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Eastley Surname Ancestry Results
Our indexes 1000-1999 include entries for the spelling 'eastley'. In the period you have requested, we have the following 26 records (displaying 1 to 10):
Single Surname Subscription
Buying all 26 results of this search individually would cost £150.00. But you can have free access to all 26 records for a year, to view, to save and print, for £100. Save £50.00. More...
easthman easthoe easthop easthope easthorp easthorpe eastice eastick eastie eastill eastin eastine eastis eastl'nd eastlake eastland eastlander eastleak eastled eastleigh eastlek eastlick eastlin eastling eastlinge eastlip eastly eastman eastman-nagle eastmans eastmant eastmarsh eastmead eastmeade eastmede eastmend eastment eastmere eastmette eastmn
The State Papers Domestic cover all manner of business relating to Britain, Ireland and the colonies, conducted by the Council of State, as well as other miscellaneous records. These records are from January to October 1651.
EASTLEY. Cost: £4.00.
Masters and Apprentices (1737)
Apprenticeship indentures and clerks' articles were subject to a 6d or 12d per pound stamp duty: the registers of the payments usually give the master's trade, address, and occupation, and the apprentice's father's name and address, as well as details of the date and length of the apprenticeship. 1 January to 31 December 1737
Apprentices registered at Plymouth in Devon (1741-1745)
Apprenticeship indentures and clerks' articles were subject to a 6d or 12d per pound stamp duty: the registers of the payments usually give the master's trade, address, and occupation, and the apprentice's father's name and address, as well as details of the date and length of the apprenticeship. There are central registers for collections of the stamp duty in London, as well as returns from collectors in the provinces. These collectors generally received duty just from their own county, but sometimes from further afield. (The sample entry shown on this scan is taken from a Norfolk return)
Apprentices (1777)
Apprenticeship indentures and clerks' articles were subject to a 6d or 12d per pound stamp duty: the registers of the payments usually give the master's trade, address, and occupation, and the apprentice's name, as well as details of the date and length of the apprenticeship. 2 January to 31 December 1777. IR 1/29
Clerks and apprentices (1779)
London coffee house, hotel and tavern keepers (1805)
In the 'Alphabetical List of the principal Coffee Houses, Hotels, and Taverns' of London in Holden's Triennial Directory of 1805 to 1807, many of the entries are annotated with the name of the proprietor.
Deaths, Marriages, Bankrupts, Dividends and Patents (1824-1825)
Death notices and obituaries, marriage and birth notices, bankrupts and dividends, and patents, as reported in the Monthly Magazine or British Register. Includes some marriages and deaths from Ireland, Scotland and abroad.
Inhabitants of Devon (1830)
Pigot & Co.'s National Commercial Directory lists traders, farmers and private residents in the county.
Deaths, Marriages, News and Promotions (1831)
Death notices and obituaries, marriage and birth notices, civil and military promotions, clerical preferments and domestic occurrences, as reported in the Gentleman's Magazine. Mostly from England and Wales, but items from Ireland, Scotland and abroad.
Assignees of bankrupts' estates in England and Wales (1847)
Perry's Bankrupt and Insolvent Gazette, issued monthly, included lists of assignees of bankrupts' estates. Each entry gives the name of the bankrupt (surname first, in capitals), and trade; followed by the names, addresses and trades of the assignees to whom the estate was delivered. This is the index to the names of the assignees, from the issues from January to December 1847.

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At the End of Too-few Days
"That extra support and compassion is amazing. I'm so grateful that they were there for Ashlee and for us," Jeannie Malabanan says of UCLA's Children's Pain and Comfort Care program.
By Marina Dundjerski • Photography by Ann Johansson
The news Jeannie Malabanan received in January 2014 was devastating. Following a year of difficult and aggressive chemotherapy for a rare bone tumor, the cancer at the base of her daughter Ashlee's spine had metastasized to her brain. After a recurrence of her symptoms, Ashlee began to have seizures and was re-hospitalized at UCLA. The Children's Pain and Comfort Care (CPCC) team was called in to assist. "They talked to us and supported us and provided Ashlee with as much quality care as was possible during this end-stage of her life," Malabanan says. "Basically, they helped our family to process and survive this ordeal."
Ashlee decided to forego further treatment and to stay in the hospital. "It was a hard choice for us to accept — as a parent, you want to keep your child alive for as long as you can," Malabanan says. "But I know keeping Ashlee alive was not what she wanted. She didn't want to just be breathing and not have any quality of life."
In the two weeks that Ashlee was hospitalized, the CPCC team worked with her primary medical team and others to provide whatever assistance was possible. "They came by regularly to make sure her last days were as comfortable as possible, as she fell deeper into her terminal illness," Malabanan says. "They let us know that we were not alone and that if we wanted them, they would be with us every step of the way." The Chase Child Life Program of Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA created a plaque with Ashlee's palm print, and the CPCC team had her fingerprint replicated on more than a dozen pendants for family members to wear. When Ashlee lost consciousness, her wishes were known. Arrangements were made so that family members could stay with her, and until the end they never left Ashlee's side. She was 21 years old when she died.
Since it was established in 2008, UCLA's CPCC program, which is within Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, has worked to succor pediatric, adolescent and young-adult patients, like Ashlee, in their days of need and to help their families grapple with the unfathomable: the death of a child. While the broad-based CPCC team includes a psychologist, three physicians, nurse practitioner, social worker bereavement coordinator, chaplain, child-life specialist and administrative assistant, the front-line clinical-service team, including the physicians and nurse practitioner, sees some 200 patients a year in the hospital setting and another 325 patients through its outpatient clinic. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to address the core goals of care decisions, pain and symptom management and bereavement support, the team has a mission to enhance the comfort and quality of life for children with complex medical conditions and for their families. They work to relieve symptoms of disease or its treatment and to address psychological, social and spiritual needs.
At such difficult moments, "parents have many questions but sometimes are afraid to ask them," says pediatric critical-care specialist Julianne Harrison, DO (FEL '10), one of CPCC's attending physicians. "One of the most-common questions they have is: 'Will I be able to hold my child?' Another is: 'Can I take him outside?'" The CPCC team not only answers the questions and assists with such requests, when possible, but moreover, they also help provide comfort and understanding.
Says Malabanan: "That extra support and compassion is amazing. I'm so grateful that they were there for Ashlee and for us."
MORE THAN 10-MILLION CHILDREN in the United States live with chronic disease. Of these, 1.5 million have life-threatening illnesses. According to 2007 U.S. child-mortality data, approximately 53,000 children die each year from their illness — 25 percent before they reach 1-month old and another 25 percent between 1 month and 12 months of age.
While many hospitals have adult palliative-care and pain-management units, few have pediatric-palliative and pain-management teams to care for these young patients and the members of their families. Although the number of centers with such programs has been growing, many medical professionals believe it is not happening fast enough.
Among the increasingly loud voices calling for change is Stefan J. Friedrichsdorf, MD, medical director for one of the largest pediatric palliative-care programs in the country, at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, and a pioneer in the field. "In the year 2014, pain management for children in the United States remains abysmal," he says. "And the younger the child is, the less likely it is that the child gets appropriate pain medication."
When Ashlee Malabanan's cancer metastized, UCLA's Children's Pain and Comfort Care team "provided Ashlee
with as much quality care as was possible during this end-stage of her life," says her mother, Jeannie Malabanan.
A significant issue, experts agree, is that society-at- large does not want to dwell on the thought of dying children, and support for pediatric palliative-care programs nationwide is lacking. Rather, the focus is on finding cures and saving children. Accepting a terminal diagnosis also is a challenge for parents and physicians, who are dedicated to the singular goal of helping and protecting the child. Even just the word palliative has difficult-to-overcome connotations when it is linked to a child. People perceive that requesting palliative care is akin to giving up, but that is not the case, UCLA and national authorities assert; it means that everyone involved — the patient, the family and the medical team — is hoping for the best outcome but preparing for the worst. "We can't predict the future," Dr. Friedrichsdorf says. "Some children do live for years in the end-stages of life. Palliative care means that we provide them with the best pain and symptom management that we can for whatever length of time remains for them."
Palliative care for children indeed is highly specialized, and it varies a great deal from that of adults. Although characterized as "natural" for statistical purposes, a child's death is, after all, never truly "natural." "Children are expected to reach adulthood," says Lonnie Zeltzer, MD, director of the CPCC. This can stir up a brew of emotional and psychological needs and special considerations. Unlike an adult's, the needs of a child will vary greatly depending on his or her developmental stage. And the trajectory of illness to death is often longer and less predictable for a child than for an adult.
Which children should receive palliative care? Palliative care should be incorporated into the care of any child with a potentially life-limiting or medically complex condition, including children who are born with conditions they are not expected to survive or to live through to adulthood, notes Michaela Nalamliang, NP, CPCC clinical coordinator. But palliative care should not be limited to those with an expected limited life expectancy, she emphasizes. Palliative care should also be considered for those born with complex conditions with unknown or long-life expectancies, those who suffer trauma and those who acquire complex illnesses. "It is important to think about palliative care at all stages of illness — planning and re-planning goals of care with a focus on communication, quality of life and good symptom control," notes Elana Evan, PhD, director of CPCC's comfort-care research and program planning. "Advance care planning is a process, not an event."
From the moment the team is first consulted, it will review a patient's entire medical history to know precisely what the patient has gone through and make recommendations to the child's primary physician group on medication adjustments that can greatly ease a child's symptoms and his or her pain. Earlier this year, the team was asked to consult on an infant who had been in the PICU for six months after a heart transplant. The young boy was constantly crying and agitated, and the nurses had a hard time approaching him. Nothing seemed to soothe him. When the team was called in, the physicians reviewed the baby's medical history. A medication that was being administered at bedtime to help him sleep but which wasn't doing much good was switched to the morning to help calm him. In addition, he was prescribed an anti-epileptic that is also administered to provide neuropathic relief. Gradually, the child calmed, and he has since been removed from breathing support and now is a playful child, although still medically precarious, the team says.
Team members stress that a CPCC referral is not a hospice referral, although transitioning to hospice care is an option with which the team will assist, if needed. In some instances, consultation with the CPCC is automatic. Such automatic consultation recently was implemented by UCLA's pediatric bone-marrow-transplant unit for all of its patients. Children who need a bone-marrow transplant are at significant risk and often have distressing symptoms. The CPCC team is able to assess the best medication approaches and also recommend strategies such as massage or other non-medical soothing therapies.
Being brought in early for consultation on any case can make a significant difference, CPCC team members say. "It's better when the family knows you for weeks or months," Nalamliang says. The earlier the team can become involved, the better. Ideally, Nalamliang says, that connection is made at the time of diagnosis. "That allows our team the time to get to know the children and their families," she says. "Conversations about goals of care, particularly the provision of life-sustaining treatments, evolve more naturally when we have that relationship."
Neil Wenger, MD'84 (RES '87, '90, FEL '89), director of the UCLA Health Ethics Center and chair of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center's ethics committee, agrees. "It really is critical because it creates a relationship early on with those who will be able to provide advice regarding symptom control," Dr. Wenger says. "While they may not ultimately be needed for difficult end-of-life decisions, if they are, they are already well-known and integrated." The situation is made more complicated when the patient is a child and not a decision maker, he adds. "By getting to know the patient and her family members, the members of the team are often able to integrate what the child would want and what the parents think is best for their child's care."
To accomplish this, UCLA's team works closely with all facets of the healthcare community, including child life, social workers, spiritual care, as well as all medical departments from anesthesiology to transplant services. In addition, the team has close relationships with outside hospice providers and rehabilitation centers and also works to ensure appropriate arrangements for any transitions needed, whether for short-term or long-term care.
Sometimes the issues of care can become a tangle of conflicting wishes and desires. Not every member of a family may agree on what approach to take, or a child who is old enough to state his need may have different ideas than those of the parents. In some cases, it can be difficult for loved ones to perceive the child's suffering, Dr. Wenger notes. In such situations, the team's experience can be indispensable. The team also tries to help families to be at peace with their decisions and avoid regrets. Questions that are carefully addressed include such issues as intubation — the placement of a tube in the airway for a breathing machine — for example. One parent told Dr. Harrison that if she had known that her son, who was dying of cancer, would never be free from the tube and therefore never be able to talk again, she would not have agreed to intubate him. These are the difficult questions that the team tries to address beforehand. And whenever possible, when the child is a minor but has a sense of what he or she wants, the team tries to respect the child's wishes by communicating with the parents.
WHY THEY GIVE
The UCLA Children's Pain & Comfort Care program was established with critical pilot funding from the UniHealth Foundation in 2008. In the following years, investments from both The Ralph M. Parsons Foundation and the UniHealth Foundation have helped the program expand its offerings and research to broaden the impact of its services. "Their support has given us the ongoing tools to both grow and develop our innovative model as well as sustain the program as it exists today. They believe in us and the services we provide to pediatric patients, families and healthcare providers and want to see us thrive." – Elana Evan, PhD CPCC program director
"This team is invaluable," Dr. Wenger says. "They are able to pull everyone together to focus on reaching the best clinical outcome that can be achieved and also to ensure that the family remains intact while reducing the suffering and preserving the dignity of their child."
WHEN DR. ZELTZER ARRIVED AT UCLA, in 1988, she was dismayed to find there was no dedicated pediatric-pain service. She initiated such a service and began with postoperative pain management. She also established a pain-research program. In 1991, she started an outpatient clinic for children with chronic pain. "It soon became clear that in those arenas — outpatient and inpatient — we were seeing kids with very-complex medical conditions," Dr. Zeltzer says.
Pediatric pain management is a relatively new field of the 20th century, Dr. Zeltzer says. "Our understanding of pain perception in newborns was quite stunted in the past. It was assumed that they did not feel pain. Obviously, we've learned a great deal, and we have come a long way since those dark days. A lot of children also are living longer now, surviving the NICU but needing multiple surgeries and other treatments. The concept of pediatric palliative care is even more recent than pain care for children. Pain and palliative care for children is not necessarily just end-of-life care. It's much-more involved."
Dr. Zeltzer's innovations made UCLA one of only a handful of medical institutions in the United States focusing on pediatric pain and palliative care. In 2005, Dr. Zeltzer recruited Dr. Evan, then a postdoctoral fellow. Dr. Evan obtained a grant for $300,000 for three years to do a needs assessment, create a palliative-care interdisciplinary task force in the hospital and set up a program. The palliative-care program, under Dr. Evan's leadership, began as a clinical service in 2008, and the pain and palliative-care research programs and the inpatient and outpatient pain and palliative- care clinical services were combined to become what is known today as the CPCC program.
Word of what UCLA was doing soon spread to other medical enterprises. "Everyone was calling me asking, 'What did you do at UCLA? How can we do that?'" Dr. Evan recalls. Soon, she was organizing a network of Southern California caregivers who wanted to create pediatric palliative-care programs for their health organizations. Since then, CPCC has expanded, primarily due to additional grants and support from UCLA Health. The program continues to grow, and in 2014, the UniHealth Foundation awarded Dr. Evan and the CPCC a grant to create the Telemedicine Educational Program for Pediatric Palliative Care, which enables the team to provide outreach education and consultation through a pilot program at the Mattel Children's UCLA unit at UCLA Health - Santa Monica Medical Center.
Today, policy changes implemented under the Affordable Care Act greatly aid palliative care. California was already at the forefront, having been one of the first states to recognize the need for comprehensive pediatric palliative care, according to the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. The Nick Snow Children's Hospice and Palliative Care Act of 2006, which was implemented in 2010 (and has been renewed until 2017), provides home-based palliative-care services in a rollout to 11 pilot areas, which currently include Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego and Fresno counties. The CPCC members continue to provide their expertise to push forward further reform.
In addition to helping on the statewide level, the team's work was integral during the development of UCLA Health's Advance Care Planning and Services Initiative, which aims to establish programs to ensure the excellence of end-of-life care throughout the spectrum of the health system's services. In pediatric care, advance care planning provides the child and parents with control by giving them the information needed to make decisions. "Advance care planning does not take away hope," Dr. Zeltzer says. "Rather, it increases the quality of the child's life in whatever time remains for the child. It prevents complicated grief and gives the parents and child permission to say 'enough.'" Advance care planning includes the identification of proxy decision makers as well as the clarification of communication preferences, the goals of care and which interventions — such as resuscitation and artificial nutrition — to utilize to meet those goals.
"CPCC is a mini version of our overall vision to integrate advance care planning at the earliest stages, when it focuses on values and goals," Dr. Wenger says. "This provides a foundation on which to make treatment decisions and facilitate end-of-life care, if, in fact, it is needed."
Every case is a lesson for the team. "Everyone is different," says the Rev. Irene Johnson, pediatric chaplain at Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA. "This team doesn't dismiss anything. The members process everything they experience and try to make things better for the next time."
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CPCC AND A PATIENT'S FAMILY extends beyond the child's death. The team members remain on-call to families and help connect them with local services to aid in bereavement. In addition, any parent or sibling of a UCLA pediatric patient who has died can attend the Comforting Hearts Family Bereavement Group. The free group, which is supported by a grant from The Ralph M. Parsons Foundation and other sources and which meets twice a month at a church in Westwood that donates its space, is guided by Gina Kornfeind, MSW, MS, CPCC's support and bereavement coordinator. Kornfeind, along with volunteer social workers and community volunteers, leads two sessions — one geared for parents and one for siblings.
For parents, themes tend to address issues such as how to deal with work again, how to interact with friends, how to handle holidays, relatives or traveling. Everything that is the "new normal," Kornfeind says. That includes navigating difficult questions such as: How many kids do I say I have now? What about the possibility of having another child in the future?
For siblings, the support group includes sharing, as well as arts and crafts and a musical component. "The idea is for them to build trust and a sense of support with the staff and with one another, to feel connected with other kids who are also grieving, to learn how to cope with this loss and also to have some normal fun and camaraderie again," Kornfeind says.
Ashlee Malabanan's mother attends the meetings regularly. "It gives us a place where we talk about the way we feel and understand that each of us has been there," Jeannie Malabanan says. "We can talk to other people in our lives about our feelings and experiences, but they really don't get it because they haven't been there. So this makes a huge difference. It's a safe place for us to talk about how much it hurts and how we deal with it every day."
Two months before she died, Ashlee, unbeknownst to her family, created a Website to raise money for her care, thinking she would need additional funds. In a short time, she had raised $8,000; her mother has donated the funds to help expand the bereavement program. Says Malabanan: "No family should be alone while processing the end of life of their child."
Marina Dundjerski is a freelance writer and the author of UCLA: The First Century (Third Millennium Publishing, 2012).
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Нигер је учествовао на Светском првенству у атлетици на отвореном 2013. одржаном у Москви од 10. до 18. августа. Репрезентацију Нигера представљао је један такмичар који се такмичио у трци на 1.500 метара.

На овом првенству Нигер није освојио ниједну медаљу. Није било нових националних рекорда, а оборен је један лични рекорд.

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Земље учеснице на Светском првенству у атлетици на отвореном 2013.
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Anthem releases for everybody on PC, PS4, and Xbox One on February 22. When it does, it'll come with a big day one update. The patch includes fixes for Javelins, Strongholds, crafting, and more. Long load times and occasional infinite loading screens will also be squelched.


Throughout Latin America can be found some truly spectacular and elegant colonial buildings from ornate government palaces to sumptuous museums and private homes. These elegant baroque buildings are evidence of the plentiful natural resources of many of Latin America's nations, on the riches of which the Spanish and Portuguese constructed their elaborate residences and estates.
Built in typical style around a courtyard patio, colonial era mansion houses were once the luxurious town houses of important personages, or the main houses to working plantations on rich country estates. Today, much, if not all, of the original architecture and style has been lovingly preserved and many now serve as stunning edifices for beautiful boutique hotels.
Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia and most of Central America, especially Mexico, have some truly beautiful historic buildings in which to rest your head in elegant style. Recognising the valuable historical importance of these buildings has ensured that most Latin American nations are keen to preserve these wonderful architectural wonders from the 16th and 17th century.
Traditional colonial town houses in Peru and Bolivia from Cusco to Sucre were sometimes built on top of existing Inca stone buildings that were demolished by the Spaniard conquistadors wishing to construct their own style of edifice, although the original foundations may remain. As you enter through original intricately carved doorways, you find yourself in a tranquil and shady central courtyard surrounded by balustrades that lead to each room.
In Ecuador's capital Quito, the historic centre was until a decade ago somewhat rundown, returned thankfully to its former glory by UNESCO funding and some fantastic sympathetic restoration projects by renowned local architects. Now, former private homes are stunning small boutique hotels overlooking elegant central plazas and facing imposing cathedrals and government palaces. Even the country estates have been brought back to life as the working farms remain but the estate houses now host discerning guests.
As you head north into Central America and especially Mexico, some of these colonial mansions were once vast working plantations at the height of the henequen trade (a component of rope before synthetic materials took over). The principal hacienda or main house was thus a symbol of wealth and power by the rich landowners. Beautiful surrounding gardens and outdoor pools complement cool arched walkways and tall-ceiled rooms framed by ancient wooden shutters.
We know that these historic buildings are wonderful restful places to stay that reflect the character as well as history of the place you are visiting. We have stayed in many of the most beautiful examples of these, and we'd be very happy to share our thoughts with you as to which are our favourite properties.


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Israel Uncovers Gaza 'Terror Tunnel'
This undated photo released by the Israel Defense Forces, March 21, 2014, claims to show a tunnel dug from the Gaza Strip, stretching hundreds of meters inside Israel.
JERUSALEM — Israel says it has thwarted a major terrorist attack by Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip.
Israel says it has uncovered a large "terror tunnel" stretching from the Gaza Strip, 400 meters into Israeli territory. Army spokesman Peter Lerner said the sophisticated tunnel was dug by Hamas, the Palestinian militant group that rules Gaza.
"What all of this actually means is that, first of all, Gaza terrorists under Hamas are constantly operating to prepare more attacks; so clearly there's an immediate danger that could have been posed by this tunnel," said Lerner.
The army has found several Gaza tunnels fortified in concrete over the past six months, which could have enabled a large number of Palestinian gunmen to infiltrate into Israel. Lieutenant-Colonel Lerner says the tunnel just exposed is the biggest one yet.
"We feel that this type of tunnel would have been used in two main scenarios: either to carry out a substantial terrorist attack, meaning mass murder in one of the Israeli communities adjacent to the opening, or to have abducted a soldier or something to this effect," he said.
In 2006, Hamas gunmen tunneled into Israel and captured an Israeli soldier, holding him for more than five years in Gaza. Israel finally freed more than 1,000 Palestinian prisoners to win the captive soldier's release.
Hamas admitted that it dug the latest tunnel, but rejected Israel's claim that good intelligence led to its discovery.
Abu Obeida, a spokesman for the Hamas military wing, said the tunnel was exposed because of heavy rains, and he described Israeli claims of good intelligence as a "big lie."
Hamas is an Islamist group committed to armed struggle against Israel, and it has vowed to kidnap more Israeli soldiers to win the release of Palestinian prisoners. So despite uncovering the tunnel, Israel is not resting on its laurels. The army fears that many more Gaza tunnels have not been discovered.
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What (and how) to eat in Poland: Pierogi, the Polish dumplings
by Hubert Grupa
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'Pierogi' is one of Poland's most famous dishes: here's everything you need to know about these emblematic dumplings.
Countless dishes are on offer in every country, under different names and forms. They often have a common denominator, an element that makes them similar. What sets them apart, however, are the finer details. For example, we have Italian ravioli, Japanese gyoza and Mexican empanadas. These dishes have similarities, but each has a different method of preparation and serving. It's a similar case with their Polish equivalent, pierogi, which is one of the country's most famous dishes ('pierogi' means 'dumplings').
Different cultures, different seasons, different stuffings
Although pierogi are considered to be a national dish by the Poles, similar to dishes are served in neighboring countries such as Belarus, Slovakia and Ukraine. Pierogi are characterised primarily by the stuffing, the most traditional being potatoes and cottage cheese, although meat, mushrooms, cabbage or different types of groats can also be used. Equally popular are the sweet versions, which are filled with berries or strawberries – the latter are usually served during the summer.
Pierogi appeared around the 13th century, having been introduced to central European cuisine from the Far East. Initially, they were mainly eaten by the poor, but over time their importance has grown and they are now considered to be exceptional dishes, prepared for significant occasions, such as Christmas.
The dough and stuffing varies from region to region in Poland, with the most popular dough consisting of wheat flour, water, eggs, a little salt and butter. After combining the ingredients, the dough is formed for a few minutes by hand to add resilience so it will not break up when boiled. Before this happens, the dough should be rolled out. If it goes too thin, the stuffing will flow out during boiling.
"Edible flowers and herbs, various meats and exotic fruits"
The dumplings must cook for a few minutes from the moment they rise to the surface of the water-filled pot. They are then ready to serve; savory pierogi are often accompanied by fried onions and greaves, while sweet dumplings are topped with sour cream or sprinkled with sugar.
Other ways of preparing pierogi include baking them in an oven, which browns the dough and makes it crunchy. Polish chefs are constantly experimenting with this dish, using different flours and stuffing. Restaurants now offer dumplings filled with edible flowers and herbs, various meats and exotic fruits. And although Poles consider pierogi to be their dish, the most recipe – stuffed with potatoes and cream cheese – is called 'Ruskie pierogi', which translates as 'Russian dumplings'.
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Vlad Teplitskiy
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Applicants are strongly encouraged to review the Admissions Procedures and Frequently Asked Questions before applying.
To be admitted to the professional program in the College of Pharmacy, a student must complete pre-pharmacy requirements. At the University of Georgia, the pre-pharmacy program is administered through the College of Arts and Sciences. Pre-pharmacy education requires satisfactory completion of not less than 69 semester hours of academic work counting toward the pharmacy degree.
Please refer to the Pre-Pharmacy Checklist for more information.
Applicants to the professional program must take the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT). Either the summer or fall test date is recommended when taking the PCAT for the first time. In addition to the applicant's grade point average, the selection process will utilize PCAT scores, recommendations and an on-campus interview. The College of Pharmacy accepts students into its professional program for beginning classes only in the fall semester.
Applicants to the professional program must submit an application with the Pharmacy College Application Service (PharmCAS) prior to completing the College of Pharmacy supplemental application. All transcripts, PCAT scores, and letters of recommendation must be sent directly to PharmCAS; such materials will not be accepted if sent to the College of Pharmacy. Once applicants have submitted a PharmCAS application, they will receive a PharmCAS identification number that will be needed when completing the College of Pharmacy application.
Applicants should have PCAT scores sent directly to PharmCAS (Code 0104). Each course for which students have earned AP or IB credit must be listed individually in the PharmCAS application as courses completed during their first semester in college. During the PharmCAS Academic Update period, applicants must submit grades for courses taken during the fall semester.
The admissions application process has two different options: Early Decision and Regular Decision. The Early Decision (ED) program is a binding option for applicants who have decided that the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy Pharm.D. program is their first choice, and that they will enroll if accepted. ED applicants can only apply to one Pharm.D. program; if they are deferred to the regular admissions process or if they are denied admittance, they are then able to apply to other programs during the regular admission process. To apply early decision, applicants must have submitted their complete PharmCAS and UGA applications by the deadline. The deadline to apply for the binding Early Decision is September 4, 2018. Applicants will learn their ED status by October 19, 2018. For Regular Decision applicants, the application deadline is February 1, 2019. PharmCAS must receive all materials by that closing date.
The PharmCAS and UGA College of Pharmacy applications opens on July 18, 2018. Individuals may submit applications anytime thereafter. This year, the UGA College of Pharmacy will employ a rolling admissions process. With rolling admissions, we will review applications, invite candidates to campus to interview, and offer acceptances on a continuous basis throughout our admissions process. This means that interested applicants should submit their applications as early as possible.
Applicants must have started the PharmCAS application before going online to complete the College of Pharmacy online Supplemental Application. For Early Decision applicants, the deadline to submit the supplemental application and pay the fee is September 4, 2018. For Regular Decision applicants, the deadline is February 1, 2019. Students may apply to the College of Pharmacy before they have completed the entire pre-pharmacy curriculum, provided that they have finished at least 35 hours of that curriculum and will be able to complete the rest of the hours before matriculation. However, some students have already completed the entire pre-pharmacy core and may be working toward a major when they apply to the College of Pharmacy. Others may have already earned a degree or plan to complete one before matriculating. Applicants who are accepted but do not attend for the accepted term must repeat the admission process for a future date.
Applicants for admission to the College of Pharmacy who are known to have been officially dismissed from another pharmacy program will not be accepted. A student who gains entrance to the College by misrepresentation of facts may be dismissed immediately.
Qualified applicants will be invited to campus for interview on a rolling basis until the class is filled. Candidates invited for interviews will meet with members of the Admissions Committee, faculty, staff and currently enrolled Pharm.D. students. During the interview, students may be asked to discuss their academic background, reasons for selecting pharmacy as a profession, plans upon graduation, work experience, leadership experience, and extracurricular activities. Verbal and written communication skills also will be evaluated.
July 18, 2018 – PharmCAS (http://www.pharmcas.org) and the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy Supplemental application open.
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Test dates are offered in July, September, October, November 2018, January and February 2019. Visit the PCAT website at https://www.pcatweb.info/ for details.
Please review the FAQ below carefully for recent changes to the admission process.
Applicants Who Have Never Attended a College or University in the U.S.
If you have attended a college or university in the United States, or are currently enrolled in one, you must first complete a Certificate of Finance form and send it directly to the College of Pharmacy. You should also follow the other links below for complete information on attending UGA as an international student, including immunization requirements. After completing the required Certificate of Finance form and familiarizing yourself with the UGA Admission Criteria and Immunization Requirements, you may apply online for pharmacy school.
If you are a Permanent Resident, you must send a photocopy of your Alien Registration Card to be used for residency and tuition purposes. Please send the copy directly to UGA College of Pharmacy, Admissions Office, Athens, GA 30602.
Applicants must have started the PharmCAS application before completing the supplemental application. Click on the link to complete the application. The supplemental application opens on July 18, 2018. For EARLY DECISION applicants, the deadline to submit the supplemental application and pay the fee is September 4, 2018. For REGULAR DECISION applicants, the deadline is February 1, 2019. Application and payment must be received by 11:59 PM Eastern Standard Time (EST) on deadline date. If you require assistance, please contact the admissions office by email at admissions@rx.uga.edu or by calling 706-542-5278.
Click here to request program information or ask questions (online form).


text:
Q: How to add a filter in react-admin List populated by unique values within the list? Probably a newbie question, but can't quite connect the dots. I have a filter component in a List:
const BrandFilter = (props) => (
    <Filter {...props}>
      <SearchInput source="q" alwaysOn />
      <RadioButtonGroupInput source="active" alwaysOn label="" choices={[
        { id: 'true', name: 'Active' },
        { id: 'false', name: 'Inactive' },
        { id: ' ', name: 'All' },
      ]} />
      <QuickFilter source="pursue" label="Pursue" resettable />
      <SelectInput label="Status" source="status" optionText="status" />
    </Filter>
  );

The SelectInput doesn't show anything in the dropdown list. Not sure if it's possible but I'd like to show a dropdown list with unique status values that appear in the records. Status does not have an FK relationship; its just a text field that anything can be entered into. But, I'd still like the user to be able to see the values in the dropdown and select one. Possible? Thanks.
UPDATE
I tried to add a unique list of statuses as a reference record by modifying the api to accept a new end point: /brands/statuses and returning a unique list of statuses. It did work in populating the Status dropdown list.
App.js:
<Resource
  name="brands/statuses" />

Brand.js (Filter component)
  <ReferenceInput source="status" reference="brands/statuses" perPage={25}>
    <SelectInput label="Status" source="status" optionText="status" />
  </ReferenceInput>

However, I got an error that at least one record didn't have an id. I remembered that react expects records to have an id. So, as a hack, I added the id of the first brand record to the sql:
SELECT fpb.id, fpb.status FROM lookabout.fgm_product_brand fpb WHERE fpb.status IS NOT NULL GROUP BY fpb.status ORDER BY fpb.status

That resulted in getting a list of statuses in the filter dropdown. However, when I clicked on one of them, it sent the id of the status (which was actually just the id of a brand record) and returned no results:
http://localhost:3010/brands/find?limit=15&page=1&orderBy=id&orderDir=ASC&filter={%22active%22:%22%20%22,%22status%22:2}

Close, but not quite. I feel I'm forcing something because I'm not quite getting it. Or, working against how react-admin was meant to operate?? Any suggestions would be welcome. Thanks.
FINAL UPDATE
Got it to work. Rather than use the id of the brand record as a substitute status id, I just used the status itself. So, the sql in the api now reads:
SELECT fpb.status AS id, fpb.status FROM lookabout.fgm_product_brand fpb WHERE fpb.status IS NOT NULL GROUP BY fpb.status ORDER BY fpb.status

That gives the result set an id that is unique and that is then used in when passing the filter criteria. The HTTP GET request now looks like:
http://localhost:3010/brands/find?limit=15&page=1&orderBy=id&orderDir=ASC&filter={%22active%22:%22%20%22,%22status%22:%22Potential%22}

And that returns the expected results. Thanks to all for your help.

A: Have you tried wrapping it with a <ReferenceInput /> component? Otherwise it appears you have to define select options.
According to the docs, wrapping it with ReferenceInput should pull the options automatically based on source:

https://marmelab.com/react-admin/Inputs.html#selectinput
Scroll to the end of the text referencing SelectInput and you'll see this:

Tip: If you want to populate the choices attribute with a list of related records, you should decorate <SelectInput> with <ReferenceInput>, and leave the choices empty:
import { SelectInput, ReferenceInput } from 'react-admin';

    <ReferenceInput label="Author" source="author_id" reference="authors">
        <SelectInput optionText="last_name" />
    </ReferenceInput>

If that doesn't work, maybe you can fetch the data and define your options from there. For reference:
<SelectInput source="category" allowEmpty emptyValue={null} choices={[
    { id: 'programming', name: 'Programming' },
    { id: 'lifestyle', name: 'Lifestyle' },
    { id: 'photography', name: 'Photography' },
]} />

A: I see two solutions:
First, probably the best but with more work, is create new api endpoint, e.g, yourResourceStatuses or yourResource/statuses, which returns distinct uniques values for the status field, then reference this new resource with a ReferenceInput as your SelectInput parent:
<Filter>
    ....
    <ReferenceInput source="status" reference="resourceStatuses">
        <SelectInput label="Status" source="status" optionText="status" />
    </ReferenceInput>
<Filter/>

You need also to declare such resource under Admin, only with name prop, allowing react-admin to initialize it's redux stores.
<Admin>
    ....
    <Resource name="resourceStatuses"/>
</Admin>

If you are using SQL, this can be as simple as
SELECT DISTINCT status from 'table';

The second, probably will make appear duplicate status values on the dropdown, but would require less work if your api support text search on the status field. Is chaging the SelectInput for a AutocompleteInput and wrapping it with a ReferenceInput with the same resource.
<Filter>
    ....
    <ReferenceInput
        source="status"
        reference="yourResource"
        filterToQuery={searchText => ({ status: searchText })}
    >
        <AutocompleteInput label="Status" optionText="status" />
    </ReferenceInput>
<Filter/>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intr}

General relativity (GR) remains the most successful theory of gravitation, passing many experimental hurdles, but it nevertheless requires the addition of dark energy and dark matter to explain the accelerated expansion of the Universe and the nontrivial dynamics of cosmological structures such as galaxies and clusters thereof \cite{Bertone2005,Carroll2001}. However, the existence of these dark components is merely inferred, as direct observation has not yet been possible. Thus, alternatives have been proposed to explain the observed dynamics without the need for dark energy and/or dark matter. These include theories with more complex geometric terms such as $f(R)$ and $f(R, R_{\mu\nu}, R_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta})$, and theories featuring a nonminimal coupling (NMC) between geometry and matter, such as $f(R,\mathcal{L}_\text{m})$ theories \cite{Nojiri2004,Allemandi2005,Bertolami2007,Sotiriou2008,Harko2010,Harko2011} (see, however, \cite{Clowe2004,Markevitch2004}).

NMC theories of gravity feature significant changes not only to cosmological dynamics and thermodynamics, but also to energy-momentum conservation \cite{Aviles2011,Avelino2018, Azevedo2018a,Azevedo2019a,Avelino2020a,Azevedo2020}. These changes depend on the Lagrangian of the matter fields which appears explicitly in the equations of motion and, therefore, the use of the correct Lagrangian is crucial in order to be able to derive useful constraints on NMC gravity. In previous work $\mathcal{L}_\text{m}=-\rho$ or $\mathcal{L}_\text{m}=p$ have been suggested as the on-shell Lagrangian of a perfect fluid with proper energy density $\rho$ and pressure $p$ \cite{Nesseris2009,Bertolami2012,Azizi2014,Ribeiro2014,Silva2018}. However, the correct on-shell Lagrangian for a fluid composed of classical particles of fixed rest mass and structure has been shown to be given by the trace of the energy-momentum tensor of the fluid $\mathcal{L}_\text{m} = T$ \cite{Avelino2018a,Avelino2018}. This is expected to be an excellent approximation in the case of baryons, dark matter, and photons --- in the latter case, the zero rest mass limit should be considered. However, it does not apply to dark energy (or to any fluid with an equation of state parameter $w$ outside the interval $0 \leq w \leq 1/3$).

Etherington's relation, also known as the distance-duality relation (DDR), directly relates luminosity and angular-diameter distances in GR, where they differ only by a specific function of the redshift. It has recently come into focus given the possibility of performing more accurate tests of Etherington's relation  with new cosmological surveys of type Ia supernovae (SnIa) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO)\cite{Bassett2004,Ruan2018,Xu2020,Martinelli2020,Lin2021,Zhou2021}, as well as observations from Euclid \cite{Laureijs2011,Astier2014} and gravitational wave observatories \cite{Cai2017}. In this work we derive the impact of NMC theories on the DDR, and use the most recent data available to impose constraints on a broad class of NMC models.

Throughout this paper we use  units such that $c=1$, where $c$ is the value of the speed of light in vacuum. We adopt the metric signature $(-,+,+,+)$, and the Einstein summation convention shall be used as usual. We use Greek and Latin indices for four- and three-dimensional quantities, respectively.

\section{Nonminimally Coupled Gravity}
\label{sec:model}

The action
 	\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:action}
	S=\int \sqrt{-g} \left[\kappa f_1(R) + f_2(R)\mathcal{L}_\text{m}^\text{(off)}\right]\,,
\end{equation}
describes a wide class of $f(R)$-inspired NMC gravity models. Here, $\kappa=(16\pi G)^{-1}$, $G$ is Newton's gravitational constant, $g$ is the determinant of the metric $g_{\mu\nu}$, $\mathcal{L}_\text{m}^\text{(off)}$ is the off-shell Lagrangian of the matter fields, and $f_1(R)$ and $f_2(R)$ are generic functions of the Ricci scalar $R$. This class of models allows for a broad range of cosmological dynamics while showcasing the effects of the NMC on the dynamics of the matter fields, and is widely used in the existing literature. Notice that GR is recovered if $f_1(R)=R$ and $f_2(R)=1$. Extremizing the action with respect to the metric one obtains the equations of motion of the gravitational field
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:eqmotion}
	F G_{\mu\nu}=\frac{1}{2} f_2 T_{\mu\nu}+\Delta_{\mu\nu}F+\frac{1}{2}\kappa f_1 g_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2} RFg_{\mu\nu}\, ,
\end{equation}
where $G_{\mu\nu}=R_{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2} g_{\mu\nu} R $ is the Einstein tensor, $R_{\mu\nu}$ is the Ricci tensor, $\Delta_{\mu \nu} \equiv \nabla_\mu \nabla_\nu - g_{\mu \nu} \Box$, $\Box \equiv \nabla^\mu \nabla_\mu$,
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:F}
	F=\kappa f'_1(R)+f'_2(R)\mathcal{L}_\text{m}\,,
\end{equation}
a prime denotes a derivative with respect to the Ricci scalar, $\mathcal{L}_\text{m}$ is the on-shell Lagrangian of the matter fields, and the energy-momentum tensor has the usual form
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:energymom}
	T_{\mu\nu}=-\frac{2}{\sqrt{-g}}\frac{\delta(\sqrt{-g}\mathcal{L}_\text{m}^\text{(off)})}{ \delta g^{\mu\nu}}\,.
\end{equation}

Taking the covariant derivative of Eq.~\eqref{eq:eqmotion} and using the Bianchi identities one obtains the following relation
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:noncons}
	\nabla^\mu T_{\mu\nu}=\frac{f'_2}{ f_2}(g_{\mu\nu}\mathcal{L}_\text{m}-T_{\mu\nu})\nabla^\mu R\, ,
\end{equation}
which implies that the form of the on-shell matter Lagrangian directly affects not only energy-momentum conservation, but also particle motion \cite{Bertolami2008,Avelino2018, Avelino2020a}.

The on-shell Lagrangian for a single-point particle with action
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:act_part}
	S=-\int d\tau\,m \,,
\end{equation}
and energy-momentum tensor
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:emt_part}
	T^{\mu\nu}=\frac{m}{\sqrt{-g}}\int d\tau \,u^\mu u^\nu \delta^4 (x^\sigma-\xi^\sigma(\tau)) \,,
\end{equation}
is given by the trace of the energy-momentum tensor (see, for example, \cite{Avelino2020a,Ferreira2020a})
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:part_lag}
	\mathcal{L}_\text{m}=T=-\frac{m}{\sqrt{-g}}\int d\tau \, \delta^4 (x^\sigma-\xi^\sigma(\tau)) \,,
\end{equation}
where $\delta^4 (x^\sigma-\xi^\sigma(\tau))$ denotes the four–dimensional Dirac delta function, $\xi^\sigma(\tau)$ represents the particle worldline, $\tau$ is the proper time, $u^\mu$ are the components of the particle four-velocity ($u^\mu u_\mu=-1$), and $m$ is the proper particle mass. An alternate derivation of this result, $\mathcal{L}_\text{m}=T$, for an ideal gas is given in \cite{Avelino2018a,Avelino2018} (see also \cite{Ferreira2020a} for a detailed discussion of the appropriateness of the use of different Lagrangians to describe various components of the cosmic energy budget). The covariant derivative of Eq. \eqref{eq:emt_part} may thus be written as
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:cov_emt_part}
	\nabla_\nu T^{\mu\nu}=\frac{m}{\sqrt{-g}}\int d\tau\, (\nabla_\nu u^\mu) u^\nu \delta^4 (x^\sigma-\xi^\sigma(\tau)) \,,
\end{equation}
and using Eqs. \eqref{eq:emt_part}, \eqref{eq:part_lag} and \eqref{eq:cov_emt_part} in Eq. \eqref{eq:noncons} one obtains the equation of motion of a point particle
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:geodesic}
	\frac{du^{\mu} }{ ds}+\Gamma^\mu_{\alpha\beta} u^\alpha u^\beta = \mathfrak{a}^\mu \,,
\end{equation}
where $\mathfrak{f}^\mu = m\mathfrak{a}^\mu$ is a momentum-dependent four-force, given by
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:extraforce}
	\mathfrak{f}^\mu=-m\frac{f'_2}{ f_2}h^{\mu\nu}\nabla_\nu R \, ,
\end{equation}
and $h^{\mu\nu}=g^{\mu\nu}+u^{\mu}u^{\nu}$ is the projection operator.

Here we shall consider a flat, homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe with line element
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:metric}
	ds^2=-dt^2+a^2(t)d\bm{r}\cdot d\bm{r}\,,
\end{equation}
where $a(t)$ is the scale factor, $t$ is the cosmic time, and $\bm{r}$ are cartesian coordinates. Solving Eqs. \eqref{eq:geodesic} and \eqref{eq:extraforce}  in this metric one finds that the components of the three-force on particles $\bm{\mathfrak{f}}=d\bm{p}/dt$ are given by \cite{Avelino2020a}
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:3force}
	\mathfrak{f}^i = -\frac{d\ln(af_2)}{dt}p^i \,,
\end{equation}
where $p^i$ are the components of the particle's three-momentum $\bm{p}$, which therefore evolve as
\begin{equation}
	p^i \propto (a f_2)^{-1}\,. \label{eq:momev}
\end{equation}
See \cite{Avelino2018} for an alternate derivation of this result in the case of solitons with fixed mass and structure. Assuming the zero-mass limit for photons, this implies that their frequency $\nu$, and their energy $E$, no longer evolve with $a^{-1}$ as in GR. The equation for the evolution of $E$ and $\nu$ in NMC gravity is instead given by
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:photon_freq}
	E\propto\nu\propto \frac{1}{af_2} = \frac{1+z}{f_2} \, ,
\end{equation}
where $z$ is the redshift, and we have set $a=1$ at the present time. This alteration to the dynamics of photons, associated to the additional factor of $f_2^{-1}$, leads to stringent constraints on NMC theories from both cosmic microwave background (CMB) and big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) data \cite{Avelino2018}.

We consider that the universe is filled by a collection of perfect fluids, with an energy-momentum tensor of the form
\begin{equation}\label{eq:pf_emt_nmc}
	T^{\mu\nu}=(\rho+p)U^\mu U^\nu + p g^{\mu\nu}\,,
\end{equation}
where $\rho$ and $p$ are the proper density and proper pressure of the fluid, respectively, and $U^\mu$ are the components of the four-velocity of a fluid element, satisfying $U_\mu U^\mu = -1$. Using Eqs. \eqref{eq:metric} and \eqref{eq:pf_emt_nmc} in the field equations \eqref{eq:eqmotion}, we obtain the modified Friedmann equation (MFE)
\begin{equation}\label{eq:fried-f1f2-1}
	H^2=\frac{1}{6F}\left[FR- \kappa f_1+f_2\rho-6H\dot{F}\right]\,,
\end{equation}
and the modified Raychaudhuri equation (MRE)
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ray-f1f2-1}
	2\dot{H}+3H^2=\frac{1}{2F}\left[FR-\kappa f_1-f_2 p-4H\dot{F}-2\ddot{F}\right] \,,
\end{equation}
where a dot represents a derivative with respect to the cosmic time, $H\equiv\dot{a}/a$ is the Hubble factor, and $F$ is defined by Eq. \eqref{eq:F} with  $\mathcal{L}_\text{m}=T=3p-\rho$.

\section{The distance-duality relation}

The luminosity distance $d_\text{L}$ of an astronomical object relates its absolute luminosity $L$, i.e. its radiated energy per unit time, and its energy flux at the detector $l$, so that they maintain the usual Euclidian relation
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:apparent luminosity}
	l = \frac{L}{4\pi d_\text{L}^2}\,,
\end{equation}
or in terms of the luminosity distance
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:lum_dist_1}
	d_\text{L} = \sqrt{\frac{L}{4\pi l}}\,.
\end{equation}
Over a small emission time $\Delta t_\text{em}$ the absolute luminosity can be written as
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:abs_lum_1}
	L = \frac{N_{\gamma,\text{em}} E_\text{em}}{\Delta t_\text{em}}\,,
\end{equation}
where $N_{\gamma,\text{em}}$ is the number of emitted photons and $E_\text{em}$ is the average photon energy. An observer at a coordinate distance $r$ from the source will, however, observe an energy flux given by
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:app_lum}
	l = \frac{N_{\gamma,\text{obs}}E_\text{obs}}{\Delta t_\text{obs} 4\pi r^2}
\end{equation}
where $N_{\gamma,\text{obs}}$ is the number of observed photons and $E_\text{obs}$ is their average energy.

Note that while the number of photons is conserved, $N_{\gamma,\text{obs}} = N_{\gamma,\text{em}}$, the time that it takes to receive the photons is increased by a factor of $1+z$, $t_\text{obs}= (1+z)t_\text{em}$, and as per Eq. \eqref{eq:photon_freq}, their energy is reduced as
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:energy_obs}
	E_\text{obs} = \frac{E_\text{em}}{1+z}\frac{f_2(z)}{f_2(0)} \,,
\end{equation}
where $f_2(z)=f_2[R(z)]$ and $f_2(0)=f_2[R(0)]$ are respectively the values of the function $f_2$ at emission and at the present time. The distance $r$ can be calculated by just integrating over a null geodesic, that is
\begin{align}
	\label{eq:null geodesic}
	ds^2 &= - dt^2 + a(t)^2dr^2 = 0\nonumber \\
	\Rightarrow dr &= -\frac{dt}{a(t)} \nonumber \\
	\Rightarrow  r &= \int_{t_\text{em}}^{t_\text{obs}} \frac{dt}{a(t)}= \int_0^z \frac{dz'}{H(z')} \,,
\end{align}
Using Eqs. \eqref{eq:abs_lum_1}, \eqref{eq:app_lum}, \eqref{eq:energy_obs} and \eqref{eq:null geodesic} in Eq. \eqref{eq:lum_dist_1}, we finally obtain
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:lum_dist}
	d_\text{L} = (1+z)\sqrt{\frac{f_2(0)}{f_2(z)}}\int_0^z \frac{dz'}{H(z')} \, .
\end{equation}
In the GR limit $f_2=\text{const.}$, and we recover the standard result

The angular-diameter distance $d_\text{A}$, on the other hand, is defined so that the angular diameter $\theta$ of a source that extends over a proper distance $s$ perpendicularly to the line of sight is given by the usual Euclidean relation
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:angle}
	\theta=\frac{s}{d_\text{A}}\,.
\end{equation}
In a FLRW universe, the proper distance $s$ corresponding to an angle $\theta$ is simply
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:prop_dist}
	s= a(t)r\theta = \frac{r\theta}{1+z}\,,
\end{equation}
where the scale factor has been set to unity at the present time. So the angular-diameter distance is just
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:ang_dist}
	d_\text{A}=\frac{1}{1+z}\int_0^z \frac{dz'}{H(z')}\,.
\end{equation}
Comparing Eqs. \eqref{eq:lum_dist} and \eqref{eq:ang_dist} one finds
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:mod_DDR}
	\frac{d_\text{L}}{d_\text{A}}=(1+z)^2 \sqrt{\frac{f_2(0)}{f_2(z)}}\,.
\end{equation}

Deviations from the standard DDR are usually parametrized by the factor $\eta$ as
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:par_DDR}
	\frac{d_\text{L}}{d_\text{A}}=(1+z)^2 \eta\,.
\end{equation}
Constraints on the value of $\eta$ are derived from observational data for both $d_\text{A}$ and $d_\text{L}$.
Comparing Eqs. \eqref{eq:mod_DDR} and \eqref{eq:par_DDR} one immediately obtains
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:eta}
	\eta(z) = \sqrt{\frac{f_2(0)}{f_2(z)}}\,,
\end{equation}
(see also \cite{Minazzoli2014,Hees2014} for a derivation of this result in theories with a NMC between the matter fields and a scalar field).

If $f_1=R$, like in GR, any choice of the NMC function apart from $f_2 = 1$ would lead to a deviation from the standard $\Lambda$CDM background cosmology and would therefore require a computation of the modified $H(z)$ and $R(z)$ for every different $f_2$ that is probed. However, it is possible to choose a function $f_1$ such that the cosmological background evolution remains the same as in $\Lambda$CDM. In this case, the Hubble factor is simply
	\begin{equation}
		\label{eq:Hubble}
		H(z)=H_0\left[\Omega_{\text{r},0}(1+z)^4+\Omega_{\text{m},0}(1+z)^3+\Omega_{\Lambda,0}\right]^{1/2} \,,
	\end{equation}
	and the scalar curvature $R$ is given by
	\begin{equation}
		\label{eq:scalar_curv}
		R(z)=3H_0^2\left[\Omega_{\text{m},0}(1+z)^3+4\Omega_{\Lambda,0}\right] \,,
	\end{equation}
	where $H_0$ is the Hubble constant, $\Omega_{\text{r},0}$, $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$ and $\Omega_{\Lambda,0}$ are the radiation, matter and cosmological constant density parameters at present time. The calculation of the appropriate function $f_1$ must be done numerically, by integrating either the MFE \eqref{eq:fried-f1f2-1} or the MRE \eqref{eq:ray-f1f2-1} for $f_1$ with the appropriate initial conditions at $z=0$ (when integrating the MRE, the MFE serves as an additional constraint). Considering that GR is strongly constrained at the present time, the natural choice of initial conditions is $f_1(0)=R(0)$ and $\dot{f}_1(0)=\dot{R}(0)$.

Nevertheless, in the present paper we will consider that significant deviations of $f_2$ from unity are allowed only at relatively low redshift, since CMB and BBN constraints on NMC theories have already constrained $f_2$ to be very close to unity at large redshifts \cite{Avelino2018,Azevedo2018a}. We have verified that the function $f_1(z)$ required for Eqs. \eqref{eq:Hubble} and \eqref{eq:scalar_curv} to be satisfied deviates no more than $3\%$ from the GR prediction $f_1=R$ for $z\lesssim1.5$, for the models investigated in this paper (using the best-fit parameters in Table \ref{tab:results_full_n}).

\section{Methodology and results}\label{sec:results}

In \cite{Martinelli2020}, the authors used Pantheon and BAO data to constrain a parametrization of the DDR deviation of the type
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:par_eta_eps}
	\eta(z) = (1+z)^{\epsilon}\,.
\end{equation}
and obtained, for a constant $\epsilon$, $\epsilon=0.013\pm0.029$ at the 68\% credible interval (CI). Here, we use the same datasets and a similar methodology to derive constraints for specific NMC models. We present a brief description of the methodology for completeness, but refer the reader to \cite{Martinelli2020} for a more detailed discussion.

In general, BAO data provides measurements of the ratio $d_z$ (see, for example, \cite{Beutler2011}), defined as
\begin{equation}
	d_z\equiv \frac{r_\text{s}(z_\text{d})}{D_V(z)} \,,
\end{equation}
where $D_V(z)$ is the volume averaged distance \cite{Eisenstein2005}
\begin{equation}
	D_V(z)=\left[(1+z)^2 d_\text{A}^2(z) \frac{c z}{H(z)}\right]^{1/3} \,,
\end{equation}
and $r_\text{s}(z_\text{d})$ is the comoving sound horizon at the drag epoch. Assuming that the evolution of the Universe is close to $\Lambda$CDM, $r_\text{s}(z_\text{d})$ can be approximated as \cite{Eisenstein1998}
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:sound_hor}
	r_\text{s}(z_\text{d}) \simeq \frac{44.5 \ln \left(\frac{9.83}{\Omega_{\text{m},0}h^2}\right)} {\sqrt{1+10(\Omega_{\text{b},0}h^2)^{3/4}}} \,,
\end{equation}
where $\Omega_{\text{b},0}$ is the baryon density parameter and $h$ is the dimensionless Hubble constant. Here we shall assume that $\Omega_{\text{b},0}h^2=0.02225$ in agreement with the latest \textit{Planck} release \cite{Aghanim2020}. Notice that the BAO observations are used to estimate $d_\text{A}$, which remains unchanged in NMC theories provided that the evolution of $H(z)$ and $R(z)$ is unchanged with respect to the $\Lambda$CDM model. Thus, BAO data will ultimately provide us with constraints on $H_0$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$. The original datasets that we shall consider in the present paper come from the surveys 6dFGS \cite{Beutler2011}, SDDS \cite{Anderson2014}, BOSS CMASS \cite{Xu2012}, WiggleZ \cite{Blake2012}, MGS \cite{Ross2015}, BOSS DR12 \cite{Gil-Marin2016}, DES \cite{Abbott2019}, Ly-$\alpha$ observations \cite{Blomqvist2019}, SDSS DR14 LRG \cite{Bautista2018} and quasar observations \cite{Ata2018}, but the relevant data is conveniently compiled and combined in Appendix A of \cite{Martinelli2020}.

Likewise, the luminosity distance can be constrained using SnIa data, via measurements of their apparent magnitude
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:appar_mag}
	m(z)=M_0 +5 \log_{10}\left[\frac{d_\text{L}(z)}{\text{Mpc}}\right]+25 \,,
\end{equation}
or, equivalently,
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:appar_mag_explicit}
	m(z) = M_0 - 5\log_{10}(H_0)+ 5\log_{10}\left[\eta(z)\hat{d}_\text{L}(z)\right] +25 \,,
\end{equation}
where $M_0$ is the intrinsic magnitude of the supernova and $\hat{d}_\text{L}(z)$ is the GR Hubble constant-free luminosity distance. Note, that the intrinsic magnitude $M_0$ is completely degenerate with the Hubble constant $H_0$, and thus simultaneous constraints on both quantities cannot be derived from SnIa data alone. As per \cite{Martinelli2020}, we use the marginalized likelihood expression from Appendix C in \cite{Conley2011}, which takes into account the marginalization of both $M_0$ and $H_0$, whenever possible.  Likewise, we use the full 1048 point Pantheon compilation from \cite{Scolnic2018}.

For simplicity, we shall consider two NMC models with a single free parameter (the NMC parameter) which is assumed to be a constant in the relevant redshift range ($0<z<1.5$), and assume a flat Universe evolving essentially as $\Lambda$CDM. Since the contribution of radiation to the overall energy density is very small at low redshift we ignore its contribution, and therefore $\Omega_{\Lambda,0}=1-\Omega_{\text{m},0}$.

We use the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler in the publicly available Python package \texttt{emcee} \cite{Foreman-Mackey2013} to build the posterior likelihoods for the cosmological parameters, $H_0$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$, as well as the NMC parameter, assuming flat priors for all of them. The MCMC chains are then analyzed using the Python package \texttt{GetDist} \cite{Lewis2019}, in order to calculate the marginalized means and CIs, as well as plots of the 2D contours of the resulting distributions.

\subsection{Power Law}
\label{subsec:powerlaw}

Consider a power law NMC function of the type
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:power_law}
	f_2\propto R^n \,,
\end{equation}
where $n$ is the NMC parameter (GR is recovered when $n=0$). Using Eqs. \eqref{eq:scalar_curv} and \eqref{eq:power_law} in Eq. \eqref{eq:eta}, one obtains
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:eta_power}
	\eta(z;n,\Omega_{\text{m},0}) = \left[\frac{\Omega_{\text{m},0}+4(1-\Omega_{\text{m},0})}{\Omega_{\text{m},0}(1+z)^3+4(1-\Omega_{\text{m},0})}\right]^{n/2} \,.
\end{equation}

The marginalized 68\% CI results can be found in Table \ref{tab:results}, and the 2D distributions for $n$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$ are displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:n_Om} (see also the Appendix for the best-fit values, 95\% and 99\% CIs, and the remaining distribution plots). A reconstruction of Eq. \eqref{eq:eta_power} is also shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:eta_power_law}. Note that Eq. (35) implies that in the power law case $\eta(z)$ only depends on the parameters $n$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$, which are not completely degenerate. Therefore,  SnIa data alone is able to constrain both of these parameters. However, since BAO data constrains both $H_0$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$, we are able to combine the two datasets to significantly improve the constraints on $n$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$.

The combined SnIa and BAO datasets constrain the NMC parameter to $n=0.013\pm 0.035$ (68\% CI). While this constraint falls short of the ones previously obtained from the black-body spectrum of the CMB, $|n|\lesssim \text{few}\times 10^{-6}$, or from BBN, $-0.002<n<0.003$ \cite{Azevedo2018a}, the present results are complementary as they more directly constrain the value of $n$ at much smaller redshifts. Note that this rules out NMC models designed to mimic dark matter, as these would require a power law with exponent in the range $-1\leq n \leq -1/7$ in order to explain the observed galactic rotation curves \cite{Bertolami2012,Silva2018}, in accordance with previous results \cite{Azevedo2018a}.

\begin{table}
	\caption{Mean values and marginalized 68\% CI limits obtained from currently available data on the cosmological parameters $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$ and $H_0$ (in units of km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{−1}$) and on the NMC parameters $n$ (dimensionless) and $\beta$ (in units of km$^{-2}$ s$^2$ Mpc$^2$).}
	\label{tab:results}
	\begin{tabular} { lc|c|c}
		\hline\hline
		Parameter & Probe  & power law & Exponential \\
		\hline
		& BAO &  $66.8^{+1.2}_{-1.4}$      &  $66.8^{+1.2}_{-1.4}$       \\
		{\boldmath$H_0$} & SnIa &  unconstrained      &  unconstrained       \\
		& SnIa+BAO &  $66.1\pm 1.2$      &  $65.7\pm 1.0$   \\
		\hline
		& BAO & $0.300^{+0.027}_{-0.035}$& $0.300^{+0.027}_{-0.035}$ \\
		{\boldmath$\Omega_{\text{m},0}$} & SnIa & $0.191^{+0.037}_{-0.061}$  & unconstrained \\
		& SnIa+BAO & $0.279^{+0.024}_{-0.030}$  & $0.268\pm 0.019$   \\
		\hline
		& BAO & unconstrained   &  \----       \\
		{\boldmath$n$} & SnIa & $0.184^{+0.092}_{-0.15}$   & \----  \\
		& SnIa+BAO & $0.013\pm 0.035$   &   \----      \\
		\hline
		& BAO & \----  &  unconstrained      \\
		{\boldmath$\beta $} & SnIa & \----  &  unconstrained       \\
		& SnIa+BAO &\----& $\left(1.24^{+0.97}_{-1.2}\right)\cdot10^{-6}$ \\
		\hline \hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{n_Om.pdf}
	\caption{2D contours on the power law parameter $n$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$ using data from BAO (blue), SnIa (yellow) and the combination of the two (red). The darker and lighter concentric regions represent the 68\% and 95\% credible intervals, respectively.}
	\label{fig:n_Om}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{eta_power_law.pdf}
	\caption{Reconstruction of $\eta(z)$ for the power law NMC model, using the results from the analysis of combined BAO and SnIa data. The dashed line represents the GR prediction $\eta=1$, while the solid red line represents the mean value of $\eta$ at every redshift. The orange (darker) and yellow (lighter) contours represent the 68\% and 95\% credible intervals, respectively.}
	\label{fig:eta_power_law}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Exponential}
\label{sec:exp}

Consider now an exponential NMC function,
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:exp_f2}
	f_2\propto e^{\beta R} \,,
\end{equation}
where $\beta$ is the NMC parameter, with dimensions of $R^{-1}$ (GR is recovered when $\beta=0$). Using Eqs. \eqref{eq:scalar_curv} and \eqref{eq:exp_f2} in Eq. \eqref{eq:eta}, one obtains
\begin{equation}
	\label{eq:eta_exp}
	\eta(z;\beta,\Omega_{\text{m},0}, H_0) = \exp\left[\frac{3}{2}\beta H_0^2 \Omega_{\text{m},0} (1-(1+z)^3)\right] \,.
\end{equation}
Note that $\eta$ now depends on all three free parameters, $\beta$, $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$ and $H_0$. Furthermore, since $H_0$ is now also degenerate with $\beta$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$, we can no longer analytically marginalize over $H_0$, and SnIa data alone cannot be used to derive useful constraints on any of these parameters. By combining the BAO and SnIa datasets, however, one is able to break this degeneracy, and derive constraints on all three parameters. The marginalized results can be found in Table \ref{tab:results}, and the 2D distributions for $\beta$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$ can be found in Fig.~\ref{fig:beta_Om} (see also the Appendix for the best-fit values, $95\%$ and $99\%$ CIs, and the remaining distribution plots). A reconstruction of Eq. \eqref{eq:eta_exp} is also shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:eta_exp}.

The combined SnIa and BAO datasets constrain the NMC parameter to $\beta=\left(1.24^{+0.97}_{-1.2}\right)\cdot10^{-6}$ (68\% CI), in units of km$^{-2}$ s$^2$ Mpc$^2$. Once again this result complements the one found for the same function using the method presented in \cite{Azevedo2018a} for the variation of the baryon to photon ratio, $|\beta|\lesssim10^{-28}$, as they constrain the same parameter in significantly different redshift ranges. Also notice that while the marginalized results do not contain the GR limit $\beta=0$ at the 68\% CI, that limit is contained in both the marginalized 95\% CI, $\beta=\left(1.2^{+2.2}_{-2.1}\right)\cdot10^{-6}$, and the 2D 68\% credible region.

\begin{figure}[!]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{beta_Om.pdf}
	\caption{2D contours on the exponential parameter $\beta$ and $\Omega_{\text{m},0}$ using data from BAO (blue) and the combination of the SnIa and BAO (red). The darker and lighter concentric regions represent the 68\% and 95\% credible intervals, respectively.}
	\label{fig:beta_Om}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{eta_exponential.pdf}
	\caption{Reconstruction of $\eta(z)$ for the exponential NMC model, using the results from the analysis of combined BAO and SnIa data. The dashed line represents the GR prediction $\eta=1$, while the solid red line represents the mean value of $\eta$ at every redshift. The orange (darker) and yellow (lighter) contours represent the 68\% and 95\% credible intervals, respectively.}
	\label{fig:eta_exp}
\end{figure}

Future observations from LSST and the Euclid DESIRE survey \cite{Laureijs2011,Astier2014} will provide more data points in the range $z\in[0.1, 1.6]$. For the $\epsilon$ parametrization used in \cite{Martinelli2020}, this will result in an improvement on the constraint of about one order of magnitude. If this is the case, one could expect a corresponding improvement on the NMC parameter constraints. Third-generation gravitational wave observatories will also be able to provide data points at even higher redshift (up to $z\sim5$), which will serve as  independent and complementary data for the same purpose \cite{Cai2017}.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conc}

In this work, we have shown that the relation between the luminosity and angular-diameter distances is modified in the presence of a NMC between gravity and the matter fields, due to the change in energy and momentum that photons experience as space expands. We have used the most recent SnIa and BAO data to further constrain these $f(R)$-inspired NMC theories in a redshift range closer to the present time (up to $z\sim1.5$), which had previously not been explored in the context of NMC gravity. We find that the deviations from GR are expected to be small, in accordance with previous results. These new constraints also reinforce that NMC gravity cannot be used to explain the observed galactic rotation curves in lieu of dark matter.

\begin{acknowledgments}
	The authors would like to thank Dr. Paul Tol for developing the colorblind-friendly color schemes used in this work \cite{Tol}. R.P.L.A. was supported by the Funda{\c c}\~ao para a Ci\^encia e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) Grant No. SFRH/BD/132546/2017. Funding of this work has also been provided by FCT through national funds (PTDC/FIS-PAR/31938/2017) and by FEDER—Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza{\c c}\~ao (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031938), and through the research Grants No. UIDB/04434/2020 and No. UIDP/04434/2020.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Author: Olorunfemi Adedeji
Afrika Esports Series Opens for Registration
Afrika Esports Series, the first continental professional esports event of the kind, has opened up its portal for registration of participants in the first-ever pan-Africa eSport championship slated for later this year
CEO, Jack Dorsey, Explains Twitter ban @RealDonaldTrump
Following weeklong mixed reactions trailing the indefinite ban on the Twitter handle of the USA president, Donald Trump as a penalty for "repeatedly flaunting" the community rules @RealDonaldTrump, the platform's CEO has come out to give reasons for his action.
Indie Arena Booth Delivers Fully Interactive Pavillion Experience at Gamescom 2020
This year's gamescom holds 100% virtually and 100% free for the first time in the history of the convention. At the end of August, the whole games world will be talking about gamescom and the latest games.
Africacomicade Debuts with a Focus on Video Game Development Opportunities
Africacomicade, a platform that brings together enthusiasts and digital creatives across the games, animation, comics, and movie industry in Africa via curated events such as conventions and game jams, debuts virtually and it is very well received.
Google Meet vs. Zoom vs. Facebook's Messenger Rooms: Which video chat app for you?
Over the past two to three months, video chat applications have become the most important digital tools and in fact the de-facto resource for business continuity in the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of zoom app gained so much traction that even a Nigerian Federal High Court sat on zoom and delivered a death sentence. Talk of the unthinkable.
NCC to Set Up Digital Parks in 6 Geo-Political Zones
In a recent release by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), communication watchdog is set to establish ICT Parks in each of the six geopolitical zones.
What you need to know about the 5G Network
There has been increased expectations merged with heightened anxiety across the world in recent weeks about the roll-out of the next-generation telephony network—the 5G.
Is Nigeria Ready for 5G?
June 2015, I attended a workshop organised by the Nigerian Broadcasting Association. An event organised to prepare content platform owners for the digital era.
Top Tech Winners in a case of your City Shut-down
In the face of an impending global pandemic, we have seen a surge in the use of certain technologies and a sharp reduction in the use of many others. Globally, e-hailing cab applications, for instance, have had a deep in their fortunes.
GitHub Launches Project to Preserve World's Open Software for 1,000 Years
The world is powered by open source software. It is a hidden cornerstone of modern civilization and the shared heritage of all humanity. The mission of the GitHub Archive Program is to preserve open-source software for future generations.


Tracy and I got our start in photography when we bought a camera for our trip to Alaska. When we got back I did not put the camera down, taking thousands of pictures of our twin boys in everyday life. Little did I know at that time it would become something I was so passionate about that 6 years later I would quit my job of 14 years working in a children's' advocacy center helping child abuse victims. A few years after I started my passionate journey Tracy started hers. We would put our twin boys to sleep and watch Photography Courses taught by the leading experts in the field for several hours each night. We would spend countless hours practicing our craft. Tracy and I are driven to provide our clients with extraordinary service and art. Tracy has worked with individuals who have been diagnosed with autism for 13 years. Her current position is an Autism Program Supervisor. She hopes to join our business G&T Northrip Photography full time in the near future.
Tracy and I love film, classic, cinematic, romantic, and documentary style photography. We love to capture those fleeting moments of life whether at a wedding or family session. I guess you could say we are visual story tellers. We started telling our family story on that trip to Alaska and have not stopped since. In fact, this is the main reason why we started our photography business is to help you tell your story through pictures.
We are very community and family oriented. One of our loves is to do fundraisers and projects for different organizations in our community such as Kids' Harbor, Inc. a Children's Advocacy Center benefiting child abuse victims and the "Forget Me Not Ball" benefiting those with Alzheimer. The need for fundraisers and support for those who help others is great.
"Telling Your Story Through Pictures"
We are a husband and wife photography team who specializes in wedding photography. G&T Northrip Photography offer a boutique, personalized service to each and every client who walks through our door. We believe everyone has a story to tell and the best way to tell that story is through pictures we print to be displayed in your home.


Netherlands, Prague, Idaho, Arizona… Come Visit Us!
Come visit Amped Software in October at these industry events.
This entry was posted in Announcements, Events on September 25, 2014 by Martino Jerian.
12 Updates in 9 Months! What Do You Want Next?
A few days ago we just released an update to Amped FIVE and Amped Authenticate, but this time we thought it was time to recap what has been done so far in 2014.
This entry was posted in Announcements, Authenticate, FIVE, New features on September 18, 2014 by Martino Jerian.
We are proud to reveal that the European project MAVEN, in which Amped Software participates as a partner, has reached its first development milestone.
The first stage of the project, recently concluded, has been focused on the specification and development of the first functional versions of the tools that will integrate the future MAVEN suite for management, authentication and verification of multimedia contents. At present, the tools are being internally tested with promising results.
Amped Software and the rest of the MAVEN team will travel to Brussels next week, to present the results and to undergo a first assessment by the European Commission. Our objective in this project is to obtain new technologies for image and video authentication, which could improve the performance of our products and allow us to launch new tools.
MAVEN is a European project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme under the "Research for the benefit of SMEs" scheme. The main goal of the project is the development of an efficient and scalable toolset for search, authentication and verification of multimedia contents, a product which is not yet available in the market and that will benefit law enforcement agencies, broadcasting companies and content producers, among others.
This entry was posted in Announcements on September 5, 2014 by Darlene Alvar.


I have an L400 jasper so the lights/lenses on the bullbar are yellow and therefore the lights are crap, I am wanting to change either the bulbs and lenses or the whole bullbar to include white lights, does anyone know where sells lights for the front or replacement lenses?
Posted: Tue Jan 01, 2019 15:02 Post subject: Google Ads keep this community free to join!
If your spots are original fitments replacements, either lenses or lamps will be expensive.
Just replace them with some aftermarket items of the same size, then fit them to the bull bar using exhaust U clamps, no drilling and even use the same feed wires.
RING do some cheap but good lights, look at their stuff.


The Music Scene in Austin Texas, with Robin T Smith, find out here!
Robin T Smith is an extraordinary composer, he also teaches Viral Instruments and how they impact todays music, find out all about it here! Subscribe, Rate & Review!
Austin Texas has it going on with Robin T Smith, Piano, Composer, Instructor, Professor of the Viral instrument world and how it impacts todays audio artistry! Subscribe, Rate, & Review!


text:
Неферкаре — імовірний давньоєгипетський фараон з III династії. Дотепер єгиптологи сперечаються щодо його існування.

Література
 Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der altägyptischen Königsnamen. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, S. 51-52.
 Rainer Hannig: Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch: (2800–950 v. Chr.). von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-1771-9, S. 1284.
 Stephan J. Seidlmayer: The Relative Chronology of Dynasty 3. In: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David A. Warburton (Hrsg.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology (= Handbook of Oriental studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East. Band 83). Brill, Leiden/Boston 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5, S. 116–123 (Online).
 Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, S. 163, 174 und 315.
 Nabil Swelim: Some Problems on the History of the Third Dynasty. Archaeology Society, Alexandria 1983, S. 217-220 und 224.
 Christoffer Theis, Bemerkungen zu Manetho und zur manethonischen Tradition 1: Die dritte Dynastie, in: Welt des Orients 44 (2014), S. 109–125.
 Christoffer Theis, Zu den an der Pyramide Lepsius XIII gefundenen Namen. Die Frage nach Nfr-k3 und B3-k3, in: Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 43 (2014), S. 426–438.

Фараони за алфавітом
Третя династія єгипетських фараонів
XXVII століття до н. е.


text:
Georgian Legion may refer to:

 Georgian Legion (1915–1918), a World War I unit in the German army composed of Georgians
 Georgian Legion (1941–1945), a World War II unit in the German army composed of Georgians
 Georgian Legion (Ukraine), a pro-Ukrainian unit in the Russo-Ukrainian War.


text:
Laser light as a probe to investigate the world of the living on different spatial and temporal scales: from the single-molecule up to complex cell organization in tissues, from microsecond dynamics in single molecules to months dynamics phenomena in living animals. Basic science and applications connected to find new solutions in life sciences.
Molding the flow of light with matter, and designing new materials with light. From quantum properties, to linear and non-linear interactions, from atoms to polymers, from disordered, random to periodic mesoscopic systems in all conditions, even extreme ones. Light is our tool to reveal the emerging properties of photonic materials from the molecular to the mesoscopic scale, and the driving force to enable their functionalities and reactivity. Light-based technologies are the key to investigate many fundamental issues in physics and material science, and an endless source of inspiration for new photonic applications.
Quantum Science And Technology
Living in the second quantum era: quantum phenomena, probed and controlled with laser light. From the creation of ultracold atomic quantum gases to manipulation of single molecules. From time measurements with ultra-precise and compact clocks to the realisation of quantum limited sensors. From the engineering of novel quantum states of light, to the investigation of fundamental quantum limits.
Interdisciplinarity is the keyword that best describes research activity at LENS: founded by a little group of scientists prevalently involved in atomic and molecular laser spectroscopy, in its 20 years of life LENS has grown developing and differentiating the research lines in new directions. From atomic physics to photochemistry, biochemistry and biophysics, from material science to photonics, from art restoration and preservation to solid and liquid state physics, all of these fields share the same fundamental methodology: the use of laser light to investigate matter. Here a short description of the principal research lines presently active at LENS is given. The distinction of four different main research areas and eighteen research topics is done mostly to make the presentation easier. Currently cross-interactions and contaminations between research teams not only are present and frequent, but also represent one of the strengths of the laboratory.


More than 300 business and community leaders attended the Horizon Council's 2016 Annual Meeting on Jan. 29 at Broadway Palm Dinner Theatre in Fort Myers. The event featured the year's economic development successes and honored the Council's contributions. This year's event also included a celebration of the 25th Anniversary of the Horizon Council by recalling the economic progress the County has experienced during the last quarter century.
Forming various task forces over the years to produce viable solutions to pressing local issues.
2016 population projections estimate that nearly 1,000 people per month will move to Lee County.
Boland gave an overview of expansion and retention projects the County secured in 2015. Special Coatings USA, First Family Insurance, Paramount Transportation Logistics and Advanced Components International combined to create 400 new jobs and inject almost $20 million into the economy in 2015. Boland praised the collaborative efforts of the Horizon Council and its Horizon Foundation, which resulted in the creation of LEARN, The Lee Entrepreneur's Assistance Resource Network, which supports new and existing businesses in Southwest Florida. Boland pointed out another example of strong collective efforts with the newly formed Commercial Corridor Revitalization Task Force, which focuses on helping areas that have lagged in the ongoing economic recovery, such as North Fort Myers, Dunbar and Lehigh Acres.
The event featured New York Times best-selling author Diana Kander as the keynote speaker. Kander is a successful entrepreneur, Professor of Entrepreneurship at the University of Missouri, Senior Fellow at the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Georgetown-educated attorney and the best-selling author of All in Startups. Kander, who serves as an innovation coach to companies and nonprofits, offered the audience her views on innovation in the workplace and how to motivate employees to think like entrepreneurs.
Denis Noah, 2016 Horizon Foundation President, concluded the event with a recap of the Horizon Foundation's 2015 fundraising efforts. The charitable 501(c)(3) organization was established to provide a funding vehicle for businesses to invest in the long-term economic vitality of Lee County. Noah praised Dennie Hamilton, 2015 Horizon Foundation President, for another record-breaking year. The Foundation raised more than $400,000 in 2015 for economic development efforts and, he noted, has already raised more than $300,000 for 2016. For more information on investment opportunities, contact B. Pat O'Rourke at 239-533-6808, or [email protected].


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Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/bge/wpaper/194.html
Capitalism, Unemployment and the Transition to the Contemporary Pattern of Growth
Howard Petith
A new model of unemployment based on an idea of Marx is presented and used to interpret the development of the British economy from the beginning of capitalism to the present. It is shown that unemployment may be created purposely by capitalists in order to weaken the bargaining position of the workers. This mechanism leads to complex temporal pattern of unemployment and can explain why wages took almost a century and a half to react to the growing capital to labour ratio that characterised early British capitalism.
Howard Petith, 2005. "Capitalism, Unemployment and the Transition to the Contemporary Pattern of Growth," Working Papers 194, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics.
Handle: RePEc:bge:wpaper:194
File URL: http://www.barcelonagse.eu/sites/default/files/working_paper_pdfs/194.pdf
Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 2002. "Natural Selection and the Origin of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 117(4), pages 1133-1191.
Galor, Oded & Moav, Omer, 2000. "Natural Selection and the Origin of Economic Growth," Arbetsrapport 2000:5, Institute for Futures Studies.
Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 2000. "Natural Selection and the Origin of economic Growth," Working Papers 2000-18, Brown University, Department of Economics.
Galor, Oded & Moav, Omer, 2001. "Natural Selection and the Origin of Economic Growth," CEPR Discussion Papers 2727, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Richard A. Breche & Zhiqi Chen & Ehsan U. Choudhri, 2002. "Unemployment and Growth in the Long Run: An Efficiency-Wage Model with Optimal Savings," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 43(3), pages 875-894, August.
R.A. Brecher & Z. Chen & E.U. Choudhri, 2000. "Unemployment and Growth in the Long Run: An Efficiency-Wage Model with Optimal Savings," Carleton Economic Papers 00-01, Carleton University, Department of Economics, revised Sep 2002.
Galor, Oded, 2006. "The Demographic Transition," MPRA Paper 76646, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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Allin Cottrell & William A. Darity, Jr., 1988. "Marx, Malthus, and Wages," History of Political Economy, Duke University Press, vol. 20(2), pages 173-190, Summer.
Bean, Charles & Pissarides, Christopher, 1993. "Unemployment, consumption and growth," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 837-854, May.
C Bean & Christopher A. Pissarides, 1992. "Unemployment, Consumption and Growth," CEP Discussion Papers dp0100, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
Booth,Alison L., 1994. "The Economics of the Trade Union," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521468398, December.
Galor, Oded & Moav, Omer, 2001. "Evolution and growth," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(4-6), pages 718-729, May.
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Galor, Oded & Mountford, Andrew, 2002. "Why are a Third of People Indian and Chinese? Trade, Industrialization and Demographic Transition," CEPR Discussion Papers 3136, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Capitalism; Marx; Great Britain; unemployment;
E11 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Marxian; Sraffian; Kaleckian
E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
N33 - Economic History - - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy - - - Europe: Pre-1913
O41 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O51 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - U.S.; Canada
P1 - Economic Systems - - Capitalist Systems
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