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Home - Opinions, Press Releases, Publications - PRELIMINARY OPINION on the draft Justice Sector Independence and Integrity Strategy 2020-2023
PRELIMINARY OPINION on the draft Justice Sector Independence and Integrity Strategy 2020-2023
Addressed to: Radu FOLTEA, State Secretary, Ministry of Justice ([email protected])
Lilia RUSU, chief of policy analysis, monitoring and evaluation Department, Ministry of Justice ([email protected])
Prepared by: Legal Resources Centre from Moldova (CRJM, www.crjm.org), contact persons: Vladislav GRIBINCEA ([email protected]) and Ion GUZUN ([email protected])
Institute for European Policies and Reforms (IPRE, www.ipre.md), contact persons: Iulian RUSU ([email protected]) and Iulian GROZA ([email protected])
This opinion is presented in the context of the public consultations launched by the Ministry of Justice on 3 January 2020 on the draft Justice Sector Independence and Integrity Strategy for 2020-2023 (hereinafter the Strategy) and the Action Plan for its implementation (hereinafter "the Plan").
In the first part, the authors present certain general aspects related to the process of development and approval of the Strategy. The second part includes recommendations on specific issues concerning (a) the goals, (b) the strategic objectives, (c) specific objectives and activities mentioned in the draft Strategy and Action Plan.
Our preliminary conclusion is that the draft Strategy and Action Plan is a good start, but need additional adjustments and review. We express our openness to contribute to their improvement. More detailed recommendations will be presented within the working groups formed for the drafting of the Strategy, as well as throughout the process of fine-tuning and approval of these strategic documents.
General aspects
We consider absolutely necessary to have a strategic document that sets out the priorities for the coming years for the development and strengthening of the justice sector. Such a document facilitates the further implementation of reforms and provides predictability to the justice sector in terms of the reform measures to be taken. This document also facilitates the support from the development partners to reform the judiciary.
Such a strategic document, as a rule, is adopted for 4 years, i.e. it exceeds the period of a Government or a Parliamentary legislature. On the other hand, the introduction of measures that do not have consistent political support, coupled with the reluctance of the justice system to reform, risks creating major difficulties at the stage of implementation of the strategy. Therefore, the new justice reform strategy must be adopted with a broad political consensus. This can be best achieved through a transparent drafting of the document and its consultation with all relevant actors, in particular the judiciary, the parliamentary opposition and civil society. The draft Strategy and Action Plan was published on 3 January 2020. The Ministry of Justice began its drafting in 2017. We hope that the draft Strategy and Action Plan will follow the necessary steps in the context of transparency in decision-making process and public consultations, avoiding changes without prior consultation at the stage of approval by the Government and Parliament. The implementation of the Strategy is even more relevant after the end of the public consultation and adoption procedure.
Based on the above, it is important that:
The strategic document includes a risk assessment of potential crises (epidemiological, economic or financial) that could affect the possible implementation of the Strategy.
The strategic document responds to the real problems identified. We noticed that some activities do not answer to the identified problems, but were rather introduced at the proposal of the actors of the justice sector. Other proposed measures are aimed at redressing problems that do not actually exist (e.g. increasing the number of staff assisting judges. CEPEJ data confirm that there is no shortage in this regard, the real problem is staff turnover, number of vacancies and inefficient management of available positions. We did not find measures to address these shortcomings in the Strategy);
The proposed measures for the identified problems are sufficient. We have noticed that sometimes the reviewed documents do not contain sufficiently firm measures. For example, although the Strategy mentions the lack of integrity in the judiciary as a serious problem, the measures proposed to remedy this problem are modest;
The proposed measures are clear. The formulation of the actions / measures in the action plan does not offer a clear direction of the efforts as well as the end result is directed (for example, activity 1.2.5.c)). Thus, it is not clear in what sense the fees of bailiffs will be modified, in the sense of reduction or their increase;
The proposed measures are result-oriented. Activities such as "drafting a law", entrusted exclusively to the Ministry of Justice, should be avoided (see Action Plan, activity 1.1.2 d)). The drafting of a law cannot be an end in itself, unlike the adoption of a law;
The strategic document is concise. The strategy must contain only the absolutely necessary aspects. We recommend avoiding mentioning in the Strategy the activities carried out by the authorities on a regular basis. We noticed that the action plan contains sufficient such activities (see, for example, the activities related to the National Institute of Justice mentioned at point 1.3.2);
The strategy should contain measurable implementation indicators. The published Strategy mentions in general terms that certain phenomena will be improved or eradicated, but does not offer measurable indicators (e.g. increasing confidence in justice by 20%). This shortcoming will inevitably lead to discussions on whether the implementation was good and whether the expected results were achieved;
The strategy should have a sufficiently influential coordination and monitoring mechanism to ensure a genuine implementation. One of the lessons learned from the implementation of the previous Strategy is that monitoring of the implementation must be carried out by a sufficiently influential body from a political point of view. The monitoring by the commissions set up at the level of the Ministry of Justice did not ensure the desired impact for the previous Strategy. Moreover, the Ministry of Justice does not have sufficient leverage to ensure the implementation of the Strategy by the Judiciary, Government or Parliament. The coordinating and monitoring body could be set up under the Government, Parliament or the Presidency. It is true that the Strategy provides for annual Parliamentary monitoring, but this is insufficient, as Parliamentary monitoring, in the proposed form, will take place once a year in the standing committee, which risks turning the monitoring exercise into a pronounced process with political implications. Discussions in the relevant Parliamentary committee must exist, but they cannot be the only means of monitoring the implementation of the Strategy;
The composition of the coordination and monitoring body for the implementation of the Strategy to ensure its independence and representativeness. The draft provides for the establishment of a forum for justice decision-makers, but this forum is composed exclusively of the heads of the institutions to be reformed. Usually, the leaders of the institutions are reluctant to admit the serious problems in their own institutions and have a busy schedule. Moreover, such a format does not allow the discussion of issues in detail. We recommend that this body is composed of representatives of institutions of a lower level, but with sufficient influence, such as secretaries of state, deputy directors of institutions, etc. We also believe that the presence of members of civil society and of the media in this body will increase the efficiency of the discussions. At the same time, the share of the latter and of the representatives of the liberal professions should be sufficient to have a decisive influence on the decisions of this body.
Coordination and monitoring should not turn into a technical, routinised process. The monthly meetings in the context of the previous Strategy proved to be ineffective. Half-yearly sessions seem to be a better solution because they ensure sufficient time for the preparation for the meetings and allows a more objective assessment of progress. Certainly extraordinary circumstances may arise, and extraordinary meetings may take place to resolve them;
Sufficient financial resources are provided to ensure a successful implementation. Neither the draft Strategy nor the Action Plan provide realistic estimates in this regard. It is clear that some activities will not require additional budget expenditures. However, many activities require expenditures, especially on infrastructure, equipment, surveys and independent studies. We recommend that a preliminary assessment is made on the expenditures and that this expenditure is explicitly mentioned in the Action Plan. The assessment must be realistic. In case of uncertainty on the exact costs, we recommend budgeting costs slightly higher than the estimated minimum costs. This will ensure that no future budgetary adjustments are needed, which are difficult to manage. Last but not least, the content of the planned budgets need to be coordinated with the Medium Term Budget Framework (MTBF), updated every year by the Government. In this context, it is necessary to quantify the financial costs, including for the implementation of Law no. 76/2016 on the reorganization of the courts of 21 April 2016 and the digitalisation of the courts (in particular by sending online procedural documents, wider application of electronic signatures, extension of the electronic file to all courts, prosecutors and attorneys, regulation and application of teleconferences for detainees, minors and authorised persons).
The Strategy and the Action Plan is coordinated at content level with the provisions of National Integrity and Anticorruption Strategy for 2017-2020 (NIAS) and National Human Rights Action Plan for 2018-2022 (NHRAP III). Both NIAS and NHRAP III contain provisions relevant to the integrity and protection and promotion of fundamental rights. Pillar III is especially relevant in the case of NIAS and domain no. 2 – The national justice system – in the case of NHRAP III.
The Strategy and the Action Plan provide a separate component for the development of the quality of teaching at law schools and the steering of the education process towards the needs of the justice system, as the former are the main sources of new staff in the justice system.
Specific aspects
Although the strategy is inevitably a general document that provides a strategic planning framework for the justice sector reform, it must be clear enough to avoid unnecessary discussions at the implementation stage. General formulations should be avoided. It is also necessary to exclude the apparent contradictions between the text of the Strategy and of the Action Plan, which, at first glance, are rather numerous.
The list of actions to be completed in the strategic document is not exhaustive. In this context, we reiterate our readiness to return with additional comments and suggestions on the draft Strategy and Action Plan in the process of their development and fine-tuning.
Below is a set of specific recommendations.
a. Strategic priorities
The draft Strategy envisages three strategic directions:
Independence, administration, responsibility and integrity of actors in the justice sector;
Access to justice, quality and transparency of justice;
Efficient and modern justice.
The strategic goals generally address the three main issues affecting the judiciary in the Republic of Moldova: (i) insufficient independence, (ii) corruption and (iii) the low quality of justice. As an additional effect, the system is affected by the reluctance of legal actors to apply the law uniformly and equally, as well as to ensure respect for and observance of human rights.
However, we note the need to redefine the three proposed goals. Thus, the administration of justice is part of the efficiency of justice, and the efficiency of justice cannot take place without quality. At the same time, ensuring modern justice can be too general a strategic goal for a policy document. It is rather a means of ensuring the efficiency or accessibility of justice. On the other hand, the related aspects of respect for human rights, given the seriousness of the issue, would deserve to become a strategic direction. This will create the preconditions for deeper human rights reforms. However, it is important to ensure the complementarity of actions relevant to human rights with the actions provided for by NHRAP III.
To ensure better clarity and subsequent coordination, we propose that the strategic goals in the Draft Strategy are reformulated as follows:
Independence, accountability and integrity of justice actors: This must also include the transparency of justice, as an element of accountability. The self-government of the liberal professions could also be found in this goal;
Accessibility, efficiency and quality of justice: All activities related to access to justice, the efficiency of justice actors and the quality of documents issued by them should be included here. The draft Strategy now contains such objectives in all three announced strategic goals (e.g. Objectives 1.3, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1 and 3.2);
Respect for human rights in the justice sector: Solutions for systemic deficiencies such as the lack of a fair trial or the abusive use of insurance measures in the criminal process may find their place here.
b. Proposed strategic objectives
The reformulation of the strategic goals implies the relocation of the 10 strategic objectives. On the other hand, we are not sure that some strategic objectives are in fact objectives. In our opinion, at least two objectives are rather indicators or activities, namely:
2.4 Increasing the level of trust in the justice system;
3.3 Modernisation of the justice sector by provision of equipment and its interconnection.
It is also recommended to define distinct strategic objectives for the above proposed third goal – Respect for human rights in the justice sector. These may include:
Increasing the respect for human rights at the stage of criminal prosecution;
Improving the level of respect for the right to freedom;
Improving the level of respect for privacy in the civil, criminal and misdemeanour procedures;
Improving the enforcement of court decisions;
Reducing the phenomenon of ill-treatment and detention in inhuman / degrading conditions.
c. Specific objectives and activities
In our opinion, (i) some specific objectives and proposed activities are not necessary, (ii) others need to be repositioned. We also consider that (iii) additional measures (activities) are needed.
(i) Among those which we consider not necessary are the following:
Activity 1.1.4.a) which refers to the judicial reserve. The institution of judicial reserve is extremely difficult to manage. It has not been implemented for over 20 years, although it is provided in general terms by law. Filling the vacancies in the judiciary is an easier and more sustainable solution;
Activity 1.1.4.b) which refers to the gradual increase in the number of legal assistants in courts and courts of appeal. CEPEJ data confirms that the number of actual staff assisting judges and prosecutors is close to or even above the European average. Efforts should be directed towards filling existing vacancies;
Activity 1.1.5.a), which refers to the standardisation of the access in the positions of judge and prosecutor based on employment seniority. This method was adjusted only a few years ago and has not yet been implemented. Changing these provisions now does not seem appropriate;
Activity 1.1.6.c), which refers to the delimitation of competencies between the CSP and the General Prosecutor. The law on the prosecutors' offices is clear in this regard. Unfortunately, the CSP does not make full of these legal provisions. Eventually some clarifications may be introduced in the law, but these are not so important as to be provided for in the new Strategy;
Specific objective 1.3.2 has no place in the Action Plan, as it reproduces the activities that are in any case implemented by the NIJ and are not decisive for the proposed reform measures;
Activity 2.1.1.a) is required but is voluntary and cannot be imposed on attorneys. The pro-bono activity of attorneys depends on their goodwill and availability. The mandatory nature of this system, in the absence of traditions to ensure the quality of attorneys' work, will not produce any beneficial effects for the population, but on the contrary may affect the quality of provided services. In fact, the pro-bono activity of attorneys is rather determined by their sufficient income;
Activity 2.3.1, which proposes the introduction in law of the criteria of quality and clarity of court decisions. This cannot be achieved in practice. The Civil Procedure Code (CPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) already contain requirements for judgments (civil) and, respectively, sentences (criminal) – they must be legal, justified and motivated (art. 239 CPC and art. 384 para. (3) CrPC). The quality criteria cannot be listed exhaustively and they change from time to time. They are the emanation of practitioners, not the legislator. Such criteria must be developed by the SCJ, which has such powers within the meaning of Articles 2 letter. c) and 16 let. c) of Law no. 789/1996. Moreover, such criteria are not necessary in the case of standardising judicial practice and streamlining the activity of the SCJ. The quashing of poorly prepared decisions is the best remedy which will increase the quality of court decisions;
Activity 2.3.2.d), which refers to the preparation of a written report on the appeal by the reporting judge. This measure is ineffective and will only increase the workload of judges. A simpler solution would be to drop the ruling part of the judgments and to issue instead fully reasoned judgments;
Activity 3.2.2.b) could be obsolete in case of the decision within activity 3.2.2.a) to waive the mandatory judicial mediation delivered by judges. We recommend its exclusion.
(ii) Among the measures which require a difference placement are the following:
For activity 2.1.2.g) a better place is within the specific objective 2.1.6.;
Specific objectives 2.1.6. and 2.1.7 are better placed under the strategic goal dedicated to the observance of human rights.
(iii) Among the measures, which are absolutely necessary and which are not in the Strategy or Action Plan are the following:
At specific objective 1.4 insert activities that will ensure in practice the application of the rules of ex-parte communication of judges and prosecutors, as well as the thorough verification of the assets of all judges and prosecutors. Also, to this end, measures should be introduced to ensure the observance in practice of the electronic random distribution of cases in courts;
At specific objective 1.4 it is necessary to include related actions to review the competences of the Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office, which must investigate cases of major corruption, ensure the transparency of the Superior Council of Prosecutors and strengthen the National Integrity Authority;
At the specific objective 1.3. (Strengthening legal training, education and specialisation) should also include an analysis of the work of the NIJ and its procedures to increase the quality of training at the NIJ. The NIJ was a key institution included in the previous Strategy and was the recipient of assistance from various partners. However, it is not clear how the NIJ has reformed itself to be able to respond adequately to current requirements;
At the specific objective 2.1.5 an activity on the possibility of outsourcing translation services should be inserted. This will solve many of the existing problems in this area;
Insert in the specific objective 2.2.3 of an activity to provide for the implementation of the random distribution of cases in the prosecutors' offices;
Insert at objective 2.3.2 an activity that refers to the revision of the role of the SCJ, so that it becomes a genuine cassation court and whose main task is to harmonise judicial practice, reduce the competences and the number of judges;
Insert at objective 2.3.2 an activity that would require the SCJ to develop guidelines on the individualization of criminal sanctions in different categories of cases, a widespread practice in advanced democracies and which considerably reduces the risk of arbitrariness;
Insert at objective 2.4.1 an activity related to the implementation of the E-File system and the introduction of an efficient mechanism for the public to receive and submit documents to courts in electronic format;
Insert at objective 2.4.1 an activity related to the observance of the rules of publication of anonymised court decisions on the courts' portal. There are significant shortcomings in this regard. Some decisions are excessively anonymised and other decisions that need to be anonymised are published without the exclusion of sensitive data;
Insert at objective 3.3.1 letter f) an activity that provides for the exclusion starting with January 1, 2021 of keeping of judicial statistics in handwritten registers, a practice that undermines the accuracy of the data from the Integrated File Management Program (IFMP);
The strategy does not provide for actions on criminal measures to combat corruption in the judiciary. These should be found in the Strategy or Action plan, including in terms of assessing existing practices, strengthening mechanisms for investigating corruption in the judiciary and enforcing sufficient sanctions, coordinated with the content of the NIAS for 2017-2020 and with the Action Plans for the implementation of the NIAS, in particular the one relevant for Pillar III – Justice and Anticorruption Authorities;
Neither the Strategy nor the Action plan provide for measures aimed at ensuring the functional autonomy of the Judicial Inspection within the SCM. This measure must be introduced to ensure a functioning Judicial Inspection;
Neither the Strategy nor the Action plan provides for measures to improve the functioning of the Constitutional Court, although such measures were proposed in the previous Strategy and have not been implemented;
The endorsed documents do not address the issue of excessive workload at the courts of appeal and large discrepancies among their workload. This could be solved by including activities that involve: 1. Reviewing the constituencies of courts of appeal and some district courts and, 2. Ensuring minimum annual budget expenditures for the planning and construction of new courthouses in accordance with Parliament Decision no. 21 of March 3, 2017. The workload at the courts of appeal could also be reduced by adjusting the appeal system in civil and criminal cases (waiving the submission of unmotivated appeals and separate reinstatement within the appeal period).
There are no measures for the efficient management of human resources in the justice system, including of resources that have left the system. To reduce the negative impact on the justice system due to frequent vacancies in the system and staff turnover, we recommend creating a register of employees of the justice system, to ensure subsequent contact with former employees in the event of vacancies;
Although the Action Plan refers to the involvement of judges in the election of chairmen and vice-chairmen of courts (p.1.1.2), there are no measures to exclude the conflict of jurisdiction between the president of the court and the mechanisms established by law to exclude influence on how the random distribution of files takes place;
Include a separate component according to point 1.3. dedicated to the development of the quality of teaching at law schools and the steering of educational process towards the needs of the justice system. These may include evaluating curricula and encouraging courses to improve the quality of critical thinking, legal writing and motivation, as well as learning about the administration of the justice system.
Finally, we reiterate on the opportunity to reflect in the new strategic document the outstanding policy measures in the field of justice and integrity in the justice sector previously formulated in the White Book on Good Governance[1]presented by IPRE, CRJM and Expert-Grup on July 19, 2019.
Download the document here.
This opinion was prepared in the framework of the project "Support to the development and implementation of justice policies in the Republic of Moldova", implemented by IPRE in partnership with CRJM, with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.
[1] IPRE, CRJM, Expert-Grup, White Book on Good Governance, 19.07.2019 available in English at: https://ipre.md/2019/07/19/cartea-alba-a-bunei-guvernari-propuneri-privind-prioritatile-de-politici-pentru-urmatoarele-12-luni-pentru-guvernul-republicii-moldova/?lang=en


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Pneumonia is a dreaded complication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection in adults; however, the data are limited. Our objective was to investigate the clinical features, management, and outcomes of critically ill patients with VZV-related community-acquired pneumonia (VZV-CAP).
This was an observational study of patients with VZV-CAP admitted to 29 intensive care units (ICUs) from January 1996 to January 2015.
One hundred and two patients with VZV-CAP were included. Patients were young (age 39 years (interquartile range 32–51)) and 53 (52%) were immunocompromised. Time since respiratory symptom onset was 2 (1–3) days. There was a seasonal distribution of the disease, with more cases during spring and winter time. All but four patients presented with typical skin rash on ICU admission. Half the patients received mechanical ventilation within 1 (1–2) day following ICU admission (the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) = 150 (80–284), 80% with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)). Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score on day 1 (odds ratio (OR) 1.90 (1.33–2.70); p < 0.001), oxygen flow at ICU admission (OR 1.25 (1.08–1.45); p = 0.004), and early bacterial co-infection (OR 14.94 (2.00–111.8); p = 0.009) were independently associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Duration of mechanical ventilation was 14 (7–21) days. ICU and hospital mortality rates were 17% and 24%, respectively. All patients were treated with aciclovir and 10 received adjunctive therapy with steroids. Compared to 60 matched steroid-free controls, patients treated with steroids had a longer mechanical ventilation duration, ICU length of stay, and a similar hospital mortality, but experienced more ICU-acquired infections.
Severe VZV-CAP is responsible for an acute pulmonary involvement associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. Steroid therapy did not influence mortality, but increased the risk of superinfection.
Pneumonia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide . The importance of viruses as pathogens responsible for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been emphasized by several epidemic outbreaks over the last decade: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian influenza A (H5N1) virus, and the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) [2–5]. It is estimated that about 200 million cases of viral CAP occur annually, accounting for 17 to 39% of CAP [6–10]. In the intensive care unit (ICU) setting, viruses have been reported to account for up to one-third of patients with severe CAP, with a similar mortality to that observed with bacterial pneumonia . The availability of new molecular techniques (such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) has greatly increased our ability to detect a wide range of viruses in respiratory secretions [12–15]. Nevertheless, although convincing data are available for agents such as influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus and their role in severe pneumonia, the role of other recently discovered viruses (bocavirus, coronavirus NL63) remains debated and requires further research [16–19].
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is one of eight herpes viruses known to cause human infection and is distributed worldwide. Varicella or chickenpox is defined as the VZV primo-infection. In adults, VZV infection is associated with a greater number of complications, of which pneumonia is the most common and serious. Since its initial description in 1942, VZV-related community-acquired pneumonia (VZV-CAP) has become increasingly recognized as a serious and potentially lethal complication of what was once considered a relatively benign and self-limited viral infection . A study with systematic chest X-ray showed an incidence of 16.3% of VZV-CAP in adult patients . Autopsy findings have demonstrated the role of VZV in fatal cases of pneumonia. Microscopic findings included pulmonary edema, extensive alveolar hemorrhage, and mononuclear cell infiltration with histological evidence of intranuclear inclusion bodies [22, 23].
Data on critically ill adult patients with VZV-CAP are limited to case reports and small case series. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical, biological, and radiological features and the outcome of severe forms of VZV-CAP (i.e., requiring ICU admission) in a large cohort and to report its implication for ICU management.
This retrospective study was conducted in 29 French adult ICUs (see Additional file 1: Table S1). This study has been approved by the French Intensive Care Society Ethics Committee (n°15-12) and an authorization to use patient data from the French Data Protection Agency (n°1868870). According to French law, a waiver of informed consent was obtained.
All adult patients (≥18 years old) admitted for VZV-CAP in the participating ICUs between 1 January 1996 and 1 January 2015 were included. Patients were identified from the ICU databases using codes J171 and B012 from the International Classification of Diseases system (ICD-10) system. All the medical records of patients were reviewed by two investigators (AM and EC).
The data reported in Tables 1, 2, and 3 were abstracted from medical charts. Chickenpox features at ICU admission were collected including skin rash, pulmonary involvement, neurological impairment, or abdominal symptoms. Patients were defined as immunosuppressed if they met one of the following criteria: hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation, hematological malignancy, solid tumor progressing or in remission less than 5 years, steroid treatment for more than 3 months, and other immunosuppressive drugs. Physiological variables, laboratory data, and radiographic findings (chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) when available) on ICU admission were also reported. Thrombocytopenia was defined as platelet count <150 G/l and hepatitis as alanine aminotransferase and/or aspartate aminotransferase ≥3 N. Disease severity was assessed using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) on day 1 after ICU admission . Patients were classified as having acute respiratory failure (ARF) if they met the following criteria: severe dyspnea at rest; a respiratory rate greater than 30 breaths/min or clinical signs of respiratory distress; and oxygen saturation less than 92% or arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) less than 60 mmHg on room air. Hypoxemia severity was assessed using the PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio . The decision to perform fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (FO-BAL) and the use of life-sustaining treatments (i.e., noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and vasopressors) was left at the discretion of the attending physicians. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was defined according to the Berlin definition . Therapeutic regimens were reported including antiviral therapy (molecule, dose, and length of treatment) and the use of steroids. High-dose steroids was defined as >30 mg per day of prednisone . Patients receiving steroids were matched in a 1:6 ratio to a control group of patients within this cohort who did not receive steroids. The four matching criteria were: age, year of ICU admission, SOFA score on day 1, and ARDS criteria according to the Berlin definition.
ICU-acquired infections were recorded. The diagnosis of infection was confirmed if patients met both the following criteria: microbiological identification of a pathogen and administration of related antibiotic treatment.
ICU and hospital length of stays, and vital status at ICU and hospital discharge were obtained in all patients.
Patient characteristics at baseline and during ICU stay were described using medians and interquartile ranges for quantitative variables and counts and percentages for qualitative variables. Characteristics of patients requiring mechanical ventilation during their ICU stay were compared to those of patients without mechanical ventilation using either Wilcoxon rank sum test or Fisher's exact test. To assess variables independently associated with the requirement for mechanical ventilation, baseline characteristics significantly associated with the requirement for mechanical ventilation were included in a multivariable logistic regression model. Due to the small sample size, a forward stepwise p value-based variable selection was performed, and, when several highly correlated variables were associated with the requirement for mechanical ventilation, only one was included in the multivariable analysis based on clinical relevance. Missing covariates were handled using multivariate imputation by chained equations. Baseline and ICU management characteristics were also compared between deceased patients and those discharged alive. Cumulative incidence of death in the ICU and death in hospital were estimated considering discharge alive from ICU/hospital as competing events.
To assess the prognostic effect of steroid therapy in the context of an observational cohort, a matched comparison of patients receiving and not receiving steroids was performed. Patients receiving steroids were matched in a 1:6 ratio to a control group of patients within this cohort who did not receive steroids. The four matching criteria were: age, year of ICU admission, SOFA score on day 1, and ARDS criteria according to the Berlin definition.
During the study period, we identified 102 adult patients admitted to the ICU for the management of VZV-CAP. There was a seasonal distribution over the study period, with the highest incidence observed during winter and spring (Additional file 2: Figure S1). The median age was 39 (32–51) years and 53 (52%) patients were immunocompromised. Six (6%) cases of VZV pneumonia occurred in pregnant women (Table 1).
A typical chickenpox skin rash was reported in all but four (96%) patients and occurred 3 (2–5) days before the onset of respiratory symptoms. The median time from onset of respiratory symptoms to ICU admission was 2 (1–3) days. On admission, patients were severely hypoxemic with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 150 (80–284) mmHg and 6 (3–15) L/min oxygen flow. Respiratory symptoms included a cough in 45 (44%) patients, chest pain in 10 (10%) patients, and hemoptysis in 9 (9%) patients. ARF was noted in 69 (68%) patients (Table 2). In addition to skin and respiratory symptoms, 13 (13%) patients had encephalitis. Laboratory findings indicated thrombocytopenia in 81 (79%) patients and hepatitis in 34 (33%) patients. Blood PCR to amplify VZV DNA was always positive when performed (n = 15, 14.7%).
The median SOFA score on day 1 was 4 (3–7). A chest CT was performed in 31 (30%) patients and was never normal. Common abnormalities were diffuse bilateral centrolobular nodules with tree-in-bud appearance (n = 14, 50%) and diffuse ground glass opacities (n = 11, 39%) (Fig. 1). Alveolar consolidations were also reported (n = 14, 50%). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 35 (35%) patients and demonstrated vesicular lesions or ulcerations on bronchial mucosa in 13 (36%) cases. PCR for VZV in the bronchoalveolar lavage was tested in 24 patients and yielded a positive result in 96% of cases. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation was implemented in 29 (28%) patients, failing in 19 (66%) who were subsequently intubated. Invasive mechanical ventilation was used in 52 (51%) patients overall, of whom 42 (80.8%) fulfilled the ARDS criteria according to the Berlin definition (Table 3). Patients were intubated 1 (1–2) day after ICU admission. Three factors were independently associated with the need for invasive mechanical ventilation: SOFA score on day 1 (odds ratio (OR) 1.90 (1.33–2.70); p < 0.001), oxygen flow at ICU admission (OR 1.25 (1.08–1.45); p = 0.004), and early bacterial co-infection (OR 14.94 (2.00–111.8); p = 0.009) (Table 4 and Fig. 2). Vasopressors were required in 36 (35%) patients and renal replacement therapy in 24 (24%). Among the 102 patients, 40 (39%) patients had documented bacterial co-infection with 20 (50%) early infections (documented within 72 h after ICU admission) and 20 (50%) late infections. The primary sources of co-infections were the lungs (n = 24, 60%), bloodstream (n = 8, 20%), and skin (n = 4, 10%), with Staphylococcus aureus being the most often recovered pathogen (n = 12, 30%). The median ICU and hospital length of stay were 8 (4–16.75) days and 14 (9–33) days, respectively. Duration of mechanical ventilation was 14 (7–21) days.
All patients were treated with aciclovir 10 mg/kg/8 h during 11 (9.2–14) days. One (1%) patient received a treatment with a varicella-zoster immune globulin preparation. High-dose adjunctive steroid therapy, in addition to antiviral therapy, was reported in 10 patients. Patients treated with high-dose steroids were no different compared to steroid-free patients regarding demographics, respiratory parameters on ICU admission, and ICU management (Table 5). Compared to steroid-free patients, steroid treatment was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation, and prolonged ICU and hospital stays. ICU mortality was similar in the two groups (20% vs. 20%; p = 1.00). ICU-acquired bacterial infections were more frequently reported in steroid-treated patients (80% vs. 43%; p = 0.04) (Table 5).
Overall ICU and hospital mortality were 17% and 24%, respectively, without significant variation over the study period (Additional file 3: Table S3). The main causes of death were: multi-organ failure in 10 patients (42%), refractory ARDS in 5 patients (21%), and septic shock in 4 patients (17%). One (4%) patient died from fulminant hepatic failure attributed to VZV infection and 1 (4%) patient died from brain edema. The cause of death was missing for 3 patients. By univariate analysis, factors associated with hospital mortality were: age (60 (49–72.5) vs. 36 (31–45); p < 0.0001), underlying immunosuppression (92% vs. 40%; p < 0.0001), SOFA score on day 1 (7 (5–10.75) vs. 4 (2–5.25); p = 0.0002), disseminated intravascular coagulation (42% vs. 4%; p = 0.0001), and empiric antibiotic treatment on ICU admission (91% vs. 53%; p < 0.0001) (Additional file 4: Table S2, Additional file 5: Figure S2, and Additional file 6: Figure S3).
We identified 102 patients with severe forms of VZV-CAP who were admitted to 29 French ICUs. Underlying immunosuppression accounted for half of the patients we evaluated, mainly related to impaired cellular immune response (lymphoproliferative disorders, immunosuppressive drugs for solid-organ transplant recipients, and/or steroid exposure). Nevertheless, we identified severe illness from VZV-CAP among 11 (11%) young and healthy patients. More than half of the patients required invasive mechanical ventilation, of which 80% met ARDS criteria. Risk factors for intubation were related to the severity of the respiratory failure, the presence of an early bacterial co-infection, and the onset of other organ failures. In addition to antiviral therapy, high doses of steroids were used in 10 (10%) patients without benefit either on improvement of respiratory parameters or on mortality, and were associated with an increased number of superinfections.
There was a 5 (3–7)-day period of illness prior ICU admission, which is similar to influenza virus infection and other causes of viral pneumonia [5, 28, 29]. All patients but four presented with a typical chickenpox skin rash, suggesting that VZV-CAP is mostly a dreaded complication of primary VZV infection rather than recurrent VZV infection. The four patients without rash were all immunocompromised (solid cancer or hematological malignancy). Atypical cases of recurrent VZV infection with pulmonary involvement have been reported, almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients, and cannot be excluded in our study [30–33]. In addition, exogenous clinical reinfection by VZV has also been demonstrated and is thought to occur more likely in immunocompromised patients . The illness course was characterized by a short period of acute and severe respiratory deterioration, requiring invasive mechanical ventilation in half of the cases, shortly after ICU admission. We identified that risk factors for intubation were related to the presence of a bacterial co-infection, the severity of the respiratory failure, and the onset of other organ failures. Neither comorbidities nor underlying immunosuppression were independent predictors of invasive mechanical ventilation. These results are in agreement with previous studies suggesting that the underlying medical context was no longer significantly associated with the risk for intubation after adjustment for the severity of the acute disease [34–36]. The factors we identified are easy to assess at the bedside and may contribute to recognizing hospital admission patients who may benefit from early ICU admission.
In our study, the overall mortality was 24% and reached 43% in patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation. Viruses have been increasingly recognized as pathogens responsible for both severe community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia [11, 29]. Choi et al. recently demonstrated in a prospective study that, in the ICU setting, the mortality rate of patients with viral pneumonia was similar to that of patients with bacterial pneumonia . Nevertheless, most of our knowledge on severe forms of viral pneumonia is related to the influenza virus. We report that patients with VZV-CAP who required intubation experienced a long period of invasive mechanical ventilation (14 (7–21) days) and a high rate of bacterial co-infections (69%). These findings might be explained by the extent of skin and mucosal vesicular lesions. Indeed, previous clinical and autopsy studies have demonstrated that these lesions are responsible for necrotic and hemorrhagic foci distributed both in the upper airways and in the lower respiratory tract that may promote bacterial co-infection [37, 38]. In our study, 36% of the patients who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy had vesicular lesions on bronchial mucosa.
In addition to antiviral therapy, the use of steroids has been reported by observational studies in the treatment of VZV pneumonia [39–41]. The role of steroids in the management of pneumonia remains controversial. On the one hand, steroids might have the potential to decrease intrapulmonary inflammation and thus to reduce some ARDS-related pulmonary lesions. But, on the other hand, steroids might increase immunosuppression, favor persistent viral replication, and promote superinfection. Based on the results of two randomized controlled trials, the benefit-to-risk ratio argues for its use in severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [42, 43]. A recent meta-analysis reported that it may decrease the risk of ARDS as adjunctive therapy in community-acquired pneumonia . On the other hand, no benefit has been demonstrated with the use of steroids in influenza pneumonia . In 1998, Mer and Richards  reported on 15 adult patients treated for VZV-CAP, six of whom received steroids in addition to antiviral therapy and supportive care. These six patients experienced clinical improvement, a significantly shorter ICU and hospital length of stay, and no mortality when compared to those who did not receive steroids. However, the study design precluded any robust conclusion. Another study from Saudi Arabia reported improvement in oxygenation parameters in 10 adult patients treated for VZV-CAP with steroids as adjunctive therapy . This was not our experience in the present study. Ten patients received steroids 4.5 (1–15) days after ICU admission. We compared these 10 patients to 60 matched controls who did not receive steroids. There was no difference between the steroid group and the nonsteroid group in ICU and hospital mortality. However, patients treated with steroids had a longer duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, more bacterial superinfection, and an increased ICU and hospital length of stay than control patients not treated with steroids. Thus, our data did not report any benefit associated with the use of steroids as adjunctive therapy in severe VZV-CAP.
Our study has several limitations. First, given the retrospective design over a long period of time, supportive care practices may have changed throughout the study period and influenced the results. However, we report the largest study on the severe forms of VZV-CAP and we believe that it adds valuable data to the current knowledge. Second, we had no biological identification of VZV for all patients included our study. Nevertheless, clinical signs and symptoms of chickenpox are obvious in most cases and laboratory diagnosis is restricted to unusual cases. Thus, we can reasonably assume that the patients included in the present study had VZV-CAP. Third, due to the limited number of death we were unable to identify independent predictors of hospital mortality. However, we report predictors of invasive mechanical ventilation that conceivably may be related to mortality. Fourth, for the diagnosis of VZV-CAP we used a database encoded by physicians at patient ICU discharge and we cannot exclude that some patients with VZV-CAP had been missed.
In conclusion, severe VZV-CAP in adults is an acute respiratory disease that requires invasive mechanical ventilation in more than half of the cases. Although underlying medical conditions or immunosuppression are common, healthy young individuals may be involved. We identified that respiratory disease severity, early bacterial co-infection, and other organ failures on ICU admission were independent risk factors for invasive mechanical ventilation. Early recognition of these factors may help to identify patients that may benefit from close monitoring to ensure that no treatment delay occurs when intubation is required. Adjunctive steroid therapy did not influence mortality and increased the risk of superinfection.
A comment to this article is available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1803-1.
AM, JL, PPi, and EC made substantial contributions to the conception of the work, the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data for the work. They drafted the work and revised it critically for important intellectual content. They gave final approval of the version to be published. They agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. PV, RR, LP, GG, PB, CGui, CGué, NB, AR, AL, KR, MF, JDR, ASe, BS, ASM, SF, AM, JMay, FS, ASt, PPe, JMai, DS, FG, LA, GB, FB, and GC made substantial contributions to the acquisition of data for the work. They revised the work critically for important intellectual content. They gave final approval of the version to be published. They agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
This study has been approved by the French Intensive Care Society Ethics Committee (n°15-12) and an authorization to use patient data from the French Data Protection Agency (n°1868870). According to French law, a waiver of informed consent was obtained.
WHO—The top 10 causes of death. WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/.


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Admission News HRD Ministry Latest News NATIONAL NEWS
JEE & NEET exams postponed : JWEE between 1st-6th Sept & NEET on 13 th Sept
NEW DELHI : Dr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank announced that Keeping in mind the safety of students and to ensure quality education it is decided to postpone #JEE & #NEET examinations. releasing a video message he said that JEE Main examination will be held between 1st-6th Sept, JEE advanced exam will be held on 27th Sept & NEET examination will be held on 13th Sept.
It is understood that this decision is taken under the preview of the decision of the supreme court in the last week. Some persons had approached the apex court for demand of CBSE examination cancellation. The court had asked about these exmas also where HRD ministry had assured that an expert committee is considering all aspects. As per the suggestions of the committee ministry decided to postpone thses exmas for atleast two months and rescheduled the dates during September 2020.
"Fit Hai To Hit Hai India" launched by Central Ministers
Youth affairs & sports ministry invites application for National Youth Award

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...Jeeves and the Wedding Bells is a masterpiece — albeit no self-respecting aficionado would wish marriage on Bertie, with its attendant risk of Jeeves moving on (Faulks nimbly negotiates that hazard).
Faulks's plot is bang on-message. Not for the first time Bertie Wooster finds himself in a country house where his presence is definitely irksome to at least one member of the host family. Determined to help a friend in romantic hot water, Wooster is nothing daunted by vigorous intimations of froideur around him. Plans are made, scrapes ensue. As in Wodehouse's novels, when those plans originate with Jeeves, the reader feels reassured that all will be well. Not so when Bertie takes the tiller. Mistaken identity, corridor-creeping and fabulously improbable coincidences all have their part to play. So, too, do hateful aunts, an Aberdeen terrier of noted ferocity and sheep's eyes on the part of nice young people of both sexes. Throughout it all the Wooster good humour never fails, as Bertie seeks, page by page, to offer the reader an object lesson in civilised (if not over-intelligent) bonhomie and how to be an all-round good egg.


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BRUCE CHATWIN UTZ PDF
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They would remain in one place until Margharita decided to move, either because of concern for their safety, or because of friction among family members. Travelling in Patagonia , Milward had discovered the remains of a giant sloth, which he later sold to the British Museum. The skin was later lost, but it inspired Chatwin decades later to visit and write about Patagonia. He was forced to consider other options. His parents discouraged the ideas he offered — an acting career or work in the Colonial Service in Kenya.
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They would remain in one place until Margharita decided to move, either because of concern for their safety, or because of friction among family members. Travelling in Patagonia , Milward had discovered the remains of a giant sloth, which he later sold to the British Museum. The skin was later lost, but it inspired Chatwin decades later to visit and write about Patagonia.
He was forced to consider other options. His parents discouraged the ideas he offered — an acting career or work in the Colonial Service in Kenya. An interview was arranged, and Chatwin secured a job there. Chatwin said he was the "acid green smear on the left. There were various reasons for his disenchantment. Chatwin became increasingly uncomfortable with the situation. Trevor-Roper had been involved in the design of an eye hospital in Addis Ababa , and suggested Chatwin visit East Africa.
In February , Chatwin left for Sudan. He made me feel overburdened and inadequate A visit in December to the Hermitage in Leningrad sparked his interest in the field of archaeology. Chatwin tentatively titled the book The Nomadic Alternative and sought to answer the question "Why do men wander rather than stand still?
He pitched stories to him for possible films, which Ivory did not take seriously. This trip resulted in the book, In Patagonia Chatwin described In Patagonia as "the narrative of an actual journey and a symbolic one It is supposed to fall into the category or be a spoof of Wonder Voyage: the narrator goes to a far country in search of a strange animal: on his way he lands in strange situations, people or other books tell him strange stories which add up to form a message.
According to Susannah Clapp , who edited the book, " Rebecca West amused Chatwin by telling him that these were so good they rendered superfluous the entire text of the book.
One of his biographers, Nicholas Murray , called In Patagonia "one of the most strikingly original post-war English travel books" [80] and said that it revitalised the genre of travel writing. It was the first time in his career, but not the last, that conversations and characters which Chatwin presented as fact were later alleged to be fiction.
Chatwin had first heard of De Sousa during a visit to Dahomey in Nicholas Shakespeare said that the dismal sales caused Chatwin to pursue a completely different subject for his next book. He continued to have affairs with men, but most of these affairs were short-lived. In he began his first serious affair with Donald Richards, an Australian stockbroker. Chatwin is one of the few men Mapplethorpe photographed fully clothed. However, he struggled fully to understand and describe the songlines and their place in Aboriginal culture.
He spent several weeks in and in Australia, during which he primarily relied on non-Aboriginal people for information, as he was limited by his inability to speak the Aboriginal languages. It frightened him and compelled him to reconcile with his wife. His friend the novelist Salman Rushdie said, "That book was an obsession too great for him His illness did him a favour, got him free of it.
Otherwise, he would have gone on writing it for ten years. As the book goes on, it becomes a reflection on what Chatwin stated was "for me, the question of questions: the nature of human restlessness. I should set down on paper a resume of the ideas, quotations, and encounters that amused me and obsessed me. The project evolved into an opera, The Man with Footsoles of Wind The rare fungus gave Chatwin hope that he might be different and served as the basis of what he told most people about his illness.
He gave various reasons for how he became infected with the fungus — ranging from eating a thousand-year-old egg to exploring a bat cave in Indonesia. He wanted to protect his parents, who were unaware of his homosexual affairs. Elizabeth encouraged him to use a letter he had written to her from Prague in as an inspiration for a new story. Utz was a novel about the obsession that leads people to collect. This was close to the home of one of his mentors, the writer Patrick Leigh Fermor.
After his death, some members of the gay community criticised Chatwin for lack of courage to reveal the true nature of his illness, thinking he would have raised public awareness of AIDS, as he was one of the first high-profile individuals in Britain known to have contracted HIV. His prose is both spare and flamboyant. One aspect that interested him was the few possessions they had. Their Spartan way of life appealed to his aesthetic sense, and he sought to emulate it in his life and his writing, striving to strip needless objects from his life and needless words from his prose.
He admitted to imitating the work of Robert Byron when he first began making notes of his travels. He ultimately aspired to explore the subject in order to answer what he saw as a fundamental question of human existence. For this, he returned to his research from The Nomadic Alternative. According to Elizabeth Chatwin, he "was interested in borders, where things were always changing, not one thing or another.
He identified several examples. There were people who were actual exiles, like some of those profiled in In Patagonia, and the Viceroy of Ouidah, unable to return to Brazil. Murray also cited the main characters in On the Black Hill: "Although not strictly exiles His friend and fellow writer Robyn Davidson said, "He posed questions we all want answered and perhaps gave the illusion they were answerable.
The accuracy problem had arisen before his death, and Chatwin had admitted to "counting up the lies" in In Patagonia, though he stated there were not many. They included a man whom Chatwin insinuated was homosexual and a woman who thought her father was unjustly accused of killing Indians. He stated, "No one likes looking at their own passport photograph, but I found it accurate. Some describe his viewpoint as " colonialist ", citing his lack of interviews with Aboriginals and reliance instead on white Australians for information about Aboriginal culture.
Some readers have taken this as a cue to pass judgement on his books — or else not to bother with them. And yet he remains a great writer, of deep and enduring importance.
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This event is sold out. Visit Harvard.com for additional information. Unable to attend? Order the book(s) or pre-order a signed copy from Harvard Book Store. No Brattle Passes.
Harvard Book Store welcomes ANNE-MARIE SLAUGHTER, director and CEO of New America, for a discussion of her book Unfinished Business: Women, Men, Work, Family, a persuasive, thought-provoking vision for how to finish the long struggle for equality between men and women, work and family. Joining Anne-Marie Slaughter in conversation is ROBIN ELY, Diane Doerge Wilson Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School. This event is co-sponsored by Boston Review and WAM: Women, Action & the Media.
Anne-Marie Slaughter is president and CEO of New America. She is the Bert G. Kerstetter '66 University Professor Emerita of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the former dean of its Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. In 2009 Secretary of State Hillary Clinton appointed Slaughter director of policy planning for the U.S. State Department, the first woman to hold that job. A foreign policy analyst, legal and international relations scholar, and public commentator, Slaughter was a professor at the University of Chicago Law School and Harvard Law School and is a former president of the American Society of International Law.
Robin Ely is Diane Doerge Wilson Professor of Business Administration and Senior Associate Dean for Culture and Community at Harvard Business School. She conducts research on race and gender relations in organizations with a focus on organizational change, group dynamics, learning, conflict, power, and identity.


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You are here: Home / All Aboard! / The Colour Run Los Angeles at Dodger Stadium
The Colour Run Los Angeles at Dodger Stadium
June 23, 2015 By Brie Mason 1 Comment
If anyone ever asks you to join them to do The Colour Run, you need not hesitate, simply shout, "YES!" My daughter wanted to do The Colour Run Los Angeles at Dodger Stadium with some friends of hers. When I found out a couple other parents were going, I was on the fence between "Oh good, she'll be safe with them.", and "Well, if these parents can do it, I should do it too." Little Miss Mason's enthusiasm was so contagious that her encouragement for me to participate won me over! Once she showed me their promotional video, I knew there was no way I could just experience something so exciting from the sidelines. I knew this would be just the kick in the butt I needed to get into the gym and train too. Little did I know though, there would be one more leap to take come race day… running in a tutu!
Here we are on the big day, huddled up in a tutu embrace! Me and three teens! (You've got to keep your spirit young people!) Also, we're in America so colour is spelled differently!
We ran the 8:15am wave of the 5k course. They had a separate start time of 8 am for serious runners and ours was for those who wanted to try running, but might prefer to walk, dance, twirl or cartwheel their way along! There was a 2 pm start time as well, but we thought it would be too hot for fun then. We had to be up really early to get down to Dodger Stadium, so when that alarm clock went off I was definitely questioning my choice. As soon as we arrived to the music and festivities the adrenaline and excitement took over. I was super pumped! I was also relieved to see that there were many crazy outfits around, instantly setting the tone for a good time.
Here's our crew, all crisp and clean before the run, ready to take it all on!
We thought we were pretty cool wearing our numbers on our backs. We didn't know that they had a professional photography company taking photos along the course though and they catalogue any photos of you by your bib number seen in the photo. This means that we have had to scroll through thousands of photos after the race to find ourselves! Oh well, something to do different for next time.
In the starting area waiting to go. I wasn't standing around like these people, I was jumping and dancing!
Don't worry, they didn't release all these people at the same time. They would send many people on their way and then the rest of us would creep up. Although this wave started at 8:15 our group probably didn't get off until about 8:40. I'm pretty sure we weren't in line exactly on time either. They had music and bubbles and giveaways to keep everyone occupied.
Look who was in line with us! That was it… if Scooby could do it, I knew I could do it!
"ARE YOU READY LA?! 3…2…1… GO!" Woohoo, we were on our way! This was really happening! It was a bit of a slow start as the crowd got going, but then we held a steady pace. It turned out to be a difficult course to try and run, because of the amount of people and especially the overall crowd determination to just be a part of it and have a good time (meaning, there were many walkers.) We rounded our first corner and saw a beautiful plume of color…the pink station! The way this run works is that at every kilometer marker there is a different color station. Volunteers blast you with a cornstarch concoction in their loaded squeezy bottles.
The color blasting in action. Look how beautiful this is!
Our group had made a pact to stick together the entire time. Every time we hit a colour station we lost each other though. The colour is so captivating that you find yourself twirling around in it. By the later stations you find yourself picking colour up off the ground and throwing it up in the air yourself. Some were even rolling in it! There is so much to look at that by the time you come out of your colour daze you realize you don't recognize anyone around you. This happened to us every single time! One of the girls said she picked up a handful of colour to throw on us and when she turned to throw it, none of us were there. It's really hard to find each other again because everyone there looks the same. We were all able to stick together in between stations and then wait just past the clearing of the colour clouds after the station to regroup. We partnered up because it wasn't too hard to keep track of just one other person.
Here's how I fared after going through some of the stations:
There were five stations in all: pink, yellow, orange, blue and sparkles. Yes, there was a sparkle blasting station and it was fabulous! I would like to note here that my photos were taken with my phone, which was wrapped with saran wrap to protect it from the color dust. I'm pretty impressed, because the photos are really clear and it doesn't look like there's a layer of plastic wrap blurring the shot. This is a must-do, because your hands get full of colour as well, so just touching your screen will make your device pretty dirty, not to mention the amount of color that would get into every nook and cranny.
The finish! That's a GoPro hanging there capturing images which are available for you to view a few days after the run.
The sparkle station sends you off into the last kilometer of the course. We ran the whole last leg, because we wanted that triumphant moment of crossing the finish line! Unfortunately the finish was all backlogged with people so everything just kind of stopped and we really didn't get that moment. That really was the only disappointment to the day. I think we were hoping for big blasting machines of all the colors going off at once and that dreamy image of running through a big finish ribbon to mark our accomplishment. Let's face it though, our big accomplishment was having the time of our lives; no one would be able to call us athletes of the year, that's for sure! The whole reason the finish was backed up was because they gave each and every person a medal and colour packets to take to the after party. There was still great fun and celebration to come!
Colour Packets Given for the After Party
Upon finishing The Colour Run, some people are exhausted and some are high on life. We were in the later group. We seriously ran towards the stage and music as we heard once again, "ARE YOU READY LA?! 3…2…1…GO!" Followed by the most amazing site of everyone throwing their colours up in the air at the same time. The hype is unreal. My son did not participate in this run. He said he does not like to run and he really doesn't like people throwing things at him. He came to watch with one of the other moms, who also sat out. During the after party he said to her, "My mom's in there and I can't get her out! She is having way too much fun!"
The after party crowd. Everyone starts to look a little muddy towards the end with all the colours mixing together.
There was a lot more to participate at these festivities than we could even get to. We hit up a refreshing shaved ice truck and that was about it, but there were several booths of fun activities and photo taking opportunities. By the time we stopped partying, they already had zamboni-like trucks sweeping up the color mess to get ready for the afternoon crowd. I couldn't be happier with my decision to participate in this experience. The kids had so much fun that they wanted to return right away at 2 pm to do it all again. We will definitely be back again next year and who knows, we might go for The Color Run Night, the night time glow in the dark version!
Surveying the Final Damage
Tips to Know Before You Go
You will probably do more running in the training you do than at the actual run, but use it as a motivational training tool anyway, especially if you want your legs to look good in a tutu!
Go down to the check-in party they announce before the run. This will be a designated place where you can pick up your race pack. You will save a ton of time on race day by doing this! Plus, you will have time to customize your t-shirt, (we cut the sleeves off ours and cut the collars to create a V), and you'll have your tattoos to apply at home while you get ready.
We purchased their fanny packs so we could have our phones, ID and car keys on us without having to carry anything. This was especially important for the kids in case we got separated.
Bring old sheets and towels to lay on the seats of your car when you park at the run. You don't want to ruin your seats when you sit in them all full of color at the end!
Wear sunglasses. We did and our eyes were very happy. During the after party there is so much color dust falling on you that even with sunglasses I still got some in my eyes and it stuck to my contacts so I had some really cloudy vision until I could blink it all out! It would have been such a disappointment if I couldn't see during the main run.
Glitter lasts forever! If you are going to decide to roll around in any color, I wouldn't go for the sparkles. They are fun to get blasted with, but even with just that, we had sparkles in our hair that didn't wash out, sparkles down our sports bras that didn't even brush off with a good shower scrub, and sparkles stuck to the dog just from our residual sparkle. We sort of looked at this as a badge of honor to wear out in public. When anyone would point out that we had a sparkle on our face we'd say, "Oh… is that still there? I did The Color Run this weekend!"
Take before and after photos. At the end of the run look back at your camera and try to pose everyone back the same way as you were in your before photos. This will make for cute sharing. For taking photos or videos during the race make sure to protect your phone by covering it in saran wrap as I mentioned above.
When you get back home undress on top of towels. Color and sparkles will come flying out as you take off your clothes.
Set aside any proper adult ways you have about you, allow your inner kid to come out and enjoy the boost of life you'll get from this experience!
Filed Under: All Aboard!, Around the World, Brie Mason, Chique, Events, Kid Travel, Our Travelers, Roamancing, Roamancing the Soul, Southern States, Specialty, Travel Tips, United States Tagged With: Los Angeles
Michael Saunders says
Been involved with a few of these myself in Australia, worthy cause and proud to support it. Have to get my GoPro filming the next one, that would be really cool!
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The ATA Carnet, often referred to as the "Passport for goods" or "Merchandise passport", is an international customs document that permits the tax-free and duty-free temporary export and import of nonperishable goods for up to one year. It consists of unified Customs declaration forms which are prepared ready to use at every border crossing point. It is a globally accepted guarantee for Customs duties and taxes which can replace security deposit required by each Customs authorities. It can be used in multiple countries in multiple trips up to its one-year validity. The acronym ATA is a combination of French and English terms "Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission." The ATA carnet is now the document most widely used by the business community for international operations involving temporary admission of goods.
The ATA Carnet is jointly administered by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) through its World Chambers Federation.
Early suggestions for an international temporary admission scheme were made during the 1900 and 1913 Congresses on Customs regulations, which were examined by Customs experts convened in 1923 under the auspices of the League of Nations but no positive result was achieved. In 1952, based on the recommendations already put forward in the ICCs' s report on "Invisible Barriers to Trade and Travel" from 1949, the contracting parties to GATT adopted an International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material proposed and drafted by the International Chamber of Commerce and which entered into force on 20 November 1955. During the meetings of the Seventh Session Working Party, which prepared the text of the Convention, and following a proposal by the French delegation, some consideration was given to the possibility of introducing a system of triptyques or carnets for samples of value carried by commercial travellers. It was suggested that such a system would alleviate the financial burdens and administrative formalities imposed upon firms sending representatives abroad. The Working Party was informed that a scheme for duty-free admission of commercial travellers' samples under cover of a customs triptyque had been worked out for operation on a bilateral basis between Austria and Switzerland though it had not yet been put into force. On 1 March 1954, the Austrian Government informed the Executive Secretary of GATT that on 1 February 1954 the scheme for the duty-free admission of commercial travellers' samples was put into effect by the Customs Administrations of Austria and Switzerland. In accordance with this agreement commercial travellers and agents were permitted to import commercial samples from Switzerland into Austria, and conversely, temporarily duty-free under cover of a commercial samples triptyque without the deposit of import duties. The guarantees for the import duties are given by an Austrian insurance company for imports into Austria, and by a Swiss company for the imports into Switzerland. The application of this system was limited to collections of samples on which the customs duties would not exceed 60,000 Austrian schillings or 10,000 Swiss Francs. The period allowed for re-exportation was one year.
Thus, based on this Convention, this triptyque scheme and allegedly following Charles Aubert's vision and initiative (director of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Services of Geneva and future first director of the Chambres de Commerce Suisses), the Customs Co-operation Council with the cooperation of the and of the ICC's International Information Bureau of Chambers of Commerce prepared the which entered into force on 3 October 1957. The new Convention introduced the E.C.S. Carnet, a substitution on an optional basis for the usual national temporary importation papers which replaced any deposit or guarantee for suspended import duties and charges if such a guarantee was required by the customs authorities in a particular case. The initials E.C.S. stand for the combined English and French words: Echantillons Commerciaux – Commercial Samples. The first countries to sign this convention were West Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey and the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs acted as the depositary of the Convention. The Customs Co-operation Council informed the Executive Secretary of GATT that the "satisfactory results obtained by the use of E.C.S. carnets for the temporary importation of commercial samples (in 1960, 15,600 ECS carnets were issued, for a total value of US$16,320,000) has induced the international trading community to propose that the facilities offered by the ECS Carnet Convention should be extended over the widest possible field." This idea was supported by the International Chamber of Commerce.
A preliminary enquiry on the usefulness of a customs document for temporary duty-free admission, carried out by the Customs Cooperation Council with the assistance of GATT, UNESCO and ICC showed general support for the preparation of a document on the lines of the ECS carnet, which could be used to facilitate, in particular, the temporary admission of professional equipment and of goods for display or use at exhibitions, fairs, etc. Since two Conventions concerning the temporary admission of these items were in the course of preparation, it was recognised that it would be highly desirable that the Convention creating the new document should be ready for adoption by the Council, at the same time as these Conventions; or as soon as possible thereafter. Hence, due to the ECS Carnet success, in 1961 the Customs Cooperation Council adopted the Customs Convention on the ATA Carnet for the Temporary Admission of Goods (ATA Convention) which then entered into force on 30 July 1963.  ATA Carnets are seen as upgraded version of ECS Carnets, which are no longer limited to commercial samples. More specific conventions for each type of applicable good were subsequently worked out and agreed on by the CCC. At its 47th / 48th Sessions (June 1976), the Council recommended Contracting Parties to the to denounce it as it duplicates the ATA Convention. To date, 21 countries have deposited their instruments of denunciation of the ECS Convention which, as a result, now has only one Contracting Party (Haiti).
To devise a single instrument for the simplification and harmonization of temporary admission formalities, replacing all the existing Conventions or Recommendations dealing solely or principally with temporary admission. The subjects covered by the former Conventions are now covered by the Annexes to the Istanbul Convention.
Each Annex authorizes the temporary admission of goods imported for a specific purpose, e.g. Annex B.1. covers goods for display or use at fairs or exhibitions. This avoids the need for the drawing up of any future instruments on temporary admission by creating a framework in which new categories of goods needing temporary admission facilities can be incorporated.
Goods imported duty-free cannot remain indefinitely in the country of temporary importation. The period fixed for re-exportation is laid down in each Annex.
The goods must be reexported in the same state. They must not undergo any change during their stay in the country of temporary importation, except normal depreciation due to the use made of them.
Economic prohibitions or restrictions at importation are not applied since they generally relate to goods cleared for home use, thus serving as a national protection measure.
In recent years the International Chamber of Commerce has been studying the possibility to digitize the ATA Carnet. A pilot project to test the digital ATA Carnet is planned to start running in the first half of 2019.
The World Customs Organization (WCO) monitors the international Conventions that govern the ATA system.
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), through its special department, the World Chambers Federation (WCF), organizes the internal procedures and administrates the members of the guarantee chain.
In the early 1960s, the ATA system was in use in Ivory Coast, France, Yugoslavia, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia. In 1982 there were 36 countries.
Today, the ATA Carnet System is in force in 78 countries and territories.
Beside the 28 member states of the European Union and member states of the European Free Trade Association, the ATA Carnet is officially in force in Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Hong Kong (China), Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Lebanon, Macau (China), Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, New Zealand, Pakistan, Russia, Qatar, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and the United States of America.
The following is a list of countries and their relative National Guaranteeing Associations. These countries officially issue ATA Carnets.
The table below is a list of countries which have signed the ATA Convention and/or the Istanbul Convention. The type of goods accepted depends on the eventual Conventions and Annexes they have signed. Some countries have signed either the ATA Convention or the Istanbul Convention but have yet to appoint a National Guaranteeing Association to start officially issuing ATA Carnets.
* Has signed either the ATA Convention or the Istanbul Convention but still does not issue or accept ATA carnets.
ATA Carnets having special conditions between contracting party sovereign states in view of a customs union agreement (e.g. Andorra–EU).
Liechtenstein Territorial application of Switzerland extended to Liechtenstein via their customs union established in 1923.
Monaco Territorial application of France extended to Monaco via their customs union established in 1865.
San Marino Territorial application of the European Union extended to San Marino via their customs union established in 1991.
In virtue of their European Union Customs Union, EU member states delegate their power in areas covered by the Convention to the European Union. The reservations made by the European Union are also in force in the single member states. This includes by virtue of customs union extension Monaco.
Through an extension to the Macao Special Administrative Region of the application of the Customs conventions on Temporary admission to which the Government of the People's Republic China has acceded.
The territorial application is extended to the Dutch Antilles but this extension is not yet implemented since there is no approved issuing and guaranteeing association.
the three dependencies of Norway located in the Southern polar region: Bouvetøya (Sub Antarctic island in the South Atlantic Ocean), Queen Maud Land (sector region of Antarctica) and Peter I Island (a volcanic island in continental Antarctica).
The Faroe Islands are not considered as part of the Danish customs territory and EU VAT territory.
The Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla do not belong to the EU VAT territory.
ATA Carnets are not regulated in the Eurasian Customs Union and are not accepted for transit between its countries.
Goods covered by an ATA carnet issued in the other part of the Customs Union may be accepted as returned goods within a period of three years (may be exceeded in order to take account of special circumstances), even when the validity of the ATA carnet has expired.
The ATA Carnet allows the business traveller to use a single document for clearing certain categories of goods through customs in several different countries without the deposit of import duties and taxes. The Carnet eliminates the need to purchase temporary import bonds. So long as the goods are re-exported within the allotted time frame, no duties or taxes are due. Failure to re-export all or some of the goods listed on the Carnet results in the payment of applicable duties and taxes. Failure to remit those duties results in a claim from the foreign customs service to the importer's home country.
The ATA Carnet comprises a front and back cover and includes two sheets for presentation at each foreign country you are visiting and two sheets for presentation to customs when leaving and returning to your home country. One sheet is to give to the foreign customs officials when entering the country and the other when you leave it. The same applies when exiting and entering your own country. In practice and in official terms, within the covers are counterfoils and vouchers for each country to be visited or transited. The vouchers act as receipts for entry and re-export in foreign countries and are kept by foreign customs officials. The counterfoils are stamped by the foreign customs services and act as the carnet holders receipt. ATA Carnets are in A4 paper format.
ATA Carnets cover the usual and unusual: computers, repair tools, photographic and film equipment, musical instruments, industrial machinery, vehicles, jewellery, clothing, medical appliances, aircraft, race horses, art work, prehistoric relics, ballet costumes and rock group sound systems. ATA Carnets do not cover perishable or consumable items, or goods for processing or repair.
ATA Carnets may not be used for all purpose determined by the Istanbul (ATA and others) conventions in every member state of the ATA Carnet system, as they might not have acceded to the respective convention.
A system similar to the ATA Carnet System called Carnet de Passages en Douane China-Taiwan (CPD China-Taiwan) operates on the basis of bilateral agreements between Taiwan (under the name of Chinese Taipei) and a certain number of ATA countries including the EU member states, Australia, Canada, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland and the United States of America. Other than a different colour code to distinguish it from the ATA Carnet, the conditions for its use, the goods for which it can be used, and customs procedures are identical. The CPD China-Taiwan Carnet is not to be confused with the also named CPD Carnet used to temporarily import motor vehicles into foreign countries.
^ a b "World Customs Organization". www.wcoomd.org. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
^ a b c "ATA carnet at work – ICC – International Chamber of Commerce". ICC – International Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
^ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE – Note by the Executive Secretary" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 8 February 1951.
^ "AGENDA FOR THE SEVENTH SESSION OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES COMMENCING 2 OCTOBER 1952" (PDF). General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade. 16 October 1952.
^ "WORKING PARTY 1 ON INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE RESOLUTIONS – REPORT ON THE DRAFT CONVENTION TO FACILITATE THE IMPORTATION OF COMMERCIAL SAMPLES AND ADVERTISING MATERIAL" (PDF). General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade. 5 November 1952.
^ "International Convention to facilitate Importation of Samples, Advertising Material open for signature" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 28 January 1953.
^ "International Convention to facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material to enter into force on 20 November 1955" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 25 October 1955.
^ "CONTRACTING PARTIES FORMULATE DRAFT CONVENTION ON IMPORTS OF SAMPLES AND ADVERTISING MATERIAL: ALSO RECOMMENDATIONS ON CONSULAR FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTARY REQUIREMENTS" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 30 October 1951.
^ "REPORT Of WORKING PARTY 1 ON RESOLUTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 20 October 1951.
^ "IMPORTATION OF COMMERCIAL SAMPLES AND ADVERTISING MATERIAL – Use of Customs Triptyque for the Traffic in Samples between Austria and Switzerland" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 1 March 1954.
^ "IMPORTATION OF COMMERCIAL SAMPLES AND ADVERTISING MATERIAL – Use of Customs Triptyque for the Traffic in Samples between Austria and Switzerland – Corrigendum" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 16 March 1954.
^ a b ALLIANCE DES CHAMBRES DE COMMERCE SUISSES. "Histoire". www.ataswiss.org. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
^ "SAMPLES CONVENTION – Resolution of the International Chamber of Commerce" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 23 July 1956.
^ "Customs Convention Regarding E.C.S. Carnets for Commercial Samples" (PDF). Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode. 27 January 1965.
^ "CUSTOMS CONVENTION REGARDING E.C.S. CARNETS FOR COMMERCIAL SAMPLES – Communication from the Customs Co-operation Council" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 31 October 1961.
^ a b ATA Handbook: Customs Convention on the ATA Carnet for the Temporary Admission of Goods. TSO. 2003. pp. Part two, pages 3-4. ISBN 978-0119846478.
^ "CUSTOMS CONVENTION ON TEMPORARY IMPORTATION OF PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT AND DRAFT CUSTOMS CONVENTION ON THE A.T.A. CARNET FOR THE TEMPORARY ADMISSION OF GOODS – Report of the Group of Experts1 on Temporary Admission" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 15 May 1961.
^ "DRAFT CUSTOMS CONVENTION OF THE ATA CARNET FOR THE TEMPORARY ADMISSION OF GOODS" (PDF). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 26 October 1961.
^ "SITUATION DES RATIFICATIONS ET ADHESIONS (au 1er juillet 2006) – Convention douanière sur les carnets ECS pour Èchantillons commerciaux" (PDF). World Customs Organization. 25 July 2006.
^ "THE ATA SYSTEM – AN INSTRUMENT FOR PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL TRADE" (PDF). World Customs Organization.
^ "ATA Carnet advances towards digitisation – ICC – International Chamber of Commerce". ICC – International Chamber of Commerce. 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
^ "ATA Carnet steps into the digital age with new pilot project – ICC – International Chamber of Commerce". ICC – International Chamber of Commerce. 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
^ "ICC announces ATA digitalisation project nominated countries". ICC – International Chamber of Commerce. 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
^ a b c "ATA carnet in your country – ICC – International Chamber of Commerce". ICC – International Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
^ "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Liechtenstein". www.eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "France and Monaco". France Diplomatie :: Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
^ "Cooperation and Customs Union Agreement – Ministry of foreign affairs – Republic of San Marino". www.esteri.sm. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
^ "** Welcome to the SACU Website **". www.sacu.int. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
^ a b European Commission (2016-09-13). "Customs Transit: ATA – Temporary admission". Taxation and Customs Union – European Commission. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
^ HUVELLE, Virginie (2017-03-24). "Andorra : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements". Taxation and Customs Union – European Commission. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
^ "ATA Carnet | Dubai Chamber". www.dubaichamber.com. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
^ "About ATA Carnet". www.chamber.lv. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
^ "London Chamber of Commerce and Industry – ATA Carnet". 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2018-09-07.


agencies hire students on the basis of their knowledge and ability to solve problems, keeping aside their grades or degrees. According to reports, an official in the FM office said that the government is committed to increasing the minimum wage of central government employees. Furthermore, reports say that the government is trying to hike the minimum wage in pay with fitment formula 3.00 times of basic pay of 6th pay commission.


The weakness Bitcoin has shown the last few days has surprised me a bit, i did not think we would go this low during the weekend. But it starting to look like we are making a wedge here now. Look at the similarities we had at the 9300 low a month ago. This should mean we are in the final stage of it.
BUT, volume is still to high, so that means it's probably not don yet, volume has to drop before we we make the low. As you can see, i drew the blue line, like that. indicating we could drop to the support line, slide on it for a while, let volume drop and THAN prepare for a lift off. It's a pure guess of course, but it's a very likely scenario.
I was short since the 11.600 which i closed at the 8500. Than i said we would go towards the 10K, where i went short again around the 9800 which i closed on average at 8200. Made a few small trades, long and short, to finally build up a short position again at 8500 and 8600 which i closed today around 7900 average. All these trades were made based on the bigger picture that we will make a big drop the next weeks. So far i have predicted most waves pretty good. But the market lets us adjust strategies within the bigger picture.
Now it just starting look more and more that we will see a big relief rally up. Something i did not think we would see yet, but the market is really weak at the moment, that usually triggers a big short squeeze!
To be clear, this long trade is purely within the bigger down trend. A move like this is not a reversal pattern, it's just to shake out short positions and attract bulls back in with their money.
Predicting where the low will be is very difficult, ideally we see a pattern on the 1 min chart. But if not, it's just guessing. The max should be around 7200, but the support line is around 7400. I will go probably go long if we get around the 7400. Overall it will be a small position! Because it's a counter trend trade. At best i will make it bigger after we break out start the rally.There is a chance the low is already set here, so i have taken 25% already at the 7550 just know, while i am writing this.
評論: I have seen more people drawing a much bigger wedge, from the 11.700 high down, but that's just wrong TA, in my humble opinion. The position of a wedge is very important, this one could be a typical one. The bigger one is not. Volume picture of the bigger one is just completely wrong.
評論: Almost certain we go lower, this small bear flag says maybe even towards the 7200. I will add around 7400 and 7250. Overall small position!!!!
評論: Okay people, so far the prediction of my primary chart has been quite outstanding, telling we will drop to the low of that wedge and hang around that support level. So far that original plan is working out just fine.
i dont have shorting on BInance platform.
so...to which level it gonna break in case it broke down? just this/? 7800?
waiting for the 4h candle to close above 23.6 (8293).
@hkh222, The last 3 closed below it. in 5 mins the 4h candle closes. let's see where we end up.
why specialy that point sory?
What are your thoughts on BTC will going down to $6000 area again?
Hey botje, there's something that got me confused. When I draw the top of the wedge in a linear scale, it seems to be a breakout, but if I draw it in a log scale, there's a failed breakout. And if I switch back to linear scale, the top of the log scale wedge is not even touched yet. Could you please explain this? Whenever you got the time, no hurry at all! Thank you very much for sharing your work, I find it very legit, and I like your theories! Keep up with your nice work, you are a hidden top author here on TV!
hi botje, by "starting wave C" you mean go up till 9K ? thanks for your work !


text:
Álvaro Fernández, né le  à Colonia del Sacramento, est un footballeur international uruguayen évoluant au poste de milieu de terrain.

Biographie

En club
Álvaro Fernández commence sa carrière à l'Atenas de San Carlos en 2006. L'année suivante, il rejoint les Montevideo Wanderers puis part au Mexique renforcer l'effectif du Puebla FC. Il retourne au pays en 2009 et remporte le Championnat d'Uruguay de football avec le Club Nacional de Football. Durant l'été, le milieu de terrain part en Europe pour jouer sous les couleurs du club portugais du Vitória Setúbal. Depuis , il joue pour le club de Seattle Sounders FC. Après plusieurs prêts dans différents clubs, il signe un contrat en  avec le club de Gimnasia La Plata

En sélection
Álvaro Fernández commença sa carrière internationale le 2 avril 2009 lors d'un match contre le Chili soldé par un match nul 0-0 comptant pour les éliminatoires du mondial.

Il est sélectionné parmi les vingt-trois pour disputer la Coupe du monde 2010, les uruguayens perdront en demi-finales contre les Pays-Bas sur le score de 3-2.

Liens externes

Naissance à Colonia del Sacramento
Footballeur international uruguayen
Joueur du Montevideo Wanderers FC
Joueur du CF Puebla
Joueur du Club Nacional de Football
Joueur du Vitória Setúbal
Joueur de l'Universidad de Chile
Joueur des Sounders de Seattle
Joueur du Fire de Chicago
Joueur de l'Al-Rayyan SC
Joueur du Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
Joueur du Club Atlético San Martín (San Juan)
Joueur désigné de la MLS
Naissance en octobre 1985

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