text:
\section{introduction}

During the past several years, there has been considerable excitement about the
possibility of the formation of disoriented chiral condensates (D$\chi$C) in
heavy ion collisions
\cite{And,KK,An1,An2,BK,Bj1,Bj2,RW1,KT,RW2,BKT1,BKT2,GGP,GM,CBNJ,CKMP,AHW,R,C,Bj3}.
The basic scenario is as follows:  In an ultrarelativistic heavy ion collision
some region thermalizes at a temperature above the chiral restoration
temperature.
If the system cools sufficiently rapidly back through the transition
temperature, the region will remain in a chiral restored phase.
However, this phase is unstable; small fluctuations in any chiral direction
($\sigma,\vec{\pi}$) will grow exponentially.
This can create regions where the pion field has macroscopic occupation.
It should be stressed that this scenario is not derivable directly from the
underlying theory of QCD and contains a number of untested dynamical
assumptions, principally that the cooling is rapid.
Thus the failure of the system to form a D$\chi$C cannot be used to rule out
that the system has reached the chiral restoration temperature.
On the other hand,  observation of the formation of a D$\chi$C would be clear
evidence that the phase transition had been reached.

Unfortunately, since the scenario is not derived directly from a
well-defined theory, it is difficult to know precisely what constitutes
observation of a D$\chi$C.
Assuming the system forms a single large domain of D$\chi$C containing a large
number of pions there should be clear signatures.
In the first place, one expects an excess in the number of low $p_T$ pions
produced.
They would be at low $p_T$ since, by hypothesis, the region is large so the
characteristic momentum is small; the excess would be measured relative
to a purely statistical thermal distribution.
Such a signal has the advantage of working even if multiple regions of
D$\chi$C form provided each region is large enough so the characteristic
momentum is sufficiently small to provide a discernible signal over the
thermal background.
Such a signal is not decisive since one could imagine some other
collective low energy effects which produce low $p_T$ pions.

A much stronger signal of a single large domain of D$\chi$C has been proposed.
Since the pions formed in a D$\chi$C are essentially classical they form a
coherent state.
The coherent state has some orientation in isospin space (or more
precisely the system is a quantum superposition of coherent states with
different orientations and particular correlations to the isospin of the
remainder of the system \cite{CBNJ,C}).
In essence all of the pions in the domain are pointing in the same
isospin direction.
Provided the total number of pions in the domain is large, this implies
that the distribution of the ratio of neutral to total pions in the domain is
given by \cite{And,KK,An1,An2,Bj1,Bj2,RW1,R}
\begin{equation}
f(R) \, =  \, \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{R}}
\label{PofR}
\end{equation}
where R is the ratio of the number of $\pi_0$'s in the D$\chi$C divided
 by the total number of pions and $P(R)$ is the probability.
The derivation of $P(R)$ is quite simple and will be discussed below.
The distribution in Eq.~(\ref{PofR}) is qualitatively distinct from
a purely statistical distribution in which the emission of charged and neutral
pions is uncorrelated.
The distribution from uncorrelated emissions in the infinite particle number
limit approaches a delta function at $R=1/3$.
For finite (but large) particle number the statistical distribution is
narrowly peaked about 1/3 with a variance, $\langle R^2 \rangle - \langle R
\rangle^2 = \frac{2}{9{\cal N}}$ where $\cal N$ is the total number of pions.
Since these two distributions are so radically different one should in
principle have a very clear signal if a single region of D$\chi$C where to
form in heavy ion reactions and if the pions from the D$\chi$C are
kinematically separated from other pions in the system.

The dramatic nature of the preceding signature is based in large measure
on the assumption that a single large domain of D$\chi$C is formed.
{\it A priori} this seems rather unlikely for the following reason:
If a large region of the system starts in a hot chirally restored phase and
then rapidly cools through the phase transition, then there will be a large
region which is unstable against growth of the pion field.
Presumably, this happens as a ``seed'' fluctuation in a small region which
rapidly grows.
It takes a time of at least $L/c$ for information about the formation of the
domain to propagate a distance $L$.
However during the time this fluctuation is growing out to $L$, the pion field
at $L$ has been sitting in an unstable situation.
The characteristic time it can remain in this unstable configuration is
$\tau$, the exponential growth time.  If the information about the initial
seed does not reach $L$ is a time comparable to $\tau$ the region near $L$
will likely begin its own exponential growth but in a chiral direction
uncorrelated from the initial growth.
Thus, one expects domains of characteristic size $c\tau$ \cite{GGP,GM}.

The effect of multiple domains on the $R$ distribution is fairly clear: it will
tend to wash out the signal.
If a large number of domains form and the pions emerging from different
domains cannot be distinguished kinematically it is clear from the central
limit theorem that the $R$ distribution will approach a normal distribution.
This normal distribution may be distinguished from the normal distribution
arising from uncorrelated emission; the case of multiple domains of D$\chi$C
will have a substantially larger variance.

Unfortunately, there is an important practical limitation which makes it
difficult to exploit the $R$ distribution as a signature.
Even under the most optimistic of scenarios, the total number of pions coming
from D$\chi$C's will be a small fraction of the total number of pions.
If one includes all pions produced in the reaction, the signal from the pions
from the D$\chi$C will presumably be overwhelmed.
Thus, it is highly desirable to use kinematic consideration to enhance the
contributions coming from the D$\chi$C.
In particular, it is sensible to study the $R$ distribution for a sample
restricted to low $p_T$ pions only.
In any scenario where the D$\chi$C is well defined, {\it i.e.}, the occupation
number is large is likely to require a moderately large regions of D$\chi$C
and the characteristic momentum spread in the D$\chi$C will be fixed by the
inverse size of the region.
Thus one expects D$\chi$Cs to preferentially produce moderately low $p_T$
pions.
(One also should restrict the pions in the distribution to a moderately
narrow rapidity window).

As an experimental matter, it should be relatively straightforward to cut on
the momentum of the charged pions to select low $p_T$ pions in a given
rapidity window.
For neutral pions, however, it is not a simple matter.
The neutral pions will decay in flight and will ultimately be detected as
photons.
If one is simply interested in the overall $R$ distribution, without cuts,
and if the detected photons come predominately from $\pi^0$ decays then one
can use the $n_\gamma/2$ as a surrogate for $n_{\pi^0}$.
Recent experimental searches have exploited this strategy\cite{MM,Bj4,WA}.
However, in order to study the $R$ distribution in a limited kinematical
region it is necessary to reconstruct the $\pi^0$ momenta from the observed
photons in order to make kinematical cuts on the $\pi^0$ momenta.
Since the number of neutral pions per event is large, the reconstruction of
neutral pion momenta is likely to be a formidable task.

This raises the following interesting question:
Can one find a signature for the presence of regions of D$\chi$C of
essentially the same quality as the $R$ distribution but which does not
require the measurement of neutral pions?
In this article, we will show that the distribution of the number of
charged pions (in a kinematically limited region) contains essentially the
same information about D$\chi$C formation as the the $R$ distribution.
This should greatly aid in searches for D$\chi$C formation.

We also discuss additional information that can be inferred if $\pi^0$'s can
be reconstructed.
In particular, we show that the distribution of the total number of pions (in
a limited kinematic region) provides a means to distinguish D$\chi$C formation
from other hypothetical mechanisms for the production of a pion coherent
state.

\section{A Simplified Model}

We begin by studying an overly simple model and in subsequent sections we will
generalize our results to more realistic scenarios.
In this simplified situation we assume that in every collision a single large
domain of D$\chi$C is formed with a large particle number.
Moreover, we will assume that the field strength and spatial distribution of
this domain do not vary event by event, and that the pions produced in the
D$\chi$C are kinematically completely distinguishable from all other pions in
the system (including those pions produced from ``$\sigma$'s'' --- {\it i.e.},
fluctuations in the $\langle \overline{q} q \rangle$ directions).
Finally, we will assume that both isospin violating effects and explicit
chiral symmetry breaking are negligible.

By hypothesis, the region of D$\chi$C contains many particles and is
essentially classical in nature.
To simplify discussion we will adopt the usual convention of
describing the physics in terms of the degrees of freedom in a linear sigma
model with O(4) symmetry, {\it i.e.}, $\sigma$ and $\vec{\pi}$
rather than directly in terms of the QCD degrees of freedom.
We wish to stress, however, that we are not relying on the detailed dynamics
of any particular variant of the $\sigma$ model.

Being a coherent state, the D$\chi$C can be written in the following form:
\begin{equation}
|\hbox{D$\chi$C}(\psi,\theta,\phi)\rangle = \exp
\left(\int {d^3k \over (2\pi)^3}\; f(k) \vec a^\dag \cdot \vec n\right)
|{\rm vac}\rangle,
\end{equation}
where $\vec a^\dag = (\pi_x^\dag, \pi_y^\dag, \pi_0^\dag, \sigma^\dag)$ is
the vector of creation operators in the chiral space.
The unit vector $\vec n=(\sin\psi \sin\theta \cos\phi,
\sin\psi \sin\theta \sin\phi, \sin\psi \cos\theta, \cos\psi)$ denotes the
orientation of the D$\chi$C in the chiral space, $f(\vec k)$ is the
distribution of the D$\chi$C in momentum space, and $|{\rm vac}\rangle$ is
the vacuum.

The number operators for neutral and charged pions are
\begin{equation}
n_0 = \pi_0^\dag \pi_0, \qquad n_\pm = \pi_x^\dag \pi_x + \pi_y^\dag \pi_y,
\end{equation}
and one can easily find their expectation values , {\it i.e.}, $\langle
n_{0,\pm} \rangle(\psi,\theta,\phi) = \langle \hbox{D$\chi$C}
(\psi,\theta,\phi)| n_{0,\pm} |\hbox{D$\chi$C}(\psi,\theta,\phi)\rangle$.
It turns out that $\langle n_{0,\pm}\rangle$ can be factorized into the
following form.
\begin{equation}
\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle(\psi,\theta,\phi) = \langle n \rangle \,
g_{0,\pm}(\psi,\theta,\phi),
\label{fac}
\end{equation}
where $\omega^2 = \vec k^2 + m_\pi^2$, and
\begin{equation}
\langle n \rangle = \langle \vec a^\dag \cdot \vec a \rangle =
\int {d^3k\over (2\pi)^3}\;{f^2(\vec k)\over\omega}.
\end{equation}
The expectation value $\langle n \rangle$ measures the total number of
$\pi$'s produced by the D$\chi$C if fully oriented in a pionic direction.
The geometrical factors $g_0(\psi,\theta,\phi)$ and $g_\pm(\psi,\theta,\phi)$
will be called the neutral and charged proportions respectively, and they take
the following forms.
\begin{equation}
g_0(\psi,\theta,\phi) = \sin^2 \psi \cos^2 \theta, \qquad
g_\pm(\psi,\theta,\phi) = \sin^2 \psi \sin^2 \theta.
\label{defg}
\end{equation}
Note that $\langle n \rangle$ does not depend on the
orientation angles $(\psi, \theta, \phi)$ while $g_{0,\pm}$ do not depend on
the dynamical variables $f(k)$ and $\omega$.

One can also evaluate the higher moments of $n_{0,\pm}$, which gives
\begin{equation}
\langle n_{0,\pm}^2 \rangle(\psi,\theta,\phi) = \langle n^2\rangle \,
g^2_{0,\pm}(\psi,\theta,\phi),
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\langle n^2\rangle = \langle n \rangle^2 + \langle n \rangle.
\end{equation}
Let's define the {\it deviance\/} $\delta[X]$ of a distribution of variable
$X$ such that
\begin{equation}
\langle X^2 \rangle = (1+\delta[X]) \langle X \rangle^2, \qquad \hbox{or}
\qquad (\Delta X)^2 \equiv \langle X^2 \rangle - \langle X \rangle^2
= \delta[X] \langle X \rangle^2.
\end{equation}
In this case,
\begin{equation}
\delta[n] = 1/\langle n \rangle \to 0 \quad \hbox{when $\langle n \rangle \to
\infty$}.
\end{equation}
Actually it is straightforward to show that $n$ is described by a Poisson
distribution, which always has a small deviance as the variance is
proportional to the mean.

\bigskip

The above analysis shows that, {\it for each set of orientation angles
$(\psi, \theta, \phi)$,} the distributions of $n_{0,\pm}$ are normal.
However, since the orientation is randomly generated in the process of
spontaneous symmetry breaking, one cannot predict $(\psi, \theta, \phi)$.
On the other hand, since we are neglecting explicit chiral symmetry breaking,
the system is equally probable to point in any direction in chiral space.
Moreover, since by hypothesis we are in a semiclassical situation (large
$\langle n \rangle$), it is legitimate to work with probabilities rather
than amplitudes.
Using the technology of Ref.~\cite{R}, the probability
distribution in the angular variables is given by the unit measure:
\begin{equation}
d^3P(\psi,\theta,\phi) = \frac{1}{2 \pi^2} \; \sin^2\psi \, \sin\theta \;
d\psi \, d\theta \, d\phi .
\label{pa}
\end{equation}
One can use Eq.~(\ref{defg}) to
reparametrize the probability distribution (\ref{pa}) in terms of the
neutral and charged proportions $g_{0,\pm}=\langle n_{0,\pm}\rangle/
\langle n \rangle$, {\it i.e.}, the fraction of neutral or charged pions among
all particles produced by the D$\chi$C.
\begin{equation}
d^2P(g_0,g_\pm) = {1\over \pi} \, {1\over \sqrt{g_0(1-g_0-g_\pm)}}
\;dg_0\, dg_\pm.
\label{j}
\end{equation}
From this one can obtain the marginal probability distribution of $g_0$ and
$g_\pm$ by integrating over the other variable.
\begin{eqnarray}
dP(g_0) & = f_0(g_0) dg_0 = & {2\over \pi} \, \sqrt{1-g_0\over g_0} dg_0,
\nonumber\\
dP(g_\pm) & = f_\pm(g_\pm) dg_\pm = & dg_\pm.
\end{eqnarray}
These distribution functions are plotted in Fig.~1 in solid curves.
It is obvious the both distributions are far from being normal.
The function $f_0$ is heavily skewed towards the low end and actually
diverges as $1/\sqrt{g_0}$ when $g_0\to 0$.
On the other hand, $f_\pm$ is flat, and $g_\pm$ is equally likely to assume
any value between 0 and $1$.
This is drastically different from pion emission from an uncorrelated source
(the dotted curves in Fig.~1 \footnote{
For uncorrelated emissions, the probability distributions are Poisson-Gaussian
with mean $1/4$ and $1/2$ for neutral and charged pions respectively.
The variances depend on the number of independently emitted pions; the
plots correspond to the case of $n=50$.}),
where both distributions would be normal.

\bigskip
\begin{figure}
\epsfig{file=plot1.eps, width=3.4in}
\epsfig{file=plot2.eps, width=3.4in}

\bigskip

\caption{The probability distribution functions $f_{0,\pm} (g_{0,\pm})$.
The plot on the left is $f_0(g_0)$, and the right is $f_\pm(g_\pm)$.
The solid curves are for DCC emission, while the dotted curves are for
independent emission with $n=50$.  }
\end{figure}
\bigskip

More quantitatively, one can calculate the first and second moments of
$g_0$ and $g_\pm$.
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle g_0 \rangle &= 1/4, \qquad\qquad \langle g_0^2 \rangle =& 1/8,
\nonumber\\
\langle g_\pm \rangle &= 1/2, \qquad\qquad \langle g_\pm^2 \rangle =& 1/3,
\end{eqnarray}
and hence the respective deviance $\delta[g_0]$ and $\delta[g_\pm]$,
\begin{equation}
\delta[g_0] = 1, \qquad \delta[g_\pm] = 1/3.
\end{equation}

What does the distributions of the proportions $g_{0,\pm}$ tell us about the
distributions of $n_{0,\pm}$?
It is obvious that when $n$ is fixed, $g_{0,\pm}$ give the pion distribution.
In reality, of course, $n$ is not fixed; we have shown that it behaves like a
Poisson distribution if we have a conventional Glauber coherent state
\cite{G}.
However, since Poisson distributions are sharply peaked, the dispersion of
$n$ will simply smear the distribution of $n_{0,\pi}$ slightly, without
changing the overall shape qualitatively.
More specifically, note that \footnote{
The two set of brackets in the right-hand side of the equations below have
different physical origins.
The expectations of $g_{0,\pm}$ are statistical in nature, while that of
$n$ is via quantum mechanical smearing of a coherent state.
Consequently the distributions of $n$ and $g_{0,\pm}$ are assumed to be
uncorrelated, and we derived the equalities below.}
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle &=& \langle n \rangle \,
\langle g_{0,\pm} \rangle, \nonumber\\
\langle n_{0,\pm}^2 \rangle &=& \langle n^2 \rangle \,
\langle g_{0,\pm}^2 \rangle = (1+\delta[n])\, (1+\delta[g_{0,\pm}]) \;
(\langle n \rangle \, \langle g_{0,\pm} \rangle)^2 \equiv (1+\delta[n_{0,\pm}])
\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle^2.
\end{eqnarray}
The first equality gives
\begin{equation}
\langle n_0 \rangle = \langle n \rangle / 4, \qquad
\langle n_\pm \rangle = \langle n \rangle / 2,
\end{equation}
which have the simple interpretation that, given the symmetry between the
four directions $(\pi_x, \pi_y, \pi_0, \sigma)$ in the chiral space,
a quarter of the particles produced by the D$\chi$C will be $\pi_0$, while
half of them will be $\pi_x$ or $\pi_y$.
On the other hand, the second equality gives
\begin{equation}
\delta[n_{0,\pm}] = \delta[n] + \delta[g_{0,\pm}] + \delta[n]\delta[g_{0,\pm}].
\end{equation}
With $\delta[n] = 1/\langle n\rangle$, $\delta[g_0]=1$ and $\delta[g_\pm]$,
one has
\begin{equation}
\delta[n_0] = 1 + 2/\langle n \rangle, \qquad
\delta[n_\pm] = 1/3 + 4/3\langle n \rangle.
\label{ds}
\end{equation}
As expected, when $\langle n \rangle$ is large, the deviances
$\delta[n_{0,\pm}]$ approach $\delta[g_{0,\pm}]$.
Note that both $\delta[n_{0,\pm}]$ are of order 1, in contrast to an
uncorrelated emission which would have $\delta = 1/\langle n \rangle$.
In an ideal world, such enhancements of $\delta$'s would indicate the
existence of D$\chi$C.

Lastly, it is also useful to reproduce the aforementioned probability
distribution of $R = n_0/(n_0+n_\pm) = g_0/(g_0+g_\pm)$ by reparametrizing
distribution (\ref{j}) in terms of $R$ and $g_t=g_0+g_\pm$ (the subscript
$t$ stands for total).
\begin{equation}
d^2 P(g_t,R) = {1\over \pi} \, \sqrt{g_t\over R(1-g_t)}\;dg_t\,dR,
\end{equation}
with the marginal distributions
\begin{eqnarray}
dP(g_t)&= f_t(g_t)\,dg_t=&{2\over\pi}\sqrt{g_t\over 1-g_t}\,dg_t,\nonumber\\
dP(R)&= f_R(R)d_R = &{1\over 2\sqrt{R}}dR.
\end{eqnarray}
Note that while $f_0$ is drastically skewed towards the low end and
$f_\pm$ is flat, $f_t$ is skewed towards the high end.
This may sound counter-intuitive, but one must bear in mind that the emissions
of neutral and charged pions are not independent and there is no contradiction.
Also note that $f_R$ is exactly as predicted in
Ref.~\cite{And,KK,An1,An2,Bj1,Bj2,RW1,R} (cf.~Eq.~(\ref{PofR})).

\section{More Realistic Scenarios}

We have studied the simple case of pion emission from a single huge (in
the sense that $\langle n \rangle$ is large) D$\chi$C domain.
As discussed in the introduction, this scenario is presumably not realistic.
We will now proceed to study more realistic scenarios with multi-domain
formation.
The main point is, even though the probability distribution is smeared out
because of the lack of alignment (in the chiral space) between the different
domains, one feature survives, namely the large variance of the distributions.
In particular, we will see that the variances for both neutral and charged
productions are still much larger than that of an uncorrelated emission.

Let's consider the case which we have $N$ domains, each with the same
$\langle n \rangle$.
We are also assuming both $\langle n \rangle$ and $N$ are much larger
than unity.
The total number of pions of each species produced is the sum of pions
of that particular species produced in each domain, the distribution of
which has been discussed in the previous section.
\begin{equation}
\Sigma n_0 = \sum_{i=1}^N n_0^{(i)},\qquad
\Sigma n_\pm = \sum_{i=1}^N n_\pm^{(i)}.
\end{equation}
By the central limit theorem, the probability distribution of $\Sigma
n_{0,\pm}$ will approach normal distributions when $N$ is large.
However, we will see that the variances of the Gaussian distributions will be
much larger for pion production from a D$\chi$C than those of uncorrelated
pion emission.

Since the pion production in each domain are independent, $n_{0,\pm}^{(i)}$
are independent random variables.
Hence the mean of $\Sigma n_{0,\pm}$ is just the sum of the means of all
$n_{0,\pm}^{(i)}$,
\begin{equation}
\langle \Sigma n_{0,\pm} \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^N \langle n^{(i)}_{0,\pm}
\rangle = N \langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle \equiv {\cal N}_{0,\pm},
\label{mean}
\end{equation}
and the variance of the sum $n_{0,\pm}$ is just the sum of the variances of
each $n_{0,\pm}^{(i)}$.
\begin{eqnarray}
(\Delta \Sigma n_{0,\pm})^2 &=& \sum_{i=1}^N (\Delta n^{(i)}_{0,\pm})^2 =
N (\Delta n_{0,\pm})^2 \nonumber\\ &=& N \langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle^2
\delta [n_{0,\pm}] = (\delta[n_{0,\pm}] / N) {\cal N}_{0,\pm}^2.
\label{var}
\end{eqnarray}
In other words,
\begin{equation}
\delta[\Sigma n_{0,\pm}] = {(\Delta \Sigma n_{0,\pm})^2 \over
\langle \Sigma n_{0,\pm} \rangle^2} = {\delta[n_{0,\pm}] \over N} =
{\delta[n_{0,\pm}] \langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle \over {\cal N}_{0,\pm}}.
\label{wide}
\end{equation}
In comparison with uncorrelated pion production, with $\delta =
1/{\cal N}_{0,\pm}$ we see that for multi-domain D$\chi$C the deviances are
enhanced by a factor of $\epsilon_{0,\pm} = \delta[n_{0,\pm}]
\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle$.
\begin{equation}
\epsilon_0 = (\langle n \rangle + 2)/4, \qquad
\epsilon_\pm = (\langle n \rangle + 4)/6.
\label{e1}
\end{equation}
{\it A priori\/} $\langle n \rangle$ can take any value, but
$\epsilon_{0,\pm}$ are larger than unity for any value of $\langle n \rangle
> 2$.
Even for a very modest $\langle n \rangle =8 $, $\epsilon_0 = 2.5$ and
$\epsilon_\pm = 2$, leading to substantial widening of the corresponding
distributions, an observable signature of D$\chi$C formation.
For larger values of $\langle n \rangle$, the broadening will be even more
pronounced.

\bigskip

While the above scenario describes D$\chi$C with multi-domains, a probable
feature of D$\chi$C formation in the real world (if it happens at all), it is
still unrealistic in assuming all the domains are of equal strength,
{\it i.e.}, with the same $\langle n \rangle$.
Instead one expects $\langle n \rangle$ of different domains to fall under
a certain probability distribution, which depends on the details of the
model.
Naturally, one questions if the signatures discussed above still survive
under such circumstances.

Let's consider the case with $N$ domains, with different $\langle n^{(i)}
\rangle \gg 1$.
Equation (\ref{mean}) becomes
\begin{equation}
\langle \Sigma n_{0,\pm}\rangle = \sum_{i=1}^N \langle n^{(i)}_{0,\pm}\rangle
= N \overline {\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle} \equiv {\cal N}_{0,\pm},
\end{equation}
where $\overline {\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle}$ is the average of
$\langle n^{(i)}_{0,\pm}\rangle$.
Equation (\ref{var}) becomes
\begin{equation}
(\Delta \Sigma n_{0,\pm})^2 = \sum_{i=1}^N (\Delta n^{(i)}_{0,\pm})^2 =
\sum_{i=1}^N \langle n^{(i)}_{0,\pm}\rangle^2 \delta[n^{(i)}_{0,\pm}].
\end{equation}
By the inequalities $\delta[n^{(i)}_{0,\pm}] > \delta[g_{0,\pm}]$
(cf.~Eq.(\ref{ds})) and $\sum_1^N \langle n \rangle^2 \leq
(\sum_1^N \langle n \rangle)^2/N$ (mean of squares is larger than square of
mean), we have
\begin{equation}
(\Delta \Sigma n_{0,\pm})^2 > \left( \sum_{i=1}^N \langle n^{(i)}_{0,\pm}
\rangle^2 \right) \delta[g_{0,\pm}] \geq \left( \sum_{i=1}^N \langle
n^{(i)}_{0,\pm}\rangle \right)^2 \delta[g_{0,\pm}] / N =
(\delta[g_{0,\pm}]/N) {\cal N}_{0,\pm}^2.
\end{equation}
In other words,
\begin{equation}
\delta[\Sigma n_{0,\pm}] = {(\Delta \Sigma n_{0,\pm})^2 \over
\langle \Sigma n_{0,\pm}\rangle^2} \geq {\delta[g_{0,\pm}] \over N}
= {\delta[g_{0,\pm}] \overline {\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle} \over
{\cal N}_{0,\pm}}.
\end{equation}
(Compare Eq.~(\ref{wide}).)
Again, the deviances are much larger than that of uncorrelated emission with
$\delta = 1/{\cal N}_{0,\pm}$ when $\overline {\langle n \rangle}
\gg 1$ by the following enhancement factors.
\begin{equation}
\epsilon_0 \geq \overline {\langle n \rangle}/4, \qquad
\epsilon_\pm \geq \overline {\langle n \rangle}/6.
\label{e2}
\end{equation}
So we see that, even with domains of unequal strengths, the number of
neutral or charged pions produced by a D$\chi$C will still have a much wider
distribution than that from independent, uncorrelated emission.

Lastly, one may also ask if the distribution of $\Sigma n_{0,\pm}$ will
approach normal distributions when $N$ is large in the case of domains
with unequal strengths.
In this case $n^{(i)}$'s do not all fall under the same probability
distribution and the most simple form of the central limit theorem does
not apply.
On the other hand, there are generalized forms of the central limit theorem,
which state that as long as the probability distributions are sufficiently
``well behaved'', the sum of $N$ random variables will still fall under a
normal distribution when $N \to \infty$.
It is actually possible to argue that the distribution of $\Sigma n_\pm$
does approach a normal distribution by the Lindeberg generalization of
the central limit theorem.
(See, for example, Sec.~6.E of Ref.~\cite{F}.)
Whether the same conclusion holds for $\Sigma n_0$ is still an open question.

\section{Discussion}

Let us recapitulate what we have shown in the previous sections.
We have shown that one can calculate the probability distribution of the
number of neutral or charged pions produced as a result of D$\chi$C formation.
The resultant deviances $\delta$'s are not of the order $1/\cal N$ as in an
uncorrelated emission, but are instead enhanced by factors $\epsilon$'s
which are of order $\langle n \rangle$.
Seeing such enhancements of deviances would be signatures of coherent pion
productions.

One can understand the origin of such enhancements of statistical
fluctuations of the number of neutral or charged pions by considering the
following analogy.
Consider two groups of gamblers playing roulette in a casino: $N$ lawyers at
\$100 tables, and $100 N$ physicists at the \$1 tables, where the odds are
the same.
If each lawyer and physicist is given $n$ chips, of \$100 and \$1,
respectively (so that the total amount given to the lawyers, ${\cal N} = N
\times 100n$, is the same as that given to the physicists, ${\cal N} = 100N
\times n$), and is required to bet all of them, the average loss will be the
same for both groups as long as they are following the same betting
strategies.
However, it is easy to see that the statistical fluctuation of the loss
of the lawyers would be much larger for that of the physicists.
In other words, the amount of loss, as well as its standard deviation,
is ``quantized'' in units of the value of the bets.
The larger the bet, the larger the fluctuation.
On the other hand, one can also turn the argument around; a discerning
external observer can deduce, with the knowledge of the gambling strategies,
the size of the bets of the lawyers from the statistical fluctuations of the
lawyers' losses, and do likewise for the physicists as well.

Just as the chips in a single bet of a lawyer share the same fate (either win
or lose), all the pions in a single D$\chi$C domain share the same orientation
in the chiral space.
As a result, the fluctuation of the number of pions in each direction in
the chiral space is enhanced by a factor proportonal to $\langle n \rangle$,
the number of pions in each D$\chi$C domain.
And by reverse argument, one can deduce whether coherent pion emission is
taking place by measuring the fluctuation of the number of emitted pions.

Our analysis has assumed that all the pions originate from coherent emissions,
and each of these coherent states has $\langle n^{(i)} \rangle \gg 1$.
In the real world, there is contamination from independent pion emissions,
and the total numbers of neutral or charged pions are the sums of these two
contributions.
\begin{equation}
n_{0,\pm} = n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm c)} + n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm inc)},
\end{equation}
where ``c'' and ``inc'' stands for ``coherent'' and ``incoherent'',
respectively.
The variances of the numbers of coherently produced neutral or charged pions
are enhanced while those of incoherent production are not.
\begin{equation}
(\Delta n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm c)})^2 = \epsilon_{0,\pm} \langle n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm c)}
\rangle , \qquad
(\Delta n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm inc)})^2 = \langle n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm inc)} \rangle,
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_{0,\pm}$ are of order $\langle n \rangle \gg 1$
(cf.~Eq.~(\ref{e1}), (\ref{e2})).
Then one can calculate the variance of the sum of the two contributions.
\begin{equation}
(\Delta n)^2=(\Delta n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm c)})^2+(\Delta n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm inc)})^2
= \tilde\epsilon_{0,\pm} \langle n \rangle, \qquad
\tilde\epsilon_{0,\pm} = \chi \epsilon + (1-\chi) = 1+ \chi(\epsilon - 1),
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\chi = \langle n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm c)} \rangle / \langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle, \qquad
1- \chi = \langle n_{0,\pm}^{(\rm inc)} \rangle / \langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle.
\end{equation}
The parameter $\chi$ measures the fraction of pions which are coherently
produced: $\chi=1$ when all the pions are from D$\chi$C, while $\chi=0$ when
all of them are independently emitted.
Obviously, the more incoherent pions in the sample, the smaller is the
enhancement factor $\tilde\epsilon_{0,\pm}$.

While these incoherently emitted pions dilute our signatures for D$\chi$C,
they have different momentum spectra from those from D$\chi$C.
D$\chi$C pions, being produced from coherent state, carry low $p_T$.
The typical $p_T$ is of the order of $1/L$, where $L$ is the size of the
domain from which the pion originates.
In contrast incoherently emitted pions can carry high $p_T$.
Therefore applying a low $p_T$ cut can minimize the noise from incoherent pion
emissions.

It is also advantageous to measure the rapidity of the pions and count
their numbers in narrow rapidity windows.
Bear in mind that the rapidities of the pions are, up to small dispersions,
equal to that of the original domain.
As we have mentioned, it is probable that many domains are formed in a
single collision, and all these domains may have different rapidities.
For example, the domains at the surface of the ``fire ball'' are moving
with high speed relative to the domains at the center.
By binning the pions according to their rapidities, one can partially
separate the pions from different domains, and the signals are enhanced as
a result.

\bigskip

In summary, we suggest the following procedure in looking for signatures
of D$\chi$Cs.

$\bullet$ Count the number of neutral or charged pions {\it event by event\/}
from heavy ion collision experiments and measure their individual transverse
momenta and rapidities.

$\bullet$ Apply a low $p_T$ cut to suppress the noise due to uncorrelated
pion emission.

$\bullet$ Bin the events in different rapidity windows.

$\bullet$ In each rapidity window, plot the number of events {\it vs.~}the
number of neutral or charged pions in histograms.

$\bullet$ Evaluate the mean, $\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle$, and the variance,
$(\Delta n_{0,\pm})^2$, in each rapidity window.

$\bullet$ If we find $(\Delta n_{0,\pm})^2$ is substantially larger than
$\langle n_{0,\pm} \rangle$, then we are seeing signatures from D$\chi$Cs.

The above procedure allows us to search for signatures from D$\chi$Cs by
counting only the charged pions.
This is important as, with our present technology, it is difficult to count
the number of $\pi_0$'s in a momentum bin, which would mean reconstructing
all the pions from photons --- a formidable task.
On the other hand, with great experimental effort, it may be possible to
count the neutral pions as well in the future.
In that case, we will be able to distinguish D$\chi$C formation from other
mechanisms of coherent pion productions.
For example, one can count $n_t$, the number of pions (both neutral and
charged) in each rapidity window.
For D$\chi$C formation, or any other mechanisms of coherent pion productions
where the field is aligned with a random direction in the four-dimensional
chiral space $(\pi_x,\pi_y,\pi_0,\sigma)$, the fluctuation of $n_t$ is
large.
On the other hand, for mechanisms of coherent pion productions where the
field is aligned with a random direction in the three-dimensional isospace
$(\pi_x,\pi_y,\pi_0)$ but without involving the $\sigma$ direction, it is
straightforward to show that the fluctuation of $n_t$ is small.

In summary, we have constructed signatures for D$\chi$C formation in heavy
ion collisions which do not require counting the number of neutral pions.
Instead, we suggest counting the number of charged pions produced, and
a large fluctuation would be a signal of D$\chi$C formation.
We believe these new signatures will be useful in searches for D$\chi$C at
RHIC and LHC.

\bigskip

Support of this research by the U.S.~Department of Energy under grant
DE-FG02-93ER-40762 is gratefully acknowledged.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Brachiolejeunea laxifolia är en bladmossart som först beskrevs av Thomas Taylor, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Victor Félix Schiffner. Brachiolejeunea laxifolia ingår i släktet Brachiolejeunea och familjen Lejeuneaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Bladmossor
laxifolia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
NCC Pledges to Promote Robust ICT Infrastructure for Economic Growth
The Executive Vice Chairman of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), Prof. Umar Garba Danbatta has said that the Commission will continue to promote and facilitate expansion of robust broadband/Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure across the country for the rapid development of the nation's digital economy.
Danbatta gave the assurance in a presentation titled "Communication Technology for Service Delivery in Health, Education, Tourism, the Creative Industry and Agriculture" delivered during the first virtual and sixth edition of Information Communications Technology and Telecommunications Conference and Exhibition (ICTEL) EXPO 2020.
He said the Commission, not only successfully achieved but surpassed the 30 per cent broadband penetration target in 2018. Danabatta observed that through various policy initiatives, broadband penetration has further increased to 42.02 per cent as of July, 2020, noting that this has laid a solid foundation to drive the national efforts at achieving the new 70 per cent broadband penetration target set in the Nigeria National Broadband Plan (NNBP) 2020-2025.
Represented by the Director, Consumer Affairs Bureau, NCC, Efosa Idehen, Danbatta said in line with this commitment, the Commission has commenced the review of the framework for engaging infrastructure companies to cascade fibre optic deployment to the hinterlands of Nigeria to ensure pervasive access to broadband services in the country.
He stated that with the support of the Federal Government, through the Federal Ministry of Communications and Digital Economy, NCC is resolving the perennial problem of high cost of Right of Way (RoW) with the support of the Nigerian Governors Forum (NGF) to hasten ICT infrastructure that will enable socio-economic activities across various sectors.
According to him, as the world is becoming increasingly digitised; there will be no sector or facet of human life where ICT will not be required for optimal service delivery and improved conditions of living for the citizens.
With regard to the health sector, Danbatta said ICT is playing a very important role in the manner health services are now delivered, adding that the new Internet speed and low latency of 5G technology are expected to further enhance the possibilities of telemedicine and remote surgery.
Similarly, the EVC said the educational sector has also greatly soared on the wings of ICT, as there has been a surge in online learning in many institutions around the globe due to the raging COVID-19 pandemic, while illustrating the symbiotic relationship between ICT and educational sectors.
Danbatta said "the relationship between ICT and the educational sector has been mutually beneficial. He assured the stakeholders that the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expected to enhance the capabilities of the educational sector even further."
According to him, the agricultural sector has also benefitted from ICT, as several agro-based apps have been designed to ensure that stakeholders in the sector are able to provide and improve on essential agro-services. These developments have helped to boost food production and security, just as a lot of digitisation is also holding sway in the creative industry, enhancing its growth thereby enabling job creation and greater contribution to the Gross Domestic product (GDP).
Tags: NCC, Prof. Umar Garba Danbatta
Tambuwal: No Policeman Attached To Me Shot Citizen AbdulRahman … Sultanate Council Gives Reason For Death
Lagos Commences Computer Based Test For 210 Pupils

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Docker: MariaDB Container Unhealthy - Impossible to access Database I am currently getting crazy about my docker-compose really basic configuration which does not work as it should. I am trying to make it so one service depends on the MariaDB container properly loaded, to avoid tables initialization issue. Current state is that, whatever I add as environment variables for the MariaDB container configuration, my custom healthcheck fails and even accessing the container itself, I cannot login to the mariadb server.
The docker-compose looks as follows:
version: "3.9"
services:
  dbs:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "8000:8000"
  mariadb:
    container_name: ${APP_NAME}_mariadb
    image: mariadb
    restart: always
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root
      MYSQL_USER: test
      MYSQL_PASS: pass
      MYSQL_DATABASE: filecoin_dbs
    ports:
      - 3306:3306
    healthcheck:
      test: mariadb --user=test --password=pass --silent --execute \"SELECT 1;\"
      interval: 1s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 3
    volumes:
      - ./mounts/mariadb:/var/lib/mysql
  dbs_filecoin:
    container_name: filecoin
    build: ./services/dbs_filecoin/
    env_file: .env
    depends_on:
      mariadb:
        condition: service_healthy

The docker-compose up command fails on the healthcheck, with message being:
balessan@balessan-laptop:~/workspace/servers/ocean-dbs$ docker-compose up
Starting dbs_mariadb ...
ocean-dbs_dbs_1 is up-to-date
Starting dbs_mariadb ... done

ERROR: for dbs_filecoin  Container "84e98cb80c06" is unhealthy.
ERROR: Encountered errors while bringing up the project.

When I access the container using a basic: docker exec -it dbs_mariadb bash command, and check mysqladmin or try to login, I get the following:
root@84e98cb80c06:/# mariadb --user=test --password=pass --silent --execute \"SELECT 1;\"
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'test'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
bash: ": command not found
root@84e98cb80c06:/# mysqladmin status
mysqladmin: connect to server at 'localhost' failed
error: 'Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)'

I also inspected the container status itself and it says basically the same:
...
"Health": {
                "Status": "unhealthy",
                "FailingStreak": 191,
                "Log": [
                    {
                        "Start": "2023-01-25T16:43:39.900674472+01:00",
                        "End": "2023-01-25T16:43:40.019637997+01:00",
                        "ExitCode": 127,
                        "Output": "ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'test'@'localhost' (using password: YES)\n/bin/sh: 1: \": not found\n"
                    },
                    {
                        "Start": "2023-01-25T16:43:41.029219694+01:00",
                        "End": "2023-01-25T16:43:41.144881651+01:00",
                        "ExitCode": 127,
                        "Output": "ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'test'@'localhost' (using password: YES)\n/bin/sh: 1: \": not found\n"
                    },
                    {
                        "Start": "2023-01-25T16:43:42.15481382+01:00",
                        "End": "2023-01-25T16:43:42.2625624+01:00",
                        "ExitCode": 127,
                        "Output": "ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'test'@'localhost' (using password: YES)\n/bin/sh: 1: \": not found\n"
                    },
                    {
                        "Start": "2023-01-25T16:43:43.273440938+01:00",
                        "End": "2023-01-25T16:43:43.407812286+01:00",
                        "ExitCode": 127,
                        "Output": "ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'test'@'localhost' (using password: YES)\n/bin/sh: 1: \": not found\n"
                    },
                    {
                        "Start": "2023-01-25T16:43:44.417770011+01:00",
                        "End": "2023-01-25T16:43:44.563060188+01:00",
                        "ExitCode": 127,
                        "Output": "ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'test'@'localhost' (using password: YES)\n/bin/sh: 1: \": not found\n"
                    }
                ]
            }
        },
...

I am starting to feel stupid so, any help really appreciated !

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Versatel, a dutch telephone company, launched a new service to deliver interactive TV via ADSL. I designed the user interface, inline with corporate identity, and developed features and functionality. The main challenge was to familiarize the user with the new user interface metaphor built off of the layout of the numbers 1-9 on the remote control.


Aluris : Discover The Secret To Youthful Looking Skin!
Aluris :- At a certain age limit, you have to deal with wrinkles and dark circles that snatches away the natural beauty. We ladies always want to look perfect to gather lots of compliments from our close ones. But, due to visible marks, we tend to lose those compliments. But, now, you don't need to stress yourself, as I have something magical for you. Yes, a miraculous skincare solution that will definitely jazz up your personality. Well, I am talking about Aluris that is specially formulated to decline visible aging signs from your face.
What Is Aluris All About?
The secret behind Aluris is the advanced formula that contains a precise blend of vital ingredients. The components present in the solution is obtained naturally with the aim of nourishing your skin in the best possible way. Recommended by the dermatologists, this highly effective cream is beneficial to deal with the damage caused due to climatic conditions. This skincare remedy has the tendency to go viral because of its impressive ingredients that works naturally on your skin. Besides, the solution eliminates the visibility of dark spots below the eyes and helps in maintaining the overall skin structure.
Aluris is an innovative solution that uses powerful components to work on reducing puffiness, crow's feet, sagging eyelids and uneven skin tone. Not only this, the presence of antioxidants enhances skin's elasticity, which gets loose due to age. Besides, it enhances collagen growth, which keeps the skin hydrated up to 24 hours. Basically, the ingredients work together to fight with the aging skin and helps you look younger up to 10 years. It uses the latest skin repairing ingredients that rebuild broken skin cells and delivers you a smooth, supple and firmer skin. Therefore, the product ensures you satisfactory results, if used according to the right directions.
Healthy Tip: One thing I would like to share with the users is that, using Aluris at night means before going to bed will definitely deliver immense changes in your skin. If you feel any tingling sensation, then no need to panic because it's natural. Also, if you are skin allergic, then consult a dermatologist prior to use.
What Are The Components Of Aluris?
The vital ingredients of Aluris are clinically formulated which is suitable for all skin types. The solution is composed with face firming peptides that reduces the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. The presence of essential vitamins and antioxidants helps and purify toxin damage. Whereas, it also enhances collagen growth that improves skin's elasticity. Aloe Vera keeps the skin moist, fresh and healthy. All the above mentioned ingredients repairs the broken skin tissues at the cellular level.
Aluris is a revolutionary skin care solution that increase the level of collagen and elastin, which gets depleted due to age and skin begins to sag and loose. To fight with these, the ingredients of the solution enters the skin and eradicates wrinkles and fine lines. Also, the solution gets absorbed into the lower level of the skin, which excludes all the dull and discolor skin from your face. Free radicals are also responsible for causing damage to the skin. Therefore, Aluris fight those free radicals and toxins with powerful vitamins and antioxidants. It reverses the aging process at cellular levels that naturally uplifts your skin.
There are zero side-effects from Aluris as the components present in the solution are free from any cheap fillers or chemicals. The solution is manufactured with all the skin nourishing elements that are completely healthy and pure. Every ingredients available in this highly impressive solution is free from petroleum oil, artificial color and gluten. It's a non-sticky solution, which is responsible for giving the skin its strength and elasticity.
Why Aluris Is Better Than Botox?
As we age, we tend to develop visible aging marks on our face that annoys us a lot. In order to remove those marks, ladies opt for massive surgeries that ensures quick results. But, do they really last for long? No, they don't. In fact, these surgeries makes the skin loose and wrinkled at some point of time. Therefore, to save your health and pocket, we have Aluris with us. This potent solution is the best skincare treatment that naturally nourishes your skin.
If you wish to buy Aluris, then you need to visit its official website. Also, you can avail the trial offer. For that, you need to pay a shipping and processing fee of about $5.95 and we will deliver you a 30 day supply pack within 2-3 days. After that, if you feel that the product is not for you, you can easily cancel your order within 14 days of purchase otherwise you will be charged $92.53.
Elizabeth Thompson says "I am 43 right now, but I look 33" shocking? Well, all credit goes to Aluris that helped in minimizing my wrinkles and fine lines. Highly satisfied with the product.
Jane Stevens says "It really works in a short period of time". I am absolutely amazed with the immense benefits of Aluris. It helped me beyond my imagination.


A yoga class typically requires yoga mats, work-out clothes and an instructor. One local farm is kicking things up a notch by bringing goats to the mat.
Little Peeps Farmer for a Day, located near the Beach Boulevard and St. Johns Bluff intersection, provides goat yoga classes to the public.
Last spring, Shannon Peters received a request from her friend to host a yoga session with her goats.
After hosting this class and sharing photos from the experience on her social media page, Peters received messages asking when their next goat yoga class would be held. At the time, Peters was not hosting official classes, but the demand for goat yoga kickstarted the program.
The goat yoga classes fill up quickly at the farm, so those interested need to act fast.
"We have classes into April that are all booked and I keep trying to come up with more classes to fill the demand," Peters said.
The experience costs $30 per participant. Those who carpool will receive a discounted price of $20 per participant.
Participants are encouraged to bring a beach towel, water bottle and sunscreen.
For those interested in feeding the goats, the farm recommends bringing non-cooked vegetable scraps.
Be the first to comment on "Jacksonville yoga class adds goats into the mix"


text:
Q: Using a generator to stream JSON data in real time from subprocess in Django with JQuery I want to read in real time the output of a subprocess called from a form in a view. Here is my views.py:
@login_required
@condition(etag_func=None)
def sync_form(request):
    # do things to validate form
    return HttpResponse(sync_job(request, job_id, src, dest))

def sync_job(request, job_id, src, dest):
    # we check the arguments here
    sync_process = Popen([str(command), str(arguments), str(src), str(dest)], stdout=PIPE)
    for line in sync_process.stdout:
      yield simplejson.dumps(line.rstrip())
    syncoutput,syncerror = sync_process.communicate()
    check.log = syncoutput
    check.save()

I read here that the etag function might prevent streaming, so it is best to disable. This is what I have to get the json data:
 $.ajax({
        url: '{% url monitor %}',
    dataType: 'json',
    type: 'get',
        success: function(data) {
            $('#sync_response').html(data);
        }
    });

monitor is the url of the app that has the form to submit the request. When I request the subprocess it stays in the same url (http://localhost:8000/monitor) and just gives me the plain-text output like this:
"sending incremental file list""""sent 116 bytes received 12 bytes 256.00 bytes/sec"

Is it possible to stream the data using this approach? If so, what am I doing wrong? Thanks.

A: The problem with this approach is that generally speaking the javascript won't run until the response is completely done, even if the response is getting streamed.  You can jump through a lot of hoops to make this work, but you're better off going with somebody else's solution because there are a lot of subleties to getting it to work on all browsers and through HTTP proxies and such.  (If you're determined, I'd look at this SO question for server config: Streaming HTTP response, flushing to the browser )
I've had really good luck pushing data to javascript with hookbox.  http://hookbox.org/  It's a python server which is easy to integrate with django and allows you to push data to a javascript client.  It follows a "publish / subscribe" mechanism, such that one party (can be python on server or javascript on client) can publish data which any other party can receive.  The messages get delivered essentially instantly.  Hookbox will use either a long-polling GET (comet) or html5 websockets if available.
Like I said, doing this stuff right is complicated -- best to move to a higher layer of abstraction and let somebody else's library take care of the delivery mechanics.
--UPDATE Sept 2012--
Hookbox is dead.  Its author abandoned it without even answering emails of people trying to keep it alive.  Try www.pusher.com.


Life doesn't begin at 40, but in many cases it starts to get a lot easier.
You've clambered up the greasy career pole, been through the terrors of new parenthood and turned your back on really bad outfits and haircuts. Here's why your forties are fantastic.
You're still 16 in your own head, but people take you seriously.
Pretending to like Drenge or FKA Twigs isn't going to impress peers who stopped listening to new music in 1997. Freedom from pop culture leaves loads of time for more important things like Better Call Saul and grunting when you get out of chairs.
Remember when you used to dream of that state-of-the-art stereo or big TV you could never afford? Now you can pretty much buy whatever you want! And you don't have to justify it to your dad.
Most of us were pretty awful in our teens and twenties, but if you make it to your forties without being killed or joining UKIP there's a pretty good chance you're a much nicer person than you were back then. You're not trying to project an image any more. You're just looking for a chance to sit down.
When you're 20, insuring a clapped-out Corsa costs about eleventy billion quid. When you're in your forties, you can insure a Ferrari for about a fiver.
You got on board before the bubble.
>>Get your FREE copy of Mark Ford's latest book Living Rich. Sign up here!
You've learnt the hard way that trying to please people can often be a big pain in the backside with very little upside.
Hurrah for incredibly unfair major label record contracts! All your favourite bands are broke, so they're back on tour. Not only can you afford to go this time, but they've all stopped taking drugs and sound so much better than they did back in the day. Just don't look at them.
Cool people don't even notice you. Provided you aren't tooling down the high street in some unholy combination of string vest, fishnet stockings and waders, nobody's going to judge you for having the wrong shoes.
And there's a whole world of exciting cheese to explore too.
Friendships take work, and by your forties the people you're in touch with are the people you actually want to be in touch with. You don't waste time on people you can't be bothered with.
You're young enough to start new things and old enough to finance them and do them properly.
Even if it's just a cup of tea and some toast.


text:
Allen L. Ellison
Candidate for US Senate
Agent@speakersphere.com
http://speakersphere.com
Allen was born in Avon Park, Florida on November 21, 1980 to a minister and a disabilities instructor, both of whom taught him the importance of service. Known for his vision and perspective, he was raised in the agricultural based, rural city of Wauchula, Florida.
After graduating from Hardee Senior High School in 1999, Allen went on to receive his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political Science with a concentration in Business Administration from Florida Southern College where he was elected Treasurer of the Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity, International, FSC Chapter and soon thereafter, became the organization's first African-American President.
During this time, he was actively involved in community organizing initiatives. These efforts led to the creation of The Community Economic Council, Inc. in which he served as Treasurer and later serving as the organization's advocate in Washington, DC. The CEC was created to educate and inspire members of the community on the issues surrounding business ownership, trade and commerce.
During his tenure at the CEC, Allen hosted community forums, town hall meetings and events that were designed to strengthen the communities in the areas of business and home ownership, public-private partnerships, government contracting, financial literacy, trade and commerce.
Allen later founded the Center for Economic & Policy Development. (The Center) to facilitate economic growth throughout Central Florida and rural parts of the country. His vision, core philosophies and strong principles are igniting young future leaders from around the country through The Emerging Leaders Initiative, a project placed under The Center. This initiative facilitates his vision of pairing young bright minds with current leaders in the fields of medicine, science, engineering, law, policy and politics.
In 2018, Allen Ellison, Democratic Nominee for Florida's 17th U.S. Congressional District, made an impressive showing on November 6th to his opponent, an experienced and well known candidate who has served three terms in the Florida House. The youthful political newcomer, Ellison, won an impressive 37.7% of the vote with 62.3 % for his opponent.
This was a remarkable showing for Ellison, considering that his name was not even placed on the ballot as April Freeman, candidate for this Congressional seat died unexpectedly on September 23, 2018, and Ellison beat out several contenders as the replacement candidate.
It was no small task for Ellison who had only 28 days to build and run a campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives in the largest congressional district in Florida that covers the nine sprawling counties of Lee, Sarasota, Polk, Charlotte, De Soto, Okeechobee, Highlands, Glades and Hardee. Ellison spoke to groups throughout the district that is as much rural as urban, meeting with ranchers and growers concerned with threats from the citrus greening disease that imperils this vital industry. He connected with many of the 1.4 million residents of the district.
He is running for office, because he believes in achieving a brighter future for Florida and for this country. Allen believes in fostering an environment to enhance economic opportunities for everyone by providing meaningful job prospects at every skill level. He believes in securing the future of the United States. He feels that the country is in need of new leadership with new ideas in order to overcome new and existing challenges.


text:
Our Presidency
Our Secretariat
Our sister organisations
Traineeships & programmes
Logo & graphic charter
What we stand for +
Our position on
How we make it happen +
With EU countries
With other EU institutions
With national parliaments
Outside the EU
Newsroom +
EU-Mercosur: a strategic relationship
At the end of a series of high-level political meetings in Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, the Chairman of the EPP Group in the European Parliament has called for a qualitative leap in relations between the European Union and these countries.
"Mercosur is going through a difficult period due to the resurgence of protectionism of one of its members, which is unacceptable for the EU", said Joseph Daul.
"Moreover, the fight against corruption, the need for better ability to manage the state apparatus, important efforts to raise the level of education, but also guaranteeing legal security for investors, are all reforms to be undertaken in several Mercosur countries. Europe, which is also going through a period of demanding reforms, must get involved to help and accompany the countries concerned during these changes."
"The Mercosur region is an important partner for us in terms of values and ideals, beyond the strength in our trade. We must develop and strengthen this strategic relationship as much as possible", added Joseph Daul.
The Chairman of the biggest Group in the European Parliament called for negotiations between the European Union and Mercosur to get back on track in the coming months, provided that Buenos Aires reconsiders its position.
"This is in the best interest of our citizens on both sides of the Atlantic and in each of our countries. If we don't, it would be a suicidal strategy for globalisation: let's overcome our differences and move forward."
Joseph Daul reiterated his appeal for the speedy establishment of a political forum which brings together Brazilian parliamentarians and Members of the European Parliament and hopes that this forum is transformed into a fully-fledged inter-parliamentary delegation from 2014.
"As well as the parliamentary delegation with Mercosur, which should continue its work, the parliamentary dimension of EU-Brazil relations must be specifically developed. Brazil is a global power which must assume its role on the global political scene, and which deserves a strong political investment from Europe", concluded Joseph Daul.
The EPP Group is by far the largest political group in the European Parliament with 270 Members and 3 Croatian Observer Members.
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text:
Voyage to Twin Peaks: an interview w/ filmmaker Scott Ryan
Last month I spoke with Scott Ryan, a man of many talents: founder/host of the Red Room Podcast (among others), author of many books (including Scott Luck Stories and an upcoming study of thirtysomething featuring interviews with the entire cast and crew), and finally, the director of the short documentary Voyage to Twin Peaks, which you can rent or buy on Amazon (online previews are here and here). Voyage to Twin Peaks begins by quickly recounting Scott's long history as a superfan before chronicling his first-ever visit to the Twin Peaks Festival in Snoqualmie, Washington (where the TV pilot & feature film were shot). The film is a charming valentine to the festival, the Twin Peaks fan community, and to the world of the show itself (including a poignant farewell to Catherine Coulson, the Log Lady, who appears onscreen here for the last time...well, except for her announced role in Twin Peaks, which may have been shot soon after). Scott and I discussed his new movie, but also much, much more about the show, the film, David Lynch, and Scott's other work and interests.
ME: I want to get to Twin Peaks in a second but I was actually really intrigued by that thirtysomething project. I've only seen a few episodes but I have this fascination with how baby boomers in the sixties are portrayed through different eras in different media. That is right in the era of Wonder Years, a few years before Field of Dreams, and the boomers are now parents and they're reflecting on their past and present in media.
SCOTT: Obviously, I love Twin Peaks. But thirtysomething is my all-time favorite show. It's just a piece of art. It happened at the same time on the same network. And in fact, thirtysomething and Twin Peaks were canceled on the same day with the same penstroke. The book is basically about the art of crafting the show. So I'm really excited for it to come out in 2017.
You interviewed thirty-eight cast members, would you say you got all the big ones?
I actually got 100% of the cast and 100% of the writing staff.
Who was the creator of that show again?
Marshall Herskovitz and Ed Zwick.
You interviewed Ed Zwick?
I interviewed Ed Zwick and he was the most intelligent human I ever spoke to in my life. When you transcribe you're kind of guessing where the person is gonna go and you're typing along and they're gonna use similar words. Every word he used I had to pause and Google! He was just brilliant. Winnie Holtzman was a writer on that show who went on to do Wicked and all kinds of things. So I got to talk to some amazing people, it was a charmed project.
You have a thirtysomething podcast too, right?
Right, and some of the interviews have come out that way and that's what sparked it. But not everyone wanted to talk for the podcast - people look down on podcasting. Once it switched to a book they were willing to speak to me which was great. Also, Josh and I are just starting a Red Room Podcast book. We've been talking about it forever, now that we have five years.
I know you started Red Room Podcast in 2011, 2010, right?
2011. Actually, it's strange, tomorrow is the fifth anniversary. I think our second episode was about Fire Walk With Me. But we mostly were covering a lot of other things. It's really just been in the past year when Twin Peaks has come back that we really covered it because we don't do episode by episode. My co-host Josh Minton and I, we like to view TV as art but we use Twin Peaks to base it on, which is why we called it The Red Room.
Over the years was there waxing and waning of Twin Peaks or would you say you always steadily engaged with it on some level?
Me personally, I have always been engaged with Twin Peaks since the summer of 1990. There has never been a time when my Fire Walk With Me poster hasn't hung above my computer and I've lived in about eight places since then. Anyone I've met: you haven't seen Twin Peaks? Well, if we're gonna be friends, you're gonna sit your ass down and watch it. (laughs) I still have every clipping about Twin Peaks from the USA Today in a box. I just saved everything. I was just totally obsessed with it. I checked the ratings every week. It sat there at 74, and I just knew it was gonna go. You just thought every episode could be the last one that aired.
Did you originally have a longer cut of Voyage to Twin Peaks' introduction, with the montage of your Twin Peaks collection? I actually wanted even more because I love the personal stories.
It actually was four and a half minutes long, and I told my whole story. And I let Brad Dukes and David Bushman watch the first four minutes and both of them without knowing what the other person said, said it was too long and you need to get to the Fest quickly. It broke my heart because I spent so much time on it. Literally I spent more time on doing that beginning than I did the rest of the movie. Because it was all about timing, what you were seeing, and I loved it and it really told my whole story. And then, when two people tell you something that don't know, they had the exact same criticism, then it's true. I just whacked it down to a minute and fifteen seconds and boom, we're at the Fest. Then I showed it to the next person and they were like, I like that beginning part - could it be a little bit longer!
It wouldn't be a complaint, I would just love to see…the missing pieces where you have a long montage.
It's on YouTube, the original thing, it's about four and half minutes. I think it's listed as "Voyage to Twin Peaks preview 2". How did you think that the film played? Because it's not very Lynchian, it has some humor - was that offputting to you or not?
No, I loved the fact that it was its own thing. It's Twin Peaks through your eyes, that's how I took it. And I found it very charming - this was your heart and soul: "my" voyage into Twin Peaks. I think you gave it the right form. I would imagine if I saw a longer cut I probably would feel ok, this is too long. There's that satisfaction in boiling things down to their essence and then feeling like you want to see more but you don't need to.
That is what I'm best at as a director, is shortening up. I don't overstay my welcome. I really like my movies to make people go, what? That's the end? Even this one, you're surprised when the credits hit. I'm actually working on getting another feature film up on Amazon that I made three years ago called Meet Abby. And the number one complaint I had for that was: but it ended too soon! It's just getting to the point…and to me that's what the whole story was about. Everyone who did see it, the ending is shocking to you and I love that. Not everyone does. People want it all spelled out. Even our podcast is that way, we try to keep it to forty-five minutes. So many people do two- or three-hour podcasts and I'd rather people go, that was good, I want more.
When they were wrapping everyone in plastic [at the Festival], I wondered is that a little too much, the murder victim...but the other part of it was just visceral. I was like, man, I could not be wrapped in plastic. Every time they put the plastic over someone's face I was suffocating watching it. Oh God! You're braver than I am in that sense.
As a filmmaker, there is no doubt that in that part you are "making fun of the fans". That's why I go first. If you're gonna laugh at someone, you're gonna laugh at me. When people see the film outside, everyone laughs, they're like you've gotta be kidding me, I can't believe you did this. But it has to be me who goes first because I wouldn't make fun of anyone for doing it. Because when I was there, I got wrapped in plastic, I laid at the rock.
You're going to the Washington Fest again this year, right?
And then they show your film at the UK one, but you're not going to be at that one?
No, I'm going to that one too. I'm actually hitting all three of the fests this year: the Great Southern, they played my movie, the Seattle one, they're playing the movie, and then heading out to the UK, who's playing it. So it's a charmed Twin Peaks year for me!
I know you hadn't been to the Washington one before last year - had you been to any Twin Peaks festivals before? Or was that the first?
I had not. It's funny, the reason I never went is solely because if Laura Palmer [Sheryl Lee] wasn't there, I thought I'm going to be so disappointed. And then the one year she did show up and that was the twentieth anniversary. This was the twenty-fifth, and I thought: it's twenty-five years later and I think she's gonna go. So that's why I decided to head out. She wasn't there, but what I really learned in the end is that the festival is not about the celebrities. That isn't why you go, and who cares who's there? It's about the fans, it's the location, and it's the feeling that you get. So I actually could care less who's there this year.
Well, it was funny watching it and seeing all the people. Just being online the past few years and engaging with different Twin Peaks people…it's like oh, I know that name. Having a virtual community come together and actually be a physical one - what was that experience like for you?
I'm not a religious or spiritual person at all but it was what I imagine religion, spiritualness – good luck transcribing that word! – was like. I was honestly transformed for months after the Fest and I'm so curious to find out if this is gonna happen to me again. I really felt like someone who had...I hate to say "see the face of God" because I didn't remove my arm afterwards! I felt this peace and goodwill and I didn't really realize that until the last day. When I went there I was thinking about getting the celebrity interviews, and filming the locations, and that's what most of the front part of the documentary was about. Then it was the last day that I realized I had made all these friends. That's when I started doing the interviews that end the documentary. And I was like, this is what the whole thing should have been about. I learn as the movie was going on because I was living it.
Is it pretty much in chronological order of how it happened?
That makes sense because it did have that flow to it. When you went there, it sounds like you really were thinking of this as a filming project. You went there with a mission to make a film about the festival?
Well, I didn't know. I've been making movies since I was sixteen years old. I've done this my whole life. So if I was going out there I thought, I'm gonna bring the video camera. I don't know what I'm gonna do but I want to have the option. I want to film it and see if I get something. There's a scene in the documentary where we're at Big Ed and Nadine's house and I was just filming the house, getting an establishing shot. And the lady who lives there opens the door and comes out and starts talking to us. Well, that was just serendipity that I was filming. You know, obviously I'm gonna put this part in the documentary! I didn't know what I was gonna do in the front part. Had I known, I feel like I would have done a lot more interviews with the fans and focused that way, but you have to make it with the footage that you have.
With the people that you met, had you met any of them before or were they all first-timers? I know you'd met some of them online and talked to them before, but had you met anybody in the flesh?
I have never thought of this before, but no, I hadn't. But I felt like I knew Brad Dukes [author of Reflections: An Oral History of Twin Peaks]. In fact we went out a day early and spent a day with Brad. My wife Jen filmed me and Brad just talking, and she got a great shot of me the first time where I see the falls and things like that. So it was emotional. I just met Brad that day but it's like we were best friends forever. So no, I never thought of it before but I didn't know one person. Even Courtney Stallings - she does some blogging for the Red Room, we hung out with her. The story that I love to tell is that my wife and I went to breakfast at a truck stop across from the hotel. And we're just sitting there eating, and these two people come in that I recognize from the weekend. We had two extra seats so we said, you wanna sit down? They ended up being from England and we just talked. We stayed there for an hour and a half, we ended up driving to a couple events. Now we're going to England to see them! And it's all because we watched the same show. My analogy is, can you imagine going to your local diner, going out for breakfast and someone would go up to you and say, hey, did you ever see an episode of Everyone Loves Raymond? And you'd be like yeah. Good, I'm sitting with you! I mean that's crazy. And now we're really good friends with these people. It's hard to explain.
It's funny what you were saying before about Twin Peaks, and then saying thirtysomething's your favorite show. I almost feel like...I mean it is a TV show but it's kind of not. It's something different almost… There's a weird culture where the TV show is almost the tip of the iceberg in a weird way.
I agree with you. And you can't explain it to someone who doesn't know. I've become friends with John Thorne [publisher of Wrapped in Plastic, the Twin Peaks magazine that ran from 1992 to 2005]...that was the other thing – you wanna talk about meeting someone last year, I met John Thorne and I felt like I'd met a celebrity. He was the most unassuming guy and Wrapped in Plastic had meant so much to me. I asked him, would you meet me for breakfast tomorrow morning and he's like sure! And I'm like oh my God, I'm having breakfast with John Thorne at the Double R Diner! It was just crazy.
So how long did you wait to tell him that you didn't like the Deer Meadow theory [John's theory that first part of Fire Walk With Me is a dream]?
(laughs) I think we actually talked about Wild at Heart. I had always wondered why they didn't cover Wild at Heart until the seventy-fourth out of seventy-five issues. So I asked him, and that's when he said he doesn't like Wild at Heart. And we actually argue about that more than Deer Meadow; his Deer Meadow theory is a brilliant theory except for the fact that it's 100% wrong! In Wild at Heart I take the journey that Lynch wants me to take and I really believe in their love story. The scene that I like to talk about - it's so relevant right now today that it's crazy that it's not trending or going viral - is where she's flipping through the radio and hearing all the violence. And then she pulls over and they start doing this kick and the music's ridiculous and they're kicking...but then it fades to this beautiful Hollywood lullaby. Then they hug and there's the sunset in between them. And to me that's Lynch. He's saying, Don't you realize that isn't real love? Real love is kicking and screaming because that's what your partner needs. And to me, it's just beautiful. That scene carries the whole movie for me. What's your favorite Lynch movie that's not Twin Peaks, not Fire Walk With Me?
Mulholland Drive is kind of my "official" favorite, but on a personal level my favorite might be The Straight Story. I really like that film. That's a Rosetta Stone film because it's got none of the surrealism, it's got none of the dark violence, and yet it's still so fully Lynchian. He didn't even write it, but it's got that essence of Lynch that lets you understand what he's doing with all the other ones. And I think that's especially true for people who would dismiss and go oh, he's weird for the sake of being weird. No, I feel all of his stories, at their heart, they have the same sensibility as The Straight Story. And then they have all this other cool stuff that I love attached to it. But I really like that film.
My all-time favorite theatrical Lynch shot is in The Straight Story. It's the very first shot in the movie. You come in between the two houses and you don't know which direction you're gonna go. You could go to that house, you could go to this house. Then you just slowly go into that house and it's still bringing you into the story. I love that shot. I think it's fascinating that both of us picked the two Lynch films that are explainable. What I argue with John about, I think the reason he doesn't like Wild at Heart is because even your mom would know that it's based on The Wizard of Oz because it's so in your face. Wild at Heart is very understandable, and The Straight Story is very understandable. And that's okay too. I love The Straight Story too. I feel like people don't give it as much due. This is a rough question, but which do you prefer, Twin Peaks the series or Fire Walk With Me?
The film. Fire Walk With Me. And it is a little apples and oranges, partly because the series is so uneven. There's three different ways to look at it: the series as a whole, the series as the best episodes, or the series as a greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts type of thing. I think overall what I've become most interested in is this idea of a meta-Twin Peaks that all these things are a part of. Before the Missing Pieces came out, I really had trouble seeing the film and the series as being equal parts of the bigger story. They were challenges to one another. Even just a few months before the Missing Pieces came out, I was noticing a lot of – it seemed like the slight majority opinion of people I encountered was like oh, this is bad, or disappointing, or not up to the series. It was like you had to choose a side or something. So I was like, I'm gonna choose a side, I'm going with the film for a number of reasons: a) the pure unfiltered David Lynch, b) the fact of Sheryl Lee's great performance, but also because I feel like the film is absolutely necessary for the series. If it just ended with episode 29 and no prequel film was made, there'd be something missing from it. Because Laura would never really have gotten the narrative justice she deserved. And the fact that he went and did that, I think makes the whole project that much more worthwhile. So that's a very long answer to your question but that's my sentiment.
I like your answer a lot because it's what I think too. I think I asked this question on the panel I did in the Great Southern...
You asked is Twin Peaks Laura's story or Cooper's story? And I feel like that's almost a synonym for the question of is your favorite Fire Walk With Me or is it Twin Peaks?
Right. What I've really learned is when you ask a Twin Peaks person any questions about ranking something they get all flustered about it. And they don't want to say anything isn't good and it's like, people, we devoted our lives to this series, we all love it, it doesn't mean you hate David Lynch because you say I like this better than that. But to me, Laura Palmer is the center of it all. And I agree with you 100%. If it wasn't for Fire Walk With Me, it wouldn't be that way. And I've argued with people about it because it isn't Cooper's story. The hero of this story is Laura Palmer. And I'm sitting here, I love to make claims and jump ahead. Laura Palmer better save Agent Cooper in season three. That's what I want.
I tend to agree. It's gonna be exciting because it's not a safe thing – I'm nervous about it a little bit. There's a feeling with what exists that Twin Peaks escaped or achieved its heights by the skin of its teeth. That movie never should have happened for so many reasons. That movie was hexed, cursed, damned, and he made it anyway. You get a little nervous now, with 20/20 hindsight. I'm sure whatever he does is going to be amazing in one regard or another. But is it going to somehow corrupt the heart of Twin Peaks? I don't know.
I look at it a different way. And here's where I'll bust out my skills as being the elder. This is something that John Thorne and I talked about, because we went down this path when the show really aired. It's a different thought process. Everyone wanted there to be another Twin Peaks movie because they wanted to know what happened with Cooper and Bob. Then you find out there's gonna be a Twin Peaks movie. So everyone goes to the movie and they're so certain what they're going to find out. And you don't find that out. And I think the same thing is going to happen with season three. I hear so many people wondering are Bobby and Shelly gonna be together? Catherine and Pete, are they still married – I guess that's a bad example! You know what I mean. Stop doing that! Whatever you think is gonna happen in season three, it's not. Lynch doesn't do what you want. You have to let him do it, and pour over you.
You have to trust.
I don't have any hopes, other than that I want Laura to save Cooper because to me that's what "I'll see you in twenty-five years" means. Here's how I would like to see season three end - and it would never happen because if you remember what I told myself, stop wishing for things! I would love if the last shot of season three is Cooper sitting in the chair in the Red Room and Laura having her hand on his shoulder and having Cooper laughing or crying, having it be flipped. Now, it's not gonna be that but I just hope she saves him. As long as that happens and they keep Laura the hero and never the damsel in distress then I'm happy with season three. I could care less what happens with Shelly and Audrey, if Leo is still holding the spiders over his head, I don't care.
I agree, that's what I mean when I say "corrupt the heart." There's only two things that could make me disappointed. One is if they make somehow the outcome of Laura's struggle not...if it somehow seems to negate the outcome of Fire Walk With Me I would be unhappy. And with the Leland/Bob thing they always walked this tightrope…but he becomes a boring character if he's just this guy who's inhabited.
I really believe that the reason we still talk about Twin Peaks today is because of the awful stories. I think the fact that the lows were so low, I mean Little Nicky! The James story! They are awful stories that you wouldn't expect to see on an episode of Full House. And yet they slip through, and that's fascinating. It's why I don't do good in trivia at the Twin Peaks Fest because they ask so many questions about Little Nicky and I always fast-forward. I've watched that story two times in my entire life. The first time it aired and then one time I hosted a really big gathering where a bunch of people watched the whole series, and I couldn't fast-forward.
In one sitting, like a twenty-four-hour marathon?
No, it actually took a year. I have a lot of ideas about watching Twin Peaks. You do not binge Twin Peaks. That's the worst idea. If you binge, I do not believe that the owl and the fan…you need to sit on Twin Peaks. You need to sit on it, and be scared of Bob and let all that time get into you. Because that's where Twin Peaks happens. Twin Peaks honestly happens when you're not watching it, not when you're watching it.
Follow The Red Room on Twitter, Facebook, and its own website.
Just for fun, I asked Scott to rank Twin Peaks episodes from favorite to least favorite, an exercise I conducted myself last year. Here is the list he provided:
Labels: david lynch, fire walk with me, images, interview, twin peaks, twin peaks interview
speeds said...
A quick question for you re: Twin Peaks and Mulholland Drive (I watched your video series and, unless I missed it in one of the last chapters, I don't think you commented on the following):
Do you think that is Laura and Ronette in Club Silencio in Mulholland Drive, and if so what do you think Lynch saw as the reason for their inclusion? How does it fit, in your mind?
Joel Bocko said...
It definitely doesn't seem to be the actors, but as to whether Lynch purposefully chose lookalikes? I like the idea, especially because I think Laura & Ronette are one of Lynch's crucial blonde/brunette pairs in a way that usually gets overlooked (especially because the climax of their story resembles the climax of Inland Empire, with the blonde rescuing the brunette, even opening a door for her she is able to escape out of). It's so hard to know with Lynch whether he's consciously pulling something, or it's a coincidence, or there is a connection but it's a subconscious one that probably even he couldn't articulate.
FWIW, Phoebe Augustine is listed as an uncredited cast member for Mulholland Drive, as "Woman in Club Silencio"
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0041935/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t72
I know, but anyone can edit IMDb listings (that's why, for example, there were episode counts for the characters in the upcoming season way before anyone knew who would be in how many - and I think they even listed some actors who were dead!). Most likely it was added by someone who saw the conversations on dugpa, etc, and was convinced.
I think it's been pretty thoroughly established it's not Sheryl Lee, from people who were on set, people who've asked her about it, and close study of the frame - but I'm not sure if Augustine ever said anything about it either way.
Personally, I don't think the actress looks enough like Augustine to actually be her. Her mouth seems smaller, her face a little rounder, I can't put my finger on it but it just doesn't read as her to me at all (though it's certainly enough of a general lookalike to serve as a plausible stand-in, if that's what Lynch intended).
The "Laura" one is trickier though, as I said, I think it's been pretty roundly demonstrated it isn't her. I just looked again and the face actually is way more similar than I remembered - but she also looks much older and heavier than contemporaneous photos of Lee.
If I had to put money it, I would guess that Lynch didn't actually have any conscious intention of showing Laura/Ronette doppelgangers in Silencio, but that it was one of those happy coincidences that seem to occur all the time on his sets, maybe because he's plugged in to the right places...
Thanks for your responses, I appreciate that!
Naomi Watts and Rebekah Del Rio are both listed on the cast list for the new episodes, but not Laura Harring, will be interesting to see if their characters will be new or related to Mulholland Drive?!


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text:
Fidel André (* 1770; † 22. Juni 1827 in Freiburg im Breisgau) war ein deutscher Politiker und von 1824 bis 1827 Oberbürgermeister von Freiburg.

Leben
Am 28. April 1824 wählten die Freiburger Zünfte Fidel André als Nachfolger von Johann Josef Adrians zum Oberbürgermeister. André war Mitinhaber der Eisenwarenhandlung André und Kuenzer, die auf der Kartause und an dem Staig zwei Eisenwerke betrieb.

In die Amtszeit Andrés fällt die Gründung der aus der Beurbarungsgesellschaft hervorgegangenen Städtischen Sparkasse, des Freiburger Kunstvereins und der Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der Geschichtskunde, aus der später der Freiburger Geschichtsverein Schau-ins-Land entstand.

1825 war Fidel André auch Abgeordneter in der Zweiten Kammer der badischen Ständeversammlung.

André starb unerwartet am 22. Juni 1827

Literatur
 Michaela Hartmann, Heiko Haumann, Annette Lindner, Rüdiger von Treskow und Hartmut Zoche, Der Makel des Revolutionismus und ein Ende mit Schrecken (1815–1849) in: Heiko Haumann und Hans Schadek (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Freiburg im Breisgau, Band 3, Konrad Theiss Verlag GmbH, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 978-3-8062-1635-6
 Karin-Anne Böttcher, Mittler zwischen Staat und Stadt, LOK3, Badische Zeitung vom 30. September 1998

Einzelnachweise

Bürgermeister (Freiburg im Breisgau)
Mitglied der Zweiten Kammer der Badischen Ständeversammlung
Badener
Deutscher
Geboren 1770
Gestorben 1827
Mann


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Yes, it is a tough draw against Paris, but Manchester United have been a different animal since Ole Gunnar Solskjær replaced Jose Mourinho at the helm, winning ten of their 11 games (and drawing the other) under the Norwegian. Rashford has become the first-choice striker at Old Trafford and has been one of the chief beneficiaries of Solskjær's tutelage. Rested in the Premier League at the weekend, the Englishman will be raring to go and is a strong candidate in the captaincy debate.
Spurs have been hit by some notable injuries in attacking areas of late, with both Harry Kane and Dele Alli currently on the sidelines. The onus has therefore fallen on Son to deliver and the South Korean has more than been up to the task. With ten goals in his last 11 Premier League outings, Son's captaincy credentials bear considering as Mauricio Pochettino's men host Bundesliga leaders Borussia Dortmund.
A near permanent fixture in the Captain Marvel articles when available, Messi is always one of the first names on #UCLfantasy teamsheets, and for good reason. The Argentinian only played in four of Barcelona's six group games, but still returned six goals and an assist. Domestically, he continues to be pivotal and is currently the top goalscorer in the top five European leagues. An inviting tie against Lyon means it will be behind-the-sofa time if you have a Messi-less Fantasy squad.
As Manchester City continue their quest for four trophies, Josep Guardiola will be relying on his most trusted players to perform, and that means Sergio Agüero is likely to figure prominently. City's all-time top scorer only started twice in the group stage but scored on both occasions and appears to be guaranteed a starting berth as his side to travel to Germany for the first leg with Schalke. This fixture comes on the last day of matchday seven, so if you've not managed to nail the armband up until that point, Agüero could be your #UCLfantasy saviour.


Ideally situated between Washington and Greenwich Streets just one block from the Hudson River, PH2 at 134 Charles features superlative indoor and outdoor living in the heart of the West Village. As one of only two residences, this 51 foot-wide, 3,300 square-foot, 3- to 4-bedroom home features tremendous scale and privacy.
Upon entering the living room, the scale is immediately felt with grand ceiling heights and one of the apartment's two wood-burning fireplaces overlooking a large, private, south facing, landscaped garden through floor-to-ceiling windows. The dining room, with the same south facing exposure, can comfortably accommodate a 12 person table while the airy and spacious kitchen is highlighted by a commercial grade Garland range, equipped with six burners, dual ovens, and a flattop griddle.
Accessible down one of two hallways, the media room features the home's second wood-burning fireplace. Two additional bedrooms, with en-suite bathrooms, bookend the room, providing privacy and separation. The master suite features secluded garden views, a five-fixture bathroom, hall closets, a walk-in closet, and a dressing room or office.