text:
La coudée royale (translittération : mḥ nsw) appelée également grande coudée est la mesure de référence du système de mesures utilisée par les architectes égyptiens dans leur calcul pour l'élaboration de monuments tel « la grande pyramide de Gizeh ».

La coudée royale qui mesure entre 52 et  est à distinguer de la petite coudée égyptienne qui mesure environ .

Écriture hiéroglyphique
Le mot coudée s'écrit en hiéroglyphes :

On trouve également dans les textes les abréviations suivantes :

et la coudée royale s'écrit :

Système de mesure digital
La coudée royale est l'étalon d'un système de mesure, appelé système digital, se déclinant en doigt, palme (quatre doigts), main (cinq doigts), petit empan (trois palmes), grand empan (trois palmes et demi). Il existe deux systèmes de mesure avant et après la réforme métrologique de la . Avant cette date, la coudée vaut vingt-huit doigts alors qu'après cette date, elle passe à vingt-quatre doigts, on parle alors de coudée royale réformée. La longueur effective de la coudée royale ne changeant pas significativement entre ces deux périodes, ce sont toutes les sous-unités qui voient leur longueur augmenter d'un facteur de 7/6.

Subdivisions
Avant la réforme, les divisions les plus courantes étaient les suivantes :
 la coudée est divisée en sept paumes (ou palmes) (environ ) :

 paumes elles-mêmes divisées en quatre doigts (environ  par doigt) :

 les longueurs inférieures au doigt sont exprimées en fractions.

 :

Son nom a donné en grec naubion (pluriel, naubia).

Multiples
 Le khètennouh (litt. bâton de corde), en abrégé, le khèt, mesurait cent coudées (environ ) :

 L'itérou (litt. fleuve, mesure fluviale), de  (environ ) :

À partir du Moyen Empire, les Égyptiens estimèrent la longueur de leur pays, d'Éléphantine à Béhédet, à  (environ ), dont quatre-vingt-six (environ ) pour la Haute-Égypte, d'Éléphantine à Per-Hâpy, et vingt (environ ) pour la Basse-Égypte, de Per-Hâpy à Béhédet.

L'itérou est parfois appelé itérou de navigation:

Formules générales
1 khèt = 100 coudées = 700 paumes =

ou

1 coudée = 7 paumes = 28 doigts

Longueurs
On peut évaluer la longueur de cette unité de mesure sur les monuments eux-mêmes. Un exemple souvent cité, est celui d'Isaac Newton qui, se servant des mesures de l'intérieur de la grande pyramide publiées en 1646 par John Greaves et attribuant à la chambre du roi les dimensions de vingt coudées sur dix coudées, évalue la coudée royale, ou coudée de Memphis, à , soit environ , tout en précisant qu'il faudrait examiner davantage la pyramide et multiplier les mesures pour déterminer avec une meilleure exactitude la longueur de celle-ci. Ce que fit par exemple Flinders Pétrie à l'issue d'une campagne de mesure sur le plateau de Gizeh. Ce dernier évalua la coudée royale à 52,375 cm. L'architecte Gilles Dormion l'évalua quant à lui à 52,35 cm lorsqu'il publia les plans de la grande pyramide de Khéops dans son livre. On en trouve aussi la trace dans des blocs de pierre, les « talatates » servant à la construction de monuments à Karnak. Ces blocs de pierre semblent être construits selon l'étalon de la coudée royale, faisant une coudée de long sur une demi-coudée de large, ce qui place la coudée selon les auteurs à  (cette mesure de 54 cm est identique à celle de la coudée Nilométrique de l'Ile de Rhoda au Caire) ou .

La coudée royale apparaît aussi dans les tombes sous forme de règles sur lesquelles figurent toutes les graduations du système digital égyptien. Certaines de ces règles semblent usées par la pratique mais d'autres semblent n'avoir qu'une vocation votive.

 et qui fut mesurée avec soin par les savants italiens du musée de Turin Georges Bidone et Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana. Elle est exposée aux Musées royaux de Turin et fut découverte par Drovetti. La longueur de la coudée étalon est donnée à 52,3524 cm par les savants italiens.

La valeur métrique d'une coudée royale a donné lieu à de nombreux débats, mais il semble acquis maintenant que sa longueur a varié dans le temps et l'espace. Toutes les valeurs ou presque de cette coudée se trouvent situées entre  et . Au Nouvel Empire, une valeur de la coudée royale située entre  et  semble être observée avec une certaine constance.

Les archéologues ont observé des proportions exprimables en coudée royale de  sur les tours et les murs des remparts d'Apollonie de Cyrène, construits durant la période lagide.

Certains voient dans la coudée royale une mesure faisant partie d'un système ésotérique reliant le mètre, la coudée et le nombre Pi. Effectivement, en prenant comme longueur de la coudée royale , le mètre serait égal au diamètre d'un cercle de circonférence six coudées avec une erreur relative inférieure à . C'est le cas par exemple de Charles Funck-Hellet dans son essai de métrologie sur la coudée royale. Mais cet essai est critiqué par l'égyptologue Jean-Philippe Lauer estimant que Funck-Hellet est parti de données inexactes et s'est fondé sur des coïncidences pour aboutir à des .

Coudée royale et autres coudées

Jusqu'à la , existe aussi une coudée naturelle, ou petite coudée correspondant à six palmes. Elle apparait sur les règles étalon de la coudée royale, ce qui prouve que son usage est concomitant à celui de la coudée royale. Sa longueur d'environ  est plus proche de la longueur anatomique d'une coudée (longueur du bras prise du coude jusqu'au majeur). Son découpage en six palmes de quatre doigts permet un repérage plus facile des premières fractions 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8. Cette coudée semble être réservée à un usage domestique alors que la coudée royale serait destinée à l'architecture et à la mesure des terres.

Les égyptologues émettent diverses hypothèses concernant l'origine de ces deux coudées et l'existence de la septième palme de la coudée royale, moins pratique en termes de fraction, mais aucune d'entre elles ne recueille l'unanimité. On a pensé qu'il était possible que les architectes, pour des grandes longueurs, aient pris l'habitude de mettre bout à bout des petites coudées en intercalant une palme qui leur servait de repère pour déplacer la coudée. A également été évoqué le fait que la coudée royale pourrait être issue de la mise bout à bout de deux « sandales royales ». John Legon émet également l'hypothèse qu'aurait perduré une division de la grande coudée en six parties et que sa division en sept parties aurait une signification religieuse. Il juge comme possible que la petite coudée soit en fait de longueur variable et pourrait être égale aux 5/6 d'une coudée royale. C'est également lui qui développe l'idée selon laquelle le canon esthétique égyptien serait fondé sur la coudée royale qui correspondrait alors au tiers de la hauteur d'un homme du pied jusqu'à la racine des cheveux.

On trouve également, sur les règles étalon, la coudée sacrée valant quatre palmes qui correspond au pied grec et la coudée-remen de cinq palmes qui pourrait correspondre à la diagonale d'un carré d'une demi-coudée ( est proche de ).

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
  ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
 ;
 .

Articles connexes
 Unités de mesure dans l'Égypte antique

Index égyptologique
Vie quotidienne dans l'Égypte antique
Unité de mesure égyptienne


text:
EU's electric car deal could 'wipe out' European automobile industry
The EU's decision to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2035 will increase the bloc's dependence on China, says electric car expert Nicolas Meilhan
Electric cars are increasingly popular in France Pic: Semmick Photo / Shutterstock
By Martin Greenacre
European legislators agreed a deal in October which would see the sale of new petrol, diesel and hybrid cars banned in the EU from 2035.
This could have devastating consequences for car manufacturing on the continent, warns Nicolas Meilhan, senior adviser at EV-volumes.com, a database that records electric vehicle sales worldwide.
Pic: Nicolas Meilhan
"In 2035, 80% of the new car market will be small, inexpensive electric cars made in China," he predicts.
More than 160,000 new electric cars were sold in France in 2021, accounting for 9.8% of the new car market.
Read more: Thinking of buying an electric car in France? Now may be a good time
Read more: Guide: what aid can I get to buy an electric car in France?
However, far more second-hand vehicles are sold (six million last year) than new cars (1.6 million), and Mr Meilhan believes the latter will be increasingly out of reach under the new regulations.
"Europe is the only continent doing this.
'...kiss of death to our manufacturers'
We might be giving the kiss of death to our manufacturers," he said, adding that fewer people will be able to afford new cars.
One obstacle is the cost of producing batteries, which represents 40% of manufacturing outlay due to the costly metals needed, according to the engineer, who graduated from MIT and ESTP Paris.
"2022 is the first year where the price of batteries has increased, which is why the price of electric cars has risen between 10% and 30%.
"Lithium prices have multiplied by 10 in the last two years. Unfortunately, the strain on fuel provisions is being redirected to a strain on metals.
Read more: Cost, lack of charging places: blocks on buying electric car in France
'...end up 80% dependent on China'
"Where we were dependent on Opec (oil exporting) countries for 40% of our fuel, we will end up being 80% dependent on China, as China controls the entire supply chain of batteries, and notably 80% of cobalt refining."
The world's second largest economy could keep primary resources for itself, or force companies to move their factories to Asia in return for refined cobalt, he warned.
"Today, China is the second largest manufacturer of electric cars sold in Europe, just behind Germany, but in my opinion they will overtake them too."
Cobalt is often used in car batteries so they can store more energy and cover greater distances.
There are other batteries, like lithium iron phosphate (LFP) used in certain Tesla cars, which must be charged more often but require fewer rare metals.
"If we decided batteries need not be greater than 40 or 60kWh, meaning 300 to 500km of autonomy, we wouldn't have this problem, as we could use LFP."
Focus on short journeys
He argues the best way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels is to focus on short journeys, the easiest to electrify.
"We could aim to go without petrol or diesel by 2030 for daily trips, which represent 80% of all journeys."
The EU hopes for all cars to be CO2- neutral by 2050, as the average car lifespan is 15 years.
Mr Meilhan said the focus should be on households in rural areas with no access to public transport which have more than one car.
In 2018, 36% of households had at least two cars.
"One could be electric, and they could use the other for long distances."
French environmental agency Ademe agrees on the need to ensure electric vehicles are not too large.
EVs have smaller carbon footprint
In a report published in October, it claimed the carbon footprint over the lifetime of an electric car in France is half to a third that of a fossil fuel-powered car, provided the battery is smaller than 60kWh.
Manufacturing electric vehicles pollutes more than other cars, and the environmental impact increases in almost direct proportion to the vehicle's weight, according to Ademe.
A small electric car will need to run for 20,000km to compensate for the added pollution during manufacturing, while an SUV will repay this 'debt' only after 100,000km.
It also said electric vehicles with small batteries will cost less money over their lifespan than combustion-engine cars, once various grants are deducted. Mr Meilhan said electric cars are most suitable for people who drive at least 30 km per day.
"That means your fuel bill is €150 per month. With a second-hand electric car costing €100 per month, plus charging the battery, you will save money without needing any grants."
He has called on the EU to do more to ensure a sufficient electricity supply.
"Electric cars were good because they cost four times less to charge than it cost to fill up a petrol car. But that was before electricity prices quadrupled."
The measure must now be formally adopted by the EU Parliament and Council.
Volkswagen has already said it will produce only electric vehicles in Europe from 2033.
France to trial zero-interest loans for electric vehicle conversions
Does France's electric car grant apply to the Citroën Ami?
Renting an electric car in France: where, how and how much?
More from Transport
Car-sharers in France can get €100 bonus even if not new app users
French door-to-door car hire firm looks to all-electric future
Passports, Etias, EES: Changes to European border control in 2023
French solar panel firm is delaying installation: what are my rights?
When do French people really retire and what is the average pension?
New European Entry/Exit System: 9 key things to know in advance
Temperatures below seasonal norms: How long will cold last in France?
Property price negotiation in France: what is average near you?
Is the May launch of the EU's new Entry/Exit System delayed?
Chance to buy a part of ski history from resort in French Pyrenees
Ski holidays in France: why British tourists shun the train
Your selection of 'funny, bizarre' English words used in French

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Each of the three examinations (Part I, Part IIA and Part IIB) is a full Tripos examination. This means that they are compulsory and that students will be examined on the relevant year's work. Each Part of the HSPS Tripos is fully examined at the end of the academic year and no marks are carried forward from year to year. However, there is a progression in terms of knowledge and intellectual content from Part IIA to Part IIB.
The Department often receives queries about the correct use of ethnographic materials in supervision essays and exam answers. Each DoS and/or supervisor is entitled to devise working practices as they see fit, but for the purposes of exam preparation, the following points about using the same ethnographic materials across different answers might be helpful.
The instructions on each Social Anthropology Tripos paper include the words, 'Candidates will be expected to demonstrate a range of ethnographic knowledge in their answers, and to show a depth of knowledge of some specific ethnographic examples'. Examiners would feel entitled to interpret the use of only a very limited range of ethnographic cases across several or all of a candidate's papers, or use of the same ethnographic material to make the same argument in more than one essay, as evidence of a lack of breadth of knowledge. This in no way implies that a negative view would be taken of the creative use of a single ethnography, to make different arguments, in more than one paper. On the contrary, the creative use of material covered in one paper to make relevant points in an argument in an essay on a different paper would be seen as evidence of a firm command and depth of knowledge of those ethnographic data. The problem arises when the examiners detect undue replication, and naturally if the same ethnography plays a big role in several of your essays, the examiners may start to suspect that it is because you have not read sufficient amounts of other material.
For previous Exam Question Papers and Internal Examiner Reports, please see the relevant Social Anthropology Moodle Course. Click on the following links for the External Examiner Report 2018, External Examiner Report 2017, External Examiner Report 2016, External Examiner Report 2015, External Examiner Report 2014 and External Examiner Report 2013.


text:
Let's Study In online
Home / William Blake / Critical Appreciation of the poem "London" by William Blake.
Critical Appreciation of the poem "London" by William Blake.
by Englishliterature on 5:36 PM in William Blake
London is one of the most striking poems of William Blake. In the poem Blake protests against social, religions and political injustice. Later Wordsworth in his London 1802 wishes Milton were living in the period to redeem England from the deterioration it has undergone. The modern poet T.S. Eliot has also portrayed the cultural collapse of London in The Waste Land. In London Blake attacks the hollowness of society and the helplessness of the Church.
The poem reflects the society and conditions of life in the later 18th century London. The speaker of the poem paces through the streets of London and notices the face of his fellowmen that pass by him and finds their countenance discoloured by feebleness. He finds in the cries of children and men the replica of men's own sinful deeds. He also notices that men are fettered by the chains they have forged for themselves.
In the poem London Blake gives us his own view of that "Liberty on which his countrymen prided themselves and he exposes the ugly, indisputable facts. The chimney sweeper, the soldier, and the harlot
are Blake's types of the oppressed characteristic victims of a system
based not on brotherhood but on fear. Each in his own way shows up
the shams on which society thrives. The poet hears the cries of the chimney sweepers which appal the helpless Church. The sighs of the dying soldier whose blood flows down the palace walls are audible to
the poet. At midnight the curses of the young harlots are heard in the
streets and this spoils the holy tie between the wife and husband in
their marital life. It is the loveless marriage that causes man to seek a
harlot. It becomes also a curse for the young child that is born either
from the marriage or from the adultery.
Blake's London is a typical of the world of experiences, with the noise of cries and curse it resembles hell. Instead of the echoing green we have an echoing inferno which is "bloody"; mishaps and misfortunes are marks of this city. The woeful cry of the unfortunate chimney-sweepers is a sham on the Church. In the poem Blake lays stress on the irresponsibility of the Church. The Church has the duty of protecting its members. But the chimney sweepers are not even allowed to enter the churches and to pray. The Church turns a blind eye on their plight.
Rather than a poem of protest London is also a picture of a mental state of the inhabitants of London. The woe and weariness of the dwellers of London strike the notes of pessimism. The London society is corrupt. It is the corruption of civilisation by the power of reason whose self-imposed manacles have restricted every spontaneous joy. The street cries of the chimney sweepers loudly accuse the Church and the death sighs of the soldier stain the state. Love itself is negated and this negation degenerates the holy marriage bed into a blighted hearse.
Much of the power of this poem's denunciation derives directly from its form. London is basically written in iambic tetrameter, lines of eight syllables each, divided into four iambic feet, but no fewer than eight of the sixteen lines do not fit this pattern.
Tags # William Blake
About Englishliterature
I am a student of English Literature from National University
By Englishliterature at 5:36 PM
Labels: William Blake
Student of English Department?
Read our Bengali
( বাংলা) version
Robert Frost as a Nature poet.
We can form an idea of Frost as a poet of Nature from a study of the characteristics of his poetry. He can be called a poet of Nature...
Literary Terms. Powered by Blogger.
The Way of the world as a comedy of manners.
The Way Of The World is considered to be one of the most remarkable work of Comedy of Manners. These Comedies of Manners were quite in v...
Critical Appreciation of "The Patriot"
Robert Browning's 'The Patriot' is a brilliant piece of dramatic verse. The narrator in the poem is a 'patriot' who was warmly we...
Age division of Literature History
The history of English literature is very closely related to history of the English people. It begins with the emergence of the Engli...
"Of Club" by Richard Steele : Summary.
This essay, written by Steele, describes the members of the Spectator Club. Sir Roger De Coverley The first member of the Spectator C...
Addison (1)
Broad (9)
Edmund Burke (3)
Edmund Spenser (3)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1)
Essays. (183)
G.B. Shaw (10)
History of English Literature (41)
Honours 2nd Year (49)
Honours 3rd Year (79)
Hopkins (1)
Introduction to Drama (22)
J.M. Synge (1)
John Donne (13)
John Dryden (3)
John Keats (4)
Keats (20)
Marlowe (1)
Rhetoric (18)
Robert Herrick (5)
S.T Coleridge (5)
Steele (1)
Summary (20)
Sylvia plath (3)
Tennyson (21)
Thomas Gray (4)
W.B Yeats (3)
Walter Whitman (2)
William Congreve (2)
William Wordsworth (16)
Created By by kamrul | Distributed By MyBloggerThemes


This Bright White Clear Coat 2019 RAM 1500 Big Horn might be just the crew Cab 4x4 for you. It has a 8 Cylinder engine. This One's available at the Low price of $49,895. Exhibiting a sleek white exterior and a diesel gray/black interior, this vehicle won't be on the market for long. Take calls, play your favorite tunes and more with the Bluetooth® feature. Interested? Call today to take this vehicle for a spin! Contact Information: Reineke Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM, 207 West Water Street, North Baltimore, OH, 45872, Phone: (855) 497-5275, E-mail: Joe.Wolph@Reinekefamily.Com.


Nourishment is surely one of the most vital key features in sports. For a sportsperson or a person involved in any sort of athletic activity, a healthy nutrition and energetic nutrients are vital to advance the sport and performance. The rising wakefulness amongst people concerning the significance of consuming sports nutrition products is anticipated to encourage the growth of the market in the coming years. The main constituents that are extensively used in producing sports nutrition products are caffeine, linoleic acid, creatine, amongst others.
The growing acceptance of numerous sports and the increasing number of sports trials are also projected to increase the demand for sports nutrition products in the forthcoming years. Furthermore, the increasing fitness consciousness amongst buyers and growing involvement in sports are backing comprehensively to the improvement of the global sports nutrition products market. Furthermore, the upward disposable income among buyers, introduction of new flavors and components, and the intensifying number of dispersal channels are also anticipated to boost the progress of the global market in the coming few years.
At the present time, sports food and drinks is the largest fragment in the sports nutrition market, rooting for around 83% of the global market share. Protein-based goods dictate this fragment on account of their amplified health and nutrition profits like improved muscle growth and enhanced stamina. Improved sales of nutrition bars, energy bars, and ready-to-drink (RTD) products will increase incomes in the sports nutrition market in the near future. Some of the key sports nutrition products accessible in the global market are sports supplements, sports food, and sports drinks. The important companies in the market are taking pains to announce ground-breaking products in order to entice new buyers and multiply their product selection in the coming years. Additionally, these corporations are outlaying excessively on promotion and advertising undertakings to enhance the demand and create a brand name in the forthcoming years.
The leading companies functioning in the sports nutrition products market globally are predominantly in North America. North America led the sports nutrition market in 2015 and engaged more than 41% of the total market share. The reason for the growth of this region is due of the improved cognizance of protein's health profits and the significance of active routines amongst people. Elements such as increasing demand for protein-based sports nutrition produces amid all sections of the population will amplify the market's growth in this region by 2020.


If you have clinical waste to dispose of, including surgical waste, used syringes, drugs and pharmaceuticals, you need to take extra care in how you do this.
Syringes need to be disposed of in a sharps box (a specially designed rigid box with a lid). These are available on prescription and should be arranged through your GP or pharmacist.
All unused and out-of-date drugs and pharmaceuticals can be returned to your local pharmacy where they will be correctly disposed of.
If you find any needles or syringes, please contact us as soon as possible to arrange for their uplift and safe disposal.


"I would like the national Light the Candle campaign to engage all the Ukrainian families and homes as we should be really united on that day. The flame of the candle of memory should heal our memory for us to be able to prevent such calamities in future," said the Ukrainian Greek Catholic head, Patriarch Sviatoslav, in an interview to Radio Resurrection, the Information Department of the UGCC eports.
According to the head of the UGCC, remembering this tragic page of the history of our nation is absolutely necessary as Holodomor not only took a great number of innocent lives but also inflicted a deep wound on the social conscience of the Ukrainian nation as the result of which many people even today are afraid to talk about it even at the political level. Therefore, the head of the UGCC calls on Ukrainians on the day of Remembrance of the Victims of Holodomor, the 26th of November, to participate in the national Light the Candle campaign by lighting candles in the windows of their homes.
"Remembering the Holodomor of 1932-1933 is the memory which heals and allows one to break free from the petrifying fear which dominated at the time of the Soviet ideology. The healing of the memory of the Ukrainian nation makes us able to prevent a similar blow from any man-hating ideology," said Patriarch Sviatoslav (Shevchuk).


text:
Proportionality
Compound rule of three
A compound rule of three is formed by several simple rules of three and it is used when relating more than two magnitudes.
If $$5$$ trucks transport $$120$$ tons of goods in $$2$$ days: How many goods will $$7$$ trucks transport in $$3$$ days?
The compound rule of three can be expressed as follows:
$$\begin{eqnarray} 5\ \mbox{trucks} & \rightarrow & 120 \ \mbox{tm} & \rightarrow & 2 \ \mbox{days} \\\\ 7\ \mbox{trucks} & \rightarrow & x \ \mbox{tm} & \rightarrow & 3 \ \mbox{days} \end{eqnarray}$$
In fractions this would be:
$$\dfrac{\frac{5}{120}}{2}=\dfrac{\frac{7}{x}}{3} \Rightarrow \dfrac{5\cdot2}{120}=\dfrac{7\cdot3}{x} \Rightarrow \dfrac{10}{120}=\dfrac{21}{x}$$
To make the operations easier, generally the fraction that contains the unknown quantity will remain on one side of the equality, while the other two will remain multiplied on the opposite side:
$$\dfrac{120}{x}=\dfrac{5}{7}\cdot\dfrac{2}{3}$$
If we operate the side without the unknown, we obtain a simple rule of three:
$$\dfrac{120}{x}=\dfrac{10}{21} \Rightarrow 10x=120\cdot21 \Rightarrow 10x=2520 \Rightarrow x=\dfrac{2520}{10}=252$$ tm
So, $$7$$ trucks will transport $$252$$ tons in $$3$$ days.
Note that the relation of the unknown with the other two magnitudes is direct in this case: the more trucks, the more tons transported; and the more days, more tons will be also transported. The relation can be expressed as follows:
$$\begin{eqnarray} & d & & d & \\\\ 5\ \mbox{trucks} & \rightarrow & 120 \ \mbox{tm} & \rightarrow & 2 \ \mbox{days} \\\\ 7\ \mbox{trucks} & \rightarrow & x \ \mbox{tm} & \rightarrow & 3 \ \mbox{days} \\\\ & d & & d & \end{eqnarray}$$
where $$d$$ expresses a direct relation.
But it can be the case that the relation between the magnitudes is not direct, but inverse.In these cases, as with the simple rules of three, we will invert those fractions that have an inverse relation with the unknown.
It takes $$15$$ days for a team of $$10$$ workers working $$8$$ hours a day to finish an order. How many persons with part time jobs will be needed to make the same work in $$10$$ days?
The first thing to do is to make the scheme of the rule of three analyzing the relations between the magnitudes:
$$\begin{eqnarray} & i & & i & \\\\ 10\ \mbox{workers} & \rightarrow & 8 \ \mbox{hours} & \rightarrow & 15 \ \mbox{days} \\\\ x\ \mbox{workers} & \rightarrow & 4 \ \mbox{hours} & \rightarrow & 10 \ \mbox{days} \\\\ & i & & i & \end{eqnarray}$$
So, the relation of the unknown with the rest of magnitudes is inverse (i): the more persons, the less hours will have to be worked to finish the order; and less days will require more persons to finish the work.
If we convert it into fractions:
$$\dfrac{10}{x}=\dfrac{8}{4}\cdot\dfrac{15}{10}$$
We have to invert the fractions on the right side of the equality:
And now it can be solved:
$$\dfrac{10}{x}=\dfrac{4}{8}\cdot\dfrac{10}{15} \Rightarrow \dfrac{10}{x}=\dfrac{40}{120} \Rightarrow 40x=120\cdot10 \Rightarrow 40x=1200 \Rightarrow$$ $$x=\dfrac{1200}{40}=30$$ people.
So, to realize the work in half-day shifts in $$10$$ days, a team of $$30$$ persons will be needed.
Finally, in the same problem there can be magnitudes directly proportional to the unknown and inversely proportional magnitudes to the unknown.
In a central post office, $$2$$ machines categorize $$1.600$$ packages in $$8$$ hours. How many machines are needed to categorize $$2.400$$ packages in $$6$$ hours?
By means of a scheme, the relations between the magnitudes and the unknown are analyzed:
$$\begin{eqnarray} & d & & i & \\\\ 2\ \mbox{machines} & \rightarrow & 1600 \ \mbox{packages} & \rightarrow & 8 \ \mbox{hours} \\\\ x\ \mbox{machines} & \rightarrow & 2400 \ \mbox{packages} & \rightarrow & 6 \ \mbox{hours} \\\\ & d & & i & \end{eqnarray}$$
The relation between the machines and the processed packages is direct since the more machines functioning the more packages will be classified. On the other hand, the relation between the machines and the hours of working is inverse since the more machines the less hours to finish the same volume of work.
Now, we translate the relation into fractions and we solve it, bearing in mind that it will be necessary to invert the fraction regarding the working time:
$$\dfrac{2}{x}=\dfrac{1600}{2400}\cdot\dfrac{8}{6} \Rightarrow \dfrac{2}{x}=\dfrac{1600}{2400}\cdot\dfrac{6}{8} \Rightarrow \dfrac{2}{x}=\dfrac{9600}{19200} \Rightarrow $$
$$\Rightarrow 9600x=2\cdot19200 \Rightarrow 9600x=38400 \Rightarrow x=\dfrac{38400}{9600}=4$$ machines.
So , $$4$$ machines will be needed to finish the work assigned in the time planned.
At the time of raising these problems the best thing for obtaining an integer result is to start from a known result and then to raise the relation between magnitudes across the statement. There are many daily relations that are proportional, directly or inversely: from €/kg of a food product up to the work that a certain number of persons can do, even the length of a document and the time that it takes in reading it.
Nevertheless, it is not important that the result is an integer. In the previous example, with slightly different information, it might have been given $$4,3$$ machines as a result, and it would nothave been serious. With this result, the post office workers should know that with $$4$$ machines they will get close to accomplishing not only the volume of work but also the term, while if they put on another machine the work will be done before time.
Proportional distributions: direct and inverse
Direct and inverse proportion
Solved problems of compound rule of three
Sangaku S.L. (2023) Compound rule of three. sangakoo.com. Recovered from https://www.sangakoo.com/en/unit/compound-rule-of-three


Huck Bouma represents clients, both individuals and businesses, in wealth transfer, business succession and charitable planning. These transactions invariably trigger tax filing requirements that often go beyond the scope of services provided by many traditional accounting firms. Our team of professionals includes several attorneys with accounting backgrounds and experience, as well as CPAs, all of whom are well versed in filing tax returns for estates, trusts and lifetime gift reporting.
We have an active practice in the planning for and preparation of gift tax, estate tax and fiduciary income tax returns. Our experience in all areas of lifetime giving, estate administration, charitable deductions and income tax has provided us with extensive skills in the preparation of these tax returns.
We counsel and advise individuals on planning and reporting the use of their lifetime estate and gift tax credit and the generation skipping transfer (GST) tax exemption for the federal gift tax return (Form 709). For many clients with gift or insurance trusts there are annual filing requirements. We also have extensive experience filing federal estate tax returns (Form 706), which is often required during the administration of a trust or estate after death. With the advent of recent tax law changes and the new "portability" rules with respect to the estate and gift tax credit between spouses, it is more important than ever to receive quality legal advice on filing the necessary tax returns after death.
During the administration of an estate or trust, we file annual fiduciary income tax returns (Form 1041) at the federal and state level for our clients. We counsel fiduciaries (Trustees and Executors) on various tax strategies on how best to minimize the annual tax burden on the trust, estate and its beneficiaries.
We work with our clients to help them proactively reduce or eliminate their obligations for any such taxes. We also have successfully assisted clients through IRS audits and examinations. Because of the experience, size and scope of our trust and estate team, we have the resources to provide the advice and services you need in the area of gift, estate and fiduciary taxation. Please call us with your questions.


As Argentines remember the dead of the 1982 conflict, many want an end to British rule.
It has been 28 years since Britain and Argentina went to war over the disputed Falkland islands - known as the Malvinas by Argentines - in the South Atlantic.
Britain emerged victorious from the conflict and the islands have since grown prosperous from tourism and fishing among other things.
Now with oil companies exploring the waters surrounding the islands, tensions between the two countries are rising again.
As Argentina pays tribute to the soldiers who fell in the conflict, many people, including the president, are raising their voices against the continued British rule over the islands.
Lucia Newman reports from Buenos Aires.


We launched our new label Zavana Couture at Raffaele Ciuca Bridal!
Zavana Bridal's newest collection, Desert Rose, is now live!
Behind the scenes of the photoshoot for our highly anticipated 2019 Collection 1!


IMK president said Gustav Horn, 18 Fed unexpectedly cut interest rates by 50 basis points, making 20 New York trading the euro against the U.S. dollar exceeded 1 in 1.40 mark, reaching a record high. In this case, the European Central Bank raising interest rates has lost space.
Therefore, the cellular network can not provide a variety of TV services to all users, which means that television broadcasters can provide more promising for mobile phones, high-performance and HEF4538BP Suppliers and real-time radio and television capacity. Currently there are several competing standards, including Digital Video Broadcasting - Handheld (DVB-H), Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB), Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB-T) and MediaFLO.
Worlds second largest panel maker LG Display2006 to have a loss of $ 800,000,000. Compared to industry giants, domestic enterprises are either management or the scale there are many gaps, will face even greater pressure on earnings. In fact, SVA NECs Five lesson in front of the line.


wt + wxxx − 6wwx = 0. Korteweg--de Vries equation.
wt + wxxx − 6wwx + (2t)−1w = 0. Cylindrical Korteweg--de Vries equation.
wt + wxxx + 6σw2wx = 0. Modified Korteweg--de Vries equation.
wt + wxxx + f(w)wx = 0. Generalized Korteweg--de Vries equation.
wywxy − wxwyy = awyyy. Hydrodynamic boundary layer equation.
wywxy − wxwyy = awyyy + f(x). Boundary layer equation with pressure gradient.


text:
COMMON INGREDIENTS IN US LICENSED VACCINES
The vast majority of the over one billion doses of vaccines manufactured worldwide each year are given to healthy babies, children and adults. Thus, it is critical that vaccines be demonstrated to be safe and effective. FDA demands that vaccines undergo a rigorous and extensive development program in the laboratory, as well as in animal studies and human clinical trials, to determine their safety and effectiveness. Highly trained FDA scientists and clinicians carefully review all the information in a marketing application before approval and use by the public. Prior to licensure, as part of FDA's review, FDA takes all the ingredients into account, including the active ingredients as well as other substances. After FDA approves a vaccine, FDA and CDC continuously monitor its safety.
Why is aluminum in some vaccines?
Aluminum salts are incorporated into some vaccine formulations as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response in the vaccinated individual. The aluminum salts in some U.S. licensed vaccines are aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), or mixed aluminum salts. For example: aluminum salts are used in DTaP vaccines, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and hepatitis B vaccines.
Aluminum adjuvant containing vaccines have a demonstrated safety profile of over six decades of use and have only uncommonly been associated with severe local reactions. Of note, the most common source of exposure to aluminum is from eating food or drinking water.
Are other adjuvants used in US vaccines?
Yes, there is one other adjuvant used in one U.S. licensed vaccine. Cervarix, a vaccine licensed by FDA on October 16, 2009, to prevent cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, includes AS04 in its formulation. AS04 is a combination of aluminum hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). MPL is a purified fat-like substance.
How does FDA evaluate adjuvants for safety and efficacy?
When evaluating a vaccine for safety and efficacy, FDA considers adjuvants as a component of the vaccine; they are not licensed separately.
Why are antibiotics in some vaccines?
Certain antibiotics may be used in some vaccine production to help prevent bacterial contamination during manufacturing. As a result, small amounts of antibiotics may be present in some vaccines. Because some antibiotics can cause severe allergic reactions in those children allergic to them (like hives, swelling at the back of the throat, and low blood pressure), some parents are concerned that antibiotics contained in vaccines might be harmful. However, antibiotics most likely to cause severe allergic reactions (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins and sulfa drugs) are not used in vaccine production, and therefore are not contained in vaccines.
Examples of antibiotics used during vaccine manufacture include neomycin, polymyxin B, streptomycin and gentamicin. Some antibiotics used in vaccine production are present in the vaccine, either in very small amounts or they are undetectable. For example, antibiotics are used in some production methods for making inactivated influenza virus vaccines. They are used to reduce bacterial growth in eggs during processing steps, because eggs are not sterile products. The antibiotics that are used are reduced to very small or undetectable amounts during subsequent purification steps. The very small amounts of antibiotics contained in vaccines have not been clearly associated with severe allergic reactions.
Why is formaldehyde in some vaccines?
Formaldehyde has a long history of use in the manufacture of certain viral and bacterial vaccines. It is used to inactivate viruses (e.g., influenza, polio) and to detoxify bacterial toxins, such as the toxin used to make diphtheria vaccine. Formaldehyde is diluted during the manufacturing process, but residual quantities of formaldehyde may be found in some current vaccines. The average quantity of formaldehyde to which a young infant could be exposed to at one time through vaccines is very small and is considered to be safe. Although high concentrations of formaldehyde can damage DNA (the building block of genes) and cause cancerous changes in cells in the laboratory, formaldehyde is an essential component in human metabolism and is required for the synthesis of DNA and amino acids (the building blocks of protein). Therefore, all humans have detectable quantities of natural formaldehyde in their circulation. In addition, quantities of formaldehyde at least 600-fold greater than that contained in vaccines have been found to be safe in animals.
Why are sugars, amino acids, and proteins added to some vaccines?
These materials may be added as stabilizers. They help protect the vaccine from adverse conditions such as the freeze-drying process, for those vaccines that are freeze dried. Stabilizers added to vaccines include: sugars such as sucrose and lactose, amino acids such as glycine or the monosodium salt of glutamic acid and proteins such as human serum albumin or gelatin. Sugars, amino acids and proteins are not unique to vaccines and are encountered in everyday life in the diet and are components that are in the body naturally.
Why are there preservatives in some vaccines?
Preservatives are added to vaccine formulations filled into multi-dose vials to prevent the growth of bacteria or fungi that may be introduced into the vaccine during its use, e.g., repeated puncture of the vaccine vial.
Why is fetal calf/bovine serum in some vaccines?
In the manufacture of viral vaccines, the virus may be grown in cells. These cells need a source of nutrition, which in some instances may be provided by fetal bovine serum.
Source Courtesy: FDA
Labels: COMMON INGREDIENTS IN VACCINES, VACCINES
COMMON TYPES OF HEALTH FRAUD
Cancer fraud: Among the many long-running cancer scams is the Hoxsey Cancer Treatment, an herbal regimen that has no proven benefit. Another scam involves products called black salves. These are offered with the false promise of drawing cancer out from the skin, but they are potentially corrosive to tissues.
Cancer requires individualized treatment by a specialized physician. No single device, remedy, or treatment can treat all types of cancer.
Patients looking to try an experimental cancer treatment should enroll in a legitimate clinical study. For more information, visit the National Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Web site.
HIV/AIDS fraud: There are legitimate treatments that can help people with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While early treatment of HIV can delay progression to AIDS, there is currently no cure for the disease.
Relying on unproven products and treatments can be dangerous and cause delays in seeking legitimate medical treatments that have been proven in clinical trials to improve quality of life.
Safe, reliable testing to determine whether you have HIV can be done by a medical professional.
To date, there is one FDA-approved testing system that allows individuals to test themselves at home. It is an HIV collection system that tests only for HIV-1, which is the cause of the majority of the world's HIV infections.
The test, sold either as The Home Access HIV-1 Test System or The Home Access Express HIV-1 Test System, allows blood samples to be sent to a laboratory for testing with an FDA approved HIV-1 test.
Arthritis fraud: The U.S. Federal Trade Commission says consumers spend about $2 billion annually on unproven arthritis remedies that are not backed by adequate science.
For current, accurate information on arthritis treatments and alternative therapies, visit theArthritis Foundation Web site.
Fraudulent "diagnostic" tests: Doctors often use in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests—in tandem with a physical examination and a medical history—to get a picture of a patient's overall health.
These tests involve blood, urine, or other specimen samples taken from the body. They help diagnose or measure many conditions, including pregnancy, hepatitis, fertility, HIV, cholesterol, and blood sugar.
It's rare that the use of only one of these tests can provide a meaningful diagnosis. You can buy IVD tests in stores, through the mail, or online. Many of these tests are regulated by FDA and sold legally. However, many others are marketed illegally and do not meet FDA's regulatory requirements. These tests may not work or may be harmful.
To find out whether FDA has cleared or approved an IVD test for a particular purpose, call FDA at (888) 463-6332, or your local FDA district office.
Bogus dietary supplements: The array of dietary supplements—including vitamins and minerals, amino acids, enzymes, herbs, animal extracts and others—has grown tremendously.
Although the benefits of some of these have been documented, the advantages of others are unproven. For example, claims that a supplement allows you to eat all you want and lose weight effortlessly are false.
Claims to treat diseases cause products to be considered drugs. Firms wanting to make such claims legally must follow FDA's premarket New Drug Approval process to show that the products are safe and effective.
Weight loss fraud: Since 2003, FDA has worked with national and international partners to take hundreds of compliance actions against companies pushing bogus and misleading weight loss schemes.
FDA has recently enhanced efforts to stop sales and importation of—and to warn consumers about—weight loss products that contain dangerous prescription drug ingredients that are not listed on the label.
Sexual enhancement product fraud: FDA has warned consumers about numerous illegal drugs promoted and sold online for treating erectile dysfunction and for enhancing sexual performance.
Although they are marketed as "dietary supplements," these products are really illegal drugs that contain potentially harmful ingredients that are not listed on the label.
Diabetes fraud: FDA has taken numerous compliance actions against sales of fraudulent diabetes "treatments" promoted with bogus claims such as
"drop your blood sugar 50 points in 30 days"
"eliminate insulin resistance"
"prevent the development of type 2 diabetes"
"reduce or eliminate the need for diabetes drugs or insulin"
Influenza (flu) scams: Federal agencies have come across contaminated, counterfeit, and subpotent influenza products.
FDA, with U.S. Customs and Border Protection, has intercepted products claimed to be generic versions of the influenza drug Tamiflu, but which actually contained vitamin C and other substances not shown to be effective in treating or preventing influenza.
Courtesy Source: FDA
Labels: COMMON TYPES OF HEALTH FRAUD, FDA, HEALTH FRAUDS
HOW A MEDICINE APPROVED BY FDA
Drug companies seeking approval to sell a drug in the United States must test it. First, the drug company or sponsor performs laboratory and animal tests to discover how the drug works and whether it's likely to be safe and work well in humans. Next, a series of tests in humans is begun to determine whether the drug is safe when used to treat a disease and whether it provides a real health benefit. The company then sends FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) the data from these tests to prove the drug is safe and effective for its intended use. A team of CDER physicians, statisticians, chemists, pharmacologists, and other scientists reviews the company's data and proposed labeling. If this review establishes that a drug's health benefits outweigh its known risks, the drug is approved for sale.
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are regulated by FDA through OTC Drug monographs. OTC drug monographs are a kind of "recipe book" covering acceptable ingredients, doses, formulations, and labeling. Monographs will continually be updated adding additional ingredients and labeling as needed. Products conforming to a monograph may be marketed without further FDA clearance, while those that do not, must undergo separate review and approval through the "New Drug Approval System."
How can I find out if my medicine is approved by FDA?
To find out if your drug has been approved by FDA, use Drugs@FDA, a catalog of FDA-approved drug products, as well as drug labeling. Drugs@FDA contains most of the drug products approved since 1939.
Labels: FDA, HOW A MEDICINE APPROVED BY FDA
PHARMACIST JOB
VACANCY OF PHARMACIST IN UAE
Deadline on 4th Sep 2009
Useful Links for a Pharmacist/ Assistant Pharmacist
UAE MOH
Regulation Exam Material
Pharmacy Federal Law in English Language.
Professional Conduct in English Language.
Guidelines and Minimum Standards for Good Pharmacy Practice in UAE Pharmacies English Language.
List of Controlled and Restricted Medicines.
ASSISTANT PHARMACIST JOB
VACANCY OF ASSISTANT PHARMACISTS IN MOH, OMAN
Location: Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman
Desired Qualifications: Diploma In Pharmacy+3 years experience
Apply with 2 pp + Biodata with 3 referee names +copies of certificates
DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES,PO BOX 393, POSTAL CODE 100,MUSCAT,SULTANATE OF OMAN
Deadline: Not known, please confirm the vacancy with authorities.


text:
Campione mondiale nella staffetta mista a Berlino 2015 e europeo nell'individuale e nella staffetta mista a Sofia 2016.

Biografia

Ha rappresentato la  ai Giochi olimpici estivi di , dove si è piazzato al trentaseiesimo posto nella gara maschile.

Palmarès
Mondiali:
Varsavia 2014: bronzo nell'individuale;
Berlino 2015: oro nella staffetta mista;
Città del Messico 2018: argento nella staffetta maschile;

Europei:
Sofia 2012: bronzo a squadre;
Drzonków 2013: argento nella staffetta;
Székesfehérvár 2014: bronzo a squadre;
Bath 2015: bronzo a squadre;
Sofia 2016: oro nell'individuale; oro nella staffetta mista;

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Father Christmas makes his first stop of the year at Drayton Manor Zoo
There was an assortment of presents for the animals, from rabbit for the leopards, and mealworms for the meerkats.
David GodsallStory Editor
Meerkats get stuck in.
THE residents of Drayton Manor Zoo received early Christmas gifts this year, following Father Christmas' visit to the 15-acre attraction on Wednesday, December 17, as part of its Animal Enrichment programme.
There was an assortment of presents for the animals, from rabbit for the leopards, mealworms for the meerkats, whilst the gibbons and parrots were treated to nuts and seeds respectively.
Joyce Roberts, zoo manager, said: "Christmas is the season for giving and we wanted to make sure that our residents at the zoo were not forgotten. The animals have given families who have visited the zoo a day out to remember and they definitely deserve their gifts".
Drayton Manor Theme Park's Magical Christmas event will be open from December 27-31 and Europe's only Thomas Land attraction will open on Saturday, February 14 for a fun-filled February half term, closing on Sunday, February 22. The 15-acre zoo will also be open.
For further information about Drayton Manor Theme Park or to pre-book discounted entry tickets visit www.draytonmanor.co.uk or call 0844 472 1960.
TravelDragon Slayer launches at Warwick CastleShowcasing the epic journey of Guy of Warwick as he battles beasts to win the heart of Princess Felice, the Earl of Warwick's daughter, Dragon Slayer is the first night-time spectacular created exclusively by the Castle.
LifestyleIs All-Star Fruit Racing a juicy racer?We took to the virtual tracks to try out this bright and cheerful racer.
LoughboroughDelving into the past of a seaside pier fave...With the coming of the railways in 1873 The Earl of Scarborough recognised the town's potential as a holiday destination.
Jet2.comNumbers of air passengers rise"While the UK has enjoyed a relatively prolonged period of warm sunshine, this hasn't diminished the appetite for beach holidays in southern Europe and the Mediterranean it seems."


text:
Pope Francis Sends A Relic Of Jesus' Manger To The Holy Land
By Huo Jingnan
Published November 30, 2019 at 1:25 PM MST
A small relic of wood believed to be a fragment of the manger where Jesus was laid after his birth arrived in Bethlehem on Saturday, a gift from Pope Francis to help mark the start of the Christmas season.
The relic was welcomed in the city some 1,400 years after it is said to have left the Holy Land. It was donated to Pope Theodore in the seventh century by St. Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, according to the Custos of the Holy Land for the Catholic Church, the group receiving the relic.
Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas had asked to borrow the entire manger, but the pope decided to send a tiny portion of it to stay permanently in Bethlehem, the custodian of the Franciscan order in the Holy Land, Brother Francesco Patton, told the Associated Press.
The rest of what is believed to be left of the manger is kept at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.
The thumb-size relic was unveiled at the Notre Dame church in Jerusalem before it arrived in Bethlehem, where it was greeted with marching bands and cheerful crowds, Reuters and the Associated Press reported. It is now being kept at the Franciscan Church of St. Catherine, next to the famous Church of the Nativity, traditionally known as the site where Jesus was born.
"We are proud that part of the manger is back in Bethlehem because we feel that the soul of God is with us more than before," Chris Giacaman, 53, a Bethlehem homemaker, told Reuters as she stood outside the church.
Others were less ecstatic. "It's a small piece, we thought it would be a bigger piece," Sandy Shahin Hijazeen, 32, told Reuters.
The relic's arrival coincides with Advent, the four-week period ahead of Christmas, also high season for tourism in Bethlehem in the Israeli-occupied West Bank.
It was not the first time that the pope has sent out relics this year. In July, he gave relics of what is believed to be fragments of St. Peter's bones to Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, the spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, generating controversy among Catholics, the Catholic News Agency reported. The pope later wrote a letter explaining that he wanted to bring the two churches closer together through the gift.
Huo Jingnan
Huo Jingnan (she/her) is an assistant producer on NPR's investigations team.
See stories by Huo Jingnan


Located in the beautiful area of Ftelia, just 80m from the beach in a small bay lays the beautiful villa Waterfront Rhapsody. Walking distance from famous Alemagou Beach club! The property includes the Main Villa, 2 independent guest houses and a studio, a private pool, numerous outdoor shaded areas, beautiful garden, and a chapel. There is also a generator covering every need the villa may have.
Located just above the beautiful Ftelia beach with panoramic sea view, spacious lounge areas, BBQ and comfortable sunbeds, ideal for moments of fun under the sun.
The Main Villa is formed in 2 levels and consists of 1 bedroom with a spacious bathroom & Jacuzzi, a dining room, a fully equipped with modern appliances kitchen, a spacious living room, a utility room and a wc. A beautiful staircase leads to the 2nd level where 2 additional bedrooms and a spacious independent bathroom are located.
Apart from the main villa there are 2 independent guest houses. The 1st one consists of 2 roomy bedrooms with en-suite bathrooms, a wc, a beautiful living room, a dining room, a fully equipped kitchen and a playground located next to the kitchen while the 2nd one consists of 2 sizable bedrooms with en-suite bathrooms, a living room, a lounge area, an auxiliary kitchen and a wc.
The last unit which comprises Villa Waterfront Rhapsody is an independent studio, with a bedroom with an en-suite bathroom and an auxiliary kitchen.
Villa Waterfront Rhapsody is a true Mykonian summer gem, the one and only option for your summer experience in Greece!


text:
Salsa fuliginata est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Araneidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce se rencontre en Australie en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, en Australie-Méridionale, au Victoria et en Tasmanie.

Elle a été introduite en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Description
Le mâle décrit par Framenau et Castanheira en 2022 mesure  et la femelle , les mâles mesurent de  à  et les femelles de  à .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite sous le protonyme Epeira fuliginata par L. Koch en 1872. Elle est placée dans le genre Araneus par Simon en 1895, dans le genre Cyclosa par Dondale en 1966 puis dans le genre Salsa par Framenau et Castanheira en 2022.

Epeira rubicundula a été placée en synonymie par Framenau et Castanheira en 2022.

Publication originale
 L. Koch, 1872 : Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Nürnberg, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Araneidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune originaire d'Australie


text:
Q: how to iterate the JSON file in mvc I have created JSON file which contains like as below
[
  {
    "points": [
      {
        "index": 0,
        "AccX": -0.0699
      },
      {
        "index": 1,
        "AccX": -0.0605
      },
      "name": "AccX",
    "Calibration": [
      {
        "Bias": "0.0",
        "Gain": "1.0"
      }
    ],
    "MinAttr": -0.0028,
    "MaxAttr": 3.1936
  },
  {
    "points": [
      {
        "index": 0,
        "AccY": -0.0699
      },
      {
        "index": 1,
        "AccY": -0.0605
      },
      "name": "AccY",
    "Calibration": [
      {
        "Bias": "0.0",
        "Gain": "1.0"
      }
    ],
    "MinAttr": -0.0028,
    "MaxAttr": 3.1936
  }

]

My Model class to get the object for this json data is -
 public class Points
    {
        public int index { get; set; }
        public int AccX { get; set; }

        public int AccY { get; set; }

        public int AccZ { get; set; }

        public int gyroZ { get; set; }

    }

    public class RootObject
    {
        public List<Points> point { get; set; }
    }

in control class i have used like this,
 var ReadJson = System.IO.File.ReadAllText(Server.MapPath(@"~/App_Data/chartData.json"));
            JavaScriptSerializer ser = new JavaScriptSerializer();

            ser.MaxJsonLength = int.MaxValue;
            RootObject json = ser.Deserialize<RootObject>(ReadJson);

            foreach (var item in json.point)
            {

                ViewBag.Name = item.index;
                ViewBag.ShortText = item.AccX;
            }

        return View();

I hope i am doing this wrong i need to deserialize the json data and return data...
how to achieve this?

A:
At first, check your JSON correctly ? (Just checking it via Json Parser Online)

I think your JSON may be like this:
[
  {
    "points": [
      {
        "index": 0,
        "AccX": -0.0699
      },
      {
        "index": 1,
        "AccX": -0.0605
      }],
        "name": "AccX",
        "Calibration": [{
          "Bias": "0.0",
          "Gain": "1.0"
        }],
      "MinAttr": -0.0028,
      "MaxAttr": 3.1936
      },
  {
    "points": [
      {
        "index": 0,
        "AccY": -0.0699
      },
      {
        "index": 1,
        "AccY": -0.0605
      }],
      "name": "AccY",
    "Calibration": [
      {
        "Bias": "0.0",
        "Gain": "1.0"
      }
    ],
    "MinAttr": -0.0028,
    "MaxAttr": 3.1936
  }
]

Next ! your class should be like this:

public class Points
{
    public int? index { get; set; }
    public int? AccX { get; set; }
    public int? AccY { get; set; }
    public int? AccZ { get; set; }

    public int? gyroZ { get; set; }
}

public class calibration
{
    public string Bias { get; set; }
    public string Gain { get; set; }
}

public class RootObject
{
    public List<Points> points { get; set; }

    public List<calibration> Calibration { get; set; }

    public float? MinAttr { get; set; }
    public float? MaxAttr { get; set; }
}

And, change this line
RootObject[] json = ser.Deserialize<RootObject[]>(ReadJson); // I think it may be array.

Note: your JSON deserialize code is correct.
P.S. I suggest you try Nullable Types instead, or use default properties.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The category Silly represents a particular shared characteristic associated with resources found in Public Libraries of Suffolk County, New York.
trueBear and Squirrel are friends...yes, really!
trueDeck the halls, we're off the walls! : Deck the Halls, We're Off the Walls!


text:
Q: call js function in html from .js file Ok, I know how to register my js file in my html and call functions in the .js from my html file.   Here I am trying to do the opposite , I have a function in the .js file and I want to call a function that is in my html file.  How do I go about registering the html (it's actually .aspx )  but that really shouldn't matter  for the scope of this question.

A: Just make sure that the JavaScript function in your HTML is defined on the page before the code in the .js include calls it.

A: Simply include your external script to the page at the end your body tag or at any place after your function declaration.
Aspx page:
<body>
    content content
     <script>
        /* Function to be called */
        function s(){
           alert('Hello World!');
        }
     </script>
     <script src="myJS.js"></script>
</body>

myJS.js:
/* Call a page function */
s();

By the time your external file is loaded your function s() will be declared.


text:
BTCOVERS
Glenn Ellis
Samuetta Drew
Bham People
Bham Voices
Hollis Wormsby
Dr Jesse Lewis Sr
State Sports
Magic City Classic
The Birmingham Times
Home ♃ Recent Stories ☄ John L. Harrison Jr., of the famed Tuskegee Airmen, dies
♃ Recent Stories ☄
John L. Harrison Jr., of the famed Tuskegee Airmen, dies
Birmingham Times
Tuskegee Airman Eugene J. Richardson Jr., places a flower on the casket containing the remains of his comrade John L. Harrison, Jr., after Harrison's a funeral mass at the Chapel of the Four Chaplains in Philadelphia, Friday, March 31, 2017. Harrison Jr. became one of America's first black military airmen, one of nearly 1,000 pilots who trained as a segregated unit with the Army Air Forces at an airfield near Tuskegee, Ala. (Matt Rourke, Associated Press)
By Errin Haines Whack
Tuskegee Airman Eugene J. Richardson Jr., places a flower on the casket containing the remains of his comrade John L. Harrison, Jr., after Harrison's a funeral mass at the Chapel of the Four Chaplains in Philadelphia, Friday, March 31, 2017. Harrison Jr. became one of America's first black military airmen, one of nearly 1,000 pilots who trained as a segregated unit with the Army Air Forces at an airfield near Tuskegee, Ala. (Matt Rourke, Associated Press)
PHILADELPHIA (AP) — John L. Harrison Jr., who served as a World War II pilot with the famed all-black Tuskegee Airmen, has died. He was 96.
Harrison died March 22 at a hospice in Philadelphia, according to the Murphy Ruffenach Funeral Home. A funeral with military honors was held Friday.
Harrison was 22 when he became one of America's first black military airmen, one of nearly 1,000 pilots who trained as a segregated unit with the Army Air Forces at an airfield near Tuskegee, Alabama.
"We were Americans, we were young, and we wanted to defend our country, just like everyone else," Harrison said in a 2009 oral history.
Fellow Tuskegee airman Eugene Robinson said that becoming a pilot was a childhood dream of Harrison's after seeing airplanes in Omaha, Nebraska, where he grew up, and reading in a magazine about black men being trained as pilots.
Robinson said it was a big dream for a black child during segregation.
"He wanted to fly an airplane, like so many young people," Robinson said.
Harrison saw combat in Italy during World War II and remained in the service until his retirement as an Air Force major after two decades.
He flew all types of planes, including prop fighters, jet fighters, twin-engines, four engines and sea planes. His family said Harrison crossed the Pacific Ocean more than 50 times, and the Atlantic Ocean 35 times as a pilot for the Military Air Transport Service. Harrison was stationed and traveled in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Arctic.
He also served as an officer and a director for the Peace Corps, based in East Africa. He worked in the administrations of President Richard Nixon and Pennsylvania Gov. Dick Thornburgh, and as director of affirmative action for the Boeing Aircraft Company.
In 2007, the Tuskegee Airmen were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, the nation's highest civilian honor. President George W. Bush saluted the then-300 surviving airmen at a ceremony in the Capitol, and apologized for "all the unreturned salutes and unforgivable indignities" they had endured.
John L. Harrison Jr.
Tuskegee Airmen
Previous articleWilliam Coleman, civil rights lawyer who shattered racial barriers, dies
Next articleMayor's office, police chief announce 30-day initiative to reduce crime
http://www.birminghamtimes.com
Emory O. Jackson, Crusading Birmingham Editor, Focus of MLK Memorial Lecture
State and local officials cut ribbon on reopened I-59/20 bridges
I-59/20 bridges in Birmingham to re-open by Jan. 21
Birmingham Times - January 20, 2020
How Birmingham Editor Emory O. Jackson Paved Way For Black Press
115 3rd Avenue West Birmingham, AL 35204
Contact us: info@birminghamtimes.com
Site developed by Phase 2 Solutions


text:
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns, DataKinds, KindSignatures, PatternSynonyms       #-}
{-# LANGUAGE PolyKinds, RankNTypes, ScopedTypeVariables                     #-}
{-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving, TypeApplications, TypeInType, ViewPatterns #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -funbox-strict-fields #-}
-- | Signature-based Groebner basis algorithms, such as Faugère's \(F_5\).
--
--   You can import "Algebra.Algorithms.Groebner.Signature.Rules" to
--   replace every occurence of @'Algebra.Algorithms.Groebner.calcGroebnerBasis'@ with @'f5'@;
--   but its effect is pervasive, you should not import in the /library-site/.
module Algebra.Algorithms.Groebner.Signature
  ( -- * Algorithms
    f5, f5With, calcSignatureGB, calcSignatureGBWith,
    withDegreeWeights, withTermWeights,
    reifyDegreeWeights, reifyTermWeights,
    -- * Classes
    ModuleOrdering(..),
    POT(..), TOP(..), Signature(..), OrdSig(OrdSig, MkOrdSig),
    DegreeWeighted(..), TermWeighted(..),
    DegreeWeightedPOT,DegreeWeightedTOP,
    TermWeightedPOT, TermWeightedTOP,
    -- * References
    -- $refs
  ) where
import           Algebra.Prelude.Core         hiding (Vector)
import qualified Control.Foldl                as Fl
import           Control.Monad.Loops          (whileJust_)
import           Control.Monad.ST.Combinators (ST, STRef, modifySTRef',
                                               newSTRef, readSTRef, runST,
                                               writeSTRef, (.%=))
import qualified Data.Coerce                  as DC
import qualified Data.Foldable                as F
import qualified Data.Heap                    as H
import           Data.Monoid                  (First (..))
import           Data.Reflection              (Reifies (..), reify)
import qualified Data.Set                     as Set
import qualified Data.Vector                  as V
import qualified Data.Vector.Generic          as GV
import qualified Data.Vector.Mutable          as MV
import qualified Data.Vector.Unboxed          as UV

data Entry a b = Entry { priority :: !a
                       , payload :: !b
                       } deriving (Show)

instance Eq a => Eq (Entry a b) where
  (==) = (==) `on` priority
  {-# INLINE (==) #-}
  (/=) = (/=) `on` priority
  {-# INLINE (/=) #-}

instance Ord a => Ord (Entry a b) where
  compare = comparing priority

-- | Calculates a Gröbner basis of a given ideal using
--   the signature-based algorithm as described in [Gao-Iv-Wang](#gao-iv-wang).
--
--   This is the fastest implementation in this library so far.
f5 :: (IsOrderedPolynomial a, Field (Coefficient a), Foldable t)
   => t a -> [a]
f5 ideal = let sideal = V.fromList $ F.toList ideal
  in V.toList $ V.map snd $ calcSignatureGB sideal
{-# INLINE [1] f5 #-}

f5With :: forall ord a pxy t. (IsOrderedPolynomial a, Field (Coefficient a), ModuleOrdering a ord, Foldable t)
       => pxy ord -> t a -> [a]
f5With pxy ideal = let sideal = V.fromList $ F.toList ideal
  in V.toList $ V.map snd $ calcSignatureGBWith pxy sideal
{-# INLINE [1] f5With #-}
{-# RULES
"f5With/Vector" forall pxy.
  f5With pxy = V.toList . V.map snd . calcSignatureGBWith pxy
"f5/Vector"
  f5 = V.toList . V.map snd . calcSignatureGB  #-}

calcSignatureGB :: forall poly.
                   (Field (Coefficient poly), IsOrderedPolynomial poly)
                => V.Vector poly -> V.Vector (Signature poly, poly)
calcSignatureGB = withTermWeights (Proxy @POT) $ \pxy gs -> calcSignatureGBWith pxy gs
{-# INLINE CONLIKE calcSignatureGB #-}

class IsOrderedPolynomial poly => ModuleOrdering poly ord where
  cmpModule :: proxy ord -> Signature poly -> Signature poly -> Ordering
  syzygyBase :: Field (Coefficient poly) => (Int, poly) -> (Int, poly) -> OrdSig ord poly
  syzygyBase (i, gi) (j, gj) =
    let u1' = MkOrdSig i $ leadingMonomial gj
        u2' = MkOrdSig j $ leadingMonomial gi
    in case compare u1' u2' of
      LT -> u2'
      _  -> u1'
  {-# INLINE syzygyBase #-}

data POT = POT deriving (Read, Show, Eq, Ord)

instance IsOrderedPolynomial poly => ModuleOrdering poly POT where
  cmpModule _ (Signature i m) (Signature j n) = compare i j <> compare m n
  {-# INLINE cmpModule #-}
  syzygyBase (i, gi) (j, gj) =
    if i < j
    then MkOrdSig j $ leadingMonomial gi
    else MkOrdSig i $ leadingMonomial gj
  {-# INLINE syzygyBase #-}

data TOP = TOP deriving (Read, Show, Eq, Ord)

instance IsOrderedPolynomial poly => ModuleOrdering poly TOP where
  cmpModule _ (Signature i m) (Signature j n) = compare m n <> compare i j
  {-# INLINE cmpModule #-}

data WeightedPOT (gs :: k) = WeightedPOT
  deriving (Read, Show, Eq, Ord)

type DegreeWeightedPOT gs = DegreeWeighted gs POT
type DegreeWeightedTOP gs = DegreeWeighted gs TOP
type TermWeightedPOT gs   = TermWeighted gs POT
type TermWeightedTOP gs   = TermWeighted gs TOP

newtype DegreeWeighted (gs :: k) ord = DegreeWeighted ord
newtype TermWeighted (gs :: k) ord = TermWeighted ord

toDegreeWeights :: (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, Foldable t) => t poly -> UV.Vector Int
toDegreeWeights = UV.fromList . map totalDegree' . F.toList
{-# INLINE [1] toDegreeWeights #-}

toTermWeights :: (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, Foldable t) => t poly -> V.Vector (OMonom poly)
toTermWeights = V.map leadingMonomial .  V.fromList . F.toList
{-# INLINE [1] toTermWeights #-}

{-# RULES
"toDegreeWeghts/Vector"
  toDegreeWeights = GV.convert . V.map totalDegree'
"toTermWeghts/Vector"
  toTermWeights = V.map leadingMonomial
 #-}

reifyDegreeWeights :: forall ord poly proxy a t. (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, ModuleOrdering poly ord, Foldable t)
                   => proxy ord
                   -> t poly
                   -> (forall k (gs :: k). Reifies gs (UV.Vector Int) => Proxy (DegreeWeighted gs ord) -> t poly -> a)
                   -> a
reifyDegreeWeights _ pols act =
  let vec = toDegreeWeights pols
  in reify vec $ \(Proxy :: Proxy gs) ->
     act (Proxy :: Proxy (DegreeWeighted gs ord)) pols
{-# INLINE CONLIKE reifyDegreeWeights #-}

reifyTermWeights :: forall ord poly proxy a t. (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, ModuleOrdering poly ord, Foldable t)
                 => proxy ord
                 -> t poly
                 -> (forall k (gs :: k). Reifies gs (V.Vector (OMonom poly)) => Proxy (TermWeighted gs ord) -> t poly -> a)
                 -> a
reifyTermWeights _ pols act =
  let vec = toTermWeights pols
  in reify vec $ \(Proxy :: Proxy gs) ->
     act (Proxy :: Proxy (TermWeighted gs ord)) pols
{-# INLINE CONLIKE reifyTermWeights #-}

withDegreeWeights :: forall ord poly proxy a t. (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, ModuleOrdering poly ord, Foldable t)
                  => proxy ord
                  -> (forall k (gs :: k). Reifies gs (UV.Vector Int) => Proxy (DegreeWeighted gs ord) -> t poly -> a)
                  -> t poly -> a
withDegreeWeights _ bdy vs =
  reify (toDegreeWeights vs) $ \(_ :: Proxy gs) ->
    bdy (Proxy :: Proxy (DegreeWeighted gs ord)) vs
{-# INLINE CONLIKE withDegreeWeights #-}

withTermWeights :: forall ord poly proxy a t. (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, ModuleOrdering poly ord, Foldable t)
                  => proxy ord
                  -> (forall k (gs :: k). Reifies gs (V.Vector (OrderedMonomial (MOrder poly) (Arity poly)))
                      => Proxy (TermWeighted gs ord) -> t poly -> a)
                  -> t poly -> a
withTermWeights _ bdy vs =
  reify (toTermWeights vs) $ \(_ :: Proxy gs) ->
    bdy (Proxy :: Proxy (TermWeighted gs ord)) vs
{-# INLINE CONLIKE withTermWeights #-}

instance (ModuleOrdering poly ord, IsOrderedPolynomial poly, Reifies (gs :: k) (UV.Vector Int))
       => ModuleOrdering poly (DegreeWeighted gs ord) where
  cmpModule _ l@(Signature i t) r@(Signature j u) =
    let gs = reflect (Proxy :: Proxy gs)
    in compare
         (totalDegree t + (gs UV.! i))
         (totalDegree u + (gs UV.! j))
      <> cmpModule (Proxy @ord) l r
  {-# INLINE cmpModule #-}

instance (ModuleOrdering poly ord,
          IsOrderedPolynomial poly,
          Reifies (gs :: k) (V.Vector (OrderedMonomial (MOrder poly) (Arity poly))))
      => ModuleOrdering poly (TermWeighted gs ord) where
  cmpModule _ l@(Signature i t) r@(Signature j u) =
    let gs = reflect (Proxy :: Proxy gs)
    in compare
         (t * (gs V.! i))
         (u * (gs V.! j))
       <> cmpModule (Proxy @ord) l r
  {-# INLINE cmpModule #-}

data ModuleElement ord poly = ME { syzSign :: !(OrdSig ord poly)
                                 , _polElem :: !poly
                                 }
                            deriving (Eq)

data JPair poly = JPair { _jpTerm  :: !(OMonom poly)
                        , _jpIndex :: !Int
                        }
deriving instance KnownNat (Arity poly) => Show (JPair poly)
deriving instance KnownNat (Arity poly) => Eq (JPair poly)

class Multiplicative c => Action c a where
  (.*!) :: c -> a -> a

infixl 7 .*!

instance {-# OVERLAPPING #-} (Arity poly ~ k, MOrder poly ~ ord, IsOrderedPolynomial poly) =>
         Action (OrderedMonomial ord k) (ModuleElement mord poly) where
  m .*! ME u v = ME (OrdSig $ m .*! runOrdSig u) (m >* v)
  {-# INLINE (.*!) #-}

instance {-# OVERLAPPING #-} (Arity poly ~ k, MOrder poly ~ ord, IsOrderedPolynomial poly) =>
         Action (OrderedMonomial ord k) (Signature poly) where
  m .*! Signature i f = Signature i (m * f)
  {-# INLINE (.*!) #-}

instance {-# OVERLAPPING #-} (Arity poly ~ k, MOrder poly ~ ord, IsOrderedPolynomial poly) =>
         Action (OrderedMonomial ord k) (OrdSig mord poly) where
  (.*!) = DC.coerce @(OrderedMonomial ord k -> Signature poly -> Signature poly) (.*!)
  {-# INLINE (.*!) #-}

-- | Calculates a Groebner basis for a given ideal, and a set of leading monomials of
--   Groebner basis of the associated syzygy module, as described in [Gao-Iv-Wang](#gao-iv-wang).
calcSignatureGBWith :: forall pxy ord poly.
                       (Field (Coefficient poly), ModuleOrdering poly ord, IsOrderedPolynomial poly)
                    => pxy ord -> V.Vector poly -> V.Vector (Signature poly, poly)
calcSignatureGBWith _ side | all isZero side = V.empty
calcSignatureGBWith _ (V.map monoize . V.filter (not . isZero) -> sideal) = runST $ do
  let n = V.length sideal
      mods0 = V.generate n basis
      preGs = V.zipWith ME mods0 sideal
      preHs = Set.fromList [ syzygyBase (i, gi) (j, gj)
                           | j <- [0..n - 1]
                           , i <- [0..j - 1]
                           , let (gi, gj) = (sideal V.! i, sideal V.! j)
                           ]
  gs <- newSTRef =<< V.unsafeThaw preGs
  hs <- newSTRef preHs
  let preDecode :: JPair poly -> ModuleElement ord poly
      preDecode (JPair m i) = m .*! (preGs V.! i)
      {-# INLINE preDecode #-}
  jprs <- newSTRef $ H.fromList $
          Fl.fold Fl.nub
          [ Entry sig jpr
          | j <- [0..n - 1]
          , i <- [0..j - 1]
          , let qi = preGs V.! i
          , let qj = preGs V.! j
          , (sig, jpr) <- maybeToList $ jPair (i, qi) (j, qj)
          , let me = preDecode jpr
          , not $ any (`covers` me) preGs || any ((`covers` me) . sigToElem . runOrdSig) preHs
          ]
  whileJust_ (H.viewMin <$> readSTRef jprs) $ \(Entry (OrdSig sig) (JPair m0 i0), jprs') -> do
    writeSTRef jprs jprs'
    curGs <- V.unsafeFreeze =<< readSTRef gs
    hs0   <- readSTRef hs
    let me = m0 .*! (curGs V.! i0)
        next = any (`covers` me) curGs || any ((`sigDivs` sig) . runOrdSig) hs0
    unless next $ do
      let me'@(ME t v) = reduceModuleElement me curGs
      if isZero v
        then modifySTRef' hs $ Set.insert t
        else do
        let k = V.length curGs
            decodeJpr :: JPair poly -> ModuleElement ord poly
            decodeJpr (JPair m i) | i == k = m .*! me'
                                  | otherwise = m .*! (curGs V.! i)
            {-# INLINE decodeJpr #-}
            syzs = V.foldl' (flip Set.insert) Set.empty $
                   V.mapMaybe (DC.coerce . syzME me') curGs
        hs .%= (`Set.union` syzs)
        curHs <- readSTRef hs
        let newJprs = Fl.fold Fl.nub $
                      V.filter (\(Entry sg jp) ->
                                   not $
                                   any (`covers` decodeJpr jp) curGs ||
                                   any ((`sigDivs` runOrdSig sg) . runOrdSig) curHs) $
                      V.imapMaybe (curry $ fmap (uncurry Entry) . jPair (k, me')) curGs
        jprs .%= flip H.union (H.fromList newJprs)
        append gs me'
  V.map (\(ME u v) -> (runOrdSig u, v)) <$> (V.unsafeFreeze =<< readSTRef gs)

append :: STRef s (MV.MVector s a) -> a -> ST s ()
append mv a = do
  g <- readSTRef mv
  let n = MV.length g
  g' <- MV.unsafeGrow g 1
  MV.write g' n a
  writeSTRef mv g'
{-# INLINE append #-}

newtype OrdSig ord poly = OrdSig { runOrdSig :: Signature poly }
  deriving (Eq)

pattern MkOrdSig :: Int -> OMonom poly -> OrdSig ord poly
pattern MkOrdSig f m = OrdSig (Signature f m)
{-# COMPLETE MkOrdSig #-}
{-# COMPLETE OrdSig #-}

instance ModuleOrdering poly ord => Ord (OrdSig ord poly) where
  compare = DC.coerce $ cmpModule @poly @ord Proxy
  {-# INLINE compare #-}

jPair :: forall ord poly.
         (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, Field (Coefficient poly), ModuleOrdering poly ord)
      => (Int, ModuleElement ord poly)
      -> (Int, ModuleElement ord poly)
      -> Maybe (OrdSig ord poly, JPair poly)
jPair (i, p1@(ME u1 v1)) (j, p2@(ME u2 v2)) = do
  let (lc1, lm1) = leadingTerm v1
      (lc2, lm2) = leadingTerm v2
      t = lcmMonomial lm1 lm2
      t1 = t / lm1
      t2 = t / lm2
  let jSig1 = t1 .*! u1
  let jSig2 = t2 .*! u2
  if jSig1 >= jSig2
    then loop i jSig1 (lc1 / lc2) t1 p1 t2 p2
    else loop j jSig2 (lc2 / lc1) t2 p2 t1 p1
  where
    {-# INLINE loop #-}
    loop k sig c t1 w1 t2 w2 = do
      sgn <- cancelModuleElement (t1 .*! w1) (Just c) (t2 .*! w2)
      guard $ sig == syzSign sgn
      return (sig, JPair t1 k)
{-# INLINE jPair #-}

data Signature poly =
  Signature { _sigPos :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Int
            , sigMonom :: !(OrderedMonomial (MOrder poly) (Arity poly))
            }

instance (Show (Coefficient poly), KnownNat (Arity poly)) => Show (Signature poly) where
  showsPrec _ (Signature pos m) =
    showChar '('  . showChar ' ' . shows m . showChar ')' . showChar 'e' . shows pos

instance Eq (Signature poly) where
  Signature i m == Signature j n = i == j && n == m

basis :: IsOrderedPolynomial a => Int -> OrdSig ord a
basis i = MkOrdSig i one
{-# INLINE basis #-}

reduceModuleElement :: (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, ModuleOrdering poly ord,
                        Field (Coefficient poly), Functor t, Foldable t)
                    => ModuleElement ord poly -> t (ModuleElement ord poly)
                    -> ModuleElement ord poly
reduceModuleElement p qs = loop p
  where
    loop !r =
      case getFirst $ foldMap (First . regularTopReduce r) qs of
        Nothing -> r
        Just r' -> loop r'
{-# INLINE reduceModuleElement #-}

regularTopReduce :: forall poly ord.
                    (IsOrderedPolynomial poly, Field (Coefficient poly), ModuleOrdering poly ord)
                 => ModuleElement ord poly -> ModuleElement ord poly
                 -> Maybe (ModuleElement ord poly)
regularTopReduce p1@(ME u1 v1) p2@(ME u2 v2) = do
  guard $ not (isZero v2 || isZero v1) && leadingMonomial v2 `divs` leadingMonomial v1
  let (c, t) = tryDiv (leadingTerm v1) (leadingTerm v2)
  guard $ (t .*! u2) <= u1
  p <- cancelModuleElement p1 (Just c) (t .*! p2)
  guard $ syzSign p == syzSign p1
  return p

cancelModuleElement :: forall ord poly.
                       (ModuleOrdering poly ord,
                        Field (Coefficient poly), IsOrderedPolynomial poly)
                    => ModuleElement ord poly
                    -> Maybe (Coefficient poly)
                    -> ModuleElement ord poly -> Maybe (ModuleElement ord poly)
cancelModuleElement p1@(ME u1 v1) mc (ME u2 v2) =
  let c = fromMaybe one mc
      v' = v1 - c .*. v2
  in if isZero c
  then return p1
  else case compare u1 u2 of
    LT -> return $ ME u2 (negate (recip c) .*. v')
    GT -> return $ ME u1 v'
    EQ -> do
      guard $ c /= one
      return $ ME u1 (recip (c - one) .*. v')
{-# INLINE cancelModuleElement #-}

syzME :: (Field (Coefficient poly), IsOrderedPolynomial poly, ModuleOrdering poly ord)
      => ModuleElement ord poly -> ModuleElement ord poly -> Maybe (OrdSig ord poly)
syzME (ME u1 v1) (ME u2 v2) =
  let (u1', u2') = (leadingMonomial v2 .*! u1, leadingMonomial v1 .*! u2)
  in case compare u1' u2' of
    LT -> Just u2'
    GT -> Just u1'
    EQ -> do
      guard $ leadingCoeff v1 /= leadingCoeff v2
      return u1'
{-# INLINE syzME #-}

sigDivs :: IsOrderedPolynomial poly => Signature poly -> Signature poly -> Bool
sigDivs (Signature i n) (Signature j m) = i == j && n `divs` m
{-# INLINE sigDivs #-}

covers :: (IsOrderedPolynomial poly)
       => ModuleElement ord poly -> ModuleElement ord poly -> Bool
covers (ME (OrdSig sig2) v2) (ME (OrdSig sig1) v1) =
  let t = sigMonom sig1 / sigMonom sig2
  in sig2 `sigDivs` sig1 && ((isZero v2 && not (isZero v1)) || t * leadingMonomial v2 < leadingMonomial v1)
{-# INLINE covers #-}

sigToElem :: IsOrderedPolynomial poly => Signature poly -> ModuleElement ord poly
sigToElem sig = ME (OrdSig sig) (fromOrderedMonomial $ sigMonom sig)
{-# INLINE sigToElem #-}

{- $refs
  * J.-C. Faugère, __A new efficient algorithm for computing Gröbner bases without reduction to zero ( \(F_5\) )__, 2014. DOI: [10.1145/780506.780516](https://doi.org/10.1145/780506.780516).

  * C. Eder and J.-C. Faugère, __A survey on signature-based Gröbner basis computations__, 2015. arXiv: <https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.1774>.

  * D. Cox, J. Little, and D. O'Shea, __Additional Gröbner Basis Algorithms__, Chapter 10 in /Ideals, Variaeties and Algorithms/, 4th ed, Springer, 2015.

  * #gao-iv-wang#S. Gao, F. V. Iv, and M. Wang, __A new framework for computing Gröbner bases__, 2016. DOI: [10.1090/mcom/2969](https://dx.doi.org/10.1090/mcom/2969).
-}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Causes of Cauda Equina Syndrome
By: Alan Villavicencio, MD
Cauda equina syndrome occurs when any mechanical or inflammatory issue causes cauda equina compression to the point of neurological disruption or damage.
A lumbar herniated disc often causes nerve compression, which can lead to cauda equina. See Lumbar Herniated Disc Video
Lumbar Herniated Disc Is Typical Cause of CES
Nerve compression leading to cauda equina syndrome is most often caused a lumbar herniated disc. A lumbar disc can herniate in a single injury when excessive pressure is placed on the lower spine, or can occur when an already weakened disc is strained and ruptures.
Typically, a herniated disc will not affect the cauda equina. Only between 2% and 6% of lumbar disc surgeries are performed to treat cauda equina syndrome. 1 Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T. Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(5):690-7
Other Causes of Cauda Equina Syndrome
In addition to lumbar herniated disc, it is possible for the following factors to impinge on the cauda equina and cause symptoms.
Lumbar spinal stenosis. If the lumbar stenosis put pressure on the spinal canal, cauda equina may result
See Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Inflammatory conditions can contribute to cauda equina syndrome if bony overgrowth or inflamed tissues press on lumbar nerve roots. One example of an inflammatory condition that may possibly lead to cauda equina syndrome is ankylosing spondylitis.
Watch Ankylosing Spondylitis Video
Infections of the spinal canal (osteomyelitis) such as a spinal epidural abscess, which in turn may potentially press into the spinal canal, producing neurological symptoms.
See Osteomyelitis, a Spinal Infection
Cauda Equina Syndrome Symptoms
Treatments for Cauda Equina Syndrome
Cauda Equina Syndrome Video
Tumors/neoplasms near the spine may put pressure on the spinal canal. Tumors may originate in the spine, but it is more common that cancer from another part of the body spreads toward the spine (malignancy).
See Symptoms of a Spinal Tumor
Trauma to the lumbar spine, such as a car accident, fall, or a penetrative injury such as gunshot or knife wound, can damage the cauda equina and produce neurological symptoms.
Postoperative complications from lumbar surgery. A small number of patients experience cauda equina syndrome following surgery to repair a lumbar herniated disc.
Risk factors for the condition are similar to risk factors for spinal stenosis and lumbar herniated disc, including overall health and lifestyle (such as nicotine use, obesity, and low activity level), being between 30 and 50 years old, and labor-intensive work.
Diagnosing Cauda Equina Syndrome
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the standard method of confirming the presence of cauda equina syndrome and for planning surgical treatment. The sooner cauda equina syndrome can be diagnosed, the better chance the patient has to make a sound recovery and experience as few lingering symptoms of nerve damage as possible.
1 Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T. Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(5):690-7
Next Page: Treatments for Cauda Equina Syndrome
Non-Surgical Treatment for a Lumbar Herniated Disc
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Treatment
Osteomyelitis Treatments
Causes of Lower Back Pain
Lumbar Herniated Disc Video
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Video
Lower Back Pain Topics
Lower Back Pain Overview
Lower Back Pain Symptoms
Lower Back Pain Causes
Lower Back Pain Treatment
Lower Back Pain Surgery
Lumbalgia en Español