Casa Bolivar is located in the Colonia Americana in a quiet street near Villa Ganz. Just 10 minutes from the historical heart of the city, it offers easy access to the main streets that lead to Expo Guadalajara and the nearby modern shopping centers of Galerías and Andares.
The entrance is through a small vestibule with a comfortable chair and large windows overlooking the street. The garage is overshadowed by ancient orchid trees. This single story home has a large living/dining area with a kitchenette fully equipped for four guests.
The main bedroom is very spacious and offers two separate areas, the first with a king sized bed, an armoire and a TV. The second consisting of a large full bath with jacuzzi. Enormous windows with a glass door open up to a delightful interior patio. The second bedroom has a double bed with a full bath with shower only. An antique wardrobe and a chest of drawers complete the decoration. It also features a window overlooking the street.


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MCCC RECEIVES LARGEST INDIVIDUAL GIFT IN ITS HISTORY
Monroe County Community College has received the largest donation by an individual in its 55-year history. At a ceremony held today at Monroe County Community College, Gary J. Vajcner, a local businessman and philanthropist, donated $1.1 million to The Foundation at MCCC in memory of his wife, Patricia A. Vajcner, and in tribute to the life they built together. Read Press Release
MEDIA ALERT: $1.1 MILLION GIFT AND FACILITIES NAMING ANNOUNCEMENT
Local businessman and philanthropist Gary Vajcner will make the largest donation by an individual to Monroe County Community College in its 55-year history. MCCC officials will detail how the funds will be used, as well as announce the naming of two facility spaces in recognition of the gift. Read Press Release
MCCC AWARDED $330,000 IN GRANTS FROM DTE ENERGY FOUNDATION
Monroe County Community College has been awarded two grants totaling $330,000 from the DTE Energy Foundation to improve access to educational and employment opportunities in Monroe County, with special focus on underserved populations, MCCC President Dr. Kojo A. Quartey and DTE Energy Foundation manager Dana Williams announced at news conference tonight. The first grant of $300,000 will be used by the college over a three-year period to recruit and retain approximately 1,500 students studying in the disciplines of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) through a new STEM Scholars Program. Read Press Release
DUELING PIANOS INTERNATIONAL TO PERFORM AT MCCC'S LA-Z-BOY CENTER
Dueling Pianos International will perform at Monroe County Community College's La-Z-Boy Center, Meyer Theater on Saturday, Dec. 14 at 7:30 p.m. The La-Z-Boy Center is located on MCCC's Main Campus at 1555 S. Raisinville Rd. in Monroe. Read Press Release
MCCC AWARDED $10,000 GRANT FROM FIFTH THIRD BANK TO SUPPORT VOLUNTEER INCOME TAX ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Monroe County Community College has been awarded a $10,000 grant from Fifth Third Bank to support the college's Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program. The announcement was made this afternoon at a news conference at MCCC's La-Z-Boy Center. Read Press Release
MEDIA ALERT / GRANT ANNOUNCEMENT
Monroe County Community College will announce details on a $10,000 grant the college has been awarded by from Fifth Third Bank to support its Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program. Read Press Release
MEDIA ALERT / MAJOR GRANT ANNOUNCEMENT
Monroe County Community College has been awarded two grants totaling $330,000 from the DTE Energy Foundation to improve access to educational and employment opportunities in the Monroe County, with special focus on underserved populations. Read Press Release
MCCC'S SINGLE LARGEST SCHOLARSHIP DONATION BENEFITS FIRST GROUP OF TWELVE STUDENTS
For twelve very fortunate Monroe County Community College students the cost of a college education was significantly reduced this year because of the generosity of a woman who was in their position nearly 50 years ago. These twelve students from across Monroe County are the first of many groups of students who will benefit from the generosity of Ethel K. (Russeau) Fountain. Read Press Release
RESPIRATORY THERAPY PROGRAM RECEIVES DISTINGUISHED CREDENTIALING SUCCESS AWARD
MCCC's Respiratory Therapy Program recently received one of the highest forms of recognition an RT associate degree program can receive – the Distinguished Registered Respiratory Therapist Credentialing Success Award. Read Press Release
RESPIRATORY THERAPY CAREER INFORMATION SESSIONS SCHEDULED
The Respiratory Therapy Program career information sessions for the public on Thursday, November 21, at 12:30 - 1:45 p.m., 3 - 4:15 p.m. and 6:30 - 7:45 p.m. in the Welch Health Education Building. For more information call (734) 384-4103 or iahmed@monroeccc.edu. Read Press Release
'THANK YOU, VETERANS' EVENT AT MCCC SET FOR VETERANS DAY
Monroe County Community College will host a "Thank You, Veterans" event on Veterans Day, Nov. 11, to honor soldiers and their families for their service to our country. Read Press Release
EXPLORING TECHNICAL CAREERS IS FOCUS OF X-TECH OPEN HOUSE
On Wednesday, Nov. 6, Monroe County Community College's Applied Science and Engineering Technology Division will host its annual X-TECH open house from 4-8 p.m. in the Career Technology Center. Read Press Release
STATE OF THE COLLEGE ADDRESS SET FOR NOV. 11
Monroe County Community College President Dr. Kojo A. Quartey will present the State of the College Address to the Community on Nov. 11 at 5:30 p.m. at the headquarters of Monroe Bank & Trust. Read Press Release
MITCH RYDER AND THE DETROIT WHEELS TO ZOOM INTO MCCC'S LA-Z-BOY CENTER
Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels will bring their Detroit style of classic rock 'n' roll to Monroe County Community College on Saturday, Nov. 9. The concert will take place at 7:30 p.m. in the college's La-Z-Boy Center, Meyer Theater, which is located at 1555 S. Raisinville Rd. in Monroe. Read Press Release
MCCC TO HOST NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE MONTH EVENTS
Monroe County Community College will host an events series in November in honor of Native American History Month. Below is the schedule of events. All are free and open to the public. Read Press Release
VETERANS REMEMBRANCE CELEBRATION SET FOR NOV. 7
The Monroe County Veterans Advisory Board will present a "Veterans Remembrance Celebration" on November 7 from 7-8:30 p.m. in Monroe County Community College's La-Z-Boy Center. Read Press Release
INFORMATIONAL MEETINGS SET FOR HEALTH CAREER-FOCUSED STUDY ABROAD TRIP
Monroe County Community College will host informational meetings on Tuesday, Oct. 29 and Wednesday, Oct. 30 on its May 2020 Study Abroad Program trip to London and Paris, which is open to MCCC students and community members who are interested in a career in health care. Read Press Release
MCCC AWARDED NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE FUND'S LARGEST GRANT FOR 2019
Monroe County Community College has been awarded the Native American Heritage Fund's largest grant of 2019 – $199,234 – to create curriculum and a set of immersion experiences for K-12 students that are focused on how to research stories from the Native American perspective, MCCC President Dr. Kojo A. Quartey announced today at a news conference at the college. Read Press Release
MCCC VISITING ARTIST SERIES TO FEATURE ANNA VAN SCHAAP
Monroe County Community College will host a lecture and month-long public display by Anna Van Schaap as part of its Visiting Artist Series. The lecture will take place on Thursday, Oct. 24 from 6-8 p.m. in the Atrium of the La-Z-Boy Center on the college's Main Campus, 1555 S. Raisinville Rd. in Monroe. Read Press Release
In partnership with the River Raisin National Battlefield Park and three Native American groups – the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma, the Turtle Island Dream Keepers and the Wyandot of Anderdon Nation – Monroe County Community College has been awarded the Native American Heritage Fund's largest grant of 2019 and will detail the specifics of the grant project. Read Press Release

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Обеззараживатель воздуха (генератор диоксида хлора)
Подробно о Барьерный риф для врачей
prmo Барьерный риф SB маски анатомические медицинские без клапана
Барьерный риф SB маски анатомические медицинские без клапана
prmo Барьерный риф SB маски анатомические медицинские с клапаном
Барьерный риф SB маски анатомические медицинские с клапаном
prmo Барьерный риф обеззараживатель воздуха
Барьерный риф обеззараживатель воздуха
Эффективность сверхмалых концентраций диоксида хлора против вируса гриппа типа А (ENG)
Protective Effect of Low-concentration Chlorine Dioxide Gas Against Influenza a Virus Infection
Norio Ogata, Takashi Shibata
Research Institute, Taiko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 3-34-14 Uchihonmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-0032, Japan
Influenza virus infection is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. Between humans, this virus spreads mostly via aerosols excreted from the respiratory system. Current means of prevention of influenza virus infection are not entirely satisfactory because of their limited efficacy. Safe and effective preventive measures against pandemic influenza are greatly needed. We demonstrate that infection of mice induced by aerosols of influenza A virus was prevented by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at an extremely low concentration (below the long-term permissible exposure level to humans, namely 0.1 p.p.m.). Mice in semi-closed cages were exposed to aerosols of influenza A virus (1 LD50) and ClO2 gas (0.03 p.p.m.) simultaneously for 15 min. Three days after exposure, pulmonary virus titre (TCID50) was 102.6±1.5 in five mice treated with ClO2, whilst it was 106.7±0.2 in five mice that had not been treated (P=0.003). Cumulative mortality after 16 days was 0/10 mice treated with ClO2 and 7/10 mice that had not been treated (P=0.002). In in vitro experiments, ClO2 denatured viral envelope proteins (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that are indispensable for infectivity of the virus, and abolished infectivity.
Taken together, we conclude that ClO2 gas is effective at preventing aerosol-induced influenza virus infection in mice by denaturing viral envelope proteins at a concentration well below the permissible exposure level to humans. ClO2 gas could therefore be useful as a preventive means against influenza in places of human activity without necessitating evacuation.
Among the most frequent infections of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in humans are those caused by influenza A virus, an enveloped, negative-sense, singlestranded RNA virus (Skehel & Hay, 1978; Ghendon et al., 1981; McCauley & Mahy, 1983). In a typical year, the virus infects 15-20% of the population, causing >500 000 deaths worldwide (Thompson et al., 2003; WHO, 2003), but the most frightening effects are seen when new strains of virus emerge, resulting in devastating pandemics (Reid & Taubenberger, 2003). Current reports of avian-to-human transmission of influenza A virus, particularly of the H5N1 subtype, make the prospect of new pandemics particularly alarming (Webby & Webster, 2003; Webster et al., 2007). It cannot be overemphasized that novel strains of influenza virus have the potential to cause devastating pandemics in the near future (Palese, 2004). In the past century, three outbreaks of influenza virus infection have caused significant numbers of human fatalities. Among them, the 1918 strain was particularly notable for its infectivity and the severity of the disease (Kong et al., 2006).
As with many respiratory viruses, influenza virus spreads in the air as aerosols (droplets) expelled from an infected human. It needs to attach to and penetrate target cells to establish infection (Wagner et al., 2002). The principal route of entry of the virus into target cells takes place by binding to a receptor on the surface of a respiratory-tract epithelial cell, with subsequent transfer of viral genetic materials into the infected cell (Wagner et al., 2002). The envelope of the influenza virus carries two major surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) (EC 3.2.1.18). HA plays a key role in initiating viral infection by binding to sialic acid-containing receptors on host cells and mediates viral entry into cells and fusion with the cellular membrane (Tsuchiya et al., 2001; Wagner et al, 2002; Bentz & Mittal, 2003). At a later stage of infection, NA also plays a key role by releasing sialic acid residues from the surface of progeny virus particles and from the infected cell, facilitating viral release (Solorzano et al., 2000; Wagner et al., 2002; Gong et al., 2007). When influenza virus is deficient in NA activity, progeny virus particles aggregate at the surface of the infected cell, severely impairing further spread of the virus to other cells. Both HA and NA are indispensable for successful infection and spread of this virus. Several antiviral compounds, such as zanamivir, oseltamivir and resveratrol, have been developed, but their long-term efficacy is still limited by toxicity and inevitable selection of drug-resistant viral mutants (Nicholson et al., 2003). Vaccination against influenza virus still has limited efficacy, and complete prevention of the disease is not yet possible (Ge et al., 2004).
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a water-soluble, yellow gas with a characteristic chlorine-like odour and strong oxidizing activity (Moran et al., 1953; Fukayama et al., 1986; Ogata, 2007). It is commonly generated by adding acid to sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution. ClO2 is a free radical, owing to one unpaired electron in its molecular orbital (ClO2) (Lynch et al., 1997). Possibly due to its strong oxidizing activity (Moran et al., 1953; Fukayama et al., 1986), when dissolved in water, ClO2 has potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses (Taylor & Butler, 1982; Harakeh et al., 1988; Chen & Vaughn, 1990; Foschino et al., 1998; Eleraky et al., 2002; Schwartz et al., 2003; Sivaganesan et al., 2003; Li et al., 2004; Loret et al., 2005; Sy et al., 2005; Wilson et al., 2005; Okull et al., 2006; Simonet & Gantzer, 2006). However, the antimicrobial activities of gas-phase ClO2 have not been well studied. This is especially true of ClO2 gas at very low concentrations (subtoxic levels) that are sufficiently safe to use in places of human activity without evacuation. According to the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the long-term (8 h) permissible exposure level of ClO2 in environmental air in a human workplace is 0.1 p.p.m. (v/v) (US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2006).
If gas-phase ClO2 is shown to have potent antimicrobial activity at a subtoxic level, it would be useful to employ it at such levels to prevent transmission of respiratory infections in public places such as offices, schools, theatres, hospitals and airport buildings without evacuating occupants. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether ClO2 gas at a subtoxic level can protect against influenza A virus infection by using a mouse-influenza model. The mechanism of the effect of ClO2 against this virus was further substantiated by in vitro biochemical experiments.
Reagents, animals and virus. Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) was obtained from JT Baker. All other reagents were of reagent grade. CD-1 male mice, 6-8 weeks of age, were purchased from Charles River Laboratories. They were acclimatized in the laboratory for at least 1 week before the experiment. For each set of experiments, groups consisted of 15 mice. Five were sacrificed on day 3 (72 h) after exposure to virus aerosols (see below) for virus titre determination in their lungs and pathological examinations of lung tissue. Ten animals were observed further for mortality until day 21. The animal experiment was approved by Taiko Pharmaceutical Experiment Committee. Influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) was used for animal experiments, and strain A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) was used for all in vitro experiments. These viruses were grown and propagated by using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. They were purified by velocity density-gradient centrifugation through a 20-50 % linear sucrose gradient. Virion-containing fractions were collected, titrated and stored at —80 °C until use. Just before use, a vial of virus was thawed quickly and diluted with Dulbecco's PBS to approximately 1 LD50 (one 50% lethal dose) when delivered as aerosols. Mice were exposed to this preparation for 15 min. The diluted virus suspension was placed in a reservoir of an Aero-Mist nebulizer (CIS-US, Inc.). As a no-virus control, another interchangeable nebulizer holding a reservoir of PBS alone was used in parallel. The virus and no-virus aerosols were changed quickly by a converter (Fig. 1). The day of aerosol challenge was termed day 0.
ClO2 generator. The ClO2 generator was made in our laboratory (Fig. 1a). ClO2 was generated by mixing 250 mM HCl with 28 mM NaClO2; these solutions were delivered into a reaction vessel by precision liquid pumps A and B. ClO2 was generated according to the reaction 5NaClO2 + 4HCl→4ClO2 + 5NaCl + 2H2O. ClO2 generated in the reaction vessel was next bubbled with air to expel it as gas. Approximately 50 p.p.m. ClO2 gas came out of the vessel at a flow rate of 0.4 l min—1. The ClO2 gas was next diluted by air using air pumps B and C. Finally, ClO2 gas at approximately 0.8 p.p.m. was delivered from the generator into the mouse cage at a flow rate of about 1.8 1 min—1 (Fig. 1). Concentration and flow rate of ClO2 gas were adjusted finely by a concentration regulator and a flow-rate regulator, respectively, to meet the gas concentration and flow rate required for the experiment. The ClO2 gas was finally delivered into the mouse cage as shown in Fig. 1(b).
Set-up of the animal experimental system. For exposure of mice to ClO2 gas and virus aerosols, experiments were done in a class II biosafety cabinet. A semi-closed mouse cage of 26 x 37 x 18 cm (inner dimensions) containing 15 mice was placed in the biosafety cabinet (Fig. 1b). A battery-powered electric fan (2x6x6 cm) to circulate air inside the cage was inserted in the cage with the mice and a battery box. The plexiglass cage was airtight except for the top cover, which was placed loosely on the cage so that air could seep out from the cage to prevent build-up of pressure within the cage. One of two interchangeable nebulizers, containing either PBS alone or virus suspension in PBS, was connected to an air pump (Fig. 1b). Aerosols made by the nebulizers, either of PBS alone or of virus suspension in PBS, were delivered into the mouse cage. The above-mentioned two kinds of aerosol were interchanged quickly by the converter. ClO2 gas or air (0 p.p.m. 'gas' as a control) was delivered into the cage through another hole (Fig. 1b, right). A sampling tube of a ClO2 analyser (model 4330-SP; Interscan Corporation) was inserted into the cage through another hole. ClO2 gas concentrations were measured intermittently.
Pathological examination. Mice were sacrificed by an intramuscular injection of pentobarbital sodium, and their lungs were removed carefully and weighed. A portion of the lung was homogenized with PBS and aliquots were assayed for virus titre by using MDCK cells. The virus titre was expressed as TCID50. Another portion of the lung was fixed in buffered formalin and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examinations.
Assay of in vitro infectivity, HA titre and NA activity of virus. Influenza virus (1 mg protein ml—1) was treated with ClO2 at various concentrations for 2 min at 0 °C in PBS. The reaction was terminated by adding a twofold molar excess of Na2S2O3. The in vitro infectivity of the virus was determined by using MDCK cells as indicator cells. Briefly, 1 x 106 cells were inoculated in a Petri dish of 6 cm diameter using 10 ml Eagle's MEM containing 10 % fetal bovine serum. Cells were grown until confluent (about 2 days) and then inoculated with tenfold serial dilutions of virus, treated or not treated with ClO2, suspended in PBS. Cells were next overlaid with freshly prepared medium without serum, but supplemented with 0.9% agar, 2.5 μg trypsin ml-1, 100 units penicillin G ml-1 and 100 μg streptomycin ml-1. The culture dish was incubated at 37 °C for 3-4 days in 95 % air/5 % CO2. The cells were then fixed and stained with crystal violet to count the number of plaques. The concentrations of ClO2 and/or Na2S2O3 used in the above experiment had no effect on the growth of MDCK cells. For the HA titre assay, twofold serial dilutions of treated (0 °C, 2 min, in PBS) virus were prepared in PBS and added to a round-bottomed 96-well microtitre plate (50 μg per well). Chicken red blood cells (2 x 106 cells in 50 μl were then added and incubated for 1 h at 4 °C. End-point HA titres were expressed as the reciprocal of the last dilution that showed complete haemagglutination. For the NA assay, virus was diluted to 8 mg protein ml-1, and then 2 mM 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (sodium salt) in calcium-MES buffer [32.5 mM MES buffer (pH 6.5), 4 mM CaCl2] was added to a final concentration of 1 mM. The mixture was incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. The reaction was terminated by adding 800 μl glycine buffer (0.1 M, pH 10.7) containing 25% ethanol. Fluorescence intensity was measured (λex=365 nm, λem=450 nm) by a spectrofluorophotometer (model RF-5300PC; Shimadzu).
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic structure of a ClO2 generator. (b) Experimental set-up for exposure of mice to influenza A virus aerosols and ClO2 gas.
Sequencing and mass spectrometry (MS) of peptides. Synthetic peptides HA1 (NPENGTCYPG) and HA2 (RNLLWLTGKN) correspond to aa 101-110 and 162-171, respectively, of the HA protein. Peptides NA1 (FESVAWSASA) and NA2 (SGYSGSFVQH) correspond to aa 174-183 and 400-409, respectively, of the NA protein. They were obtained from Global Peptide Services. These peptides (2 mM each) were treated with 4 mM ClO2 at 25 °C for 2 min in PBS in a volume of 500 ml. After the reaction, a twofold molar excess (1.6 μl of 2.5 M Na2S2O3 was added to terminate the reaction. A portion (100 μl of the reaction mixture was then loaded for highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a reverse-phase column (Cosmosil 5C18-AR-300, 4.6 mm inner diameter, 250 mm long; Nacalai Tesque). The column was eluted with a solvent of 0.1 % (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid for 6 min and then with a linear gradient of acetonitrile from 10 to 50 % in the above solvent over the next 54 min at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. Peptides were monitored by absorption at 270 nm. Peak materials (peptides) were collected and lyophilized. The lyophilized peptides were next analysed by Edman degradation using a protein sequencer (Procise; Applied Biosystems) to determine their amino acid sequences. Molecular masses of peptides and amino acid residues were determined by using a mass spectrometer (model Ultraflex; Bruker Daltonik) in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and MALDI-TOF/TOF (tandem MS) modes. α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid was used as a matrix.
Statistical analysis. Data were analysed by using Student's t-test or Fisher's exact test. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Simultaneous exposure of mice to virus aerosols and ClO2 gas
ClO2 gas made by a ClO2 generator (Fig. 1a) was delivered into the mouse cage for 15 min simultaneously with aerosols of PBS alone or of influenza A virus suspended in PBS (Fig. 1b). The ClO2 gas concentration in the mouse cage of the ClO2-treated group during this period was 0.032 ± 0.026 p.p.m. (time-weighted mean ± SD). As a ClO2-untreated control, only air (0 p.p.m. ClO2) and aerosols of influenza virus suspended in PBS were delivered into the mouse cage housing another group of 15 mice. In the ClO2-untreated control group on day 3 (72 h), the pulmonary titre (TCID50) of the virus was 106.7±0.2 (n=5), whereas it was 102.6±1.5 in the ClO2-treated group (P=0.003, Student's t-test) (Table 1), demonstrating clearly that ClO2 gas was effective in decreasing the number of infectious viruses in mouse lungs (a similar result was obtained in another independent experiment). Cumulative mortality at day 16 was 70% (7/10) in the ClO2-untreated group and 0% (0/10) in the ClO2-treated group (P=0.002, Fisher's exact test) (Table 2). This result indicates that ClO2 gas can prevent mortality of mice challenged with influenza A virus aerosols. We confirmed the reproducibility of the above result in another experiment, in which the mortality was 5/10 mice without ClO2 gas, and 0/10 with 0.03 p.p.m. ClO2 gas (P=0.03).
Pulmonary virus titres of each mouse challenged with influenza A virus aerosols in the absence or presence of 0.03 p.p.m. ClO2 gas
[CIO2 gas]
(p.p.m.) Virus titre in each mouse (log10)* Mean ± SD
0 6.3 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 ± 0.2†
0.03 1.3 2.1 3.6 4.8 1.3 2.6 ± 1.5†
*Virus titre, expressed as TCID50, was measured 72 h after challenge by virus aerosols (n=5 mice per group).
†P=0.003 when the means of two groups were compared (Student's t-test).
Mortality of mice exposed to aerosols of influenza A virus in the absence or presence of 0.03 p.p.m. ClO2 gas
Values are the number of mice that died at each time point after virus challenge.
[ClO2 gas]
(p.p.m.) Time after virus challenge (days) Total
1-10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0 0 3 0 0 1 1 2 7*
0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0*
*P=0.002 when the 0 and 0.03 p.p.m. groups on day 16 were compared (Fisher's exact test, n=10 for each group).
Relative body mass (body mass at day 7 compared with that at day 0) was 1.09 ± 0.08 (n=5) in the ClO2-treated group and 0.91±0.04 (n=5) in the untreated group (P=0.002, Student's t-test) (Table 3). This result further supports the protection of mice from morbidity caused by influenza A virus. As another control, ClO2 gas (0.03 p.p.m., without virus) and PBS aerosols (without virus) were delivered into a cage housing another group of 15 mice to know whether ClO2 gas at a concentration of 0.03 p.p.m. has any toxic effect on mice. Mice were apparently completely healthy for the 21 days of observation. Microscopic examination of histopathological specimens of lungs from five mice treated with 0.03 p.p.m. ClO2 gas and PBS aerosols showed that their lungs were completely normal (data not shown).
Body mass of mice 1 week after challenge with influenza A virus in the absence or presence of 0.03 p.p.m. ClO2 gas
(p.p.m.) Body mass (g) at day: Relative body mass*
0 28.4 ± 1.2 25.7 ± 1.3 0.90 ± 0.04†
0.03 26.0 ± 1.8 28.3± 2.1 1.09 ± 0.08†
*Ratio of body mass on day 7 to that on day 0 in each group.
†P=0.002 when relative body masses of the 0 and 0.03 p.p.m. ClO2 groups were compared (Student's t-test, n=5 in each group).
Delayed gas-delivery experiment
Next, we examined the effect of ClO2 gas delivered for 15 min into the mouse cage at various delay times after commencement of the delivery of influenza virus aerosols. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether ClO2 gas delivered after the virus aerosols would still be able to prevent viral infection. Mortality of mice was 0 % (0/10) when ClO2 was delivered simultaneously with the virus aerosols (0 min delay, P=0.022 versus no-ClO2 group) (Table 4), confirming the result shown in Table 2. When ClO2 gas was delivered 5 min after the delivery of virus aerosols (5 min delay), mortality was 10% (1/10) (P=0.081 versus no-ClO2 group). The mortality rate was 50 % (5/10) with a 15 min delay, which was the same as in animals that received no ClO2 gas treatment (Table 4). The result indicates that ClO2 gas was an effective preventative of influenza virus infection when present in the environment simultaneously with the virus aerosols. When delivered after a 5 min delay, it may have been slightly effective (P=0.081), but it was completely ineffective when delivered 15 min after commencement of the delivery of the virus aerosols. Taken together, these results indicate that ClO2 gas inactivated the virus before it entered the lungs, but that it lacked the ability to inactivate viruses that had already entered the lungs and established infection. In summary, ClO2 gas, at an extremely low concentration (below the long-term permissible exposure level to humans), is effective at preventing infection of mice by influenza A virus without any harmful effects.
Mortality of mice challenged with influenza A virus aerosols in the absence or presence of 0.03 p.p.m. ClO2 gas that was delivered for 15 min at various delay times after commencement of the delivery of virus aerosols
ClO2 gas delay time (min) Time after virus challenge (days) Total
5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1†
No ClO2 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 5
*P=0.022 when compared with the no-ClO2 group (Fisher's exact test, n=10 in each group).
†P= 0.081 when compared with the no-ClO2 group (Fisher's exact test, n=10 in each group).
Effect of ClO2 on the infectivity of influenza A virus in vitro
Influenza A virus was treated in vitro with ClO2 and its infectivity was assayed by using cultured cells. Infectivity of the virus decreased markedly after treatment with 40-320 μM ClO2, demonstrating that ClO2 indeed inactivates the infectivity of the virus (Table 5). As the HA and NA proteins on the virus surface (envelope) are indispensable to the infectivity of the virus, we assayed their biological activities. As shown in Table 5, both HA and NA activities decreased markedly after ClO2 treatment in vitro. This result suggests that the reduction in the infectivity of influenza virus is attributable to the decrease of biological activities of the HA and NA proteins on the virus envelope.
In vitro infectivity of influenza A virus suspension treated with ClO2
Influenza A virus was treated with ClO2 at 0 °C for 2 min and subjected to various assays. Virus and HA titres are the means of two experiments. NA activity is the mean ± SD of five experiments. nd, Not determined.
Concentration of ClO2
(μM) Virus titre
(p.f.u. ml-1) HA
titre* NA activity [units (mg protein)-1]
0 5.8 ±105 29 0.23 ±0.004
40 5.0 ±104 28 0.21 ±0.009†
80 <5.0 ±101 25 0.19±0.006‡
160 <5.0 ±101 25 0.11 ±0.004‡
240 ND 24 0.059 ±0.002‡
*Reciprocal of the last dilution that showed complete haemagglutination.
†P<0.05 when compared with 0 μМ ClO2 (Student's t-test).
‡P<0.0001 when compared with 0 μМ ClO2 (Student's t-test).
Denaturation of HA and NA proteins
We speculated that ClO2 denatured the HA and NA proteins and inactivated their biological activities. To provide support for this hypothesis, we selected two model decapeptides (HA1 and HA2) from HA and two (NA1 and NA2) from NA (for sequences, see Methods). After treatment of these peptides with ClO2, they were analysed by reverse-phase HPLC. When these four peptides were treated individually with ClO2, there were several novel peptide peaks on the chromatograms that differed completely from the original peptide peaks (data not shown). This indicates that the original peptides were modified covalently by reaction with ClO2. This hypothesis was supported further by the fact that, upon sequencing (by Edman degradation) of the peptide peaks recovered from HPLC, some amino acid residues in the peptides were not identified (Table 6). For example, regarding the peptide HA2 (RNLLWLTGKN, aa 162-171) treated with ClO2, the sequence of the peptide peak recovered from HPLC was RNLLXLTGKN; the fifth amino acid residue (Trp166 in the original protein) could not be identified by the conventional protein-sequencing method. This indicates strongly that this residue (tryptophan) was modified covalently by ClO2. Likewise, other peptides were also found to be modified at tryptophan and tyrosine residues (Table 6). It is unclear whether the cysteine residue of HA1 was modified by ClO2, because cysteine residues are not positively identifiable by this conventional sequencing method.
Amino acid sequences of ClO2-treated model peptides derived from the HA and NA proteins of influenza A virus
Each model peptide (2 mM) was treated with 4 mM ClO2 at 25 °C for 2 min, and then analysed individually by HPLC. Peak fractions of HPLC were recovered and subjected to protein sequencing. X denotes amino acid residues that gave unusual peaks on chromatograms of the protein sequencer and were therefore not identified.
Name Original peptide ClO2-treated peptide
aa Sequence Sequence found
HA1 101-110 NPENGTCYPG NPENGTCXPG
HA2 162-171 RNLLWLTGKN RNLLXLTGKN
NA1 174-183 FESVAWSASA FESVAXSASA
NA2 400-409 SGYSGSFVQH SGXSGSFVQH
Covalent modification of tryptophan and tyrosine residues by ClO2 was confirmed by MS. As shown in Table 7, in the modified HA2 and NA1 peptides, there was an increase of about 32 or 48 atomic mass units in the tryptophan residues, indicating that two or three atoms of oxygen were incorporated covalently into tryptophan residues. Likewise, there was an increase of about 32 or 48 atomic mass units in the tyrosine residues in the modified HA1 and NA2 peptides (Table 7), indicating the covalent incorporation of two or three atoms of oxygen into tyrosine residues. Taken together, we conclude that amino acid residues in the HA and NA proteins, primarily tryptophan and tyrosine residues, are modified covalently by ClO2. Such modifications of amino acid residues appear to denature the HA and NA proteins of influenza A virus, which are indispensable for its infectivity, and consequently abolish infectivity of the virus.
MS analyses of ClO2-treated model peptides derived from the HA and NA proteins of influenza A virus
Peptides HA1 (NPENGTCYPG), HA2 (RNLLWLTGKN), NA1 (FESVAWSASA) and NA2 (SGYSGSFVQH) (each 2 mM) were treated with 4 mM ClO2 at 25 °C for 2 min. They were then analysed individually by HPLC and two peak fractions were recovered from each HPLC run. The peak fractions were analysed by MS. ND, Not determined.
Peptide* Parent ion ([M + H]+)† Amino acid residue‡
Expected Found δ§ Expected Found δ§
a (HA1) 1051.1 1096.4 45.3 181.2 ( Y) ND ND
b (HA1) 1051.1 1083.8 32.7 181.2 ( Y) 213.0 31.8
c (HA2) 1214.1 1246.7 32.6 204.2 (W) 236.1 31.9
d (HA2) 1214.1 1262.7 48.6 204.2 (W) 252.1 47.9
e (NA1) 1054.1 1102.5 48.4 204.2 (W) 252.1 47.9
f (NA1) 1054.1 1086.4 32.3 204.2 (W) 236.0 31.8
g (NA2) 1068.1 1099.8 31.7 181.2 ( Y) ND ND
h (NA2) 1068.1 1116.5 48.4 181.2 ( Y) 229.0 47.8
*Peak fractions recovered from HPLC. The name in parentheses denotes that of the original peptide.
†Mass/charge of the [M + H]+ ion of the ClO2-treated and HPLC-recovered peptides, determined by MALDI-TOF MS.
‡Mass/charge of each amino acid residue of the peptide determined by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Only the amino acid residue whose mass/ charge was significantly different from that of the original residue is shown. The mass of water (18.0) has been added to the mass/charge for clarity.
§δ denotes the difference between expected and found mass/charge values.
We have demonstrated that ClO2 gas at an extremely low concentration can prevent influenza A virus infection of mice caused by aerosols. According to the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the 8 h permissible exposure level of ClO2 in human workplaces is 0.1 p.p.m. The level of ClO2 gas (0.03 p.p.m.) used in this study is well below this level, and our results indicate that ClO2 at this level could be used in the presence of humans to prevent their infection by influenza A virus and possibly other related virus infections of the respiratory tract. Specifically, ClO2 gas could be used in places such as offices, theatres, hotels, schools and airport buildings without evacuating people, thus not interrupting their normal activities.
Current growing concerns about the threat posed by highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus have prompted interest in evaluating measures against this virus. ClO2 and chlorine have long been used as disinfectants of public water supplies. Thus far, chlorine treatment (chlorination) represents the most common form of disinfection used in water treatment. Rice et al. (2007) reported recently that the H5N1 strain of influenza A virus was inactivated by chlorine in an in vitro experiment. In their experiment, the free chlorine concentration typically used in drinking-water treatment was sufficient to inactive the virus by more than three orders of magnitude. Although the strain of influenza virus used in our present experiment (H1N1) differs from that of Rice et al. (2007), it is suggested that our present method, namely treatment of influenza virus by ClO2, provides another effective manoeuvre for the treatment of public water supplies contaminated by the virus, and it paves a new way for prevention of pandemic influenza.
ClO2 gas is very soluble in water, and is in equilibrium between the gas and water phases. In our preliminary experiment, ClO2 reached equilibrium between the gas and water phases within 30 s (half-maximal in 20 s) (N. Ogata, unpublished data). Generally speaking, a water-soluble gaseous substance reaches equilibrium between the gas and water phases according to Henry's law, C=kP, where C is the concentration of a substance in the water phase, P is partial pressure of the substance in the gas phase and k is an equilibrium constant. When the diameter of the aerosol is in the range 1-10 μm, as in the present experiment, equilibrium is reached within 1 min. We also found that Henry's equilibrium gas constant k regarding the ClO2-water equilibrium, namely k in the above equation, was 3.9 x 10—5 mol l—1 Pa—1 (N. Ogata, unpublished data). Therefore, the ClO2 concentration in the virus aerosols is theoretically 0.12 μM when the aerosols are in equilibrium with 0.03 p.p.m. ClO2 gas. This suggests further that the influenza A virus is inactivated at 0.12 mM ClO2 in water (PBS in our present experiment).
We have shown that ClO2 denatures (abolishes the functions of) the HA and NA proteins on the envelope of the influenza virus (Table 5). As these proteins are indispensable for the infectivity of this virus, the fact that they were denatured by ClO2 could explain why infectivity of the virus decreased after treatment with ClO2. However, it is noteworthy that the reduction in infectivity, as demonstrated by plaque assay, did not necessarily parallel the reductions in HA and NA activities (Table 5). One possibility is the presence of other protein(s) in the virus that is/are critical and indispensable for its infectivity and is/are denatured by ClO2. For example, the M2 protein, a proton channel in the virus envelope, could be a target of ClO2. This protein is indispensable for the virus to establish infection (Tang et al., 2002). A tryptophan residue (Trp41) of this protein protrudes into the proton channel and works as a 'gate' for a proton that enters and passes through the channel (Tang et al., 2002). As tryptophan residues were modified by ClO2 in this study (Tables 6 and 7), it is likely that ClO2 could also modify the tryptophan residue (Trp41) in this protein and abolish its function.
Tyrosine (Tyr108) and tryptophan (Trp166) residues in HA are conserved among many strains of influenza virus and constitute the binding site of the protein for the receptor (sialic acid) [Tyr98 and Trp153, respectively, in Stevens et al. (2006)]. Therefore, covalent modification of these amino acid residues (Tables 5-7) explains the reduction in HA activity caused by ClO2 treatment. Likewise, tyrosine (Tyr402) and tryptophan (Trp179) residues are conserved in NA. They constitute an active-site pocket of the protein and are necessary for its catalytic activity [Tyr406 and Trp178, respectively, in Lentz et al. (1987)]; this view is supported by the fact that complete loss of its enzymic activity occurs by their substitution with other amino acids (Lentz et al., 1987). Therefore, covalent modification of these amino acid residues in NA by ClO2 would explain its inactivation by ClO2.
We thank Dr Philip R.Wyde, Koji Abe, Cholsong Lee and Hirofumi Morino for their contribution to this work. We also thank Dr Yoshinobu Okuno for the New Caledonia strain influenza A virus.
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Lentz, M. R., Webster, R. G. & Air, G. M. (1987). Site-directed mutation of the active site of influenza neuraminidase and implications for the catalytic mechanism. Biochemistry 26, 5351-5358.
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Lynch, E., Sheerin, A., Claxson, A. W., Atherton, M. D., Rhodes, C. J., Silwood, C. J., Naughton, D. P. & Grootveld, M. (1997). Multicomponent spectroscopic investigations of salivary antioxidant consumption by an oral rinse preparation containing the stable free radical species chlorine dioxide (CIO2) Free Radic Res 26, 209-234.
McCauley, J. W. & Mahy, B. W. (1983). Structure and function of the influenza virus genome. Biochem J 211, 281-294.
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Okull, D. O., Demirci, A., Rosenberger, D. & LaBorde, L. F. (2006). Susceptibility of Penicillium expansum spores to sodium hypochlorite, electrolyzed oxidizing water, and chlorine dioxide solutions modified with nonionic surfactants. J Food Prot 69, 1944-1948.
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Reid, A. H. & Taubenberger, J. K. (2003). The origin of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus: a continuing enigma. J Gen Virol 84, 2285-2292.
Rice, E. W., Adcock, N. J., Sivaganesan, M., Brown, J. D., Stallknecht, D. E. & Swayne, D. E. (2007). Chlorine inactivation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis 13, 1568-1571.
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Summary results and visualisation
Mortality rates among 10 mice were compared over 21 days when exposed to either chlorine dioxide gas (0.03 ppm) or air for 15 minutes simultaneously with Virus I (1LD50) .
[Results-1]
In the presence of 0.03 ppm chlorine dioxide gas, the death of mice due to infection with Virus I was prevented (p = 0.002) . The level of chlorine dioxide gas to which humans can safely be exposed for long periods of time is 0.1 ppm (time-weighted average [TWA] for human exposure for 8 hours) .
In the presence of chlorine dioxide gas (0.03 ppm), Virus I in the lungs of mice was significantly reduced (p = 0.003).
The number of deaths among 10 mice was monitored in the case where exposure to chlorine dioxide gas (0.03 ppm) was started either simultaneously with 0, or 5, 10, or 15 minutes after exposure to Virus I (1LD50), and it was compared to the case where the mice were not exposed to the chlorine dioxide gas.
[Results]
When mice were exposed to chlorine dioxide gas starting 15 minutes after exposure to Virus I, the same number of mice (5) died as when chlorine dioxide gas was not used, but when the mice were exposed to chlorine dioxide gas simultaneously with exposure to Virus I, none of the mice died at all (p = 0.022).
Moreover, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.081), deaths among the mice were limited to only one animal even when exposure to chlorine dioxide gas was started after the waiting time of 5 minutes.
For details, please refer to the abstract of the paper.
Ogata N and Shibata T. J Gen Virol 89,60-67 (2008).
Связанные темы:
Грипп - статьи
Исследование эффективности и ингаляционной токсичности средства для обеззараживания воздуха в зоне дыхания человека для неспецифической профилактики воздушно-капельных инфекций
Анатомические маски «барьерный риф»
Исследование ингаляционной токсичности газообразного диоксида хлора при общем воздействии на крыс в течение десяти недель
Исследование ингаляционной токсичности газообразного диоксида хлора в низкой концентрации при воздействии на крыс в течение шести месяцев с двухнедельным восстановительным периодом
Изучение эффективности обеззараживателя воздуха нового типа — генератора диоксида хлора на примере вируса гриппа A (H1N1)pdm09 в составе аэрозоля
ООО «Фортис лаб»


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Student & Alumni Spotlights
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NYFA.EDU
NYFA Broadcast Journalism Students to Cover NATO Summit
One of the biggest global stories this week is the biennial heads-of-state NATO conference taking place in Poland. With Britain's pending exit from the European Union, and continuing tensions between NATO members and Russia, this summit has taken on added significance.
And NYFA News is there!
Yesterday Alisa Rajkitkul and Urvashi Barua left for Warsaw. Earlier this year, Urvashi and Alisa—thanks to hard work, superior reporting skills, and a bit of luck—were able to become accredited White House reporters. (That's right, just like the correspondents from ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC.)
They were invited by the White House Press Office to travel to the NATO Summit, along with a Presidential visit to Spain on the way back to the United States.
Alisa Rajkitkul and Urvashi Barua
As far as I know, this is the first time student journalists have ever traveled with the President of the United States as accredited reporters. It's evidence of just how far the skills students learn in the New York Film Academy Broadcast Journalism program can take them…
July 5, 2016 • #WomenOfNYFA, Broadcast Journalism, Diversity, International Diversity, Student & Alumni Spotlights • Views: 5584
President's Tea at the New York Film Academy
The New York Film Academy New York welcomed students from each department to its inaugural President's Tea with NYFA President, Michael Young and Senior Executive Vice President, David Klein. Held on the 5th floor of 17 Battery Place, the event provided breathtaking views of the New York Harbor, which includes the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and various ships, yachts and ferries passing through.
NYFA President, Michael Young and Senior Executive Vice President, David Klein
"It's always one of my favorite times when I get the opportunity to meet our incredible students from across the world, and what a perfect place and event over looking New York harbor to share a cup of tea with the future artists of this generation," said David Klein.
The catered event provided students with the opportunity to not only meet the President and Sr. Executive VP, but also allowed them to socialize with peers who they will undoubtedly be working together with in the near future—and hopefully beyond. Students discussed how they ended up at the Academy and what they're currently working on both inside and outside of the classroom. Once the conversations began to open up a bit, students began discussing movies and industry topics that could only be expected from a gathering of film buffs.
"We hope the President's Tea helped students break the ice and will enable them to develop a community outside of the classroom as well," said Student Life Coordinator, Carlye Bowers.
Given the overall success of the event, you can be sure there will be more President's Tea mixers in the future.
You may also check out the photo gallery on our facebook page, by clicking HERE.
June 9, 2016 • Community Highlights • Views: 6608
NYFA Partners with FUNGLODE/GFDD
NYFA President Michael Young and the Honorable Dr. Leonel Antonio Fernández Reyna, former president of the Dominican Republic
As many of our students and faculty are well aware, the New York Film Academy whole-heartedly embraces a diverse student population. In our continuing efforts to expand our reach internationally, NYFA has entered into an agreement with the Global Foundation for Democracy and Development (FUNGLODE/GFDD) with offices in the Dominican Republic and US. Today, NYFA President Michael Young made the agreement official after signing the deal with FUNGLODE/GFDD Founder Antonio Fernández Reyna at NYFA's Battery Park campus.
Founded by the Honorable Dr. Leonel Antonio Fernández Reyna, former president of the Dominican Republic, the foundation serves as a bridge for Dominican students seeking higher education in the United States of America.
In support of the efforts of FUNGLODE/GFDD in regard to student mobility, the New York Film Academy will offer a 25% tuition reduction for students approved by FUNGLODE/GFDD and accepted by NYFA for its degree programs.
"NYFA is excited to partner with FUNGLODE/GFDD," said NYFA Director of Outreach and Development, Jack Newman. "Planning is underway to expand the opportunities for Dominican students to experience the hands-on and intensive education provided by the Academy."
All applicants will be pre-screened by FUNGLODE/GFDD and will follow the admissions requirements noted at https://www.nyfa.edu/admissions/admissions-requirements.php. Applications and supporting materials will be forwarded to NYFA by FUNGLODE/GFDD for review, processing, and final approval for admission to NYFA.
January 9, 2015 • Community Highlights, Study Abroad • Views: 6233
The Art of Impact with James Lecesne
James Lecesne is an Academy award winning filmmaker, teacher, and philanthropist. It's been an exciting time for James with a Tony nomination for The Best Man and soon after that receiving the role of Dick Jensen opposite James Earl Jones and Angela Lansbury. However, we especially commend James on the release of his book The Letter Q, a passion project conceived to inspire the youth of America and to raise proceeds for The Trevor Project which he had founded in 1998. We had a chance to speak with James about his inspiration for the book and his teaching at the New York Film Academy. He also shared key insights into the craft of storytelling and how the industry landscape has changed for LGBTQ artists. Don't forget to get connected with Mr. Lecesne on Twitter and learn about his impact in the arts.
What was the inspiration for The Letter Q? You've already contributed so much to LGBTQ youth, and this book seems to be a continuation of your work with the Trevor Project.
Two years ago Dan Savage launched the phenomenally successful It Gets Better Project as a way of spreading the word to young LGBT and Questioning young people that the Trevor Project is there for them 24/7. As the only nationwide suicide prevention and crisis intervention helpline for LGBTQ youth, our organization receives over 30,000 calls a year. Not all of them are rescue calls, but each call establishes a life-to-life connection with a young person who is asking important questions. We provide an ear to listen and the encouragement to be who you are. The idea for the The Letter Q came from Sarah Moon, my co-editor. When she was a teenager, she was lucky enough to be surrounded by adults who shared their stories and their wisdom with her – sometimes in the form of letters, and as she says, "It didn't seem quite fair to me that I should have been the only teenager to get wonderful letters to carry around." Soon after coming up with the idea, Sarah approached me about not only writing a letter to my younger self, but also donating a portion of the royalties from the sale of the book to the Trevor Project. Together we compiled a wish-list of authors and began to write to them, ask them, stalk them. The book seemed to fit so perfectly with my own desire around that time to provide young people with tools to help them get through their difficult years. We had been exploring ways to help young people "make it better" right now. And the minute Sarah proposed the idea for the book, I knew we were on our way.
Has your teaching at NYFA helped inspire your work in some way? Reading the bio on your website, teaching plays a strong role in your career. What are the most important lessons you impart to your students who aspire to make it in film and theatre industries? Have students ever surprised you with their insights in the art and craft of telling stories?
Teaching is a way to not only give back some of what I've learned, but also a way for me to continue learning about story. Storytelling, in any form, is hard work; it requires honesty, courage, craft and above all determination. But it can also be a mysterious and mystical experience, a means to enlarge and enlighten not only the storyteller, but the audience as well. For each of us, it happens differently, the idea comes in the form of a hunch, a worry, an inkling a fear, or sometimes as a fully formed brainstorm; but however it happens it always arises out of something that we happen to believe. We might not be able to articulate what it is exactly, but something in us knows, something in us feels for a truth that we need to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt.
James as featured in the New Yorker.
Stories are the blueprints of our passions told in code, the urge of something within our selves that is itching for resolve, the reliable and readable map of our beliefs. Leif Finkel, a professor of bioengineering at UPenn, once wrote: "Our cortex makes up stories about the world and softly hums them to us to keep us from getting scared at night." I'm no professor of bioengineering, but I heartily agree. Of course, a good story does more than that. Stories hum not only for ourselves, but for our audience as well; their song transforms the muddled and often conflicted experiences of living in this troubled world into something valuable and enduring for us all; they are the means by which we can pass our wisdom along to future generations. The results are always surprising, or at least they should be.
What are your thoughts on representation in the media regarding the struggles that independent filmmakers face as sexual minorities? How do you see the industry landscape for LGBTQ artists? Has it changed at all since you started as a young artist compared to the present day?
When I was a teenager, the world was a very different place. I grew up without ever hearing the word homosexual spoken, I didn't know a single gay person, there were no role models to whom I could look for encouragement or guidance. One of the great accomplishments of the LGBTQ community is this idea that we are not just here for ourselves. We have a responsibility to pass along our history and our pride to the next generation. Young people who are struggling and coming up in the world should not have to figure this out by themselves. Of course, there is still a ways to go in terms of achieving equality. Look to places like Uganda, South Africa, Russia, and Iran. Or right here at home to see what happens to certain people when they express themselves fully. But as Kate Millet, the revolutionary feminist recently pointed out —- gays and lesbians have achieved so much in a matter of mere decades, while women have been struggling for centuries to change things. To hear the President of the United States declare that the love of gays and lesbians is equal to that of their fellow (heterosexual) citizens, is certainly proof to me that the world is changing. More change is possible — and needed. And I believe that by encouraging people to tell their stories, teaching them how to do it in the most exciting and engaging way, it will make for a better world.
James with Daniel Radcliffe for The Trevor Project.
To learn more about the Documentary Filmmaking program at the New York Film Academy, click here.
June 11, 2012 • Community Highlights, Documentary Filmmaking • Views: 5568
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László Kutas (born 1936) is a leading figure of contemporary Hungarian sculptural art. His figurative sculptures, commemorative coins and medals, major public and private statues can be found in museums, private collections and public squares including Windsor Palace in London, the International Coin Corporation in New York, the Royal Collection of Medals in Stockholm, Sweden, the National Gallery in Budapest, Hungary, the City Collection in Florence, Italy and the Centro Dantesco in Ravenna, Italy. Kutas is also an international jury member of the "Dante Small Sculpture Biennale" in Ravenna, Italy.

Background
Kutas was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1936. He attended the Gimnasium of the Hungarian Reformed Church in Budapest, the Free School of Ernő Ágoston,
and the Dániel Berzsenyi Gimnázium, Sopron.

In the period 1954 to 1960 he was a disciple of Tamás Gyenes and Pál Pátzai at the Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest.

Prizes
 1974 | 1st Prize "Giorgio Vasari" Florence International Medal Competition (Italy)
 1976 | Special Prize "Silver spear" competition
 1979 | Silver Medal Dante Biennale, Ravenna (Italy)
 1983 | Prize "Karl Marx competition," Budapest (Hungary)
 1983 | International jury membership of the "Dante Small Sculpture Biennale" in Ravenna (Italy)
 1991, 1995 | Vilmos Rosz Prize, Sopron (Hungary)
 1994 | Prize Bernath Venlo (the Nederlands)
 2003 | "Pro Cultura Sopron" award, Sopron (Hungary)

COMMEMORATIVE COINS

1981 | Bartók 500 Forint's silver coin

1984 | Kőrösi Csoma Sándor 100 Forint's alpacca coin

1986 | Mexico Football World Cup 500 Forint's silver coin

1987 | Seoul Olympic Games 500 Forint's silver coin

1988 | Football World Cup 500 Forint's silver 100 Forint's alpacca coin

1989 | Football World Cup 500 Forint's silver coin 100 Forint's alpacca coin

1990 | 200 years of professional Hungarian Theatre 100 Forint's alpacca coin

1990 | Mathias Rex 5000 Forint's gold coin

1991 | Széchenyi István 500 Forint's silver coin

1993 | Erkel Ferenc 10.000 Forint's gold coin

1995 | Atlanta Olympic Games 1000 Forint's silver coin

INDIVIDUAL EXHIBITIONS [selection]

1971 | Madách Theatre, Budapest (Hungary)

1975 | Wiener Neustadt Galerie 9 (Austria)

1976 | Sopron, Fertőd (Hungary)

1980, 1983 and 1985 | The BFG Gallery, Regensburg (Germany)

1983 | Paks, Fertőd (Hungary)

1984 | The Dürer Hall in Budapest (Hungary)

1984 | Törökszentmiklós, Hajdúdorog, Budapest, Miskolc (Hungary)

1985 | Eger, Békéscsaba, Szeged, Budapest (Hungary)

1986 | The Kodansha Gallery, Tokyo (Japan)

1987 | The Mensch Gallery of Hamburg (Germany)

1987 | Yokohama (Japan); Budapest (Hungary); Hamburg (Germany); Mayrhofen, Wels (Austria); Amsterdam (the Nederlands)

1989 | The Raum und Kunst Gallery of Hamburg, Germany;

1990 | The Gallery of Carmen de Pelichi in Bruxelles (Belgium)

1990 | Düsseldorf (Germany)

1991 | Hungarian Cultural Centre Warsaw (Poland)

1991 | Sopron (Hungary)

1992 | Dunakeszi (Hungary)

1993 | The Gallery of the Grevenbroich Hospital, Hamburg (Germany)

1994 | "The Exhibition of Vengeance" at the Gallery OSZK in the Palace of Buda

1994 | Exhibition at the Kunsthandel P. Breughel in Amsterdam (The Netherlands)

1995 | Kreissparkasse Gallery in Northeim (Germany)

1996 | The Venlo Pieter Breughel Gallery (The Netherlands)

1997 | Exhibition in the Hall of Painters in Sopron (Hungary)

1997 | Kutas Art Gallery, Budapest (Hungary)

1999 | The Diana Gallery in Helsinki (Finland)

2000 | Petőfi Museum Kiskőrös (Hungary)

2001 | Cultural Home of the Domestic Guard Veszprém (Hungary)

2002 | Exhibition at the John Calvin House of the City of Eger in Hungary

2003 | City Library of Vác and the Aladár Mühl Exhibition Hall of Sopron (Hungary)

COLLECTIVE EXHIBITIONS

Since 1961: Budapest, Pécs, Sopron, Szeged, Moscow, Florence, Ravenna, Lisbon, Amsterdam, Phenjan, Padova, Stockholm, London, Newcastle, Colorado Springs, Prague, Copenhagen, New York.

From 1977 onward, biannual FIDEM exhibitions (Lisbon, Florence, Helsinki, Colorado Springs, London, etc.)

From 1964 annually at the Autumn Art Shows in Hódmezővásárhely (Hungary)

1977- onward: repeatedly at the biannual medal shows of Sopron, and the Exhibitions of the Guild of Artists of the City of Sopron (Hungary)

1990 Exhibition of the Students of Ernő Ágoston, Electrotechnical High School of the City of Sopron

WORKS IN PRIVATE- AND PUBLIC COLLECTIONS OF THE FIVE CONTINENTS

Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest (Hungary)

Tornyai Museum, Hódmezővásárhely (Hungary)

Déri Museum, Debrecen (Hungary)

Liszt Ferenc Museum, Sopron (Hungary)

Collection Municipal, Wiener-Neustadt (Austria)

Royal Coin Collection, Stockholm (Sweden)

"Centre Dantesco", Ravenna (Italy)

"Comune di Firenze", Florence (Italy)

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien (Austria)

States Coins Collection, Munich (Germany)

I.C.C. (International Coin Corporation), New York (USA)

Yukio Manabe, Kyoto (Japan)

Peter Koliner, Sidney (Australia)

Dr. Bernard, Cape town (South Africa)

Nathan Engelmarin, Bogota (Colombia)

Theo Schaapveld, Middelbeers (The Netherlands)

Lady Diana and Prince Charles, Windsor Palace, London (UK)

WORKS IN PUBLIC SQUARES

Hungary | Komló, Törökszentmiklós, Baja, Debrecen, Paks, Zánka, Budapest, Hévíz, Sopron, Fehérgyarmat, Pécs, Csurgó, Eger, Kiskőrös

Romania | Illyefalva

Austria | Lindabrunn

Slovakia | Wisne Ruzbachy

References

Sources
 Hegyeshalmi, László, Emil Zsolt Gádor & Mihály Praznovszky, eds. Kutas: A selection from the comprehensive works of sculptor László Kutas made up of small statues, major statues exhibited on public squares, medals and coins, trans. Ádám Makkai, Poppins Bt. and the Kutas Galleries in Szentendre and Sopron, 2004.

External links
 Bronze gifts and sculptures made by László Kutas
 Tankönyvtár
 Artportál

1936 births
Living people
Artists from Budapest
Hungarian sculptors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


PCA (Permaculture College Australia) offers a range of options for permaculturists to fast-track practical skills beyond the PDC to be more effective in your chosen field of Permaculture practices.
• Work for Wisdom limited placements for volunteers.
Sustainable Aid: Permaculture for the 2/3rds World – a Regenerative Approach to Facilitating Resilient Community Development in Areas of Need and in overseas development work – Trainer: Robyn Francis & guests. Held annually at PDA Djanbung Gardens. Next Course Oct 21- 26 2013.
Advanced Design Skills: learn how to communicate with clients, prepare briefs and quotes, survey and draw professional plans, construction drawings, cost projects & bills of quantity, establishing a design consultancy. Plus a session mapping PDC+ADS to the Core units of APT Cert IV & Diploma. w Robyn Francis, Held 2xper year. Next ADS: Jan , 2014 • Aug 2014.
Join our PCA permaculture practices training terms, late April to end June and late July to end September. Each term covers different skills – see APT course program Term 2 and & Term 3 for details. (NB you can join the program without enrolling in APT) Most weeks consists of 2-3 days class-based training, 2-3 days hands-on practical and project work. Duration 8-10 weeks Participants receive a PCA Permaculture Practices statement certificate noting skills areas they've mastered.
These courses lead to national AQF qualifications in Permaculture. At PCA we offer certificates III, IV and Diploma. Your previous studies (PDC) and Permaculture experience can be credited through RPL (Recognition of Prior Learning). The PDC provides approx 20% of knowledge requirements in APT courses. APT courses are Austudy approved for eligible full time students. BTW You don't have to do full-time training and can choose to enrol in the specific classes/courses and undertake projects that help you build your qualification.
APT is competency-based training where the skills and ability to DO things is as important as the knowledge. Qualifications are made up with a collection of units of competency that relate to specific actions in Permaculture work. For example we've had PDC holders enrol for the Permaculture Practices half semester to fast track their knowledge and skills gaps and complete project work at home to complete a certificate III or IV. Please see the APT details here.
PCA/Djanbung Gardens offers limited placements for PDC graduates as volunteers or WWOOFing. Volunteers camp on site (sometimes bunk accommodation is available) and cooperate with other participants living on site to share food costs and cooking and enjoy access to all student resources. 3hrs per day covers accommodation, site facilities and resources, additional hours accrue course credits. The main period for Volunteer and wwoof placements is October through to early February.
Local volunteers are welcome to join our Wednesday work day in the gardens and undertake voluntary project work on Fridays and Saturdays throughout the year.
PCA is about integrated and wholistic education and training, developing not only knowledge and skills in design and practical food production, technology and building but also develops organisational and social skills for working with people and facilitating group and community projects.
Djanbung Gardens is walking distance from the village for shopping, essen†ial services and lots of social activities from yoga and dance to music and diverse community groups and initiatives to participate in.


RCMP are searching for a man who they say sprayed bear spray at a driver during an apparent road rage incident just north of Calgary on Saturday.
Police say two drivers got into an argument about 5:30 p.m Saturday at the intersection of Veterans Boulevard and Main Street in Airdrie, Alta. When the two got out of their cars, one doused the other with bear spray.
The suspect is described as white, about six feet tall wearing a ball cap and sunglasses. He was driving a white Toyota hatchback.
Anyone with information is asked to call Airdrie RCMP at 403-945-7267 or Crime Stoppers at 1-800-222-8477.


February 19, 1841: Felip (Felipe) Pedrell is born in Tortosa, 150 km southwest of Barcelona, Kingdom of Spain, the son of Felip Pedrell and María Sabaté.
September 27, 1867: Felipe Pedrell (26) marries Carmen Domingo.
April 14, 1874: L'ultimo Abenzeraggio, an opera by Felipe Pedrell (33) to words of Fors de Casamayor, is performed for the first time, at the Liceo, Barcelona.
April 20, 1875: Quasimodo, an opera by Felipe Pedrell (34) to words of Barret after Hugo, is performed for the first time, in the Liceo, Barcelona.
January 4, 1902: Los Pirineos (Els Pirineus), an opera by Felipe Pedrell (60) to words of Balaguer, is performed for the first time, at the Liceo, Barcelona in Italian as I Pirenei.
October 27, 1905: The opera Matinada, by Filipe Pedrell (64) is performed for the first time, in Barcelona.
1986: European Community foreign ministers meeting in Luxembourg adopt more stringent measures against Libyan diplomats in Europe.


Broekhuizen H, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CG, Hauber AB, Jansen JP, Ijzerman MJ. Estimating the value of medical treatments to patients using probabilistic multi criteria decision analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis. 2015 Dec 2;15(1):102.


On this day in 1932, Roy Scheider, the actor best known for his role as the police chief of a community terrorized by a killer shark in director Steven Spielberg's breakthrough movie, Jaws (1975), is born in Orange, New Jersey. In addition to Jaws, Scheider, a prominent Hollywood leading man during the 1970s, starred in such Academy Award-winning films as The French Connection (1971)and All That Jazz (1979).
Scheider, whose distinctive broken nose resulted from a youth boxing competition, graduated from Franklin and Marshall College and served in the U.S. Air Force. He began his professional acting career in theater in the early 1960s and made his big-screen debut in the low-budget 1964 horror film The Curse of the Living Corpse. Scheider went on to appear in such films as 1971's Klute, with Jane Fonda, and The French Connection, which won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Gene Hackman, for his performance as the police detective Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle) and Best Director (William Friedkin). Scheider also earned a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his role as the New York City narcotics detective Buddy Russo.
In 1975, Scheider scored the biggest box-office hit of his career with Spielberg's Jaws, in which he played Martin Brody, the police chief of a New England resort town whose beaches are threatened by a great white shark. Jaws, which was based on a novel by Peter Benchley and co-starred Richard Dreyfuss and Robert Shaw, became the first movie in history to gross over $100 million. Scheider reportedly ad-libbed the now-famous line "You're gonna need a bigger boat" in reponse to the giant shark's appearance. Jaws won three Academy Awards as well as a Best Picture nomination.
Scheider's next film was 1976's Marathon Man, with Dustin Hoffman and Laurence Olivier. In 1978, Scheider reprised his role as Chief Brody for Jaws 2, which featured the now-famous tagline: "Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water…" In 1979, Scheider starred in All That Jazz, director Bob Fosse's semi-autobiographical film about his life as a Broadway dancer, choreographer and director. The film received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor for Scheider, who lost the award to Dustin Hoffman in Kramer vs. Kramer.
In the decades that followed, Scheider performed on stage and continued to act in movies, including Russia House (1990), with Sean Connery and Michelle Pfeiffer; Naked Lunch (1991), based on the William S. Burroughs novel of the same name; and the TV series SeaQuest DSV. Scheider died at the age of 75 on February 10, 2008, in Little Rock, Arkansas, where he was undergoing treatment for cancer.


And Dear Nature! ! ! !
LEt me Open my Eyes to t0..and Let me have a breath and think PLease, if teh world is what is what it is left as I have to think.or as taught by the Manipulated pollutions and minds that I am seeing.. I am just too Young I guess please help me mng the politics of Parents and Sisters too! !


With over twenty five years of experience we are recognised as Europe's major supplier of Flotation suits and specialist protective clothing.Our designs are consistently rated the most inventive effective stylish and hard-wearing by independent media testing and by our customers. Our factory employs 400 highly-skilled workers totally and exclusively dedicated to the production of Sundridge quality clothing.We design and manufacture our clothing under very strict control and are Quality Registered under ISO 9001. Our returns rate is less than half of one per cent which is the lowest in the industry.Our Customers include major UK Government Departments and many of The Largest Distributors of Protective, Marine and Flotation Clothing throughout Europe.


text:
Posted inBeer & Breweries
Taking a stand for independence: Beavertown dropped by Australian importer
by Tam Allenby July 4, 2018 December 20, 2021
By Andy Young, TheShout
A leading Australian distributor of imported and local craft beers, Experienceit Beverages, has "taken a stand" for independent brewing by removing UK craft beer Beavertown from its portfolio of products.
Heineken recently announced it was buying a 49 percent stake in Beavertown, and despite working with the craft brewer for many years, Experienceit founder Johnny Latta, said the company had to stick to its guns regarding independent brewers.
"With the 49 per cent sale of Beavertown to Heineken, we've had to make a hard decision that fits with our principles of independence," Latta said.
"We've advised Beavertown that Experienceit Beverages will no longer be supporting and representing their brand in the Australian market, handing back full distribution following our next shipment due to land in July.
"This has been a tough decision due to our love for the brand and the personal connections we've made with the Beavertown team over the years, but I think it is important to show that when we say Independence we mean it, and we stand by our words."
Beavertown was founded by Logan Plant, son of Led Zeppelin's frontman Robert Plant. Latta added that Experienceit has worked with Plant from the early days when we was fermenting his beer in a local garage.
"Over the years we've watched them grow into one of UK's leading and fastest growing craft beer brands and we've been proud to be a part of that success and proud to be the exclusive distribution partner in the Australian market. But we couldn't in all conscience continue our partnership after the recent sale," Latta said.
"We don't have any bad feelings towards anyone for selling their business, and everyone has different reasons as to why they start a business in the first place, but we're not here to help line the pockets of corporate giants."
He added: "Once a brewery sells all, or part of that business, they become a part of a corporate machine, run from a faceless head office. Corporate brewers have not grown the craft market, they've only followed, and to gain back market share and lost revenue, they will now buy it, own it and eventually mould it to suit their own corporate needs and shareholders.
"The sale and marketing message is rolled out every time in the same way, but the reality is you're now part of a bigger corporate machine that has the final say. The changes will be slow so customers don't get upset, but the changes will happen, and in the end it's the CFO and CEO in head office that dictates the direction, not the pure passion that craft is all about in a true independent brewery, a passion that often means beers are made that don't make financial sense, but sound great."
Latta said that Experienceit is proud to be independent and that the distributor is planning to replace Beavertown in its portfolio with other UK craft brewers including Northern Monk and North Brewing, which are coming on board next month.
Previous Mismatch triumphs at inaugural Indies
Next 'Keg Bottle Can': profiling 150 of Australia's tastiest beers


Two teenagers face arson and break and enter charges after a vacant commercial building was set ablaze last month. One of the teens was found in possession of an improvised firing device made out of bicycle parts, which has police concerned.
On July 16, at just before 10 a.m., emergency services responded to a report of a fire in the 400 block of Selkirk Avenue. Members of the public had observed smoke coming from the property and notified 911.
Selkirk Avenue was closed down for about two and a half hours as a result of the fire. Crews evacuated nearby buildings as a precaution and one individual from a neighbouring building was assessed on scene.
A neighbouring business owner said the building housed residents but it was unoccupied at the time of the fire.
The fire was determined to be suspicious in nature and the building was a total loss with damages expected to exceed $100,000. Members of the Major Crimes Unit continued with the investigation and identified two suspects through use of video surveillance.
On Saturday afternoon, police arrested an 18-year-old male at a residence in the 400 block of Selkirk Avenue, near where the fire took place. Donnovin David John Torresan has been charged with arson, possession of incendiary material and break and enter. He was detained in custody.
The following day at around 6 p.m., officers went to the same residence and arrested a second male suspect, who was found to be in possession of an improvised firing device or "zip gun" made from numerous bicycle parts.
The presence of the "zip gun" has police understandably concerned, said police spokesperson Const. Jay Murray. After speaking with the Winnipeg police Firearms Unit, Murray said the police have seen an increased number of these improvised devices that they've seized this year.
Held in June, the province-wide Gun Amnesty Program allowed owners to turn in unwanted firearms without penalty.
In addition to arson, possession of incendiary material and break and enter charges, the 16-year-old has been charged with carrying a concealed prohibited weapon as well as other weapons charges and with failing to comply with release conditions. He was also detained in custody.


text:
Q: Javascript: counter on If Else in array loop not executing I want to show a line of text depending on what image is shown.  I did a console.log on the counter and it seems to loop fine as do the images, but I can't get the line of text to show depending on what number the counter is.
Fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/jzhang172/RwjFX/7/

var imagesArray = ["http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/pokemon/images/e/ef/025Pikachu_Pokemon_Mystery_Dungeon_Red_and_Blue_Rescue_Teams.png/revision/latest?cb=20150105233050",
"http://assets.pokemon.com/assets/cms2/img/pokedex/full//007.png",
"http://assets.pokemon.com/assets/cms2/img/pokedex/full/001.png",
"http://www.pokemonxy.com/_ui/img/_en/art/Fennekin-Pokemon-X-and-Y.jpg",
"http://www.pokemon20.com/assets/img/mythical/arceus/poke_arceus.png"];

function loopImages(count) {
var counter = count % imagesArray.length;
  $('img').attr('src', imagesArray[counter]);
  $('#firstStar').fadeIn(500, function(){
    $('#firstStar').delay(500).fadeOut(500, loopImages.bind(null, count + 1));
  });
  console.log(counter);
if (counter=1){
$('#imageInfo').html('One');
}
else if (counter=2){
$('#imageInfo').html('Two');
}
}
loopImages(0);

A: Change :
if (counter=1){
$('#imageInfo').html('One');
}
else if (counter=2){
$('#imageInfo').html('Two');
}

To :
if (counter==1){
$('#imageInfo').html('One');
}
else if (counter==2){
$('#imageInfo').html('Two');
}

A: Your code is really complicated with quite a few bugs so I'm just going to rewrite the whole thing.
First, you'll notice I used Objects for the images so that you can associate info and an image src url for each Image.
Next, I greatly simplified the loop and made it much more reusable by adding useful parameters to it. It would be trivial to use loopImages on any element and set of images now. You could even run multiple slideshows on the same page if you wanted.
Click Run code snippet to see it all work

// each image is {info: "image description", src: "http://imageurl"}
var images = [
  {info: "Pikachu", src: "http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/pokemon/images/e/ef/025Pikachu_Pokemon_Mystery_Dungeon_Red_and_Blue_Rescue_Teams.png/revision/latest?cb=20150105233050"},
  {info: "Squirtle", src: "http://assets.pokemon.com/assets/cms2/img/pokedex/full//007.png"},
  {info : "Bulbasaur", src: "http://assets.pokemon.com/assets/cms2/img/pokedex/full/001.png"},
  {info: "Vulpix", src: "http://www.pokemonxy.com/_ui/img/_en/art/Fennekin-Pokemon-X-and-Y.jpg"},
  {info: "Arceus", src: "http://www.pokemon20.com/assets/img/mythical/arceus/poke_arceus.png"}
];

// loopImages has parameters to control
//   elem: which element to target in the dom
//   images: the array of images
//   counter: the initial image to display; 0 for the first image
//   delay: the amount of time (in milliseconds) between each image
function loopImages(elem, images, counter, delay) {
  var image = images[counter % images.length]
  var imageElem = elem.querySelector('.image')
  var infoElem = elem.querySelector('.image-info')

  imageElem.setAttribute('src', image.src)
  infoElem.innerHTML = image.info

  // use setTimeout to repeat the loop with an incremented counter
  window.setTimeout(loopImages, delay, elem, images, counter + 1, delay)
}

loopImages(document.querySelector('#slideshow'), images, 0, 1000)
body {
  background-color: #eee;
}

#slideshow {
  width: 20%;
  padding: 1rem;
  background-color: white;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

#slideshow .image {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
}

#slideshow .image-info {
  text-align: center;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This article relates closely to Dickens's long-standing concern with the issue of capital punishment. He had contributed to a powerful series of letters advocating total abolition of the death penalty to the Daily News (23 February–16 March 1846). The previous year he had offered to write an article on capital punishment for the Edinburgh Review, but never did so (see Pilgrim, Vol. IV, pp. 340–41). By the time of his two 1849 letters to The Times deploring the disgusting scenes at the Mannings' execution (Pilgrim, Vol. V, pp. 644–45 and 651), he had come to believe that total abolition was not a practical possibility and concentrated on arguing for the abolition of public executions. For the texts of the five Daily News letters, see D. Paroissien (ed.), Selected Letters of Charles Dickens (1985), pp. 213–55; for an excellent detailed discussion of them, and Dickens's attitude to capital punishment generally, see Philip Collins, Dickens and Crime (1962), Ch. 10.
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Greek letters often appear as variables in mathematical text. This post describes their support in [La]TeX and Unicode and how their math usage sometimes differs from modern Greek text. For example, the upper-case upsilon looks like a Latin Y in modern Greek, but a curvy Υ in math zones. Similarly, in math zones the two standard Greek letter glyphs φ and ε are variants of ϕ and ϵ, respectively. The Greek math letters appear in Appendix F (p. 434) of The TeXbook along with the TeX control words that define them. The control words can also be used for inputting the characters in other math applications, such as Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and OneNote (see Appendix B of UnicodeMath).
ε and φ are standard letters in the modern Greek alphabet, but they are variants in math text as shown in the table. This is the choice made by TeX back in the early 1980s and the math community depends on it. Up to Version 3.0, the Unicode Standard displayed ϕ for 03C6, but in 3.0 it was changed to conform with modern Greek usage as documented in Section 2.3.1 Representative Glyphs for Greek Phi of Unicode Technical Report #25 Unicode Support for Mathematics. Unicode 3.1 added ϵ (03F5).
In The TeXbook Appendix F, the upper-case upsilon \Upsilon appears with curvy arms as in the Cambria Math Υ for 03A5. But in the STIX math 2 font, 03A5 appears as an upper-case Latin Y, which isn't useful for math. Recognizing that fact, Unicode 1.1 encoded 03D2 for the curvy arm glyph ϒ (which unfortunately looks like a Y here; the WordPress blog infrastructure doesn't allow font changes). It has the odd name GREEK UPSILON WITH HOOK SYMBOL. One should not take Unicode names too literally except as being unique identifiers. Until recently, Cambria Math had no glyph at 03D2, but now it's defined and preferred for math. Admittedly upper-case and lower-case upsilons aren't commonly used in math, but I anyhow used υ extensively in laser theory to represent complex frequencies such as γ + iω. Here γ is a decay rate and ω is a (real) frequency.
TeX only defines upper-case Greek letters that have glyphs distinct from the Latin alphabet, that is, ΓΔΘΛΞΠΣΥΦΨΩ with the notation \Gamma for Γ. Unicode and Office apps support all upper-case Greek letters using the TeX convention that the first letter is upper case as in \Alpha for Α (upper-case alpha) and. For math, Greek letters that look identical to Latin letters aren't useful, since they'd be interpreted as Latin letters. Lower-case Greek letters are italicized by default, while upper-case Greek letters are upright by default. This convention also applies to ∂ (\partial—italicized) and ∇ (\nabla—not italicized).
Here the * notes that some characters of the corresponding alphabet are located in the Unicode Letterlike Symbols block.
There's no sans serif upright Greek alphabet, but LaTeX can display this math style. LaTeX can also display two script variations as described in the post Unicode Math Calligraphic Alphabets, while Unicode only has one. Accordingly, more Unicode math alphabets may be added in the future.
Nemeth braille can represent all the math Greek alphabets and variants as described in the post Nemeth Braille Alphanumerics and Unicode Math Alphanumerics.