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Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Berkeley, Family of
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< Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900
Berington, Joseph
Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 04
Berkeley, Family of by William Hunt
Berkeley, Craven Fitzhardinge
sister projects: Wikipedia article, Wikidata item.
1904 Errata appended.
1306209Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 04 — Berkeley, Family of1885William Hunt
BERKELEY, Family of. The first tenant of Berkeley after the conquest was Roger, who in 1086 held lands in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire (Domesday, i. 73, 162, 168; Monasticon, i. 549). He bequeathed his lands to his nephew William (Pipe Roll 31 Hen. I, p. 133), founder of the abbey of Kingswood (Monast. v. 425). By this time probably a Norman castle had been built at Berkeley; for Henry spent Easter there in 1121 (Anglo-Saxon Chron.) and Roger, the son and successor of William, having fallen into the hands of Walter, the brother of Miles, earl of Hereford, in the time of the anarchy, was cruelly tortured to make him give up his castle (Gesta Stephani). His son Roger lost some of his lands, and in 12 Hen. II part of Berkeley was held by Robert FitzHarding. As at that date Roger held certain fees of the honour of Berkeley, for which he did no service to Robert, it may be supposed that he had forfeited some part of his estate by opposition to Henry FitzEmpress; that of these forfeited lands part had been granted by the crown to Robert FitzHarding; and that the honour, with the castle of Berkeley, was perhaps still in the king's hand (Liber Niger Scacc. i. 165, 171). An alliance was made between the rival families; for Roger married his daughter Alicia to Maurice, the eldest son of Robert FitzHarding, giving Slimbridge as her marriage portion. In spite of these losses, Roger of Berkeley, as he was still called, retained large estates, and his house was represented in the elder line by the Berkeleys of Dursley (Testa de Nevill, 77), extinct in 1382, and in the younger by the Berkeleys of Cubberley, extinct in 1404 (Fosbroke, Smyth).
The house of Robert FitzHarding, which has held the castle of Berkeley for seven hundred years, descends in the male line from Eadnoth, the 'staller' of Edward the Confessor and of Harold, the son of Godwine (Codex Dipl. iv. 204; Freeman, Norman Conquest, iv. 757), who fell in battle against the sons of Harold in 1067. Of his son Harding (Codex Dipl. iv. 234) William of Malmesbury, speaking of him as then alive, tells us (Gest. Reg. iii. 254) that he was 'better used to whet his tongue in strife than to wield his arms in war.' This Harding may probably be identified with the Harding who, in 1062, subscribed the confessor's Waltham charter as 'reginæ pincerna' (Codex Dipl. iv. 159), and continued after the Conquest in the household of Eadgyth, appearing as a witness to the sale of Combe to Bishop Gisa, transacted in Eadgyth's presence at Wilton in 1072 (Liber Albus, ii. 254 fo. Chapter Records, Wells). In 1086 he held lands in Gloucestershire in pledge of a certain Brihtric, who held them in the time of Edward the Confessor (Domesday, i. 170 b, and Freeman, as above). It is safe to assume that Robert FitzHarding was his son. It is possible that Harding had an elder son, Nicolas, the ancestor of the family of Meriet (Smyth's Lives, p. 19, n. A, ed. Maclean). If this was so, the younger son soon outstripped the elder in wealth. Whether the honour of Berkeley was in the king's hands in 12 Hen. II, or had already passed to the new family, it is certain that before long it was granted to the house of Eadnoth; and on the accession of Richard I Maurice, the son of Robert and the husband of Alicia, procured a charter from the king granting him the lordship of Berkeley Hernesse, to be held by him and his heirs in barony (Lords' Committee, 1829). This charter does not imply that a new grant was made. Like many others of the same date, it probably confirmed a former grant, and Robert FitzHarding is to be held the first lord of Berkeley of the new line. This Robert founded St. Augustine's, in Bristol, as a priory of black canons (Monast. vi. 363). His grandson, Robert [q. v.], the son of Maurice, having joined the baronial party against John, was excommunicated and his castle was seized by the king (Wendover, iii. 297, where, by a confusion arising from the headquarters of the barons being at Brackley, Robert is called De Brackele; but the connection of the name with that of his kinsman, Maurice de Gant, marks the lord of Berkeley; see also p. 356 and Close Rolls 18 John, p. 276). Robert, dying without issue in 1219, was succeeded by his brother Thomas, who obtained seisin of his lands on 5 March 1220 (Close Rolls 4 Hen. III). His grandson, also named (1) Thomas, took an active part in the wars of Edward I against the Welsh, the Scots, and the French. As he received a writ of summons to the parliament of 1295, the date fixed by lawyers as a period of limitation, he is reckoned as the first baron of Berkeley who held and transmitted an hereditary peerage (Lords' Report, App. i. 67). His name is also to be found among the barons who, on 12 Feb. 1301, wrote to Pope Boniface VIII on the subject of his claim to the lordship of Scotland (Fœd. i. 926, 927; Hemingb. ii. 209). As the lords of Berkeley held Bedminster and Redcliff, they were brought into conflict with the burghers of Bristol, who sought to add these estates to their town, and were very jealous of the jurisdiction which the lords exercised in them. This jealousy led to open violence in 1303, and a long struggle ensued between the burghers and the Lord Thomas and his son Maurice (Parl. and Close Rolls 33 Ed. I; Seyer, Hist. of Bristol, ii. 77; Smyth, Lives, 195–200). Shortly before the death of Edward I, Thomas was sent on an embassy to Rome. In the next reign he was taken prisoner at the battle of Bannockburn. He died in 1321, and was succeeded by his son (2) Maurice. A writ of summons was sent to Maurice in 1308 during the lifetime of his father, and thus a dignity was created independent of that which was derived from the writ of 1295 (Nicolas). During the famous insurrection at Bristol Maurice had the satisfaction of being employed against his old enemies, and was made the keeper of the castle and of the town. Having married Margaret, daughter of Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, earl of March, and widow of the Earl of Oxford, he joined the confederacy of the barons against the Despensers, and took part with Hugh of Audley in ravaging their Welsh lands. The Mortimers, however, were forced to submit to the king in January 1322, and Maurice followed their example. He was imprisoned at Wallingford until his death in 1326 (Adam Mur. 33, 36, 40). Queen Isabella released his son (3) Thomas from prison, and gave back the Berkeley estates, for which he paid a relief, 'ut pro baronia' (Lords Comm.) The story told by Froissart (bk. i. c. 162) of the gallantry and capture, at the battle of Poitiers, of a young knight who announced himself as Thomas, lord of Berkeley, has usually (Dugdale) been attributed to this lord. As, however, the chronicler states that this was the first time the young knight unfurled his banner, it is more likely that he was Maurice, the eldest son of Lord Thomas (Smith). In 23 Ed. III this lord levied a fine of his estates at Berkeley and other places, and in 26 Ed. III of the manor of Portbury, by which he settled them on his son Maurice and the heirs male of his body, with remainder to the heirs male of his own body by his second wife Catherine, with remainder to his right heirs. He died in 1361. From his youngest son John descended the Berkeleys of Beyerston Castle, a family of considerable wealth and importance during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which fell into decay early in the seventeenth century (Smyth).
From Sir Maurice (d. at Calais 1346–7), the second son of (2) Lord Maurice, came the Berkeleys of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire, of Bruton and of Pylle, Somerset (now represented by Edward Berkeley-Portman, Baron, 1837, and Viscount Portman, 1873), and of Boycourt, Kent. His son Maurice (d. 1385) married Catherine, daughter of John, Lord Bottetourt. From him came the three brothers. Sir Charles Berkeley (d. 1688), Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia [q. v.], and John, first Lord Berkeley of Stratton [q. v.] This title became extinct in 1773. Sir Charles second son Charles was created by Charles II baron Berkeley of Rathdown, and Viscount Fitzhardinge (Irish honours), and in 1664 Baron Bottetourt of Langport and Earl of Falmouth in England. The earldom became Extinct on his death, 3 June 1665. In 1763 Norborne Berkeley claimed a summons as Baron Bottetourt, he being a lineal descendant of Sir Maurice Berkeley and his wife Catherine. He received a summons in 1764. On his death in 1776 the Bottetourt title again fell into abeyance, until it was revived in 1803 in favour of Henry Somerset, fifth duke of Beaufort. Sir William Berkeley, brother of Charles, earl of Falmouth, who died in battle with the Dutch in June 1665, is noticed below.
Lord Thomas (5), grandson of the Lord Thomas who died m 1361, was one of the commissioners appointed by parliament to renounce sentence of deposition on Richard I (Knighton, ii. 2760; Traison et Mort, 219). He was a warden of the Welsh Marches, and did good service by sea against Owen Glendower and his French allies (Walsingham, ii. 272). He married Margaret, daughter and heiress of Warine, lord l'Isle, and covenanted for himself and his heirs to bear the arms of l'Isle (Nicolas, L'Isle Peerage), He died 1417, leaving his nephew James, son of his brother James, his heir male; but the heir of his body was his only daughter Elizabeth, married to Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, by whom she had three daughters, of whom the eldest, Margaret, mamed John, earl of Shrewsbury. On the death of Lord Thomas the Earl and Countess of Warwick took possession of Berkeley Castle, and did not surrender it until (6) James was found the right heir on a writ of diem clausit supremum. The barony of Berkeley then passed to James, summoned to parliament 1421-61, while the Countess of Warwick took the lands of her mother and such lands of her father as were not settled in tail male. The countess died in 1423 and the earl in 1439. As this Lord James was summoned as seised of Berkeley while the Countess of Warwick was her father's heir, it appears that the tenure of Berkeley Castle did at that time constitute a right and confer a dignity. If, however, claim by tenure is set aside, the summons to Lord James must be regarded as the origin of the present barony, while the baronies created by writ of 25 Ea. I and 2 Ed. II are now in abeyance (Nicolas). Lord James (d. 1462) married Isabel, daughter and coheiress of Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk. Among the minor troubles of the reign of Henry VI must be reckoned the strife between Lord James and his cousin, the Countess of Warwick, supported by her son, Lord l'Isle, in the course of which the Earl of Shrewsbury seized Isabel, Lord James's wife, at Gloucester, and kept her in prison until her death. The sole heir of the Countess Margaret in 1829 appears to have been Sir Thomas Shelley Sidney (Nicolas). From Thomas, youngest son of Lord James, was descended Chief-Baron Sir Robert Berkeley, d. 1666 [q. v.], of Spetchley, from whom in the male line is descended Robert Berkeley, Esq., of Spetchley (b. 1823). William (7), the eldest son of James, summoned as baron 1467, was created viscount by Edward IV by patent 12 April 1481, Earl of Nottingham by Richard III 28 June 1483, Earl Alarshal 1485, and Marquis of Berkeley 1488, with remainder to the heirs of his body. In order to spite his brother (8) Maurice, who was his heir presumptive, he suffered a recovery of the castle and lands of Berkeley, and so gained the fee simple, convening the same to be held to his own use in tail general, with remainder to the king (Henry VII) in tail male, with remainder to his own heirs. Accordingly, on his death without issue, the castle passed for a while from the house of Berkeley, and his brother Maurice, not being seised of it, received no summons to parliament, and was described as a commoner (Lords' Comm. No. 31, 32). It has, however, been proved that his son (9) Maurice received a summons (14 Hen. VIII); for a letter is extant addressed to him while governor of Calais by Lord Chief-Baron John FitzJames and others, and dated 6 May 1523, in which the writers advise him to obey the summons, though he had not the rome in the parlement chamber that the lordds of Berkeley have hadde of olde time.' By which it appears that this writ of 14 Hen. VIII created a new barony, the old barony by tenure (claimed in 1829) being suspended while the Berkeleys were disseised of the castle. On the other hand, (10) Lord Thomas, son of this Maurice, though disseised of the castle, took his seat in the precedence of the barony of 1295 Nicolas, L'Isle Peerage). Although the Berkeleys lost the lordship of the castle by the settlement made by the Marquis "William, they appear to have enjoyed the building as constables of the king until, on the death of Edward VI, the castle reverted to (12) Henry, the grandson of (10) Thomas, special livery being made of the estates in 1 Philip and Mary, he being a minor. It is to be noted that this lord, though seised of the castle, yet had a lower place in parliament than his grandfather, being below the Lords Abergavenny, Audley, and Strange, who would not have been entitled to sit above him had it been held that his barony had been conferred by writ of 23 Ed. I. This lord was a mighty hunter. Queen Elizabeth visited Berkeley in 1663, when, as it happened, Lord Henry was absent from the castle. As was often the case, the royal visit caused great havoc in the deer park. In great wrath Lord Henry had the land disparked. When the queen heard it, she sent to bid him beware of his words and actions; for the Earl of Leicester greatly desired the castle for himself (Smyth). Lord Henry died in 1613. His first wife was Catherine, daughter of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey. He was succeeded by his grandson, (13) George [q. v.], who died 1668. The next lord, (14) also named George, who died 1698 [q. v.], petitioned in May 1661 for a higher place in the House of Lords than that assigned to him, claiming precedence of the Lords la Warr, Abergavenny, and Audley, on the ground that the seisin of the castle of Berkeley conferred a barony precedent to the writ of 1295, and alleging that (9) Maurice, not being seised of the castle, received a summons only as a puisne baron. The claim remained undecided as late as 1673, at which date it disappears. Lord Berkeley was created Viscount Dursley and Earl of Berkeley by patent 11 Sept. 1679. His fifth daughter, the Lady Henrietta, was notorious for her elopement with her brother-in-law, Ford, Lord Grey of Werke (Trial of Ford, Lord Grey of Werke; A New Vision of Lady G—'s, 1682; Luttrell, Diary, i. 229, 234, 239; Macaulay, i. 530). She died unmarried in 1710. Charles (15), second earl, was in July 1689 called to the House of Lords as Baron Berkeley of Berkeley, his father being then alive. From that year till 1695 he was envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the States of Holland. He died in 1710, and was succeeded by his second son, (16) James, third earl [q. v.], who married Lady Louisa Lennox, and died in 1736. His only son was (17) Augustus, fourth earl, who was a general in the army, held a command against the rebels in 1745, and died 9 Jan. 1755. The second surviving son of this earl was George Cranfield Berkeley, the admiral [q. v.] The fifth earl, (18) Frederick Augustus, was a minor at his father's death, and took his seat 8 June 1766. He married Mary, daughter of William Cole, at Lambeth, 16 May 1796, a previous marriage having, it was alleged, been celebrated between them at Berkeley by the vicar of the parish 30 March 1785. This alleged ceremony was, however, kept secret until after the Lambeth marriage, the lady being known between the two dates as Miss Tudor. By this lady Earl Berkeley had his eldest son, William Fitzhardinge, born 1786, his second son, Maurice Frederick Fitzhardinge, his fifth son, Thomas Moreton Fitzhardinge, born 19 Oct. 1796, his sixth son, Charles Grantley Fitzhardinge [q. v.], and other children. After the Lambeth marriage a certificate of the Berkeley ceremony was produced, having been recovered, it was alleged, binder very strange circumstances. The earl having announced his former marriage, his eldest son William, commonly called Viscount Dursley, and at that time M.P. for the county of Gloucester, obtained leave in 1799 to lay his pedigree before the lords committee of privileges, and in 1801, in a suit to perpetuate testimony, the earl made a deposition giving full 5art iculars concerning the Berkeley ceremony, the earl died in 1810, and his son William applied to be summoned as next earl. In March 1811 the committee of privileges decided that the Berkeley marriage was not then proved, and that the petitioner's claim was not made out. Colonel William Berkeley received the castle of Berkeley and the other estates of the late earl by will, and on 2 July, after the adverse decision of the lords' committee, claimed a writ of summons as baron, pleading his right as seised of the castle. The claim was fully laid before the committee of privileges 1828-9. It was based on points to which reference has been made above, viz. (to mention the chief arguments) that the barony described in the charter of 1 Ric. I was precedent to the writ of 23 Ed. I; that in 6 Hen. V the baronial dignity did not descend to the heir-general of Lord Thomas, but followed the seisin of the castle, which was then in (6) James, his nephew and heir male; that (8) Maurice, the heir-at-law of the Earl of Nottingham, was not summoned, being disseised of the castle, and that his son did not sit as a peer. But besides other difficulties, which may be fathered from the above, it had been declared by the king in council in 1669 that barony by tenure was 'not in being, and so not fit to be revived. The lords pronounced no judgment on this case. In 1831, however, Colonel Berkeley was created Baron Segrave of Berkeley, and in 1841 Earl Fitzhardinge. He died unmarried 10 Oct. 1857, and his titles thus became extinct. His next brother and heir, the Right Hon. Maurice F. Fitzhardinge Berkeley [q. v.], was in 1861 created Baron Fitzhardinge, and on his death, in 1867, was succeeded by his son, F. W. Fitzhardinge, Baron Fitzhardinge, born 1826, living 1885. On the failure of Colonel Berkeley to prove the alleged Berkeley marriage of his mother, the right to the earldom of Berkeley vested in (19) Thomas Moreton Fitzhardinge Berkeley, the eldest of the sons born after the Lambeth marriage. But although earl de jure he refused to claim his right. He died unmarried 27 Aug. 1882. On his death the earldom of Berkeley descended to George Lennox Rawdon Berkeley, seventh earl (born 1827, living 1885), the son of Sir G. H. F. Berkeley, K.C.B.. eldest son of Admiral Sir G. Cranfield Berkeley, brother of Frederick Augustus, fifth earl. The barony descended to Louisa Mary, daughter of Craven Fitzhardinge Berkeley [q. v.]
[Smyth's Lives of the Berkeleys, ed. Sir J. Maclean, 1 vol. privately printed, 1883; Fosbroke's Berkeley MSS.; Sir H. Nicolas's L'Isle Peerage Claim and Historic Peerage; Minutes of Lords' Committee of Privileges, No. 12, 1829; Address to the Peers by Mary, Countess of Berkeley, 1811; Lords' Reports on Dignity of a Peer; Dugdale's Baronage; Banks' Extinct and Dormant Peerages.]
W. H.
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.23
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
Page Col. Line
340 i 1-2 Berkeley, Family of: for probably . . . Berkeley; for read a small castle built at Berkeley by William FitzOsbern (Domesday 163) had probably given place to one of greater size, when
343 i 10-11 omit and at that time . . . Gloucester
17 before applied insert who was then M.P. for the county of Gloucester
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InfluenceWatch Podcast
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We found 3 episodes of InfluenceWatch Podcast with the tag "open society foundations".
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Episode 103: 3 Pillars Supporting the Left
January 2nd, 2020 | 6 mins 41 secs
2019, 2020, allen greenberg, apple, barbara picower, billionaire, brexit, conservative, financing, funding, george soros, investor, jpb foundation, laurene powell-jobs, left, new year, open society foundations, philanthropy, steve jobs, susan thompson, united kingdom, warren buffett
We're starting off the New Year by taking one last look back at the old year, thanks to the "2019 Philanthropy Awards" published by Inside Philanthropy, a left-of-center news and commentary source on institutional funders. While listeners will likely be familiar with Inside Philanthropy's "Philanthropist of the Year"—billionaire investor and founder of the Open Society Foundations George Soros—the website highlighted three other figures and institutions that bear watching in the left-of-center philanthropic world beyond the "man who broke the Bank of England"…and who in so doing may have inadvertently made possible Brexit by forcing the United Kingdom out of the predecessor financial arrangements to the European Union's single currency. We note Inside Philanthropy's runner-up to Soros, JPB Foundation funder Barbara Picower; Inside Philanthropy's "foundation president of the year," Allen Greenberg of the Warren Buffett-funded Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation; and Inside Philanthropy's "Least Transparent Mega-Giver," Laurene Powell-Jobs, Apple executive Steve's widow.
Episode 95: George Soros' Big Money Lobbying
October 24th, 2019 | 6 mins 35 secs
business, chicago, chicago teachers union, conservative, federal government, general motors, gm, guilty, left, liberal, libertarian, lobbying, open society foundations, pac, philanthropy, right, scam pac, soros, uaw, union, united auto workers, welfare
Chicago Teachers Union members extend their strike while UAW members continue striking as they vote on the proposed GM contract, the government secures a guilty plea from an operator of a deceptive "Scam PAC," and the "social welfare" arm of George Soros's advocacy-philanthropic network spends eye-popping amounts lobbying the federal government.
Episode 9: Koch vs. Soros
February 1st, 2018 | 56 mins 14 secs
americans for prosperity, billionaire, cato, charity, charles koch, conservative, corruption, david koch, democracy alliance, donor, foundation, foundation to promote open society, george soros, influence, koch brothers, koch industries, koch seminar network, libertarian, mercatus center, money, money in politics, open society, open society foundations, philanthropy, policy center, politics, reason foundation, special interest, super pac
Who impacts our politics more, the Koch Brothers or George Soros? And to what end? We detail their political empires.
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Colombotto Rosso and Davis Qualify for US Women's Open
8th May 2019 By: Bethan Cutler
Hayley Davis and Lucrezia Colombotto Rosso
LET Access Series members Lucrezia Colombotto Rosso and Hayley Davis, qualified for the US Women's Open by coming through the European Sectional Qualifier at Buckinghamshire Golf Club, the headquarters of the Ladies European Tour, on Tuesday.
Colombotto Rosso won the qualifier with rounds of 69 and 68 respectively for a 36-hole total of seven-under-par, with five-time LET tournament winner and former European Solheim Cup player Diana Luna as her caddie.
Hayley Davis and Esther Henseleit tied on six-under-par but Davis then won a play-off with a par on the short ninth hole.
The US Women's Open will be Colombotto Rosso's and Davis' first major.
Colombotto Rosso, 23, from Turin, Italy, said afterwards: "I'm thrilled and excited, but I can't believe it yet.
"It was great to have Diana with me. She helped me a lot. She was my role model when I was a kid, so having her on the bag was already emotional and doing this together with her, it's crazy.
"I hit some great iron shots and played really solid but then my putting was great. The greens were in great condition and the speed was good."
Davis, 26, from Ferndown Golf Club in Dorset, England, signed for rounds of 71 and 67. She said: "I'm very happy. It was a long day, but a good day and it ended up well. I hit a solid 6-iron to about 15 feet in the play-off and nearly made the putt."
The Wimborne golfer was looking forward to returning to the United States, where she lived for six years, having played college golf for Baylor University.
The US Women's Open, the third major of the season and the second women's major of 2019, will be played at the Country Club of Charleston in South Carolina from 30 May to 2 June.


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there are emergency blackouts in the city, heat is supplied – OSN
In the territory controlled Kyiv the regime of Krivoy Rog is still being introduced in an emergency mode of power outages. At the moment, the heat supply is operating normally. Information about this was shared by the mayor Alexander Vilkul in his own Telegram channel.
"As of evening, there is 100% water supply in the city. Heat supply – all boiler houses are running. Gas supply is provided to all consumers stably. The connection is working. Light – technically filed for the whole city. But power engineers use emergency shutdowns, "the text of a widespread publication reads.
Recall that each of the nine power units under the control of the Kyiv regime continues work. Information about this is being disseminated by the state-owned company Energoatom.
The text of this article says that the specialists were forced to reduce the total output generated by one of the units to 600 MW. Such explanations are explained by the fact that the overall energy system is still not able to receive the entire potential amount of energy.
Earlier, the Public News Service reported the words of Maxim Timchenko, General Director of DTEK Kyiv Regional Electric Grids. He addressed to the Ukrainians with an appeal to hold out for 122 days until the onset of spring. According to him, the company is doing everything to solve the problems, but to restore the energy system of Ukraine, billions are needed, which Kyiv expects from Western countries.
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Russian drones "Geran" attacked CHPP-5 in Kyiv – OSN
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As soon as we receive your order, we will send you more details about the status of the ordered items along with more details about receiving your order. Please note that although we try to stock as many products as possible, we cannot guarantee on-hand inventory on all items. Please call our customer service team prior to placing an order to confirm stock and delivery service availability if time is of the essence.
NATIONAL SHIPPING If you live outside of our local delivery zone, we offer national curbside-only shipping for all items on our national website, Local Overstock Warehouse. Most items on our site exceed the size and weight limits of carriers like UPS and FedEx, so transporting these shipments requires the use of large freight companies. We currently do not offer in-home, white glove delivery service; the customer would be responsible for carrying the items indoors. National curbside shipping rates will vary depending on the items purchased and the shipping address. You will receive a specific quote on the checkout page once you've added products to your shopping cart.
As soon as we receive your order, we will send you more details about the status of the ordered items along with more details about receiving your order. Please note that although we try to stock as many products as possible, we cannot guarantee on-hand inventory on all items. Please call our customer service team prior to placing an order to confirm available stock and estimated transit time to your area if time is of the essence.
Headquartered in Arcadia, Wisconsin, Ashley Furniture Industries, Inc. is the largest home furnishings retailer in the U.S and is the largest manufacturer of furniture in the world. Established in 1945, Ashley offers one of the industry's broadest product assortments to retail partners in 123 countries. Ashley has a rich history of success stories that illustrate its dramatic transition from a virtual unknown to a significant force in the industry.
Ashley Furniture Industries sells home furnishings and accessories available through two distribution channels: independent furniture dealers and more than 500 Ashley Furniture HomeStore retail furniture stores. Ashley Furniture Industries, Inc. distributes products under a number of brands like Ashley Furniture, Sierra Sleep, Millenium by Ashley, Benchcraft, and Signature Design by Ashley. It has manufacturing and distribution facilities in Wisconsin, Mississippi, California, Pennsylvania, Florida, China, and Vietnam.


text:
Q: "using namespace" problems on DNS and AddressFamily 'm a newbie in C# normally my forte is C++ and VB. I have 2 problem in which i have commented on the code:
1.) Blue squiggle lines appear on the 3 Uses it say ""A using namespace directive can only be applied to namespaces; 'System.Object' ... "
2.) i could not get an output IP address from my variable LocalIP in which i declared as public.
Thanks in advance.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Net;

//Blue squiggly line appear on this 2 Uses
using Dns = System.Net.Dns;
using AddressFamily = System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily;

namespace WindowsFormsApplication1
{
public partial class frm_Log : Form
{
    public String localIP;

    public string LocalIPAddress()
    {
        IPHostEntry host;
        //string localIP = "";
        host = Dns.GetHostEntry(Dns.GetHostName());
        foreach (IPAddress ip in host.AddressList)
        {
            if (ip.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
            {
                localIP = ip.ToString();
                break;
            }
        }
        return localIP;
    }

    ....
    ....

    // variable localIP.Trim() does not giveout any output
    MyValue="LogAccept,"+this.txt_UserName.Text.Trim()+","+this.txt_Password.Text.Trim() + "," + localIP.Trim() ;

    ....
    ....

A: System.Object is a class. System is the namespace, which you already have defined as the first using at the top of the file.

A: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/sf0df423(v=vs.80).aspx suggests this syntax:
using Dns = System.Net.Dns;

The standard version of using (using System.Linq;) can only target namespaces, not classes in a namespace. If you have imported a whole namespace, though, you don't need to specifically import anything in it.

A: Original Code was
using System
....
using System.Object;
using System.Net.Dns;
using System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily;
....

resolution
//using System.Object --> since uses system already defined.
using Dns = System.Net.Dns;
using AddressFamily = System.Net.Sockets.AddressFamily;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The travel industry is a competitive space. One sure-fire way to cut through your rival brands' noise and reach your potential customers is to generate interesting, authentic PR stories that people want to read and engage with. You want to be front of mind with potential travellers, ensuring that they trust your brand and eventually choose you as their preferred travel website.
PR can help you achieve this, giving you the opportunity to shape positive messages and opinions about your brand that could later help would-be adventurers choose you over competitors. There are different types of PR, each with its own unique purpose, and getting a good on grasp on how to use them to benefit your travel business can definitely give you a competitive advantage.
Generating unique data and insight from research or surveys can attract lots of media attention and raise your brand's profile. Think about which data is the most meaningful to your brand and what you'd like to achieve with the research or survey results. The media are more likely to share your story if you can generate some really interesting or unexpected stats. You could also look to commission the research or survey on a quarterly or yearly basis, giving you extra clout when it comes to predicting trends or reflecting on changes over time.
Running competitions can help you meet numerous objectives: raising brand and/or product awareness, collecting data for nurture or personalisation campaigns, engaging existing customers. Go big with a grand prize or run smaller competitions regularly – both can work well. For some PR value, try working with a charity; you could donate money for every 1,000 entries or donate a holiday for them to use in fundraising competitions of their own.
Put simply, you want your prospects and customers to believe that you know what you're talking about when it comes to travel. Having an authoritative voice earns trust, which is vitally important when it comes to building your brand's profile and winning customers. Your brand needs to be poised and ready to comment on travel news and trends wherever possible. This could be online, digitally via video or a podcast, on the radio, in print or on the TV. Your goal should be to become a go-to voice in the travel industry, with the media seeking you out for comment whenever a travel story breaks.
To excel at PR and gain a competitive edge over your rival brands, you need to take an always-on approach to generating newsworthy content and actively seeking out stories to be a part of. It can be a time-consuming task, so working with an experienced digital PR provider will ensure that you get as much coverage as possible with the help of an expert team. Working with an experienced provider will also give you access to a network of travel journalists, content creators and influencers, giving you the benefit of strong existing relationships that would otherwise take you time and work to build.
Digital PR can help you to earn vital, high-quality backlinks to your website, which will have a knock-on positive effect to your page and domain authority. One high-quality link from an authoritative website has the potential to make a greater impact than several links from low-quality websites, and the more high-quality links, the better. The number of domains linking to a page correlates with rankings more than any other factor. Using PR to secure these authoritative links can help your organic search rankings soar.
Skilfully written press releases and content that target your most profitable travel keywords can help your search rankings increase even further. It can take Google a while to index and rank content, so to speed the process up, share your stories on social media and with industry influencers.
Creating interesting, shareable and unique newsworthy PR stories can help your business grow. Brand awareness, valuable data collection, increased website traffic and improved search engine visibility are just some of the goals great PR can help you achieve. Giving your PR strategy the time and effort it requires to flourish is best done using an experienced digital PR agency, whose expertise in integrating great content with PR and SEO will help you to stand out from competitors and to sit front of mind with prospective customers.


The physical behavior of the combustion process in a jet-guided direct injection spark ignition engine has been investigated with three different measurement techniques. These are flame visualization by use of endoscopy, ion-current sensing at 16 different locations in the combustion chamber and the estimation of the flame temperature as well as soot concentration based on multi-wavelength-pyrometry.
The results of all these measurement techniques are in good agreement between each other and give a coherent picture of the physical behavior of the combustion process and make it possible to characterize the main influence parameters on combustion. This serves as a basis for validation and improvement of simulation tools for the engine thermodynamics and combustion.
Citation: Schänzlin, K., Koch, T., and Boulouchos, K., "Characterization of the Combustion in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0834, 2002, https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0834.


On Thursday 25th May 2017, Early Childhood Intervention Australia (ECIA) NSW/ACT presented the Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) Excellence Awards for outstanding achievements in the ECI sector during the ECIA/NSW Conference at the Novotel Brighton Beach, Sydney NSW.
The Excellence Awards were presented on Thursday 25th May 2017 by Margie O'Tarpey, CEO ECIA NSW/ACT during the 2017 Conference, with four awards presented.
"This years' Excellence Awards was highly competitive and recognised the outstanding achievements of service providers in the early childhood intervention and related sectors" said Margie O'Tarpey, CEO ECIA NSW/ACT.
"This important work has contributed to the improvement of the lives of children with a developmental delay or disability, their families and communities. These awards celebrate and acknowledge teams and organisations that demonstrated national best practice in early childhood intervention and excellence, passion, vision and a commitment to assisting children with a developmental delay or disability and their families to achieve their goals. This is a testament to the outstanding work and commitment displayed to improving the capacity of the early childhood intervention sector during this important time of transition to the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)" noted Margie O'Tarpey.
Four awards were available at this years' Excellence Awards, with the category winners demonstrating excellence in their respective area.
Extensive knowledge and deep respect for diversity, demonstrated through flexible services and supports that are responsive to each family's cultural, ethnic, racial, language and socioeconomic characteristics.
Raise awareness and advocate for inclusion of children with developmental delay and/or disability and their families.
Exceptional contribution to building the capacity of the child, family, professionals and community through coaching and collaborative team work.
Focus on the outcomes that parents want for their child and family in terms of participation in meaningful activities, and on identifying the skills needed to achieve these outcomes.
The Excellence Awards were presented during the ECIA NSW/ACT Conference on 25-26 May 2017.
Early Childhood Intervention Australia (ECIA) NSW/ACT is the peak body for early childhood intervention in NSW and the ACT. Formed in 1982, our mission is to promote the awareness and importance of early childhood intervention and inclusion for children with a developmental delay or disability. We represent, support and develop organisations, professionals and practitioners working with young children with a developmental delay or disability, their families and communities.
The ECIA NSW/ACT Innovation in Family Centred Practice (IFCP) Grant opened on Tuesday 13th of March 2018. Members of ECIA NSW/ACT providing Early Childhood Early Intervention (ECEI) services in NSW were able to apply. The closing date for applications was Monday 9th of April 2018. The IFCP Grant received an overwhelming response from the sector with a total of 18 applications received from early childhood services across NSW. There was an excellent spread of large and small organisations from metropolitan, rural, regional and remote areas of the state, and there were many excellent applications, which made the job of the assessment panel particularly challenging!
The 2017 Annual Report is now available.
Click here to view or download the 2017 Annual Report.
Click here to view or download the 2017 Financial Statements.
Six organisations have been appointed to deliver the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) Early Childhood Early Intervention (ECEI) Approach as Early Childhood Partners in NSW.


Nehru remembered on 51st death anniversary.
New Delhi: The nation today remembered Jawaharlal Nehru on his 51st death anniversary with President Pranab Mukherjee, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other leaders paying tributes to the country's first Prime Minister.
Mukherjee, Vice President Hamid Ansari, former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Congress President Sonia Gandhi were among the leaders who paid floral tribute to Nehru at his memorial Shanti Van on the banks of Yamuna here this morning. Rahul Gandhi was not present in the programme organised by All India Congress Committee.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi also paid homage to Nehru on the micro-blogging site twitter.
"Tributes to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on his Punya Tithi. We remember his contribution as a freedom fighter and as our 1st PM," Modi tweeted.
An inter-faith prayer meeting was held at Shanti Van where scriptures from different religions were recited. Devotional songs were also rendered in the programme.
Congress leaders including Ghulam Nabi Azad, Sheila Dikshit, Ahmed Patel, Sri Prakash Jaiswal and Ajay Maken too paid homage at the memorial of Nehru on the occasion.
An excerpt of Nehru's address to the people of India calling upon them to work for strengthening unity and integrity of the country and respecting other religions, was also played during the programme.
Born on November 14, 1889, Nehru was one of the prominent nationalist leaders of the freedom struggle in the 20th century and the central figure of independent India as its first Prime Minister till his demise on May 27,1964.