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Physiological and agronomical evaluation of elite rice varieties for adaptation to heat stress
Vincent Ezin1,
Wassiou Worou Ahanchede1,
Mathieu Anatole Tele Ayenan2,3 &
Adam Ahanchede1
BMC Plant Biology volume 22, Article number: 236 (2022) Cite this article
The increasing temperatures due to climate change around the world poses a serious threat to sustainable crop production. The growing adverse effects of heat stress are putting global food security at great risk. Crop improvement for adaptation to increased temperatures is therefore of paramount importance. This study aims at assessing the effects of heat stress in relation to agro-morphological and physiological traits of six rice varieties. The study was carried out in the Township of Glazoué, a rice-growing area in Benin. The experiments were laid in randomized complete block design with three replications. Two types of stress were imposed: high-temperature stress in the dry season and optimal temperatures in the rainy season. The calculated mean values of morphological, physiological, and agronomic traits were used to estimate heritability, genetic advance, PCA, and correlation.
The results showed that heat stress had a significant (p ≤ 0.01) influence on plant height, leaf length, number of tillers, number of internodes, days to flowering, and days to maturity, 1000-seed weight, and yield per plant. The heat stress had significantly delayed the flowering of all the varieties when compared to the controls. The highest values of 1000-seed weight (34. 67 g) were recorded for BRIZ-8B while the lowest (25.33 g) were recorded for NERICA-L20. The highest values for the genotypic coefficient of variation (43.05%) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (99.13%) were recorded for yield per plant under heat stress. The topmost broad-sense heritability was recorded for grain width (92.72%), followed by days to maturity (69.33%), days to flowering (68.50%), number of grains per panicle (57.35%), and yield (54.55%).
These results showed that BRIZ-8B and BRIZ-10B were the most tolerant to high temperature amongst the six varieties assessed and potentially could be recommended to farmers for production under high temperature and be used in breeding programs to improve heat tolerance in rice.
Rice is among the most consumed staple foods in the world with a total production of 778.6 million tons in 2018 [1]. Globally, the trend of rice consumption is sharply increasing in parallel with global population growth, especially in Africa and Asia where a large proportion of the population generally rely on rice as a daily source of calories [2]. Thus, massive intensification of rice cultivation is needed to ensure global food security. In Africa, rice has become a strategic food because of its contribution to household food security and its impact on national economies [3]. Like most African countries, Benin is faced with changing dietary habits characterized by the increase in rice consumption, which was once considered as a festive food [4]. Consequently, the consumption needs of rice have significantly increased and the national demand for rice was evaluated at 376560 tons in 2015 [5]. Despite the increase in national production from 200,000 tons in 2013 to 459,313 tons in 2018 [1], the production still does not meet the growing demand of the population. The increase in production is related to both yield and harvested area with an annual production growth rate of 3.06 and 8.37%, in 2013 and 2018, respectively [1].
Benin has a large amount of cultivable land for rice production with 205,000 ha of available wetlands [6]. However, it should be noted that the average yield (3 t/ha) is still lower than the world average yield (4 t/ha) [7]. The upshot of all this is that not only the yield is low, but also most of the available lands are not used for rice production. Several organizational, biotic, and abiotic constraints underly this observation. Most of the abiotic stresses are related to soil salinity [8, 9] drought [10], and heat stress [11]. Also, the result of surveys conducted by the AfricaRice in the 12 sub-Saharan African countries showed that drought and climate change effects cause yield losses up to 33% [12].
Rice production has also been intensified in lowland and dryland (upland) rained cropping systems, many of which are threatened by drought and high temperatures [13]. In addition, global climate change is likely to aggravate the current vulnerability of cropping to climate, with a projected increase in global average surface temperature of 1.4–5.8 °C by 2100 and the potential for increased variability in this average [14]. High temperature is generally referred to as an increase in temperature above a threshold for a spell that causes irremediable destruction to crops during growth and development [15]. Temperature increase caused by climate variation affects rice production. Previous studies have shown that the flowering stage and to a lesser extent grain filling are the most susceptible developmental stages of rice to high temperatures [16,17,18]. When rice is subjected to air temperatures above 35 °C, heat injury occurs and two developmental stages are distinguished as the most sensitive to high temperatures; these include the time of flowering and the interval about 9 days before flowering [19]. The projected temperature increase of 2–4 °C by the end of the 21e century [20], poses a threat to rice production. Rice yields under these conditions will be very low, mostly below average, because farmers continue to grow heat sensitive varieties; this is justified by the non-existence of modern high-yielding varieties that are tolerant to heat stress. Controlling high temperatures is a real bottleneck in rice production in Benin. Breeding for heat tolerance has been identified as a cost-efficient option to cope with heat stress [17, 21]. This requires prior knowledge on the heat tolerance status of available germplasm collection. However, in Benin, no information is available on heat-stress-tolerant rice varieties that could be used under local conditions.
This study aims at screening and identifying heat tolerant rice varieties in Benin based on agro-morphological and physiological parameters.
The study was carried out in the Township of Glazoué, located between 2°14′ East longitude and 7°58′ north. The average annual rainfall ranged from 959.56 mm to 1255.5 mm with a peak in July. Figure 1 shows the Township of Glazoué and the location of the experimental site.
Location of the experimental site
A total of six varieties from the cultivated rice species Oryza sativa (IR841) and 05 interspecific varieties (BRIZ-8B, BRIZ-9B, BRIZ-10B) constituted the plant material used (Table 1). They were obtained from the National Agricultural Research Institute of Benin (INRAB). The collection of the rice varieties used in this study complied with institutional, national and international guidelines and legislation.
Table 1 Characteristics of plant materials used in this study
The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates and six varieties. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment was carried out from February to June 2020, the periods of high temperatures in the study area but it should be noted that after flowering the rains began and the temperatures became optimal, which favored the plant recovery and productivity. The second experiment, considered as a control, was conducted from July to November 2020, which is the optimal rice growing season in the study area. Two factors, namely varieties and temperatures were studied.
The seeds were sown and raised in plastic trays for 21 days, and the seedlings were transplanted in rows with two plants per hole according to the pre-established randomization plan. Each variety was planted in 7 rows per plot with an inter-row and intra-row spacing of 25 cm. The data were collected from plants on the 5 rows in the middle while the 2 other rows served as border rows. At vegetative stage, fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 kg/ha for NPK and 50 kg/ha for Urea. Manual weeding was done to keep the field free of weeds.
Daily temperature data of the experimental sites were recorded during the two trials. The growth parameters measured were: plant height, plant diameter at the base point of the stem or tiller, leaf length, and width, number of tillers, number of internodes, internode length, panicle leaf length and width, and plant vigor. These measurements were made on 9 plants per plot. The yield parameters measured included length and width of rice grains, panicle length, number of primary and secondary branches, the average number of empty and full grains per panicle, and weight of 1000 rice grains. Yield-related data were measured on ten selected panicles per plot at harvest.
Physiological data were collected using chlorophyll fluorescence meter (OS30p Opti-Sciences) from fully expanded leaflets clipped from the upper part of the plant canopy, after a 1-h dark adaptation period. Dark fluorescence (Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm), and photochemical yield (Fv / Fm, where Fv = Fm - Fo) were recorded.
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out for all the quantitative data to check whether the factors or their interaction had a significant effect on the parameters. The analysis was performed using R version 4.0.3 (R Core Team, 2021). The means under optimal and high temperatures were compared using Boxplots. The significance level for statistical analysis was set at 5%. The results of the analysis of variance were used to estimate the variance component to calculate the genetic parameters (Table 2).
Table 2 Formulas for the different genetic parameters estimated
The Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to study the correlations between the variables of growth and physiological parameters, and yields and yield components on the different axes which summarized more than half of the information, PCA was also carried out to identify the main features contributing to the variability observed between the varieties. The descriptive statistics highlighting the means of the homogeneous classes served to determine the traits of discrimination of the different groups of varieties generated by the dendrogram. The results of the analysis of variance made it possible to calculate the genetic parameters (Table 2).
Variation in temperature during the trials
The maximum temperatures recorded for 90 days during both trials using the Google Weather application are presented in Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table. During the heat stress season, the temperatures ranged from 36 °C to 39 °C degrees. The highest daily maximum temperature under heat stress condition (39 °C) was recorded in March during the tillering stage The average maximum temperatures under heat stress during the flowering stage was 35 °C under heat stress conditions. The average relative humidity during heat stress was 40%.
Temperature variation in normal condition and under heat stress
Effect of temperature on growth traits
Analysis of the variance (Table 3) revealed that the variety had a significant effect on plant height and leaf length at 30 days after transplanting and on leaf length at 56 days after transplanting (P ≤ 0.0001), panicle leaf length (P ≤ 0.001), plant height at 56 days after transplanting and panicle leaf width (P ≤ 0.01).
Table 3 Significance of plant growth variables
Temperature had significant influence on plant height and plant diameter at the base point of tiller at 30 days after transplanting, number of tillers at 30 and 56 days after transplanting, number of internodes at 30 days after transplanting, internode length at 30 and 56 days after transplanting, and plant vigor at 30 days after transplanting (P ≤ 0.0001), plant height at 56 days after transplanting and panicle leaf width (P ≤ 0.001) (Table 3).
The temperature by variety interaction had a significant effect (P < 0.01) on plant height at 30 days, leaf length 56 days after transplanting, and internode length measured at 30 days after transplanting (Table 3).
Effect of temperature on yield traits
The analysis of the variance (Table 4) showed that the variety had a very highly significant effect (P ≤ 0.0001) on the days to 1% flowering, the days to 50% flowering, the days to maturity of grains, the width of grains, the weight of 1000 grains and the average yield per plant. We observed a significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) of variety on length of panicles, average number of filled grains and the yield per plant (Table 4).
Table 4 Analysis of variance of yield and yield components
The analysis of variance (Table 4) showed that the temperature had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.0001) on days to 1% flowering, the days to 50% flowering, the days to maturity of grains, number of secondary branches, and the weight of 1000G.
Variety by temperature interaction had a significant influence (P ≤ 0.01) on the days to 50% flowering date, days to grain maturity, number of secondary branches number, and 1000G weight.
Effect of temperature on physiological traits
The analysis of variance (Table 5) showed that variety had a significant influence only on the initial value of fluorescence taken at 30 days after transplanting.
Table 5 Significance of physiological variables
Similarly, temperature had a highly significant influence (P ≤ 0.001) on the ratio of variable to initial fluorescence (Fv/Fo) taken at 40 days after transplanting. Temperature had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the initial fluorescence value (Fo) at 30 days after transplanting and the variable fluorescence (Fv) at 40 days after transplanting. In contrast, temperature had no effect on the rest of the physiological parameters.
The interaction between variety and temperature had no effect on the physiological traits. It is therefore concluded that no physiological variable explained the influence of temperature on the varieties.
Comparison of varieties under the two environmental conditions
The variety with the highest plant height under normal conditions (73.96 cm) and heat stress (60.80 cm) was BRIZ-8B (Fig. 3a). BRIZ-9B had the shortest plant height under both optimal and heat stress conditions.
a Boxplots of plant height under normal condition (left) and heat stress (right). b Boxplots of leaf length under normal condition (left) and heat stress (right). c Boxplots of internode length under normal condition (left) and heat stress (right). d Boxplots of flowering date under normal condition (left) and heat stress (right). e Boxplots of the maturity grain date under normal condition (left) and heat stress (right). f Boxplots of the number of secondary panicles. g Boxplots of the weight of thousand grains
Under optimal conditions and heat stress, BRIZ-8B recorded the longest leaves at 56 days after transplanting (Fig. 3b).
Under normal temperature regimes and heat stress, NERICA-L14 and NERICA-L20 had the highest averages of internode length at 30 days (Fig. 3c).
Under optimal conditions, NERICA-L20, NERICA-L14, IR841, BERIZ-9B, and BRIZ-8B had the longest days from sowing date to 50% flowering with an average of 98 days, 97 days, 97 days, and 94 days, respectively. While under heat stress, IR841, NERICA-L20 and NERICA- L14 flowered late (115 days, 115 days, 114 days, respectively). BERIZ-10B had the shortest number of days to 50% flowering under both optimal and heat stress conditions.
Under heat stress, it is observed that NERICA-L20, NERICA-L14, and IR841 matured late at 142 days, 141 days, and 137 days, respectively (Fig. 3e). Under optimal and heat stress conditions, BRIZ-9B showed the shortest days to grain maturity (100 days) (Fig. 3e). Regardless of the conditions, IR841 had the highest variability in days to maturity. Overall, the varieties exhibited higher variation and took longer to mature under heat stress compared to normal conditions (Fig. 3e).
Under optimal conditions, NERICA-L20 had the highest number of secondary branches (30.00), followed by NERICA-L14 (29.00) and BERIZ-8B (27.33). The variety IR841 had the lowest number of secondary branches under optimal conditions with an average of 23.66; while under heat stress the variety BERIZ-8B recorded a low number of secondary branches (12.00).
Under optimal temperature and heat stress conditions, two varieties BERIZ-8B and BERIZ-9B had the highest weight of 1000 grains. Under optimal conditions, BERIZ-8B and BERIZ-9B recorded 37.44 g and 36.78 g, respectively while under heat stress, they recorded 34.67 g and 32.41 g, respectively.
The hierarchical ascending classification (HAC) of rice varieties under both temperature conditions
HAC was used to assess the similarity and dissimilarity between the varieties based on agro-morphological, phenological and physiological data collected. A dendrogram was thus generated according for each type of temperature regime.
Relationship between the varieties under optimal condition
The varieties were clustered into two classes and each cluster is made up of three varieties (Fig. 4). The first group consisted of BRIZ-8B NERICA-L14 and NERICA-L20 while the second group included BRIZ-10B, BRIZ-9B and IR841. Group 1 had the tallest plants, the biggest diameter at the base point of the stem or tiller, the longest and largest leaves, best vigorous plants, the longest internode, longest panicle, highest number of secondary branches, the highest days to maturity and the highest average yields per plant. The variety in group 2 longest grain. Finally, class 3 had varieties with a considerable number of tillers and internodes, longest flowering dates, and highest thousand grain weight compared to the other classes.
Clustering of the varieties under normal condition
Relationship between the varieties under heat stress
The clustering analysis grouped the varieties into three classes (Fig. 5). Class 1 consists of two varieties BRIZ-10B and BRIZ -8B. Class 2 is also made up of two varieties BRIZ-9B and IR841. Finally, the last class is constituted by the varieties NERICA-L14 and NERICA-L20. Individuals in class 1 showed the tallest plants, longest leaf, leaf width at 56 days after transplanting, biggest diameter at the base point of the stem or tiller, longest internode, the highest number of internodes, best vigorous plants, longest panicle leaf width, the shortest days to 50% flowering, the lowest Fo30, and Fm30, the highest Fv/Fm at 40 days and as well as the highest weight of 1000 grains. The varieties of class 2 had the shortest plant height, the largest number of tillers and internodes, the shortest panicle length, the highest values of initial and variable fluorescence, the highest ratio between the initial and variable fluorescence. As for the varieties in class 3 they had the smallest diameter at 30 days after transplanting and number of internode at 30 days, the lowest number of tillers at 30 days, longest panicle leaves, highest value of initial fluorescence, longest panicles, highest number of secondary branches, longest days to 50% flowering and maturity, and longest grains with the highest yields per plant.
Clustering of the varieties under heat stress
Estimation of genetic parameters
Phenotypic and genotypic variation
Phenotypic variance was greater than genotypic variance for all variables under both normal and heat stress conditions. Phenotypic variance ranged from 0.03 to 297.30 under optimal conditions and from 0.01 to 193.30 under heat stress. The plant height at 56 days after transplanting (297.30 optimal conditions and 193.30 under stress) shows the highest phenotypic variance. This variance is followed by panicle leaf length (99.77 under optimal and 72.77 under stress), leaf length at 56 days (70.29 under stress), and grain maturity date (61.27 optimal conditions). Similarly, genotypic variance ranged from 0.07 to 165 under optimal conditions and from 0.01 to 166.36 under heat stress. The traits with the highest genotypic variances were plant height at 56 days (165.03 optimal and 166.36 under stress), length of panicle leaves (85.67 optimal), days to 1% flowering (75, 26 under stress), and grain maturity date (55, 29 optimal).
Coefficient of phenotypic and genotypic variation
For all the traits, the coefficient of phenotypic variation was higher than the coefficient of genotypic variation irrespective of the season (Tables 6 and 7). Under optimal temperature conditions, the number of tillers at 56 days, the length of panicle leaves (23.86%), the average number of full grains (28.43%), the average number of empty grains (55.05%), the average yield per plant (25.62%), and the yield per plot (46.40%) had the highest phenotypic variation coefficients. Under heat stress conditions, plant height at 30 days and 56 days (20.18%), diameter at the base point of the stem or tiller measured at 56 days (30.51%), number of internodes at 30 days (23.80%) and 56 days (27.85%), the length of internodes at 30 days (21.02%), the length of panicle leaves (23, 79%), number of panicles (25.39%), number of secondary branches (24.87%), the average number of empty grains (54.01%), average yield per plant (99.13%), yield per plot (46.40%) which had the highest phenotypic variation coefficient. The characters with moderate phenotypic variation coefficient under optimal conditions are plant height, leaf length measured at 30 days and 56 days after transplanting, number of tillers at 56 days, plant vigor at 30 days, panicle leaf length, thousand seed weight, and average yield per plant. Under heat stress, leaf length at 30 and 56 days, leaf width, diameter at 30 days, number of tillers, number of primary branches, and average number of filled grains had moderate phenotypic variation coefficients. On the other hand, the coefficients of low genotypic variation in optimal conditions are for leaf length at 56 days (9.52%), number of tillers at 30 days (7.85%), number of internodes, number of panicles (1, 98%), panicle length (3.91%), number of primary (2.67%) and secondary branches (7.64), kernel length (5.92%) and kernel width (2.45%), days to 50% flowering (6.94), and days to seed maturity (6.29%). While under heat stress the characters with the lowest genotypic coefficient of variation were leaf width at 56 days (7.97%), diameter at 30 days (6.42), number of tillers at 30 days and 56 days, internode length (8.99), panicle length (7.77), panicle length (7.35%), maturity date (6.29%). Under optimal temperature conditions, panicle leaf length (22.5%), average number of filled (22.73%) and empty grain (30.24), yield per plot (31.85%), had the highest genotypic variation coefficient. While under heat stress, diameter at 56 days (28.75), number of tillers at 30 (20.28) and 56 days (20.76), the length of internodes (24.51%), the average number of empty grain (41.56%), the average yield per plant (40.05%) and the yield per plot (36.54%) are those with the highest genotypic coefficient of variation.
Table 6 Genetic parameters of growth variables
Table 7 Genetic parameters of performance variables
Broad sense heritability of the traits
Under normal temperature conditions, the variables with the highest heritability were leaf length at 56 days (97.98%), thousand grain weight (95.11%), and days to 50% flowering (90.66%) panicle leaf length (85.89%), grain maturity date (85.34%), leaf length at 30 days (84.21%), days to 1% flowering (83.34), plant height at 30 days (78.98%), and panicle length (73.17%) (Tables 6 and 7). Under heat stress, heritability was higher for the following traits: plant diameter at the base point of the stem or tiller (88.79%), leaf length at 56 days (87.04%), plant height at 56 days (86.06%), height at 30 days (72.55%), number of internodes at 56 days (70.00%), days to 50% flowering (69.33%), days to 1% flowering (68.50%).
Growth parameters under heat stress
The results of the analysis of variance showed that the temperature regimes and the variety influenced plant height 30 days after transplanting, the length of the plant, and the length of internodes 56 days after transplanting. The tallest plants under optimal conditions of temperatures and heat stress are BRIZ-8B, NERICA-L14, and NERICA-L20. In fact, these varieties are all interspecific. BRIZ-8B is obtained by crossing a line of TOG5681 with IR64. NERICA-L14 and NERICA-L20 are interspecific with O. glaberrima and O. sativa [22]. According to [23] the O. glaberrima and TOG5681 lines are identified as tolerant to heat stress based on plant size and chlorophyll content. BRIZ-9B was more sensitive to heat stress due to its short plant height observed under both temperature conditions. This is consistent with the work of [24, 25] who demonstrated that high temperature influenced negatively the growth parameters of rice plants. At the same time, BRIZ-10B shows lower height variation when subjected to both temperature conditions. The longest leaves observed in BRIZ-8B under heat stress shows the level of tolerance of this variety to high temperature. The shortest leaves were observed in BRIZ-9B indicating its sensibility to heat stress [26]. showed that an increase in temperature can decrease the rate of seed germination, as well as cause growth inhibition and early senescence of leaves. A temperature higher than 36 °C was observed during the growth phase of heat-stressed plants. It can therefore be stated that this increase in temperature above 36 °C during the growth phase would have had negative effects on the various growth parameters measured. This confirms the results of [27] who showed that temperatures above 32 °C negatively affect all stages of growth and development of rice plants.
Effect of heat stress on yields and yield attributes
The results showed that temperature affected rice yield and its components, notably the days to flowering, days to grain maturity, number of secondary branches, the weight of a thousand grains, and the number of empty grains per panicle.
Heat stress affects the days to flowering of different rice varieties. The shortest day to flowering date was observed in the variety BRIZ-10B, under both optimal and heat stress conditions. We observed that there was an increase in days to flowering under heat stress compared to the optimal temperature condition for all the varieties studied, which is in line with previous results [20, 28]. Under heat stress, during flowering a temperature above 36 °C is recorded. This increase in temperature is therefore responsible for the prolonged days to flowering observed in all varieties. This confirms the results of [11] who showed that above 33 °C, the flowering time of rice plants is delayed. High temperature leads to the modification of days to flowering of rice plants, subsequently causing sterility of spikelet [29]. Flowering (anthers and fertilization) is the most sensitive developmental stage to high temperature in rice [19] and this was observed in the different varieties used in the present study. Variability in flowering and grain maturity dates were much more observed in IR841, NERICA-L14, and NERICA-L20. The Lowest variation was noticed in BRIZ-10B and BRIZ -8B. It indicates that these two varieties BRIZ-10B and BRIZ-8B are tolerant to high temperatures based on days to flowering and grain maturity.
The high temperatures also influenced the thousand grain weight of the different rice varieties. Low thousand grain weights of the varieties were observed under heat stress compared to those obtained at normal temperature. Under high temperature, the post-harvest weight of rice grains decreases considerably [30]. Under heat stress, BRIZ-10B recorded the lowest thousand grain weight. At the same time, BRIZ-8B and NERICA-L14 showed the highest thousand grain weights. Our results are in agreement with [25, 31, 32]. Due to heat stress during the period of maturity, rice grain filling was affected [33]. High temperatures of more than 32 °C during flowering result in reduced grain yield [18]. Heat stress at the onset of the flowering stage reduced the thousand grain weight of rice. The probable reason could be due to pollen sterility or inhibition and the growth of spikelet or poor grain filling [34]. The weight of thousand grains is mainly determined by the development of the integument and endosperm [34]. In adverse environments, such as high temperature, hull size, and grain weight decreased due to abnormal spikelet development [34]. In addition, the growth and development of the rice plant are also influenced by the high temperature at the initial stage of reproduction, which can have negative effects on grain filling [34]. Therefore, this explains the low thousand-grain weights in different varieties under heat stress.
The early rainfall that occurred after 50% flowering was beneficial to the recovery of plants from heat stress. However, the activity of heat stress at the time of grain filling is at the origin of the loss of weight obtained at the end compared to that obtained in optimal conditions.
There was a negative correlation between the high temperature and days to flowering, the weight of thousand grains. The correlation on these variables also confirms the effect of heat stress on flowering and yield. These results corroborate the work of [35] who showed that heat stress affects reproductive development and grain yield of rice.
Effect of heat stress on chlorophyll fluorescence
The results showed that heat stress had no significant influence on the physiological parameters studied. This is contrary to the work of [36, 37] who indicated that drought-induced heat stress influences the physiological mechanisms of rice plants. The very low influence of heat stress on the physiology of rice plants observed could be explained by the non-destruction of the photosynthetic apparatus of the 6 varieties by the long-term mild heat recorded during the trial. This allowed the production and distribution of biomass, especially in the reproductive organs, thus contributing to the different yields obtained. However, the work deserves to be deepened at this level in order to evaluate the capacity of physiological adaptation of these various varieties under conditions of heat stress.
The current study has shown that there could be a combination of plant height, flowering date, and thousand seed weight and heat stress tolerance for some varieties (BRIZ-8B, NERCA-L14, and N BRIZ-10B). The varieties BRIZ-8B, NERICA-L14, and BRIZ-10B developed some mechanisms of tolerance to high temperature, since these varieties demonstrated the highest weight of thousand grains compared to those of the other varieties. In addition, they showed fewer empty spikelets compared to the other varieties.
The results of ANOVA also showed that temperature regime and variety factor significantly affected the number of secondary branches and the maturity date of grains.
PCA results showed that the highest thousand seed weight was associated with higher yield per plant and plot and that a variety with high thousand seed weight under heat stress or normal temperature indicated the highest yield per plant or plot. This is because good grain filling at the time of heat stress resulted in good yield [34].
Genetic variability
Genetic parameters show that genotypic variation is lower than phenotypic variation in all traits except for height, grain length, and thousand seed weights under heat stress. These results are in agreement with [38]. Low genotypic and phenotypic variance reflects low impact of environmental factors on trait expression; while high variance shows the impact of environmental factors on traits. This finding is consistent with previous reports on rice [39]. According to [40], the coefficients of phenotypic variation are low below 11%, moderate between 11 and 20%, and high above 20%. The coefficient of phenotypic variation was higher than the coefficient of genotypic variation for all traits. But the significant difference in some characters such as height, diameter at the base point of the stem or tiller, number of thalli, length of panicle leaves, number of panicles, 1000 seed weight, average yield per plant, and per plot showed that these factors were influenced by the environment under heat stress. The highest PCV % and GCV % values will allow the improvement of genotypes for high temperature tolerance through selection for these desired traits. On the other hand, the lower values of PCV % and GCV % such as panicle length, grain length and width, flowering date, maturity date, indicate the lack of variability; which limits the improvement through the selection of these traits. Our results are in agreement with [41,42,43].
Low, medium and high values of broad heritability were obtained for the different traits. The low values under heat stress were for diameter at the base point of the stem or tiller, internode length, thallus number, panicle leaf length, panicle number, average number of filled grains per panicle and thousand grain weight, suggesting that it will be difficult to improve these traits. These results are in contrast with those obtained by [44,45,46] on rice, which can be explained here by the genetic and environmental difference. High heritability was observed with plant height, flowering date, internode length, panicle leaf width, number of primary branches and yield per plot; suggesting that these traits are highly heritable. The heritability value alone gives no indication of the amount of genetic advance that could result from the selection of the best individuals [47]. Expected genetic advance as a percentage of means revealed variable behavior of traits. In this study leaf length showed high heritability value coupled with a high genetic advance value indicating that genetic effects of additive type are important in determining this trait. The number of primary branches, flowering date and yield per plot showed high heritability coupled with a high genetic advance indicates the effective chance of selection of these traits for yield improvement. Our results are similar to [48,49,50].
In conclusion, the six varieties studied responded differently under heat stress conditions. Our results showed that the BRIZ-8B variety is the most tolerant variety to heat stress on the basis of the morphological and agronomic traits measured. Also, the variety BRIZ-10B is tolerant to heat stress based on yield traits. These varieties (BRIZ-8B, and BRIZ-10B) could serve as breeder's starting material or recommended to farmers for cultivation under heat stress conditions. This study also revealed great morphological and agronomic variability in rice plants. It was noted that there is an influence of environmental factors on the expression of traits under heat stress, illustrated by a more or less large gap between the genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation and a high heritability in the broad sense for most of the traits studied.
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
GV:
Genotypic Variance
Phenotypic Variance
H2 :
Heritability in the broad sense
GCV:
Coefficient of genotypic variation
PCV:
Coefficient of phenotypic variation
Expected genetic gain
HP30:
height at 30 days after transplanting (in cm)
Diat30:
diameter at 30 days after transplanting (in mm)
LongF30:
leaf length at 30 days after transplanting (in cm)
NbT30:
number of tillers at 30 days after transplanting
NbEN30:
number of internodes at 30 days after transplanting
LongEN30:
internode length at 30 days after transplanting (in cm)
LongFP:
panicle leaf length (in cm)
LargFP:
panicle leaf width (in cm)
NPa:
number of Panicle
LongPa:
panicle length
DatF1%:
date of flowering at 1% plant
DatF50%:
date of flowering at 50% plant
DatM:
date at grain maturity
LongG:
grain length (in mm)
LargG:
grain width (in mm)
NbRFP:
number of primary branching
NbRFS:
number of secondary ramification
NbMGP:
average number of full grains per panicle
NbMGV:
average number of empty grains per panicle
P1000G:
weight of thousand grains
RdmPlt:
average yield per rice plant (in kg/m2)
RdPa:
yield per plot (in t/ha)
Fo30:
Initial value of fluorescence after 30 days of transplanting
Fm30:
Maximum value of fluorescence after 30 days of transplanting
Fv30:
Fluorescence to variable taken at 30 days after transplanting
(Fv/F0)30:
Ratio between variable and initial fluorescence taken at 30 days after transplanting
(Fv/Fm) 30:
Ratio between variable and maximum fluorescence taken at 30 days after transplanting
FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/53. 2020.
Permana H, Murata K, Kashiwagi M, Yamada T, & Kanekatsu M. Screening of Japanese rice cultivars for seeds with heat stress tolerance under hot water disinfection method. Asian J Plant Sci 2017;16(4): 211–220. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2017.211.220
Diagne A, Alia DY, Wopereis MC, Saito K, Nakelse T, Seck PA. Impact of Rice research on income, poverty and food security in Africa: an ex-ante analysis. Realizing Africa's Rice Promise. 2013;390.
Djogbede A Z, Hinvi L C, & Fiogbe ED. Effets de substitution des engrais chimiques par Azolla pinnata en riziculture au Nord Bénin,. Int J Biol Chem Sci 2012;6(6): 3027–3044. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i6.5.
Ballaro G, SouléBG, & Gansari S. Analyse des impacts des politiques et stratégies mises en œuvre par l'Etat dans la filière riz depuis 2008. Cotonou: CCR-B and lares; 2014.
Worou ON. Experimental analysis and modelling of the rainfed rice cropping systems in West Africa., Ph. D. Thesis, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany. 2012;126p.
Arouna A, & Diagne A. Impact de la production de semence riz sur le rendement et le revenu des ménages agricoles: une étude de cas du Bénin. 2013 ;25–26. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.160547.
Ezin V, de la Peña R, Ahanchede A. Physiological and agronomical criteria for screening tomato genotypes for tolerance to salinity. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem. 2010;9(10):1641–56.
Sikirou M, Shittu A, Konaté K, Maji A, Ngaujah A, Sanni K, Ogunbayo S, Akintayo I, Saito K, Dramé, K. Screening African rice (Oryza glaberrima) for tolerance to abiotic stresses: I. Fe toxicity Field Crops Research, 2018;220(1): 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.04.016
Ezin V, Houessou F, Bryla R, Ahanchede A. Phenotypic plasticity of drought tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) landraces and hybrid cultivars in Benin, Africa. J Food Agric Environ. 2019;17(3/4):45–53. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2019.5565.
Jagadish S, Craufurd WT. High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Exp Bot. 2007;58(7):1627–35 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm003.
Rice A. Participatory varietal selection of Rice - the Technicien's Manuel, vol. 120. Cotonou Benin; 2010.
Brady N. Symposium on cropping systems Research and Development for the Asian Rice farmer. (Los Banos (Philippines); 1977. p. 21–4.
IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, van der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson CA, editors. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press; p. 881.
Khan S, Anwar S, Ashraf MY, Khaliq B, Sun M, Hussain S, et al. Mechanisms and adaptation strategies to improve heat tolerance in Rice. A Review Plants. 2019;8(11):508 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110508.
Fahad S, Hussain S, Matloob A, Khan FA, Khaliq A, Saud S, et al. Phytohormones and plant responses to salinity stress: a review. Plant Growth Regul. 2015;75:391–404 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-014-0013-y.
Matsui T, Omasa K, Horie T. High temperature at flowering inhibits swelling of pollen grains, a driving force for thecae dehiscence in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Product Sci. 2000;3:430–434. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.3.430
Satake T, Yoshida S. High temperature-induced sterility in indica Rices at flowering. Jpn J Crop Sci. 1978;47(1):6–17 https://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.47.6.
Yoshida S. Fundamental of rice crop science. Los Baños: International Rice Research Institute; 1981. p. 269.
Shah F, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L, Shah T, Chen C, et al. Impact of high-temperature stress on rice plant and its traits related to tolerance. J Agric Sci. 2011;149(5):545–56 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859611000360.
Moukoumbi Y, Sie M, Vodouhe R, Nrsquo B, Toulou B, Ogunbayo S, et al. Assessing phenotypic diversity of interspecific rice varieties usingagro-morphological characterization. J Plant Breed Crop Sci. 2011;3:74–86.
Africa Rice Center (WARDA)/FAO/SAA. NERICA: the new rice for Africa – a compendium. Somado EA, Guei RG, Keya SO, editors. Cotonou: Africa Rice Center (WARDA); Rome: FAO; Tokyo: Sasakawa Africa Association; 2008. p. 210.
Ahmadi N. GRiSP: programme international d'amélioration variétale du riz pour les adaptations aux changements globaux; 2012.
Krishnan P, Ramakrishnan B, Reddy KR, Reddy V. High-Temp Effects Rice. 2011;111:87–206 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387689-8.00004-7.
Korres N, Norsworthy J, Burgos N, Oosterhuis D. Temperature and drought impacts on rice production: an agronomic perspective regarding short-and long-term adaptation measures. Water Resour Rural Dev. 2017;9:12–27 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2016.10.001.
Zinn KE, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Harper JF. Temperature stress and plant sexual reproduction: uncovering the weakest links. J Exp Bot. 2010;61(7):1959–68 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq053.
Aghamolki MTK, Yusop MK, Oad FC, Zakikhani H, Jaafar HZ, Kharidah S, et al. Heat stress effects on yield parameters of selected rice cultivars at reproductive growth stages. J Food Agric Environ. 2014;12(2):741–6.
Hatfield JL, Prueger JH. Temperature extremes: effect on plant growth and development. Weather Climate Extremes. 2015;10:4–10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.08.001.
Kilasi N L, Singh J, Vallejos C E, Ye C, Jagadish S, Kusolwa P, Rathinasabapathi B. Heat stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.): identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for seedling growth under heat stress. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:1578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01578.
Tashiro T, Wardlaw I F. A comparison of the effect of high temperature on grain development in wheat and rice. Ann Bot. 1989;64(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087808.
Duan H, Tong H, Zhu A, Zhang H, Liu L. Effects of heat, drought and their combined effects on morphological structure and physicochemical properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) starch. J Cereal Sci. 2020;95:103059 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103059.
Abayawickrama A, Reinke RF, Fitzgerald MA, Harper JD, Burrows GE. Influence of high daytime temperature during the grain filling stage on fissure formation in rice. J Cereal Sci. 2017;74:256–62.
Sato K, Inaba K. High temperature injury of ripening in rice plant: V. on the barly decline of assimilate storing ability of grains at high temperature. Jpn J Crop Sci. 1976;45(1):156–61. https://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.45.156.
Mohamed H. Heat stress effects on yield parameters of selected rice cultivars at reproductive growth stages. J Food Agric Environ. 2014;12(1):741–6.
Arshad MS, Farooq M, Asch F, Krishna JS, Prasad PV, Siddique KH. Thermal stress impacts reproductive development and grain yield in rice. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2017;115:57–72.
Konate KA. Identification des mécanismes physiologiques et génétiques intervenant dans la tolérance à la sécheresse à partir de l'évaluation de caractères secondaires: cas du riz de bas-fond. 2017.
Izam F, Chang X, Jing R. Mapping QTL for chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics parameters at seedling stage as indicators of heat tolerance in wheat. Euphytica. 2015;202:245–58.
Hosseini S, Sarvestani, Pirdashti H, Afkhami A, Hazrati S. Estimation of heritability and genetic advance for screening some rice genotypes at salt stress conditions. Int J Agron Plant Product. 2012;3(11):475–82.
Sellammal R, Robin S. Genotype by environment interaction and grain yield stability analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under drought. J Progress Agric. 2013;4(2):48–53.
Rasel M, Hassan L, Hoque MIU, Saha SR. Estimation of genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in local landraces of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for the improvement of salinity tolerance. J Bangladesh Agric Univ. 2018;16(1):41–6.
Ahmad F, Hanafi MM, Hakim MA, Rafii MY, Arolu IW, Abdullah SNA. Genetic divergence and heritability of 42 coloured upland rice genotypes (Oryzasativa) as revealed by microsatellites marker and agro-morphological traits. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):0138246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138246.
Ahmadikhah A. Study on selection effect, genetic advance and genetic parameters in rice. Ann Biol Res. 2010;1(4):45–51.
Bekele BD, Naveen G, Rakhi S, Shashidhar H. Genetic evaluation of recombinant inbred lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for grain zinc concentrations, yield related traits and identification of associated SSR markers. Pakistan J Biol Sci. 2013;16(23):1714–21. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1714.1721.
Rasel M, Tahjib U, Arif M, Hossain MA, Sayed MA, Hassan L. Discerning of rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) for morpho-physiological, antioxidant enzyme activity, and molecular markers' responses to induced salt stress at the seedling stage. J Plant Growth Regul. 2020;39:41–59.
Bisne R, Sarawgi A, Verulkar S. Study of heritability, genetic advance and variability for yield contributing characters in rice. Bangladesh J Agric Res. 2009;34:175–9.
Das S, Sarma D, Kalita P. Morpho-physiological variability in boro rice (Oryza Sativa L.). the. Bioscan. 2015;9(1/2):611–9.
Danbe N, Yakouba O, Sobda G, Basga SD, Lendzemo V, Kaouvon P, et al. Caractérisation de la diversité phénotypique et génotypique du Sorgho pluvial dans la zone soudano sahélienne du Cameroun. J Appl Biosci. 2018;129:12973–81. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v129i1.1.
Dhanwani RK, Sarawgi A, Solanki A, Tiwari JK. Genetic variability analysis for various yield attributing and quality traits in rice (O. sativa L.). Bioscan. 2013;8:1403–7.
Dutta P, Dutta P N, Borua P. Morphological traits as selection indices in rice: a statistical view. Univ J Agric Res. 2013;1(3):85–96. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2013.010308.
Kishore NS, Srinivas T, Nagabhushanam U, Pallavi M, Sameera S. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis for yield and yield components in promising rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. SAARC. J Agric For. 2015;13(1):99–108 https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v13i1.24184.
We thank Mr. HOUGBEDJI Paul for allowing us to use his land to carry out this experiment.
No funding was obtained for this study.
Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
Vincent Ezin, Wassiou Worou Ahanchede & Adam Ahanchede
West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, College of Basic and Applied Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Mathieu Anatole Tele Ayenan
World Vegetable Center, West and Central Africa-Coastal and Humid Regions, IITA-Benin Campus, Cotonou, Benin
Vincent Ezin
Wassiou Worou Ahanchede
Adam Ahanchede
VE, WA, and AA conceived and designed the research. WA performed the experiments. VE, and AA assisted with designing the experiments, and revised the article. WA and MATA, analyzed the data. WA drafted the manuscript. VE and MATA revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Vincent Ezin.
12870_2022_3604_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx
Ezin, V., Ahanchede, W.W., Ayenan, M.A.T. et al. Physiological and agronomical evaluation of elite rice varieties for adaptation to heat stress. BMC Plant Biol 22, 236 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03604-x
Rice varieties
Genetic diversity


text:
Lily Collins in awe of Depp
Lily Collins "wouldn't know what to do" if she met Johnny Depp.
The 24-year-old actress is the daughter of British rocker Phil Collins and grew up in a house where Sir Elton John would regularly pop over for a cup of tea.
Lily had posters of Leonardo DiCaprio and boyband 'N Sync on her wall as a teenager, but finds it strange to be mingling with these stars now she's found fame herself.
"I never saw them as celebrities - just normal people with a lot of talent," she reflected to the latest edition of UK magazine Glamour.
"It's funny now to find myself in social situations with my former idols. [I'd never be lost for words] unless maybe it was Johnny Depp. If I met him I wouldn't know what to do with myself."
Lily is fast rising as an A-list Hollywood star after a string of roles in movies such as upcoming adventure drama The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones.
She's rumoured to be dating Taylor Lautner, who she met while filming Abduction, but is reluctant to discuss her love life.
"I entered into this business knowing your private life can't always remain private. I don't feel the need to profess anything publicly or confirm something that in a normal situation you wouldn't have to speak out about," she continued. "If I'm out and photographed with someone, then that is what it is. We took that chance and, whatever... it is what it is."
Lily insists her discretion is down to her upbringing. She witnessed every detail of her parents' divorce being dragged out in public when she was a child, something she wants to avoid happening again.
"That's always my natural feeling. My family went through a lot of very public situations and I saw that side of it from a young age," she admitted. "My mum raised me to be normal, and I wanted to grow up and find out who I was and who I wanted to spend time with before anyone else did."
Lily is close friends with Twilight star Kristen Stewart and The Hunger Games actress Jennifer Lawrence. She hopes to mirror their ability to handle fame as her profile in Hollywood grows.
"Kristen and Jennifer have both done an amazing job of not letting their jobs keep them from being normal, despite being in abnormal situations, so it's about making whatever 'normal' is work for you," she finished.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Perspectives on Science
Starry Messengers: Recent Work in the History of Western Astrology
Anthony Grafton
Perspectives on Science 8.1 (2000) 70-83
[Access article in PDF]
Starry Messengers:
Recent Work in the History of Western Astrology1
In early February 1995 the Economist reported, with characteristic bravura and disdain, on a Brazilian debenture deal. A Sao Paolo bank needed to decide on the timing of a large issue for the Euromarket. The officers determined the answer not by scrutinizing capital markets or predicting exchange rates, but by consulting an astrologer. He showed them that since Jupiter was in his exaltation, the time was right. The vice president in charge followed this advice--admittedly without notifying his superiors--and the deal succeeded.
These methods, the Economist admitted, hardly violated normal practices in Brazil. Astrology-based financial consulting firms like Planum, which advised the bank in this case, and Astro-Call have long flourished there. At that point, however, the reporter abruptly ceased trying to put the use of astrological techniques into context. Instead, the anonymous author took them as evidence for the irrationality of the inhabitants of Brazil, "home to all manner of mysticism, from the Kabbala to Macumba." The slaves, gypsies and Middle Europeans who settled the country, it seems, brought these burdens of irrationalism with them. No wonder, then, that even Brazilian bankers prefer the superstitious consultation of the stars to the rational contemplation of invisible hands. Astrology, at least in the Economist, is an intellectual mark of Cain: a sign of intellectual mayhem. It flourishes in societies that have not yet joined modern Western Europe on the high, austere plains of reason. Astrologers [End Page 70] and their clients are primitive--even when they carry out their consultations in postmodern skyscrapers.
For once, the Economist's sarcasm was not deserved by its object. As more than one scholarly investigation has shown, astrology flourishes wildly nowadays--not only in South America, but also in the land of Ronald and Nancy Reagan and their astrological consultant Joan Quigley, who timed press conferences and advised on Supreme Court appointments for a span of seven years. Americans of "high net worth" consult specialized financial astrologers of their own. The New York politicians and socialites who make up the fin-de-siècle equivalent of Café Society visit stargazing image consultants in chic Park Avenue offices. Theodor Adorno argued long ago in his detailed examination of the astrology column of the Los Angeles Times, The Stars Brought Down to Earth, that a determinist cosmology, which portrayed humans as the prey of larger, impersonal forces, nicely fitted the psychic needs of middle-class American males in the early 1950s. Their "authoritarian" personalities made them eager customers for advice columns that displaced responsibility for their successes and failures onto mysterious unnamed "friends" and "enemies." 2 Astrology was firmly imbedded in the sprawling mosaic of American obsessions long before the New Age dawned. It provided the framework which made hippy culture's interest in birth signs and celestial megaevents intelligible to many who never tuned in or turned on. No wonder, then, that Linda Goodman's Sun Signs sold a record-breaking 2.5 million copies, and remains a perennial in American bookshops even today.
In fact, however--as Adorno grudgingly acknowledged in the German preface to his work, which he assumed no American would read--the modern vogue for astrology began in Europe, not in America. Newspaper astrology columns by the Gypsy Petulengro and his competitors spread through the London tabloids of the 1920s and 30s, long before they reached New York. Recent survey research, moreover, suggests that as many Europeans as Americans--somewhere between 20% and 40% of the population--believe that astrology has some truth to it. 3 Astrology, in short, belongs not only to the past but to the present. Efforts to treat it as a purely marginal phenomenon reflect not the superior rationality of scholars and scientists but their own marginal position, which prevents them from observing the culture they themselves belong to--as well as a [End Page 71] substantial helping of that "condescension of posterity" against which E.P. Thompson so memorably...


My son Tywen and I made a toy wreath. First we cut a torus from a piece of scrap plywood. Then we hot glued on to it several bags of plastic toys from the dollar store. It was fun building up patterns. Time flowed quickly. It made us giggle at times. The thing is completely useless. But it evoked something vague when we hung it outside my studio door. It's pleasing in a strange way. Looks like art to me.


Jeanette Kraus-Meyer auf der Heyde has lived in Berlin since 1977. She studied at the University of the Arts Berlin (UdK) fashion and clothing design and ended her studies with a diploma. Since 1984 she developed as fashion designer women wear collections throughout Germany for renowned companies; Lectureships at public and private fashion schools.
Martin von Ostrowski lives in Berlin since 1981 and works as an artist, art historian and guide. He studied art history, modern German history and modern German literature at the University of Karlsruhe. At the FU Berlin he received his doctorate in 1990 in art history over "German Monumental Fountains 1813-1871".
A city walk or a city tour of two hours cost 180,00 € (incl. 19% VAT).
Every prolongation hour cost 90,00 € (incl. 19 % VAT).
Group size is limited on city walks per guide to a maximum of 15 participants.
On May 25, 2018, the Data Protection Regulation (DSGVO) comes into force. You can contact us writing to our post address, sending an email or calling us. We use all your contact data only for our internal correspondence to answer you. We do not share your contact details with third parties, nor do we feed it to other providers (cloud services, newsletter services etc.) We do not email newsletter. This website does not use or creates cookies, and has only two links to our personnel websites. Everybody of us is responsible for his own website. If other websites set links to ours, these other websites are responsible for their contents. Should other websites, which set links to ours, show contents against German or European law, we will go ahead against these statutory violations as soon as we get to know about it. In our blog all articles are identified by the names of the authors who are responsible for their texts themselves. Copyright for this website (all texts and photos) belongs to Martin von Ostrowski and Jeanette Kraus-Meyer auf der Heyde.


text:
Q: N1QL join with same Bucket with some logic I have below json.
First Campaign
"campaign|1000":{
  "_id": 1000,
  "_type": "Campaign",
  "country": 14,
  "created": "2016-03-08T18:30:00.000Z",
  "user": 45
  "bids":[{
          click:123
         },
        {
           click:50
        }
         ]
}

second USER
"User|257"{
  "IMId": "",
  "IMType": 0,
  "_id": 257,
  "_type": "User",
  "children:[1,4,45,67,106]
  "roles":[4]
  "email": "krishn@inheritx.com",
}

Now I need to join this json  base on who has roles=[4] and join it children with campaign.  here children is user like child 45 means "User|45"
I am trying below query
select Users._id,count(Campaign._id) total from Inheritx Campaign
join Inheritx Users on keys("User|"|| TOSTRING(Campaign.`user`))
join reachEffect realted_users on keys ARRAY "User|" || TOSTRING FOR
c IN Users.children END  where Campaign._type="Campaign" and
Users.roles=[4] group by Users._id

But I need to join with campaign and children of user whose users has roles is 4
I need output like below
{
 user:257
 clicks:157
}

A: Two options.
(1) You can start with campaign, join to users, and then filter on roles afterwards.
(2) You can start with users, filter on roles, and then use an INDEX JOIN to join users to campaigns.
See https://dzone.com/articles/join-faster-with-couchbase-index-joins

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
namespace blink {
namespace scheduler {

class BLINK_PLATFORM_EXPORT SchedulerTqmDelegateImpl
    : public SchedulerTqmDelegate {
 public:
  // |message_loop| is not owned and must outlive the lifetime of this object.
  static scoped_refptr<SchedulerTqmDelegateImpl> Create(
      base::MessageLoop* message_loop,
      std::unique_ptr<base::TickClock> time_source);

  // SchedulerTqmDelegate implementation
  void SetDefaultTaskRunner(
      scoped_refptr<base::SingleThreadTaskRunner> task_runner) override;
  void RestoreDefaultTaskRunner() override;
  bool PostDelayedTask(const tracked_objects::Location& from_here,
                       const base::Closure& task,
                       base::TimeDelta delay) override;
  bool PostNonNestableDelayedTask(const tracked_objects::Location& from_here,
                                  const base::Closure& task,
                                  base::TimeDelta delay) override;
  bool RunsTasksOnCurrentThread() const override;
  bool IsNested() const override;
  base::TimeTicks NowTicks() override;

 protected:
  ~SchedulerTqmDelegateImpl() override;

 private:
  SchedulerTqmDelegateImpl(base::MessageLoop* message_loop,
                           std::unique_ptr<base::TickClock> time_source);

  // Not owned.
  base::MessageLoop* message_loop_;
  scoped_refptr<SingleThreadTaskRunner> message_loop_task_runner_;
  std::unique_ptr<base::TickClock> time_source_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SchedulerTqmDelegateImpl);
};

}  // namespace scheduler
}  // namespace blink

#endif  // THIRD_PARTY_WEBKIT_SOURCE_PLATFORM_SCHEDULER_CHILD_SCHEDULER_TQM_DELEGATE_IMPL_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Camden Chat homepage Horizontal - White Camden Chat a Baltimore Orioles community
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Snakebitten Orioles lose series opener to the Diamondbacks, 6-3
The Orioles were unable to overcome an early deficit against Arizona and fell in game one of the series.
By HarrisonRJ Jul 23, 2019, 12:59am EDT
Share All sharing options for: Snakebitten Orioles lose series opener to the Diamondbacks, 6-3
Photo by Christian Petersen/Getty Images
The Diamondbacks sent nine batters to plate in the first. Yeah, it was that kind of game. And that first inning happened to be an omen for how the rest of the night would go. Aaron Brooks gave up runs early and late in his brief outing and the defense didn't do him any favors.
Right off the bat in the bottom of the first, Arizona scored three runs on five hits and one walk. The runs came on a triple by Eduardo Escobar, a single by Christian Walker and a single by Nick Ahmed. Adam Jones singled on a line drive over the shortstop as well.
A half inning later the Orioles got their first run of the night. It would also be their only run until the fifth. With runners on first and second and no outs in the second, Stevie Wilkerson hit a line drive that was caught by Jones in the right center gap. Trying to throw out Pedro Severino, who was retreating to first, Jones allowed Anthony Santander to take third in the process.
Then Richie Martin drove Santander home with a pop fly single that was dropped on a diving attempt by Jarrod Dyson. Not only did Martin go 2-for-3 at the plate with an RBI on the night, he also showed off his defensive prowess yet again with several impressive plays in the field.
With the Orioles' goose egg replaced with a one, Brooks came back out for the second and settled down a bit, working around a single to pitch a scoreless inning.
Arizona's Adam Jones reached base again in the third on a pop fly double into no-man's land down the line in shallow right. By no means was it an easy play, but the ball was in first baseman Renato Nunez's glove before popping out onto the turf.
The next batter, Jake Lamb, laced a double to left that was misplayed by Santander, who failed to cut the ball off in the gap and as a result, it rolled all the way to the wall and allowed Jones to score.
Wilkerson caught out number one in center and fired a strike to Alberto at third that would have probably nabbed Lamb advancing if it had stayed in Alberto's glove. Alas, it did not, and an error was charged to the Orioles, putting a runner on third with only one out. Lamb then scored on an RBI ground out.
Tonight may have been the longest start of Brooks' brief Orioles career to date, but it was not his most effective. It took the right-hander 73 pitches to get through 3.2 innings. His final pitching line was nine hits, six runs (five earned), one walk and one strikeout. He ended the night with a 5.16 ERA.
Brooks went through the Diamondbacks lineup 2 and 1/3 times, facing 21 batters. He faced the top three in the Arizona lineup in the fourth but was removed after Escobar's second triple of the night with two outs and cleanup hitter Christian Walker coming up.
Reliever Gabriel Ynoa entered the game fresh off five days rest, having thrown 67 pitches in his previous outing on July 17. But he only lasted a grand total of 1.1 innings and just 24 pitches. Although he didn't allow any runs, the right-hander did let an inherited runner score in the fourth when Adam Jones hit a screamer on the ground up the middle for an RBI single.
On offense in the fifth, Alberto flashed some rare power at the plate, hitting a solo home run to left, his sixth of the year. Coming into the game, he was hitting .395/.405/.508 in 126 plate appearances this season against lefties and tonight he was 3-for-4 with a home run against Diamondbacks lefty Robbie Ray.
Two batters after Alberto in the fifth, Nunez hit a solo home run of his own, number 23 on the year. 6-3, Diamondbacks. That was the final scoring the Orioles would muster and it was not enough.
After hitting .444 with four home runs in the last seven days, Trey Mancini was 0-for-4 with two strikeouts tonight in the first game of this series.
Arizona starter Robbie Ray may have allowed two homers on the night, but they were both solo shots. He scattered eight hits over six innings while logging 10 strikeouts and only one walk.
Dylan Bundy will make his return to the mound tomorrow night for the O's when they play the second installment of the series in the desert.
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Joan of Arc in Orleans
by Jean-Jacques Sherrer
A 19th century CE painting by Jean-Jacques Scherrer showing Joan of Arc (1412-1431 CE), victorious after lifting the siege of Orleans during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE). (Museum of Fine Arts, Orleans, France)
Based on Wikipedia content that has been reviewed, edited, and republished. Original image by Jean-Jacques Sherrer. Uploaded by Mark Cartwright, published on 17 March 2020 under the following license: Public Domain. This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.
Joan of Arc (Jeanne D'Arc, l. c. 1412-1431 CE) was a medieval peasant...
Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was an intermittent conflict...
Orleans Cathedral
The Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Sainte-Croix) of Orleans in the...
Causes of the Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) was an intermittent conflict...
The Hundred Years' War: Consequences & Effects
The Hundred Years' War was fought intermittently between England...
The Route of Joan of Arc & The Hundred Years' War c. 1429
A map depicting the state of the Hundred Years' War around 1429...
Sherrer, J. (2020, March 17). Joan of Arc in Orleans. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11998/joan-of-arc-in-orleans/
Sherrer, Jean-Jacques. "Joan of Arc in Orleans." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11998/joan-of-arc-in-orleans/.
Sherrer, Jean-Jacques. "Joan of Arc in Orleans." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Mar 2020. Web. 17 Jan 2022.


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VoicesComment
The government does not care about young people
Young people don't care who brings down youth unemployment, ends unpaid work and takes control of the rental sector - we just want a party that cares enough to try
Caroline Mortimer
Tuesday 12 March 2013 13:29
The government is keen to express how much it cares about young people.
In an Opposition Day today, Labour will call on the Coalition to force companies - awarded government contracts over £1 million - to offer apprenticeships to 16-18 year olds. The party quotes (but does not qualify) recent statistics which suggest the number of apprenticeships are actually down 9,200 from the same point last year.
The government will probably counter it is doing everything it can to help young people back into work already, and no doubt never miss the opportunity to attack Labour's economic record as the problem in the first place.
But while the government and the opposition lock horns over semantics and hyperbole in the warm cocoon of the Commons chamber, young people continue to struggle through their unpaid work experience placements everywhere from Poundland to Parliament itself. They face choosing whether to pay down their mounting debt, cover rent or heating bills and generally wonder whether it will ever get better.
Enter Shaun Bailey. He is a London-based youth worker and Special Adviser to the Conservative party on youth and crime. His job is to give the Tories the best research and advice on its youth policy. He is no doubt a great advocate of young people's rights and opportunities but it comes at a price.
Writing for the Independent immediately before the General Election in 2010 where he stood as the Conservative candidate for Hammersmith and Shepherd's Bush he said: "The development of a whole generation is being stunted. They will enter work much later, if at all, and the longer they spend out of work the less they are developing personally."
He blamed this on the rise of welfare dependency amongst young people and said during the last recession people were more willing to depend on the state as they had done previously.
Since his appointment, Bailey has been incredibly critical about the Coalition policies such as police cuts, the cuts to youth services and the attempted cut to housing benefit for under 25s. But one thing he has always remained silent on is the culture of unpaid work that blights the relationship between young people and their prospective employers.
This ambivalence is perhaps why he decided to advertise for an unpaid intern to work on a community project. The role would involve working three to four days a week in central London with 'some' unspecified expenses.
A spokesperson for Mr Bailey said the entire project was volunteer led and he himself was not taking a salary: "We called the role an internship because we hope to be able to teach the successful candidate a number of skills, such as policy analysis, that are rarely taught to young people just starting their careers.
"Over the course of this short internship, we also hope to develop their professional networks and help mentor them in their future career choices."
Now a non-profit community project which, presumably, will do good for young people, is not on the same scale of abuse as work experience placements stacking shelves in Poundland or becoming a general lackey for profit making companies, but it is still effectively condoning it.
If you can't afford staff and want to get young people involved in the project fine, but there are better ways to go about it. Instead of taking on one person to work full time, take on four to work one day and call them 'volunteers'. Or even take on eight to work half a day per week.
An internship is a loaded term demonstrating it is preparation for employment. A volunteer gets involved out of the goodness of their own heart; they do it for the personal rather than professional reward.
Mounting debt, being unable to pay the rent and an over-reliance on the state are only symptoms of this wider problem. Every major political party's position on youth unemployment seems to be nonsensical.
They want more young people in work and off benefits but think this can be achieved with unpaid work. This represents a massive disconnection with the realities of everyday life or even common sense.
If employers don't have to pay their staff, they won't. If their staff does not earn money they need to get money from somewhere and are forced onto the mercy of the state. If the Coalition is serious about making work pay they should not be advertising for work that doesn't pay.
You can't pay your landlord in skills and experience.
The Bradford West byelection last year was a profound shock to the political establishment, far more so than any UKIP upsurge in Eastleigh. While UKIP was an older, middle class protest vote, the swing in Bradford towards Respect demonstrated young people could no longer be prevailed upon to vote among the 'clan' lines of their parents and grandparents.
Young people don't care who brings down youth unemployment, ends unpaid work and takes control of the rental sector. We just want a party that cares enough to do that and from the poor showing of the current cohort, it doesn't look like that will be happening any time soon.
The Liberal Democrats betrayed us. UKIP and Respect remain charisma-led protest parties with stunt policies. The Greens only have one policy. Labour merely use us as a stick to beat Cameron with at PMQs and attract a stronger showing in their city constituency strongholds. Conservatives see us as problem to be contained and 'dealt with'; their association of youth issues with crime reduction rather than unemployment reduction speaks volumes.
The government and its opposition don't care about young people; they only care about their parliamentary majorities. So it's time for young people to stand up and say so.
1/1The government does not care about young people


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At large in Ballard with Peggy Sturdivant
Trick, or Treat?
By at_large_in_ballard on October 31, 2007 at 11:29 AM
Early this morning I wandered Ballard dressed as Little Red Riding Hood, but instead of warm food in my basket there was a cell phone and digital camera.
Neighbor Bob had warmed his wife car's since the witch outfit is actually a backless dress that her daughter once wore to the prom. I'd asked for a lift to her morning stop at Nervous Nellie's. I didn't plan to wear a costume but how often does one get to wear a thirty-year old wool cape with a bright red hood?
As I walked along NW 56th Street towards Sunset Hill I looked at others differently, just like every Halloween. Is that a costume or is that braided beard real? I noticed that people looked at me more assessingly and wondered if it is just a hint of what's it like to always be looked at with judgment or pity, like someone who might be homeless or who has disabilities.
I paused before crossing 22nd to make sure the approaching driver could see me in the crosswalk, but since I paused, he barely slowed at the Stop while making a right turn. I wished that I'd jumped on his hood, a dramatic spread of yards of bright red satin lining.
On Market Street a Roto-Rooter truck was positioned in front of Shakti Vinyasa Yoga with equipment that I didn't even want to look at. In the QFC parking lot they were raking and rolling steaming hot asphalt. Then I looked to the left and saw that after all these years the demolition was in progress at the corner of NW 24th and 58th. Tucked in my basket was a just delivered copy of the Ballard News Tribune with my piece on the property and the developer. Having been warned last week that demolition was imminent, I'd needed to revise the piece in case it really did happen.
I hope that it's never commonplace for me to watch a building being demolished. The chainsaw was still resting on the stump of the giant tree that was standing yesterday. It was barely 9:30 a.m. but already the corner site was rubble.
The orangeBallard Trick or Treat signs are in the windows of all the merchants on Market Street. The person at the counter at Tall Grass looked vaguely reptilian and a small boy dressed like a tiger was stirring the thick coating of leaves along the sidewalk of NW 24th with his tiny striped feet.
By tomorrow morning the paving will be done at QFC, the sewage line clear on Market Street and the people in the apartments and condominiums along NW 58th and NW 59th will wake to unexpected light from the east, the house and old trees just debris for the dumpster. Good or bad, trick or treat?
Coffee with the developer October 31, 2007
He was waiting for me at the back table of Java Bean; a pleasant-looking man with a cup and saucer of plain coffee beside him. Nebil Dikmen owns the long vacant, graffiti-covered properties at the corner of Northwest 24th and 58th Street. He had offered to show me the development plans for the corner, describing them in advance as "very high quality." I sloughed off rainwater like a drenched dog. There was a pleasing scent of his coffee and European cologne.
I'd contacted him when I decided to organize the 24th Northwest street clean-up. Volunteers wanted to attack his property the most, pull litter from beneath the chain link fence, cut back the weeds, clean along the alley. He called during the clean-up and apologized for not responding sooner, assuring me that the demolition permit had been issued in advance of the building plans being approved; the structures would soon be demolished and the site cleaned. That was late September.
We met in mid-October as he was eager for reaction to his plans from people in the neighborhood, professing that he really wants to put up something they will like. The plans will come before the Design Review Board as part of a permit separate from that for demolition. He'd contacted me as a neighbor; I felt obligated to confess I was also a writer; wielding the description like a warning. Mr. Dikmen still wanted to meet and suggested Java Bean. I warned him again in person but he responded, "Let me show you what we've come up with."
He started with photos of nearby construction such as NoMa, Metropole and Hjarta (still in wraps) and drawings prepared back in 1999 for a previous developer. Then he proudly revealed new plans prepared by the architect Roger Newell.
Sitting across the table from this polite, soft-spoken man I looked at a drawing of pretty green trees flanking a six-story building and felt queasy as though the ground along Northwest 24th had already started to shift. Large evergreen trees, de-limbed on the power line side, a vacant two-story home, and a single-story building that once housed a veterinary clinic currently occupy the properties. Roofing material from the house lies in the yard. Police get calls about vagrants entering and have found evidence of drug use inside. Old and new graffiti mark every side. The current site may be an eyesore but then again it's not a six-story eyesore.
The tasteful drawing with colors didn't include the block of single story businesses on the north side or the former library on the south to put its size in perspective. As per the Master Use Permit issued years ago, this project will be a six-story, 31 unit condominium building. I remarked on a resemblance to certain "dated" looking buildings along the Queen Anne counterbalance.
This will be Mr. Dikmen's third large project; previously he was in the travel business for over 20 years. He's a polite man who has a wife and a mother. He doesn't fit my image of a developer, this man who finds Java Bean a charming change from major chains. But he is planning yet another condominium project on Northwest 24th Street and has asked me for my opinions. I have nothing to lose, except another block that might provide me pleasure on my daily walk to downtown Ballard.
Does it have to be six-story, I asked him? Couldn't it be smaller? There's a shortage of affordable apartments but a glut of condominiums – are you concerned about sales? What about the condo conversion at Lock Vista? What about the new condo's going up at 65th and 24th? Do you really think there will be a market when it is built?
Mr. Dikmen seemed surprised to learn about Lock Vista; not worried about the market because he's looking at least one and a half years ahead. In his opinion the project size is in scale with what will be built on Northwest 24th; once QFC builds its units and the old library site is developed. He was surprised that neither of those projects are pending; he had hoped to coordinate demolition with another project. As for the size, "the Master Use Permit is for 31 units," he reminded me, "in order to recover your margins, you can't make it smaller."
"Are you going to write about this for next week?" he asked, finally addressing the fact that I would be writing about our meeting. "No," I said. I knew I would need more time to work my mind around the plans. "I wish it didn't have to be so big," I told him but made a case for Northwest 24th as the most important north-south pedestrian street in Ballard – a veritable thoroughfare of strollers, Metro users, residents with dogs and coffee swillers on their way to the library, downtown Ballard, and the Farmer's Market. "If it has to be tall," I told him, "don't remind us at the sidewalk level. I want to be visually pleased. I want to be charmed by a new public space, a bench, landscaping, a stoop …."
His phone started ringing: time to meet an arborist at the property. At Java Bean it was hard to remember that he was connected to the decrepit lot. Nebil Dikmen already seems to picture it like the drawing with trees sprung full-grown, the grass impossibly green and residents enjoying their balconies. But then he doesn't walk past it every day. In his parting words he reminded me to let people know that he wants to create something the neighbors will like.
"I want to know their reaction," he said again. He had not ceded any of his points, and I'm not sure that I had made any of my own. Will anyone miss the litter or the graffiti? No, but we can miss the tall trees and the home that once stood tall on that corner before they became so ugly that we wished them gone.
I had trouble writing the piece above and struggled with the final lines. In my mind it wasn't quite done and the ending didn't come to me until I was carrying armloads of bricks from one place in my yard to another on Sunday afternoon. Here's my alternate ending:
"I want to know their reaction," he said again. He had not ceded any of his points, and I'm not sure that I had made any of my own. Will anyone miss the eyesore? No, but the plans don't call for public space, all that's on the table between us are are drawings for another condominium and a coffee cup that's empty.
Peggy Sturdivant
At large in Ballard with Peggy Sturdivant Search
Cuddle Gets Seattle
District 6's City Council Race
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Losing Walter's Cafe on Sunset Hill
They Were the Haftersons


text:
Home › Sermon Archive › Homily for the First Sunday of Lent, March 1, 2020 (NO)
Homily for the First Sunday of Lent, March 1, 2020 (NO)
Posted on March 1, 2020 Fr Richard HeilmanHoly MassGenesis, Matthew, RomansNovus Ordo Mass 953
You are listening to:Homily for the First Sunday of Lent, March 1, 2020 (NO)https://stmarypinebluff.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sermon_2020_03_01_NO.m4a
Fr. Richard Heilman's homily for the First Sunday of Lent at St. Mary of Pine Bluff Catholic Church. Father celebrated Holy Mass in the ordinary form.
Reading 1: Genesis 2:7-9; 3:1-7
Reading 2: Romans 5:12-19
Gospel: Matthew 4:1-11
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