An adult dog's normal body temperature can range from 101 - 102.5° Fahrenheit (38.3 - 39.2° Celsius). A temperature of less than 99° F (37.2° C), or above 103.5° F (39.7° C), is considered to be dangerous and requires immediate veterinary care.
A 2014 study which compared axillary (armpit) temperatures with rectal temperatures in dogs and cats found a large gradient between the two, and concluded that, "axillary temperature should not be used as a substitute for rectal temperature."
Digital thermometers can be placed in a dog's armpit to provide an approximate body temperature, though axillary (armpit) temperatures are not considered to be as accurate as rectal or ear measurements.


text:
The Antonian Museum
The Antonian Library
Saint George's Oratory
The Scoletta del Santo
The Veneranda Arca di S. Antonio
A heritage of documents
Manuscript codes and valuable print books
The Antonian Library of Padua was born in the first half of the thirteenth century. Its history intersects that of the Conventual Franciscan community of the Basilica of Saint Anthony, the custodian of the sanctuary from the Middle Ages up to this day. Along with other unique cases in Italy among the ancient Franciscan libraries, it has escaped pillaging, systematic dispersions and State confiscations and been preserved substantially intact up to today.
The first core of the library collection certainly goes back to the teaching activity initiated with the approval of Francis of Assisi in the small old convent by Saint Anthony himself, not only a popular preacher but also first "reader" of theology within the Order.
Two documented donations are considered its "foundation stones". In 1237, in his will, magister Aegidius, priest of the Cathedral of Padua, left to the friars a code containing the Sermons of Saint Anthony (perhaps to be identified in the present ms 720, source of the critical edition of the Antonian work). Around 1240, the priest of the cathedral, Uguccione, nephew of the bishop of Padua Iacopo Corrado, donated to the monastery a precious and glossed Parisian Bible in 25 volumes with illuminations by magister Alexander, head of one of the major workshops in Paris.
The collection grew through donations, bequests, and the work of internal copyists. The specific purpose of the library was in fact the preparation of the friars to their pastoral activity – especially preaching – to which was later added the University teaching of philosophy and theology in the Faculty of Arts, which was precisely entrusted to Conventual Teachers at the middle of the fifteenth century.
Other important incentives for the development of the Antonian Library came from: the establishment of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Padua (1363); the recognition in 1437 of the Convent Study of the Basilica as a General Studium, meaning of the University level; and the upgrade granted by Urbano VIII at the request of the Venetian government of the Internal Studium to a Theological Faculty in 1630, which endured until 1772 with the permission to graduate ten students every three years.
The nineteenth century was a stormy century for the Convent and the Library. In 1810, the Napoleonic Decree that suppressed the religious institutions forced the friars to a reduced presence, limiting them to simple ministers and custodians of the Basilica. Only in 1826, under Austrian rule, could the community regroup. Another crisis stemmed from the Kingdom of Italy's annexation of the Veneto and the subsequent application of laws hostile to religious orders. Crucial to preventing the dispersion of the Antonian Library upon the arrival of the French in Padua in 1797, was, first, the dedicated work of P. Bonaventura Perissuti as the librarian and, then, in 1810, the intervention of the Veneranda Arca di Sant'Antonio that claimed the property of the Library and exempted it from greater state confiscation.
The Antonian Library currently holds 828 manuscripts, of which about 600 are medieval works (including 41 great choral books, with a series of illuminated antiphonaries and graduals of 1340-1360), 260 incunabula, 3200 editions of the sixteenth century, and a remarkable collection of Jewish books.
Attached to the Library and accessible for consultation by scholars is the Musical Archive, whose recent cataloguing of the ancient fund records over 9000 compositions (including particularly important collections of the eighteenth century, with autographs of Giuseppe Tartini).
Follow the Antonian Library on social media
Liber C f. 102r
Ms 016-001r
©Archive Pontificia Biblioteca Antoniana.
The Antonian Library ultima modifica: 2019-03-14T12:21:18+01:00 da atmansviluppo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Method, apparatus, and code for issuing a dual credit card
A method for issuing a dual credit card includes receiving information regarding an applicant and assigning a credit line to a dual credit card for the applicant.
Manchester, Jeff (Covington, KY, US)
Dupree-cammer, Michelle (Broomfield, CO, US)
MANCHESTER JEFF
DUPREE-CAMMER MICHELLE
G06Q20/10; G06Q20/34; G06Q30/06; G07F7/02; (IPC1-7): G06F17/60
20080027882 Price assessment method for used equipment January, 2008 Allen et al.
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20070100758 Method for law firms to assist clients in acquiring and commercially exploiting intellectual property May, 2007 Schumann et al.
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20090192868 Method and System for Analyzing Performance of a Wind Farm July, 2009 Rajiv et al.
20050131740 Management tool for health care provider services June, 2005 Massenzio et al.
20090138362 SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTEXT-ADAPTIVE SHAPING OF RELEVANCE SCORES FOR POSITION AUCTIONS May, 2009 Schroedl et al.
20070282660 Task management systems and methods December, 2007 Forth
20020002501 System and method for an independent retailer business-to-business market exchange January, 2002 Reyda et al.
MEINECKE DIAZ, SUSANNA M
BUCKLEY, MASCHOFF & TALWALKAR, LLC (NEW CANAAN, CT, US)
1. A method for issuing a dual credit card, comprising: receiving information regarding an applicant; and assigning a credit line to a dual credit card for said applicant, said dual credit card being associated with a first merchant, said credit line including a first portion and a second portion, said first portion being available only for use in transactions involving said first merchant and said applicant, and said second portion being available for use in transactions involving merchants other than said first merchant.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said second portion is available for use in transactions involving said first merchant.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: associating an identifier with said dual credit card, wherein said identifier is capable of identifying said dual credit card as a private label card associated with said first merchant when said dual credit card is used in a transaction involving said first merchant and of identifying said dual credit card as a bank card when said dual credit card is used in a transaction involving a second merchant.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said identifier includes a BIN.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: associating an identifier with said dual credit card, wherein said identifier is capable of indicating that a first transaction involving said dual credit card and said first merchant should be processed via a first card processing network, and wherein said identifier is capable of indicating that a second transaction involving said dual credit card but not said first merchant should be processed via a second processing network.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said information regarding said applicant includes at least one of the following: credit information regarding said applicant; employment information regarding said applicant; and personal information regarding said applicant.
7. A method for issuing a dual credit card, comprising: receiving information regarding an applicant; and associating a dual credit card with said applicant, said dual credit card having an associated credit line and an associated identifier, said identifier being capable of identifying said dual credit card as a private label card associated with a first merchant when said card identifier is used in a first transaction involving said first merchant and of identifying said dual credit card as a bank card when said card identifier is used in a second transaction involving a second merchant.
8. The method of claim 7, said identifier being capable of indicating that said first transaction should be processed via a private label network and of indicating that said second transaction should be processed via a bank card network.
9. A method for issuing a dual credit card, comprising: receiving information regarding an applicant; and associating a dual credit card with said applicant, said dual credit card having an associated credit line and an associated identifier, said identifier being capable of indicating that a first transaction using said dual credit card should be processed via a private label network and of indicating that a second transaction involving said dual credit card should be processed via a bank card network.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said first transaction is a transaction that involves said applicant and a first merchant and said second transaction is a transaction that involves said applicant and a merchant other than said first merchant.
11. A method for issuing a dual credit card, comprising: receiving an application for a dual credit card, said application being associated with an applicant; associating an interest rate with said dual credit card; associating a credit line with said dual credit card, said credit line including a first portion and a second portion, said first portion being available only for use in transactions involving a first merchant and said applicant, and said second portion being available for use in transactions involving merchants other than said first merchant. associating an identifier with said dual credit card, said identifier being capable of identifying said dual credit card as a private label card associated with said first merchant when said card identifier is used in a first transaction involving said first merchant and of identifying said dual credit card as a bank card when said card identifier is used in a transaction involving a second merchant, and said identifier being capable of indicating that said first transaction should be processed via a private label network and of indicating that said second transaction should be processed via a bank card network issuing said dual credit card to said applicant.
12. An article of manufacture, comprising: a credit card associated with a single account, said credit card having an associated credit line and an associated identifier, wherein said identifier is capable of indicating that a first transaction involving said credit card and a first merchant should be processed via a private label network, and wherein said identifier is capable of indicating that a second transaction involving said credit card and a merchant other than said first merchant should be processed via a bank card network.
13. An article of manufacture, comprising: a credit card associated with a single account, said credit card having an associated credit line and an associated identifier, wherein said identifier is capable of identifying said credit card as a private label credit card associated with said first merchant when said credit card is used in a transaction involving said first merchant and of identifying said credit card as a bank card when said credit card is used in a transaction involving a merchant other than said first merchant.
14. The article of manufacture of claim 13, wherein a portion of said credit line is available only for use in transactions involving said first merchant.
15. The article of manufacture of claim 13, wherein a portion of said credit line is available only for use in transactions involving said first merchant, and said credit card's remaining credit line is available for use in transactions involving merchants other than said first merchant.
16. The article of manufacture of claim 13, said identifier being capable of indicating that a first transaction involving said credit card and said first merchant should be processed via a private label network, and said identifier being capable of indicating that a second transaction involving said credit card and a merchant other than said first merchant should be processed via a bank card network.
17. The article of manufacture of claim 13, wherein said identifier includes a BIN.
18. An article of manufacture, comprising: a credit card associated with a single account and an associated credit line, wherein said credit card is associated with a first merchant, a portion of said credit line is available only for use in transactions involving said first merchant, and said credit card's remaining credit line is available for use in transactions involving merchants other than said first merchant.
19. The article of manufacture of claim 18, wherein said credit card has an associated identifier, said identifier being capable of indicating that a first transaction involving said credit card and said first merchant should be processed via a private label network, and said identifier being capable of indicating that a second transaction involving said credit card and a merchant other than said first merchant should be processed via a bank card network.
20. The article of manufacture of claim 19, said identifier being capable of identifying said credit card as a private label credit card associated with said first merchant in a transaction involving said first merchant and of identifying said credit card as a bank card in a transaction involving a merchant other than said first merchant.
21. The article of manufacture of claim 18, wherein said credit card's remaining credit line is available for use in transactions involving said first merchant.
22. The article of manufacture of claim 17, wherein said credit card has one associated interest rate.
23. An article of manufacture, comprising: a storage medium having stored thereon instructions that when executed by a machine result in the following: receiving of information regarding an applicant; and assigning of a credit line to a dual card for said applicant, said dual card being associated with a first merchant and said credit line including a first portion and a second portion, said first portion being available only for use in transactions involving said first merchant and said applicant, and said second portion being available for use in transactions involving merchants other than said first merchant.
24. The article of manufacture of claim 22, wherein said storage medium includes instructions stored thereon that when executed result in the following: associating an identifier with said dual card, wherein said identifier is capable of identifying said dual card as a private label card associated with said first merchant when said dual card is used in a transaction involving said first merchant and of identifying said dual card as a bank card when said dual card is used in transaction involving a second merchant.
25. The article of manufacture of claim 22, wherein said storage medium includes instructions stored thereon that when executed result in the following: associating an identifier with said dual card, wherein said identifier is capable of indicating that a first transaction involving said dual card and said first merchant should be processed via a first card processing network, and wherein said identifier is capable of indicating that a second transaction involving said dual card but not said first merchant should be processed via a second processing network.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/593,199 entitled "Method for a Dual Credit Card System" and filed Jun. 14, 2000, which is based on, and claims priority to, U.S. provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/202,980, entitled "Method for a Dual Credit Card System" and filed May 10, 2000, the contents of both of which are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes.
[0002] The invention is related to a credit card system, in particular to the implementation of a dual credit card system including the creation and usage of a dual credit card.
[0003] There are three types of consumer credit cards generally available to the public. The first type of card is a bankcard such as issued by a bank or other financial institution. Typical examples are a VISA®, MasterCard®, DISCOVER® or American Express Optima® cards. These cards allow purchase of goods and services and charges can be paid off monthly or have a portion paid monthly with remaining balance subject to interest. The user may pay an annual fee as well. There are usually different levels of these cards that range from a standard card, to a Gold Card or Platinum Card with different annual charges and different services. The credit provider sets a dollar limit depending upon the credit worthiness of the cardholder. The merchant pays an interchange fee based upon a percentage of the amount of the individual charge.
[0004] The second type of card is a charge card such as the American Express® series of cards. These cards allow the user to charge purchases and services to the account. The customer is expected to pay the balance in full monthly. There is usually no interest charged. The limit on purchases is not usually geared to any set amount but based upon the users usage history. There is an annual fee paid by the cardholder and the merchant pays a fee similar to the interchange fee based on the level of purchase. The American Express fee paid by the merchant is usually higher than the typical bankcard interchange fee.
[0005] The third type of card is the "private label" credit card. A private label credit card is issued by or on behalf of, a merchant such as Wal-Mart, Sears, or Brooks Brothers (some issued and serviced by the merchant, some issued and serviced by a financial institution). The financial transaction works very similar to a bankcard. The private label credit card's use is usually limited to the merchant issuing/sponsoring the credit card. The private label card user may pay the monthly charges or partially pay the balance and pay interest on the unpaid balance as with a bankcard. The merchant pays the financial institution a fee similar to the interchange fee of a bankcard. This fee is usually lower than the interchange fee with a bankcard. There are some retailers who issue and service their own private label card. Then there are companies like GE Capital who issue cards that are private labeled in the name of a retailer.
[0006] Consumers like the convenience of credit cards and like to take advantage of the services available from the various credit card services. However they find themselves having too many credit cards. An advantage of the private label credit card is the availability of special promotional financing offers (such as "no interest for x months" promotions) and merchandise information from the issuer or associated merchant of the private label credit card. The primary advantage of the bankcard is the almost universal acceptance world wide of a VISA® card, MasterCard®, or DISCOVER® card. These cards also typically have lower interest rates.
[0007] The merchants prefer that their customers use their private label credit card so that the merchant can use the monthly mailings as a vehicle of developing customer loyalty through special offers and other merchandising efforts. The merchants also prefer not to pay the higher interchange fees associated with generally available bankcards or the American Express card. The merchants also like the idea of a dedicated credit line for use in their retail store. However, many customers are reluctant to carry any more plastic in their wallets than absolutely necessary.
[0008] Therefore there is a need for a "dual credit card" that provides the merchant and consumers of the bankcard and the private label credit card.
[0009] The dual credit card system is in two parts: a) the creation of a dual credit card and b) the usage of a dual credit card. The creation begins with the receipt of an application by the merchant for a dual credit card. The issuing organization determines the interest rate and the credit line and issues the dual credit card to applicant. This is a combined private label and bankcard product with one interest rate and one credit line. That credit line will have a portion which is available only at the merchant's location. The issuer will determine that single credit line and the interest rate.
[0010] The user may make a purchase with the dual credit card at either a private label merchant location or at a location accepting the bankcard. Either location may be an Internet site or a physical location. For the purposes of this application a location includes physical locations as well as an Internet sites. When a purchase is made at a merchant location, the processing of the merchant location dual credit card purchase is done via a private-label processing channel. The private-label channel interchange fee is paid as part of this process. The private label back office operation processes the merchant location purchase as a private label purchase and then feeds the transaction to the bankcard issuer or subsequent processor. The transaction is then incorporated into the bankcard balance and statement.
[0011] If the user uses the dual credit card at a non-merchant location, the purchase may be processed through the VISA/MasterCard network. The network interchange fee is paid as part of this process. The cooperating bankcard back office operation process the non-merchant purchase as a bankcard purchase. A key element of this dual card process is the use of a bankcard facility for both bankcard purchases and private label services.
[0012] Since the bankcard back office operation is processing both private-label purchases and bankcard purchases for the dual card user, cardholder statements may include merchant promotion material as well as normal operational customer service matters for both the merchant channel as well as the bankcard channel. The customer service functions may include normal customer service matters as well as collections and settlement issues.
[0013] These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following brief description of the drawings, detailed description, and appended claims and drawings.
[0014] The invention will be further described in connection with the accompanying drawings, which are meant to be exemplary, not limiting, and wherein:
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates the flow diagram of a dual credit card acquisition; and
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates the flow diagram of dual credit card usage.
[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates the flow diagram of a customer's acquisition of a dual credit card 10. A prospective credit card customer applies for the dual credit card 12 at a merchant issuing/sponsoring a private label credit card. The dual card will be a bankcard branded with the merchant's name and will appear like a bankcard such as (VISA®, MasterCard®, DISCOVER® or other "general purpose" credit cards). The applicant provides personal, credit and employment information to the dual credit card issuer. Based upon the information supplied, the financial institution issuing the bankcard assigns a credit limit and/or an interest rate 14 and issues the credit card 16 to the applicant. A key element is that the dual credit card issuer is a cooperating financial institution that is issuing the dual credit card as a bankcard for non-merchant sales and a private label credit card for in-merchant sales.
[0018] FIG. 2 illustrates the flow diagram of the consumer use of the dual credit card 20. The user goes to the private label merchant physical location, catalog or Internet site to purchase goods or services and uses the dual credit card for payment 22. The merchant uses an in-store reader to communicate the card number, the merchant number and the level of purchase to the private label processing operation 24. The merchant credit card system is able to determine from the BIN number, a part of the credit card account number, that the purchase using the dual credit card should be processed though the private label system rather than the VISA/MC network. If the system detects a non-merchant bankcard, the purchase will be processed through the VISA/MC network.
[0019] If the purchase using the dual credit card is within the card users credit limit, the purchase is processed through the private label processing operation 24 including paying a private label interchange fee. The private label purchase is paid to the merchant, less the discount fee 26 and 28 by the private label processing operation 24.
[0020] The private label purchase charge is sent on to a cooperating bankcard back office operation 36 for further processing including cardholder statements and normal customer service, collections and settlement matters. The cardholder statements 40 are sent to the cardholder on a monthly basis.
[0021] FIG. 2 also illustrates the flow diagram of the consumer use of the dual credit card as a bankcard. The user goes to a non-private label merchant to purchase goods or services and uses the dual credit card for payment 30. The bankcard merchant uses an in-store reader to communicate the card number, the merchant number and the level of purchase to the bankcard network, such as VISA/MC 36. The bankcard merchant credit card system is able to determine that the purchase using the dual credit card should be processed though the VISA/MC network.
[0022] If the purchase using the dual credit card is within the card users bankcard credit limit, the purchase is processed through the bankcard network, such as VISA/MC network including paying a network interchange fee 34. The bankcard purchase is paid to the non-private label merchant 32 less the interchange fee 34 by the bankcard network 36.
[0023] The bankcard purchase charge is sent on to a cooperating bankcard back office operation 38 for further processing including cardholder statements and normal customer service, collections and settlement matters. The cardholder statements 40 are sent to the cardholder on a monthly basis.
[0024] The advantages of such a dual credit card system for the private label merchant is that the customers have one card that can be used in two ways. One way as a private label credit card that provides the private label credit card merchant with a means to provide marketing information to his customers and to ensure that a portion of the credit line is protected for in store purchases. The second way is the use of a recognized brand name card with a potential for lower credit card interchange than a standard bankcard or charge card. The promotional capabilities of a dual credit card are useful to both the merchant and the consumer.
[0025] The user of the dual credit card has the advantages of both a nationally recognized bankcard and a private label card. A recognized disadvantage of bankcards and charge cards is that, a consumer using such cards is not recognized by the merchant as a customer of that merchant. Many such customers enjoy getting catalogs and other mailing information from the merchants that they purchase from on a regular basis. Another advantage of the dual credit card is that the consumer has one less credit card to carry and/or keep track of.
[0026] The present invention can be embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions, embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of a computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When the implementation on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits. At each step of the process there is the involvement of a plurality of computers and a computer systems.
[0027] While the invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed as the best mode contemplated for this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
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Florida's NASA rocket ships aren't the only ones in the Southeast lifting off at high speeds. The aerospace industry is the fastest growing industry in the region. Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee have collectively become an industry leader, with major firms setting up manufacturing sites all throughout the area.
These include Airbus in Mobile, AL; Gulfstream in Savannah, GA; Boeing in North Charleston, SC; Honda Jets in Greensboro, NC, and United Technologies Corp. (UTC) in Charlotte, NC, and more. NASA and the U.S. Air Force launch rockets in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
east have been outpacing overall U.S. aerospace exports, increasing by 180 percent from 2006 to 2016, 2.3 times the growth of U.S. exports. Georgia in particular has been substantially overtaking both the Southeast and U.S. overall. Georgia's aerospace exports account for 30 percent of all aerospace exports in the Southeast, followed by Florida with 25.9 percent and South Carolina with 24.7 percent.
Foreign firms are attracted to the U.S. aerospace market because it is the largest in the world and has a skilled and hospitable workforce, extensive distribution systems, diverse offerings, and strong support at the local and national level for policy and promotion. According to a study by the U.S. Department of Commerce, aerospace exports directly and indirectly support more jobs than the export of any other commodity. Investment in the U.S. aerospace industry is facilitated by a large pool of well-trained machinists, aerospace engineers, and other highly skilled workers with experience in the aerospace industry.
Investors in the U.S. aerospace industry are supported by the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) "gold standard" of aviation safety, boosting the confidence worldwide in the safety of aircraft and aircraft parts manufactured in the United States.
Georgia houses more than 800 companies in the aerospace industry, along with a business climate consistently ranked as one of the best in the country with a business-friendly tax code and other incentives. Aircraft manufacturing accounts for more than 70 percent of all employment in Georgia's aerospace industry, followed by other air transportation support activities and aircraft engine and engine parts manufacturing with 12.2 percent and 9.2 percent, respectively.
Florida ranks #2 among states for aviation and aerospace establishments, with more than 2,000 companies employing 82,500 workers. These businesses export more than $5.2 billion in goods annually, making Florida a national leader in these sectors.
North Carolina is now second in the U.S. in aerospace growth, and hosts two of the top 10 aerospace and aviation clusters in the South. The state justifies such growth due to unique industry research advantages, 9,500+ aerospace manufacturing employees, cost advantages, and more.
Mississippi is home to some of the world's most renowned names in aerospace: GE Aviation, Airbus Helicopters, Rolls-Royce and Lockheed Martin. All rely on a skilled and productive workforce, comprehensive workforce training, a supportive business environment, a strategic location, low startup and operation costs, and cutting-edge R&D.
Over 300 aerospace companies from more than 30 different countries have chosen Alabama, including industry giants such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin, GE Aviation, Raytheon and GKN Aerospace. Another of these giants is Airbus, which now produces its A320 Family passenger jets at a new $600 million manufacturing facility in Mobile.
The total economic impact of aerospace on South Carolina's economy is $19 billion per year. There are approximately 400 aerospace companies in South Carolina and four aviation related military facilities. These companies and facilities combined employ more than 53,000 people. Of the 17,000 employed in the private sector, approximately 72.2 percent of employees are in manufacturing, 17.8 percent of employees are in air transportation support, and 10 percent are in air transportation.
Proximity to numerous space launch facilities in the Southeast helps aerospace firms lower the cost of doing business in logistics, manufacturing and R&D, while positioning them to capitalize on the emerging space market.
The Southeast can present a lucrative opportunity for any aeronautical company looking to invest. But given your company's particular needs, what would be the ideal market entry strategy? Mergers and acquisitions? Setting up a U.S.-based sales office?
Each heterogeneous region of the United States presents its own unique advantages and challenges. Foreign firms need a partner – an expert in the region's aerospace business environment – who they can count on. Proper planning and a well-researched approach can put companies on the right flight path for growth and profitability.
 The industry includes aerospace products and parts manufacturing as well as other support activities for air transportation.
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Ronald J. Von Hagel passed away on November 10, 2018 at home.
He was born in Baltimore, MD to the late John and Helen Von Hagel. Ron served his country in the U.S. Air Force for 20 years. He then went on to work at the Veterans Administration for 25 years. Ron was a volunteer at the Seamen's Center. He enjoyed camping and trips to the beach with family and friends. He was a faithful fan of the Baltimore Orioles and Ravens. Ron especially loved spending time with his grandson.
He is survived by his wife of 38 years, Rebecca Howard Von Hagel, his sons, Greg Vonhagel and Shawn W. L. Von Hagel and his wife Elizabeth, his grandson, William J. L Von Hagel, his brothers, John, Donald, and Kenneth Von Hagel, his sister Jeanne Huber and his step-mother, Helen Von Hagel. Ron was preceded in death by his brothers, James, William, and Richard Von Hagel.
A visitation will be held on Friday, November 16, 2018 from 1:00-2:00p.m., with a service to follow at 2:00p.m. at the McCrery & Harra Funeral Home, 3924 Concord Pike (Rt. 202 South of Silverside Road), Wilmington, DE 19808. Burial will be in Downing Cemetery, Oak Hall, VA. In lieu of flowers, contributions may be made to the Seaman's Center of Wilmington, P.O. 405 Wilmington, DE 19899. To send condolences visit: www.mccreryandharra.com.


text:
Joshuami
Josh Mitchell is a technology leader, architect of enterprise solutions, and builder of high performing teams.
AboutArchive Feed
The Drupal.org Complexity
Cross-posted on Drupal.org
At DrupalCon New Orleans, during both Dries's keynote and at the State of Drupal Core Conversation, question of whether/when to move to Github came up again.
Interestingly, I was already deep into researching ways we could reduce the cost of our collaboration tools while bringing in new contributors. This post is meant to serve as a little history of how we got to where we are and to provide information about how we might choose to go forward.
It's complex
To say Drupal.org is complex is an understatement. There are few systems with more integration points than Drupal.org and its related sites and services.
The ecosystem is complex with lots of services that share integrations like login (Bakery single sign on) and cross-site code/themes.
It all starts with the code
The slogan "come for the code stay for the community" is accurate. The community would not exist without the unifying effort of collaborating to create the code. The growth of the community is primarily because of the utility the code provides and the (relative) ease of creating a wide range of websites and applications using Drupal core combined with contributed modules and themes that allow that framework to be extended.
Drupal.org was an extension of the development of Drupal for a very long time. Up until Drupal 6, Drupal.org was always upgraded the day of the release of a new version. When Drupal was smaller with a more limited scope, this made a lot of sense. With the release of Drupal 6 and the surge in usage of Drupal, more and more contributors started working on the Drupal.org infrastructure and creating new sites and services to speed the collaborative work of the community.
One of the biggest transitions during the Drupal 6 lifecycle and community surge was The Great Git Migration. Much of the complexity of Drupal.org and the related sites and services was created during this time period. Understanding that timeline will help in understanding just how much work went into Drupal.org and Drupal at that time.
The Great Git Migration
In the Great Git Migration, all of the history of Drupal code was migrated to Git from CVS. The timeline for migrating to git was about what you would expect. Community conversation took time, getting volunteers to start the process took time, finally, there was a phase were dedicated (paid) resources were contracted to finish the work.
May 2009 - Google Summer of Code project proposed to create tools to make the migration of the version control system possible on Drupal.org.
February 2010 - Discussion to select the next version control system was kicked off; at the time, it was a choice between Git, Baazar and Mercucial.
July 2010 - The Great Git Migration project is created on Drupal.org to manage the related issues and planning.
February 2011 - First commit to the Git repositories by the migration bot.
July 2011 - The Great Git Migration project and discussions around version control selection are last updated. This represents the semi-official end of the migration project.
August 2011 - The "let's move to Github" wiki/discussion is kicked off.
Our repos are vast
We have over 35,000 projects that total over 50 GB on disk.
All of the Git repos on Drupal.org are associated with Projects.(e.g. modules, themes, distributions, etc.)
At the end of 2015, there were nearly 900,000 issues on Drupal.org. Drupal core alone has over 74,000 issues—over 14,000 of those issues are open. Open issues is not an indicator of code quality, but it is an indicator of how many people have contributed to a project. In general, the more issues a project has, the more challenging it is for maintainers to continuously triage those bug reports, feature requests, plans, tasks and support requests.
The issue queues are part project management, part bug tracking. As such, they are organic and messy and have lots of rules that have been documented over years of community development. We have 23 pages of documentation dedicated to explaining how to use the issue queues. There is additional documentation dedicated to how to properly fill out an issue for core, for Drupal.org, and for numerous other contributed projects.
Issues are integrated into collaboration on Drupal.org
Those issues belong to projects and are connected to the Git repos through hooks that show a system comment when an issue is related by node ID (issue number) to a commit in Git.
Issues can have patches uploaded to them that are the primary means of suggesting a change to code hosted on Drupal.org. The patch-based workflow has extensive documentation, but it is not a simple task for a novice user to jump in and start contributing.
Most Git hosting solutions (Github, Gitlab, Bitbucket, etc.) either have some version of an issue or at least integrate with an issue tracking system (Jira, Pivotal Tracker, etc.) and provide pull request functionality (a.k.a. merge requests).
Having the same name is where the similarities and consistencies stop. Issues on Drupal.org have status, priority, category, component, tagging and more that are unique to Drupal project workflow. It would be a significant exercise to remap all of those categorizations to a new system.
If the projects are what you can browse and find, and the issues are how you collaborate and change the code, the next most important service for Drupal is likely the packaging system.
Packaging is based on project maintainers creating a release of the code by associating a branch of the Git repository with the release. Every 5 minutes, our automation infrastructure checks for new releases and will package those releases into a downloadable file to represent the project.
Few developers actually access this directly from the project page anymore. They are much more likely to use Git, Drush, Console or Composer to automate that part of the workflow. Drush, and to some extent Composer, both use the packaged files when a command is issued. Also, the Drupal feature of just putting the code in the correct directory and it will run—with no compiling—is fundamental to the history of Drupal site building.
Another crucial Drupal service, updates is built into how Drupal core checks on itself to see if it is up to date.
The 1.3 million plus websites that call home to updates.drupal.org get back XML that is then parsed by that installation's update status module; that updates module has different names depending on the version of Drupal. Each month, about 12 terabytes of traffic to our CDN is requests for updates XML. Considering this is a bunch of text files, this is an amazing number to consider. Some sites call home once a week, some once a day, and some do it every few minutes. (Really people! Be nice to your free updates service. Telling your server to ask for updates daily is plenty frequent enough.)
Tallying the unique site keys that request this information is how we get our usage statistics. While this is probably not the most precise way to measure our usage, it is directionally accurate. There are plenty of development sites in those stats and plenty of production websites that don't call home. It should roughly balance out. To be anymore precise, users of Drupal would have to give up some privacy. We've balanced accuracy with privacy.
Because of our awesome CDN (thanks, Fastly!), we are able to deliver up to date packages and updates information in milliseconds after we update the underlying data.
On May 3rd, we launched the alpha version of our Composer endpoints on Drupal.org. If you don't know about Composer, you should read up on it. Composer is package management for PHP. (It's similar to what NPM does for Node.js or RubyGems does for Ruby.)
Core developers have been using Composer for some time as a means to manage the dependencies of PHP libraries that are now included in core.
The Composer endpoints allow any Drupal site developer to use composer install to build out their websites.
The new Composer service will also allow contrib project maintainers to using composer.json files to define the requirements for their modules and themes. The service even translates project release versions into semantic versioning. Semantic versioning was the biggest reason we could not "just" use Packagist.org like other projects in the PHP community.
This is all a huge benefit, but more importantly, we now have deep integration between a best practice approach to PHP dependency management and the Drupal.org code repos that can scale to our community needs.
Testing with DrupalCI
Speaking of needs, DrupalCI ran 67,000 test runs in January 2016. Each test run for Drupal core has 18,511 tests per run. That means over 100,000 assertions (steps) in the unit and functional tests that make sure Drupal's code is stable and that an accepted patch does not create a regression.
At the time of this post, we are using Amazon Web Services cc2.8xlarge EC2 spot instances for our testbots. These bots are powerful. They have 2 processors with 8 hardware cores. AWS claims they can provide 88 EC2 compute units per instance. They are packed with processing power because we have a lot of tests to run. While there are bigger instances, the combination of price and power allows us to keep Drupal core complete test runs right around 30 minutes. We autoscale up to 20 of these instances depending on demand, which keeps queue times low and allows maintainers to get quick feedback about whether a patch works or not.
I truly believe that getting DrupalCI up and stable is what allowed Drupal 8 to get to a full release last fall. Without it, we would have continued to struggle with test times that were well over an hour and a system that required surplus testbots to be manually spun up when a big sprint was happening. That was costly and a huge time waste.
If anyone asks me "what's the most important thing your team did in 2015", I can unequivocally say "unblocking core development to get Drupal 8 released."
Issue credits
The second most important service we built in 2015—but certainly the more visible—is a system for crediting users and organizations that contribute on Drupal.org.
Issue credits sprang forth from an idea that Dries proposed around DrupalCon Austin in June of 2014. At the time, his intent was a means of structuring commit messages or using commit notes to provide the credit. Eventually, we shifted the implementation to focus on participation in issues rather than code commits. This made it possible to credit collaboration that did not result in a code change.
I won't get into the specifics; I wrote a A guide to issue credits and the Drupal.org marketplace earlier this year. Issue credits have been extremely successful.
As there name implies, we store the data about credits as a relationship to closed issues. Issue credits touch issues, projects, users, organizations and the marketplace on Drupal.org.
Why not just migrate all of this complexity to Github?
Why can't we just move all this to Github?
— said lots of people, often
To be fair, this is a challenging discussion. Angie Byron (webchick) wrote an amazingly concise summary of the Github issue on Groups.drupal.org.
That wiki/discussion/bikeshed was heated. The conversation lasted over two years. I started as CTO about 6 months into the conversation. Along with a couple of other themes, the Github move has been a constant background conversation that has defined much of my time leading the Drupal.org team.
How are these services connected?
To truly understand the problem of a migration of this scale, we have to look at how all of the major Drupal.org services are connected.
Each block in this diagram is a service. Each line is a point of integration between the services. Some of these services are on Drupal.org or subsites with thousands of lines of custom code defining the interactions. Other services are not built in Drupal and represent projects in Java (Jenkins) or Python (our Git daemon) with varying degrees of customization and configuration.
As the diagram suggests, it is truly a web of integrations. Pull one or more services out of this ecosystem and you have to either refactor a ton of code or remove a critical component of how the community collaborates and how our users build sites with Drupal.
It's kinda like a great big game of Jenga.
What would a migration to Github require?
Please believe me when I say that if it were "easy" or "simple", we would have made either moved to Github or at least upgraded our Git collaboration with nifty new tools on our own infrastructure.
However, disrupting the development of Drupal 8 would have been devastating to the project. We were correct to collectively backlog this project.
So if we were to try this migration now, what would it take? First, you have to consider the services that Github would effectively replace.
Github replaces:
Git repositories
Patches (they would become pull requests)
Git viewing (and we'd get inline editing for quick fix and onboarding)
That's four (4!) services that we would not have to maintain anymore. Awesome! Cost savings everywhere! Buy a boat!
Wait a second. You have 16 integration points that you need to refactor. Some of them would come with the new system. Issues, pull requests, repos and the viewer would all just work with huge improvements. That leaves us with 12 integration points that would require a ton of discovery and refactoring.
Users - we have 100,000 Drupal.org users that are pretty engaged. (We have over 1 million user accounts—but that number is likely a little inflated by spam accounts.) Do we make them all get Github accounts? Do we integrate Github login to Drupal.org? Do we just link the accounts like Symfony does?
Projects - Github is not a project browsing experience. Drupal.org is a canonical repository where the "one true project" lives for packaging and updates. At the very least, we have to integrate our projects with Github. Does that mean we have to keep a Git repo associated to the project that has hooks to pull in changes from Github?
Testing - One of the less complex integration refactors would be getting DrupalCI integrated with pull requests. That effort would still be a months long project.
And DrupalCI would be its own effort to migrate to another testing service because it is tailored to the issue queue workflow and tightly integrated with projects.
Those are just a few of the major integration points.
I have a personal goal to detail every single integration and get that documented somewhere on Drupal.org. I don't think that level of documentation will increase the ability for others to contribute to the Drupal.org infrastructure—though that would be a pleasant side effect. I do think it is necessary for us to continue to support and maintain our systems and ensure that all of the tribal knowledge from the Drupal.org team can be passed on.
What would it cost?
I have joked that it would take roughly 1 million dollars (USD) to complete a Github migration. (Cue Dr. Evil.) That is only partially meant in jest.
As anyone who has estimated a large project knows, there is a point of uncertainty that leads project owners to guess at what they are willing to pay for the project.
If we take the four biggest lifts in the Drupal project's history, what do we get?
Drupal.org redesign - There were tens of people involved in the project, hundreds giving feedback. The timeline was about a year from start to implementation.
The Great Git Migration - There were tens of people involved in the project. Far fewer users gave feedback, but the project took about two years from brainstorming to initial commit to the Git repos—with a few months of clean up after.
Drupal.org upgrades to Drupal 7 - The project took about two years with tens of people involved in about 8 months of clean up issues.
Drupal 8 - 5 years of development by over 3,000 contributors.
I don't think than anyone would argue that each of these projects would have been bid at well over $1 million. I would put a migration to Github at somewhere between the complexity of The Great Git Migration and Drupal 8.
In none of these cases did the Drupal Association actually spend $1 million USD in project dollars. However, in all of the projects, there was lengthy discussion followed by substantial volunteer contribution, and then a significant bit of paid work to finish the job. It's a pattern that makes sense and will likely repeat itself over and over.
Would it be worth it?
I'm going to go back to the summary on the Github discussion. There are reasons why both options seem to be the best possible option or the worst possible option.
Would a best practice workflow and toolset be worth the change? Absolutely. Github (or Gitlab) tools are easier for newcomers to learn. Further, because we are using PHP and Javascript libraries that are hosted on Github, we could get contributions from developers and designers that are involved in those projects and do not wish to have account on Drupal.org.
The drawbacks are considerable. We cannot afford a full migration right now. Dries put it well at DrupalCon Los Angeles during core conversations. The Drupal Association is not a bag of money. With significant growth of revenue, there is a long term possibility of more paid developer resources, but not in the short term. It is too much to ask volunteers to give up a year of their life to run the project as a community initiative. That leads to burn out and frustration.
We should also consider whether the disruption to the current collaboration workflow will be worth it. I don't think so. Not if that disruption meant stalling the update of contrib projects that are critical to solidifying Drupal 8 adoption. (Though I could argue that much of this upgrade to Drupal 8 work is being performed on Github as some—perhaps many—developers prefer those tools.)
Is there a middle ground?
Drupal spends a lot of time getting to the middle ground. Many of the best innovations in Drupal come from getting to the middle ground—from reaching a general consensus and then allowing someone who has support and time iron out the details.
So for the first step, we should add functionality to projects on Drupal.org that allow maintainers to shift their workflow to Github while still publishing their project on Drupal.org. This allows the canonical browsing of projects, the continued support of the security team, and most importantly the continued distribution of Drupal through Composer, release packaging and the updates system.
We have a solid way forward for these integrations as the requirements are narrow enough in scope to accomplish in a 4-6 month timeframe using dedicated resources. We would still need to figure out how to award an issue credit to someone that participated in an issue on Github. We might be able to institute commit credits that could be parsed into issue credits from the participation on Github, but it would not be as inclusive as the current model.
It would be important to phase in this new feature rather than make a wholesale change. Once that integration is in place, we could extend DrupalCI to test pull requests similar to how we currently test patches submitted to an issue.
Stay flexible
We need to be flexible. GitHub has a lot of potential as tool for open source distribution and collaboration—likely for the foreseeable future. However, not every major project is on GitHub. The Linux Kernel uses Git repositories with cli tools and a patch-based workflow that relies heavily on email. It works for them. Wordpress is still on Subversion—even though they've started to accept some pull requests on GitHub. These projects are poised to make the right decision rather than a rash decision.
The sky will not fall if we keep our current model, but we are losing opportunities to grow as a community of contributors. Rather than a wholesale migration, we must understand the value and history of this web of integration points. Targeting our efforts on specific integrations points can achieve our goal of opening our doors to the developers who live and breathe GitHub, without losing the character of our collaboration. And in the long run, this focus on services and integrations can make us more adaptable to the next change in the broader development landscape.
Special thanks to Tim Lehnen, Ryan Aslett, Rudy Grigar and Neil Drumm for helping me pull this data together and to the rest of the Drupal.org team for reviewing the post for typos.
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Its the second week of October, which means time to submit all your assignment, and start getting ready for exams!
There are many ways you can do this. Staying away from social media, planning and organising are some of the most efficient ways.
Plan your week in advance. You can use apps like Evernote, or you can simply make a physical writing of your plan in your notebook. Sticky notes, markers, stickers, look really fun, but make sure you don't end up spending more time on planning than on working!
Staying away from social media has become such a struggle these days. If we keep your phone away, we end up cheating by using all the same apps on your laptop. So try to block your social media on your phone, your laptop, your tablet etc.
There are many softwares and applications that help you do this. Apps like Freedom can help you out with this. Elke made a post while doing her thesis last year, and you can get more apps like this from there!
When you make your plan, schedule breaks into it. This way, you'll know when to take a break. Sometimes, when I don't schedule breaks, I end up taking a "break" for hours together and find myself meandering. So make sure you pre-plan when to take breaks.
During these breaks, move around or change the place you're sitting in. This will also help in improving your concentration!
Also, have a reward system for yourself. It could be anything!
For example: 2 hours of studying = 1 chocolate bar or 1/2 hour of watching your favourite sitcom.
This will motivate you to work harder.
Studying in your own room can get a little mind-numbing sometimes. You might tend to take more naps, or watch a movie. So, try to work in your University or Public library. KTH has an amazing library where there are designated 'silent' rooms where you can study efficiently. Stockholm public library is also an amazing place to study.
If you're not a library kind of person, then you can try to head to a cafe and work there.


text:
pukaki
Ngāti Pikiao, Ngāti Whakaue
Pūkākī was the only child of Tamiuru (Ngāti Pikiao) and Taiwere (Ngāti Whakaue). He became a rangatira of great mana and was a respected chief among his people. Pūkākī was born at Tūtānekai's Pā, 'Kaiweka', on the southern shores of Mokoia Island. When he got older he went to live in Parawai pā at Ngongotahā.
In the early 1800's, a great carving was made of totara from the Ngongotahā Stream in remembrance of this great Whakaue leader. The carving illustrated Pūkākī embracing his two sons, Wharengaro and Rangitakuku. In the 1830s, Pūkākī stood as a gateway, five or six metres high, at Pukeroa Pā on the hill above Ōhinemutu.
In 1877 Pūkākī was presented by Ngāti Whakaue to Judge Francis Dart Fenton during a hui at Te Papaiōuru marae. Francis Fenton was the person who helped establish the Rotorua township we know today. Giving Pūkākī to the Crown, through Judge Fenton, was a way of showing trust between Ngāti Whakaue and the Crown.
Sadly, Ngāti Whakaue did not know that Pūkākī was given away as a gift to a high powered officer of the Auckland Museum. The meaning behind the gift had been ignored.
In 1984-1987 Pūkākī became one of the great taonga of the Te Māori exhibition that toured the USA. Through the research of Paul Tapsell it was discovered how Pūkākī had come to be in the hands of Auckland Museum. On 4th April 1997 a group of Te Arawa elders met with the Auckland Museum and the Museum agreed that Ngāti Whakaue were still the owners of Pūkākī. On 2nd October 1997, Pūkākī returned home to a spiritual ceremony on Te Papaiōuru marae.
In October 2004 the Reserve Bank was involved in a ceremony with Ngāti Whakaue recognising the image of their tupuna 'Pūkākī' on New Zealand's 20 cent coin. As part of this acknowledgement, the Reserve Bank Education Award was established. This award was created by the Reserve Bank to honour the descendants of Ngāti Whakaue by offering six children each year under the age of 15 (year 10), who demonstrate leadership ability, an opportunity to experience Wellington for a day and be hosted by the Bank.
Qualities: humility, identity, relationships
https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503437&objectid=11922551
Pukaki: A Comet Returns (Paul Tapsell)
https://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener-nz-2004/figure-of-unity/
https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/notes-and-coins/coins/coins-in-circulation/pukaki
https://www.rotorualakescouncil.nz/our-council/about-council/Kaupapamaori/Pages/Pukaki.aspx
https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/11566/pukaki-carving
Fenton Agreement
Te Taumata o Ngāti Whakaue Iho Ake Trust - Te Rangihakahaka Wānanga Workbook


Last week I had a few friends over last minute. It was still pretty early so grabbing an easy chips and salsa just wouldn't cut it. But serving some Honey BBQ Mini Hot Dogs would really do the trick! I never think to pick up a pack of these. I always think: then I need to get crescent rolls, wrap up all of the mini wieners, and bake them. Way too much work, especially when they sell a box of frozen pigs in a blanket for a few bucks more than a one pound package costs. It really is as simple as unloading the packaged hot dogs into a crock pot, pouring in a cup of your favorite brand Honey BBQ Sauce. I stirred them a time or two in the four hours they cooked on high to make sure the BBQ sauce was covering the entirety of the appetizer. I served and everyone loved them. This is defiantly a great little trick to use for last minute gatherings. A friend of mine even suggested using frozen mini meatballs. Follow the directions exactly adding two hours to the cook time and there you have it. A appetizer that will actually fill your guests up and not be the same old chips and dip.


text:
Phillip Blatchly
Financial Remedies
Private Law Children
Trusts of Land
Jurisdiction & Claims After Foreign Divorce
Advice and Representation
clerks@1hc.com
"A charming yet ferocious advocate - he quickly and easily charms his client, opponent and judge with his emotional intelligence and wit".
Chambers and Partners 2020, Legal 500 2020
"Phillip is consistently ranked as a leading matrimonial finance junior by both of the legal directories, Chambers and Partners and The Legal 500. He is described as being "exceptional", "charming yet ferocious", able to "change his line of attack very easily" whilst also "being willing to take a judge on". He is said to have "a brain like a calculator" and is a "skilled advocate with an impressive technical grasp of the law".
Phillip's expertise lies in managing and resolving financial disputes when relationships end, whether through separation, divorce or death. He is regularly instructed in cases involving offshore assets, trusts, complicated company structures, hidden wealth and other atypical financial resources that demand special consideration and proficiency.
He has acted in many cases involving technical legal arguments, the outcome of which is decisive to the success or otherwise of the main proceedings. Recent examples include the extent to which a party should be held to a nuptial agreement, the effect of a party's failure to comply with disclosure rules, and establishing / resisting claims by interveners to ownership of assets that would otherwise be subject to the court's dispositive jurisdiction.
Phillip has appeared before the range of tribunals up to and including Court of Appeal level. Before the Court of Appeal, he has appeared both with and without a leader. Several of his cases are now the leading authorities on the points of law in issue. In addition, Phillip has experience in drafting successful grounds of objection to the Supreme Court.
He has a reputation as a powerful, effective advocate - "an extremely persuasive advocate" – (The Legal 500, 2018); in part, the product of invaluable experience in criminal law trial work in his early career.
Cohabitation claims
Private law children matters, including financial provision
Wodehouse -v- Wodehouse [2018] EWCA Civ 3009
Appeared as sole counsel in the Court of Appeal, where Phillip represented the successful husband, who appealed against a lump sum order made directly against a discretionary trust, of which the husband was a potential beneficiary. The Court of Appeal found that the judge had no jurisdiction under section 23(1) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 to make an order against a third party trust.
Norman -v- Norman [2017] EWCA Civ 120
Phillip represented the successful husband as junior counsel in the Court of Appeal. The court refused the wife's appeal of the lower court's refusal to set aside the terms a consent order. The case required a thorough analysis of the law on res judicata, issue and cause estoppel, the court's powers under FPR r.4.1(6) now governed under FPR r.9.9A and fraudulent set aside following the Supreme Court's decision in Sharland.
Norman -v- Norman [2017] EWCA Civ 49
Appeared for the successful husband as junior counsel in the Court of Appeal, where the wife sought an anonymity order. The case provided clear authority on the procedure and exceptional circumstances required for the Court of Appeal to depart from its ordinary practice and grant an anonymity direction.
N -v- N [2014] EWCA Civ 314
Phillip represented the successful husband as junior counsel in the Court of Appeal. The court overturned the lower court's decision to set aside the terms of a consent order on the basis of the husband's non-disclosure. The Court of Appeal opined (although did not determine) that the duty to give full and frank disclosure does not arise during the appellate process. This represented the first time any reported decision considered this issue.
Phillip regularly lectures in-house for solicitors and respected industry training providers like Resolution. He is a contributor to the family law enforcement section of uk.practicallaw.com.
Memberships/Positions
Family Law Bar Association.
The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple
Phillip was an elected member of the Bar Council and the Young Bar Council between 2011-2014. He was co-opted onto the committee of the Family Law Bar Association for the same period.
BVC, BPP
Law LLB (Hons), University of Surrey
"Accessible, well prepared and good with many different types of clients. He gives pragmatic advice in a way that clients get, and has an excellent recall of detail which impresses." "Incredibly sharp and perceptive, he inspires confidence in all those around him."
Chambers and Partners, 2020
Phillip is exceptional. A ferocious but considerate barrister, who is really gifted in terms of his advocacy, and someone who endears himself to judges and clients alike. He is a skilled advocate and has an impressive technical grasp of the law"
"He's very good at reading the situation and the judge, and can change his line of attack very easily. On his feet he's very erudite and very persuasive. Philip gives very good advice in conference and cut through issues easily"
"A very good advocate who is excellent at explaining legal points in a comprehensive way and is willing to take a judge on"
"He has a brain like a calculator. He's extremely well prepared, experienced beyond his years and very persuasive in court. He's a fantastic negotiator, who manages the client's expectations well. He is so nice and gently persuasive that you have no idea you are coming round to his way of thinking"
"A charming yet ferocious advocate – he quickly and easily charms his client, opponent and judge with his emotional intelligence and wit"
""An extremely persuasive advocate"
"He is a solid performer – clients really feel that he fights their corner"
"He has an excellent manner with clients, provides pragmatic and robust advice and is meticulous in his presentation"
Phillip lives in London. He enjoys travelling, cooking and most sports, especially skiing, boxing and golf. He is in the (long) process of learning Arabic; a humbling endeavour.
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About 1HC


This is a finished paper for HFWeb (Human Factors Web) conference.
integrated to some of the Accessibility Notes.
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Miracle Milly, a six-year-old Chihuahua from Puerto Rico, was awarded the title of World's Most Cloned Dog, by the Guinness Book of Records, after scientists in South Korea created a whopping 49 genetically-identical copies of her.
The controversial Sooam Biotech Research Foundation in Seoul, South Korea, has been creating pet clones since 2006, and last year they approached Vanesa Semler, Milly's owner about the possibility of creating clones of the adorable pooch to try and solve the genetic mystery that made her special. You see, Mily is no ordinary Chihuahua. She's held the Guinness record for World's Smallest Living Dog since 2012, and scientists have been wanting to know exactly what made her so tiny. So in August 2017, Sooam researchers started making clones of Miracle Milly, the number of which has currently reached 49.
At age 67, Charlotte Guttenberg holds the Guinness record for the world's most tattooed female senior citizen, with 91.5% of her body covered in artistic inking. Her life partner, 75-year-old Charles "Chuck" Helmke, holds the same record for the male category, with 93.75% of his body covered in colorful tattoos.
Charlotte only started getting tattoos 11 years ago, when she decided to get a butterfly inked on her chest, as a birthday present. She had always been fascinated with tattoos as an art form, but her late husband, who passed away in 2001, didn't approve of them. She hadn't planned on having almost her entire body covered in permanent artworks, but after that first tattoo, she couldn't stop adding more of them, and over just one decade, she managed to cover 91.5% with ink. She is now pretty much a walking, talking body mural.
A high-end tire company in Dubai has recently secured the Guinness World Record for the most expensive set of tires, after creating four tires encrusted with 24-carat gold and diamonds.
In keeping with the luxury and glamour Dubai is so well-known for, Z Tyres has gone to great lengths to create a unique set of tires that could make some of the world's most expensive cars seem cheap. Designed and fabricated at the Z Tyres factory, the Z1 tires were shipped to Italy to be encrusted with diamonds by Italian artisan jewelers before being returned to the rich Arab country for the application of gold leafing by the very same craftsmen who have worked on the new presidential palace in Abu Dhabi. The four bespoke tires were individually inspected by Guinness experts and recognized as the most expensive in the world.
11-year-old Cen Xiaolin can move his legs faster than most people can count. The boy recently set a new rope skipping world record by completing a whopping 108 skips in just 30 seconds!
That's so fast that you can't even see the rope. In fact, judges at the first World Inter-School Rope Skipping Championships, in Dubai, simply couldn't keep up with him. They were unable to count Cen's steps while he was skipping, as it was all a bit of a blur. They had to rewatch the footage in slow-motion eight times to verify the exact number of steps. Later, he broke another record by skipping 548 times in three minutes.
Meet Joel Miggler, a 22-year-old with a 'disturbing' addiction to flesh tunnels. He's taken body piercings to a whole new level with a total of 11 flesh holes fitted with expanders on his face, including his nose and lips. Two of the largest holes are on his cheeks, each measuring 34 mm in diameter. And he soon plans to increase them to 40mm!
Shridhar Chillal, from Pune, India, hasn't cut his fingernails in over six decades. He began growing them when he was still in school, and now holds the Guinness World Record for the 'Longest Fingernails on a Single Hand Ever'. The super-long talons on his left hand now have a cumulative length of 909.6 cm!
Chillal's thumb nail is the longest at two meters and curls into a tight coil at the end. The middle finger nail comes a close second at 186.6 cm. The ring finger nail measures 181.6 cm, the little finger nail is 179.1 cm, and the index nail stands at 164.5 cm. As you can imagine, his nails have sabotaged every aspect of his life, including work and love.
"I can't move much, so every half an hour or so I wake up and move my hand to the other side of the bed," he admitted.
Time travel is technically possible, by just hopping on flights and traveling across time zones. A German man recently decided to take advantage of this fact to bag the Guinness Record for the world's longest birthday. Of course, the longest birthday isn't necessarily the most fun, given that he spent almost all of it sitting in a plane seat, eating airline food!
Sven Hagemeier enjoyed a 46-hour long 26th birthday last year, by flying from Auckland, New Zealand, to Brisbane, Australia, gaining two hours. Then he took a flight to Honolulu, Hawaii, which is 20 hours behind. He actually only spent 13 hours and 10 minutes in the air, but his birthday lasted 46 hours, if you add the time he gained by flying across the International Date Line.
Kicking yourself in the head might simply sound stupid to most people, but it's also unbelievably hard, requiring extreme flexibility and stability. Doing it 134 times in just 60 seconds sounds impossible, which is what makes Puskar Nepal's record so impressive.
The young Nepalese apparently spent eight months developing his own head-kicking technique, which involved bending his upper body to an almost 90-degree angle and using both feet to kick his forehead, while maintaining his balance. One of the witnesses of Puskar's official Guinness World Record attempt at Kantipur City College in Kathmandu, Nepal, said he was so amazed by his speed that he had to watch the whole thing in slow motion to accurately count the number of kicks.
The traditional bouquet toss at a wedding is mostly a symbolic gesture, but to 37-year-old Utah resident Jamie Jackson, it's a sport. She has caught 46 bouquets since 1996, earning herself the nickname 'The Bouquet Slayer'. Ironically, she's still single, but that doesn't seem to bother her.


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D&D > Off Topic > Tabletop RPGNov 23, 2021 6:00 pm CT
Yes, you should go ahead and make that weird character in your D&D game
By Matthew Rossi
@MatthewWRossi
You really want to play a Halfling Barbarian, or a Warforged Druid, or for whatever reason, you rolled a character with no stats above 11 and you really want to play it despite it being utterly terrible at everything. You know what? That's cool, you should get to do that.
Playing your idiotic, weak, uncharmismatic Sorcerer can actually be a lot of fun — if you have a group and DM willing to roll with it, and help you get fun story out of it. And remember, there are ways around a character conception that isn't min-maxed or what most players are used to.
It is okay to want to play something odd
Your Tiefling Paladins, your Aasimar Warlocks, your Hobgoblin Clerics, your Bugbear Bards — all of these and more are quite workable in D&D, especially now that you can switch your racial ability score bonuses around to suit your character concept. A character with significantly low stats can absolutely work, and doesn't have to be played in an proscribed way, either. Let's say you're playing a Cleric with an 8 Intelligence and 11 Charisma, but a 16 Wisdom. How does this work? Well, they don't have to be illiterate or hideous — you can role play that low Int as being impatient and intolerant of foolish behavior even when it would be better to keep that in check. Your character is wise enough to know better, but not in control of their temper enough to think fast and stifle their initial outburst.
One of the things that some DMs still have trouble with is that idea that certain races can't or shouldn't play certain classes. It's a holdover from earlier editions of Dungeons and Dragons, but it's not supported by the current edition, and it's one you should absolutely abandon. Even before the change in Tasha's Cauldron of Everything that made ability score bonuses flexible, there were no restrictions on class based on race in D&D 5e. And while low scores can make multiclassing difficult, there are no rules in the game that require you to have a high score in the most important ability for your desired class to take up that class. You can be a Druid with a 10 Wisdom — your spell DC will be low and other aspects of the game will be affected, but you can absolutely do it.
Be the DM who says yes to your players even when it's weird
As a DM, if a player comes to me with a weird character concept, I want to help them achieve it. You should of course be wary of players who want to play something entirely because it's ridiculously OP, but 5e has ironed out a lot of that kind of thinking — while there are some races that offer pretty strong bonuses and abilities, nothing is so powerful that it utterly overshadows anything else. And even a really weird concept can be made to work — a player comes to you wanting to play a literal Dragon? I'd offer them the chance to play a Dragon Wyrmling, and bump up the starting level of the campaign to 3rd so the other characters can get a head start on power levels from classes while the Wyrmling player would start as just a Wyrmling — I'd end up having to homebrew some stuff, but ultimately, as long as the player was sincere and not just powergaming I'd find a way to make it work.
So yes, I'm totally down for a brutal, strength based Elf Fighter who swings a greatsword around and belches along to Dwarven drinking songs, or a Loxodon Rogue — yes, that's right, a Loxodon Rogue, they can be Rogues too — or any other class and race combination. But what about weird backstories? You want to play a Reborn Spore Druid who is literally the moss-encrusted corpse of a former Artificer who died in the swamp because a rival Wizard set your laboratory on fire while you were testing a new Potion of Plant Growth formula? First off, I congratulate you on stealing the origin of Man-Thing and Swamp-Thing, and secondly, as your hypothetical DM I will move heaven and earth to let you play as a bog monster.
D&D is a game. It's meant to be fun. If playing a Rogue/Barbarian who is an obvious Batman homage — yeah, homage, we'll go with that — is what you want to do, then I say, justice is the best sauce for the meal that is revenge. Let's get weird up in here.
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Filed Under: D&D Character Building, Dungeon Mastering, Unoptimal Characters, Weird Characters
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Your Farm, Your Family and Vision for the Future
Clean, comfortable and convenient. Safe and efficient. Years ago, that would not have likely been the way a beef feeders/finishers would describe their beef feeding facility. Nor is it likely that some producers still can say that. But those are the words that Clark Stoller of Gridley, Illinois, uses when talking about his family's High Tower Farms beef monoslope facility.
Summit Livestock Facilities' professionals worked directly with the family to learn about their specific needs, their vision and about what was driving them to build a monoslope facility. They had some specific goals for their own family and for the farm. They wanted a building that would help them in "building" High Tower Farms' next generations. The family members needed to make the facility efficient enough that they could maintain off-farm employment. The facility needed to be "smart" enough to mitigate risks and avoid challenges; from the big things like manure management, to issues such as managing birds, airflow, and keeping snow off the cattle. They wanted rate of gain that was reliable and efficient.
Choosing to build a livestock facility is a big choice that influences you and your operation, your family and your farm's long-term viability. Summit Livestock Facilities takes that very seriously.
This family's story provides some great illustrations of specifically what it is that Summit Livestock Facilities does differently when working with our customers. Listening is one of the most important elements. First, we need to understand your needs, your family's goals and objectives. We want to ensure we are working together for the right reasons and toward the best solutions. Our ability to help you wrestle with all of those issues in a wholistic way sets the stage.
When you're making the choice, the investment, we work with our customers to help anticipate and address the challenging issues you face today and those that could threaten the operation in the long-term. It's that deep communication that needs to occur to make the building work best for this generation and the next.
Do you have more questions that are not covered in this article? If you need help designing and planning, please contact Summit Livestock Facilities at 800.213.0567 or click here to email us. If you are ready to get a price, click here to request a quote and a member of our customer engagement team will help you determine the next steps of your project.
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If your computer is constantly cursed by the spinning wheel of death, or you feel like you're using a 90's Netscape browser to surf the web, fear not -- it doesn't necessarily mean you need a new computer.
You can implement some simple fixes to make your computer run faster, and most of them only take a few minutes to complete. Let's flesh them out below.
1. Check your hard disk space.
A common rule of thumb to keep your computer running fast is to have at least 15% of its hard disk space free. If your hard disk is almost full, you need to remove some programs and files to improve your computer's speed. But if your disk has plenty of room, there could be something wrong with your operating system.
2. Organize desktop icons into folders.
Organizing desktop icons into folders cleans up your background, and it also cuts down your computer's RAM usage. Your computer has to load each individual icon when you don't organize your desktop, which takes up a lot of RAM space. If each icon is in a folder, then your computer only needs to load each folder.
3. Save old pictures and videos to the cloud or an external hard drive.
If you have old pictures and videos on your computer that you rarely look at but don't want to delete, transfer them to the cloud or an external hard drive. You'll save a ton of memory on your computer and improve its speed.
Sometimes, you need to keep a bunch of tabs open to complete an important project -- but if you're done looking at a web page, it's best to close it. Unused tabs on internet browsers hog a ton of memory and slow down your computer.
Most computers have pre-installed programs that you'll never use, but even though you've never opened them, they slow down your computer by using up memory, wasting a ton of disk space, and running background processes. Be careful not to remove any programs you don't recognize, though. They could be crucial for the function of your computer or other applications.
Temporary files like internet history, cookies, and caches take up a ton of space on your hard disk. Deleting them frees up valuable space on your hard disk and speeds up your computer.
On Mac OS X, you can download CCleaner to find and delete temporary files in your hard disk. To delete temporary files on Windows, you can run a disk cleanup, which you can access by clicking Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Cleanup.
7. Stop programs from automatically launching when your computer turns on.
If you can't justify Spotify launching every time you turn on your computer, consider stopping it from happening. Programs that automatically launch and keep running eat up a lot of your computer's memory.
To remove the items that automatically launch on OS X, click the Apple icon, navigate to Systems Preferences, then to Users & Groups, and finally to Login Items. Here, you'll see all the programs that automatically launch when your computer starts, and you can uncheck each one.
On Windows, click the Start menu, search for "msconfig", and then click on the Startup tab. A list of programs will pop up, and you can uncheck the ones you don't want automatically launching.
8. Remove unnecessary language resources.
Each default language on your computer uses a ton of resources and files that devours free space on your hard disk. To remove any unused languages on OS X, download Monolingual. To remove them on Windows, go to Settings > Time & Language > Region & Language, click on the languages you don't use, and, finally, click Remove.
9. Update your computer's software.
Updating your computer's software can be a drag, but it's definitely worth it: new software updates fix bugs and glitches that slow down your computer. To check if your current software is up-to-date on a Mac, go to Apps under the Apple icon menu and click on Updates. On Windows, click the Start Button > All Programs > Windows Update > Check for Updates.
10. If you can scramble an egg on your computer, give it a break.
A constantly overheated computer will eventually turn into a sluggish computer. If your laptop is hot to the touch, it's working too hard and you need to let it cool down. To ventilate your computer, point a fan at it and use it on a flat surface, so air can properly flow underneath it.
11. Shut down or restart your computer at least once a week.
When you leave your computer on, background programs and applications hog its memory. Shutting down or restarting your computer refreshes your memory and prompts important tools to run maintenance on it. As a general guideline, shutting down or restarting your computer at least once a week will help speed it up.
12. Remove unused dashboard widgets or gadgets.
Dashboard Widgets on OS X and Gadgets on Windows devour RAM space because they run background updates, even when you're not using them. You can use Widget Manager on OS X to delete these space-wasters. And on Windows, all you have to do is right click and uninstall the Gadgets you don't use.
13. Delete browser extensions or plugins you don't use.
Browser extensions and plugins are some of the most convenient applications on the internet. But installing too many can slow down your web browser's speed -- especially if you forgot about most of them. To help boost your browser's speed, uninstall the extensions or plugins that you don't use anymore.


A film made about the participation of the Argos Shimano team in the 2013 Tour de France will have its UK premiere on December the 9th at the Barbican in London.
A unique and compelling inside story of Argos-Shimano, keen on showing that winning is possible without any use of doping. We follow the team up close, in cinema verité style, during the 100th edition of the Tour de France. Knowing that they cannot beat their opponents in the mountains, they have specialized in the sprint.
We see the young team inside their hotel rooms, at intimate moments when the men are alone or getting a massage and in the team bus where film crews normally aren't allowed. We witness the German sprint talent Marcel Kittel promising his teammates a Rolex if they let him win the first stage. In the excitement of the race we are there when Mark Cavendish causes Argos-Shimano sprinter Tom Veelers to crash and ultimately forcing him to leave the Tour. While Cavendish tries to intimidate his opponent, Kittel takes his revenge in the ultimate etape in Paris, letting the clean team spirit have its victory.


For years I've tryed to understand why me? through the life changes I face on a daily basis I still remained humble. I ask myself why, is this a test or is this the hand I was dealt. Through all the mistakes I've made being young and stubborn how did I end up incarcerated, Why? because I believe in protecting family or is it because my family has my heart that is why!. Right or Wrong I still look myself in the mirror and say everyday Why me? I've done the best I could to avoid situations my gut been telling me don't go. I've tried to defuse a bad situation and it ended wrong and to this day 13 years later I'm still saying why me?. What I do? why I was chosen? I guess its only one person who can answer that for me until then I will still be asking myself why?….
I learned to ask the question, "Why not me?" Then life started to make more sense.


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Q: Ordering by an intermediate table Given these table structures and models, how do I go about implementing the "popular" method in the Ad class -- I'd simply like to return ads sorted by the number of hits on it.
require 'sequel'

db = Sequel.sqlite

db.create_table(:users){
    primary_key :id
}

db.create_table(:ads){
    primary_key :id
    foreign_key :user_id, :users
}

db.create_table(:hits){
    primary_key :id
}

db.create_join_table(ad_id: :ads, hit_id: :hits)

class User < Sequel::Model
    one_to_many :ads
end

class Hit < Sequel::Model
end

class Ad < Sequel::Model
    many_to_one :user
    many_to_many :hits

    def self.popular
        #return ads with most hits first
    end
end

User.create
Ad.create user: User[1]
Ad.create user: User[1]
Ad[1].add_hit Hit.create
Ad[2].add_hit Hit.create
Ad[2].add_hit Hit.create
Ad.popular

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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THE ARTS PAPER
Criminal Justice Hits The Airwaves
Brian Slattery Photo
Babz Rawls-Ivy wears a lot of hats. She is the editor of the Inner-City News, a print weekly by and for members of the black community. Monday through Friday, she hosts WNHH Community Radio's "LoveBabz LoveTalk," and appears as a frequent guest on Pundit Friday with Paul Bass. She has also co-edited the Justice Imperative Blog, dedicated to thinking about "how hyper-incarceration hijacked the American dream," with Jeff Grant.
Grant is the executive director of Family ReEntry, a social service organization in Bridgeport working with people who have gotten out of prison. Through a number of integrated approaches, it seeks to help prevent them from going back in.
He and Rawls-Ivy have a lot in common: They both write, they both have appeared on radio as interviewer and interviewee, they are both deeply involved in their churches. Both also served prison sentences themselves—and are ready to unpack those stories on the airwaves.
Examining prison sentencing and reform, they are now co-hosts of a new show on WNHH called "Criminal Justice Insider," that tackles criminal justice issues from the inside out.
"Criminal Justice Insider" will air once a month on WNHH. The show will feature Rawls-Ivy, Grant, and a rotating series of guests who discuss the lives of people in prison and how it affects not only the prisoners themselves, but their families. In part, that's because when one family member goes to prison, "the whole family goes to prison," they agreed on their debut episode.
They will also talk about the lives of people who have gotten out, and the factors that contribute to them going back in — or staying out for good by rebuilding their lives. It's a reality both of them have lived.
"I am so delighted to do this!" Rawls-Ivy wrote to The Arts Paper on Wednesday. "To really shed light on what it means to re-enter society from time spent incarcerated. Jeff Grant is dynamic. I felt his passion of this ministry the first time we met. It was a pleasure co-editing the Justice Imperative blog. From that experience we've become great friends dedicated to this criminal justice work!"
"It is a real blessing to be a voice for so many," she added. "To tell our stories, to highlight criminal justice innovations and to dispel myths."
This announcement first appeared earlier this week in our news affiliate, the New Haven Independent. This version appears with additions and edits. To listen, click on or download the audio above.
Arts & Culture, Culture & Community, Bridgeport, New Haven, Radio & AudioNew Haven Independent October 6, 2017 WNHH, Babz Rawls-Ivy, Jeff Grant, IncarcerationComment
"We Are That Minyan"
Culture & Community, News From The PewsLucy Gellman October 6, 2017 Congregation Mishkan Israel, Sanctuary congregations
A Tribute To Anna Liffey's
New Haven, Food & Drink, Culture & CommunityJosh Levinson October 5, 2017 Anna Liffey's, Downtown, East Rock


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Q: Bash Script read -p I'm pretty sure the answer is no but I thought I'd ask anyway. I want to have a bash script with a user input that automatically proceeds after the desired amount of characters are entered, in this case 3.
So when the user enters 123 or abc, the script moves on with that variable rather than waiting for an 'Enter'.
read -p 'User Input: ' userInput

Is this possible?

A: In bash, you can add -n 3 or -N 3 depending on the exact behavior you require. From help read:

  -n nchars return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting
            for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than
            NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter
  -N nchars return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless
            EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any
            delimiter


St. Louis, MO. October 30 – According to Lucy van Pelt, the Lucy of the Charlie Brown cartoon, "All you have to do is walk up to a house, ring the doorbell, and say 'tricks or treats." But, where did that tradition begin?
Halloween is generally thought to have its origins in the pagan Celtic festival of Sowen, which marked the passing of dead souls into the next world, so how did it become associated with a holiday where kids beg for candy?
By the middle ages, Sowen had blended into the Christian All Saints Day, where people would go in disguise from home to home, and this was done with some humor, would expect some sort of reward of food or drink. And it was this custom, says Bowling Green University Professor, Jack Santino, which the Irish brought to America in the 19th century.
Still it would take urbanization and industrialization in the 20th century to turn Halloween into the event we know today.
"You're getting this large scale, massive industry of packaged foods and candies and you create a market with children," Santino says.
And with people packing into urban centers, and later post-World War Two suburbia, community leaders wanted to keep the peace.
"They institutionalized trick-or-treating as a kind of alternative for children other than pranks, which would traditionally be done," he says.
Ironically, the tainted candy scares of the 1970's resulted in fewer parents allowing their kids to ring neighbors' doorbells. Still, that has not stopped America's children or adults from celebrating on October 31st. Retailers expect more than $9 billion in sales this year for Halloween costumes, candy, and parties.
St. Louis, MO. 30 de octubre – Según Lucy van Pelt, la caricatura de Lucy de Charlie Brown, "Todo lo que tienes que hacer es caminar hasta una casa, tocar el timbre y decir 'trucos o golosinas'. Pero, ¿dónde comenzó esa tradición?
En general, se cree que Halloween tiene sus orígenes en el festival celta pagano de Sowen, que marcó el paso de almas muertas al otro mundo, entonces, ¿cómo se asoció con una fiesta en la que los niños piden dulces?
En la edad media, Sowen se mezcló con en el Día de Todos los Santos Cristianos, donde la gente se disfrazaba e iba de casa en casa, y esto se hizo con un poco de humor, y esperaban algún tipo de recompensa con comida o bebida. Y fue esta costumbre, dice el profesor de la Universidad Bowling Green, Jack Santino, que los irlandeses trajeron a Estados Unidos en el siglo XIX.
La urbanización y la industrialización del siglo 20 convirtieron a Halloween en el evento que conocemos hoy.
"Se tiene esta industria a gran escala de alimentos empacados y dulces que crea un gran mercado para los niños", dice Santino.
Y cuando la gente empezó a llenar los centros urbanos y más tarde los suburbios después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los líderes comunitarios querían mantener la paz.
"Instituyeron el "truco o golosina" como una especie de alternativa para los niños, aparte de las bromas, que tradicionalmente se hacía", comenta.
Irónicamente, los temores de los dulces contaminados de la década de 1970 dieron como resultado un menor número de padres que les permitían a sus hijos tocar el timbre de sus vecinos. Aún así, eso no impidió que los niños o adultos estadounidenses celebraran el 31 de octubre. Las cadenas minoristas esperan ventas de más de $9 mil millones este año por disfraces de Halloween, dulces y fiestas.