Washing your hands before and after every massage client is hygienically necessary, yet doing so typically dries out the skin of healthcare providers. By implementing these five solutions for keeping their hands healthy, massage therapists can avoid the sore and irritable skin damage attributed to frequent hand washing.
In the healthcare profession, hand washing is essential to stop the spread of potentially serious infections. To prevent transmitting pathogens, massage therapists are constantly washing their hands – before a client, after a client, before eating, after eating and after going to the bathroom. For a therapist who sees eight clients in a row, that can add up to over 20 hand washings during one day at work! While this habitual cleansing is mandatory for a healthy environment, it can also result in dry, chapped hands – which can eventually progress to dermatitis. To prevent the spread of germs and maintain healthy skin, bodyworkers have to pay extra attention to the condition of their primary diagnostic and treatment tool: their hands.
The largest organ of the human body, our skin protects us from our environment. With an outermost epidermal layer only 1/250th of an inch, and the dermis being only 1/50th to 3/25ths of an inch thick, the skin's protective function can be interrupted without difficulty. Repeated hand washing easily leads to drying of the skin and microscopic cracks.
Since healthy skin has a slightly acidic pH, exposure to alkaline substances (such as many commercial cleansers and hand soaps) contributes to a disruption in the skin's integrity. While a homeostatic repair mechanism repairs the skin's barrier, continued exposure to alkaline substances will slow down this repair by inhibiting normal skin acidity. Used in most soaps, sodium lauryl sulfate is a foaming agent naturally derived from coconut and/or palm kernel oil. In its concentrated raw form, it has an approximate pH of 10, which is very alkaline and drying to the skin.
Once the top layer of the skin cracks due to recurrent wet/dry cycles, especially in conditions of low humidity where drying occurs rapidly, it results in inflammation. This is how irritant hand dermatitis begins. The swollen, reddened and itchy skin characterized by dermatitis is familiar to many frequent hand washers.
Affecting all types of healthcare workers, dry skin and dermatitis are two conditions linked to frequent hand washing. In fact, the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) states that skin injuries and diseases account for a large proportion of all occupational injuries and diseases. A recent study conducted in collaboration with NIOSH and the American Academy of Dermatology focused on 100 healthcare workers in Cleveland who washed their hands at least eight times daily. Participants completed questionnaires identifying the frequency of hand washing, family history of dermatitis and medical condition history. Researchers used patch tests to determine how easily detergents irritated the participants' skin and to predict which patients were at risk for hand dermatitis.
Of particular interest, analysis of the data highlighted that the most important factor in predicting those at risk for hand dermatitis was a reaction to the detergent sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Specifically, the large percentage of participants who reacted positively to SLS and developed hand dermatitis far outweighed the number of participants who did not react positively to SLS, but subsequently developed hand dermatitis. Considering the highly alkaline pH of SLS, it's not surprising that it was associated with dermatitis in this study.
Choose your skin cleanser carefully. Make sure to use a pH-balanced skin cleanser and, if sensitive to SLS, use hand cleaners free of this foaming agent.
Especially important if not working with oils or lotions during a session, make sure to moisturize after every hand washing. Moisturizers coat the skin with oil, block evaporation of the skin's natural moisture and trap water in its surface. While they can't cure dry skin, moisturizers provide protection, relieve the dry, itchy feeling and reduce the tendency to crack. Although most of the water in the cream or moisturizer evaporates, the oil stays on as a lubricant, enabling the skin to retain moisture. In addition, apply a good hand cream every night before bed.
Give your hands a weekly paraffin treatment to help them recover from all of the hand washing. Paraffin is soothing to the skin because the wax is mixed with mineral oil. The heated seal that the wax creates allows the oil to penetrate the skin deeply for moisture restoration.
When not at work, protect hands from further damage. Minimize direct exposure to cold, dry weather by wearing gloves when submersed in these elements.
Maintain moisture inside and outside your body by drinking plenty of water and using a humidifier if the air in your home is dry.
As the single most important step towards infection control, healthcare professionals must wash their hands frequently. As such, massage therapists often encounter the consequences of washing their hands ten times a day or more. Make sure to pay extra attention to your hands' moisture and periodically pamper your mitts. By making good hand health a priority, even bodyworkers can avoid dry, cracked, itchy and irritated hands.
Earn continuing education credit for this article contained in our Skin Pathologies series. Click here to enroll.
www.aad.org, New Study Finds Frequent Hand Washing Puts Health Care Workers at Increases Risk for Irritant Contact Dermatitis, American Academy of Dermatology, February 2008.
www.health.com, Heal Chapped, Dry Hands, Health Magazine, 2008.
www.infectioncontroltoday.com, Handwashing: Breaking the Chain of Infection, Amy Walker Barres, Virgo Publishing, LLC, 2008.
www.mayoclinic.com, Dermatitis, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2008.
www.medscape.com, What Should I Recommend for Severe Dry, Cracking Skin?, Margaret A. Fitzgerald, MS, APRN, BC, NP-C, FAANP, Medscape, 2008.
www.occupationalhazards.com, Excessive Hand Washing Linked to "Hand Dermatitis", Laura Walter, Penton Media Inc., February 2008.


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International companies can be bound by Australian privacy laws
The recent determination by the Australian Information Commissioner and Privacy Commissioner, Angele Falk, (Commissioner) in Commissioner Initiated Investigation into Uber Technologies, Inc. & Uber B.V. (Privacy) [2021] AICmr 34 (Uber) provides further guidance on the extraterritorial connection of the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) (Act) though the 'Australian link' set out in subsections 5B(2)-(3) (Australian Link). This article discusses how the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OIAC) will assess whether an entity has an Australian Link to legally bind international entities to the Act. [Read more…]
Filed Under: Commercial Law, Corporate Law, Employment Law, Internet Law, IT Law, Joint Venture Law, Legal Articles, Litigation, Litigation and disputes, Technology Law Tagged With: app, Australian Link. APP entity, Australian Privacy Priciples, breach, hacker, hacking, international application, personal information, Privacy Act, privacy breach, Privacy law, Uber
The Australian Cyber Law Map
24 June 2021 by Dundas Lawyers
The Australian Cyber Law Map (Map) is a collaborative guide intended to help legal practitioners navigate through the detailed and complicated legal landscape of Australian cyber-related legislation and case law. Within the Map, the ever-evolving area of cyber law has existing principles and new development categorises. The Map and the categories it focuses on can be easily understood via the following visualisation. [Read more…]
Filed Under: Legal Articles Tagged With: australian cyber law map, communications, Computer-based crime, counter-terrorism, critical infrastructure, cyber, cyber law, cyber offences, data, defence exports and trade, election security, espionage, foreign interference, frustration, hacking, hacking back, healthcare, intelligence, intelligence and surveillance, International cyber engagement, national security, Privacy law, sabotage, sabotage and foreign interference, surveillance, telecommunications
Data breaches: what exactly is serious harm?
The Notifiable Data Breaches Scheme applies to entities (APP Entities) that are required to protect personal information pursuant to the Australian Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) (Act). The Act provides that where an eligible data breach (EDB) occurs, APP Entities in control of that information must notify the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) and the individuals who are affected by the EDB. [Read more…]
Filed Under: IT Law, Legal Articles, Privacy Law, Technology Law Tagged With: APP entity, data, legal articles, notifiable data breach, oaic, Privacy law, sensitive information
Use of a competitor's confidential information
Many businesses try to increase market share by employing a competitor's member of staff who may bring with them relationships and information acquired over the years. Employees owe fiduciary duties to their employers meaning, among other things, that an employee cannot make a personal gain by using confidential information acquired in the course of their employment. If an employee makes a personal gain by using their employer's confidential information, the employer may be entitled to an account of profits, meaning the employee must pay the employer the amount of profit made as a result of the breach. [Read more…]
Filed Under: Corporate Law, Intellectual Property, Intellectual property litigation, Legal Articles, Litigation and disputes Tagged With: breach of fiduciary duty, Confidential information, intellectual property, Privacy law
De-encryption Bill currently before Joint Committee
4 October 2018 by Dundas Lawyers
The much awaited Telecommunications and other Legislation Amendment (Assistance And Access) De-encryption Bill 2018 (De-encryption Bill) has been referred to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (Joint Committee). The Joint Committee has allowed three (3) weeks for submissions. It is a very short time-frame for submissions considering the controversial nature of the Bill. Submissions close on 12 October 2018 and a hearing will then be held by the Joint Committee one (1) week later. The De-encryption De-encryption Bill (if passed) amends the Telecommunications Act 1997(Cth) (and various other acts) and has the stated aim of "establishing frameworks for voluntary and mandatory industry assistance to law enforcement and intelligence agencies in relation to encryption technologies via the issuance of technical assistance requests, technical assistance notices and technical capability notices…." [Read more…]
Filed Under: Legal Articles Tagged With: Commercial Law, Computer Access Warrants, Corporate Law, Customs Act, De-encryption Bill, Privacy law, technology law, Telecommunictions Act
De-encryption laws to make tech giants cooperate with law enforcement
Updated 4 October 2018 – see De-encryption De-encryption Bill currently before Joint Committee
According to the ABC website, in the next few weeks Cyber Security Minister Angus Taylor is poised to present new legislation which once passed will require technology companies and multinationals to assist law enforcement to access encrypted data of "suspected criminals and terrorists". Currently, the bill is not yet before parliament but should appear on its website once officially announced.
In February, the government has indicated its plans to tackle criminal use of encryption with the Honourable Peter Dutton MP stating in an address to the National Press Club:
"Law enforcement access to encrypted communications should be on the same basis as telephone and other intercepts,
in which companies provide vital and willing assistance in response to court orders." [Read more…]
Filed Under: Commercial Law, Corporate Law, IT Law, Legal Articles, Privacy Law, Technology Law Tagged With: Confidential information, Corporate Law, cyber safety, data breach, Data protection, encryption in australia, personal information, Privacy law, technology law, telecommunications security
The increasing burden of data security
The consequences for an Australian business victim for a breach of cyber security are forecast to exponentially increase. In February 2015 the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (Committee) recommended the introduction of mandatory data breach notification scheme (Scheme) by the end of 2015.[1] Whilst the details of the incoming Scheme are currently scant, it is understood that the enacting legislation will have bi-partisan support in federal parliament. [Read more…]
Filed Under: Commercial Law, Privacy Law, Technology Law Tagged With: data, Privacy law, security
Cupid Media risks privacy of the dateless
1 September 2014 by Dundas Lawyers
The Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) (Privacy Act) requires entities to take reasonable steps to secure personal information.
Filed Under: Commercial Law, Legal Articles, Privacy Law Tagged With: cupid media, data breach, information privacy principles, Privacy law
Privacy determination –Sensitive Information held in garden shed
The Privacy Commissioner, Timothy Pilgrim, has found that a Melbourne medical centre has breached the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) (Privacy Act) in failing to provide adequate security to protect Sensitive Information contained in medical information. The breach occurred before the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) took effect and therefore the medical centre was found to have breached the National Privacy Principles (NPPs).
Filed Under: Commercial Law, Legal Articles, Privacy Law Tagged With: Australian Privacy Principles, National Privacy Principles, Privacy Act, Privacy law
Are your privacy practices compliant with the amended Privacy Act 1988 (Cth)?
Business and government organisations need to prepare for changes to the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) (Privacy Act) that will take effect on 12 March 2014.
The reforms introduce thirteen (13) new Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) that replace the previous National Privacy Principles and Information Privacy Principles. Most importantly, Schedule 4 of the Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Act 2012[1] establishes a civil penalty regime that allows the Federal Court or the Federal Circuit Court to order significant penalties for non-compliance.
Filed Under: Privacy Law Tagged With: amendments to privacy, APPs, Australian Privacy Principles, Privacy law, privacy penalties, Privacy Principles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So today, I've partnered with some friends and fellow food bloggers for a virtual baby shower for the lovely Katherine of Love in My Oven (she's one awesome blogger and such a sweet person). All of us have come together to bring you pink-hued recipes to celebrate her baby girl. My contribution is these easy vanilla glazed baked donuts (sprinkles optional but not really, if you ask me). Have you made your own donuts at home? Couldn't be simpler!
My life changed when I purchased a donut pan (ok, tad dramatic, but it was so worth it). I didn't realize how easy homemade donuts were to make and because these are baked, they are so much better than their fried counter part. Dare I say maybe you could eat two 😉 ?
I used the tiniest bit of pink gel food colouring for the vanilla glaze. That stuff is capital 'P' potent!! Dip the tip of a wooden skewer into the gel pot and swirl it into the vanilla glaze until you've reached the desired colour that makes you happy. If you prefer to skip the colouring, that's a-ok too! The pink colour is just to make it more festive for a baby shower and doesn't affect the taste or anything. And, fair warning, if you often wear a lighter nail polish (like me) don't you dare get that colouring on your nails. Ain't nobody got time for that, lol.
So, what's your favourite thing to enjoy with donuts? Coffee? A cold glass of milk? I'd have to say for me it would be coffee and I gotta dunk! And I ain't gonna lie…if it's, like, 9pm on Saturday night I just maaaaay enjoy one of these bad boys with a glass of vino.
Don't forget to check out more pinked themed baby shower recipes below! Whether you're celebrating or just want something to brighten your day, your bound to find it in this round up.
Hope you enjoy these fun vanilla glazed baked donuts!
Until next time, take are and chit chat again soon!
Preheat oven to 425 F. Spray 6 unit donut pan with Pam. Stir together flour, sugar, baking powder, and salt.
To flour mixture, add milk, egg, melted butter, and vanilla extract. Using a hand mixer, blend for a minute or two.
Distribute donut batter in greased pan. Bake on middle rack of oven for 7-8 minutes or until toothpick inserted comes out clean. Carefully remove from oven and let rest 10-15 minutes before removing donuts from pan. Let cool completely on wire rack before icing.
Combine all ingredients in a bowl and whisk until smooth. Note - if using the gel food colouring, I suggest using a tiny amount on the tip of a toothpick to swirl into icing sugar mixture (a little goes a long way).
Invert donuts into glaze and distribute sprinkles over top. Place on wire rack and let glaze set for 10 minutes or so. Enjoy!
Meet our guest of honor: Katherine! Katherine blogs over at Love In My Oven and is the proud momma to two boys and a soon-to-arrive baby girl!!
You don't need to know Katherine to join in the fun, just enjoy all of the pink themed recipes the bloggers are bringing to the party! Scroll down to see what the other bloggers are sharing!
Thank you Emily 🙂 They sure are – gotta love pink!


Epsilon recently published a study on the importance of the subject line in email promotions. Overall the report confirmed the widely held belief that shorter subject lines performed better but concluded that the correlation was not as strong as previously believed. Other critical factors affecting click and open rates were subject line word order, word choice, and brand and audience awareness.
More importantly to email marketers, Epsilon found that email domains like AOL, Yahoo and Hotmail restricted the number of subject line characters displayed by default. Character limits ranged from 38 characters for AOL to 47 for Yahoo with Hotmail coming in at 45. Together the 3 web-based mail providers control 57% of the US market ensuring that email recipients at those services see only truncated message subjects.
Front load subject lines. Important information first.
Keep the subject line as short as possible.
Use longer subject lines only when necessary.


Rockford Fosgate products are serious – serious about sound and serious about performance.
Since their humble beginnings Rockford Fosgate have always pushed the boundaries of what was thought possible in the automotive environment. From the design of the first MOSFET amplifier and car audio surround sound processor in 1970's to the state of the art 3SIXTY OEM integration technology today, Rockford has delivered. So whether it's big amps and a boot full of subwoofers or integrating hi-fi components into your factory fitted sound system Rockford and Auto Addiction can deliver.
From the Prime series Rockford Fosgate amplifiers that feature legendary Rockford Fosgate power, controls, and functions while fitting into any budget. To the Punch amplifiers that for over 25 years have set the standard for in-car amplifiers and are one of the most popular amplifiers in the world today. Then finally to the Power amplifiers that combine the great benefits of quality and power developed over 25 years into a compact chassis with DTM (Dynamic Thermal Management) which allows efficient heat transfer and minimizes physical size which enables installs under seats and other compact areas when abundant power is required. Now more than ever, it's easy to get Rockford Fosgate amplifier DNA into your car audio system.
From a simple speaker upgrade using the new generation of Prime performance geared speakers or a mind blowing custom install of the legendary Punch and Power components, you will find a pair of Rockford speakers that will fit your vehicle and budget. Rockford speakers combine quality, value and excess (power that is) to ensure your expectations are met (and smashed!).
For those who want to add a small amount of bass to their system Prime is the way to go, with legendary DNA filtering own form the Punch series subwoofers you won't find better for the money. But for those who want to shake the windows in your mums house from three blocks away you can't go past the Punch or Power series subwoofers. These subs are BIG – BIG on sound, BIG on power and BIG on Attitude!


Last week, we shared some of the features we have planned for the first quarter of 2018. At the top of the list was the custom placeholder text feature, which we're pleased to announce was released today!
Placeholder text (like "First" and "Last" in a Name field, or "Address Line 2" in an Address field) provides a clear prompt for the people filling out your forms. It serves as a secondary form of help text, and disappears when you start typing into the field.
Once you've entered your placeholder text and saved your changes, don't forget to head on over to the Publish page, where you can change the color of your placeholder text!
One important thing to keep in mind: a form field should ideally include either a label and/or help text alongside placeholder text. Providing as much text as possible helps guide the people filling out your form, and improves the overall usability of a form.
Have any question about adding placeholder text, or Cognito Forms in general? Feel free to get in touch with us, or just leave a comment below!


Please note that there are/may be random ink blotches/marks on the backside. Due to the dark design, these marks are hardly noticeable on the front side. Also, as with round designs, rectangular/square designs may not always print as such and may print a slightly skewed.


Her dog bitten leg had morphed into a yellow and purple, swollen lump, with teeth scrapes visibly seen across it all.
His pain got him enough sympathy that the requested banana chocolate chip muffins he so badly wanted, were made.
A head cold/allergy thing kept me in bed longer then usual but once I did arise it was almost straight outside to test out some concrete DIY stuff I'd searched up the night before.
Mom was working so I had supper duty and moose was the chosen meat.
I decided to bread and fry it and make a kind of soya/ginger sauce to go with it, rice, salad and toast.
So to a little town we went, to check out a smaller car.
Here is a project Mike had been working on now and again for sometime too, a cement light.
My idea, his brains and effort to bring it to life.
'Weather' Tis Rain Or Shine… Congratulations!
I love the cement creations!! I must try that now that o have some time!
Wow the cement turned out well! And I have never tried moose!
haha maybe! Wow you have to be adventurous to try it!


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This note relates to the responsibilities of those who administer a mail domain. These encompass service level expectations of the computer which hosts the Message Transfer Agent and also the expectations of other mail users, both within and outside the domain. Because of these expectations some rules of good practice have been laid down; it is necessary for all to be aware of and to implement these. In addition the relevant Internet standards and best practices should be upheld. Finally, each mail domain places a potential workload on any other mail domain that needs to communicate with it because of the need to liaise when things do not work correctly, and so the University Information Services (UIS) has to restrict the allocation of domains within Cambridge in order to keep the workload on those responsible for mail, including the UIS itself, under control.
For many institutions which have a suitable local computing facility it would appear at first sight that a local mail server would be an effective way of proceeding. This would enable them to exercise appropriate control of their clients, to use the mail system of their choice, and to provide locally things that are difficult for general purpose systems such as those provided by the UIS. However, running a mail server is not a trivial exercise, as the institution will be running a service which is visible from the outside world, and from which the outside world expects certain standards of service. This server is also the primary mail system for its users, all of whom will also require a certain standard of service.
For institutions that wish to run a college, department or group mail domain, but do not want the responsibility of running the underlying computer system, University Information Services provides a managed domain facility which implements mail domains on UIS systems, defined by lists managed by the institution. The institution will still need to observe the requirements specified below, with the obvious exception of those which refer to the details of the management of a computer system.
For more information on this facility see Managed Mail Domains
National and international regulations
A reasonable attempt should be made to ensure that all users that come under the administration which the name represents are registered in the domain's mail system. The reason for this is to make it likely that those attempting to send mail to people in the institution will find the intended recipient there. For example, if a department within Cambridge called colloid sets up a mail domain colloid.cam.ac.uk, then all those within colloid, and all those who might reasonably be expected to be available via colloid, should be offered a mail address on that mail domain. This might be of the form fred@colloid.cam.ac.uk though the actual allocation of domain-names is subject to negotiation.
These users do not all have to read their mail at colloid. The domain should support user-specified forwarding so that users with multiple mailboxes, for example in their college and one or more departments, can forward their mail to their preferred mailbox
If the domain concerned is a college, then a reasonable attempt is interpreted as follows: all permanent staff of the college should be able to have mail addressed to them at the college, but it is not necessary to register any students. So far as the registration of the permanent staff is concerned it is sufficient to provide a fixed forwarding to a standard Cambridge mail address, for example crsid@cam.
The mail host system must have no planned downtime longer than a day except by special prior arrangement with the University Information Services, who should also be contacted in the case of unexpected downtime likely to last longer than one day.
Systems which deliver mail expect to be able to move incoming mail off their queues quickly, and many do not have a large amount of space in which to store messages which cannot be delivered because the receiving mail machine is not running. They protect themselves against becoming full by having a relatively short timeout, after which the incoming mail is returned to sender as undeliverable. This timeout may be as short as one day. Mail returned as undeliverable for this reason is seen by the sender of the mail as unfriendly, whereas if the mail host system remains running then it will store the mail until the recipient returns, which is more user-friendly.
In view of these considerations, special arrangements for exceptionally long downtime can only be made if it is clear that there will be enough space to store the potential incoming mail.
Standard mailboxes
In the event of a problem with incoming or outgoing mail from a mail domain, those who try to resolve such problems (which may be the user, or someone responsible for other mail domains) will expect to be able to communicate with a special mail ID POSTMASTER. It is a requirement that there shall be a POSTMASTER mailbox in each domain, and that suitable arrangements shall be made for this mailbox to be regularly and frequently serviced, and responded to with a reasonable turnround.
Mailbox names should also be provided for other common services, roles and functions, for example abuse@domain, webmaster@domain, in accordance with RFC 2142 - Mailbox Names for Common Services, Roles and Functions.
Address validity
All addresses in header fields that specify the originator of a message, such as From:, Sender: and Reply-To:, must be valid email addresses; that is the specified domain name must be a valid email domain, and the specified userid must be a valid user of electronic mail on that domain.
To protect against mail going around the networks indefinitely, the mail program installed needs to have a loop detector. This is usually implemented by forbidding 'too many hops'; that is, too many intervening mail systems between the sender and the receiver. If this number is set to a large number (25 may suffice), then the program is likely to catch all genuine loops, and not to be falsely triggered by complicated routings.
The mail domain must be registered in the DNS. Computer Officers in departments and Colleges are able to manage their own IP address space.
For further information about the DNS and registration see the page on obtaining IP addresses, although note that some of this material has been superseded by the facility for managing IP address space noted in the paragraph above.
While a simple A record in the DNS is sufficient to receive electronic mail, current Internet rules recommend an MX record, and the UIS requires this for email systems in Cambridge.
Cambridge requirements
There must be a single point of contact responsible for the mail domain, who can be contacted by UIS when necessary; this will usually be the person who responds to mail to POSTMASTER (see standard mailboxes above), together with whatever arrangements are made for deputies in case of absence.
DNS registration
All mail domains must have an MX record in the DNS. For domains under cam.ac.uk, we require that the mail domain name is not that of a physical machine, but instead the MX record is used to point to a physical machine. (This is enforced by the central mail relay.) In this way, when the host machine of a domain is altered, only the MX record needs to be changed, and existing email addresses will continue to work.
Mail domains can also have SPF, DKIM, and DMARC authentication records in the DNS. There is another page with more information about how we manage DNS for email.
Institution-wide
The UIS will normally allow only one email domain per institution. The reason for this is to keep the potential explosion of mail domains and their management to a size that can be coped with by the UIS (and anyone else who may have to deal with them), so that, for example, they will only need to deal with up to about 100 postmasters, rather than several thousand.
If an institution does have smaller subdomains covering parts of the institution, the UIS will normally only interface with the management of the mail domain that covers the institution (department, college, or the equivalent) as a whole. A mail domain within an institution must interface to the UIS entirely through appropriate official channels of the institution to which it belongs; this will usually be through an institution's computer officer(s). In particular, requests to hostmaster to set up MX record(s) in the DNS must be made through this official channel, so that the persons responsible know what is happening within their sub-network.
Where there are subdomains within an institution, and the mail for these subdomains is routed via the host system for the institutional mail domain, then the availability rule (Availability above) can be relaxed with the consent of the local postmaster. For example, the local host may implement a message store, and be prepared to hold mail indefinitely.
Off-site mail service providers
There is an exception to the preference for a single Institution Wide mail domain. Where an institution uses off-site mail service providers, the institution can request provider-specific subdomains. Common examples are bulk mail / mailshot services, or web-based services that are not primarily mail services but which need to send transactional messages.
Separating out a third-party mail service onto its own domain has a couple of advantages.
It is necessary to publish mail authentication records (SPF and DKIM) in the DNS to reduce problems with mis-classifying legitimate mail as spam; these DNS records are easier to manage if separate mail services have separate mail domains.
If a mail provider needs to receive email at multiple email addresses, this can be easier to manage if you do not have to set up the addresses both in your institution's main mail domain as well as at the off-site provider.
Mail on systems that are intermittently available
For reasons indicated above, we will not register mail domains on machines that are not in principle available almost all the time. Thus domains based on hosts that are switched off for the whole of a vacation, or which are only connected to the network intermittently, are very unlikely to be authorised.
Smarthosts
The mail domain must use a suitable system as a smarthost to relay outgoing email unless other arrangements have been agreed. This is enforced by packet filters in the CUDN. In most cases the central mail switch run by the UIS (ppsw.cam.ac.uk) is the right smarthost to use.
In addition institutions are encouraged to receive incoming mail through mx.cam.ac.uk. This will enable the institution to take advantage of the anti-virus and spam scoring provided by that system. For further information on these see the pages on the central email scanner.
Institutions that run their own mail servers and which receive incoming email via mx.cam.ac.uk must configure any firewalls or packet filters to allow SMTP connections from any address in 131.111.8.128/27 (and 2001:630:212:8::e:0/112 if you use IPv6). These address ranges are dedicated to the central email relay. We may change the set of IP addresses in active use within this range at any time. Please do not configure your firewall using host names since this causes problems when the DNS changes.
For outgoing email, you should configure your firewall to allow connections to 131.111.8.128/27 (and 2001:630:212:8::e:0/112 if you use IPv6)) on port 25. This includes ppsw.cam.ac.uk and smtp.hermes.cam.ac.uk and you should allow connections to anywhere on ports 110, 143, 465, 587, 993, 995 which are used by roaming MUAs.
Collateral spam is caused by email systems that accept messages before verifying that they are deliverable, and therefore send bounce messages in response to spam. In order to minimise the amount of collateral spam originating from Cambridge, email systems in the University must validate local recipient addresses at SMTP time, before accepting messages from the public Internet. Address verification also reduces our email systems' vulnerability to dictionary attacks - when spammers send large numbers of messages to made-up email addresses hoping some of them might be deliverable.
If you have technical questions about running a mail domain contact postmaster@uis.cam.ac.uk
Last checked: March 2017
Sharing EoL mail folders and calendars
Shared Hermes mail boxes
SPF records for mail domains


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UNM Newsroom / News / Regents approve ground lease for new Wendy's on South Campus
Regents approve ground lease for new Wendy's on South Campus
Opening anticipated in 2016
Categories: Latest News Athletics Regents
The UNM Board of Regents has approved a ground lease for a new Wendy's restaurant located on Gibson near the I-25 on-ramp on UNM's South Campus.
JAAB Restaurant Holdings, LLC, which has the Wendy's franchise rights for New Mexico and currently operates approximately 40 stores in New Mexico and El Paso, Texas, will lease 1.1891 acres of land from the university for an initial term of 15 years with four, 5-year options to extend for increasing amounts. The anticipated opening is spring 2016.
"This segment of the Gibson Boulevard corridor has emerged as a restaurant and service hub providing a number of new options for area residents, students, commuters, and attendees of events held at the various sports venues, " said UNM Director of Real Estate Tom Neale.
Wendy's will be the first tenant of a five-lot commercial subdivision created by Lobo Development Corporation as part of the plan to accommodate a fire station in this part of the City. It is our intent to attract a variety of other commercial users to this rapidly expanding submarket. Wendy's is a great addition to the existing mix of restaurants along Gibson."
This project is part of a Lobo Development master plan to develop a portion of the South Campus into a retail and commercial district to support UNM long term goals. Lobo Development hopes to eventually make the South Campus area near Wise Pies Arena and University Stadium into a sports entertainment district.
Tags: Wendys Lobo Development South Campus
Lobo Development continues to focus efforts on Sports and Entertainment District at UNM's South Campus
Accolades for Johnson Center renovation
Visiting scholar to discuss women and the U.S. presidency
Jupiter-like planet discovered through TESS and citizen scientist collaboration
OMI grant to improve identification of unknown American Indians, Hispanic/Latinx Americans


text:
U-Report
Why Kanye Doesn't Stand A Chance in The US Elections
Opinions Politics United States
August 2, 2020 July 31, 2020 EditorLeave a Comment on Why Kanye Doesn't Stand A Chance in The US Elections
Kanye and Trump
It's no longer news that Kanye West has expressed interest in challenging Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential elections.
"We must now realize the promise of America by trusting God, unifying our vision and building our future. I am running for president of the United States! #2020VISION," the born-again billionaire rapper tweeted as Americans marked Independence Day on 4th of July.
Although Kanye and his reality TV star wife, Kim Kardashian, has amassed millions of fans in the US, he might not stand a chance in some American states.
Why can't Kanye West run for Presidency in every state?
West's late entry into the Presidential race means he won't have the chance to stand on either the Republican or Democrat party tickets.
Instead, he will have to run on the independent ballot, which has proved historically disastrous for past candidates.
While his celebrityhood and capital could eventually see him in the Oval Office, political pundits note his late entry into the game rules out a presidential run in several states.
With less than five months to go until the November 3 election, the deadline to register as a candidate has passed in some states.
Declaration dates for independents vary across the US, but six have now come and gone, according to Ballotpedia.
Another seven have their candidacy deadlines approaching, which could impact West's path to the White House.
If he doesn't move fast, by the end of July he may lose the ability to stand in more than a fifth of US states.
Currently, West cannot run as an independent in these states:
North Carolina (independent registration required by March 3)
Texas (independent registration required by May 11)
New York (independent registration required by May 26)
Maine (independent registration required by which required by June 1)
New Mexico (independent registration required by June 25)
Indiana (independent registration required by June 30)
The states of Colorado, Florida, Michigan, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and West Virginia all have their deadlines approaching this month.
He could still run on a write-in vote, but states often tally these together and include them under the "other" category in an election.
Even before he runs for president in any state, however, he must first register with the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
While the FEC doesn't have a deadline for applications, there is no registered interest from anyone named Kanye West in the last five years.
The last person to register under his name was a Green Party candidate named "KANYE DEEZ NUTS WEST" in 2015.
The only current indication he will run this year is on his Twitter account, leading people to suspect the announcement is a publicity stunt and we know no other running vice president other than Caitlyn Jenner.
The rapper has a wealth of upcoming projects, with single Wash Us in the Blood and album God's Country on the horizon.
He also announced he would partner with clothing company Gap Inc, bringing a new line of his Yeezy fashion brand to stores in 2021.
Others believe the rapper's continued support for Donald Trump makes his announcement a bid to leech votes from Democratic nominee and former Vice President Joe Biden.
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text:
"Ты пьёшь кофе?"
Translation:Do you drink coffee?
garpike
None of these types of sentences appear to accept 'You drink coffee?' (etc.) as a translation. I think they should. Every other course seems to consider this a valid English question form.
LingvaLupo
It may have something to do with the intended meaning. "You drink coffee?" would not be as common in English, unless, perhaps, the person asking the question did not expect the other person to be drinking coffee (i.e. "YOU drink COFFEE?"). Otherwise, we would normally use something like "Do you drink coffee?" or "Are you drinking coffee?" depending upon the context or setting.
Tor_Heyerdal
That might be true in some regions, but here in Canada, the two forms ("You drink coffee?" vs "Do you drink coffee?") are both equally common, and the former does not necessarily have to entail surprise, though it can if you emphasize the words "you" and/or "coffee", but if you don't emphasize them, then it has no difference from the latter.
LongHenry
that is a dialectalism my friend. "you drink coffee" is certainly not the norm.
Yes, I did acknowledge that. But the point is that Duolingo tries to incorporate all dialectical variation. Well, most dialectical variation. It doesn't seem to really support AAVE, for example. lol. That's why it allows all sorts of other dialectalisms as well. I've also come across many question sentences which allow this format of translation. This is also why it does things like accept "colour" or "neighbour" and not just "color" or "neighbor". Some things would be seen as outright wrong by some people, but it still allows them because other people find it perfectly natural. There is no real one "normal" dialect. They're all normal to the people who speak them. And by that token, "you drink coffee?" is certainly normal in my dialect. And it's not like my dialect is some obscure dialect spoken by a handful of people. There are a great deal of speakers of West-Central Canadian English. It counts.
Colour and neighbour are not dialectalisms. Y'all is an example of a dialectalism, which is not considered standard anywhere outside of the Southern United States, whereas Colour is the standard spelling of the word in the rest of the world. in summary: there are standard ways to construct a sentence in english, and there are dialectal variations of such constructions, while a dialectal construction may seem perfectly natural to the speaker, it does not make it synonymous with the Standardised form of English - American or British (incl Australia, Canada, India, South Africa, New Zealand, Ireland) used in international, educational, media, and governmental institutions.
1000abrikosy
"You drink coffee"? is also commonly used in Michigan.
It won't let me reply to your latest comment, so I'm replying to this one. I can meet you half way and dismiss "colour" and "neighbour". If you want to make "y'all" the focus instead, then that's still fine, since Duolingo still allows "y'all", just like it allows other dialecticalisms. "Colour and neighbour" was only one example. I did say "things like", not "this one thing". I always use "y'all" for "ihr" (when it doesn't mean her or you (sg.)) in German, and it always accepts it. It doesn't matter if it's "synonymous with standardized forms of English" (which arguably don't even exist as such in the first place (keyword: arguably)). Duolingo does not demand that you limit yourself to "government English". If it did, that would be awful, since no one actually speaks like that.
lisa4duolingo
@LongHenry You are a voice of reason on this matter and I am glad you took the time to post what you did. Standard English is standard English. It is independent of the government, at least here in the United States, despite some attempts to standardize the education system on a national level, but that is another issue altogether.
As for variances in answers, duolingo has an American English bent primarily because it was developed by an American university professor and its headquarters is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which is in the United States where American English is spoken. While duolingo values and appreciates the international aspects of those who use and contribute to this program, it would be unfair to expect that the developers include every single standard and non-standard form of a phrase or sentence and/or every form of American English, British English, Canadian English, Australian English, et cetera.
If duolingo had been created by a professor at Oxford University, I wouldn't expect that it include American English variances.
Farlander2821
I'm an American from Virginia and "you drink coffee?" is normal here. In most of the US and Canada it is normal to drop words like "do" and "are" For example, if I am planning something and am asking people if they are coming, the most natural way would be "Y'all coming next Tuesday?"
MissE941216
It is very common. Also, there are dialects of English that don't necessarily require what is called "'Do' Support". Although "Standard English" requires Do Support often, it's perfectly acceptable to drop "do" from the start of a question, which requires us to rely on intonation to derive meaning.
benbailey19
Where I'm from, most people drop the do on questions like that. Like if someones reading a book from an author i like, instead of saying "Do you like Sanderson?" I'll say "You like Sanderson?" Though, dropping the do does usually mean you already know the answer, and are just trying to start a conversation.
zirkul
That might well be - in speech, that is. I do it all the time. But assuming you've finished school, you should definitely not do it in writing. And before you start arguing, please consider the benefits for learners: many people take reverse courses, so letting bad habits slide is not a good idea. As a native speaker, you know when you can relax the rules and when you can't. The learners don't.
In casual writing, dropping "do" and "are" is still somewhat common, although they are left in in more formal writing of course.
AnthonyFrancis01
Remember this course is still in beta.
DanIzOz79
'You drink coffee?' is a perfectly acceptable English question. The 'do' is assumed.
Beingfollowed
Would "Ты пьёт кофе" work too?
Nezzucho
No, " пьёт" is the form of the third person singular from the verb "пить" (to drink). Ты пьёшь - You drink. Он/Она пьёт - He/She drinks.
Does Russian verb conjugation have regular inflectional endings, or will we just have to memorize every verb's endings separately? If it does have regular inflectional endings, then is this course going to show us charts at some point? I could really go for some conjugation tables here. I'm a visual thinker, and without having a proper place to put the verb endings on a visual table in my mind, I'm kind of lost.
Yes Russian have two patterns for verb conjugation, and this course is adressed later ! ;)
Arkanafuddyduddy
Is 'ш' always a hard letter even if it's followed by a soft letter
Yes. Ж, Ч, Ш and Щ are pronounced the same way with or without the soft sign.
BlackRue
To anyone that English is not your first language, "you drink coffee?" is poor English. Nearly any question is understandable in statement form with proper inflection, but there are more eloquent ways to phrase an inquiry.
monkey_bingoPlus
Can someone explain the difference in pronunciation between пь and б for me, please?
I presume you are asking about the difference between "пь" and "бь"? If so, try listening to how the natives pronounce "пьёт" (drinks) and "бьёт" (beats): http://forvo.com/word/%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82/#ru and http://forvo.com/word/%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%91%D1%82/#ru
See if you hear the difference. (To me, a native speaker, the difference is quite apparent, but I am not sure I can explain it in words.)
Hi, thanks for the reply. Yes, I meant the difference between б with the soft sign ь, and simple п. I must admit I'm struggling a bit with the whole palatalization thing in Russian, but I suppose it will come with practice. The Forvo links are very helpful, but unfortunately I can detect almost no difference between the initial consonants in those two words. Thanks again.
The one is voiced and the other is not. It should feel different in your throat. B is voiced version of P.
Thanks LH. I understand the difference between B and P, voiced and unvoiced. But my question is, when a voiced consonant like B is followed by the soft sign, how is it changed? It seems to me that B with the soft sign is simply P, but surely this isn't right?
I think what confuses you in this particular case is that the soft sign serves two distinct functions here: (i) it palatalises the preceding consonant, and (ii) it acts as a "reset" for the following vowel, forcing you to pronounce it as though it were the first letter (i.e., beginning with a Russian "й" = German "j" sound). So let's separate the two functions.
Before we get into the palatalisation issue, let me point out out that whenever the soft sign is used like this, its second function is far more important than the first. If you fail to palatalise the preceding consonant, everyone will still understand you and, moreover, not everyone will even hear the difference - I am not aware of any examples where a lack of palatalisation in front of "e", "ё", "я" and "ю" would turn a word into a different one. So focus on the this second, "reset" function. It's because of it that in this kind of usage the soft sign is actually referred to as "разделительный мягкий знак" - "separating soft sign".
That said, let's turn to palatalisation. Here are three words, Oбь (a river in Siberia), топь (а marsh) and стоп (stop) pronounced by natives:
Oбь: http://forvo.com/word/%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8C/#ru (please ignore Anna_EL's pronounciation – she actually pronounces бь as пь, but both men pronounce it well);
Tопь: http://forvo.com/word/%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C/#ru ;
Стоп: http://forvo.com/word/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF/#uk (ignore the first Russian pronunciation by bazich – it's bad; the last sound is too muted. The second one, as well those in Ukranian, Tatar and Mari – are good, and the word sounds the same in all these languages.)
So try training your ear until you can hear the difference between the last sounds in these three words. To me they certainly sound differently.
and my point remains, palatised b does not become p, because b is only devoiced at the end of a word, thus you must remember the voicing in your pronunciation. when b undergoes patalisation, it becomes bʲ, i.e a B followed by a Y sound.
What's your first language? If it's English, then I think the first sounds in Russian "пьёт/бьёт" are (or can be) pronounced exactly the same way as the first sounds in English "peat/beat". (At least I feel that's how I pronounce them, and I speak both standard Russian and reasonably unaccented English.)
It's what follows the first sounds that is different in the Russian and English examples I just gave. The "ьё" сombination tells you to stop with the "soft" version of the preceding consonant (the ones that you naturally make in "peat/beat") before you voice the vowel and pronounce "ё" as though it were the first letter of a word (i.e. make a "yo" sound). Don't know if it helps, but that's the best I can do.
Yes, English. And I think I get it now! So, "пё" would sound like "pyo" - all one quick syllable. But "пьё" sounds likes "p (tiny pause) yo" - like the "p" stops before the "yo" starts. Is that it?
I was thinking that the ь "unvoiced" the preceding consonant, but this is not correct, right?
Really appreciate your taking the time to help with this.
Yes, that's correct. The function of both "ь" and "ъ", whenever they precede "e", "ё", "я" and "ю" (which is the only function of "ъ", but not of "ь", which can also be used to end words or in front of consonants), is to make those vowels sound as if they were at the beginning of a word - i.e., starting with a full-blown German "j" sound. E.g., in the case of "ьe", that would mean a "ye" part of English "yes" (pronounced forcefully).
Where the function of "ь" and "ъ" is different in these cases has to do with the preceding consonant: "ь" forces it to be "soft", like in the "peat/beat" example, while "ъ", would make it sound as if it were at the end of a word.
As far as I understand it, the soft sign simply palatalizes the preceding consonant, and the hard sign un-palatalizes it. A palatalized consonant is pronounced with your tongue poised in a position as if to make an English "y" sound simultaneously while you articulate the regular consonant. So пь would be pronounced like an English "p" and an English "y" at the same time. Not one after the other, but together, so that your tongue is already in the "y" position while you're pronouncing the "p".
nihline
can this be used for - coffee ? - like if im asking someone to serve him/her some coffee / or is it about asking a person if he/she drinks coffee in general
This would not be a standard way of offering coffee, although you will certainly be understood given the right context. Without a context, this question asks whether the person you address drinks coffee in general. A standard way to offer coffee would be "Ты хочешь кофе?" (or just "Хочешь кофе?") - "Do you want some coffee?".
BboySkoop
I know this isnt specifically related to this question but the small "b's".. what are they here for? I keep asking myself what is their use, punctuation, change letter pronunciation but I really don't know. Also are they always silent? They seem to be.
Espatially
The soft sign makes the consonant that is directly BEFORE it softer.
Tatiana802655
Thats the soft sign
So what is "i drink" "я ..."?
I drink - Я пью
Dan614949
What is the difference between пьёт and пьёшь?
Second person (you) vs. third person (he/she/it). Both are singular.
stefranz1
Пьёшь is "you (one person) drink", пьёт is "he/she drinks"
TheassofJesus
Almost put, "dO yOu dRiNK KidS????"
Uix46
В русском предложении совершенно не озвучена ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНАЯ интонация! В результате предложение звучит как повествовательное: "Ты пьешь кофе". В ответе же стоит вопросительное предложение: "Ты пьешь кофе?". Негры делали озвучку, что ли? И это уже не в первый раз! Брак.
craigm4321
Does anyone know any good websites to practice declining and conjugating for russian
DragoJones
A waitress at Waffle House will come to your table and ask "Drinks?" or "Coffee?". I imagine in a St Petersburg restaurant at breakfast will be just as brief.
Does the шь sound similar a ж?
Also, here's a good site for Russian conjugations: http://masterrussian.com/verbs/conjugations.htm
swizzleton
No. The "softening" denoted by the Russian soft sign does not denote that the consonant is voiced, but rather that it is palatalised, which is something more like the addition of a "y" sound after it, as in "yellow" (not as in "fry"). It's one of the more challenging aspects of Russian phonology for those without Slavic first languages and I'm here in the first place because my Russian isn't what it used to be, so I'd recommend you look at zirkul's comments further up the page (particularly the long one with the forvo links) for a more complete explanation.
georgina985436
why can't it be written piesh?
lesliedawnePlus
I understand this to be asking if the person is a coffee-drinker in general, as opposed to the other possible translation "are you drinking coffee" (right now)? Can it mean both, or is there a different way to say it to clarify which question is being asked?
The Russian question can mean either, but in real life you would vocally stress the word that is being questioned here:
"Ты пьёшь кофе?"="Do you drink coffee?", it would be understood as a question about whether or not you are a coffee drinker.
"Ты пьёшь кофе?"="Are you drinking coffee?" would be a question about the substance in your mug/cup.
And, naturally, the context is important, so even when written this would unlikely cause any misunderstanding.
JoelFanner
What effect does the "b" have on a word? (I know it isn't't a b but i havnt got the keyboard)
When do I use вы? Is Вы пьете сок correct and why?
losada38
I am trying to guess how to write drink with the english keyboard. I tried piesh pish pesh but the answer says wrong
ameer344614
كمةتالبذيسش
jruota
I guess the "ь" after "ш" is there for historical reasons, since "ш" is always hard. But why is there a soft sign after the "п"? Does "ё" not make it soft already?
But why is there a soft sign after the "п"? Does "ё" not make it soft already?
Please read my earlier posts in this tread. In short, you need it to make sure that "ё" is pronounced as if it were the first letter (or were preceded by another vowel), i.e. with a leading "й" sound ("y" in "yes"). Otherwise the "й" sound would disappear: compare the pronunciations of Лёша vs льёшь & льёт on Forvo.
746mvvHn
i tried several ways to write "pbeshb" but it was always wrong. i don't have the e with umlaut. what is the right letter?
Yandre11
How exactly do you pronounce ты? In the audio it sounds like the german word Tee, is that correct?
skylucacius
What is the difference between "и" and "ы" ? They have the same sound, right ?
They have the same sound, right ?
No, certainly not. The only instances where "и" sounds like "ы" is after "ж", "ш" & "ц". Otherwise "и" sounds like English "ee" (or "e" in "me") while the "ы" sound does not have a direct analogue in English, although "i" in "dig" comes close (except you shift the sound even further down your throat).
Perhaps this discussion will be of help:
https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/18686380/Pronouncing-%D1%8B
Michas_303
да, я пью кофе.
pablopublico
пить (pitʹ) "to drink": From Old East Slavic пити (piti), from Proto-Slavic piti ("to drink"). From Proto-Indo-European (see peh₃-), cognates include Lithuanian puotà ("drinking spree, wassail"), Old Prussian pōuton ("to drink"), poieiti ("drink (imperative)"), Sanskrit पाति (pāti, "he drinks"), पाययति (pāyayati, "to give to drink"), Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis, "the act of drinking"), πίνω (pínō, "I drink"), πώνω (pṓnō, "I drink"), Latin pōtus ("drunk, having been drunk"), and (from reduplicated present stem) Sanskrit पिबति (pibati, "he drinks"), पीत (pīta, "drunk"), Latin bibō ("I drink") (< *pibō), Albanian pi ("I drink"), Old Irish ibim ("I drink"), Welsh yfed.
MichalaK_EU
П sounds like Д to me there. Am i alone ??
transliteration is wrong. ё is transliterated as ё instead of yo
Taylor209615
What is the difference between пьёшь and пьёт?
bobur763248
Do you drinks coffe
Certainly not. "Drinks" is the 3d person singular form, which can only be used alone, not with another verb. Aside from the fact that this sentence is 2nd person (you), even in the third person it would be "Does he drink coffee?"
DevilInThe
Да, прямо!
С чем хотите ваше кофе?
"Это кофе или борщ?"
"Я пью чистый чёрный кофе."
"Ты слабая."
"Жаль, что никто из вас не знает, что такое нормальный кофе."
"Ты рабочий?"
"кофе и пицца"
"Сначала выпьем кофе, а потом поговорим о работе."
"Ты послезавтра свободен?"
God -- Ты or Вы?


text:
package trustmanager

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/endophage/gotuf/data"
)

// ErrAttemptsExceeded is returned when too many attempts have been made to decrypt a key
type ErrAttemptsExceeded struct{}

// ErrAttemptsExceeded is returned when too many attempts have been made to decrypt a key
func (err ErrAttemptsExceeded) Error() string {
	return "maximum number of passphrase attempts exceeded"
}

// ErrPasswordInvalid is returned when signing fails. It could also mean the signing
// key file was corrupted, but we have no way to distinguish.
type ErrPasswordInvalid struct{}

// ErrPasswordInvalid is returned when signing fails. It could also mean the signing
// key file was corrupted, but we have no way to distinguish.
func (err ErrPasswordInvalid) Error() string {
	return "password invalid, operation has failed."
}

// ErrKeyNotFound is returned when the keystore fails to retrieve a specific key.
type ErrKeyNotFound struct {
	KeyID string
}

// ErrKeyNotFound is returned when the keystore fails to retrieve a specific key.
func (err ErrKeyNotFound) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("signing key not found: %s", err.KeyID)
}

const (
	keyExtension = "key"
)

// KeyStore is a generic interface for private key storage
type KeyStore interface {
	AddKey(name, alias string, privKey data.PrivateKey) error
	GetKey(name string) (data.PrivateKey, string, error)
	ListKeys() map[string]string
	RemoveKey(name string) error
}

type cachedKey struct {
	alias string
	key   data.PrivateKey
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
60. East Balkan Peninsula
July 30, 2018 May 6, 2019 / laurarose1990	/ Leave a comment
The East Balkan Peninsula is my ham-fisted classification of Albania (despite it being situated on the west), Bulgaria, Moldova and Romania. The reason Albania is linked with these other countries and not with its surrounds is that it is not considered as former Yugoslavia, while most of its neighbours are, so culinarily seemed to fit better with this group. Input on better classification methods (without dividing the world into 8000 regions) is always welcome! In order to understand the cuisines of these countries, one must first appreciate their unique global centrality between titans of world power, being situated north of Greece, south and east of Former Yugoslavia, west of the centre of the former Ottoman Empire and Russia/Asia, and east of the Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea. As such, this region has been at the centre of centuries of power struggles between countries, cultures and empires, ultimately becoming a melting pot of Mediterranean, Slavic and Middle Eastern influences, changing dramatically over history depending on the preferences, culture and religious dietary restrictions of the incumbent rulers. Examples of the latter include a rise of non-pork meat dishes during various periods influenced by Islam, and a great variety of vegan dishes that arose because of the still-practiced periodic veganism as a form of religious fasting during holy periods of the Romanian Orthodox calendar. This tendency towards a vegan dishes, combined with fertile land and a temperate climate, means that the cuisine of this region is surprisingly vegetable-focused, and the food is therefore often as healthy and nutritious as it is delicious!
Tave kosi with perime ne zgare
Tave kosi hails from Albania, where it is widely considered to be the national dish. It is a casserole (tave) of slow cooked chunks of lamb, combined with garlic, oregano and rice, with a topping of plain yoghurt, traditionally made from goat or sheep milk (kosi) mixed with beaten eggs and a roux (butter and flour) to form a thick creamy layer that transforms into a fluffy savoury custard after cooking in the oven. I came to think of it as an Eastern European (and potatoless) shepherd's pie and, being a great lover of shepherd's pies, was shocked to find I might even prefer this version. One of my greatest revelations in the course of this cooking adventure has been just how well lamb combined with rice – there's something undeniably magical about how the fat of the lamb is absorbed perfectly by the grains. Adding a baked yoghurt custard element to this combination only improves it, and I will certainly be replicating this meal subsequently. The history of tave kosi can be traced back to the 1400s, when Memed the Conquerer, an Ottoman Sultan, staged an unsuccessful siege in what was to become the Albanian city of Elbasan. During this time, the Sultan reportedly discovered this casserole, as the local cooks, not wanting to waste food during the precarious period, served the yoghurt that had been the marinade for the meat baked on top. This act of practicality was greatly appreciated by the Sultan, who helped to spread the dish across Albania, as its lamb base ideally suited the Islamic dietary restrictions forbidding pork. Even in modern times, the casserole is also sometimes called "tave Elbasani" – meaning the casserole from Elbasan. Along with the tave kosi I served perime ne zgare, which as far as I can discern means "vegetables we barbecue". Being situated on relatively fertile land in a temperate climate, Albania, and much of the other Balkan countries, are fortunate to have a long history of abundant vegetables, and there are innumerate varieties, combinations and preparations of vegetables that accompany almost every meal. Perime ne zgare is one of the simplest of these preparations, allowing the flavour of wonderful fresh vegetables to shine through after a brief grilling with a little oil and seasoning. Sometimes the simplest of cooking techniques really are the best!
Tochitură Moldova and sarmale
Tochitură is said (mostly by Romanians) to be a Romanian stew, made from meat such as beef and pork, slow cooked most commonly in a tomato-based sauce, albeit purportedly most traditionally without tomatoes. Tochitură Moldova is the Moldavian version of this stew (with a Transylvanian "tochitura ardelenească" also in existence), commonly served with a fried egg, a salty white sheep's cheese and mămăligă. Mămăligă is a polenta-like porridge made by simmering yellow cornmeal, water and salt. It can be cooked to a thick slop consistency, or until it sets into a bread-like brick that is cut into slices and eaten by hand. The dish arose as a cheap staple carbohydrate that peasants would eat in place of bread, with origins in the pulmentum of ancient Rome, which was a porridge made from millet flour before the introduction of corn to Europe in the 1500s. Mămăligă is popular throughout Romania and Moldova, although there are versions called by different names speckled across Europe, Africa and The Americas. Also often served with mămăligă (although not commonly along with tochitură as well) is sarmale, which are the Romanian/Moldovan versions of ground meat and rice stuffed into cabbage rolls that are omnipresent from north to south of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The name and dish is influenced by the Turkish "sarma", which stems from the work "sarmak" meaning "to wrap", describing varied fillings encased by vegetable leaves. In Romania and Moldova sarmale are a must at celebratory events, including Christmas and New Year's Eve. You may be able to just see my little sarmale, which I cooked in a tomato-based sauce, peeking out from under the egg in my photo.
If ever there was a confusingly named dish, it's salata de boeuf. Although Romanian in origin, the "boeuf" part of the name is actually French, translating to "beef", although it's more commonly made with chicken, and the "salata" element referring to "salad", although there isn't nearly enough green involved to comfortably be called a salad in my opinion. Adding to the confusion, there is actually very little French connection to the recipe, and is more likely to have been influenced by the "Olivier/Russian salad" that originated in Russia, and which is hugely popular across Eastern Europe, the Middle East and South America. In yet another layer of complexity, the eponymous "Olivier" refers to Lucien Olivier, who, despite inventing the salad in Moscow, was actually Belgian. This original recipe is said to have included eccentric ingredients such as caviar, veal tongue and smoked duck, although the exact recipe was a closely-guarded secret, despite an infamous attempted theft by a scurrilous sous-chef. Happily, the preparation of this dish is less messy and confusing than its origin story. The Romanian version is made by combining boiled and cooled cubes of root vegetables (potatoes, carrots etc) with finely chopped onion, celery, pickled vegetables (muraturi), green peas, hard-boiled eggs and chicken, all bonded with a dressing of mayonnaise and mustard. One thing that sets salata de boeuf apart from the other descendants of Olivier salad is the extreme care taken in decoration, which in Romania involves intricate adornment with slices of boiled egg, parsley, roasted capsicum, black olives and pickles. In particular, I seized on this opportunity to use a piping bag, which, being staunchly against making desserts, I don't get much opportunity to try. I also used this opportunity to make my own mayonnaise, which I had never tried before, but had always heard could be tricky to make as it is an emulsification, which is a term describing the combination of ingredients that do not ordinarily mix easily into a uniform and homogenous mixture, such as oil and water. To achieve an emulsification, one needs an emulsifier, which is a substance with the property of being able to stably facilitate the suspension of tiny droplets of one of the liquids (in this case oil) in the other. Egg yolks, in the case of mayonnaise, are the emulsifier, more specifically the protein lecithin in egg yolks, with mustard being an additional potential emulsifier that is often included in mayonnaise. Keeping the mixture at a low (acidic) pH also helps helps the emulsification process, which explains the addition of lemon juice and/or vinegar in a mayonnaise recipe. The final ingredient (other than salt or garlic if an aioli is desired) is a plain-tasting oil, and lots of it, added to the whisked other ingredients in infinitesimal quantities and with supreme patience. Despite knowing that mayonnaise was fairly calorific, I think that I never quite grasped just how much until making it myself and seeing cups and cups of oil emptying slowly into the mixture. I was surprised to learn that mayonnaise itself was invented relatively recently, in 1756 by a French chef serving the Duc de Richelieu. After running out of cream for his usual egg and cream sauce, the chef substituted with oil and discovered the delectable new substance, naming it after Port Mahon, where the Duc had just won a grand victory against the British. Imagine where we would all be without all of these happy accidents of culinary history!
Banitsa, shopska salad and selski kartofi
Banitsa, deriving from a word meaning "to fold" (and used colloquially to refer to anything literally or conceptually folded) is the Bulgarian take on the many iterations of the grand family of pastries descending from börek, which is thought to have originated in Turkey, but which is now distributed across span Eastern Europe, the Levant, the Mediterranean and Western Asia. It is made by encasing a simple filling of whisked eggs, white cheese, yoghurt and sometimes baking soda (to make the filling extra puffy) in a filo-like dough pastry and baking until golden brown. Pumpkin, spinach , parsley, leeks, or sweet fillings are sometimes added to this simple base to create differently named variants (although, to some extent, you can't beat a classic!). Being a versatile pastry, banitsa is acceptably eaten either hot or cold, and is popular for breakfast. Banitsa are particularly meaningful to Bulgarians, as they are the vehicle for "kusmeti", meaning "lucks", which are traditional lucky charms that are placed inside the pie. This custom occurs mostly around Christmas and New Year's Eve, and traditionally the kusmeti could include coins or pieces of dogwood branch (symbolising health), but these days more commonly (and perhaps more hygienically) are composed of little written notes folded inside aluminium foil. Once these charms are safely deposited in the pie filling, it is cooked, and each family member takes a piece to discover their fortunes for the coming year, with common predictions including "health", "wealth" "baby" and "love". I can just imagine desperate Bulgarian mothers trying to sneak a "baby" fortune into their adult children's slices of banitsa in a ploy to get some grandchildren coming – after all, sometimes fortunes are self-fulfilling! Although not pictured, I ate my banitsa with the traditional lashings of plain yoghurt, which is critical to Bulgarian cuisine, not least because the country gave its name to "lactobacillus bulgaricus", one of the main strains of bacteria used worldwide in yoghurt production, after its discovery in the mid 1900s by Bulgarian microbiologist Stamen Grigorov. Shopska salad is another dish whose popularity spans across many countries in the Balkans and Central Europe, combining chopped tomato, cucumber, onions, capsicum, olives, white cheese and parsley, lightly dressed in oil and perhaps a little vinegar. The name comes from "Shopluk", which describes an area that spans the confluence of Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedona, rendering discernment of country-of-origin a difficult task. Nevertheless, I have chosen to include the salad in a primarily Bulgarian plate because it is known in many countries as "Bulgarian salad" which is a good enough attribution of ownership for me. Also, shopska salad is a national culinary symbol of Bulgaria and is its most recognisable dish, solidifying its rightful inclusion next to the Bulgarian banitsa and selski kartofi. Selski kartofi humbly translates to "villager's potatoes", and describes a delicious dish of par-boiled potatoes that are then sliced and fried with pepper, paprika, salt and breadcrumbs. Rustic they may be, but I defy you not to love them more dearly than the finest of fine-dining experiences!
List of cuisines
01. Southern France and Monaco
02. Polynesia
03. Bolivia and Paraguay
04. Turkey and Cyprus
05. Eastern Africa
06. Northern India
07. Sweden
08. South Asia Minor
09. Belgium and Luxembourg
10. Indonesia and Timor-Leste
13. North Africa
14. Micronesia and Melanesia
15. Portugal
16. Ireland
17. Transcaucasia
18. Iran
19. The Netherlands
20. Sri Lanka and The Maldives
21. Venezuela
22. Taiwan
23. Russia
24. Cambodia and Laos
25. Southern Africa
26. Cuba and The Lucayan Archipelago
27. Former Yugoslavia
29. The United Kingdom
30. Peru
31. Southern USA
32. Southern China
33. Greece
34. The Baltics
35. Brazil
36. Denmark
37. Southern Italy
38. Afghanistan
39. Singapore
40. Southern Mexico
41. Northern France
42. Western Africa
43. Hungary
44. Southern India
45. Central America
48. Central Asia
49. The Czech Republic and Slovakia
50. The Philippines
51. Poland
52. Canada
54. Pakistan
55. Ecuador
56. Austria
57. Thailand
58. The Fertile Crescent
59. Norway
61. The Caribbean: Greater Antilles
62. Ukraine and Belarus
63. Argentina and Uruguay
64. Central Africa
65. Northern China
66. Germany
67. The Caribbean: Lesser Antilles
68. Malaysia
69. Northern and Central Italy
70. Northern Mexico
71. Korea
72. Arabian Peninsula
74. Northern USA
75. Mongolia
76. Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana
77. Finland
78. Vietnam
79. Australia (part 1)


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Department of International Development Toggle navigation
Publications and Seminars
Mary Kaldor
Professor Mary Kaldor
Director of the Conflict and Civil Society Research Unit
m.h.kaldor@lse.ac.uk
Professor Kaldor is now retired from teaching but will occasionally hold office hours. Please email if you would like to book.
Mary Kaldor is a Professor of Global Governance and Director of the Conflict and Civil Society Research Unit in the LSE Department of International Development. Professor Kaldor also directs the unit's largest research project, the Conflict Research Programme (CRP), an international DFID-funded partnership investigating public authority, through a theoretical lens of the political marketplace and the concept of civicness, across a range of countries in Africa and the Middle East.
Professor Kaldor is highly regarded for her innovative work on democratisation, conflict, and globalisation. She was a founding member of European Nuclear Disarmament (END), a founder and Co-Chair of the Helsinki Citizen's Assembly and a member of the International Independent Commission to investigate the Kosovo Crisis, established by the Swedish Prime Minister.
Professor Kaldor pioneered the concept of new wars and global civil society and her work on the practical implementation of human security has directly influenced European and national politics. Her books include: The Baroque Arsenal, New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era, Global Civil Society: An Answer to War and Human Security: Reflections on Globalization and Intervention. She is also the editor and co-author of the annual Global Civil Society Yearbook. Her most recent book International Law and New Wars, co-authored with Professor Christine Chinkin, was published in May 2017. At the request of Javier Solana, she was Convener for the Study Group on European Security Capabilities, which produced the influential Barcelona report, 'A Human Security Doctrine for Europe'.
Professor Kaldor has been awarded Honorary Professorships at the University of Sussex and Corvinus University, Budapest, and holds the 2015 Ludvig Quidde Award for academic achievement in the field of peace.
In 2003, Professor Kaldor's work was recognised with the receipt of Commander of the British Empire (CBE) for 'services to democracy and global governance'.
Rethinking UK policy towards conflict: evidence from comparative research on the drivers of conflict
Author(s) Mary Kaldor, Henry Radice
Evidence from the Conflict Research Programme: submission to the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy
Report And Working Papers
Author(s) Mary Kaldor, Henry Radice, Alex De Waal, Matthew Benson, Sarah Detzner, Claire Elder, Kasper Hoffmann, Rachel Ibreck, Nisar Majid, Azaria Morgan, Zaki Mehchy, Iavor Rangelov, Aditya Sarkar, Benjamin J. Spatz, Marika Theros, Rim Turkmani, Koen Vlassenroot, Jessica Watkins
Gender and new wars
Author(s) Christine Chinkin, Mary Kaldor, Punam Yadav
Global civil society, peacebuilding, and statebuilding
Author(s) Mary Kaldor, Denisa Kostovicova