text:
//
//  YYNShoppingCartViewController.m
//  ShoppingCart
//
//  Created by czf1 on 17/4/1.
//  Copyright © 2017年 YYN. All rights reserved.
//

#import "YYNShoppingCartViewController.h"
#import "YYNCartBottomView.h"/**自定义底部视图**/
#import "YYNShoppingModel.h"/**数据**/

#import "YYNShoppingTableViewCell.h"
#import "YYNHandleModel.h"
#import "MBProgressHUD.h"

#define KScreenWidth [UIScreen mainScreen].bounds.size.width //当前屏宽
#define KScreenHeight [UIScreen mainScreen].bounds.size.height //当前屏高

static NSString *IdentifierCell = @"YYNShoppingTableViewCell";

@interface YYNShoppingCartViewController ()<UITableViewDelegate, UITableViewDataSource>{
    BOOL _isSelectAll;/**是否全选**/
}
@property (nonatomic, assign)CGFloat totalMoney;/**商品总价格**/

@property (nonatomic, strong)YYNCartBottomView *bottomView;/**底部视图**/

@property (nonatomic, strong)NSMutableArray *dataSource;/**数据源**/

@property (nonatomic, strong)UITableView *tableView;/**tableview**/

@end

@implementation YYNShoppingCartViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.

    self.view.backgroundColor = [UIColor whiteColor];

    self.navigationItem.title = @"购物车";

    [self bottomView];
    [self tableView];
    [self.tableView reloadData];
}

#pragma mark - 数据源
- (NSMutableArray *)dataSource{
    if (!_dataSource) {
        _totalMoney = 0.00;
        _dataSource = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
            YYNShoppingModel *model = [[YYNShoppingModel alloc] init];
            model.img = @"jishuchengguo_goumaijishu";
            model.productDes = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"测试数据测试数据测试数据%d",i];
            model.productCorlor = @"红色,M号";
            model.amount = 1;
            model.totalMoney = 100.00;
            model.singleMoney = 100.00;
            NSMutableArray *arr = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
            [arr addObject:model];
            [_dataSource addObject:arr];
        }
    }
    return _dataSource;
}

#pragma mark - 视图
- (YYNCartBottomView *)bottomView{
    if (!_bottomView) {
        _bottomView = [[YYNCartBottomView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, KScreenHeight - 44, KScreenWidth, 44)];
        [self.view addSubview:_bottomView];

    }

#pragma mark - 全选按钮回调
    __weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;
    _bottomView.selectAllBtnClickBlock = ^(BOOL isSelectAll){
        _isSelectAll = isSelectAll;
        //改变商品选择状态
        [[YYNHandleModel shareManage] changeEveryProductStateWithData:weakSelf.dataSource andAllSelectBtnState:isSelectAll];
        if (isSelectAll) {
            weakSelf.totalMoney = [[YYNHandleModel shareManage] selectedTotalMoneyWithData:weakSelf.dataSource];
            [weakSelf configSelectedTotalMoney:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"合计:¥%.02lf",weakSelf.totalMoney]];
        }else{
            weakSelf.totalMoney = 0.00;
            [weakSelf configSelectedTotalMoney:@"合计:¥0.00"];
        }

        [weakSelf.tableView reloadData];
    };

    return _bottomView;
}

#pragma mark - 商品的总价格赋值
//给合计label赋值
- (void)configSelectedTotalMoney:(NSString *)totalMoney{
    self.bottomView.totleStr = totalMoney;
    [self.bottomView totlaMoneyLabel];
}

#pragma mark - tableview
- (UITableView *)tableView{
    if (!_tableView) {
        _tableView = [[UITableView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 64, KScreenWidth, KScreenHeight - 44 - 64) style:UITableViewStyleGrouped];
        _tableView.delegate = self;
        _tableView.dataSource = self;
        [_tableView registerClass:[YYNShoppingTableViewCell class] forCellReuseIdentifier:IdentifierCell];
        [self.view addSubview:_tableView];

    }
    return _tableView;
}

#pragma mark - tableview代理
- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
    YYNShoppingTableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:IdentifierCell];
    YYNShoppingModel *model = self.dataSource[indexPath.section][indexPath.row];
    cell.model = model;
    cell.selectionStyle = UITableViewCellSelectionStyleNone;
    cell.indexPath = indexPath;

    //回调方法
    __weak typeof(self)weakSelf = self;
    cell.selectBtnClickBlock = ^(BOOL isSelected){//选择按钮回调
        model.isSelected = isSelected;
        if ((_isSelectAll && !isSelected) || (!_isSelectAll && !isSelected)) {
            _isSelectAll = NO;
            weakSelf.totalMoney -= model.totalMoney;
            weakSelf.bottomView.allSelectBtn.selected = isSelected;
            [weakSelf configSelectedTotalMoney:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"合计:¥%.02lf",weakSelf.totalMoney]];

        }else if(isSelected && !_isSelectAll){
            weakSelf.totalMoney += model.totalMoney;
            [weakSelf configSelectedTotalMoney:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"合计:¥%.02lf",weakSelf.totalMoney]];

        }
    };

    cell.reduceBtnClickBlock = ^(){//减少按钮回调
        if (model.amount == 1) {
            MBProgressHUD *hub = [MBProgressHUD showHUDAddedTo:weakSelf.view animated:YES];
            hub.mode = MBProgressHUDModeText;
            hub.bezelView.backgroundColor = [UIColor lightGrayColor];
            hub.label.text = @"不能再少了哦亲!";
            hub.label.textColor = [UIColor whiteColor];
            [hub hideAnimated:YES afterDelay:2];
        }else{
            model.amount--;
            model.totalMoney -= model.singleMoney;
            weakSelf.totalMoney -= model.singleMoney;
            [weakSelf configSelectedTotalMoney:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"合计:¥%.02lf",weakSelf.totalMoney]];
            NSIndexSet *indexSet = [[NSIndexSet alloc] initWithIndex:indexPath.section];
            [weakSelf.tableView reloadSections:indexSet withRowAnimation:NO];
        }
    };

    cell.addBtnClickBlock = ^(){//增加按钮回调
        model.amount++;
        model.totalMoney += model.singleMoney;
        weakSelf.totalMoney += model.singleMoney;
        [weakSelf configSelectedTotalMoney:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"合计:¥%.02lf",weakSelf.totalMoney]];
        NSIndexSet *indexSet = [[NSIndexSet alloc] initWithIndex:indexPath.section];
        [weakSelf.tableView reloadSections:indexSet withRowAnimation:NO];

    };

    return cell;
}

- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section{
    return [self.dataSource[section] count];
}

- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView{
    return self.dataSource.count;
}

- (CGFloat)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView heightForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section{
    return CGFLOAT_MIN;
}

- (CGFloat)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView heightForFooterInSection:(NSInteger)section{
    return 20;
}

- (CGFloat)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView heightForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
    return 100;
}

- (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView commitEditingStyle:(UITableViewCellEditingStyle)editingStyle forRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
    editingStyle = UITableViewCellEditingStyleDelete;
    [self.dataSource removeObjectAtIndex:indexPath.section];
    self.totalMoney = [[YYNHandleModel shareManage] selectedTotalMoneyWithData:self.dataSource];
    [self configSelectedTotalMoney:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"合计:¥%.02lf",self.totalMoney]];
    [self.tableView reloadData];
}
- (BOOL)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView canEditRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {
    return YES;
}

- (NSString *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView titleForDeleteConfirmationButtonForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
    return @"删除";
}

/*
#pragma mark - Navigation

// In a storyboard-based application, you will often want to do a little preparation before navigation
- (void)prepareForSegue:(UIStoryboardSegue *)segue sender:(id)sender {
    // Get the new view controller using [segue destinationViewController].
    // Pass the selected object to the new view controller.
}
*/

@end


Good news for unit trust buyers but not enough :p Hopefully there will be more liberalization in the unit trusts industry with foreign fund management companies such as Schroders, Aberdeen, Allianz, Deutsche, Fortis, Fidelity, Fullerton etc etc allowed to sell their funds here in Malaysia instead of going through the local banks as feeder funds. In addition, Malaysia currently has very limited choices of funds to choose from as most are regional funds such as Asia, Global, Emerging Markets and BRIC, unlike Singapore or Hong Kong which have a diversity of single country/sector funds such as Russia, Brazil, Vietnam or technology funds to choose from. Should there be more leeway for foreign unit trusts coming into Malaysia, it'll be interesting for Malaysian investors as we could invest in places which are not accessible to us at the moment. Malaysia could also benefit from greater participation of foreign investors in Malaysia's capital markets. However, I guess Malaysia is still too protective of the local unit trusts players at this moment and might not see this coming in the near future.


text:
/**
 * Java defines a functional interface as an interface that contains a single abstract method.
 * Functional interfaces are used as the basis for lambda expressions in functional programming.
 * A lambda expression is a block of code that gets passed around, like an anonymous method.
 */
package chapter2DesignPatternsandPrinciples.chapter2_2IntroducingFunctionalProgramming.chapter2_2_1DefiningAFunctionalInterface;

/**
 * @author tkurt
 * Date: Apr 7, 2016 1:07:46 PM
 *
 */
/**
 * Since We annotated Jump interface as a FunctionalInterface
 * We need to define single method for interface to compile.
 *
 * Also functional method should be 'abstract' type and cannot be 'default'
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Jump {

	/**
	 *
	 * @param height: if object has enough height than jump;
	 */
	public abstract void jumpAround(int height);

//	Applying the @FunctionalInterface Annotation

//	While it is a good practice to mark a functional interface with the @FunctionalInterface
//	annotation for clarity, it is not required with functional programming. The Java compiler
//	implicitly assumes that any interface that contains exactly one abstract method is
//	a functional interface. Conversely, if a class marked with the @FunctionalInterface
//	annotation contains more than one abstract method, or no abstract methods at all, then
//	the compiler will detect this error and not compile.
//	One problem with not always marking your functional interfaces with this annotation is
//	that another developer may treat any interface you create that has only one method as
//	a functional interface. If you later modify the interface to have other abstract methods,
//	suddenly their code will break since it will no longer be a functional interface.
//	Therefore, it is recommend that you explicitly mark the interface with the
//	@FunctionalInterface annotation so that other developers know which interfaces they
//	can safely apply lambdas to without the possibility that they may stop being functional
//	interfaces down the road.
//	The exam writers aren't likely to use this annotation, as they expect you to be able to
//	determine whether an interface is a functional interface on your own.
	/**
	 * In a result does not matter if interface specify static method or default method ,
	 * or extends another interface as long as interface has only one abstract method ,
	 * it assumes to be functional interface.
	 */
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
San Diego Supercomputer Center and Fungible Achieve Record-Breaking Storage Performance
The Teams Deliver 10M IOPS Performance from Single Server to a Single Storage System
SANTA CLARA/SAN DIEGO, California – November 16, 2021 – Fungible Inc., a pioneer in data-centric computing, and the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), a leader and pioneer in high-performance and data-intensive computing at the University of California San Diego, today announced they have shattered the NVMe over TCP storage initiator performance world record, achieving 10M IOPS.*
Distributed AI, machine learning, and other data-centric workflows have traditionally been constrained in what they can accomplish by the limitations of traditional RDMA, iSCSI, and Fibre Channel based storage protocols and products. The Fungible solution leverages the modern NVMe over TCP standard and Fungible's Storage Initiator card and storage target to unlock the potential of the rest of the infrastructure. The performance record being announced today exceeds the prior performance record by over 50%. The prior performance record was attained using the Fungible Storage Cluster without the benefit of the Fungible Sto rage Initiator cards. The Fungible Storage Initiator cards were able to deliver this significant increase in performance while simultaneously freeing up a significant amount of server resources to do other work.
The experiment was performed under the auspices of SDSC's Advanced Technology Lab. The ATL's team of scientists and engineers surveys, evaluates, and assembles the computing and storage technologies needed for emerging scientific computing and data analysis systems.
"While impressive from a performance perspective, the results of this testing are more about expanding the scope of what AI, machine learning, data analytics, and other data-centric environments can deliver," said Eric Hayes, CEO of Fungible. "The Fungible Storage Initiator cards developed on our standards-based Fungible DPUTM free up tremendous amounts of server CPU resources to run application code, and the application now has faster access to data than it ever has before. Scale-out data centers, powered by Fungible, can now surpass their performance goals economically, reliably and securely."
According to John Graham, UC San Diego senior development engineer working at SDSC and the Qualcomm Institute, "The Fungible solution has set a new bar for storage performance in our environment. The results are potentially transformational for large- scale scientific cyberinfrastructure such as the Pacific Research Platform (PRP) and its follow-on, the National Research Platform (NRP). With Fungible's innovative DPU technology, we are able to deploy a high-performance storage solution that achieves our planned density and cost requirements," he said. "The PRP and NRP are unique, multi-institutional distributed systems for conducting at-scale AI and data-intensive computing for scientific research in a wide area environment."
"One of the challenges of doing distributed AI at scale is storage performance, both raw bandwidth and IOPS," noted Frank Wuerthwein, interim director of SDSC and principal investigator for the National Research Platform. "Fungible's technology looks very promising in delivering the storage performance we need to achieve our future goals for a wide area, distributed AI and data science platform."
"We are proud that AMD EPYC processors and their high-performance capabilities were able to help Fungible and SDSC showcase a new level of storage performance," said Kumaran Siva, corporate vice president, Server Software and Systems, AMD. "Achievements like this have profound impacts on scale-out data centers around the world for scalability of storage technologies."
Test Methodology
The tests were administered from a Gigabyte R282-Z93 server with a dual 64 core AMD EPYC™ 7763 processor and 2 TB of memory. The 10M IOPS benchmark was achieved using 5 Fungible Storage Initiator Cards running on the PCIe bus of the server with the newly launched NVMe/TCP Storage Initiator (SI) software. The previous record of 6.55 million IOPS was achieved by utilizing Mellanox ConnectX-5 NICs. This record required almost completely saturating the CPU cores on the host AMD EPYC™ processor-powered server. The new record had the added advantage of using only 63% of the CPU cores to drive the higher performance, leaving more of the cores available for user applications.
About SDSC
The San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) is a leader and pioneer in high- performance and data-intensive computing, providing cyberinfrastructure resources, services and expertise to the national research community, academia and industry. Located on the UC San Diego campus, SDSC supports hundreds of multidisciplinary programs spanning a wide variety of domains, from astrophysics and earth sciences to disease research and drug discovery. SDSC operates several high-performance computing systems and data resources on behalf of the national community.
About Fungible Inc.
Silicon Valley-based Fungible is revolutionizing the performance, economics, reliability and security of scale-out data centers. Visit Fungible to learn more. Follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn.
*All information in this press release is based on publicly available data.
Fungible, Fungible Data Processing Unit, Fungible DPU, Fungible Data Center and TrueFabric are registered trademarks of Fungible Inc. All registered or unregistered trademarks are the sole property of their respective owners.
AMD, the AMD Arrow logo, EPYC and combinations thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Fungible, Inc.
© 2023 Fungible, Inc. All rights reserved.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The item "YONEX Badminton Tennis Racket Bag Pink Holder Back NWT 2017 New Model 79BR007U" is in sale since Tuesday, May 2, 2017. This item is in the category "Sporting Goods\Tennis & Racquet Sports\Tennis\Bags".


When visiting London – with its packed roads, stuffy tubes and bustling shopping streets – it can be easy to forget that our capital is actually bursting with greenery and wildlife. It's just about knowing where to look!
But with so many options, where's best to lay your picnic hamper and crack open the sausage rolls?
One of the more famous of London's Royal Parks due to its lush, green open spaces, winding walkways and trendy Marylebone location; Regent's Park and the neighbouring Primrose Hill are a popular retreat from the city for weary Londoners.
Whether you're visiting the famous London Zoo (where you'll come face-to-face with hundreds of animals; including Giraffes, Gorillas and Galapagos Tortoises!), frolicking aboard a pedalo on the spacious boating lake or exploring the 'Inner Circle', home to Queen Mary's Gardens, Triton Fountain and the Open Air Theatre – Regent's Park will keep you entertained all day. As well as all this, the park has various sports pitches, the Secret Garden (shh!) and the scenic, tree-lined Broadwalk. Not much then.
Oh – and just across the road is the famous Primrose Hill, where you can enjoy some breathtaking views of London surrounded by peace and quiet. Splendid.
Part of London's iconic landscape since 1536, when it was created as a hunting ground for Henry VIII; Hyde Park now sees millions of tourists flock to its 350-acre grounds each year to enjoy its greenery and heritage. Although you can no longer hunt deer and wild boar here, there's still a great deal to see and do.
Separated from the beautiful Kensington Gardens only by The Serpentine Bridge; Hyde Park is best known for its historic 'Speakers' Corner' – the world's most famous location for free speech since 1872. Hosting speakers past and present from around the globe (including greats such as Karl Marx and George Orwell) discussing all manners of engaging topics – the best time to visit the corner are Sundays, where you can listen to some truly weird and wonderful opinions (and even voice a few yourself!).
Other popular features within Hyde Park include the meandering Diana Memorial Fountain, the 7 July Memorial, The Long Water/Serpentine Lake (where you can row, pedalo or ride the first ever solar shuttle) and, on the right day, the Royal Gun Salutes that mark special occasions in the Royal calendar.
Still not convinced? You'll also find a host of open-air music festivals, an 18ft bronze Achilles statue and Lovers Walk – the illustrious, tree-flanked pathway stretching between Marble Arch and Speakers' Corner. Shall we go on?
Known by Londoners as "the Heath", Hampstead Heath is lesser known for its tourist attractions and history than it is for its open fields, vast woodlands… and swimming!
Yep, the Heath is famous the world over for its open-air swimming opportunities. There are three ponds (ladies', men's and mixed) providing a rare and refreshing natural swimming environment throughout the summer. And then there's Parliament Hill lido for somewhere to warm up in the winter.
Once you've dried yourself down, be sure to head up Parliament Hill; one of the highest points in the city and a popular vantage point for tourists and locals alike. 'Kite Hill' (nicknamed as such for obvious reasons) is the highest point on the hill and is littered with erm, kite-fliers when the weather is windy. Not into kites? Just swing by at dusk for the most impressive views of London's skyline.
In the heart of Westminster, adjacent to the Queen's very own Buckingham Palace Gardens, the (not so) imaginatively named Green Park is the smallest of the parks mentioned here (at just 47 acres). And yet it's one of the most popular – ever since the 17th century, when King Charles II would pass through on his daily walks with his spaniels.
With a constant vibrant feel and very British atmosphere (that comes with being located on Buckingham Palace's doorstep), Green Park is often filled with giddy tourists passing through on their way to the Palace.
Sandwiched between the famous Constitution Hill and Piccadilly, Green Park is unlike its peers in that it doesn't boast swimming ponds, zoos or sweeping views of London. Instead it offers pleasant, leafy surroundings in an ideal location – with easy access to Victoria memorial, Wellington Arch, the Bomber Command Memorial, St. James's Park and Buckingham Palace (some of which you can enjoy glimpses of through the trees from Green Park), making it the perfect picnic spot during a busy day of sightseeing.
And if that wasn't enough, it's only a short walk down to Big Ben too!
Different to the above in a number of ways, Richmond Park is situated a little further out of the city than the others, is the only one we've included south of the Thames and is actually the largest Royal Park.
As worthy of a visit as any of London's parks, one of the most refreshing aspects of Richmond is its wildlife. Much like Hyde Park, this is another ex-deer hunting park; however Richmond is still home to 300 Red Deer and 350 Fallow Deer, of which you're likely to spot a fair few through the ancient oak trees.
Be sure to visit the Isabella Plantation; an ornamental woodland garden bursting with exotic plants 365 days a year. In the autumn, the plantation is alive with Guelder rose, red-leaved acer trees and wonderful rowan and spindle trees.
So ancient trees, exotic plants and wonderful wildlife – what more could you want? Well, chuck in the scenic Pen Ponds, some cracking children's playgrounds and 'The Way' gates (commemorating the three-hundredth anniversary of St Paul's Cathedral) and there's something for everyone at Richmond Park. Well, almost.


text:
Hawaii Flags Ordered to Fly at Half-Staff in Honor of Former Legislator and First Circuit Court Judge Katsugo Miho
Posted on September 26, 2011 by Damon
In observance of the memory of former state Representative and First Circuit Judge Katsugo Miho, Governor Neil Abercrombie today ordered that all U.S. and Hawai'i flags at all State offices and agencies as well as the Hawai'i National Guard are to be flown at half-staff from sunrise until sunset, September 29, 2011.
Click to read Kats Miho's Story
"Kats Miho was a unique person in the best sense of the word. He was always encouraging and supportive of the best in you – never pessimistic of Hawai'i or its future," Governor Abercrombie said. "He genuinely believed in politics and in you as a person. In my life personally and politically, he was someone I could always call on for advice, counsel, and support. In his public life, Kats Miho's contribution to Hawai'i is old school. In other words, he was always for Hawai'i, first, last, and always."
Miho, born in 1922 in Kahului, Maui, served with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team during World War II. Miho received his law degree from George Washington University Law School and became a lawyer in private practice. In 1959, Miho was elected to the State of Hawai'i House of Representatives and served for five terms. He was appointed as a Family Court Judge where he served for eight years. Miho was also involved in the community, including the Japan Goodwill Sumo tournaments, Japan-Hawai'i High School Goodwill and Friendship baseball series, 442nd Veterans Club of Honolulu and the Crown Prince Akihito Scholarship Foundation.
State Expands Opportunities for Hawai'i Children to Attend Preschool (damontucker.com)
Governor Abercrombie Announces Appointments Relating To Energy, Human Resources, Health (damontucker.com)
Lt. Governor Brian Schatz – "Why China Matters to Hawaii" (damontucker.com)
Governor Abercrombie Restores Agriculture Inspector Positions Lost in 2009 (damontucker.com)
Filed under: Abercrombie, aloha, Announcements, Brian Schatz, Hawaii, Legal, State Affairs Tagged: | First Circuit Judge Katsugo Miho, George Washington University Law School, Neil Abercrombie, World War II
« Hilo Woman's Club Presents – Oktoberfest 2011 Pahoa Gets Legitimate Bus Stop Courtesy of the Rotary Club of Pahoa Sunset »
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text:
How Journalists Should Really Challenge Trumpism
By Sam Lebovic
IN THE FIRST MONTHS of the Trump presidency, the rolling crises of the American news media continue to intensify. Attacks on the fourth estate are a regular feature of the young administration: on Twitter, the president calls the media the "enemy of the American people"; in press conferences, journalists are treated with performative contempt. As the press scrambles to respond to these challenges, it remains gnawed by doubts about its performance in the election. Journalists, surprised by the result and angered by Trump's hostility, wring their hands about their role in American politics. Anxiety about "fake news" abounds — Trump's opponents worry that fake news propelled him to the White House; the administration seeks to discredit any uncomfortable coverage as "fake." Meanwhile, amid all of the crossfire, much of the public continues to hold the "mainstream" media in contempt.
If the press wants to navigate its way out of this mess, it must be very clear about what we need from it. Traditionally, Americans have expected the press to fulfill three different functions: to provide a platform for the expression of opinion; to filter the impossibly vast range of potential stories each day and provide the consumer with a curated selection (such as the daily paper or the 30-minute evening broadcast); and to produce new information to inform the public and provide a check on power. Changes in the media landscape in recent decades — particularly, but not exclusively, the rise of the internet — have disrupted the news media's monopoly on all three functions.
So far, however, much of the meta-anxiety swirling in the press about the press has focused on the ways that the news media should perform only the first two functions — expression and filtering. These are the wrong things to focus on, and efforts to improve them risk doing more harm than good.
Calls for the press to return to its "oppositional roots" — that it should hold the administration's feet to the fire, or speak truth to power — seem primarily focused on the need to criticize the administration. It's far from clear, however, that more criticism will accomplish much. It's not, after all, hard to criticize the man, and it's not as if the perfectly worded op-ed is going to vanquish the beast. If anything, a journalism of denunciation seems to help Trump. It reduces political debate to a chaotic stream of invective; it makes politics a reality show contest. And after a decades-long conservative war on "lamestream" media elites, press criticism of Trump's character seems to have had little effect other than helping him run as a populist outsider.
And while Trump is clearly overstating things when he sees the press as an implacable enemy — recall the rush to celebrate his "presidential" not-quite-State-of-the-Union address — there has actually never been a shortage of critical coverage of Trump. The news media expressed plenty of opposition to Trump during the election: major news organizations endorsed Hillary (despite their endless coverage of her emails); they editorialized about Trump's inadequacies; in the electoral coverage of five leading newspapers and five leading networks, 87 percent of stories about Trump's fitness for office were negative. John Oliver and Samantha Bee regularly pilloried the candidate; a newly vibrant set of little magazines and websites engages in trenchant critique. Even Teen Vogue has gotten in on the act. We simply don't need The New York Times or the Washington Post to express our "opposition" to Trump.
Meanwhile, our concern about fake news is a concern about the filtering and curating function of the press, about a desire to ensure that only news of a certain quality reaches the public. Fixating on this issue creates many problems. While there have been occasional suggestions that fake news might fall outside the protection of the First Amendment, any state effort to clear up the problem would be both unconstitutional and undesirable. More importantly, in our hyper-partisan moment, focusing hysterically on "fake news" helps reinforce the sense that we have entered a post-fact politics. The Trump administration has gleefully embraced the accusation as a way to challenge unfavorable stories. And to the extent that it tends to encourage paternalist solutions, focusing on fake news risks slipping into a counterproductively elitist disdain for the public.
At a more fundamental level, moreover, we no longer need the news media to either curate our news or express our opinions. Throughout the 20th century, media critics focused on the fact that a highly consolidated media unfairly limited the range of stories and opinions available to the public. Today, these functions have been democratized and diversified — we all can curate our own news feeds, and the blogosphere and social media provide channels for all sorts of expression. These are, it is worth remembering, positive developments.
Increased diversity in expression and distribution, however, are not sufficient to produce a viable democratic media culture. There also needs to be information to comment upon and distribute and share. It is in this third area that the press is meaningfully failing to fulfill its last and most important function: providing new information to the public. In fact, the diversification and democratization of expression and curation have actually undermined the press's ability to produce new information. When consumers turned to blogs and social media and websites, newspapers lost their monopoly on reader's eyeballs. Advertising dollars went elsewhere, newspaper revenues slumped, costs had to be cut. Between 2000 and 2014, the number of journalists employed in the nation's newsrooms fell an astounding 40 percent.
This produced the press's real failure during the election. There was remarkably little serious investigative reporting about the candidates or their programs, or about the state of the electorate or the country. Policy analysis was almost entirely absent from the reams of press commentary. Overall, only 11 percent of news stories in the election focused on policy. It was much cheaper to focus on the endless streams of polls and to debate who was winning the horse race. It was even easier to opine about scandal and controversy and character (through October, the three network evening news shows had devoted three times the amount of airtime to Hillary's email scandal as they had to all policy issues).
There were, to be fair, some instances in which careful reporting produced new information, such as David Fahrenthold's Pulitzer-winning Washington Post stories on Trump's charities (though even this, tellingly, fixated on the question of character, not policy). But by and large, the media settled for the cheap and profitable role of covering the controversy, ceding control of the news cycle to Trump. (The bait and switch of his "birther-cum-hotel-launch" press conference was only the most extreme example of a general trend.) With an impulsive president communicating via a trigger-happy Twitter account, the problem is only worse. A few seconds of ungrammatical typing, another baseless allegation, and the press and blogosphere follow each other down the rabbit hole of the latest outrage. Much less time is spent digging for ongoing conflicts of interest, exploring policy proposals, whatever those might be, and covering the history of Trump's cabinet. While the Washington Post and The New York Times do run stories about the consequences of some of Trump's policies for rural or remote communities, the big papers' regional bureaus, as well as other local news outlets, have been closing at a rapid clip in recent decades. Hot takes are faster and cheaper.
This is not a question of making the American press great again; the American press has never actually produced all that much investigative journalism. According to a recent quantitative study by communication scholars Katherine Fink and Michael Schudson, investigative reports made up precisely zero percent of front page stories in three major newspapers in 1955. In 1979, amid the post-Watergate "boom" in investigatory reporting, such stories made up a whopping one percent of front page stories. In 1991, they were up to three percent, but by 2003 they were back down to one percent. If the election is anything to go by, the problem is only getting worse.
Why the American press produces so few of these stories is the subject of James T. Hamilton's terrific new book, Democracy's Detectives: The Economics of Investigative Journalism. Hamilton, a professor of Communication at Stanford University and an economist by training, approaches a potentially nebulous subject by looking for the numbers. The number of submissions to a leading investigative journalism award are falling. In 2010, newspapers made 25 percent less Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests for government information than they did five years earlier. FOIA requests from smaller papers halved in those years, as these organizations seemed to abandon investigative reporting to a handful of larger, national media organizations like The New York Times or the Washington Post. In 1990, the top five papers claimed 30 percent of the prize citations; in the 2000s, the top five outlets claimed 41 percent. At the same time, more and more investigative reporting is focused on comparatively easy stories about individual corruption rather than systemic failures.
All of this is the result of simple economics. As Hamilton puts it, "the economics of investigative reporting appear (appropriately enough) dismal." Investigative journalism is, compared to other forms of journalism, expensive. It takes time — on average Hamilton shows, it takes six months to report on prize-nominated stories. The Boston Globe spent eight months and over a million dollars on its investigations into sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. Rewriting handouts, or interviewing two experts about a Twitter controversy, is a much cheaper and faster way to produce copy.
What makes the extra expense of investigative reporting particularly intolerable is the fact that there is no obvious way to profit from it. All news, but particularly investigative reporting, is a public good in two senses. First, in a technical economic sense, news is a public good because its consumption is non-rivalrous — if I eat an apple, you can't eat it; but if I know something about Trump, that doesn't interfere with your ability to know it. So if I want an apple, I need to buy it. If I want information, I can rely on someone else telling me, or I can read about it on Facebook, or on an online aggregator, or a myriad of other places. From the point of view of the news organization paying to produce new information, I'm a freeloader, but there is little that can be done to stop me. Second, investigative reporting is also a public good in the broader, colloquial sense — it is good for all of us to have information about our polity, and to have a check on governmental abuse. But these are benefits that are so diffuse and general that one can't capture them as profits.
So the economic incentives to invest in serious, investigative journalism were never good, and many papers simply never went in for it. But for those publishers and editors who valued such reporting for political and cultural reasons, there were, historically, two ways that the economics of the news industry could justify and support the production of at least some level of investigative journalism. First, news producers made their money by selling reader eyeballs to advertisers. Achieving a reputation for award-winning investigative journalism was thought to be one way of building brand awareness and brand loyalty among readers, and hence a way of driving up subscriptions, and thus a way to bring in more advertising revenue. You can see how convoluted and tenuous that chain of assumptions was.
The second reason that newspapers historically produced any investigative journalism was more straightforward, though it was no less tenuous. For a brief period in the late 20th century, newspapers were flush with cash — they were either owned by wealthy individuals as vanity projects (like NBA teams today) or they enjoyed excessive profits from their monopoly position in the advertising economy. Either way, for a time there was surplus profit around to be plowed into noble causes like investigative journalism. Soon, however, the always precarious financing of investigative journalism collapsed as chain newspapers displaced family owners. And then the bottom fell out of the advertising market in the wake of the internet.
That said, if investigative journalism is expensive compared to other forms of journalism, it's not all that expensive. Hamilton argues that spending thousands of dollars on investigative journalism can produce millions of dollars in benefits to society as laws are changed, and problems resolved. Ordinarily, the economistic impulse to quantify public goods contributes to the moral emaciation of our age — it encourages the assumption that market efficiency is the only measure of worth, neglecting the variety of non-economic rationales we might deploy to evaluate public goods like journalism. But in this case, it seems, Hamilton's cost-benefit analysis affirms the rationality of spending on investigative journalism. The ethical heart of Hamilton's account is a detailed study of the career of North Carolina investigate reporter Pat Stith. Stith spent 42 years producing investigative reports, earning an average salary of $83,800 (in constant 2013 dollars). His reporting changed 31 laws, and shifted the allocation of $4.7 million in public spending. Such investigative reporting, Hamilton shows, is a cost-effective, rational use of resources. (Still, it might have been nice if Hamilton could have assumed that the $341,000 the Washington Post spent to investigate police shootings, which produced reforms that saved eight lives the following year, was a worthwhile cost, without doing the calculations based on the Statistical Value of Life.)
Of course, the economic crisis of the newspaper industry is undermining the hiring of journalists. (The number of journalists employed in Pat Stith's newsroom in North Carolina fell from 250 in 2004 to 86 in 2014.) But there are reasons to think that it could be cheaper than ever to fund investigative journalism. Hamilton emphasizes particularly the economic efficiencies that come from algorithmic journalism — with open data sets, it is easier than ever before to see large-scale patterns in policy and in social problems. Read with a sufficiently critical eye, and with sufficient time to follow leads, such apparently dry sources can produce incredible stories.
Hamilton recounts a fantastic example from the early 1960s, when journalist Phil Meyer cross-referenced publicly available details of the investments of Senate heavyweight Estes Kefauver, recently deceased, with Kefauver's speeches in Congress. He found that Kefauver, who had been head of the Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee, had been threatening companies with investigation, only to snap up their stock when their share prices dropped. Meyer dubbed this "precision journalism" and he developed it when he realized that he would never have the clout to get inside tips because he worked for the small Akron Beacon Herald. It's a nice reminder that journalists need not rely on insider sources and currying favor with politicians to get information; stories are lying in the data if journalists have the time to look. I. F. Stone, famously, pored over public documents to produce his journalism; Victor Navasky called him an "investigative reader." We need this sort of reporting at both the federal and the local levels.
Luckily, funding investigative journalism could actually be much more cost-effective today than it was in the days of the mass-market newspaper. Traditionally, newspapers only ever spent between 10 and 20 percent of their operating budgets on news gathering. And only a tiny portion of that went to investigative reporting. The bulk of the money always went to printing and distribution costs, which were prohibitively expensive unless they were so large that they could benefit from efficiencies of scale. Today, as ProPublica shows, small groups of journalists can exist on their own, selectively partnering with larger organizations to assist with distribution.
Such units could be funded in various ways, though the most obvious options are consumer subscriptions or charitable contributions. Many members of the public, including many wealthy liberals, are looking for ways to revitalize American politics — funding such reporting organizations would be an easy and non-controversial contribution to that effort. The important point is that the money should be directed exclusively to investigative projects. While there are reasons to place these investigative units in legacy newspapers — they can benefit from legal advice, institutional knowledge, and so forth — we don't need increased donations and subscriptions to The New York Times as a whole, where some of the money can be siphoned off to support the coverage of press conferences and op-eds and lifestyle pieces. If legacy newspapers are serious about committing themselves to investigative journalism they should create discrete, self-funded investigative units, and subscriptions and donations should be earmarked for these units.
Such targeted spending on investigative journalism could produce real changes in the media and in political culture. Between 1903 and 1912, about 24 magazine journalists produced some 2,000 articles exposing corruption and malpractice. Today we know them as muckrakers, and remember their era for its Progressive politics.
A century later, the other side of the political spectrum provides a similarly instructive example. In 2012, Steve Bannon established a Government Accountability Institute in Tallahassee, Florida, to produce new stories about the corruption of the Clintons and to help shift the media culture to the right. As Bannon understood all too clearly, the mainstream media hungered to publish investigative news, but it wasn't producing it. "The modern economics of the newsroom don't support big investigative reporting staffs," Bannon explained: "You wouldn't get a Watergate, a Pentagon Papers today, because nobody can afford to let a reporter spend seven months on a story. We can. We're working as a support function." We've just seen how successful that project was.
The only way to create a more vibrant American political culture, and to begin to tackle the serious problems that confront the American polity, is to reaffirm our faith in public debate and deliberation. But that can only happen if public debate moves beyond its reality-show phase, and if the press gets economically rewarded for producing the sorts of factual, carefully reported information that the American public truly needs. To create a more informed electorate, it is more important to produce real news than to seek to eliminate false news. To challenge the excesses of the Trump administration, it is more important to know how his policies are being implemented than to opine about his personal shortcomings.
One can already see some signs that this realization is spreading, and that Americans are making renewed efforts to support the production of journalism. Donations to Propublica have mushroomed since the election — it took in $600,000 in the first month of 2017, and recently announced it will use the funds to hire more journalists. Subscriptions to The New York Times are up, and its new advertising campaign emphasizes the role that its large newsroom could play in the discovery of Truth. Even Mark Zuckerberg, responding to criticisms of Facebook's role in spreading fake news, has argued that there is a new need to support the news industry. Promising as such developments are, shifts in sentiment and subscriptions can only do so much. Journalism's greatest need is financial investment, and given the inequalities of the American economy, the elite have much more money to spare than everyday news consumers. The press, in short, needs Zuckerberg's cash much more than it needs his praise. If large foundations and wealthy philanthropists want to fix the United States's broken political culture, they need to invest in organizations producing original, carefully reported news. A little of their money could easily produce the sort of journalism American democracy will need to survive the Trump administration, and whatever comes next.
Sam Lebovic teaches history at George Mason University and is the author of Free Speech and Unfree News: The Paradox of Press Freedom in America (Harvard, 2016).
Democracy's Detectives
The Economics of Investigative Journalism
By James T. Hamilton
Traumatized Nixon
By Larry Harnisch
Confessions of a Trump Voter
By Phillip Hagerman
Lost in Trumpslation: An Interview with Bérengère Viennot
By Robert Zaretsky
"There is Sin and Evil in the World": Reagan, Trump, and the News Media
By Diane Winston
Conventional Media
By A-J Aronstein
Shoe Leather: On "Spotlight"
By Charles Taylor


text:
After earning his MBA in the United States, Raed Handal, a Bethlehem University alumnus,
returned to Palestine to teach the next generation of Bethlehem University students.
Education is the best investment you can make in the Holy Land.
Q & A with Raed Handal ('10)
Mr. Raed Handal, Bethlehem University Alumnus Class of 2010, Instructor at the
Shucri Ibrahim Dabdoub Faculty of Business Administration at Bethlehem University
How did Bethlehem University impact your life?
BU has provided me knowledge, wisdom, and both educational and social intelligence. I have learned a great deal—not just theoretically, but also on the technical and social sides. Bethlehem University gave me the opportunity to interact with a lot of people from schools, companies, and I met international visitors, too. Being at Bethlehem University, gave me a great opportunity to see the world in different way and accept the others.
What did having a scholarship to study at Bethlehem University mean to you?
Bethlehem University is such a wonderful place to be. I was more than lucky to get a scholarship to study at Bethlehem University. Having a scholarship and studying at Bethlehem University helped me build a better personality.
How did pilgrims and other visitors to campus influence you?
Bethlehem University provided me the opportunity to be a student ambassador, where I had the chance to meet a lot of pilgrims and other visitors. Interacting with them gave me the chance to learn how other people think. At the same time, I got the chance to tell people about Palestine, the Palestinian people, and explain to them about the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.
How has studying and living abroad inspired you?
After finishing my bachelor's degree in Accountancy at Bethlehem University, I got a very generous scholarship to study abroad at Lewis University, in Illinois. With this generous scholarship, I was able to continue my successful educational journey. I learned more about the LaSallian spirit of knowledge, fidelity, wisdom, justice and association for which LaSallian universities are known. That, for sure, made me a better and more victorious person.
Why did you come back to Bethlehem University?
After growing up in Frères School [a LaSallian primary school] of Bethlehem and living the LaSallian spirit while attending Bethlehem University and developing that spirit even more while I was studying at Lewis University, I felt that it is my destiny to practice this spirit and participate in spreading it among the Palestinian people. Therefore, after finishing my master's degree at Lewis University, I came back to Bethlehem University to work here in the Shucri Ibrahim Dabdoub Faculty of Business Administration. I am teaching the future builders of Palestine the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in their field of study. I am instilling the BU LaSallian spirit in each of them.
How do you want to make a difference?
When I succeed in spreading this unique and wonderful spirit among the Palestinian students, I believe I will achieve my goal.
Alumnus Raed Handal ('10) Returns to Bethlehem University as Faculty Member
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David was promoted to vice president of finance in 2012, where his role expanded to include leadership of Securities America's Accounting, Compensation, Branch Office Exam, Risk/Internal Review and Product Due Diligence teams. His responsibilities include financial reporting, forecasting, planning and risk management for the company.
David graduated with a Bachelor of Science in accounting from Creighton University and earned a Master of Business Administration from the University of Nebraska at Omaha. He is an inactive CPA and holds the Series 7, 24 and 27 securities licenses.


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Should Singapore adopt a minimum wage model?
Authors: Vedika Bhagat, Tajuddin Bin Muhammad Zahid Region Head: Hteik Tin Min Paing
Editor: Sakshi Sanganeria
Illustration by Michelle Faith Lee
This article seeks to analyse Singapore's progressive wage model and Minimum wage policy, and to weigh their pros and cons- tossing aside all political bias in the process.
Politics has always been at the heart of economic policy. It is the politician elected into office that oversees the vast network of a nation's economy, and conversely it is the politician on the backbench that critiques economic policy. In the third sitting of Parliament, freshman Member of Parliament for Sengkang Group Representative Constituency, Dr Jamus Lim spoke about the need for a broad minimum wage policy in order to take into account the needs of Singaporeans on the lower-end of the income spectrum. Dr Lim, further stated that the current Progressive Wage Model, is not enough to help the poor in Singaporean Society. This prompted Senior Minister Tharman and other government MPs to explain that the government does as much as it can for the country's poor, defending the PWM as well as noting that it was unfair to insinuate otherwise (Tang, 2020).
The exchange prompted a renewed debate among Singaporeans about the need for a minimum wage and the effectiveness of the PWM. This article seeks to explain the difference between the two policies, and to weigh their pros and cons, tossing aside all political bias in the process.
Several questions are still to be answered: What is minimum wage, and whom will it aid ?
What is the Progressive Wage Model ? Should we adopt one ?
What Is Minimum Wage ?
The minimum wage is defined as the minimum amount of renumeration than an employer is required to pay a worker for work performed during a period of time or under contract, that by law cannot be reduced by collective agreement or by individual contracts (Minimum Wage Systems,2014). The ILO recommends a balanced and evidenced based approach is necessary to take into account on the one hand the needs of workers and their families and on the other economic factors.
Minimum wage is meant to help the least qualified and skilled workers in our society. Statistics released by the Ministry of Manpower reveal that workers in unskilled or semi-skilled jobs have the lowest monthly income. Of the people surveyed, some 28,000 people, many of whom work in the services sector, earn less than $1000 a month (Ministry of Manpower (Singapore), 2020) . The survey limited its scope to Singaporeans and Residents. From the initial data alone it is clear that there is a large group of people who can benefit from a minimum wage.
The Minimum wage is meant to be constantly reviewed and brought up periodically. The nature of how minimum wage is adjusted depends on the country implementing it. In the United States the Minimum Wage is set by Congress, which means that Minimum Wage only changes depending on the balance of power in the legislature. France on the other hand has the minimum wage updated according to the inter-professional minimum wage formula ("Minimum wage in France? What you need to know", 2020). By statute, the minimum wage changes automatically according to the formula thereby preventing it from becoming a political issue. For larger, more populous countries such as India and China, the Minimum wage is set locally, thereby ensuring that the minimum wage matches the appropriate cost of living for that state or province (Who should Set Minimum Wages ? (Minimum Wage)).
Most of the countries in the world have a minimum wage. Each country implements it separately and independently of each other, adapting the system as necessary according to the circumstances they find themselves in. With that in mind however, why does Singapore not have a Minimum Wage ?
Singapore's Progressive Wage Model
It is national policy not to have a minimum wage in Singapore ("Is there a prescribed minimum wage for foreign workers in Singapore?", 2020). Negotiation of wages is the responsibility of the worker with the employer, and so wages in Singapore for skilled and professional industries have the advantage of being determined by market forces.
Employability is the ability to find and keep satisfactory work (Institute of Employability Studies UK, n.d.). How much you earn is directly tied to your education qualifications, technical training and experience. Starting from the year 2005 almost 93.7 % of each Primary one cohort progressed to and completed post-secondary tertiary education ("Percentage of P1 Cohort that Progressed to Post-Secondary Education-Data.gov.sg", 2020). That means the vast majority of school leavers have the advantage of being able to negotiate their wages according to the market standard.
This however does not mean that there are Singaporeans who do not need help in securing fair wages.
The Progressive Wage Model is meant to ensure fair employment in low-skill industries of Singaporean and Singaporean Permanent Residents. The Progressive Wage Model was developed from a tripartite agreement of labour unions, employers and the Ministry of Manpower ("What is the Progressive Wage Model", 2020). The PWM sought to introduce a monthly minimum salary for workers in the cleaning, security and landscaping industries. The PWM also ensures that workers undergo standard training and upskilling that they can then use to advance their careers and move up to relatively higher-paid positions. The PWM sets the framework to incentivise companies to promote and compensate workers who perform well, Through the scheme, Singaporeans who work in low-skilled jobs will eventually take on more supervisory roles. The promise of career development and promotion also incentivises workers to stay on longer thereby ensuring continued employment meeting both the needs of the employer and employee (HO, 2020). Companies in industries where the PWM is applied are also still bound by the policies of hiring foreign workers, which should ensure priority for jobs going first to Singaporeans and PRs.
A critique of Minimum Wage
Opponents of a minimum wage have argued that such measures are unnecessary. The law of supply and demand states that as prices rise, consumption falls. This principle, applied to the labour market dictates that so long as the demands for a specific type of labour is high enough, the price or in this case, wage, will rise to meet demand ("Labor Demand and Supply in a Perfectly Competitive Market", 2020) . This thus makes a minimum wage unnecessary. In fact it has been argued that the minimum wage may in fact do more harm than good. If a price floor is set at a level higher than the market standard, it leads to excess supply and decreased demand. This means that more people will be unemployed as employers seek to cut costs and hire less. Another reason is, with higher wages, businesses might not be able to afford some staff and hence let them go to keep the cost of operations down. This could then lead to an increase in unemployment.In a study conducted by David Neumark of the University of California Irvine (UCI), it was discovered that a minimum wage would hurt the people it was meant to serve the most. The same study revealed that the minimum wage caused a decrease in low-skilled jobs, increasing unemployment rates (Neumark, 2014).
Minimum wage policies also do not incentivise employers to increase wages. Referring back to the supply and demand, if the labour performed by the worker is valued at less than the minimum wage, employers will not raise wages as at the minimum wage, they would be overpaying for labour performed. In the United States, wages of low-income workers from states with no additional increment to the federal minimum wage grow only by 0.9% ("Labor Day 2019 | Low-wage workers are suffering from a decline in the real value of the federal minimum wage", 2020). In contrast, states who increased the minimum wage via local statute grew by 4.1%(Gould, 2020).
The nature of semi-skilled and unskilled labour is that the exchange of labour for wages can be transactional. Many minimum wage jobs have high turnover rates, in the US the rate could be as high as 70% (Matthew Castillon, 2020) . Likewise, many firms see no incentive to upskill minimum wage workers, with workers who leave firms having no net gain in terms of employability and skills.
Do We Need A Minimum Wage In Singapore ?
The minimum wage results in an increase in net income, which the worker can then use to improve their lives, pay bills etc.The goal of a minimum wage is to prevent the exploitation of desperate workers and ensure that they earn a sufficient amount to survive.
Singapore has the lowest Gini coefficient among OECD countries (Li,T 2020), with the real income of Singaporeans having grown between 3 - 5 % over the last decade. As was mentioned earlier, 90% of the cohort who enrolled in primary school in 2005 have gone on to attain post-secondary education. Implicitly, this means that 10% of that same cohort, roughly 5,600 Singaporeans and Permanent Residents born in 1998 did not attain post-secondary education. For out of every 10 Singaporeans born in 1998 one likely will benefit from a Minimum wage.
Arguments for a Minimum Wage in Singapore:
a. Adopting a Minimum wage model in Singapore would not lead to an increase in unemployment as claimed by Josephine Teo (Channel News Asia, 2018).
Singapore has always had strict policies regarding work permits due to which firms are in constant need of people to take up low paying jobs. (The Times Of India,2018) Rising pay may act as a bridge between the divide between workers and employers. Damien Huang, a research associate at Institute of policy Studies emphasised that there is an inadequacy of evidence for unemployment rise claims (Business Times,2020).
In addition , Singapore enjoys almost full employment due to a strong labour market, which brings an upward pressure on wages. Singapore needs to uplift itself to an extent where its competitive advantage does not rely on the ability to import vast amounts of cheap labour.
b. It would not lead to a decrease in the country's competitiveness. Apart from being a first world country, the cost of living in Singapore is already SGD 800 which is considered to be quite high(Internations,2020). It would be unreasonable to compare the labour market of Singapore with that of developing countries such as India or Vietnam, as companies in Singapore can afford to pay high minimum wages. Furthermore, being a developed country, Singapore should focus more on diversification of exports or enrich other factors rather than supplying cheap labour.
c. A minimum wage model can remove the problem of low productivity. Over-reliance on cheap and low skilled foreign labour for years (The Independent, 2020) has led companies in Singapore to invest less in automation and their operations' skills or technological content.
d. PWM is not key Contrary to the beliefs of the Singaporean government, PWM is not key. It does not cover all sectors. It only covers three sectors right now; cleaning, landscaping and security, when sectors such as food servicing and retail trading have the prospects to come on board as well. The inequality gap between employers and employees cannot be bridged by a mere 3% increment in annual wages as well. Furthermore, PWM reduces mobility of jobs.
Policy Recommendations (Expansion of the PWM)
A minimum wage is unlikely to include foreigners working in Singapore and so would cover only Singaporeans and PRs. Tougher enforcement and more stringent measures by MOM would certainly help reduce the likelihood of Singaporeans being pushed out in favour of foreigners. This would likely lead in a rise in price for some goods and services, but it is likely to be minimal.
The Progressive Wage Model is arguably already a minimum wage. The PWM clearly sets the minimum acceptable wage for workers in the various industries, but at the same time defines the rules and responsibilities of the worker to the employer. The worker, given time and experience can advance and upskill, thereby increasing their worth to the employer and justifying wage growth and promotion. This in turn helps to solve the problem of high turnover rates.
But the PWM alone is still flawed. The PWM is restricted only to several industries like landscaping, security and cleaning. Furthermore even though the PWM was negotiated through the tripartite council, many workers in the existing industries may not be represented by unions who can help negotiate pay on their behalf. Firms can still resort to hiring more part-time staff while reducing full-time employment. The PWM should therefore be expanded to include more industries. The government should partner with companies through the tripartite model to ensure that the training provided to workers is substantial. Training would result in a rise in the employability of the worker and their value to the employer resulting in wage growth without the need for interference from the legislature. The government can do this through their existing upskilling programmes and work-skill qualifications scheme.
Any minimum wage legislation must be complemented with policies aimed at increasing opportunities amongst Singaporeans and to discourage employers from hiring less workers and redistribute the labour among their current workforce. In addition to this, from a social perspective, it provides proper living standards to people who otherwise are unable to afford it. However, given the situation of the pandemic, the government should try to embrace a Minimum Wage Model with patience because escalating wages during a sluggish world economy would just result in business running out of action. In the post-Covid world though, minimum wage could in itself be a safe and fair practice to recover from the effects of the pandemic.
1.Tang, S. (2020). Tharman, PAP MPs debate minimum wage, policymaking with WP's Jamus Lim. Retrieved 24 September 2020, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/parliament-jamus-lim-tharman-minimum-wage-13079634
2.International Labour Organisation. (2014). Minimum Wage Systems [PDF] (1st ed., pp. 19 - 20). International Labour Office, Geneva. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/lang--en/index.htm
3.Ministry of Manpower (Singapore). (2020). Gross Monthly Income (p. 1). Singapore, Singapore: Ministry of Manpower. Retrieved from https://stats.mom.gov.sg/Pages/IncomeTimeSeries.aspx
4.Who should set minimum wages? (Minimum wages). (2020). Retrieved 14 September 2020, from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/wages/minimum-wages/setting-machinery/lang--en/index.htm
5.Ministry of Manpower Is there a prescribed minimum wage for foreign workers in Singapore?. (2020). Retrieved 14 September 2020, from https://www.mom.gov.sg/faq/work-permit-for-foreign-worker/is-there-a-prescribed-minimum-wage-for-foreign-workers-in-singapore
6.Institute of Employability Studies UK. Employability andEmployers: the missing piece of the jigsaw (p. 11,). Retrieved from https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/361.pdf
7.Percentage of P1 Cohort that Progressed to Post-Secondary Education-Data.gov.sg. (2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020, from https://data.gov.sg/dataset/percentage-of-p1-cohort-admitted-to-post-secondary-education
8.What is the Progressive Wage Model. (2020). Retrieved 16 September 2020, from https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/progressive-wage-model/what-is-pwm
9.HO, O. (2020). Singapore GE2020: Why Progressive Wage Model is better than a minimum wage. Retrieved 16 September 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/why-progressive-wage-model-is-better-than-a-minimum-wage
10.Labor Demand and Supply in a Perfectly Competitive Market. (2020). Retrieved 16 September 2020, from https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/economics/labor-market/labor-demand-and-supply-in-a-perfectly-competitive-market
11.Neumark, D. (2014). Employment effects of minimum wages. IZA World Of Labor. doi: 10.15185/izawol.6
Cooper, D., Gould, E., & Zipperer, B. (2020). Labor Day 2019 | Low-wage workers are suffering from a decline in the real value of the federal minimum wage. Retrieved 24 September 2020, from https://www.epi.org/publication/labor-day-2019-minimum-wage/
12.Matthew Castillon, d. (2020). 70% of workers are likely to quit at current $7.25 federal minimum wage in 'brutal' turnover cycle. Retrieved 24 September 2020, from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/25/70percent-of-workers-are-likely-to-quit-at-current-federal-minimum-wage.html
13.LI, T. (2020). Income inequality in Singapore falls to lowest level in almost two decades as household incomes rise. Retrieved 17 September 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/income-inequality-in-singapore-falls-to-lowest-levels-in-almost-two-decades
14.Salim, Z. (2020, August 06). Elderly Cleaner Earning $20/Day Begs This Question: Should S'pore Adopt A Minimum Wage Law? Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://vulcanpost.com/708275/should-singapore-adopt-minimum-wage/
15.Ang, S., Name, Shand, J., Snowdon, C., & Koehler, B. (2020, September 04). Singapore's "Progressive Wage Model": An alternative to the National Minimum Wage? Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://iea.org.uk/singapores-progressive-wage-model-an-alternative-to-the-national-minimum-wage/
16.Ting, C. (2020, September 01). Parliament: New Progressive Wage Model Mark will encourage more firms to adopt 'minimum wage plus'. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/parliament-new-progressive-wage-model-mark-to-be-introduced-to-encourage-wider-adoption-of
17.Lubna Kably / TNN / Updated: Mar 14, 2. (n.d.). Singapore tightens hiring norms for expats - Times of India. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/spore-tightens-hiring-norms-for-expats/articleshow/63291712.cms
18.Yusof, A. (2018, October 26). Implementing minimum wage may lead to lower employment: Josephine Teo. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/minimum-wage-may-lead-to-lower-employment-josephine-teo-10866548
19.The Cost of Living in Singapore. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.internations.org/go/moving-to-singapore/living/the-cost-of-living-in-singapore
21.Heng, J. (2020, September 07). Much ado about minimum wage. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/brunch/much-ado-about-minimum-wage
22.Ting, C. (2020, September 01). New Progressive Wage Model Mark to spur adoption of 'minimum wage plus'. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/new-pwm-mark-to-spur-adoption-of-minimum-wage-plus
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Primitive country night lights with silicone dipped bulbs are easy and fun to make, and are great things to sell at craft shows or give as gifts!!! 🙂 Here's how I do it!
To start, buy some cheap night lights at the dollar store, and remove the cheesy plastic covers. Unscrew the bulbs and set aside, as you'll be dipping them shorly! It takes some time to get down the technique, so get some extra bulbs to experiment with if you are just starting. Additional 4-watt bulbs can also be bought at the dollar store, usually 4 for $1. You want to get CLEAR silicone, which can be found at Walmart or any home supply store. I find the Walmart brand "Mainstay" works the best. You can add some cinnamon to the silicone for color (when it's lit, it's a much warmer look, also it camouflages any imperfections in the silicone), or leave clear if you wish.
Using the calking gun, squirt the silicone into a shallow bowl or cup – like an old cream cheese or sour cream container. Something disposable. Mix the cinnamon in at this point, if you wish. Gripping the base of the bulb, dip it down into the silicone, while slowly turning it to get the whole bulb covered up to the edge of the base. Then dip it down in and pull it out in a quick motion, to create the long tip, or "flame." This takes some practice!
WORK QUICKLY! The silicone cures quickly once exposed to air, and will become harder and harder to work with!
Hang up by the base to cure. I use a small piece of string tied to the base and hang it from a clothesline. Once the silicone bulbs have set (after at least 24 hours), screw back into the night light. Tie some homespun fabric around the neck of the night light and either knot or tie in a bow. Finish by adding a rusty star, or heart.
So FREAKIN cute, aren't they??
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I love your night lights… I just tried to make a few for mine however I cant get them to have the long tail… Is there any other tips you can share. Yours look amazing.
Thank you for sharing this craft, love it!
I so desperate to try these and I used the white caulk and mixed with coffee 🙂 They look good but I couldn't get the little "hook" either. It seems like it is really thick do you suggest anything to thin it out? Or just leave it as it is? I never thought of the wooden spoons either!!! Those are adorable!!!! LOVE your site!!!
I've found that if you keep the silicone warm, it "thins" enough to keep it dip-able.
Set your container of mixed silicone sitting in another container of hot tap water between dips. Then mix quickly again, dip and wall-ah!
Thanks Maggie! I can't wait to go get the silicone and whip some of these up for stocking stuffers! You have really helped my "redneck crafting brain cells" work again!
Love this idea! Yay! I can do it myself now! Thanks so much for sharing! You're a life saver!
Do you paint the plastic base at all or are the ones that you buy black?
Hi Maggie. First let me say I LOVE your site! So many great ideas and very creative.
I'm trying (operative word "trying" lol) to make the silicone bulbs. I'm not succeding to well. I have used ALOT of silicone. First how much silicone do you put in say like a cottage cheese container (large or small contianer?). My bulbs seem to come out lumpy and I'm not getting the nice "flame". Been to walmart and and they don't seem to carry their brand (mainstay). I'm working the silicone as quickly as I can. I twirl it like you said and then quickly dip it for the flame.. Any suggestions on what I'm doing wrong? I'd appreciate your feed back. I really want to make these as gifts and I'm getting aggravated….lol!
I was really excited to try this, but I used them with my welcome lights.. I was afraid that they were getting too hot.. i just used the plain clear silicone. Is it a fire hazard if they get too warm?
Hi Amanda, sorry for the delayed response! I don't think they would be a fire hazard…I remember researching that before I started doing those bulbs and as long as it's a fairly low wattage, I don't think it would get hot enough to burn anything or start a fire. I am not positive about that, so be careful. I have only done silicone dipping on bulbs that were 4 watts and under which have been fine. Thanks for stoppin by my blog! Have a good weekend!
Love your sight…great ideas! Do you have any tips on pricing items for a craft booth? Do you have a rule of thumb?
Hi Maggie would you mind sending me "your email address again? I would like to send some pics and would appreciate your opinion and what you think of pricing….
I have to say you have inspired me and rekindled my passion for crafting! Looking forward to trying the bulbs. I sold out of all my purchased bulbs, at my last show. Your recipe will lower my prices and they are so much cuter than my resale bulbs. Thank you for sharing!
I have a couple questions to ask you about where you get certain items!
I love making these bulbs, but am now really interested in making the bulbs I am seeing pop up on selling blogs and in stores. They say hand dipped on them, so I am believing that is true. Anyway I was wondering if you could help me figure out how to make a carrot nose with the long curly q. Then looks lilke the eyes and nose are hot glued on. If you want to look at one, I bought it at a store and the package says Vickie Jean's Creations, Inc. http://www.vickiejeanscreations.com. I thought maybe dipping a toothpick in it and the trimming it, but the one I have has nothing hard inside. I have no other ideas. Any ideas would be greatly appreciated.
LOVE your site & thanks for the tut's. Tried this & my bulbs are hanging to cure as I write! Couple of questions: 1) I could not find the Mainstay product…bought "clear silicone sealant"…no name brand @ WM. I was not prepared for the strong vinegar type scent…is this normal? I added cinnamon oil & coffee to my bulbs. Will this vinegar scent subside & the cinnamon take over eventually? 2) Can't make the long tails yet. Is there a difference in "sealant" & "caulking"? Should I go to a home store to look for "clear caulk?" Thanks SO MUCH!
I've done this for years…I also catch the after Christmas sales and buy the C7 bulbs in different colors! Use the clear silicone and you can decorate for any season or holiday! Red, white(clear), and blue for the fourth,,,orange for the fall or red and green for Christmas….endless ideas!!
I adore your blog! You make so many unique and fun decorative items. I am totally inspired by your creativity! I would love to chat more privately about some questions that I have. I truly would love to have some help with some of the ideas that I have. Please email if you get the chance, Thanks!
Great idea! Where do you find the rustic stars?
This is my first visit to your blog and love the bulb idea! Can't wait to try it! I look forward to MANY VISITS to tap your brain. Thanks so much!!!
I found your site last night so I stayed up till 2 am going over all your crafts, I can't thank you enough I use to do crafts then lost interest but because of you and you showing us how it's done I'm so ready to start again. By the way I love the pictures of Paco =). Thanks so much again!
How do I get the silicone to not bubble when I'm mixing in oil paint?
Where are the stars from? Love these!
I got my stars from rustytin.com but I just checked and it looks like they are closing their business, so you may not be able to get supplies from them. I have also ordered them from craft outlet stores, in bulk (just google it)…I want to say factorydirectcraft.com is where I got my last batch. Hope this helps!
What craft store do you buy the decoart texture fierro? I really want to try the grubby candles & tea lights.
I love this idea it is very cute and cheap to make!! I have a question about the handspun ribbon. where do you get yours at?
I can't wait to try making these! I'm doing my first craft show with my SIL, soon, and wondered how much you charge for these lights and bulbs? I don't want to over or undercharge, lol.
I keep searching the net and can't find anything to answer my question, so maybe you can – since you've made these.
I have a chandelier type light that uses those tall candelabra bulbs with a small night light size screw in base, shaped like a flame – and they are 40 watts.
I want to try this with a bulb – but am almost afraid to.
Pure silicone is supposed to be heat safe and that's what I bought.
But I am wondering if adding the cinnamon in hampers the heat safe just a bit.
Hi, sorry for the way delayed reply! I don't think the cinnamon should make it unsafe. I have made them a lot and have never had any problem with them over heating, nor have they ever felt too hot to the touch. You could always do a "test" bulb, just one, and leave it on for a while to see how it goes. I think since the silicone is 99% of whats on there, and it's heat safe, that you will be perfectly fine. It's always good to be cautious though. Hope this helps..and good luck! I hope they come out great!
Thank you again for taking time out on this!
I think I emailed you awhile back about what program you made the bag toppers in..very cute!
Not a bad idea Beth, I have had a lot of questions about them so maybe I will consider doing a video. Never made a how-to video before but theres a first time for everything, lol! I'll email you if I do! Thanks!!!
At what point do you tie the string onto the bulb so you can hang it to dry? I really want to try making these and am so impressed with all of your creativity! Thank you for sharing with us!
Happy New Year to you too! Thanks for getting back with me so fast! Can't wait to try these!
Just made these. It was actually easier than I thought. The long tip is definitely a challenge. I am curious what size the rusty hearts and stars are the you use??
Hi Brittany! I am so glad you made them! They are so fun and you're right, pretty easy. It's just getting used to working with the silicone and not making too much of a mess..haha. The rusty hearts and stars are 1 and 1/4 inch tall. I got them in bulk from factory direct craft. Thanks for commenting and hope you had fun making them!
I was just wondering if you wanted different colors, what would you recommend using to color the silicone?


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