Data centers filled with servers generate a tremendous amount of heat and consume massive amounts of power. Virtualization is the running of several operating systems on a single host server. The host server runs special software that sits between the server and the guest operating systems and parcels out resources as needed. The guest operating systems are unaware that they are virtualized. Virtualization provides multiple benefits.
First it reduces the amount of hardware running in the data center. A properly sized host server can run dozens if not hundreds of virtual servers. Every server that is virtualized is one less physical server consuming power and generating heat. In addition, virtualization reduces the overall footprint of the data center. Where hundreds of servers may have sprawled across the floor, only a few host machines may sit. There are different types of virtualization from several different vendors.
Operating System (OS) virtualization loads a specialized layer of software on top of a base operating system running on a physical server. This software layer divides the system into containers each with its own file system, process tables, authorized users and networking. The containers have a set of software interfaces that appear to applications to be an entire operating system environment. However, unlike other forms of virtualization, the containers and applications must use the same operating system as the base system. Sun's Solaris 10 operating system with containers and logical domains is an example of operating system virtualization.
Hardware emulation allows entire operating systems to be installed on a physical server and run simultaneously. A software layer known as a hypervisor intercepts operating system calls to the hardware and allocates resources accordingly. Each operating system, also called a guest, runs as if it were the only OS running on the server. Where container based virtualization requires the base OS and container OS to be the same, hardware emulation will run any operating system that supports the hardware itself. Linux, Microsoft Windows and Sun Solaris x86 for example can operate side by side on a single server.
One vendor that provides hardware emulation is VMware. Their software known as vSphere runs directly on a physical server and hosts as many guests as the hardware can support. Microsoft has a different type of hardware emulation known as Hyper-v. Hyper-v runs on top of Windows 2008 R2 but can support non-Windows guests.
Paravirtualization is a blend of operating system virtualization and hardware emulation. A hypervisor layer sits at the physical hardware layer but an additional layer of tools and drivers are present. The guest operating system depending on the system call at the time can either directly address the hardware saving any potential performance hit, or it uses the drivers of the virtualization software.
Xen is an open source version of paravirtualization. It is often bundled with various distributions of Linux. XenSource and was acquired by Citrix in 2007. It offers a commercially supported version of Xen.


text:
Q: How to unmount a locked volume? Sometimes, a volume refuses to eject because some program is using them.
Sadly, Finder doesn't give the identity nor gives a way to solve the problem.
So, how do you solve this problem in a clean way, without using a terminal ?
Using the terminal, I may find a way to eject it, but it's not reliable.
sudo lsof | grep volumeName certainly gives some information, but I don't feel like killing random processes in order to unmount a volume. Also, not everybody is willing to run command in a terminal.
I also don't want to force eject the volume. I think we shouldn't have to force the ejection when we didn't initially run the program that locks the volume.
Processes that are frequently involved are: mds and notifyd.
Killing mds does not guarantee that the ejection of the volume will be possible. mds process is respawned after getting killed, and continues preventing the ejection of the drive.
I also noticed that mds can be running and using files, and still not preventing the ejection of the volume, so I'm not even sure that it's mds fault.

A: I've found this solution that has worked reliably several times already today.
The process that, in my case, was responsible for the failure of the ejection was:
SystemUIS (as seen in top in a terminal) which is in fact SystemUIServer.
Here is how to kill it without a terminal: run Activity Monitor, find SystemUIServer (type UI in the top right search field), and stop it with the top left button (stop button).

A: This is an attempt to write a canonical QA for this issue, as per the Meta post:  Where is the list of canonical questions stored for Ask Different? I expect it to be periodically edited with the goal of becoming a comprehensive information resource.
There is any number of reasons that you'll encounter this "error."  In fact, it's not an error per se, but a warning that something on the mounted volume is in use and should be properly closed before ejecting it.
The the OP's case it was SystemUI as detailed in their answer.  It's possible that you'll encounter this exact same scenario, but more than likely, you'll run into something completely different.
What can cause this?  Pretty much any (but not limited to) the following conditions of the mounted volume:

*

*Merely an open Finder window of the mounted volume

*A text file opened for editing

*A PDF opened in preview

*A Terminal session in which the current directory $PWD is on the mounted volume

*An "install" script/function that is paused and/or pushed to the background

*And many more...

So, how do you solve this?
Find out what process has your files
You can use the lsof command to "list open files."
For this example, I have mounted a USB drive called "Music"  and I have traversed down a couple of directories.  I haven't opened anything or even loaded up a song to be played.  Executing the command:
$ sudo lsof | grep Music

gives me the following:
bash      64364            allan  cwd       DIR               1,16       32768     23327 /Volumes/MUSIC/Music Collection/a-ha/Hunting High and Low

This tells me that in bash, there's a "current working directory" (cwd) in this particular folder:  /Volumes/MUSIC/Music Collection/a-ha/Hunting High and Low.  In other words, I have an open Terminal session with that sub directory selected.  Just leave the sub directory and you'll be able to eject the volume.
How do you get the list of mounted volumes?

*

*mount (This command all by itself will list the mounted volumes)

*ls /Volumes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Matlab Evaluation with Symbolic Matrices syms a b;

T = sym('T',[1 5]);

z = a + b + T(1) + T(2);

a = 3;

I want the answer as 3+b+T1+T2, but eval(z) is not working. What can I do?

A: Don't use eval. Use subs as what mikkola suggested. In addition, remove the a = 3 statement.
>> syms a b;
>> T = sym('T',[1 5]);
>> z = a + b + T(1) + T(2);
>> subs(z,a,3)

ans =

    T1 + T2 + b + 3


text:
Devil's Due is een Amerikaanse horrorfilm uit 2014 onder regie van Matt Bettinelli-Olpin en Tyler Gillett.

Verhaal

Proloog
Zach McCall bevindt zich in een verhoorkamer op een politiebureau. Hij is besmeurd met bloed en probeert zijn verhoorders uit te leggen dat hij niet heeft gedaan waar ze hem van verdenken.

Hoofdlijn
Zach en zijn vriendin Samantha ( 'Sam' ) staan op het punt om met elkaar te trouwen. In aanloop naar het huwelijk legt hij al hun dagelijkse beslommeringen vast met een camera. De bruiloft verloopt vlekkeloos. Na het feest gaan Zach en Sam op huwelijksreis naar de Dominicaanse Republiek. Na een nare ervaring met een waarzegster daar, houden de twee een taxi aan om ze terug naar hun hotel te brengen. De chauffeur haalt ze niettemin over om in plaats daarvan naar een exclusief lokaal feest te gaan. Hij brengt ze er gratis heen en zorgt ervoor dat ze naar binnen mogen. Zach en Sam hebben het er uitstekend naar hun zin. Er is muziek, dans en prettig gezelschap en de drank vloeit rijkelijk. Wanneer ze de volgende morgen wakker worden in hun hotelkamer, herinneren ze zich weinig wat er de vorige avond allemaal is gebeurd. Dat ze buiten bewustzijn in een kamer zijn geweest en daar onderdeel waren van een occulte ceremonie, weten ze niet.

Weer thuis komt Sam erachter dat ze zwanger is, ondanks dat Zach en zij altijd voorbehoedsmiddelen gebruiken. Overdonderd, maar dolgelukkig lichten de twee hun families in. Sams familieleden zijn in werkelijkheid niet haar bloedverwanten. Ze is opgegroeid in een pleeggezin. Haar biologische familieleden zijn net na haar geboorte overleden als gevolg van een ongeluk. Zach blijft alles filmen. Zowel Sam als hij hebben weinig overgehouden aan hun jeugd om ze de mooie momenten te helpen herinneren en hij wil er zo voor zorgen dat hun kindje dat later wel heeft.

Sam en Zach bezoeken een ziekenhuis waar dokter Ludka een echografie maakt van haar buik. Alles blijkt prima te gaan met hun kindje. Gedurende haar zwangerschap, maakt Sam grote veranderingen door. Ze krijgt last van agressie, neusbloedingen en buitengewone kracht wanneer iemand haar buik aanraakt, inclusief Zach. Wanneer ze door de supermarkt loopt, krijgt ze een black-out op de vleesafdeling, waarna ze rauw vlees in haar mond begint te proppen. Tijdens een dutje op de bank, vertoont haar buik onnatuurlijke bewegingen en vervormingen. Zach en Sam krijgen daarbij het idee iemand ze in de gaten houdt. Ze betrappen verschillende mannen die naar hen en hun huis staren, maar omdraaien en weglopen wanneer ze worden opgemerkt.

Wanneer Zach en Sam opnieuw het ziekenhuis bezoeken, ontvangt dokter Dylan hen. Hij vertelt ze dat hij Ludka vervangt. Sam voelt zich hier niet prettig bij en laat weten graag te wachten tot ze weer bij Ludka terechtkunnen, maar Dylan vertelt ze dat zij niet meer terugkomt. Iemand stopt het huis van het stel vol met verborgen camera's, waarop elke kamer in beeld wordt gebracht.

Sam en Zach bezoeken een communiemis. Geestelijke Thomas krijgt een hoestbui wanneer hij vooraf met het stel komt praten. Dit gebeurt hem opnieuw wanneer hij tijdens de mis oogcontact maakt en houdt met Sam. Hij begint uit zijn neus en mond te bloeden en stort in. Sam bekijkt thuis op zijn computer de opnames die hij heeft gemaakt van de mis. Hierop ziet hij dat de taxichauffeur uit de Dominicaanse Republiek in de kerk aanwezig was. Die blijkt bovendien vaker voor te komen op opnames die hij op verschillende locaties heeft gemaakt. Ook ziet hij voor het eerst fragmenten van de occulte ceremonie die tijdens hun huwelijksreis plaatsvond en per ongeluk zijn vastgelegd. Hierbij komt een symbool voor dat bij bestudering achteraf regelmatig opduikt sinds hun terugkeer in de Verenigde Staten. Zach bezoekt Thomas in het ziekenhuis. Die legt hem uit dat het symbool in relatie staat tot een Bijbelvers dat verhaalt over de komst van de Antichrist.

Zachs onderzoek naar het symbool brengt hem naar een schijnbaar verlaten huis verderop in zijn eigen straat. Binnen blijken monitoren te staan waarop elke ruimte in zijn eigen huis te zien is, inclusief die waarin Sam zich bevindt. Hij haast zich naar huis, waar alle ruiten uit de ramen springen. Binnen heeft Sam het steeds opduikende symbool in de vloer gekrast. Ze houdt een mes tegen haar buik. Wanneer ze dat erin steekt, is er een verblindende lichtflits. Zach komt bij en ziet Sam liggen met haar buik opengesneden. Zowel zijn vrouw als hij zijn bedekt met bloed. Sam bezwijkt aan haar verwonding. De Dominicaanse taxichauffeur en dokter Dylan verschijnen in de kamer. Die laatste neemt Zach en Sams baby mee.

Epiloog 1
Zach bevindt zich in een verhoorkamer op een politiebureau. Hij probeert zijn verhoorders er radeloos van te overtuigen wat er is gebeurd. Zijn ondervragers vertellen hem dat het huis waar hij over heeft gesproken al jaren leegstaat. Ze sporen hem aan om ze te vertellen wat er echt is gebeurd met zijn vrouw en kind.

Epiloog 2
Een pasgetrouwd stel is op huwelijksreis in Parijs. De taxichauffeur uit de Dominicaanse Republiek maakt een praatje en biedt aan om ze mee te nemen.

Rolverdeling
Allison Miller - Samantha McCall
Zach Gilford - Zach McCall
Sam Anderson - Father Thomas
Roger Payano - Taxichauffeur/sektelid
Vanessa Ray - Suzie
Bill Martin Williams - Ken
Geraldine Singer - Sally
Julia Denton - Natalie
Colin Walker - Stanley
Madison Wolfe - Brittany
Joshua Shane Brooks - Braedon
Aimee Carrero - Emily
Robert Belushi - Mason
Donna Duplantier - Dr. Ludka
Robert Aberdeen - Dr. Dylan

Horrorfilm
Film uit 2014
Amerikaanse film
Found footage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
List of academic ranks
(Redirected from Academic rank)
Not to be confused with Academic degree.
Find sources: "List of academic ranks" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This list of academic ranks identifies the hierarchical ranking structure found amongst scholars and personnel in academia. The lists below refer specifically to colleges and universities throughout the world, although other institutions of higher learning may follow a similar schema.
AfghanistanEdit
ArgentinaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Argentina
Tenured positions (confermato):
Profesor Titular Ordinario, or Profesor Titular Regular. A tenured, full professor position.
Profesor Asociado Ordinario, or Profesor Asociado Regular. A tenured, associate professor position.
Profesor Adjunto Ordinario, or Profesor Adjunto Regular. A tenured, adjunct professor position.
ArmeniaEdit
Professor (research professor, professor of practice, visiting professor, adjunct professor, professor emeritus)
Associate Professor (Docent) (associate research professor, associate professor of practice, visiting associate professor, adjunct associate professor, associate professor emeritus)
Assistant Professor (assistant research professor, assistant professor of practice, visiting assistant professor, adjunct assistant professor)
(Senior) Lecturer
(Senior) Instructor
AustraliaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Australia
Level A – Associate Lecturer; equivalent to Lecturer, Adjunct or Graduate Instructor at a US university.
Level B – Lecturer; equivalent to Assistant Professor at a US university or Lecturer at a UK university.
Level C – Senior Lecturer; equivalent to Associate Professor at a US university or Senior/Principal Lecturer at a UK university.
Level D – Associate Professor; equivalent to Professor with tenure at a US university or Reader/Associate Professor at a UK university.
Level E – Professor; equivalent to Distinguished/Endowed Professor at a US university or Professor at a UK university.
AustriaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Germany
BangladeshEdit
Teachers are categorised in four main classes in Bangladesh at University level. The ascending rank of teacher is Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor and Professor. The initial position Lecturer is generally enrolled as the top student of the class. Master's degree is required for normal university level Lecturer. After PhD, the appointment starts with Assistant Professor, then gradually Associate Professor and Professor depending on research/teaching experience. Beside these, professor of Emeritus is given to extraordinary professor after their retirement.
BelarusEdit
Academic ranks
Prafiesar / Прафесар (Full professor)
Dacent / Дацэнт (Associate professor)
Starejshy vykladchyk / Старэйшы выкладчык (Senior lecturer)
Asistent / Vykladchyk / Асістэнт / Выкладчык (Assistant professor / Lecturer)
Administrative ranks
Rektar / Рэктар, rector
Prarektar / Прарэктар, vice-rector
Dekan Fakultetа / Дэкан факультэта, dean of the faculty
Namiesnik dekana / Намеснік дэкана, vice-dean
Zahadchyk kafiedry / Загадчык кафедры, head of department
BelgiumEdit
Dutch speaking community
Gewoon hoogleraar (full professor, full-time) (professor ordinarius)
Deeltijds gewoon hoogleraar (part-time full professor) (previously: professor extraordinarius)
Hoogleraar (professor)
Hoofddocent (associate professor)
Docent (assistant professor)
Doctor-assistent (postdoc research assistant)
Assistent (research assistant)
Aspirant (research fellow, enrolled in a Ph.D. degree, appointed by the Fund for Scientific Research FWO)
Administrative ranks:
Vice-Rector
Decaan (dean, i.e. head of a faculty)
Professeur ordinaire (full professor)
Professeur extraordinaire (visiting professor in Switzerland, part-time professor in Belgium)
Professeur (professor)
Chargé de cours définitif (associate professor, tenured)
Chargé de cours temporaire (associate professor, tenure-track)
Chargé de cours invité (visiting assistant professor, non-tenured)
Maître de conférences (senior lecturer / adjunct professor, tenure-track)
Directeur de recherche (research director / senior research associate, appointed by National Fund for Scientific Research F.R.S.-FNRS)
Chef de travaux agrégé (senior researcher with teaching aggregation, with Ph.D.)
Maître de recherche (senior researcher / senior research associate, with Ph.D., appointed by National Fund for Scientific Research F.R.S.-FNRS, tenured)
Chef de travaux (senior researcher, with Ph.D.)
Chercheur qualifié (senior researcher / research associate, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS, tenured)
Premier assistant (senior research assistant / junior lecturer, with Ph.D.)
Maître d'enseignement (volunteer lecturer, unpaid, non-tenured)
Chargé de recherche (postdoctoral researcher, appointed by National Fund for Scientific Research F.R.S.-FNRS)
Assistant de recherche (research assistant)
Aspirant (research fellow, enrolled in a Ph.D. degree, appointed by National Fund for Scientific Research F.R.S.-FNRS)
Recteur (president of university)
Vice-Recteur
Doyen (dean, i.e. head of a faculty, elected)
Président d'institut (director of research institute, elected)
Vice-Doyen (vice-dean, i.e. head of studies in a faculty)
Président de département (department head, elected)
Bosnia and HerzegovinaEdit
Asistent – teaching assistant (Must hold Undergraduate Degree with excellent grades. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
Viši Asistent – senior teaching assistant (Must hold at least Masters Degree with excellent grades. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
Docent – assistant professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate Degree. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
Vanredni profesor – associate professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of five years as a Docent)
Profesor – full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of seven years as a Vanredni profesor)
Rektor – rector / chancellor / head of university
Prorektor – prorector / vice-chancellor / head of university assistant
Dekan – dean / head of faculty or school at the university
Prodekan – vice-dean / head of faculty or school at the university assistant
Šef katedre – head of department
Honorary ranks
Profesor emeritus – professor emeritus
BrazilEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Brazil
There is no official academic ranking in Brazilian private universities. However, most of the public Federal Universities apply the following (from the highest position to the lowest one):
Professor Emérito (professor emeritus)
Professor Titular (full professor) – PhD required
Professor Associado (associate professor) – PhD required
Professor Adjunto (assistant professor) – PhD required
Professor Assistente (lecturer) – only a master's degree is required
Professor Auxiliar (assistant lecturer) – no post-graduation degree is required
Professor Substituto ou Temporário (temporary lecturer)
BulgariaEdit
Assistant Professor – Асистент
Chief/Senior Assistant Professor – Главен Асистент
Docent/Associate Professor – Доцент
Professor/Full Professor – Професор
Scientist III: after Master thesis or Diploma, equal to Assistant
Scientist II: after Doctoral thesis/PhD/Dissertation, after Dr. Grade (3–5 or 7 years work after Master), equal Chef Assistant, *Associate or Post Doc
Scientist I: After second Post Doc (1 or 2 years work after PhD/Dr), equal Senior Assistant or Senior Associate.
Senior Scientist I: after PhD (USA, UK....) or Doctoral dissertation/thesis (France, Germany, Russia...) and some years of *Post-Doc, equal of Assoc. Prof.
Senior Scientist II: after Habilitation, equal to Professor
Higher administration of the academy of sciences
Member of correspondence for the Academy of Science (after professor/habilitation), very rare
Academic: after member of correspondence (for the entire of Bulgaria).
Vice-rectors
Assistant rector
Academic ombudsman
CanadaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Canada
Faculty (teaching staff)
Professor emeritus or university professor emeritus; Fr professeur émérite
Research chairman, university professor, or distinguished professor
Professor or full professor (research professor, professor of practice, visiting professor, adjunct professor, professor emeritus; Fr professeur titulaire)
Associate professor (research associate professor, visiting associate professor, adjunct associate professor; Fr professeur agrégé)
Senior Lecturer (teaching professor)
Assistant professor (research assistant professor, adjunct assistant professor; Fr professeur adjoint)
Lecturer or instructor (sessional lecturer or sessional instructor; Fr chargé de cours)
Assistant professor is the entry-level rank for non-tenured members of faculty.
Non-faculty teaching and research personnel
Senior fellow, senior research fellow or senior scientist / Fr chercheur sénior
Fellow, research fellow or scientist / Fr chercheur
Research supervisor or principal investigator / Fr directeur de recherche
Research associate or postdoctoral associate / Fr associé de recherche
Research assistant or teaching assistant / Fr auxiliaire de recherche
Dean (often also full professors)
Associate dean (often also full professors)
Directors of administrative departments
Associate/assistant directors of administrative departments
Chairmen of academic departments (usually full professors)
Graduate Coordinators
Undergraduate Coordinators
ChinaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in China
Full professor (正教授)
Associate professor (副教授)
Lecturer(讲师)
Assistant Lecturer/Associate Lecturer(助教)
ColombiaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Colombia
Costa RicaEdit
Emeritus professor (Professor Emérito)
Titular professor (Professor Catedrático)
Associated professor (Professor Asociado)
Lecturer professor (Professor Adjunto)
Instructor/Adjunct (Professor Instructor)
CroatiaEdit
Redoviti profesor u trajnom zvanju equivalent to distinguished professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
Redoviti profesor equivalent to full professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
Izvanredni profesor equivalent to associate professor (izv. prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
Docent equivalent to assistant professor (doc. dr. sc. Name Surname)
Viši asistent equivalent to teaching/research assistant, PhD (dr. sc. Name Surname)
Asistent equivalent to teaching/research assistant, usually a PhD student
Viši predavač equivalent to senior lecturer
Predavač equivalent to lecturer
Honorary academic rank
Professor emeritus – awarded to some full professors in retirement
Rektor equivalent to rector, head of university (in USA equivalent to president of university)
Prorektor equivalent to prorector, assistant to head of university (in USA equivalent to vice-president of university)
Dekan equivalent to dean, head of faculty or school in university
Prodekan equivalent to vice-dean, assistant to dean
Pročelnik odsjeka equivalent to department chairman
Predstojnik zavoda equivalent to head of department
Predstojnik katedre equivalent to head of chairman
CubaEdit
Tenured:
Professor (Professor Titular)(full/part-time, PhD required)
Associate Professor (Professor Auxiliar)(full/part-time, PhD mostly required)
Assistant Professor (Assistante)(full/part-time)
Lecturer (Instructor)(full/part-time)
CyprusEdit
Tenure-track faculty positions
Non-tenure track positions
Special teaching personnel
Special scientists
Czech RepublicEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in the Czech Republic
DenmarkEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Denmark
EgyptEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Egypt
Teachers are categorized in five main classes in Egypt at University level. The ascending rank of teacher is Demonstrator, Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer, Associate Professor and Professor. The initial position Demonstrator is generally enrolled as the top student of the class. Master's degree is required for university level Assistant Lecturer. After PhD, the appointment starts with Lecturer, then gradually Associate Professor and Professor depending on research/teaching experience. Beside these, professor of Emeritus is given to extraordinary professor after their retirement.
OSTADH MOTAFAREGH (أستاذ متفرغ), equivalent to professor emeritus.
OSTADH (أستاذ) (the "DH" pronounced like the "TH" in the word "THE"), equivalent to professor (usually after minimum of five years serving as OSTATH MOSAED as well as publishing certain number of research papers)
OSTADH (the "DH" pronounced like the "TH" in the word "THE") MOSAED (أستاذ مساعد), equivalent to associate professor.
MODARRES (مدرس), Lecturer (must have a PhD degree)
MODARRES MOSA'ED (مدرس مساعد), Assistant Lecturer (must have a master's degree)
MOA'ED (معيد), or Teaching Assistant- also called demonstrator- (must have a bachelor's degree; usually graduated top of the class).
EstoniaEdit
Emeriitprofessor (professor emeritus)
Dotsent (associate professor)
Lektor (lecturer)
Õpetaja (teacher)
FinlandEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Finland
In Finland, there's no "graduate" or "undergraduate" system; university students may be employed as a research assistant (tutkimusapulainen) before they graduate with a master's degree. A doctoral student must already hold a master's degree, and are typically employed by the university, or enjoy a similar grant, and will be called tohtorikoulutettava (doctoral candidate), tutkija (researcher) or assistentti (teaching assistant). Besides post-doctoral researchers (tutkijatohtori) and senior teaching assistants (yliassistentti), there are several mid-level non-professorial positions such as teaching researcher (opettava tutkija). Senior teachers and researchers may be employed as e.g. erikoistutkija ("special researcher") or yliopistotutkija (university researcher). Docent (dosentti) is a non-professiorial rank and title (for life) awarded to academics qualified as a principal investigator and for supervision of doctoral students; however, they do not belong to the professor corps and may be employed elsewhere. Professors (professori) are understood as research group leaders and managers, and traditionally there's no direct equivalent of an assistant / associate / full professor career path, although Aalto University is introducing these. Qualifications for a professor's position are earned as a docent or in other mid-career positions. In management, professors serve as department heads (laitosjohtaja or osastonjohtaja) and deans (head of faculty, dekaani). The leader of a university is called a rector (rehtori), assisted by multiple vice-rectors (vararehtori). Vice-rectors may retain their professor's positions or work full-time as a vice-rector. Some universities have an even more senior officer called Chancellor (kansleri), which works more with outreach and public relations than daily management.
FranceEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in France
Research-only
Teaching-only
Professeur des universités or Directeur d'études
Professeur des universités associé
professeur agrégé or professeur certifié
Maître de conférences associé
Temporary positions
Attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherches (ATER)
Chargé d'enseignement
Doctorant contractuel chargé d'enseignement
Doctorant contractuel
In French business schools, ranks are the same as in the United States: Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and finally (Full) Professor.
GermanyEdit
GreeceEdit
Professor Emeritus (Greek: Ομότιμος Καθηγητής (male) / Ομότιμος Καθηγήτρια or Ομότιμη Καθηγήτρια (female)). Αn honorary title for people at the rank of Professor who have reached the legal age for retirement; If they wish, they have the right, for a limited time after retirement, to continue their research projects.
Professor (Καθηγητής (male) / Καθηγήτρια (female)).
Associate Professor (Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής (male) / Αναπληρώτρια Καθηγήτρια (female)).
Assistant Professor (Επίκουρος Καθηγητής (male) / Επίκουρος Καθηγήτρια (female)).
Lecturer (in Universities and Technical Universities: Λέκτορας (both male and female) / in Technological Educational Institutes: Καθηγητής Εφαρμογών (male) / Καθηγήτρια Εφαρμογών (female)). Ιn Universities and Technical Universities this academic rank existed only from 1982 to 2011, but people holding the rank remain as teaching staff until retirement.[2]
Laboratory Teaching Staff member (Greek: μέλος Εργαστηριακού Διδακτικού Προσωπικού (Ε.ΔΙ.Π.)). Holders of a Ph.D. that are members of this rank can independently teach courses, same as the Teaching Research Staff (Greek: Διδακτικό Ερευνητικό Προσωπικο (Δ.Ε.Π.)) (i.e., professors ranks) members do. All members can be instructors in laboratories.
Adjunct Assistant Professor (Εντεταλμένος Επίκουρος Καθηγητής (male) / Εντεταλμένη Επίκουρος Καθηγήτρια—formerly, Adjunct Lecturer (Εντεταλμένος Λέκτορας (male) / Εντεταλμένη Λέκτορας (female)). A temporary employee with a short-term contract, usually for one semester, usually holder of a Ph.D. as described in the Greek Presidential Decree 407/1980. Adjunct Assistant Professors are sometimes called simply as "407" or "P.D. 407", after the number of the Decree.
Teaching assistant. Τhis rank was abolished in 1982, but people holding it remain teaching assistants until retirement.
Administrative ranks (Universities and Technical Universities)
Rector (Πρύτανης).
Vice-rector (Αντιπρύτανης).
Secretary General (Γενικός Γραμματέας (male) / Γενική Γραμματέας (female)).
Dean (Κοσμήτορας)
Deputy Dean (Αναπληρωτής Κοσμήτορας (male) / Αναπληρώτρια Κοσμήτορας (female)).
Chairman of the Department (Πρόεδρος Τμήματος).
Deputy Chairman of the Department (Αντιπρόεδρος Τμήματος).
Director of the Section (Διευθυντής Τομέα (male) / Διευθύντρια Τομέα (female)).
The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a faculty member.
Administrative ranks (Technological Educational Institutes)
President (Πρόεδρος).
Vice-president (Αντιπρόεδρος).
Director of the School (Διευθυντής Σχολής (male) / Διεθύντρια Σχολής (female)).
Supervisor of the Department (Προϊστάμενος Τμήματος (male) / Προϊσταμένη Τμήματος (female)).
The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors.
GhanaEdit
Academic positions
professor Extraordinarius
Pro-chancellor / Council Chairman
Vice-chancellor/ President/ Rector
Pro-vice-chancellor/ Vice President/ Vice Rector
Deans of faculties/ schools
Vice Deans of faculties/ schools
Registration Officer
Examination Officer
GuyanaEdit
Professor Emeritus (on retirement)
Lecturer II
Lecturer I
Assistant Lecturer
Laboratory Demonstrator
Vice-chancellor/president
Deputy vice-chancellor
Deputy Registrar
Deans of Faculties
Heads of Departments/Schools
Hong KongEdit
In the past, Hong Kong followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor, associate professor, and assistant professor). Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably the University of Hong Kong is in the process of transition.[3] Depending on institutions, the title of "professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.
Chair professor
Research assistant professor
Adjunct (associate/assistant) professor
Honorary (associate/assistant) professor
Professional consultant or teaching consultant/fellow
Research assistant and teaching assistant (or tutor, instructor, demonstrator)
Postgraduate or graduate
Chancellor (titular, normally the Chief Executive (formerly the Governor) of Hong Kong) or president in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University
Pro-chancellor (titular, only for the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
Vice-chancellor or president (or vice president principal in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University): being the chief executive of the institution
Deputy vice-chancellor (as the first among pro-vice-chancellors in the University of Hong Kong)
Pro-vice-chancellors or vice-presidents or deputy presidents
Associate pro-vice-chancellors (as in the Chinese University of Hong Kong) or Associate vice-president (as in the Hong Kong Baptist University, the Lingnan University, the Hong Kong Shue Yan University, and the Hong Kong Institute of Education)
Provost (for some universities)
Deans of faculties / schools
Heads (or directors) of departments / schools
HungaryEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Hungary
Professzor Emeritus (distinguished professor) Professzor (reader) Docens (lecturer) Adjunktus (senior leacturer) Tanársegéd (assistant lecturer)
IcelandEdit
In Icelandic universities, especially The University of Iceland, prófessor is the most senior ranking teaching position. Below prófessor is dósent, then lektor. This three step hierarchy is akin to the US-scale, of full-, associate- and assistant-professors. Until the early 1990s no upward mobility was available in the Icelandic system. Most university teachers were hired as "prófessor." A "dósent" or a "lektor" wishing to ascend to a higher rank had to apply for a new position when it became available. Currently (since the 1990s) much more university teachers are hired as junior rank "lektor" and are promoted to "dósent" and "prófessor" if their work proves worthy of it.
Prófessor
Dósent (associate-professors)
Lektor (assistant-professors)
IndiaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in India
Regular Academic ranks (Hierarchy from top): Academic institutions in India have the mandate of teaching, training and research. This also includes research universities.
In addition to these, there are government sponsored fellowships such as Ramanujan & Ramalingaswami. The fellowship is awarded to able candidates for a 5-year contract period during which they are hosted by an academic or research organisation. Their primary function is to carry out high quality original research. They may become a regular faculty as an assistant professor or associate professor during this period subject to their performance.
Assistant Professor (on contract) / Adhoc faculty – They are primarily involved in teaching for a limited contract period typically 6 months – 1 year.
Research ranks (Hierarchy from top): Research institutions such as national labs have a different kind of hierarchy and are primarily concerned with basic and applied research. They guide Ph.D. students in their research thesis but do not grant degrees. In most cases the Ph.D. candidates are registered with another University which grants the degree. Awarding of degree is subjected to meeting the same criteria as Ph.D. guided by university professors.
Scientist H
Scientist G
Scientist F
Scientist E (in some cases EII)
Scientist D (in some cases EI)
Scientist C
Scientist B
Non-faculty ranks
Research associate (postdoctoral fellows/inspire faculty)
Senior research fellow (Ph.D. students after completing two years of course work and research)
Junior research fellow (Newly joined Ph.D. candidates)
Administrative ranks in Universities
Pro Vice Chancellor
Deans / Directors
Chairmen / HODs / Wardens
Administrative ranks in Research Institutions
Chairman of Departments / Divisions
IndonesiaEdit
According to the Joint Regulations of the Ministry of Education And Culture And Head of National Civil Service Agency No 4/VIII/PB/2014; No 24 Year 2014 and the Regulation of Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform No. 46 Year 2013 and No. 17 Year 2013 Article 6, the academic ranks (Jabatan Fungsional) for lecturer (university-based) and researcher (non-university) are
Academic ranks for lecturers
Asisten Ahli (Associate Lecturer)
Lektor Kepala (Senior Lecturer)
Guru Besar, Profesor (Professor)
Academic ranks for researchers
Peneliti Pertama (Junior Researcher)
Peneliti Ahli Muda (Associate Researcher)
Peneliti Ahli Madya (Senior Researcher)
Peneliti Ahli Utama (Research Professor)
Administrative ranks (university)
Rektor (Rector)
Wakil Rektor (Vice Rector)
Dekan (Dean)
Wakil Dekan (Vice Dean)
Kepala Program Studi (Head of Department)
IranEdit
Holders of bachelor's degree when granted to teach in a college:
Assistant instructor (in Persian مربی آموزشیار; transliteration: "morabbi-āmuzešyār")
Holders of master's degrees when granted to teach in a college:
Instructor (in Persian: مربی, transliteration: morabbi)
Lecturer (in Persian: مدرس, transliteration: modares)
Holders of Ph.D. degrees:
Assistant professor (in Persian: استادیار, transliteration: ostādyār)
Associate professor (in Persian: دانشیار, transliteration: dāneshyār)
(Full) Professor (in Persian: (استاد (تمام, transliteration: ostād (tamam))
Distinguished Professor (in Persian: استاد ممتاز, transliteration: ostād-e momtāz'')
Terms of address in general: ostād
Emeritus ranks
Head of department.
IraqEdit
Holders of master's degrees can be (in ascending order):
Assistant lecturer (مدرس مساعد)
Lecturer (مدرس)
Assistant professor (أستاذ مساعد)
Professor (أستاذ)
Holders of PhD degrees can be (in ascending order):
Note: Holders of PhD degrees are automatically promoted to lecturer if they were assistant lecturers before they received their PhD.
استاذ equivalent to professor.
استاذ مساعد equivalent to associate professor.
مدرس equivalent to assistant professor in American Universities (with PhD) or with researches.
مدرس مساعد Assistant lecturer (without PhD).
IsraelEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Israel
Academic:
Professor Min Haminyan (Full Professor)
Professor Chaver (Associate Professor)
Department Chairman
ItalyEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Italy
Professore Ordinario, or Professore di I fascia. A tenured, full professor position.
Professore Associato, or Professore di II fascia. A tenured, associate professor position.
Ricercatore confermato. A tenured position as researcher or assistant professor.
Professore Aggregato. A 'ricercatore confermato' who is in charge of teaching university classes.
Non-tenured positions (non confermato):
Professore Straordinario, also Professore di I fascia. A three-year full professor appointment leading to tenure.
Professore Associato non confermato, also Professore di II fascia. A three-year associate professor appointment leading to tenure at associate level.
Ricercatore non confermato. A three-year position at assistant professor/researcher/lecturer level.
Assegnista di Ricerca. A research fellow (post-doc) with a fixed-term appointment.
An honorary title as Professore Emerito also exists and is typically appointed to illustrious academics after retirement.
JamaicaEdit
Senior Lecturer (Tenured)
Lecturer (Tenured/Tenure track)
Graduate/Research Assistant
JapanEdit
Tenured or non-tenured faculty[note 1]
The ranking is as follows:[4][circular reference]
Professor emeritus, Meiyo Kyōju (名誉教授)
Professor, Kyōju (教授)
Associate professor, Junkyōju (准教授) (previously, Jokyōju (助教授))
Lecturer / Junior associate professor / Instructor / Assistant professor, Kōshi (講師)
Assistant professor / Research Associate, Jokyō (助教) (previously, Joshu (助手))
The Japanese system includes non-tenure, term-limited, tokunin (特任) positions at all ranks, including professor. These are referred to as ninki tsuki (任期付き) positions and officially include tokunin in the title. Limited tenure track positions (similar to the United States) have recently been introduced ( "tenure". 国立研究開発法人 科学技術振興機構. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ). In this system Jokyō (助教) corresponds to assistant professor. A major difference between the United States system and Japan is that granting of tenure and promotion to associate professor are not linked; one may be tenured yet remain an assistant professor. Advancing upward typically requires a higher-level post to be vacated, even in the new tenure-track system[citation needed].
JordanEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Jordan
Assistant Prof
Associate Prof
KenyaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Kenya
LatviaEdit
Administrative positions:
Rektors (male), Rektore (female) (rector)
Dekāns (male), Dekāne (female) (dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
Nodaļas vadītājs (male) Nodaļas vadītāja (female) (department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)
Profesors (male) Profesore (female) Professor
Asociētais profesors (male) Asociētā profesore (female) associate professor
Docents (male), Docente (female) (assistant professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as professor, Doctoral Degree required
Lektors (male), Lektore (female) Lecturer. Requires MA degree
Asistents (male), Asistente (female) research or teaching assistant
LebanonEdit
Academic positions at the Lebanese American University:
Senior Instructor
Distinguished Professor
LibyaEdit
Associate professor (أستاذ مشارك)
Lecturer (محاضر)
Assistant Lecturer (محاضر مساعد)
LithuaniaEdit
Professor, Profesorius (male) / Profesorė (female)
Associate professor, Docentas (male) / Docentė (female)
Lecturer, Lektorius (male) / Lektorė (female)
Assistant lecturer, Asistentas (male) / Asistentė (female)
MacauEdit
At the University of Macau there are nine levels of faculty rank, namely
Chairman professor,
Distinguished professor,
Associate professor,
At the Macau Polytechnic Institute there are three levels
professor (professor coordenador)
associate professor (professor adjuncto)
lecturer (assistente)
MacedoniaEdit
Demonstrator, Демонстратор-(Graduate employee in a university)
Younger assistant, Помлад Асистент-(B.Sc.)
Assistant, Асистент-(M.Sc.)
Docent, Доцент-(Assistant professor)
Vonreden Professor, Вонреден Професор-(associate professor)
Professor, Професор-(full-time professor)
Professor emeritus, Пензиониран Професор-(retired professor)
Academic, Академик-(academician)
Pomlad referent, Помлад референт- (Younger Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
Referent, Референт- (Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
Postar Referent, Постар Референт- (Senior Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
Pomlad Sorabotnik, Помлад Соработник- (Younger Associate) -Associate Degree
Sorabotnik, Соработник- (Аssociate) -Associate Degree
Postar Sorabotnik, Постар Соработник- (Senior Associate) -Associate Degree
Rakovoditel na studentski prasanja, Раководител на студентски прашања- (Head of Students Affairs) -Bachelor's degree
Rakovoditel na katedra/institut, Раководител на катедра/институт- (Head of Department/Institute) -Ph.D.
Prodekan, Продекан- (Vice Dean) -Ph.D.
Dekan, Декан- (Dean) -Ph.D.
Prorektor, Проректор- (Vice Rector) -Ph.D.
Rektor, Ректор- (Rector) -Ph.D.
MalaysiaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Malaysia
MaltaEdit
MexicoEdit
The ranking system in most Mexican public universities is as follows
Profesor Asociado A (early assistant professor)
Profesor Asociado B (assistant professor)
Profesor Asociado C (early associate professor)
Profesor Titular A (associate professor)
Profesor Titular B (full professor)
Profesor Titular C (senior full professor)
Profesor Emerito (equivalent to distinguished professor, not to be confused with emeritus professor)
Usually Mexican academics are also fellows of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI) that has four levels (candidate, I, II and III) that more or less correlate (but are not equivalent) to the Asociado and Titular A, B, and C professorships. The rank as professor is determined by the individual's institution while the SNI level is determined by an independent committee that evaluates the researchers nationwide.
Many universities and research institutions make a distinction between "Profesores" -Professors- and "Investigadores" -Researchers- (Asociado A, B, C, Titular A, B, C), the main difference is that "Profesores" have a higher load of teaching, while "Investigadores" have a higher load of research, but normally all of them take part in both activities and are considered equivalent.
Research rankings are awarded by the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores which depends on the national research council (Conacyt):
SNI emeritus researcher (not necessarily higher rank but lifetime, requires 15 continuous years as SNI III)
SNI III researcher (about 7% of the researchers in SNI)
SNI II researcher (about 16% of the researchers in SNI)
SNI I researcher (about 59% of researchers in SNI)
SNI candidate researcher (C) (about 18% of researchers in SNI)
All titles, both professors and researchers, can be given in a:
Full-time, or
Part-time basis
Administrative academic positions:
Director of Faculty or College
NepalEdit
1. Professor Emeritus
2. Professor
3. Associate professor/Reader
4. Assistant Professor
5. Lecturer
6. Teaching Assistant
7. Instructor
8. Technical support staff
Deans of School
NetherlandsEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in the Netherlands
New ZealandEdit
Main article: Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)
NigeriaEdit
Emeritus Professor (retired)
Associate Professor / Reader
Pro-vice-chancellor
Deans of faculties(some are referred to as provost)
Department/school directors of studies
NorwayEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Norway
PakistanEdit
The hiring of academic positions in public universities throughout Pakistan is managed by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, the requirement for all positions vary with respect to the field of studies e.g. Engineering, IT, Medical, Law, and Arts and Design.
There are four faculty ranks lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor.
In engineering public universities, a lecturer requires an M.Sc. or B.Sc. degree and high academic standing in the field (e.g. gold medalist, among top 15 students of graduating class). An assistant professor position requires a Ph.D. in relevant field with no experience. An associate professorship can be conducted in the fourth year of employment, although, it is becoming more common for promotion and tenure to be awarded in the sixth year of employment. The review requires a certain number 5/8/10 research publications (with at least 1/2/4[jargon] publications in the last 5 years) by the calendar years 2007/2008/2012 respectively, in HEC/PEC recognized journals.
A professor requires ten years post-PhD teaching/research experience in an HEC recognized university or a post-graduate institution or professional experience in the relevant field in a national or international organization. It requires a minimum of 8/12/15 research publications (with at least 2/3/5 publications in the last 5 years) by the calendar years 2007/2008/2012 respectively, in HEC/PEC recognized journals
Meritorious Professor/ Distinguished National Professor
Lab Engineer
PeruEdit
After some recent reforms in the University Law (Minedu, 2014),[6] the Peruvian universities (publics and privates) consider these ranks:
Extraordinary Professors: Principally, this is a category of recognition for his contribution as professor or researcher when he retires or as a professional when he has built a great contribution to society throughout his career. To have 10% as maximum of these professors in any university (public or private) is mandatory.
Emeritus professor (Profesor Emérito) - For this recognition, the candidate should be faculty member (former ordinary professor in retiring process).
Honorary professor (Profesor Honorario) - For this recognition, the candidate is not related to a faculty member. For instance, in this category is the Doctor Honoris Causa.
Research Professors: Principally, full-time research position with few teaching responsibilities. Research professorships are almost always funded by grants or fellowships apart from the regular university budget. He is designated because of its academic excellence. He has a special bonus of fifty percent (50%) of its total payments. The competent authority of each university evaluates every two years, the production of the ordinary professors, for their permanence as a researcher.
Ordinary Professors: Often full-time (with exclusivity) professors with research competences. Principal faculty. To have 25% as minimum of these professors in any university (public or private) is mandatory.
Full professor (Profesor Principal) - PhD and MSc required, and former Associate professor or 15 years of experience (minimum) as researcher in the field to apply.
Associate professor (Profesor Asociado) - PhD (postgraduate level) and MSc required, and former Assistant professor or 10 years of experience (minimum) as researcher in the field to apply.
Assistant professor (Profesor Auxiliar) - PhD (postgraduate level) and MSc required, and 5 years of experience (minimum) as researcher in the field to apply.
Lecturer (Hired Professors): Often part-time (with non-exclusivity) professors. Complementary faculty. Generally, the primary employer is not the university with which they have the status. Principally, this kind of professor come from practitioner market and not develop research activities. MSc required.
In addition, the universities developed prior ranks, as junior temporary rank, to get experience and training (with strong motivation to be ordinary professor):
Instructor (Instructor, Jefe de Práctica) - MSc required in Postgraduate level and BSc required in Undergraduate level.
Teaching/Research Assistant (Asistente Académico/Investigador) - MSc required in Postgraduate level and BSc required in Undergraduate level.
The lectures are usually hired by private universities as they can offer this type of part-time contract. The instructors are usually hired by public universities as their type of contract has to be full-time. Even if the duties of these two ranks are similar and the terminology for both is the same in Spanish: "Jefe de prácticas", we should consider the differences in their type of contract.
PhilippinesEdit
Associate Professor (doctorate is typically required)
Assistant Professor (master's degree required; typically this is also the entry-level rank for PhD holders)
Instructor (master's degree required)
Assistant Instructor
Lecturer (other Universities/Colleges)
Guest Lecturer (other Universities/Colleges)
Administrative ranks (UP System;National)
Chancellor/University President
Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Planning and Development
Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Research and Extension
Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Academic Affairs
Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Finance and Management
University Registrar
Assistant Dean/Associate Dean
Department Chairman/Program Chairman
Faculty Members and Staff
Other professors
Professor-researcher
Ad honorem professor
Due to Philippine labor laws regarding permanency, a faculty member who has not received tenure within three years of initial hire cannot continue as a full-time hire at the same university.
PolandEdit
Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)
(pl 'asystent') – research-and-teaching assistant / research-and-teaching fellow (hold master's degree)
(pl 'adiunkt') – assistant professor (requires PhD)
(pl 'docent') – senior lecturer (requires PhD or habilitation), (a new position, since 2007 optional and only in some universities, does not involve any research duties and is meant mainly for teaching). Until 1987 a position between assistant professor and associate professor.
(pl 'profesor nadzwyczajny') – associate professor (requires habilitation), according to German nomenclature sometimes called "professor extraordinarius"
(pl 'profesor zwyczajny') – full professor (requires the professor title, which is an academic title, not an academic position), sometimes called "professor ordinarius"
and also for a special purpose:
(pl 'profesor wizytujący')- visiting professor
(pl 'profesor emerytowany')- professor emeritus
Teaching staff: (lower rank)
(pl 'instruktor') – instructor (sport)
(pl 'lektor') – instructor, foreign language teacher
(pl 'wykładowca') – lecturer
(pl 'starszy wykładowca') – senior lecturer (please note the same term is used for both "docent" and "starszy wykładowca"
Elected or nominated posts
Rector (Rektor) – the principal head of the university (one per university); usually assisted by several deputy rectors (pl prorektor)
Dean (Dziekan); the principal head of the faculty (one per faculty), usually assisted by several deputy deans (pl prodziekan);
Head (Kierownik) – the head of the institute/department/chairman (one per organizational unit)
PortugalEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Portugal
Professor Catedrático (full professor) – PhD and Agregação required
Professor Associado com Agregação (associate professor with Agregação) – PhD required
Professor Auxiliar com Agregação (assistant professor) – PhD required
Professor Auxiliar (assistant professor) – PhD required.
Extinct ranks:
Assistente (teaching assistant) - without a PhD
Assistente estagiário (junior teaching assistant) - without a PhD or a master's degree
RomaniaEdit
Rector (Rector): one per university
Prorector (Vice-rector): one or more per university
Decan (Dean): one per college
Prodecan (Vice-dean): one or more per college
Director de departament (Head of department): one per department
Șef de catedră (Head of department): one per department
Profesor universitar (Professor): he/she has a doctorate degree international-impact research activity
Conferențiar universitar (Associate professor): he/she has a doctorate degree and national-impact research activity
Lector universitar or Șef de lucrări (Lecturer/Head of works): he/she has a doctorate degree and local-impact research activity
Asistent universitar (Assistant professor): he/she has a doctorate degree (or in case of a limited time contract they can be in the process of getting a doctorate degree)
Profesor vizitator (Visiting professor)
Profesor emerit or Profesor consultant (Emeritus professor)
RussiaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Russia
SerbiaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Serbia
SingaporeEdit
Singapore universities adopt a hybrid of US and British academic ranks. Faculty members on the tenure-track are appointed for sustained excellence in both teaching and research. Assistant Professors are appointed on term contracts, while Associate Professors and Professors may be appointed either with tenure or on term contract. Faculty members on the Educator Track engage in high quality educational activities. They are oriented towards teaching excellence, student learning, and pedagogical research and innovation. Appointments in this Track include Teaching Assistants, Instructors, Lecturers, Senior Lecturers and Associate Professors (Educator Track). They are on term contracts which are usually of 1 – 3 years in the first instance. Research track faculty members focus on conducting fundamental research of high international quality. Appointments on this Track include Research Assistants, Research Fellows, Senior Research Fellows, Associate Professor (Research) and Professor (Research). They are on term contracts of 1 – 3 years in the first instance. Practice Track faculty members are scholar-practitioners with professional skills and expertise in industry to complement the teaching and research enterprise of the University. They also contribute significantly to the outreach activities of the School. Appointments are to Associate Professor (Practice) and Professor (Practice). They are on term contracts of 1 – 3 years in the first instance.[7]
Tenure Track: Assistant Professor; Associate Professor; Professor
Educator Track: Teaching Assistant; Instructor; Lecturer; Senior Lecturer; Associate Professor (Educator Track)
Research Track: Research Assistant; Research Fellow; Senior Research Fellow; Associate Professor (Research); Professor (Research)
Practice Track: Associate Professor (Practice); Professor (Practice)
SlovakiaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Slovakia
Profesor (professor), both degree (written prof. before name) and position. Professors are appointed by the president after a successful accomplishment of the process of awarding a professorship. One of the requirements is an already accomplished docent degree.
Docent (associate professor), both degree (written doc. before name) and position. The degree is awarded by the rector after a certain number of years of teaching and after a successful accomplishment of habilitácia (a process concluded by a defense of a reviewed research manuscript and a public lecture).
Odborný asistent (lecturer / researcher), this title covers positions from lecturers to researchers. Requirements for lecturers / researchers vary, usually a Ph.D. / Th.D. is required
Asistent (assistant lecturer), at least Master degree is required
Hosťujúci profesor (hosting professor), significant expert with whom a dean with the approval of the scientific council of a faculty concluded employment at the position of professor
Hosťujúci docent (hosting associate professor), significant expert with whom a dean with the approval of the scientific council of a faculty concluded employment at the position of associate professor
Mimoriadny profesor (adjunct professor; sometimes also translated as associate professor, but it is not same position as docent), associate professor temporarily appointed to the position of professor at a faculty while being an expectant to professor degree (written mimoriadny profesor after name)
Rektor (rector), head of the university
Prorektor (vice-rector), typically three to five people are vice-rectors; the position is further specified by indicating domain a vice-rector is responsible for (e. g. study-related issues, research, public relationships, international relationships, development, information technology)
Kvestor (registrar, bursar), senior professional financial administrator of the university
Dekan (dean), head of a faculty
Prodekan (vice-dean); the position is further specified by indicating domain a vice-den is responsible for (e. g. admissions, study-related issues, research, public relationships, international relationships, information technology)
Riaditeľ (director), head of a sub-unit at the university or a faculty (institute, research center), e. g. Institute of Life-Long Learning of the Slovak University of Technology, Institute of Physical Education and Sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University
Vedúci katedry (departmental chairman), head of a katedra (department) – sub-unit at a faculty
Zástupca vedúceho katedry (deputy departmental chairman), deputizes department chairman if necessary
Emeritný profesor (professor emeritus), may be awarded by the rector on the proposal of the scientific council of the university for significant contributions in the field of science, art or education to professor older than 65 years who is no longer employment at the university, but is still active in research and teaching
Doctor honoris causa (honorary doctor for the sake of the honor), honorary doctorate of the university or a faculty awarded for special merit (written Dr.h.c. before name)
SloveniaEdit
Asistent – assistant (Must hold at least Master (after Bologna process) or Honours degree (university diploma awarded before the Bologna process) with excellent grades, pursuing a postgraduate studies (either Doctorate / PhD studies or pre-Bologna process Magister studies). Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well)
Asistent-raziskovalec – research assistant (Must hold at least Master (after Bologna process) or Honours degree (university diploma awarded before the Bologna process) with excellent grades, pursuing a postgraduate studies (either Doctorate / PhD studies or pre-Bologna process Magister studies). Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well)
Lektor (usually a native speaker of a taught language)
Docent – assistant professor (Must hold Doctorate / PhD. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well.)
Izredni profesor – associate professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)
Redni profesor – full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)
Dekan – dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
Prodekan – vice-dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
Predstojnik oddelka – head of department; several per faculty, academy or school at the university
Zaslužni profesor – distinguished professor, a title bestowed to professors for their extraordinary achievements
South AfricaEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in South Africa
South KoreaEdit
Protected job titles (a.k.a. tenure positions):
(Full) professor (정교수/교수)
Associate professor (부교수)
Assistant professor (조교수)
Full-time instructor (전임 강사) : In some universities, this rank is missed and full-time academic career begins with the assistant professor rank.
Part-time instructor (시간 강사)
Research professor (연구 교수)
Clinical professor (임상 교수)
Adjunct professor (겸임 교수)
Teaching assistant professor ( 강의전문 조교수)
Collegiate professor
Visiting professor (객원 교수/초빙 교수)
Chaired professor (석좌 교수)
Emeritus professor (명예 교수)
SpainEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Spain
Sri LankaEdit
The appointment of professors follows the British system and is governed by the University Grants Commission regulations. A points-based system considers contributions to the research field, national development and institutional development. Several types of professorships exist:
Professor emeritus (on retirement at the age of 65)
Senior professor
Professor positions are clearly separated from other junior faculty positions such as, in seniority order: senior lecturer (grade I) (usually PhD and 6+ years service), senior lecturer (grade II) (usually a PhD and 2+ years service), lecturer (usually with PhD), lecturer (probationary), assistant lecturer.
Temporary Assistant lecturer
Instructor/ demonstrator
Student instructor (undergrad)
Chancellor (titular)
Directors of Postgraduate Institutes
SudanEdit
Professor أستاذ
Associate Professor أستاذ مشارك
Assistant Professor أستاذ مساعد
Lecturer محاضر
Teaching Assistant مساعد تدريس
SwedenEdit
Researcher level
Licentiate (Licentiat)
Doctor (Doktor)
Higher titles
Docent (Docent)
Adjunct Professor (Adjungerad professor)
Lecturer (Adjunkt)
Director musices (Director Musices)
Assistant professor (Forskarassistent)
Associate Professor (Lektor)
Postdoc (Postdok)
Head of Department (Prefekt)
Deputy Head of Department (Proprefekt)
Vice Dean of Department (Prodekanus)
Dean (Dekan)
Professor (Professor)
Professor Emeritus (Professor Emeritus)
Deputy President (Prorektor)
President (Rektor)
Honorary titles
Honorary doctor (Hedersdoktor)
Honorary Fellow (Honorary Fellow)
SwitzerlandEdit
German-language universities
[note 2]
Hilfassistent/Hilfassistentin: Undergraduate research assistant / Undergraduate teaching assistant
Assistent/Assistentin: research assistant (typically a PhD student)
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter/Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin: Scientific Staff (Note: typically synonymous with "Assistent/Assistentin")
Postdoc: Postdoc (i.e., after PhD)
Oberassistent/Oberassistentin: senior researcher/lecturer (typically after 1–2 years as a postdoc)
Lehrbeauftragter/Lehrbeauftragte: lecturer / adjunct professor
Gastdozent/Gastdozentin: visiting lecturer
Assistenzprofessor/Assistenzprofessorin: assistant professor (requires PhD)
Privatdozent/Privatdozentin (PD): senior lecturer (has the habilitation but not professorship)
Professor/Professorin: full professor (ordinary and extraordinary)
French-language universities
Professeur ordinaire (full professor, chairman)
Professeur extraordinaire
Professeur invité
Professeur associé (associate professor literally, yet functions as full professor or reader, non-chairman, tenured)
Professeur assistant (assistant professor literally, yet functions as associate professor, tenure-track)
Chargé de cours (senior lecturer, yet functions as associate professor, tenure-track)
Privat docent (has the habilitation but not professorship, required for tenure-track)
Maître-Assistant (assistant professor or lecturer, non-tenured)
Assistant (lecturer, usually a graduate student)
Moniteur (undergraduate student)
SyriaEdit
The academic rankings in the Syrian Arab Republic are very similar to the Egyptian ones; see Academic ranks in Egypt for details.
TaiwanEdit
Professor emeritus(名譽教授)
Professor(教授)
Associate professor(副教授)
Assistant professor (助理教授)(assistant professor and above are mainly for people who hold a PhD degree. Some are promoted to this rank by distinctive industrial performance.)
Adjunct assistant professor (According to the contract work, and less welfare. Usually 1 to 2 years.)
Adjunct researcher
ThailandEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in Thailand
Professor (ศาสตราจารย์)
Associate professor (รองศาสตราจารย์)
Assistant professor (ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์)
Lecturer (อาจารย์)
Trinidad and TobagoEdit
TunisiaEdit
Professeur extraordinaire (full professor)
Chargé de cours temporaire (assistant professor, tenure-track)
Maître de conférences (associate professor, tenured)
Directeur de recherche (research director, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
Maître de Conférences (senior researcher, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
Chercheur qualifié (senior researcher., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
Premier assistant (senior research assistant, with Ph.D.)
Chargé de recherche (researcher, typically post.doc., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
TurkeyEdit
emeritus profesör (Honorary Retired professor)
Ordinaryus Profesör(At least 5 years professor with a chair, representing a given area)
Profesör(Full professor)
Doçent, (Associate professor)
Dr.Öğretim Üyesi, (Assistant Professor)
Öğretim Görevlisi, (Lecturer)
Okutman, (Instructor)
Araştırma Görevlisi, (Research/teaching assistant)
Rektör, rector or president (professors)
Rektör Yardımcısı, vice-rector or vice-president (professors)
Fakülte Dekanı, dean of the faculty (professors)
Enstitü müdürü, Director of the institute (doctorate or above for research institutes, professors for graduate education institutes)
Dekan Yardımcısı, vice-dean or associate dean (associate professor or above)
Enstitü müdür yardımcısı, Deputy director of the institute (associate professor or above)
Bölüm Başkanı, head of department (doctorate or above)
Yüksekokul Müdürü, head of school (doctorate or above)
Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanı, chairman of academic programs (doctorate or above)
UkraineEdit
Profesor / Професор (Full professor)
Docent / Доцент (Associate professor)
Starshyj naukovyj doslidnyk (spivrobitnyk) / Старший науковий дослідник (співробітник) (Senior researcher)
Starshyj vykladach / Старший викладач (Senior lecturer)
Asystent / Асистент (Assistant professor)
Vykladach / Викладач (Lecturer)
Rektor / Ректор, rector or president (professors)
Prorektor / Проректор, vice-rector or vice-president (professors)
Dyrektor instytutu / centru / Директор інституту / центру, Director of the institute / centre (assistant professor or above)
Dekan Fakultetu / Декан факультету, dean of the faculty (associate professor or above)
Zastupnyk dekana/dyrektora / Заступник декана/директора, vice-dean or associate dean (associate professor or above) / deputy director of the institute (assistant professor or above)
Zaviduvach kafedry / Завідувач кафедри, head of department (assistant professor or above)
Zaviduvach laboratoriji / Завідувач лабораторії, head of laboratory (assistant professor or above)
Zaviduvach sekciji kafedry / Завідувач секції кафедри, chairman of academic programs (assistant professor or above)
United KingdomEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom
Research and teaching career pathway
Professor/Chair (equivalent to distinguished professor)
Reader (or Principal Lecturer in some post-1992 institutions) (equivalent to full professor)
Senior lecturer (equivalent to associate professor)
Lecturer, clinical lecturer (equivalent to assistant professor)
Assistant lecturer, demonstrator, seminar leader, associate lecturer, graduate teaching assistant, departmental lecturer
Research career pathway
Professor/professorial research fellow/research professor
Research associate, research assistant
Teaching career pathway
Senior Tutor
Professorial teaching fellow
Senior teaching fellow
Teaching associate
United StatesEdit
Main article: Academic ranks in the United States
Most common hierarchy
Distinguished, Endowed or University Professor
Research Associate, Lecturer
Adjunct Professor/Lecturer
Instructor (Often Part Time)
VenezuelaEdit
Titular professor (Professor Titular)
Aggregate professor (Professor Agregado)
Assistant professor (Professor Asistente)
Instructor (Instructor)
Dedication rank
Exclusive dedication professor (Professor a Dedicación Exclusiva)
Full-time professor (Professor a Tiempo Completo)
Contracted professor (Professor a Tiempo Convencional – academic rank is usually optional)
Administrative ranks (public national)
University council (Consejo Universitario – Órgano Colegiado)
Rector or chairman (Rector)
University secretary or registrar (Secretario)
Academic vice rector (Vicerrector Académico)
Administrative vice rector (Vicerrector Administrativo)
Faculty council (Consejo de Facultad – Órgano Colegiado)
Dean (Decano – one per faculty)
Vice-dean (Vicedecano – one per faculty – optional)
Academic council (Concejo Académico – Órgano Colegiado)
Dean's council (Consejo Decanal – Órgano Colegiado)
School council (Consejo de Escuela – Órgano Colegiado)
Principal (Director – one per school)
Vice-principal (Subdirector – one per school –- optional)
Chief of Department (Jefe de Departamento)
Chief of chairman (Jefe de Cátedra)
Professor-researcher (Professor Investigador)
Researcher (Investigador)
Retired professor (Professor Retirado)
Ad honorem professor (Professor Ad Honorem)
Consultant professor (Professor Consultante)
Visiting professor (Professor Visitante)
Emergency teacher (Docente de Emergencia)
Auxiliary and Lab assistants
Auxiliary teacher I (Docente Auxiliar I)
Auxiliary teacher II (Docente Auxiliar II)
Auxiliary teacher III (Docente Auxiliar III)
Auxiliary teacher IV (Docente Auxiliar IV)
Auxiliary teacher V (Docente Auxiliar V)
ZimbabweEdit
The appointment and ranking of academics is governed by the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. A points-based system considers an academic's contributions to research, teaching, and university and community service. The following structure of grades and notches for Academic Staff exist at universities in Zimbabwe:
Professor/Research Professor (Grade 3b)
Associate Professor/Associate Research Professor (Grade 4)
Senior Lecturer/Senior Research Fellow (Grade 5)
Lecturer/Research Fellow (Grade 6)
Teaching Assistant/Assistant Lecturer/Assistant Research Fellow (Grade 7)
University Administrative ranks[8]
Chancellor (President of the Republic of Zimbabwe)[9]
Vice-chancellors
Deans / Executive Deans of faculties
Heads / Chairpersons of departments/schools
Description of each Academic Rank
Grade 7	- Teaching Assistant/Assistant Lecturer/Assistant Research Fellow Conditions: First Degree. Annual appointment for a maximum period of three years during which one must acquire a recognized master's degree.
Grade 6	- Lecturer/Research Fellow (Master's Degree/PhD Degree) Conditions: Lecturers may be tenured after three years subject to a minimum of 5 publications in refereed Journals (or assessed equivalent including patents, copyrights, trademarks). Research Fellows may be tenured after three years subject to a minimum of 7 publications in refereed Journals (or assessed equivalent including patents, copyrights, trademarks).
Grade 5	- Senior Lecturer/Senior Research Fellow Conditions: Senior Lecturer (may be equivalent to Assistant Professor rank in other countries - PhD/earned Doctorate with 6 - 10 publications in refereed journals (or assessed equivalent including patents, copyrights, trademarks). May be tenured on appointment. Senior Research Fellow - PhD/earned Doctorate with 8 - 12 publications in refereed journals (or assessed equivalent including patents, copyrights, trademarks). May be tenured on appointment.
Grade 4	- Associate Professor/Associate Research Professor Conditions: Associate Professor - PhD/earned Doctorate with 21 but less than 35 publications in refereed journals (or assessed equivalent including patents, copyrights, trademarks). Tenured on appointment. Associate Research Professor - PhD Degree/earned Doctorate with 24 or more publications in refereed journals (or assessed equivalent including patents, copyrights, trademarks)	Associate Professor. Tenured on appointment.
Grade 3b - Professor/Research Professor Conditions: Professor - PhD/earned Doctorate with 35 or more Publications in refereed journals (or assessed equivalent including patents, copyrights, trademarks). Research Professor - PhD/earned Doctorate with 40 or more Publications in refereed journals (or assessed equivalent including patents, copyrights, trademarks).
^ Japan has been taking steps to make its academic rankings similar to that of the United States. But whereas only PhDs can acquire the rank of "assistant professor" in the US, in the past many Japanese "assistant professors" and "associate professors" have only master's degrees and do not advance beyond that.
^ The title of "Oberassistent" is comparable to the German Akademischer Rat [de], a postdoctoral position that today has mostly been replaced by the position of Juniorprofessur [de]. It is typically non-tenured and does not imply faculty rank (i.e., one would not participate in faculty meetings of professors).
^ https://unlp.edu.ar/gobierno/estatuto_unlp-4287
^ "Academic Ranks (in Greece)"; "Lecturers after Law 4009".
^ hkbu.edu.hk Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
^ ja:教員の職階
^ "قرار 501 لسنة 2010 بشأن إصدار لائحة التعليم العالي - جامعة مصراتة-Misurata University".
^ Ministery of Education (July 3th, 2014). University Law N° 30220
^ http://www.nus.edu.sg/careers/acadappt.htm
^ http://www.uz.ac.zw/index.php/ordinance-no-28/category/14-ordinances?download=67:ordinance-28
^ http://www.theopc.gov.zw/index.php/222-president-calls-on-universities-and-polytechnics-to-provide-skills-relevant-to-zim-s-economic-needs
Academic careers by country
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_academic_ranks&oldid=906349100"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pomegranate may well be the national fruit of Iran and along with other classic Persian ingredients such as walnuts, saffron and cinnamon figures prominently in this savory stew or khoresh.
Traditionally, pomegranate is paired with duck in this dish and you can imagine how the gameyness of the duck would pair well with the sweet and sour of the pomegranate. Alas, duck is not so readily available here–or affordable–so we substituted chicken. The result was still fabulous with plenty to keep the kids in our food appreciation classes busy along the way–like grinding toasted walnuts in our big mortar and pestle.
First, toast 1/4 pound raw walnut pieces in a 350-degree oven. Just spread them on a baking sheet and remove when they are browned but not burned–about 10 minutes.
Meanwhile, steep a generous pinch of saffron threads in 1/4 cup steaming hot water. Grind the threads between your fingers and into a small measuring cup, then add the water. Set aside.
For the stew, saute 1 medium onion, diced small, in a heavy skillet over moderate heat in 2 tablespoons ghee (or substitute your favorite vegetable oil). Ghee is obtained by melting butter and separating the oil (or ghee) from the solids. If you go the vegetable oil route, you can also add a bit of butter to the onions while they are sauteing for flavor.
When the onions have softened, after about 5 minutes, add 12 ounces chicken breast cut into thin strips about 1-inch long. Raise the heat if necessary to lightly brown the chicken. Then stir in 1 large carrot cut into thin match sticks. Continue to cook for a few more minutes.
Stir the walnut/pomegranate mix into the stew, bring to a boil, the lower the heat, cover and cook gently until the carrots are tender, about 40 minutes. If the sauce seems a bit thick, just stir in some more pomegranate juice. Serve hot with your favorite rice.


text:
'use strict';

module.exports = function (config) {
  config.set({
    // base path, that will be used to resolve files and exclude
    basePath: '',

    // testing framework to use (jasmine/mocha/qunit/...)
    frameworks: ['mocha', 'sinon', 'chai'],

    reporters: ['dots', 'coverage'],

    // list of files / patterns to load in the browser
    files: [
      'node_modules/angular/angular.js',
      'node_modules/angular-mocks/angular-mocks.js',
      'src/*.js',
      'tests/spec/*.js',
      'dist/rzslider.css',
      'src/*.html'
    ],

    // list of files / patterns to exclude
    exclude: [],

    // preprocess matching files before serving them to the browser
    preprocessors: {
      "src/*.js": ['coverage'],
      "src/*Tpl.html": 'ng-html2js'
    },

    ngHtml2JsPreprocessor: {
      stripPrefix: 'src/',
      moduleName: 'appTemplates'
    },

    // web server port
    port: 9998,

    // level of logging
    // possible values: LOG_DISABLE || LOG_ERROR || LOG_WARN || LOG_INFO || LOG_DEBUG
    logLevel: config.LOG_INFO,

    // enable / disable watching file and executing tests whenever any file changes
    autoWatch: false,

    coverageReporter: {
      // specify a common output directory
      dir: 'tests/coverage',
      type: 'lcov',
      subdir: '.'
    },

    // Start these browsers, currently available:
    // - Chrome
    // - ChromeCanary
    // - Firefox
    // - Opera
    // - Safari (only Mac)
    // - PhantomJS
    // - IE (only Windows)
    browsers: ['PhantomJS'],

    // Continuous Integration mode
    // if true, it capture browsers, run tests and exit
    singleRun: false
  })
  ;
}
;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A hyperlink lets you open a Web page, document, or image when you select it. You can place one on a Craigslist posting that you create for business purposes. The link can point to your website or blog, allowing you to supplement or expand the information you include in your posting. Hyperlinks are created with an HTML tag called an anchor. It must have opening and closing brackets, and an href attribute that lets you link to a URL.
Study the HTML code to place a link inside of a document. The syntax is Link, where URL must include the "http://" header, and must be placed between quotation marks. "Link" is the actual text the reader will see.
Create a post on Craigslist by logging into your account, or by clicking on "Post to Classifieds" and then following the directions. Alternatively, open an ad you previously placed but wish to edit by clicking the link Craigslist emailed you after your ad was posted.
Type in the URL of the website you wish to link to. The easiest way to get the URL is to go to the website and copy the address.
Place the anchor tag inside of your post, paste the URL inside of it, and then add text that the user will click. For example, to add a link to Reuters, write: The Reuters Website.
Test the link by clicking it inside your ad's preview. When you are done, save your posting by clicking "Continue." If you are editing a previous ad, refresh the page to see your changes. If you are creating a new ad, follow the directions to receive an email with a link to your live post.


text:
Q: Retrieve the linked list of a lookup with JavaScript in Sharepoint 2013 I have two lists: Products and Suppliers.
In Products, i have 3 columns :
-Name of Product (single line of text)
-Supplier (lookup of Suppliers : Name of Supplier)
-Price (choice list)
In Suppliers, i have 3 columns too :
-Name of Supplier (single line of text)
-Product (lookup of Products : Name of Product)
-Category (choice list)
Actually, in the .js linked to Product (list), i'm using this code to get the informations of the list Suppliers
var oList = clientContext.get_web().get_lists().getByTitle('Suppliers');

But it's hardcoded and i have to dynamise the code so i will be able to apply this code to other lists.
For example:
var NameOfList = "code to get the name of the list which is linked by the lookup (in my case it's the list Suppliers)";
var ColumnsOfList = "NameOfList.getAllColumns (in my case it's Name of Supplier, Product, Category)";
var oList = clientContext.get_web().get_lists().getByTitle(NameOfList);

var txt = [];
txt.push('The list ' + NameOfList + ' has those columns : ');
for(i=0 ; i<ColumnsOfList.length ; i++){
  txt.push(ColumnsOfList[i]);
}
alert(txt);

It will display The list Suppliers has those columns : Name of Supplier, Product, Category.
So, i would like to know which code or function to use for retrieve the listname and columns of the list which is linked by lookup. In my case, i would like to get "Suppliers" as listname and "Name of Supplier, Product, Category" as columns name.
Can someone help me please ?
EDIT :
enter image description here

A: You can get the details of the lookup column by retrieving it from the field collection using SPList.get_fields().getByInternalNameOrTitle(), invoking executeQueryAsync(), and then examining the lookup column's schema XML (via the SPField.get_schemaXml() method).
From the column's schema XML you can grab the lookup column's source list and run another executeQueryAsync() to load up its field collection so you can get the names of all its fields.
Here's an example of how your code might appear.
var listName = "Products";
var lookupColumn = "Supplier";

var clientContext = new SP.ClientContext();
var list = clientContext.get_web().get_lists().getByTitle(listName);

// get a reference to the lookup field on the current list
var lookupField = list.get_fields().getByInternalNameOrTitle(lookupColumn);

 // queue up the lookup field for retrieval
 clientContext.load(lookupField);
 clientContext.executeQueryAsync(
      function(){

           // get the lookup list GUID from the lookup column's schema XML:
           var lookupListId = lookupField.get_schemaXml().match(/List=(.*?)(?!\S)/g)[0].match(/[^List="][^"]*/)[0];

           // get references to the lookup list and its field collection
           var lookupList = clientContext.get_web().get_lists().getById(lookupListId);
           var lookupListFields = lookupList.get_fields();

           // queue up the lookup list and field collection for retrieval
           clientContext.load(lookupList);
           clientContext.load(lookupListFields);
           clientContext.executeQueryAsync(
               function(){
                   var lookupListName = lookupList.get_title();
                   var fieldNames = [];

                   // enumerate through the field collection to get the field names
                   var fieldEnum = lookupListFields.getEnumerator();
                   while(fieldEnum.moveNext()){
                       var field = fieldEnum.get_current();
                       fieldNames.push(field.get_title());
                   }

                   doSomethingWithListAndFieldNames(lookupListName,fieldNames);

               },
               function(sender,args){alert(args.get_message());}
          );
      },
      function(sender,args){ // onError
           alert(args.get_message());
      }
 );

Replace doSomethingWithListAndFieldNames() with your own function.
Getting only the fields from the default view:
If you only want the fields that display in the default view of the lookup list, you need to do a little extra work to query the views of the lookup list and look for the default view, then get the view fields from that view.
var listName = "Products"; // original list title
var lookupColumn = "Supplier"; // lookup column name

var clientContext = new SP.ClientContext();
var list = clientContext.get_web().get_lists().getByTitle(listName);

// get a reference to the lookup field on the current list
var lookupField = list.get_fields().getByInternalNameOrTitle(lookupColumn);

// queue up the lookup field for retrieval
clientContext.load(lookupField);
clientContext.executeQueryAsync(
      function(){
           // get the lookup list GUID from the lookup column's schema XML:
           var lookupListId = lookupField.get_schemaXml().match(/List=(.*?)(?!\S)/g)[0].match(/[^List="][^"]*/)[0];

           // get reference to the lookup list
           var lookupList = clientContext.get_web().get_lists().getById(lookupListId);

           // queue up the lookup list for retrieval
           clientContext.load(lookupList);
           clientContext.executeQueryAsync(
               function(){
                   var lookupListName = lookupList.get_title();

                   // get the views on the list
                   var views = lookupList.get_views();

                   // queue up the viewsfor retrieval
                   clientContext.load(views);
                   clientContext.executeQueryAsync(
                       function(){

                            // loop through the views until you find the default view
                            var viewEnum = views.getEnumerator();
                            while(viewEnum.moveNext()){
                                var view = viewEnum.get_current();
                                if(view.get_defaultView()){

                                     // retrieve the fields from the view
                                     var lookupListFields = view.get_viewFields();
                                     clientContext.load(lookupListFields);
                                     clientContext.executeQueryAsync(
                                         function(){
                                              var fieldNames = [];

                                              // enumerate through the field collection to get the field names
                                              var fieldEnum = lookupListFields.getEnumerator();
                                              while(fieldEnum.moveNext()){
                                                  fieldNames.push(fieldEnum.get_current());
                                              }

                                              doSomethingWithListAndFieldNames(lookupListName,fieldNames);

                                         },
                                         function(sender,args){alert(args.get_message());}
                                     );
                                     break;
                                }
                            }
                       },
                       function(sender,args){alert(args.get_message());});
               },
               function(sender,args){alert(args.get_message());}
          );
      },
      function(sender,args){ // onError
           alert(args.get_message());
      }
 );


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text:
Q: Handle complex request formats and return response I am building an API using Django rest framework. My API has to receive complex requests that are somewhat different from my models. More specifically the request has to include fields that do not exist in my models.
As an example I have included one of the models and the request that will be received by the API.
from django.db import model

class Author(models.Model):

    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=9, blank=False)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=9, blank=False)
    birth_year = mmodels.CharField(max_length=9, blank=False)

and the json request is
{
    "general": {
        "name": "John",
        "surname": "Doe"
    },
    "details": [
        "1980"
    ]
}

How can I parse that request efficiently, store the data in my database and finally return a response similar to the request?

My approach so far is to create a serializer like the following and modify its create() and to_represent() methods, however this approach seems very dirty especially with nested relationships.
class AuthorSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    general = serializers.DictField(write_only=True)
    details = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)

    class Meta:
        model = Author
        fields = [
            "id", "general", "details",
        ]

    def create(self, validated_data):
        author_data = {}
        author_data['first_name'] = validated_data['general']['name']
        author_data['last_name'] = validated_data['general']['surname']
        author_data['birth_year'] = validated_data['details'][0]

        author = Author.objects.create(**author_data)
        return author_data

    def to_representation(self, instance):

        final_representation = OrderedDict()

        final_representation["id"] = instance.id
        final_representation["general"] = {}
        final_representation["general"]["name"] = instance.first_name
        final_representation["general"]["surname"] = instance.last_name

        final_representation["details"] = [instance.birth_year]

        return final_representation


text:
JIM MOORE
Moore: Can Seahawks sustain their pace or are there too many concerns?
Jim Moore would like the Seahawks to add another receiver before Tuesday's trade deadline. (AP)
BY JIM MOORE
It seems like thoughts on the Seahawks are all over the place. Some fans are excited about their 5-2 record and think they have a good chance of beating the 1-6 Falcons on Sunday to move to 6-2. That would put them on a 12-4 pace for the season.
But others have concerns about the defensive line and safeties, while the glass-half-empty crowd thinks the Seahawks are lucky to be 5-2 and about to collapse.
I took a Twitter poll today with the following possible responses to the Seahawks' 5-2 record:
• 1) Thrilled or happy at least
• 2) OK but have defensive-line concerns
• 3) OK but have safety concerns
• 4) They're fools' gold
Seahawks are 5-2 and likely to go 6-2 after beating Atlanta, which would put them on a 12-4 pace for the season. But it still seems like there are doubts about this team sustaining its success. Taking the temperature on where you are with the Hawks. #GoCougs
— Jim Moore (@cougsgo) October 24, 2019
I thought No. 2 would be the biggest vote-getter, and last I checked, that's the case. The Seahawks aren't generating much of a pass rush with only 11 sacks on the season and just six in the last six games.
I would have answered No. 3 since my biggest concern is the play of the safeties, and this even takes into account the acquisition of Quandre Diggs from Detroit. He's bound to help, but I don't view him as a solution, more of a slight upgrade from what they already had on the roster. But that response got the fewest votes.
Seahawks' NFC hopes
I've changed my thinking a bit with the NFC contenders. Two weeks ago I thought it was wide open and the Seahawks were right in the thick of it. Right now it looks to me like San Francisco and New Orleans have built a bigger gap between themselves and the rest of their NFC competitors.
Do you still think the Hawks have a reasonable chance to win the NFC West? Or are you thinking more along the lines of another 10-6 season as being more realistic, which would mean another wild-card playoff spot and three road games if they last that long?
I don't necessarily feel like the 6-1 Packers will continue to play at that pace, but of the three two-loss NFC teams, Carolina and Minnesota look like they're more on the way up than Seattle. The Panthers have won four in a row, the Vikings three in a row.
Why so much base defense?
Seahawks defensive coordinator Ken Norton said yesterday the reason they like to go with their base defense is because "it's about trying to get your best players on the field."
I'll take him at his word, but are Bobby Wagner, Mychal Kendricks and K.J. Wright all playing that great this season? Maybe so, but if that's the case, it sure doesn't say much for what they think about nickel corner Jamar Taylor.
I don't know how often a tight end is the linebackers' responsibility, but it frequently seems as if tight ends find soft spots in the Seahawks' defense. As much of a concern as Falcons wide receiver Julio Jones poses this week, tight end Austin Hooper actually has six more receptions than Jones this season and just as many touchdowns with four.
Not much of a home-field advantage
I know this is a road game, but the Seahawks are only 2-2 at CenturyLink Field this year, and the wins were by one point over Cincinnati and one point over the Rams. They could easily be 0-4. Under Pete Carroll, the worst home record they've had is 4-4 in 2011 and 2017. Overall in the Carroll era, they're 55-21. What's happened to the home-field edge?
Maybe it's as simple as the team not being as good as it used to be. Maybe some 12s are selling their tickets to secondary markets, reducing the noise levels. Maybe visiting teams are better equipped to deal with the noise by using silent counts.
With only four home games left against Tampa Bay, Minnesota, Arizona and San Francisco, there's a chance they could post a losing record at CenturyLink for the first time since Carroll arrived in 2010.
Then again, when you flip that around, the Seahawks are 3-0 on the road and have a decent shot at setting a franchise record for road record in a season, which is 6-2 by the 2013 Super Bowl championship team.
The Seahawks have five road games left against Atlanta, San Francisco, Philadelphia, the Rams and Carolina.
Seahawks still in acquisition mode?
The Seahawks made one trade this week – would you like to see them make another before the trade deadline on Tuesday?
I'd like to see them trade for a wide receiver who is better than Jaron Brown and David Moore, Russell Wilson's current third and fourth options. I don't think Brown and Moore cut it on a Super Bowl contending team. And second option D.K. Metcalf, as good as he's been, can be hot and cold.
I don't think they need another tight end with Ed Dickson returning from the injured reserve next week.
Follow 710 ESPN Seattle's Jim Moore on Twitter.
Heaps: If Hawks make another trade, what position needs the most help?
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Moore: As WSU's Rolovich era begins, it's nice to be all-in on Cougs again
As WSU prepares for its Pac-12 opener Saturday, Jim Moore is plenty excited about the first new Cougs football coach since Mike Leach in 2012. That's because of how Leach conducted himself during his time in Pullman.
Moore's 10 Seahawks Takeaways: How do they keep finding diamonds in the rough for the secondary?
On Sunday, D.J. Reed joined Ryan Neal as a reserve defensive back to make an unexpected impact for the Seahawks this year. Jim Moore on that and more in his weekly takeaways post.
Moore Predicts: Seahawks to win battle of hurt teams behind big game from Wilson
The Seahawks and 49ers enter Week 8 banged up, but Jim Moore thinks Seattle has the advantage and Russell Wilson will beat the 49ers' depleted secondary.