig. 11.5). In the past this technique was necessary to create images that would look acceptable on 256-color computer screens, but with today's full-color displays there is seldom any need to dither an image. If you need a wider range of colors than the gif format can handle, try using your image editor to save the image in both jpeg and png formats (described below), compare the resulting file sizes and image qualities, and pick the best balance of file size and image quality.
Figure 11.5 — Dithering a full-color photograph (left) to a 256-color image (right) results in an image with lots of visual noise and harsh transitions between pixels of different colors. Luckily, such color dithering compromises are now mostly a thing of the past, since most users now have "true color" monitors that can display thousands or millions of colors.
You can take advantage of the characteristics of lzw compression to improve its efficiency and thereby reduce the size of your gif graphics. The strategy is to reduce the number of colors in your gif image to the minimum number necessary and to remove colors that are not required to represent the image. A gif graphic cannot have more than 256 colors, but it can have fewer. Images with fewer colors will compress more efficiently under lzw compression. For example, when creating gif graphics in Photoshop, don't save every file automatically with 256 colors. A simple gif image may look fine at 8, 16, or 32 colors, and the file size savings can be substantial. For maximum efficiency in gif graphics, use the minimum number of colors that gives you a good visual result.
The gif format allows you to pick colors from the color lookup table of the gif to be transparent. You can use image-editing software such as Photoshop (and many shareware utility programs) to select colors in a gif graphic's color palette to become transparent. Usually the color selected for transparency is the background color in the graphic. Unfortunately, the transparent property is not selective; if you make a color transparent, every pixel in the graphic that shares that color will also become transparent, which can cause unexpected results.
Adding transparency to a gif graphic can produce disappointing results when the image contains anti-aliasing. If you use an image-editing program like Photoshop to create a shape set against a background color, Photoshop will smooth the shape by inserting pixels of intermediate colors along the shape's boundary edges. This smoothing, or anti-aliasing, improves the look of screen images by softening what would otherwise look like jagged edges. The trouble comes when you set the background color to transparent and then use the image on a Web page against a different background color. The anti-aliased pixels in the image will still correspond to the original background color. In the example below, when we change the background color from white to transparent (letting the gray web page background show through), an ugly white halo appears around the graphic (fig. 11.6).
Figure 11.6 — The dreaded "white halo" in transparent GIF graphics.
The same problem exists with printing. Most browsers do not print background colors, and a transparent gif anti-aliased against a colored background will not blend smoothly into the white of the printed page.
The other graphic file format commonly used on the web to minimize graphics file sizes is the Joint Photographic Experts Group (jpeg) compression scheme. Unlike gif graphics, jpegimages are full-color images that dedicate at least 24 bits of memory to each pixel, resulting in images that can incorporate 16.8 million colors.
jpeg images are used extensively among photographers, artists, graphic designers, medical imaging specialists, art historians, and other groups for whom image quality and color fidelity is important. A form of jpeg file called "progressive jpeg" gives jpeg graphics the same gradually built display seen in interlaced gifs. Like interlaced gifs, progressive jpegimages often take longer to load onto the page than standard jpegs, but they do offer the user a quicker preview.
jpeg compression uses a sophisticated mathematical technique called a discrete cosine transformation to produce a sliding scale of graphics compression. You can choose the degree of compression you wish to apply to an image in jpeg format, but in doing so you also determine the image's quality. The more you squeeze a picture with jpeg compression, the more you degrade its quality. jpeg can achieve incredible compression ratios, squeezing graphics down to as much as one hundred times smaller than the original file. This is possible because the jpeg algorithm discards "unnecessary" data as it compresses the image, and it is thus called a "lossy" compression technique. Notice in figure 11.7 how increasing the jpegcompression progressively degrades the details of the image. The checkered pattern and the dark "noise" pixels in the compressed image are classic jpeg compression artifacts. Note the extensive compression noise and distortion present in the image below, particularly around the leading edge of the fish's head.
Figure 11.7 — JPEG compression comes at a cost: a big increase in visual noise and other compression artifacts that degrade the image quality if over-used.
Once an image is compressed using jpeg compression, data is lost and you cannot recover it from that image file. Always save an uncompressed original file of your graphics or photographs as backup. If your digital camera produces jpeg images, set aside the "camera original" jpeg files and work with copies when you edit the files for web use. Each time you save or resave an image in jpeg format, the image is compressed further and the artifacts and noise in the image increase.
Portable Network Graphic (png) is an image format developed by a consortium of graphic software developers as a nonproprietary alternative to the gif image format. As mentioned above, CompuServe developed the gif format, and gif uses the proprietary lzw compression scheme, which was patented by Unisys Corporation, meaning that any graphics tool developer making software that saved in gif format had to pay a royalty to Unisys and CompuServe. The patent has since expired, and software developers can use the gif format freely.
png graphics were designed specifically for use on web pages, and they offer a range of attractive features, including a full range of color depths, support for sophisticated image transparency, better interlacing, and automatic corrections for display monitor gamma. png images can also hold a short text description of the image's content, which allows Internet search engines to search for images based on these embedded text descriptions.
png supports full-color images and can be used for photographic images. However, because it uses lossless compression, the resulting file is much larger than with lossy jpegcompression. Like gif, png does best with line art, text, and logos—images that contain large areas of homogenous color with sharp transitions between colors. Images of this type saved in the png format look good and have a similar or even smaller file size than when saved as gifs. However, widespread adoption of the png format has been slow. This is due in part to inconsistent support in web browsers. In particular, Internet Explorer does not fully support all the features of png graphics. As a result, most images that would be suitable for png compression use the gif format instead, which has the benefit of full and consistent browser support.
It takes time to decompress and if an urgent short message this could be viewed as a downside.
Text ? How is text stored on computer ?
Lossless ( Preserves all information ) can be used in ?
Lossy ( redundant information removed ) can it be used for text ?
Better Than 33 Bits How?
How can we compress hello world to less than 33 bits?
For the letters that occur the must assign less bits than the letters that are less frequent.
How do we decode ? Is it ambiguous?
What makes this approach ambiguous ?
How can we compress text ?
The storage capacity of computers is growing at an unbelievable rate—in the last 25 years, the amount of storage provided on a typical computer has grown about a millionfold—but we still find more to put into our computers. Computers can store whole books or even libraries, and now music and movies too, if only they have the room. Large files are also a problem on the Internet, because they take a long time to download. We also try to make computers smaller—even a cellphone or wristwatch can be expected to store lots of information!
Huffman coding is a lossless data compression algorithm. The idea is to assign variable-length codes to input characters, lengths of the assigned codes are based on the frequencies of corresponding characters. The most frequent character gets the smallest code and the least frequent character gets the largest code.
The variable-length codes assigned to input characters are Prefix Codes, means the codes (bit sequences) are assigned in such a way that the code assigned to one character is not prefix of code assigned to any other character. This is how Huffman Coding makes sure that there is no ambiguity when decoding the generated bit stream.
Let us understand prefix codes with a counter example. Let there be four characters a, b, c and d, and their corresponding variable length codes be 00, 01, 0 and 1. This coding leads to ambiguity because code assigned to c is prefix of codes assigned to a and b. If the compressed bit stream is 0001, the de-compressed output may be "cccd" or "ccb" or "acd" or "ab".
Investigate LEMPEL-ZIV CODING , you just need a high level understanding of how it works.
State 2 text , 2 graphic and 2 video compression techniques.
Also explain the importance of compression now and in the future.
In theory the world wide web should be a free place where anybody can have a website. However, hosting a website usually comes with a cost - registering a domain name, getting a hosting service or investing in servers oneself, creating and maintaining the website (requires technical knowledge or the cost of hiring a web developer). In addition, to reach an audience further marketing through SEO (see C.2) is usually necessary to get good rankings in search engine results. This means that for the normal individual a traditional website is not the best option. A better alternative is to publish content on an existing platform, e.g. micro blogging on Twitter, blogging on WordPress or Blogspot, sharing social updates on Facebook, sharing photos on Flickr, etc. . This comes with improved comfort for users.
However, it easily leads to unregulated monopolies in the market because users usually stick to one platform. Tim Berners-Lee describes today's social networks as centralized silos, which hold all user information in one place. This can be a problem, as such monopolies usually control a large quantity of personal information which could be misused commercially or stolen by hackers. There are certainly many more concerns which won't fit into the scope of this site.
One way to see how filter bubbles work with search engines that do personalization (like Google) is to take a word that can have multiple meanings in different contexts and build up different search histories using those contexts. Then, when you search for the same word after having built up different search histories, the search engine should return results that look a bit different.
For this demonstration to work, you need to be sure to clear your search history before you start each round. This works even better if you have 2 or 3 people working side by side at different computers. That way you can compare the results more easily.
Try this with the word Tea.
1. Have someone build a search history using names of countries where tea is popularor names of countries where teas orgininated. Remember, do not use the word "tea" as a search term quite yet. Examples would be England, Japan, China, Latin America, etc.
2. Have another person build a search history using different spices, herbs, and flowersthat make up common teas. Examples would be roses, cinammon, chrysanthemum, lavender, etc.
3. Have a third person search for anything related to politics, such as names of political parties (not the Tea Party just yet, though!), names of political movements, words like "activism," or "conservative" and "liberal."
4. When you are performing these searches, click on some of the results (preferably general ones that might somehow later be connected to tea!). This will contribute to your search history.
5. Finally, have everyone search for the word "Tea." Have fun comparing results!
Note: Your results may still look very similar; the differences may be subtle. Whether or not the filter bubble is really something to be concerned about will be discussed in the next tab.


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When Art and Sex Stare Back at You
Hosted by Edward Goldman Nov. 15, 2011 Arts
The annual gala at MOCA Los Angeles is always a guilty pleasure. There is plenty of good liquor and food, plus celebrities galore to gawk at. And how about the performers invited to entertain the crowd: Russian dancers from the Bolshoi, Lady Gaga, and Brazilian legend, singer Caetano Veloso. But that was in the past two years.
The 2011 Gala, which took place last Saturday, promised to be particularly titillating, considering that the ringmaster of this indulgent one-night circus, held in a gigantic tent erected on Grand Avenue, was the one and only Marina Abramovic. An internationally famous artist, she is celebrated for confrontational performances where she and her collaborators -- totally naked -- would endure excruciatingly long hours of public exposure. Whether standing, sitting or lying down, they wouldn't be allowed to move during the prolonged performances, remaining motionless to the point sometimes of fainting.
As far as we know, this time, no one fainted -- none of the dozens of performers hired by Abramovic and none of the seven hundred-plus guests. But confrontation it was. First, before entering the tent for dinner, guests were obliged to put on the white lab coats. I felt sorry for all the beautiful ladies whose elaborate outfits and jewels had to be concealed under such cover. Then, Marina Abramovic, looking very professorial in her white coat, instructed all of us to obey the rules and not to talk to -- and definitely not to touch -- any of the performers whose heads or naked bodies were displayed on our tables.
To get the picture, imagine us sitting at the long narrow tables while staring at the specially trained men and women whose bodies were hidden under the tables with only their heads popping up through round cut holes. Their heads were slowly rotating and when their gaze met with your eyes, you had only two choices, both equally uncomfortable: either ignore their presence or stare back at them.
Guests sitting at the several large round tables had even more on their plates, so to speak. They tried their best not to stare at the naked women at the center of the tables on rotating Lazy Susans. These women were laying on their backs, legs slightly spread apart, large skeletons on top of them. And I noticed it was too much for some of the guests. I saw Pamela Anderson bolting up from one of these tables in the middle of dinner, not to return.
Some guests at the Gala were wondering, was it museum pressure that persuaded Marina Abramovic to censor herself and exclude from this event any male nudity, which has always been an essential part of her performances? Last year, in New York, during her high-profile retrospective at MoMA, her piece Nude with Skeleton consisted of two naked, motionless performers, male and female. But on this occasion, the museum and the artist were afraid, I guess, that it would be too much for MOCA patrons, each paying $2,500 per ticket.
Now, here's the latest about the Pacific Standard Time extravaganza, entering its second month. In today's issue of the L.A. Times, Jori Finkel brings up the fact that only a few of the dozens of Pacific Standard Time exhibitions are scheduled to travel. And I agree with her that it seems as if we are preaching to the choir.
Why didn't the Getty, in all its largesse, set aside funds to allow the most ambitious of these exhibitions to travel across the country and, even further, to Europe? Yes, we are proud of the accomplishments and daring of our Los Angeles artists, but there could be and definitely should be more done to acquaint a much wider audience with the power and magic of what took place here in this City of Angels.
Banner image: Live nude woman and skeleton as table centerpiece, 2011 MOCA Gala, An Artist's Life Manifesto, directed By Marina Abramovic. Photo courtesy of MOCA
Edward Goldman
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Raja Sir Tanjore Madhava Rao, KCSI (20 November 18284 April 1891), also known as Sir Madhava Rao Thanjavurkar or simply as Madhavarao Tanjorkar, was an Indian statesman, civil servant, administrator and politician who served as the Diwan of Travancore from 1857 to 1872, Indore from 1873 to 1875 and Baroda from 1875 to 1882. He was the nephew of the former Diwan of Travancore T. Venkata Rao and the son of T. Ranga Rao who was also the former Diwan of Travancore .

Madhava Rao was born in a prominent Deshastha Brahmin family of Kumbakonam in 1828 and had his education in Madras. After serving for two years in the Madras civil service, Madhava Rao was appointed tutor to the princes of Travancore. Impressed with his performance, Madhava Rao was transferred to the Revenue Department in which he rose step by step to become Diwan in 1857.

Madhava Rao served as Diwan of Travancore from 1857 to 1872 bringing about developments in education, legislation, public works, medicine, vaccination and public health and agriculture. He was also responsible for clearing Travancore's public debts. Madhava Rao quit as Diwan of Travancore and returned to Madras in 1872. He served as Diwan of Indore from 1873 to 1875 and as Diwan of Baroda from 1875 to 1882. In his later life, Madhava Rao actively participated in politics and was one of the early pioneers of the Indian National Congress. Madhava Rao died in 1891 in Mylapore, Madras at the age of 63.

Madhava Rao was respected and regarded for his administrative abilities. British Liberal statesman Henry Fawcett called him "the Turgot of India". In 1866, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India.

Early life and career
Madhava Rao was born on 20 November 1828 in a prominent Thanjavur Marathi Deshastha Brahmin family. His great-grandfather Gopal Pant and his grandfather, Gundo Pant, held offices of trust and power under the British as also various Indian princes. His father R. Ranga Rao served as the Diwan of Travancore from 18371838 and his paternal uncle Rai Raya Rai Venkata Rao was also a former Dewan of Travancore. Madhava Rao had two older brothers. His family was deeply attached to the Uttaradi Math.

Madhava Rao spent his early life in Madras city where he studied at the Government High School (later Presidency College, Madras). As a student, Madhava Rao was diligent and careful and strong in mathematics and science.  In 1846, he received his Proficient's Degree with high honours. Soon afterwards, Powell appointed him tutor of Mathematics and Physics at the High School. However, Madhava Rao quit in a short while to take up a job in the office of the Accountant General. In 1848, he was appointed tutor to the princes of Travancore at the recommendation of the English Resident which he accepted. Madhava worked for four years as tutor to the Travancore princes. Impressed with his performance, he was offered a position in the Revenue Department of Travancore. In a short time, Madhava Rao rose to be Diwan Peishkar of the Southern division. One of his contributions as the Diwan Peishkar was the expansion of the rivulet which joins the Meenanthara and Koodo rivers. He also removed fraud from the transport of salt from Nanjinaud to Trivandrum and dacoits from the area.

During this time, Travancore was facing a severe financial crisis and the treasury was empty. A large amount of subsidy due to the Madras government remained unpaid. Not long after promulgating his infamous Doctrine of Lapse, Lord Dalhousie was looking forward to annexe Travancore too under this pretext. At this juncture, the Raja of Travancore Uthram Thirunal chose Madhava Rao to negotiate a deal with the British government which he did successfully. As a result, Madhava Rao was appointed the next Diwan of Travancore in 1857.

Dewan of Travancore

At that time the entire administration of the state was in a disorganised state, public treasuries were empty and large arrears of payments in way of salaries and otherwise were pending. The Maharajah had already taken a loan from the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple of Trivandrum and adding the subsidy to be paid to the British Government, the state of affairs was bad enough to deter anyone from taking up the post of Dewan. Soon after Madhava Rao's appointment, the Shanar agitations took place in Travancore which added to the problems of the state.

In 1860 however, the orthodox Maharajah died and Madhava Rao's own pupil, the late Maharajah's nephew, Ayilyam Thirunal succeeded. Under the new and relatively less orthodox Maharajah, Madhava Rao's administration started its progress. Monopolies, numerous petty taxes and cessations were abolished and land tax was reduced. By 1863 the debts of the Travancore Government were cleared and the Dewan proudly declared that "Travancore has no public debt now". Salaries of public servants were raised by more than 50 percent and its morale and efficiency was improved. Madhava Rao's progressive financial measures were testified by the fact that when he assumed the office of Dewan he had an indebted and empty treasury whereas when he left the state in 1872 the state had a reserve fund of forty lakhs of rupees, a great amount in those days.

While Madhava Rao is described essentially as a financier, he also brought a great deal of development in education, legislation, public works, medicine, vaccination and public health, agriculture etc. In education, he added a study of philosophy and international law and showed a taste for art and pictures. Despite his devotion to his own traditions, he
advocated female education and social reform. Year after year his work was commended by the Madras Government. He also drew up State papers on special subjects such as Boundary disputes, trade reports and so on and started maintaining records of every department. In recognition of his services, by public subscription, a bronze statue of Madhava Rao was erected in Travancore.

The coffee cultivation in Travancore got a major boost under his administration. He started the policy of Pandarapatta Vilambaram. Under this policy, the land belonging to the government was leased to the farmers at a very low price for cultivation. This policy of leasing land had a huge impact on the people as lots of young people left farming and decided to get modern education. He also reduced the rate of export and import duties to relieve the trade.

However, due to misunderstandings which arose between the Dewan and the Maharajah, Madhava Rao retired in February 1872. The Maharajah, however, respected his work and granted him a pension of Rs. 1000, a princely amount in those days. His initial plan was to retire to Madras but instead there was great demand for his services among the Princes of India, because of his having secured for Travancore the appellation of "Model State of India" by the British Government. Henry Fawcett described, on hearing of his retirement in 1872, Madhava Rao as:

Madhava Rao was instrumental in recognising and employing Chattampi Swamikal at the Trivandrum secretariat.

Indore and Baroda

In 1872, at the request of Tukojirao Holkar II of Indore, the Government of India persuaded Madhava Rao out of his retirement to take charge as the Diwan of Indore. Madhava Rao served as Diwan from 1873 to 1875, during which he commenced the drafting of the Indian Penal Code and wrote minutes on the opium question and the extension of railways in Indore. Shortly afterwards, the Government of India requested Madhava Rao to take over as Diwan-Regent of Baroda whose ruler Malhar Rao Gaekwad had been deposed for mal-administration.

Madhava Rao reformed the revenue administration of Baroda and curbed the power of revenue officials called Sirdars. The land rights of the Sirdars were cancelled and their lands were annexed by the state. During his tenure as Diwan-Regent, Madhava Rao also effectively re-organized the army, schools, courts of law and libraries. He also introduced a lot of town-planning measures.

Madhava Rao resigned in September 1882 due to disagreements with the new Maharaja Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. He retired to his home in Mylapore on pension.

Struggle for first Constitution of an Indian Princely State

Many British civil servants in India who held positions within Indian princely states were disgusted by the total arbitrary power and laws of the Maharajas and Nawabs. In 1872, the retired Chief Commissioner of Mysore, Lewin Bentham Bowring had written in his memoir, Eastern Experience, that those  Rao included this in his writing to the Viceroy, Francis Napier in March 1872, about the need for the implementation of a written constitution in princely states requesting "a system of fundamental principles, derived from the advanced political wisdom of Europe" while "carefully adapted to the conditions of the Native society" for the princely states.

Sir Madhav Rao drafted a model constitution for princely states of India in 1874 based on the principles of separation of power of the state and sent it to Lord Napier, Viceroy of India.

His proposal was then forwarded by Lord Francis Napier to his successor, Viceroy, Lord Northbrook who dismissed it completely. Lord Northbrook fearing rebellion by princely states decided not to support proposals which could cause deep anguish among Indian princely states as countries like Russia, Germany and France were already trying to ally themselves with the princely states of India.

The princely state of Vadodara had faced many tumultuous years under Maharajah Malhar Rao Gaekwad. There had been multiple instances of gross violations of public order and private rights under the Gaekwad. The Gaekwad was involved in abducting married women and making them his slave or laundis in his palace. His tax collectors or vahivatadars were also given free hand to extort as much money from the ryots or tenants. He also implemented an exploitive and arbitrary system of nazranas or tributes on people.

Eventually, the entire situation started to unravel as the new British resident, Robert Phayre, came to Vadodara in 1873 who started to report back to the Viceroy, Lord Northbrook, about the situation in Vadodara. Lord Northbrook who did not want to upset the loyal princely states of India after the harrowing experience of revolt of 1857 decided to ignore the plea by Robert Phayre to remove the Maharajah. The British had already promised under Queen's Declaration of 1858 that they will restrain from occupying the loyal princely states.

Instead, the British formed a commission under Richard John Meade to look into the matter. The commission then recommended to the anguish of British that the Bombay should take the control of Vadodara. But, Bombay Legislative Council again rejected it vehemently with two of its members dissenting with the decision of the council -  Henry Tucker, a judge at Bombay High Court and Alexander Rogers, a noted civil servant. According to Henry Tucker, the Calcutta must force "the Maharaja to give his subjects a written Constitution". While Alexander Rogers said that "he had been shown the draft of a Constitution drawn up by an eminent Native Statesman (Sir Madhav Rao) of great experience" which he believed will work in India if some changes are made according to the Indian context.

Seemingly under pressure from Calcutta, the Gaekwad then decided to appoint Dadabhai Naoroji as the Dewan of Vadodara in 1873. But Dadabhai Naoroji was never able to control the situation as he was constantly undercut by the fellow durbaris who did not want any change in situation. So, he decided to resign and even, the Gaekwad was disposed as there were rumors about a conspiracy hatched by the Gaekwad to poison the British resident, Robert Phayre.(The Baroda Crisis)

Lord Northbrook then unwillingly appointed Sir Madhav Rao as the next dewan of Vadodara. But, Lord Northbrook also gave strict instructions to Sir Madhav Rao to restrict himself to administrative and economic reforms only.

Sir Madhav Rao tried to implement the political reforms he always wanted to implement at the end of his tenure with Lord Northbrook's successor, Lord Ripon. But, Lord Rippon also backtracked from the reforms when he faced strong opposition from the new Maharaja of Vadodra, Sayajirao Gaekwad. Sayajirao Gaekwad made it clear to the British authorities that he will not compromise with his royal authorities.

There were also strong opposition from other quarters against the proposal of reducing the total authority given to the Maharajas in the princely states. For conservatives, the total authority of Maharaja was culturally and politically imperative for the Indian states. Amrita Bazaar Patrika wrote articles against the proposal of Madhav Rao of giving a constitution to the state of Vadodara by claiming that subjects of Indian states

Indian National Congress

Madhava Rao involved himself in politics in the later years of his life. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1887, two years after its formation. He served as the President of the Reception Committee during the 1887 Madras session. In 1888, he was offered a seat in the Imperial Legislative Council by the then Viceroy of India Lord Dufferin but Madhava Rao declined the offer on ground of health.

While delivering the inaugural address during the 1887 session, Madhava Rao described the Indian National Congress as

However, at the same time, he warned that

On June 2, 1883, he wrote the article – "Native Political Development" in Times of India.

Madhava Rao resigned from the Standing Committee in 1889 due to differences with other members over the resolution passed on reformed legislative councils.

In an article written after his death in Times of India on April 13, 1891, the article talks about his position regarding Congress.

Later life

In his later years, Madhava Rao strove to reform the educational system. Even while serving as Diwan of Baroda, Rao was made a fellow of the Madras University. He campaigned in support of women's education and attacked child marriage. He also criticised the literal interpretation of Hindu shastras. However, Madhava Rao was, till the end, a pacifist and was moderate and unreactionary in his views on social reforms.

In 1885, at the request of the then Governor of Madras, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant-Duff, Madhava Rao presided over the Malabar Land Tenure Commission. In 1887, he presided over the convocation of the Madras University. In December 1887, Madhava Rao presided over the inaugural session of Indian National Social Conference.

Madhava Rao took a liking for British sociologist and political theorist Herbert Spencer and spent the last days of his life studying his works. He contributed articles to newspapers on a variety of topics ranging from politics and religion to astronomy. Under the pseudonyms "Native Thinker" and "Native Observer", Madhava Rao wrote opinion pieces on the German occupation of Africa and on the dress code to adopted by Hindu women in public. He forwarded his article on the German occupation of Africa to the German chancellor Bismarck who replied with a letter of acknowledgement and appreciation. In 1889, he published a pamphlet titled "Hints on the training of native children by a native Thinker" which was translated into various Indian languages as Gujarati, Marathi and Malayalam. He also composed a few small poems in Tamil.

Towards the end of his life, Madhava Rao was affected by health problems. On 22 December 1890, he suffered a stroke at his Mylapore home. Madhava Rao died three months later, on 4 April 1891 at the age of sixty-three.

Family
T. Madhava Rao married Yamuna Bai. The couple had five children, three son's, T. Ananda Rao, Ranga Rao, Ramchandra Rao; two daughters, Balubai and Ambabai. T. Ananda Rao, the eldest son of Madhava Rao, served as the Diwan of Mysore from 1909 to 1912. Madhava Rao's cousin R. Raghunatha Rao, served as the Diwan of Baroda and was also an early leader of the Indian National Congress. Another cousin of his, T. Rama Rao was the Diwan of Travancore from 1887 to 1892. T. Ananda Rao was married to Rama Rao's daughter Soundara Bai.

Titles and awards
 Fellow of the Madras University- 1862
Knight Commander of the Star of India- 1866
 Title of Rajah- 1868

Books
Books written on T. Madhava Rao and his Administration:
Raja Sir T. Madhava Rao: A Brief Sketch and Review of His Eventful Life and Career as the Administrator of the Three Leading Native States in India, Tanvancore, Indore and Baroda, G.S. Maniya & Company, 1915
Raja Sir T. Madhava Rao and the Modernization of Travancore Administration, P. Abraham Koshy, University of Kerala, 1977
Diwan Sir Thanjavur Madhava Row:Life and Times of Statesman, Administrator Extraordinaire, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2015, Urmila Rau Lal

Books written by T. Madhava Rao:
Minor Hints; Lectures Delivered to H. H. the Maharaja Gaekwar, Sayaji Rao III, Hardpress Publishing, 2012,

References

Bibliography

External links

Travancore State Manual by V. Nagam Aiya, Vol II, pages 559–568

1828 births
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Indian knights
Diwans of Travancore
Indian Hindus
1891 deaths
People from Thanjavur district
Diwans of Baroda

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Trash for Cash is a sustainable advertising project started by Hamburg-based environmentalist Sönke Rosenkranz to turn scrap into beautiful portraits or company logos. With the help from refugees, their team collects trash from the environment to build corporate logos and famous celebrity portraits. Further, these artworks are sold and half of the money goes to a charity.
Rosenkranz started this project in 2016, as he always wanted to do something good for the environment and betterment of the society. So, he thought of creating art out of the garbage. When he first started collecting the rubbish for his projects, he was often looked at oddly. But he knew exactly what he was aiming for.
One of his first projects was to design the eBay company logo from garbage. According to him, it as a "Lucky Punch." Followed by the successful sale of eBay logo, he further started making art for BMW and the foundation of football player Christoph Metzelder.
He doesn't consider himself as an artist, but his recycled art surely speaks a lot about his creativity. For the production of a single artwork, it usually takes about 20 hours. First, the logo or portrait is roughly transferred to a disk. Simultaneously, Rosenkranz cleans and disinfects the garbage, and then assemble it with a hot glue gun.
He is really doing a good job for both environment and society. Find out more about his work on the official website or Facebook.


Finding your suitable closet shelves wall mounted is not easy. You may need consider between hundred or thousand products from many store. In this article, we make a short list of the best closet shelves wall mounted including detail information and customer reviews. Let's find out which is your favorite one.
How to buy the best polarized yellow safety glasses?
Which is the best corn bulb led warm?
The ClosetMaid 5-foot to 8-foot Fixed Mount Closet Organizer Kit is designed to optimize your space and features durable ventilated steel shelving to help keep your clothing fresh. It fits spaces that are 5-foot to 8-foot wide and includes all hardware needed for installation. Kit includes wire shelves, shoe shelf, support post, closet rods, closet rod supports, brackets and shelf caps.
A wall mounted display shelf made of industrial-style metal pipe and lightly distressed wood.
Rugged, industrial-inspired look complements modern and eclectic home decors.
Provides added storage for kitchen, bathroom, or hallway.
Ideal for showing off your favorite things like memorabilia, books, or candles and pipe rail can be used to hang cane umbrellas or towels.
Approximate Dimensions (in inches): 5.4 H 31.5 W 7.8 D.
Both whimsically quirky and complementary to a range of contemporary, eclectic, and industrial-themed decors, this rugged black metal pipe and wood accent shelf adds functional storage along with a dash of personality to small spaces. Useful for enhancing decor and storage in the kitchen, bathroom, or hallway in the home, this floating shelf can be positioned high or low to make room for dishes, condiments, and cookbooks, beauty products and towels (which can also be hung from the pipe), or purses, hats, and umbrellas. Also striking in retail settings, this industrial-inspired shelf is ideal for making nearly any space more distinctive.
Make the most of your space with the Rubbermaid Configurations Closet Kits. Designed for better organization and maximizing space, this 3 to 6 ft. Deluxe Closet Kit includes shelves and rods that adjust for a custom fit. Get up to 18 ft. of shelving space and up to 10 ft. of hanging space when installed. Installation is simple without any cutting required so you can quickly and easily create a closet space that suits your needs. This closet set includes (6) 26-in. Shelves, (2) 36-in. Shelves, (2) 36-in. Top Rails, 16 Brackets, (4) 47.5-in. Uprights, (2) 25-in. Uprights, and (2) Hang Rods.
The Cabidor classic is the latest in innovative, space-making storage solutions. The Cabidor creates additional storage in your home or office without sacrificing any floor or wall space, or leaving any holes in any surface. The Cabidor conveniently mounts Behind any standard door simply by using your hinge pins and the Cabidor patented hanging hardware. The Cabidor award winning design enables you to hang the storage cabinet Behind any door within minutes without requiring any special skills or tools. The Cabidor offers the storage capacity of 5 standard medicine cabinets, yet can be quickly and easily moved to another door if you decide. Get the storage space you need with ease and convenience with the Cabidor classic storage system. The Cabidor classic is 70" tall, 16" wide and 4" deep.
All above are our suggestions for closet shelves wall mounted. This might not suit you, so we prefer that you read all detail information also customer reviews to choose yours. Please also help to share your experience when using closet shelves wall mounted with us by comment in this post. Thank you!


text:
Q: As3 How to flip a movieclip to face movement direction? Working on a maze game. When the leftkey is pressed the movieclip (char) should turn 90 degrees to the left.
Correct me if i'm wrong but I thought I could use this code;
char.scaleX *= -1;

However, the most important thing is that the character doesnt go through the walls of the maze.
And I think thats my problem for implementing the code above.
Because it doesnt work properly when i put in here;
    if(!mazehit) {

                    char.y += speed;
                    char.scaleX *= -1;

                }

My question to you is, where do I have to put the code to flip the movieclip?
var leftArrow, rightArrow, upArrow, downArrow:Boolean;
var speed:Number = 4;
var charRadius:Number = 10;

stage.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_DOWN, keyPressed);
stage.addEventListener(KeyboardEvent.KEY_UP, keyReleased);
stage.addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, everyFrame);

function keyPressed(event:KeyboardEvent):void {
    if (event.keyCode == Keyboard.LEFT) {
        leftArrow = true;
    }
    if (event.keyCode == Keyboard.RIGHT) {
        rightArrow = true;
    }
    if (event.keyCode == Keyboard.UP) {
        upArrow = true;
    }
    if (event.keyCode == Keyboard.DOWN) {
        downArrow = true;
    }
}

function keyReleased(event:KeyboardEvent):void {
    if (event.keyCode == Keyboard.LEFT) {
        leftArrow = false;
    }
    if (event.keyCode == Keyboard.RIGHT) {
        rightArrow = false;
    }
    if (event.keyCode == Keyboard.UP) {
        upArrow = false;
    }
    if (event.keyCode == Keyboard.DOWN) {
        downArrow = false;
    }
}

function everyFrame(event:Event):void {
    var mazehit:Boolean = false;
    if (leftArrow) {
        for(var i:int = 0; i < speed; i++) {
            if(bounds.hitTestPoint(char.x - charRadius - i, char.y, true)) {

                mazehit = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!mazehit) {

            char.x -= speed;

        }

    } else if (rightArrow) {
        for(var j:int = 0; j < speed; j++) {
            if(bounds.hitTestPoint(char.x + charRadius + j, char.y, true)) {

                mazehit = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!mazehit) {

            char.x += speed;
        }
    } else if (upArrow) {
        for(var k:int = 0; k < speed; k++) {
            if(bounds.hitTestPoint(char.x, char.y - charRadius - k, true)) {

                mazehit = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!mazehit) {
            char.y -= speed;
        }

    } else if (downArrow) {

        for(var m:int = 0; m < speed; m++) {
            if(bounds.hitTestPoint(char.x, char.y + charRadius + m, true)) {

                mazehit = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!mazehit) {

            char.y += speed;

        }
    }
}

thank you for your time

A: I would update the direction depending on the speed:
char.scaleX = (speed > 0) ? 1 : -1;

Or, by the keys that have been pressed:
if(keyLeft && !keyRight)
{
    char.scaleX = -1;
}
else if(keyRight && !keyLeft)
{
    char.scaleX = 1;
}
else
{
    // keep current direction
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVIST REPORTER ARRESTED FOR PEDOPHILIA
Wed Jul 7, 1999 - 12:15 pm EST
SACRAMENTO, California, July 7 (LifeSiteNews.com) - A homosexual activist newspaper writer has been arrested following an Internet sting operation conducted by undercover police. Bruce Mirken, 42, was in court Tuesday charged with attempting to commit a lewd and lascivious act on a child. Mirken has been published in the San Francisco Examiner, Miami Herald, and the Detroit Free Press, extolling the virtues of homosexuality and denouncing the "religious right" for "lying to the American public about homosexuality."
Going on-line under the pseudonym "Luvboys343" Mirken asked someone he thought was an underage child about skinny-dipping and whether he was alone during lunchtime. Police officers arrested Mirken after he arranged a meeting place and showed up to meet the boy. The writer claims he was doing research for one of his stories.
HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVIST REPORTER ARRESTED FOR PEDOPHILIA HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVIST REPORTER ARRESTED FOR PEDOPHILIA News By LifeSiteNews.com


The world lost an unbelievably remarkable man this week. My Great Uncle Dean passed away, and took a little piece of my heart with him. I hope he is finally dancing with Aunt Clotilde again.
I will forever treasure the memories with him, his trek for our wedding, his writing, the way he wrote and the look of the words unlike anything I have ever seen before.
A hard & promising reminder that we can't live forever. Love and legacies live on.


text:
Federica Paddeu
Dr Federica Paddeu is a Cambridge Early Career Fellow and will be at CRASSH in Michaelmas Term 2019.
'Economic relations with occupied territories: the international legal framework'
Under international law, States prohibited from recognising, or cooperating in the maintenance of, unlawful territorial situations. These mostly involve situations in which territory has been occupied by a State in a manner contrary to international law (either by the use of force, or in violation of the right to self-determination). There has been, and there remains, considerable uncertainty as to what types of behaviour amount to recognition or cooperation with States unlawfully occupying territory. The uncertainty is particularly acute in the field of economic relations in respect of unlawfully occupied territories, as these relations are the object of two opposing forces. On the one hand, the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial body of the United Nations, held in 1971 that entering into treaties on economic matters amounted to (prohibited) recognition/cooperation. On this basis, the ECJ has recently held that the EU-Morocco Free Trade Agreement, for example, does not apply to the territory or the waters off the coast of Western Sahara, which the UN classifies as non-self-governing territory entitled to self-determination. At the same time, the Court held that the peoples of these territories ought not to be deprived of the benefits of international cooperation. So what does this mean in practice? What behaviours of States with respect to these territories would fall foul of the prohibition of recognition/cooperation, and which would amount to enabling the local territories to benefit from international cooperation? The field of economic relations provides some useful instances of practice against which to test this rule of international law. These include the EU's rules of origin, applied to Israel in relation to produce from Occupied Palestinian Territories; AirBnB's policy towards the listing of homes in Occupied Palestinian Territories; the use of credit card circuits in Crimea; UEFA's decision not to recognise Crimean football teams as part of the Russian football league, etc. With this research, I hope to bring some clarity as to the precise scope of the obligations of non-cooperation and non-recognition of unlawfully occupied territories in the field of economic relations.
This research is the first step towards a broader project about the role of international law in the regulation of relations between States and irregular territorial entities (namely entities that are not recognised as States), which is intended to test the place of States as the exclusive territorial subjects of international law.
Dr Federica Paddeu is a Law Fellow at Queens' College and a fellow of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law. She holds an undergraduate degree in law from Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB), in Caracas, Venezuela; an LLM and PhD in international law from Cambridge; and, a Post-Graduate Diploma in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education (PGDipLATHE) form the Oxford Learning Institute, University of Oxford. At Cambridge, she was awarded the Clive Parry Prize in International Law (for the top marks in international law in the LLM by a non-native speaker) and the Yorke Prize in recognition of the 'exceptional quality' of her PhD dissertation 'which makes a substantial contribution to its field of legal knowledge' by the Faculty of Law. Her PhD was published by CUP in 2018 as Justification and Excuse in International Law: Concept and Theory of General Defences and her research has been published in the top international law journals, including the British Yearbook of International Law and the Leiden Journal of International Law. Dr Paddeu frequently contributes to international law blogs and Venezuelan media outlets on matters involving international law. She has also authored and contributed to legal reports on human rights issues including, most recently a report on Protection of Children in Armed Conflict, published in 2018 by Hart, and prepared under the chairmanship and lead authorship of Shaheed Fatima QC (Blackstone Chambers), as part of the Inquiry on Protecting Children in Armed Conflict launched by the UN Special Envoy for Global Education and former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown, and produced a legal report which was published in 2018 by Hart as Protecting Children in Armed Conflict. In 2018 she was also a Research Associate of the Following Grenfell: The Human Rights and Equality Dimension of the Equality and Human Rights Commission. Dr Paddeu is the Director of Studies of the British Branch of the International Law Association and a member of the Academic Research Panel of Blackstone Chambers (London). Her main research interests are the law of State responsibility, in particular defences to State responsibility, the law on the use of force and the law of foreign investment.
Cambridge Early Career Fellowships at CRASSH
Military assistance on request and general reasons against force
Consent and the Background Normative Assumptions about Force in the International Legal Order
Early Career Fellow 2019-20
Oct 2019 – Dec 2019
fip20@cam.ac.uk


text:
Senator Cruz Explains Lack Of Town Hall Meetings
Senator Ted Cruz of Texas reacts to having a challenger to his seat. Last week, a congressman from El Paso announced a bid for his seat, and at least one other politician has hinted at a possible run. Cruz took time out during a visit to a space contractor in Sugar Land to talk about it, and also about his preference to meeting with businesses rather than holding formal town hall meetings.
Ed Mayberry
| Posted on April 10, 2017, 2:47 PM (Last Updated: April 12, 2017, 1:25 PM )
To embed this piece of audio in your site, please use this code:
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Senator Ted Cruz addresses employees of Atec, a Sugar Land-based NASA subcontractor.
Democratic Representative Beto O'Rourke is taking a page out of Cruz's 2012 campaign playbook by announcing his bid early and taking a grassroots approach. Those are the methods Senator Cruz says worked best for him four years ago.
"You'll recall nobody thought I had a prayer. Nobody thought we had any chance at all. All the money, all the institutional power in the state was opposed to us, and we saw an incredible grassroots army rise up."
Senator Cruz doesn't appear to be concerned with calls from constituents for town hall meetings. He says instead he's spending his time with small businesses like Atec in Sugar Land. He toured the facilities of that NASA subcontractor, saying that jobs and economic growth are his priorities.
"And so I'm continuing to travel the state to hold gatherings like the one I just did here at Atec, a small business — meeting with Texans, listening to their concerns, answering their questions and fighting for them."
Senator Cruz chairs the Science and Space subcommittee and authored the bipartisan NASA authorization — the first one in seven years.
O'Rourke has little name recognition across Texas, which hasn't elected a democrat statewide since 1994.
Tags Atec Beto O'Rourke Senator Ted Cruz
Former Texas Rep. Beto O'Rourke Ends Presidential Bid
Houston-Area Lawmaker Defends Controversial Twitter Exchange With Beto O'Rourke
5 Takeaways From The 1st Democratic Debate
Castro, O'Rourke Enter First Debate With Much To Prove


No fewer than nine persons were said to have slumped due to overcrowding at the campaign rally of the presidential candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) Atiku Abubakar in Kano State Sunday.
Sani Abacha Stadium, the venue of the rally, saw the nine persons lying lifelessly on the ground with some security operatives trying to rush them to the hospital, This Day reports.
Also, some good Samaritans were seen carrying some of the casualties out of the stadium, ostensibly taking them to the vehicles of the security personnel with the aim of getting them to the hospital.
As at the time of filing this report,it was that observed that among the casualties, six were male, while three were female.


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text:
#pragma once
#include <aws/panorama/Panorama_EXPORTS.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSString.h>
#include <utility>

namespace Aws
{
namespace Utils
{
namespace Json
{
  class JsonValue;
  class JsonView;
} // namespace Json
} // namespace Utils
namespace Panorama
{
namespace Model
{

  /**
   *
A package version output configuration.

See Also:
   AWS
   * API Reference

   */
  class AWS_PANORAMA_API PackageVersionOutputConfig
  {
  public:
    PackageVersionOutputConfig();
    PackageVersionOutputConfig(Aws::Utils::Json::JsonView jsonValue);
    PackageVersionOutputConfig& operator=(Aws::Utils::Json::JsonView jsonValue);
    Aws::Utils::Json::JsonValue Jsonize() const;

    /**
     *
Indicates that the version is recommended for all users.

     */
    inline bool GetMarkLatest() const{ return m_markLatest; }

    /**
     *
Indicates that the version is recommended for all users.

     */
    inline bool MarkLatestHasBeenSet() const { return m_markLatestHasBeenSet; }

    /**
     *
Indicates that the version is recommended for all users.

     */
    inline void SetMarkLatest(bool value) { m_markLatestHasBeenSet = true; m_markLatest = value; }

    /**
     *
Indicates that the version is recommended for all users.

     */
    inline PackageVersionOutputConfig& WithMarkLatest(bool value) { SetMarkLatest(value); return *this;}

    /**
     *
The output's package name.

     */
    inline const Aws::String& GetPackageName() const{ return m_packageName; }

    /**
     *
The output's package name.

     */
    inline bool PackageNameHasBeenSet() const { return m_packageNameHasBeenSet; }

    /**
     *
The output's package name.

     */
    inline void SetPackageName(const Aws::String& value) { m_packageNameHasBeenSet = true; m_packageName = value; }

    /**
     *
The output's package name.

     */
    inline void SetPackageName(Aws::String&& value) { m_packageNameHasBeenSet = true; m_packageName = std::move(value); }

    /**
     *
The output's package name.

     */
    inline void SetPackageName(const char* value) { m_packageNameHasBeenSet = true; m_packageName.assign(value); }

    /**
     *
The output's package name.

     */
    inline PackageVersionOutputConfig& WithPackageName(const Aws::String& value) { SetPackageName(value); return *this;}

    /**
     *
The output's package name.

     */
    inline PackageVersionOutputConfig& WithPackageName(Aws::String&& value) { SetPackageName(std::move(value)); return *this;}

    /**
     *
The output's package name.

     */
    inline PackageVersionOutputConfig& WithPackageName(const char* value) { SetPackageName(value); return *this;}

    /**
     *
The output's package version.

     */
    inline const Aws::String& GetPackageVersion() const{ return m_packageVersion; }

    /**
     *
The output's package version.

     */
    inline bool PackageVersionHasBeenSet() const { return m_packageVersionHasBeenSet; }

    /**
     *
The output's package version.

     */
    inline void SetPackageVersion(const Aws::String& value) { m_packageVersionHasBeenSet = true; m_packageVersion = value; }

    /**
     *
The output's package version.

     */
    inline void SetPackageVersion(Aws::String&& value) { m_packageVersionHasBeenSet = true; m_packageVersion = std::move(value); }

    /**
     *
The output's package version.

     */
    inline void SetPackageVersion(const char* value) { m_packageVersionHasBeenSet = true; m_packageVersion.assign(value); }

    /**
     *
The output's package version.

     */
    inline PackageVersionOutputConfig& WithPackageVersion(const Aws::String& value) { SetPackageVersion(value); return *this;}

    /**
     *
The output's package version.

     */
    inline PackageVersionOutputConfig& WithPackageVersion(Aws::String&& value) { SetPackageVersion(std::move(value)); return *this;}

    /**
     *
The output's package version.

     */
    inline PackageVersionOutputConfig& WithPackageVersion(const char* value) { SetPackageVersion(value); return *this;}

  private:

    bool m_markLatest;
    bool m_markLatestHasBeenSet = false;

    Aws::String m_packageName;
    bool m_packageNameHasBeenSet = false;

    Aws::String m_packageVersion;
    bool m_packageVersionHasBeenSet = false;
  };

} // namespace Model
} // namespace Panorama
} // namespace Aws

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Wedding is a very special occasion in a person's life – thus everything should be perfect starting from clothes to food. Wedding clothes and accessories play a vital role as guests will come and primarily see you and the detailing for the D day. Therefore, it's undoubtedly better to take the charge yourself instead of hiring a professional.
To personalize your wedding accessories, you need to have the right knowledge about fashion, what suits you and what will go best with the theme and clothes. This trend has indeed given rise to many unique wedding accessory ideas which can woo you as well. Here are some tips to keep in mind while you go ahead with personalizing your wedding accessories.
All you need is creativity and time, and definitely money for this job. If you plan to customize your own wedding, do keep in mind that you need to start quite early, since there is bound to be a time crunch. However, if you are customizing someone else's wedding accessories, you need to know the persons concern quite well before you venture upon the job.
Make sure you do a bit of research on fashion, latest trends, add your creativity to it, and you get the perfect result. Internet is the biggest help in this regard; go through the myriad of images and ideas that would suit your choice perfectly.
There are a few companies which help you personalize your accessories. You can have monogrammed bags and other such things in a few online shopping sites.
However, before you go ahead and personalize your accessories, do pick your wedding dress. Once you have selected the dress(es) then you can make your selections of accessories based on them.
If you have decided to personalize your accessories for the wedding, you need to find out good workers who can execute these designs. If you do not know such people, ask your friend and relative. Also order only when you are absolutely sure that the person is reliable and will deliver in time.
Most importantly, be realistic and think what types of stuff suits you or your close one well.
Thus keeping these things in mind, you will definitely be able to personalize the wedding accessories quite easily.


An official at swim competition responsible for observing swimmers and reporting any rule violations during the swimmers' turns.
Officials at swim competitions responsible for observing swimmers along each lap and reporting any rule violations. Sometimes this role is known as a "Stroke Judge".
Marshal An official at swim competitions responsible for organising swimmers into their heats, and sending each heat to the pool to ensure the timely start of each race.


Who will carry Canada's flag into the PyeongChang 2018 Closing Ceremony?
Sebastien Toutant is heading home from PyeongChang 2018 with an Olympic gold medal, after finishing first in the Olympic debut of snowboard big air.
In the big air final, each rider performs three jumps, with the top scores from two different jumps counting towards the final results.
For his first effort, Toutant earned 84.75 points from the judges. Four riders later, Mark McMorris' first jump didn't go quite as smoothly. Unable to stick the landing, he scored just 40.50.
Max Parrot was the third Canadian down the ramp. He moved just ahead of Toutant with 85.00 points. After the first run, Norway's Torgeir Bergrem held the lead with 88.50 points while Parrot and Toutant sat in second and third.
Toutant carried his momentum into the second run, stomping another stellar jump that scored 89.50 for a running total of 174.25 points. On his second run, McMorris decided to repeat his first jump in an attempt to improve his score, but he also crashed out on that one. Parrot also didn't have much luck on his second go, falling hard on his landing.
Heading into the final run, Toutant had taken over the lead ahead of Americans Kyle Mack and Chris Corning while Parrot was in sixth place and McMorris in 10th.
Toutant would have to settle for his score of 174.25 when he couldn't successfully land his final jump. He then watched as the rest of the field tried to catch him. Mack and Corning were both unable to, leaving Parrot as the last man who could dethrone him. But he also crashed out, giving the gold to Toutant. Great Britain's Billy Morgan slid in behind Mack for the bronze medal with a clutch third run.
At the start of the Games, Parrot and McMorris captured silver and bronze, respectively, in the slopestyle event.


Since 1979, Sarasota Magazine has showcased the City of Sarasota and surrounding area, dubbed the cultural capital of Florida's Gulf Coast. Sarasota's award-winning coverage of the area's vibrant arts and social scenes, real estate, dining, fashion, philanthropy, politics, health, environment and luxury living, are delivered to the region's most affluent readers in month after month of beautiful magazines.
Parent Company: SagaCity Media, Inc.


Dawgs got beat Wednesday evening. Katie Young & Megan Cook both got hits in their last high school plate appearance at West Ridge Park. Katie Young was 2 for 3 on the night and Tori Baker & Chloe Clark each had a hit on the night as well.


Metropolitan built and maintains a water supply system that is the cornerstone of the region's economy.
Container gardens are a great way to enjoy seasonal splashes of color. For fall container gardening, mix eye-popping blooms with rustic grasses and foliage.


Peru is a well-developed country with modern cities and a diverse population and culture. Spend a week in Lima and it's as cosmopolitan as New York, Paris or London. There are the usual high quality hotel and casino set ups one in each of the Marriot, the Fiesta and the Atlantic City. All venues provide the expected table games with poker tourneys a regular event as well. When you want a break from the tables a short trip out of the city and you are immersed in a natural world that is pre-historic. The terrain varies dramatically from region to region from the great mountain trails to the deepest darkest Amazon Forest. Then of course you have the Inca sites that if you have come to visit Peru you must see. A truly awe inspiring place to visit.
There is so much confusion surrounding the legality of online gambling and more specifically online casinos. Many countries haven't got round to setting up the proper frame work and the area is so grey. In the case of Peru the constitution is quite clear with a Freedom Principle stating: No one may be required to do anything not ordered by law or prevented from doing what the law does not prohibit. Since there has never been a law banning online casinos it has always been allowed. The Peruvian government decided to profit from this and has brought in regulations for licensing. There is conflicting information out there but according to two Peruvian Lawyer's websites there are now a few registered online casinos in Peru. The strangest of all and it is a very welcome strange is that offshore non Peruvian regulated companies are still allowed. There are tax issues for the online casino but no citizen is at risk of prosecution they just doesn't have any local legal back up if things go wrong.
When it comes to the list of online casinos that have actually got a Peruvian license its quite small as yet. The most well-known is Betsson and probably ranks as the best online casino Peru regulates. This means that you have all the backup of the local legal system in the event of any problems. But due to the unusual quirk of Peruvian law the possibilities are almost endless when it comes to offshore operators. This does however bring its own issues. There is such a thing as being spoilt for choice and the multitude of options can cloud judgment. So a few simple but effective measures should be taken before depositing and enjoying those hours at the roulette wheel.
Pretty much all international sites will be regulated by more than one authority. This is due to different legal obligations in various areas. Just because there is a license present don't think ok all is well. Some licenses are just business operating licenses and have no relevance to the gambling industry at all. For example the Caribbean purely a tax haven and a place to register a business. At the other end of the scale the UK Gambling Commission, the MGA and Gibraltar all top end regulatory bodies with strict rules and governance. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are also well respected. Then you have the Kahnawake Territories which cover most casinos that concentrate on the Americas. They seem to be doing a good job but a few rogues have slipped though the net with them. The important thing to remember is just because they have a license doesn't mean they are not crooks but if they don't have a license they are probably crooks. All licenses can be validated at the respective authority websites remember it just the first step in your vetting.
Background checks on the registration and ownership of the online casino you wish to play with should be easy. If it is difficult to establish who actually runs the show and it all looks a bit murky look elsewhere. Transparency is a sign of honesty. If a brand is floated on one of the major stock exchanges you have the added back up of their regulators looking into a company's business practices. Every important thing you need to find out should be a couple of clicks away and visible somewhere on the casinos website. Security for your personal details is a big deal there should be independent tests done and certificates issued. The same goes for games they should be periodically tested and certs issued. Terms and conditions should be written in clear language and be easy to understand. The customer service agents must speak your language. Contact them and ask a few questions gauge their knowledge as well as there fluency.
Since the beginning of the online casino boom there have been certain sites keeping tabs on all the operators. Starting out as just enthusiastic players getting forums and review sites up to talk about experiences a few quickly grew into respected entities. An online casino would be stupid to engender the wrath of the playing community as some have. Word of mouth quickly get around these days and can have crippling effects on a brand. Read reviews and player forums if one name keeps popping up as a bad casino don't risk it. There are comprehensive blacklists of online casinos with the reasons why they are well worth looking at. There are so many good casinos out there don't give the bad ones your money. A rule of thumb for finding a good fair online casino is the length of time they have been in business. If a new firm has just sprung up don't rush in let everyone else take the plunge. However if a casino has been online for ten years with plenty of customers it must be doing something right. Common sense is your best weapon. Good luck.