text:
Nicaragua Opinion
The Struggle that Lies Before Us in Nicaragua
November 5, 2018 November 5, 2018 Circles Robinson 4 Comments Gioconda Belli
The struggle of a few is good for the future of many. Photo: Carlos Herrera / Confidencial
Let's make sure this unity is real. Let's dare to name representatives who embody those ideals and have earned the trust of the majority.
By Gioconda Belli (Confidencial)
HAVANA TIMES – I couldn't avoid a smile as I read Fernando Barcenas' ideas for reformulating the resistance to the Ortega regime in an interview published in the Sunday magazine section of the Nicaraguan newspaper La Prensa. Among other things, he proposes "starting a newspaper", "speaking with the Army", "bringing the combatants back from Costa Rica".
Barcenas then goes on to issue an implicit invitation for an armed struggle, while expressing his scorn for the National Blue and White Unity movement (UNAB), and adding disdainful comments about manifestations of rebellion such as the red lips and the blue and white balloons.
I disliked the arrogance of his positions, as well as his affirmation that the civic struggle has been defeated and that Ortega has won the match.
The truth is, I'm pretty sick of so much speculation, of so many preaching the "magic" or textbook remedy to resolve a situation like the one we're facing. This situation could be defined much more easily if we had the humility to simply face the fact that a forceful civic struggle like the one carried out over these past 6 months in Nicaragua must now reconsider how best to confront a ferocious repression.
It's clear that to stay in power, the Ortega regime has had to resort to dictatorial methods that hadn't been seen in Latin America for many decades. He's acted more like the right than the most recalcitrant and unholy right-wing regimes, such as that of Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina. Returning to that past represents his most definitive defeat, no matter how loudly they proclaim the return of normality, or his triumph.
The alternatives for civic struggle for unarmed citizens facing weapons that don't hesitate to shoot in the hands of those bent on dominating their opponents by force or imprisonment have dispersed, but surprisingly haven't lost their vitality and their determination. What's now up in the air isn't the proposition that sprang to life on April 18, but rather the "how" of that proposition.
While I would criticize many of Barcenas' points, I'll grant him one: the need for leadership. It certainly seemed a little pathetic during the UNAB's recent press conference that so many people appeared just to read a brief communique denouncing the inexcusable attack on the female political prisoners.
To be precise, the real proof that they're a unified group would be that they're not afraid to delegate the authority of the collective to a few trusted representatives. It's past time that they named an executive committee, an agreed-upon leadership. Five people would be enough. Why don't they have a vote and elect them?
To speak of a Government Junta is a little premature in my opinion, but they could easily begin by making visible some people who have earned the trust of the rest. Awarding such trust shouldn't be hard if the whole group agrees on the essential direction that they see for this anti-dictatorship alternative.
The UNAB would have to hold a retreat and come to an agreement on a minimal program and a proposal to defeat the regime. If this weren't possible, they'd have to recognize that there isn't any real basis for such a unity.
From the far reaches, one notes that the UNAB comes out with a communique and later the Articulation of Social Movements comes out with something else. It's obvious that there's a back-and-forth between the leadership that the Articulation wants to assume, and the actual diffuse personality of the UNAB. There's a roadmap of the intentions and proposals of the Articulation, but there's no ultimate clarity.
On the other hand, the Civic Alliance, which has had a recognized leadership, doesn't seem to be taking on that role either. From within it, some of the leaders who would make up this Executive Committee would also have to be chosen. After all, they're the ones whose representation is known. They were elected to represent important sectors, because those sectors don't exclude anyone. And that's what we need in Nicaragua: to stop thinking in exclusive terms, to stop dedicating ourselves so ferociously to pointing fingers of blame. The future of this country doesn't lie in hanging all the guilty in a public square, but in respecting the differences, the options that each one of us chooses.
Just as we blame the large business figures in the COSEP, so we could well blame the inertia of those who didn't do more or react before we reached the point of no return that we've now arrived at. There was no lack of voices that warned of the dictatorial direction that Ortega's regime was taking. Where were those who are speaking out now, when they were called on earlier to protest?
Many groups and organizations tried for years to mobilize students and citizens in general, only to find themselves alone in thorny demonstrations. So, if we want unity, and if we truly want democracy, we must join forces and not try to stick each other with the overdue bill. It's not about that at this time. It's about forming a credible, coordinated, and representative leadership, one that's above all capable of determining the direction and leading the struggle that lies before us: astutely, efficiently and with the lowest possible cost in lives.
Directing this struggle requires clear objectives, transparent political proposals, honesty, and a shared vision of that Nicaragua that we're willing to construct. When there are risks of jail and death, like the ones we're running in this road to liberation, people should know what they're placing their bets on.
Up until now, that bet ends with the regime's departure. But supposing that happened tomorrow – What would come afterwards? At this juncture, it's not only illusory but also irresponsible to continue calling on people to fight for a tomorrow wrapped in the fog of so many vague ideas or ideas left obscure for "tactical" reasons.
Once before, in 1979, we experienced a revolution that presented itself and gathered support around some ideas that later turned out to be only palatable arguments to obtain the support of the majority. The Nicaraguan people have given so much of themselves, have been so extraordinarily ready to believe in the good propositions, which they later feel themselves betrayed by. This scenario shouldn't be repeated anymore.
Let's make this a real unity, then. Let's achieve internal consensus to know where we're going, what is the Nicaragua that we're proposing to construct, how will we construct it; and let's dare to name representatives who will make visible those ideals and who have won the trust of the majority. That's the most important struggle that we should be assuming at this time, so that this enormous effort can bear fruit.
That's how we'll demonstrate maturity and gain the trust that's essential to consolidate the victories that we've achieved.
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4 thoughts on "The Struggle that Lies Before Us in Nicaragua"
Bo Reyes
Yeah but if you give candidates to lead the alliance Daniel Ortega is going to kill them or put them in jail. The answer is an armed coflict. Its the only way to defeat Ortega. One mass surprise offensive at El Carmen when he least expects it and victory shall be the people. The objective is to make an example of the Ortega Murillos for future candidates that try to make Nicaragua into a dictatorship!
Every form of anti government expression has been made a crime,,owning a weapon is a crime,,,,,,military rule has eliminated any form of civil rights,,,,or thug rule ,,,,he has planned this quite well,,,,,so unless there's international intervention,,,,,to maintain law and order,,,,after the removel of all the revolutionary people,,,,and a true free election held,,,,this will never be over. Imprisonment is far better than death,,,,,for all,,,,,time for the old chain gangs,,,,that would send a chilling messagd to future dictatorships. Strip him,,,,his family and all sandis of the millions stolen from thier fellow countryman. Use that to rebuild nica.
Bob Yancey
The Nicas continue to fantasize about a peaceful solution against a strong man who has no qualms about killing or imprisoning his opponents. The solution is military.
Gerry Doc
I agree with you 100% That Rat Bastard Ortega and all of his henchmen, his wife, any Sandinisto who believes in what he is doing, or has done, his Government, his Judges, his Police Officers, his Paramilitaries….anyone associated with this Despot, needs to be brought to justice for Nicaragua to grow and prosper in the future. Failure to do this will mean the status quo in Nicaragua and nothing will change. WAKE UP PEOPLE…..it is your destiny. Personally I want go see this man swinging from the end of a rope. Him and that WITCH he has for a WIFE. An end to this Dictatorship. FREE NICARAGUA. JUSTICE. DEMOCRACY. LIBERTY


text:
Lego The Lone Ranger er en produktlinje produceret af den danske legetøjskoncern LEGO, der blev introduceret 2013, og er baseret på filmen The Lone Ranger (2013). Det blev solgt med licens fra Walt Disney Pictures og Jerry Bruckheimer Films. Temaet indeholdt byggesæt med scener fra filmen, og den blev udfaset igen i 2014.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 The Lego Group Homepage

The Lone Ranger

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Based on publications about the most anticipated releases of 2017 in music editions (NME, Billboard, "Afisha Daily" and others), we select high-profile novelties in this playlist. Above are the freshest tracks.
Listen to the collection Loud novelties of the month in high quality, absolutely free. You can listen to the whole collection, or separately song by song. In addition to Loud novelties of the month of the collection, you can find any other one by following the link and get information with the already collected collections and collections of tracks, songs and music.


text:
Rachel S. Haot
Chief Digital Officer and Deputy Secretary
Technology for New York State
Rachel S. Haot is Chief Digital Officer and Deputy Secretary for Technology for New York State. Her focus is to realize Governor Andrew Cuomo's vision of modernizing online government and supporting technology innovation.
Prior to this role, Rachel was New York City's Chief Digital Officer under Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, where her team overhauled nyc.gov and launched tech campaign We Are Made in NY. Before entering government, Rachel served as founder and CEO of GroundReport.com, the first US citizen journalism platform. She also created Upward, a digital strategy consultancy, and taught at Columbia Business School.
She graduated magna cum laude from New York University, where she was a Presidential Scholar.
Rachel is a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader and was named Chief Digital Officer of the Year at the 2014 CDO Summit.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Splashscreen works imperfectly with Support Action Bar in Android I have a support action bar app in Android with a drawer layout and also a splash screen for the app.
The issue is when I launch my app, the ActionBar flashes for a second before the splash screen.
How do I fix this?
Here is my code for the splash screen:
public class SplashScreen extends ActionBarActivity {

    // Splash screen timer
    private static int SPLASH_TIME_OUT = 3000;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        getWindow().requestFeature(Window.FEATURE_ACTION_BAR);
        getSupportActionBar().hide();
        getWindow().setFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_FULLSCREEN,
                WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_FULLSCREEN);
        setContentView(R.layout.splash_activity);

        new Handler().postDelayed(new Runnable() {

            /*
             * Showing splash screen with a timer. This will be useful when you
             * want to show case your app logo / company
             */

            @Override
            public void run() {
                // This method will be executed once the timer is over
                // Start your app main activity
                Intent i = new Intent(SplashScreen.this, ZMainActivity.class);
                startActivity(i);

                // close this activity
                finish();
            }
        }, SPLASH_TIME_OUT);
    }

}

Here is my manifest:
    <activity
        android:name="info.androidhive.androidsplashscreentimer.SplashScreen"
        android:label="MeriMasjid.com"
        android:screenOrientation="portrait" >

        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

            <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
        </intent-filter>

    </activity>

Please note that I cannot use any theme for my activity since it is an app compat app.
SOLUTION :
converting ActionBarActivity to Activity for Splashscreen and Applying @android:style/Theme.NoTitleBar to its entry in Manifest worked

A: The problem is that it takes time to go to oncreate method to make your activity full screen thus the actionbar flashes for a moment before it disappear.
Instead doing progmatically apply it in your manifest instead inside your activity tag
sample:
 <activity
    android:name="info.androidhive.androidsplashscreentimer.SplashScreen"
    android:label="MeriMasjid.com"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    android:theme="@android:style/Theme.NoTitleBar">
    >

for appcompat:
you need to open your style.xml in your values folder and replace everything by this:
<resources>

<style name="AppBaseTheme" parent="Theme.AppCompat.Light"></style>

<style name="AppTheme" parent="AppBaseTheme">
    <item name="android:windowNoTitle">true</item>
    <item name="android:windowFullscreen">true</item>
</style>

</resources>

after add this in your manifest:
 <activity
    android:name="info.androidhive.androidsplashscreentimer.SplashScreen"
    android:label="MeriMasjid.com"
    android:screenOrientation="portrait"
    android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
    >

A: Just because you use AppCompat does not mean every activity needs to extends ActionBarActivity - only those that need an action bar should extend ActionBarActivity. For your splash screen, you can extend Activity (if you don't need any fragments) or FragmentActivity (if you do need fragments). In either case, you can then use styles such as @android:style/Theme.NoTitleBar without exceptions.

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The Independent National Electoral Commission has declared Dr. Kayode Fayemi of the All Progressives Congress as the winner of the July 14 governorship election.
The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Ibadan and Returning Officer for the election, Prof. Idowu Olayinka, said he had satisfied the requirement of the law by polling the highest lawful votes in the election.
Fayemi polled 197, 459 to beat Prof. Kolapo Olusola of the Peoples Democratic Party who scored 178,121 votes.


text:
Bells of remembrance : the history of the War Memorial Carillon, 1923-1987 / by D. R. V. Wood in association with J. D. Gordon.
Call No: B3/42/23
Author: Wood, D. R. V. ; Gordon, J. D. ;
Publisher: Sydney : The University of Sydney, 1991.
Subject: New South Wales - colleges & universities ; New South Wales - military history ; New South Wales - colleges & universities ;
Series Title: Sydney University Monographs: 7 ; Sydney University Monographs: 7 ;
Series Part: ;
Pagination: viii, 78 p. : ill., 24 cm.
Public Note: Donation: L. MacDonald Donation
1 Mansfield, Bruce;
Hutchinson, Mark;
Liberality of opportunity : a history of Macquarie University, 1964-1989 / by Bruce Mansfield and Mark Hutchinson. 1992 New South Wales - colleges & universities;
New South Wales - colleges & universities;
2 West, Francis;
University House : portrait of an institution / by Francis West. 1980 Canberra (ACT);
3 Richardson, S. S.;
Parity of esteem : Canberra College of Advanced Education, 1968-1978 / by S. S. Richardson. 1979 Canberra (ACT);
4 Gamble, Allan;
The University of Sydney / by Allan Gamble. 1968 New South Wales - colleges & universities;
5 O'Reilly, W. Cresswell;
Wesley College (within the University of Sydney) : a historical outline / by W. Cresswell O'Reilly. 1952 New South Wales - colleges & universities;
6 Dallen, Robert A.;
The University of Sydney : its history and progress from its foundation in 1852 to 1938 / by Robert A. Dallen. 1938 New South Wales - colleges & universities;
7 Bavin, Thomas;
The jubilee book of the Law School of the University of Sydney (1890-1940) / edited by Hon Sir Thomas Bavin. 1940 New South Wales - colleges & universities;
8 Hole, W. Vere;
The history of the Women's College within the University of Sydney / by W. Vere Hole. 1953 New South Wales - colleges & universities;
9 Harrison, Ruth;
Sydney Kindergarten Teachers College, 1897-1981 : a pioneer in early childhood education and care in Australia / by Ruth Harrison. 1985 New South Wales - colleges & universities;
10 Neill, Norm;
Technically and further : Sydney Technical College, 1891-1991 / by Norm Neill. 1991 New South Wales - colleges & universities;


The artwork I create is an immediate impression from the images in my mind, like a still from a movie reel; a fleeting moment meant to remind the viewer of a place they may have actually visited or have dreamed about. The processes and methods I employ while creating art are experimental. They allow me to build textured layers and a low relief onto the two-dimensional canvas. I am drawn to unconventional styles and mediums that allow me to infuse the grittiness and immediacy of real life into my work. By making each piece with a variety of textures, layers and a specifically chosen pallet, I give an overview of a scene and let the viewer decide the specifics.
Kent Maxwell first picked up a paintbrush at the age of fifteen and has ever since been drawn to the canvas. Following his formal fine arts education at New England College, Kent developed his craft while under apprenticeships with stained glassed artist Patricia Barkley in Idaho and artist Richard Brown Lethem in Maine. Kent uses experimental, progressive techniques to create low relief textures onto the canvas, integrating various materials into his medium using trowels, paint scrapers, and other methods. Each work contains a unique array of materials, and as such, takes on a particular atmospheric feel. By embracing a looser form and emphasizing ambiance over detail, Kent's art rekindles his viewer's imagination, connecting memory, mood, and dreams. Kent currently resides and works on the seacoast of New Hampshire.


text:
Eshwar Niwas born on April 11th 1974 is an Indian film director, known for his works predominantly in Bollywood and Tollywood. In 1999, he won the National Film Award for directing Shool.

Early life and career
He was born in Hyderabad. He ventured into Telugu film industry as an assistant director under the mentorship of Ram Gopal Varma. He subsequently entered Hindi cinema.

Filmography
As director
Total Siyapaa  (2014)
De Taali (2008)
My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (2008)
Bardaasht (2004)
Dum (2003)
Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega (2001)
Shool (1999)

As screenwriter
Dum (2003)
Shool (1999)

As producer
My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (2008)

Awards
National Film Awards
National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi (director) – Shool – 1999

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Hindi-language film directors
Living people
Film directors from Hyderabad, India
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Film producers from Hyderabad, India
Telugu film directors


text:
Q: How to reduce transformer secondary voltage? Trying to make a bench power supply. What would be a cheap easy way to reduce voltage (to protect the series pass transistor)? 3 Amp transformer has these terminals 12-6-0-6-12. No load voltage is 33 VAC (47 Vpeak DC). Primary taps are 0 and 230V. I came up with these options, and can't decide between them.

*

*Couple of 5A rated household AC staircase switches between the 6V and 12V terminals. Cheap and easy, but manual control. Series transistor needs thermal protection against "accidents" (including output short circuits).

*Couple of relay tap changer between 6V and 12V terminals. Maybe cheap, not easy. Needs zero crossover, Schmitt trigger control circuit. Relays will probably need eventual replacement.

*Triac tap changer. Possibly more complex than above, and may need more parts list. Triac has voltage drop.

*Triac (or SCR) to chop AC waveform on secondary side. I have no clue where to begin. Have seen the old HP manuals. But if bad comes to worse, I am ready to pop in an Atmega88.

*60V buck converter. Where to get a reliable one? Is switching noise an issue?

*Series pass regulator to reduce voltage to below 40V (max dissipation 2W @ 750mA), then a 40V buck converter, and then a series pass linear regulator? This is becoming confusing, and wasting a lot of volts. Will also have switching noise.

*Roll my own buck converter???
I'm leaning towards #1 right now (couple of $0.15 switches). Power supply will be used for analog work mostly (test op amps and audio amplifiers etc and other hobby electronics stuff). Is the inability to smoothly change voltage from zero to 30V or 40V, a likely hindrance? I don't think I've ever had to change voltage by more than ±3V for anything (usually characterizing LED, or optimizing current draw for small projects). Why would someone want to smoothly change voltage all the way from 0 to 30V? Only convenience, or something more?
I'm hoping this works out, as transformers seem to cost less than a third of a good 36V SMPS (same wattage). Only problem with transformers is the >40V at no load, and then it goes downhill.
So, any suggestions?

A: After the thought provoking comments above, I decided to operate on the transformer for some flexibility. I carefully removed the 6V and Common connections from the binding posts, and isolated them. So now I have four 6V windings. The transformer capability is shown below (Amps DC on X axis, VDC (regulated) on Y axis, for the 4 windings if connected in series).

I can potentially get about 6V @ 1.5A from each winding, or 16V @ 1.5A from two windings in series. Two windings in parallel now give 6V @ 3A. And, two windings in series times 2 gives 16V @ 3A. With a XL6009 boost converter, I might be able to get 24V @ 2A from this. So, I guess that solves the problem. Multiple windings are better than a continuous one.
I'm planning to do something like this https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-04CQ0Mug1o&t=865s (HP E3610A), but for 2 channels instead of one. Each channel with a switch to toggle between 6V @ 3A and 16V @ 1.5A. There will be 2 of those. So those can again be paralleled (6V @ 6A or 16V @ 3A) or put in series (12V @ 3A or 32V @ 1.5A). So that's a lot of possibilities. The two 6V windings of each channel can be connected like this, before it goes to the linear regulator for that channel:

There is a toggle switch to connect/disconnect common terminals (see long wire near wire marked "common"). There will be no short circuit due to the bridge. I will lose a few volts, but hopefully the amps and flexibility will make up for it.


I attended the Ballard District Council Holiday Party last night. They gave out a bunch of awards and as I was standing there, a woman I'd never met before said to me, "Are you accepting contributions tonight?" I, trying to act non-plussed, said, "Yes!" When I looked at the name on the $100 check, she turned out to be Diana Aakervik, the wife of Warren Aakervik, owner of Ballard Oil. I thanked her and retrieved some buttons for the both of them.


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text:
Home Stock Market Updates North Korea tells South Korea's Yoon to 'shut up' after offer of help | Political news
North Korea tells South Korea's Yoon to 'shut up' after offer of help | Political news
Kim Jo Yong, the powerful sister of the North Korean leader, says the country will not "exchange" its "honour".
North Korea's Kim Yo Jong, the powerful sister of leader Kim Jong Un, has flatly rejected an offer from South Korea to help boost the isolated country's economy if it gives up its nuclear weapons.
Kim's comments are the first time a senior North Korean official has commented directly on what South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol has dubbed a "bold plan" under which the South would offer gradual economic aid to Pyongyang if denuclearization began.
Yoon reiterated the offer Wednesday at a news conference to mark his first 100 days in office.
"It would have been more favorable for his image to keep his mouth shut," Kim Yo Jong said in a statement carried by state news agency KCNA, calling Yoon "really simple and still childish" to think he could trade economic cooperation for north honor and nuclear weapons.
"No one trades their destiny for corn pie," he added.
Experts say Yoon's economic plan echoes proposals by previous South Korean presidents, including during the failed 2018 and 2019 summits between then-US President Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un. and they said there was little chance that Pyongyang would accept it.
The North invests a large portion of its GDP in weapons programs and has long made clear that it views its nuclear capability as self-defense and necessary to protect itself against the "hostile" policies of the United States and South Korea. , and Japan.
"Yoon's initiative adds to a long list of failed deals involving promises by South Korea to provide economic benefits to North Korea… These were the same assumptions behind a succession of efforts failed to initiate denuclearization talks," Scott Snyder, a senior member. at the Council on Foreign Relations think tank, he said in a blog post Thursday.
"The acuteness of North Korea's economic vulnerability will make the leadership even more resistant to South Korea's proposed infrastructure projects," he added.
"Even though he may knock on the door with what big plan in the future, since his 'bold plan' doesn't work, let's make it clear that we will not sit face to face with him," Kim Yo Jong said of Yoon.
The KCNA report also confirmed that North Korea tested two cruise missiles at sea on Wednesday.
They were the first tests in weeks and followed Kim's declaration of "victory" over the COVID-19 pandemic.
North Korea has conducted an unprecedented wave of weapons tests this year, including the launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile for the first time since 2017.
Pyongyang is prohibited from conducting ballistic missile tests under international sanctions imposed over its nuclear weapons program.
It last tested a nuclear weapon in September 2017; however, South Korean and US officials believe preparations for a new nuclear test are underway.
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text:
Cell LineChick EmbryoMadin Darby Canine Kidney CellsVero CellsVirionCells, CulturedCapsidNasopharynxLungCloacaHeLa CellsRespiratory SystemCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesT-LymphocytesT-Lymphocytes, CytotoxicCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesKidney
Influenza A virusInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeInfluenza B virusInfluenza A Virus, H9N2 SubtypeOrthomyxoviridaeInfluenza A Virus, H7N9 SubtypeBirdsVaccinia virusRNA VirusesInfluenza A Virus, H3N8 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H7N7 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H7N1 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H2N2 SubtypeInfluenza A Virus, H5N2 SubtypeChickensInfluenza A Virus, H1N2 SubtypeSimian virus 40DogsDefective VirusesPlant VirusesDNA VirusesSindbis VirusMeasles virusDucksReassortant VirusesRabies virusRespiratory Syncytial VirusesFerretsHepatitis B virusPoultryWest Nile virusVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusCercopithecus aethiopsVirionInfluenza A Virus, H7N3 SubtypeMice, Inbred BALB CInfluenzavirus CParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanSimian immunodeficiency virusOncogenic VirusesMumps virusSemliki forest virusMosaic VirusesSwineHepatitis A virusBK VirusAvian Sarcoma VirusesJC VirusSendai virusViruses, UnclassifiedRespiratory Syncytial Virus, HumanCricetinaeHIV-1Influenzavirus AAnseriformesAvian leukosis virusInfluenza A Virus, H7N2 SubtypeBluetongue virusCapsidMoloney murine leukemia virusSimplexvirusYellow fever virusParainfluenza Virus 3, HumanTobacco Mosaic VirusHepacivirusMyxoma virusCowpox virusVariola virusLassa virusAnimals, WildChikungunya virusHerpesvirus 4, HumanNorwalk virusHerpesvirus 1, HumanEncephalitis VirusesEncephalitis Viruses, Tick-BorneMice, Inbred C57BLRespirovirusLeukemia Virus, FelinePorcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virusFoot-and-Mouth Disease VirusHepatitis VirusesHaplorhiniHuman T-lymphotropic virus 1Satellite VirusesOncolytic VirusesOrf virusHepatitis E virusHorsesDiarrhea Viruses, Bovine ViralFriend murine leukemia virusFowlpox virusMammary Tumor Virus, MouseSarcoma Viruses, MurineArchaeal VirusesHIV
Influenza, HumanInfluenza in BirdsOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsVirus DiseasesPneumonia, ViralRespiratory Syncytial Virus InfectionsSwine DiseasesPoultry DiseasesHIV InfectionsTumor Virus InfectionsRespiratory Tract InfectionsBird DiseasesEpstein-Barr Virus InfectionsDNA Virus InfectionsDisease Models, AnimalRNA Virus InfectionsHepatitis CCell Transformation, ViralHorse DiseasesCommunicable Diseases, EmergingZoonoses
Influenza VaccinesHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusHemagglutinins, ViralNeuraminidaseReceptors, VirusAntibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralViral ProteinsAntiviral AgentsOseltamivirRNA, ViralVaccines, InactivatedAmantadineVaccines, AttenuatedZanamivirNucleoproteinsViral Core ProteinsDNA, ViralRNA ReplicaseViral Matrix ProteinsAntibodies, NeutralizingHemagglutininsRimantadineEpitopesPyransDNA PrimersViral Structural ProteinsAntibodies, MonoclonalRNA, MessengerCapsid ProteinsVaccines, SyntheticSialic AcidsViral Fusion ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsPolysorbatesViral Nonstructural ProteinsMyxovirus Resistance ProteinsImmunoglobulin GGlycoproteinsNucleocapsid Proteins
Hemagglutination Inhibition TestsVirus CultivationVaccinationNeutralization TestsViral Plaque AssaySequence Analysis, DNAVirus InactivationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionPolymerase Chain ReactionSentinel SurveillanceCytopathogenic Effect, ViralViral LoadPopulation SurveillanceAdministration, IntranasalAmino Acid SubstitutionEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayTransfectionReverse GeneticsDisease Models, AnimalSensitivity and SpecificityImmunizationSequence AlignmentSerial PassageFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHemagglutination TestsModels, MolecularHospitalizationMass VaccinationSeroepidemiologic StudiesMicroscopy, Electron
Virus ReplicationVirus SheddingPhylogenyGenes, ViralVirus AssemblySeasonsAmino Acid SequenceVirus ActivationVirus AttachmentVirus LatencyCross ReactionsVirus InactivationCross ProtectionVirulenceDrug Resistance, ViralGene Expression Regulation, ViralTime FactorsRecombination, GeneticCytopathogenic Effect, ViralHost-Pathogen InteractionsViral LoadSpecies SpecificityHemagglutination, ViralGenetic VectorsMutationVirus IntegrationGenetic VariationAmino Acid SubstitutionVirus Physiological PhenomenaGenotypeTransfectionSensitivity and SpecificityTranscription, GeneticEvolution, MolecularProtein BindingViral InterferencePlasmidsMembrane FusionAntibody FormationCell Transformation, ViralViral TropismBinding SitesSequence HomologyOpen Reading FramesHemadsorption
PoultryPolysorbates
Molecular Sequence DataPhylogenyAmino Acid Sequence
Infant, Newborn
PandemicsDisease OutbreaksSeasonsVaccinationSentinel SurveillancePopulation SurveillanceEpidemicsSensitivity and SpecificityImmunizationDisease Transmission, InfectiousHospitalizationMass VaccinationSeroepidemiologic Studies
United StatesChinaHong Kong
Fluhunter: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1(Determination of virulence potential;PCR-typing of the pathogenicity)...
Fluhunter: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1(Determination of virulence potential;PCR-typing of the pathogenicity) , FR304 real time PCR kit for detection in different samples: nasal swabs, plasma, serum, stool, nasopharnygeal swabs, respiratory tract samples.
http://genekam.de/realtime-pcr-kits/Fluhunter-Highly-Pathogenic-Avian-Influenza-Virus-H5N1-Determination-of-virulence-potential-PCR-typing-of-the-pathogenicity
Development of Ultra-rapid Multiplex Real-time PCR for the Detection of Genes from Avian Influenza Virus subtype H5N1 ...
Cause of high lethality and dissemination to human being, new development of rapid method for the detection of highly pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is still necessary. For the detection of AIV subtype H5N1, typical pathogenic AIV, new method to confirm sub-typing of this virus is also needed. For the purpose of ultra-rapid detection and sub-typing of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of AIV, this study was planned. As the results we could demonstrate an ultra-rapid multiplex real-time PCR (URMRT PCR) for the detection of AIV In this study, the URMRT PCR were optimized with synthesized AIV H5- and AIV Nl-specific DNA templates and GenSpector TMC, which is a semiconductor process technology based real-time PCR system with high frequencies of temperature monitoring. Under eight minutes, the amplifications of two AIV subtype-specific PCR products were successfully and independently detected by 30 cycled ultra-rapid PCR, including melting point analysis, from |TEX|$1{\times}10^3$|/TEX| copies of
http://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200710103450492.page
Welcome to CDC stacks | Human Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Northern Vietnam, 2004-2005 -...
We performed a retrospective case-series study of patients with influenza A (H5N1) admitted to the National Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Hanoi, Vietnam, from January 2004 through July 2005 with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection, a history of high-risk exposure or chest radiographic findings such as pneumonia, and positive findings for A/H5 viral RNA by reverse transcription-PCR. We investigated data from 29 patients (mean age 35.1 years) of whom 7 (24.1%) had died. Mortality rates were 20% (5/25) and 50% (2/4) among patients treated with or without oseltamivir (p = 0.24), respectively, and were 33.3% (5/15) and 14.2% (2/14) among patients treated with and without methylprednisolone (p = 0.39), respectively. After exact logistic regression analysis was adjusted for variation in severity, no significant effectiveness for survival was observed among patients treated with oseltamivir or methylprednisolone ...
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/17188
A complete map of potential pathogenicity markers of avian influenza virus subtype H5 predicted from 11 expressed proteins |...
Polybasic cleavage sites of the hemagglutinin (HA) proteins are considered to be the most important determinants indicating virulence of the avian influenza viruses (AIV). However, evidence is accumulating that these sites alone are not sufficient to establish high pathogenicity. There need to exist other sites located on the HA protein outside the cleavage site or on the other proteins expressed by AIV that contribute to the pathogenicity. We employed rule-based computational modeling to construct a map, with high statistical significance, of amino acid (AA) residues associated to pathogenicity in 11 proteins of the H5 type viruses. We found potential markers of pathogenicity in all of the 11 proteins expressed by the H5 type of AIV. AA mutations S-43HA1-D, D-83HA1-A in HA; S-269-D, E-41-H in NA; S-48-N, K-212-N in NS1; V-166-A in M1; G-14-E in M2; K-77-R, S-377-N in NP; and Q-48-P in PB1-F2 were identified as having a potential to shift the pathogenicity from low to high. Our results suggest that the
https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-015-0465-x/tables/1
Early detection of highly pathogenic influenza viruses
A multidisciplinary research team, including scholars from the Institute of Medical Virology at Justus Liebig University Giessen, has recently developed a tool, which is suitable to identify candidate pandemic influenza viruses circulating in animal hosts.. On the basis of a combined application of a computational technique (ISM) and experimental molecular virological methods, the research team from Germany and Serbia was able to develop and validate a new tool to predict possible biological effects resulting from naturally occurring mutations as they are found for example in H5N1 viruses in Egypt. Thus, the ISM technique can help to identify those influenza viruses circulating in animal hosts that could efficiently transmit to humans and therewith possess a possible pandemic potential.. The research team involves the Institute of Medical Virology (JLU), the Georg-Speyer-Haus - Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy (Frankfurt am Main), the Robert-Koch-Institute, Division for HIV ...
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/interdisciplinary-research/early-detection-of-highly-pathogenic-influenza-viruses.html
HPAI Update HPAI Found in backyard flock in Washington State - Ga Dept of Agriculture
In December, the United States Department of Agricultures (USDA) National Veterinary Services Laboratories confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic (HPAI) H5 avian influenza in Whatcom County, Washington, in Winston, Oregon and in Butte County, California. This week, as a result of increased surveillance in the Pacific flyway, USDA has confirmed the presence of HPAI in a backyard flock in Benton County, Washington. On December 30, a backyard flock in Benton County, Washington, was reported to the State as experiencing high mortality in approximately 100 turkeys and some chickens. The flock was kept outdoors. Samples tested positive for H5 on a PCR test at the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, a NAHLN laboratory, on December 31; samples were sent January 2 to NVSL for confirmatory testing. On January 3, the National Veterinary Services Laboratories identified an avian influenza virus subtype H5N2, with 99% similarity to the recent H5N2 isolated from the duck at Wiser Lake, ...
http://www.agr.georgia.gov/hpai-update-hpai-found-in-backyard-flock-in-washington-state.aspx
Mirco Schmolke: La distorsión local y sistémica de la homeostasis de la microbiota causada por la infección por el virus de la...
Aartjan te Velthuis Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford.Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge.Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews.The Influenza A virus is an infectious agent that usually causes a mild respiratory disease and induces innate immune responses through the activation of RNA sensor RIG-I. However, infections with highly pathogenic influenza viruses such as the H5N1 subtypes or the 1918 H1N1 virus, can lead to an innate immune dysregulation and severe disease. The genome of the virus is replicated and transcribed by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the context of viral RNA-nucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes. The RNA polymerase is a complex enzyme that consists of a central core composed of the viral proteins PB1, PB2 and PA, and at least three auxiliary domains involved in viral transcription. Various mutations in the RNA polymerase have been linked to host adaptation and viral virulence, but it is presently unclear what
https://www.fundacionareces.tv/ciencias-de-la-vida-y-de-la-materia/centenario-de-la-gripe-espanola-de-1918/mirco-schmolke-la-distorsion-local-y-sistemica-de-la-homeo-Cr8R/index.html
https://www.fundacionareces.tv/ciencias-de-la-vida-y-de-la-materia/centenario-de-la-gripe-espanola-de-1918/mirco-schmolke-la-distorsion-local-y-sistemica-de-la-homeo-cRCQ/index.html
Evolutionary analysis of rapidly evolving RNA viruses
Recent advances in sequencing technology and computing power mean that we are in an unprecedented position to analyse large viral sequence datasets using state-of-the-art methods, with the aim of better understanding pathogen evolution and epidemiology. This thesis concerns the evolutionary analysis of rapidly evolving RNA viruses, with a focus on avian influenza and the use of Bayesian methodologies which account for uncertainty in the evolutionary process. As avian influenza viruses present an epidemiological and economic threat on a global scale, knowledge of how they are circulating and evolving is of substantial public health importance. In the first part of this thesis I consider avian influenza viruses of haemagglutinin (HA) subtype H7 which, along with H5, is the only subtype for which highly pathogenic influenza has been found. I conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of available H7 HA sequences to reveal global evolutionary relationships, which can help to target influenza ...
https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/11748
Bird Flu (H5N1 Avian Influenza) Vaccine News
By Stephen LeahySep 2 2020 (IPS-Partners) Having reported on SARS, Ebola, Bird Flu (H5N1) outbreaks, as well as writing about efforts to combat HIV, I was horrified by what was going on in Wuhan, China last Jan mainly because of how fast this new SARS-CoV-2 virus spread. By early Feb it seemed likely thered be a global pandemic and by the end of Feb I started to freak out as the pandemic took hold. Ive never been to Wuhan or China nor seen anyone who had; and I hadnt travelled any where recently. It was nearly impossible for me to have encountered the virus but that didnt keep me from getting si ...
https://medworm.com/bird-flu-vaccine/news/
OIE: Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (infection with H5N8) (non-poultry including wild birds), France
Information received on 19/01/2021 from Dr Loic Evain, Directeur Général adjoint, CVO, Direction générale de l´alimentation, Ministère de l´Agriculture et de l´Alimentation, Paris, France ...
http://www.flu.org.cn/en/news-20613.html
Department of Molecular Microbiology
Influenza A virus is a collective name for a large number of different viruses that can infect birds and mammals. Humans are susceptible to a small subset of influenza A viruses; seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 viruses cause yearly epidemics and are associated with mild disease in healthy adults, while highly pathogenic influenza A viruses, like H5N1, induce severe disease and mortality in 60% of the reported cases. Pathogenesis or the ability to cause severe disease is the result of a complex interplay between the virus and the infected host. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms and determinants involved in pathogenesis. One program in the laboratory focuses on the role of viral proteins in mediating severe disease. Reverse genetics technology is used to create chimera influenza A viruses containing gene segments of two parent viruses with low and high pathogenic potential. In vitro and in vivo characterization of these novel chimera viruses will identify the influenza genes responsible for ...
http://microbiology.wustl.edu/Research/boonRES_2014.html
Gentaur Molecular :GeneRiver \ Fluhunter Genotyping of all Influenza Viruses H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12...
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , GeneRiver \ Fluhunter Genotyping of all Influenza Viruses H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16 \ K234 for more molecular products just contact us
http://www.antibody-antibodies.com/product_det.php?id=1805588&supplier=search&name=Fluhunter%20%20Genotyping%20of%20all%20Influenza%20Viruses%20H1,%20H2,%20H3,%20H4,%20H5,%20H6,%20H7,%20H8,%20H9,%20H10,%20H11,%20H12,%20H13,%20H14,%20H15,%20H16
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) interacts with nonstructural protein 1 and promotes the replication of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian...
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein and a crucial regulatory factor in the replication and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus (AIV). Studies have shown that NS1 can interact with a variety of host proteins to modulate the viral life cycle. We previously generated a monoclonal antibody against NS1 protein; In the current research study, using this antibody, we immunoprecipitated host proteins that interact with NS1 to better understand the roles played by NS1 in communications between virus and host. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments identified annexin A2 (ANXA2) as a target molecule interacting with NS1. Results from confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that NS1 co-localized with ANXA2 in the cell cytoplasm. Overexpression of ANXA2 significantly increased the titer of H5N1 subtype HPAIV, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of ANXA2 markedly inhibited the expression of viral proteins and reduced the progeny virus titer. Our results indicate that ANXA2 interacts with NS1
https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-017-1097-0
Papers in the shared collection Read TB | Read by QxMD
Pulmonary diseases and infections are among the top contributors to human morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite the successful history of vaccines and antimicrobial therapeutics, infectious disease still presents a significant threat to human health. Effective vaccines are frequently unavailable in developing countries, and successful vaccines have yet to be developed for major global maladies, such as tuberculosis. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance poses a growing threat to human health. The Challenges and Future in Vaccines, Drug Development, and Immunomodulatory Therapy session of the 2013 Pittsburgh International Lung Conference highlighted several recent and current studies related to treatment and prevention of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, highly pathogenic influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and tuberculosis ...
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/shared-collection/2815
US Virologist Warns Health Experts to Prepare for Human-to-Human H7N9 Bird Flu
One of United States top virologists has warned the health authorities to prepare themselves for a possible mutation of the H7N9 bird flu virus.
http://www.medindia.net/news/us-virologist-warns-health-experts-to-prepare-for-human-to-human-h7n9-bird-flu-118133-1.htm
News in Science - Bird flu goes for the throat - 03/04/2006
Humans infected with bird flu appear to have more of the virus in their throat and nose than people with standard human influenza strains a conference is due to hear today
http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1606935.htm
Dutch create deadly new bird flu virus | News24
Scientists in the Dutch city of Rotterdam know precisely what it takes for a bird flu to mutate into a potential human pandemic strain - because theyve created just such mutant viruses.
https://www.news24.com/Technology/News/Dutch-create-deadly-new-bird-flu-virus-20130404
Scientist who deliberately created Armageddon bird flu virus in lab says he will not publish details | Daily Mail Online
Dutch scientists who created probably one of the most dangerous viruses you can make have agreed to leave out details on how to construct the virus from published reports.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2077232/Scientist-deliberately-created-Armageddon-bird-flu-virus-lab-says-publish-details.html
Loud And Nasty - Hardcore Intuitive Virus [H.I.V. MUTATION 10 ] @ REC-ORDER
This page shows the record Loud And Nasty from the label Hardcore Intuitive Virus with its producers a description and mp3 including its country of origin. Listen to the record.
http://www.rec-order.nl/record.php?record=4116&country=1
Welcome to CDC stacks | Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Isolated from Whooper Swans, Japan - 17326 | Emerging...
On April 21, 2008, four whooper swans were found dead at Lake Towada, Akita prefecture, Japan. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype was isolated from specimens of the affected birds. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the isolate belongs to clade 2.3.2 in the HA phylogenetic tree ...
Wild ducks excrete highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 (2014-2015) without clinical or pathological evidence of disease
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is essentially a poultry disease. Wild birds have traditionally not been involved in its spread, but the epidemiology of HPAI has changed in recent years. After its emergence in southeastern Asia in 1996, H5 HPAI virus of the Goose/Guangdong lineage has evolved into several sub-lineages, ... read more some of which have spread over thousands of kilometers via long-distance migration of wild waterbirds. In order to determine whether the virus is adapting to wild waterbirds, we experimentally inoculated the HPAI H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 group A from 2014 into four key waterbird species-Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope), common teal (Anas crecca), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and common pochard (Aythya ferina)-and compared virus excretion and disease severity with historical data of the HPAI H5N1 virus infection from 2005 in the same four species. Our results showed that excretion was highest in Eurasian wigeons for the 2014 virus, whereas excretion was ...
http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/375890
A descriptive study of the global first case of pneumonia caused by human-infected avian influenza virus H9N2--《Electronic...
Objective To discuss the imaging features of pneumonia caused by human-infected avian influenza virus H9N2.Methods A descriptive study was carried out on a case of pneumonia caused by human-infected avian influenza virus H9N2 in Meizhou,Guangdong Province,on June 18,2016.Results The patient was a child with cough,and white phlegm was detected followed by yellow sticky sputum,accompanying with fever.Imaging features included exudative patchy ground glass opacity,and pulmonary fibrosis was visible during the recovery period.The patient was discharged from hospital after antiviral and symptomatic treatments.Conclusion For pneumonia caused by human-infected avian influenza virus H9N2,except for the symptoms of influenza,exudative focus was present in bilateral lung CT images.Clinicians should consider the possibility of viral infection in children who had contact history with poultry and got fever and pulmonary infection.Early diagnosis and antiviral therapy are important to improve the prognosis.
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-XFCR201601008.htm
Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in wild birds during outbreaks in domestic poultry, Minnesota, 2015
In 2015, a major outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection devastated poultry facilities in Minnesota, USA. To clarify the role of wild birds, we tested 3,139 waterfowl fecal samples and 104 sick and dead birds during March 9-June 4, 2015. HPAIV was isolated from a Coopers hawk but not from waterfowl....
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70169989
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in red foxes fed infected bird carcasses. - Free Online Library
Free Online Library: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in red foxes fed infected bird carcasses.(RESEARCH) by Emerging Infectious Diseases; Health, general Avian influenza Development and progression Encephalitis
https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Highly+pathogenic+avian+influenza+virus+
Subclinical Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection among Vaccinated Chickens, China - Volume 20, Number 12-December...
Subclinical infection of vaccinated chickens with a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N2) virus was identified through routine surveillance in China. Investigation suggested that the virus has evolved into multiple genotypes. To better control transmission of the virus, we recommend a strengthened program of education, biosecurity, rapid diagnostics, surveillance, and elimination of infected poultry.
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/12/14-0733_article
NIAID CEIRS - Different Gene Activation in Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza May Explain the High Mortality Rate...
NIAID CEIRS , Research Publication Commentary Smith, J. et al. A comparative analysis of host responses to avian influenza infection in ducks and chickens highlights a role for the interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in viral resistance. BMC Genomics (2015).. The recent highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 outbreak continues to have significant economic impacts on the international and domestic poultry industries and presents a potential public health concern. Avian influenza infects numerous avian hosts, including chickens and ducks. Reducing the spread of avian influenza requires an understanding of how the virus interacts with its avian hosts. However, it remains unclear why some species are more susceptible than others to certain strains of influenza. For instance, although ducks are infected they show minimal signs of disease to most HPAI viruses, while chickens are highly susceptible and quickly succumb to HPAI infections. Determining which genes are activated in chickens and ...
https://www.niaidceirs.org/news/2015/08/different-gene-activation-in-response-to-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-may-explain-the-high-mortality-rate-in-chickens-while-ducks-survive/
Limited detection of antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4 a/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus in...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Limited detection of antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4 a/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus in North American waterfowl. AU - Stallknecht, David E.. AU - Kienzle-Dean, Clara. AU - Davis-Fields, Nick. AU - Jennelle, Christopher S.. AU - Bowman, Andrew S.. AU - Nolting, Jacqueline M.. AU - Boyce, Walter M.. AU - Crum, James M.. AU - Santos, Jefferson J.S.. AU - Brown, Justin D.. AU - Prosser, Diann J.. AU - De La Cruz, Susan E.W.. AU - Ackerman, Joshua T.. AU - Casazza, Michael L.. AU - Krauss, Scott. AU - Perez, Daniel R.. AU - Ramey, Andrew M.. AU - Poulson, Rebecca L.. PY - 2020/1. Y1 - 2020/1. N2 - During 2014, highly pathogenic (HP) influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the A/Goose/ Guangdong/1/1996 lineage (GsGD-HP-H5), originating from Asia, were detected in domestic poultry and wild birds in Canada and the US. These clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 viruses included reassortants possessing North American lineage gene segments; were detected in wild birds in ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/limited-detection-of-antibodies-to-clade-2344-agooseguangdong1199
Mexico - 2 new outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 in backyard birds (OIE, April 08, 2015) - FluTrackers...
Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Mexico Information received on 09/04/2015 from Dr Joaqu n Braulio Delgadillo lvarez, Director General de Salud Animal, Servicio
https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/north-america/h5n1-tracking-ad/mexico/728926-mexico-2-new-outbreaks-of-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-h7n3-in-backyard-birds-oie-april-08-2015?view=stream
Austria - 23 new outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in wild birds and zoo (OIE, April 6, 2017) - ...
Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Austria Information received on 06/04/2017 from Mr Dr Ulrich Herzog, Chief Veterinary Officer, Verbrauchergesundheit,
https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/europe/europe-h5n8-tracking/h5n8-tracking-austria/774208-austria-23-new-outbreaks-of-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-h5n8-in-wild-birds-and-zoo-oie-april-6-2017?view=thread
Sanyos Technology Suppresses Bird Flu Viruses - Printer Friendly version without Comments
Since December 2003, infection with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5 type) in poultry and humans has been identified in many countries, especially those in Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa, and has taken more than 100 human lives. Research into the avian influenza viruses has attracted a great deal of attention from around the world. The Tottori University research team, led by Professor Kouichi Otsuki of the Faculty of Agriculture, is one of the pioneers in research into avian influenza viruses in Japan ...
http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Print.aspx?NewsId=17153
Enhancement of antibody response of turkeys to trivalent avian influenza vaccine by positively charged liposomal avridine...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Enhancement of antibody response of turkeys to trivalent avian influenza vaccine by positively charged liposomal avridine adjuvant. AU - Fatunmbi, Olufemi O.. AU - Newman, John A.. AU - Sivanandan, V.. AU - Halvorson, David A. PY - 1992. Y1 - 1992. N2 - Trivalent avian influenza (AIV) antigens (H4N8, H5N2 and H7N3), mixed with positively charged, negatively charged and neutral avridine-containing liposomes, and oil-emulsion were subcutaneously administered to 6-week-old turkeys. Charged liposomal avridine adjuvant, either positive or negative, produced a better antibody response than uncharged liposomal avridine or oil-emulsion adjuvants when used in a trivalent avian influenza vaccine. The antibody response to the different antigens was generally greater to the positively charged adjuvanted vaccine compared with the negatively or neutral charged or oil-emulsion adjuvanted vaccines and these differences were significant (p , 0.05) with the three antigens. The results suggest that ...
https://minnesota-staging.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/enhancement-of-antibody-response-of-turkeys-to-trivalent-avian-in
USDA APHIS | USDA Seeks Registered Federal Contractors to Assist with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Response
USDA has existing contracts in place with many vendors, but is seeking additional support due to the size and scope of the HPAI disease response.. Since December 2014, USDA has confirmed several cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 in the Pacific, Central, and Mississippi flyways (or migratory bird paths). The disease has been found in wild birds, as well as in a few backyard and commercial poultry flocks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers the risk to people from these HPAI H5 infections to be low. No human cases of these HPAI H5 viruses have been detected in the United States, Canada, or internationally.. Avian influenza is a viral disease that can infect wild birds (such as ducks, gulls, and shorebirds) and domestic poultry (such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese). There is a flu for birds just as there is for people-and, as with people, some forms of the flu are worse than others. HPAI can spread fast and quickly kill chickens and turkeys. ...
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa_2015/sa_05/ct_hpai_seeking_assistance/
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa_2015/sa_05/ct_hpai_seeking_assistance
Genetic variation on internal protein matric (M1) and non structural protein (NS1) of Indonesian avian influenza virus H5N1...
Genetic variation on internal protein matric (M1) and non structural protein (NS1) of Indonesian avian influenza virus H5N1 subtype
http://medpub.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/jitv/article/view/636/645
P2Y6 receptors are involved in mediating the effect of inactivated avian influenza virus H5N1 on IL-6 and CXCL8 mRNA expression...
P2Y6 receptors are involved in mediating the effect of inactivated avian influenza virus H5N1 on IL-6 and CXCL8 mRNA expression in respiratory epithelium. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun9/149864523958-P2Y6-receptors-are-involved-in-mediating-the-effect-of-inactivated-avian-influenza-virus-H5N1-on-IL-6-and-CXCL8-mRNA-expression-in-respiratory-epithel.php
OIE: Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Chinese Taipei
Samples from Changhua County, Yunlin County and Pingtung County were sent to the National Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) for diagnosis. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 subtype was confirmed by AHRI. The infected farms have been placed under movement restriction. All animals on the infected farms have been culled. Thorough cleaning and disinfection have been conducted after stamping out operation. Surrounding poultry farms within 3 km radius of the infected farms are under intensified surveillance for three months. Suspected signs were observed in poultry carcasses during post-mortem inspection in two abattoirs in Taipei City and Pingtung County. Samples were sent to the AHRI for diagnosis. H5N2 subtype HPAI was confirmed by the AHRI. The carcasses were destroyed and thorough cleaning and disinfection have been conducted in the abattoir. After tracing back to the farm of origin, any positive results will be included in follow-up reports ...
Table 2 - Protection and Virus Shedding of Falcons Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) - Volume...
Because fatal infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 have been reported in birds of prey, we sought to determine detailed information about the birds susceptibility and protection after vaccination. Ten falcons vaccinated with an inactivated influenza virus (H5N2) vaccine seroconverted. We then challenged 5 vaccinated and 5 nonvaccinated falcons with HPAI (H5N1). All vaccinated birds survived; all unvaccinated birds died within 5 days. For the nonvaccinated birds, histopathologic examination showed tissue degeneration and necrosis, immunohistochemical techniques showed influenza virus antigen in affected tissues, and these birds shed high levels of infectious virus from the oropharynx and cloaca. Vaccinated birds showed no influenza virus antigen in tissues and shed virus at lower titers from the oropharynx only. Vaccination could protect these valuable birds and, through reduced virus shedding, reduce risk for transmission to other avian species and humans.
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/11/07-0705-t2
Evaluation of Laboratory Component of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Surveillance - Nigeria, 2006 to 2009 | Library
Background: In 2006, Nigeria reported Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in poultry. In 2007, the first human case was detected linked to poultry from a Live Bird Market (LBM). The West and Central African Regional Laboratory for Avian Influenza in Nigeria is responsible for investigating specimens from birds meeting the case definition of HPAI (passive surveillance) and for specimens collected routinely from LBMs and high risk areas (active HPAI surveillance). We evaluated the laboratory component of the surveillance systems to determine whether it meets their objectives of early detection and response.. Methods: We used CDCs updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems, conducted six key informant interviews, reviewed laboratory reports and analyzed HPAI surveillance data from 2006-2009.. Results: The active system employed a simple case definition with timely submission of specimens. Laboratory results were available within 48 hours for positive cases. The ...
http://library.tephinet.org/abstract/evaluation-laboratory-component-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-surveillance-nigeria-2006
GPR35 - New β-secretase inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimers disease
The objectives of the present study were to observe the temporal pattern of avian influenza virus (AIV) introduction into Japan and to determine which migratory birds play an important role in introducing AIV. of Japan and entry through the Korean Peninsula. Species identification was successful in 221 of the 352 positive samples. Two major species sequences were identified: the Mallard/Eastern Spot-billed duck group (115 samples; 52.0%) and the Northern pintail (61 samples; 27.6%). To gain a better understanding of the ecology of AIV in Japan and the introduction pattern of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, information regarding AIV prevalence by species, the prevalence of hatch-year migratory birds, migration patterns and viral subtypes in fecal samples using egg inoculation and molecular-based methods in combination is required. of a 1/10 dilution of bacteria-free, infective allantoic fluid [18] is deemed a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). The primary subtypes of ...
http://healthyguide.info/category/gpr35/
Development of an antigen-capture ELISA for detection of H7 subtype avian influenza from experimentally infected chickens |...
Emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 was due to mutation of low pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 strain, which caused outbreaks in Italy between 1999 and 2000, and resulted in complete mortality of infected poultry. This outbreak places increased importance on the early detection of H7N1 AIV. Here we describe the development of a detection method for H7N1 virus from infected chickens using a specific antigen-capture-ELISA (AC-ELISA). A panel of mAbs was developed against the surface antigen HA of H7N1 AIV strain A/chicken/Singapore/94. The mAbs were screened by immunoflouorescence assays, ELISA and immunoblotting. Selected mAbs 5E5 and 8F10 were of isotypes IgM and IgG and were conformation- or linear epitope-specific, respectively. These mAbs were used as capture antibodies for AC-ELISA development. The detection limit was as little as 102-103 TCID50 units of virus derived from tissue culture supernatants. Virus from the tracheal swab samples of experimentally infected chickens ...
http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/24739
Enhancement of Antibody Responses in Chickens Vaccinated with a Plasmid DNA Construct of Avian Influenza Virus H5 Gene Infused...
Currently, this region is battling against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 and the virus has been isolated in non-poultry birds in various countries in Middle East as well as in the European and African continents. These developments have ignited global fears of an imminent influenza pandemic. The adoption of a vaccination policy, targeted either to control or to prevent infection in poultry, is generally discouraged. Nevertheless, the need to boost eradication efforts in order to limit further spread of infection and avoid heavy economic losses, and advances in modern vaccine technologies, have prompted a re-evaluation of the potential use of vaccination in poultry as an additional tool in comprehensive disease control strategies. Hence, several types of vaccines are available and some of them have been tested experimentally and/or used in commercial farms. DNA vaccines have been shown to be an effective approach to induce antigen-specific cellular and humoral immunity. ...
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/7215/
Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in South Korea between 2012 and 2014 | Virology Journal | Full Text
National surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) in South Korea has been annually conducted for the early detection of AIV and responses to the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. In this study, we report on a nationwide surveillance study of AIV in domestic poultry and wild birds in South Korea between 2012 and 2014. During the surveillance programs between 2012 and 2014, 141,560 samples were collected. Of these, 102,199 were from poultry farms, 8215 were from LBMs, and 31,146 were from wild bird habitats. The virus isolation was performed by inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs and AIV isolates were detected using hemagglutination assay. For subtying of AIV, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes were confirmed by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the H5 subtypes was performed using 28 H5 AIV isolates. Between 2012 and 2014, a total of 819 AIV were isolated from 141,560 samples. Virus isolation rates for AIV were 0.6, 0.4, 0.1, and 2.7% in wild birds (n = 202),
https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-017-0711-y/email/correspondent/c1/new
New research findings can improve avian flu surveillanc... ( Genetic analyses of avian influenza ...)
...Genetic analyses of avian influenza in wild birds can help pinpoint li...Persistence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) ...The new work by USGS has nationwide importance because it offers a met...In the study USGS scientists conducted the first-ever survey of avian...,New,research,findings,can,improve,avian,flu,surveillance,programs,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters
http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/New-research-findings-can-improve-avian-flu-surveillance-programs-11399-1/
A clue to the molecular mechanism of virulence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in 2004 - GeoScience...
Hatta, M.; Kawaoka, Y., 2005: A clue to the molecular mechanism of virulence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in 2004
https://geoscience.net/research/011/678/011678762.php
Avian Influenza video: What is Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza?
What is the meaning of H5N1 virus? How is H5N1 spread? Is Influenza A the same as bird flu? Bird flu known as Influenza A virus subtype H5N1. How does the bird flu spread? Who first discovered ...
http://avian-influenza.purzuit.com/video/kVujFIpwdRA.html
Aerosol exposure enhanced infection of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens.
To assess the impact of different routes of inoculation on experimental infection of avian influenza (AI) viruses in chickens, this study compared virus replication and cytokine gene expression in respiratory and gastrointestinal organ tissues of chickens, which were inoculated with four low pathogenic subtypes, H6N1, H10N7, H10N8, and H13N6 AI viruses via the aerosol, intranasal, and oral routes respectively. Aerosol inoculation with the H6N1, H10N7, and H10N8 viruses significantly increased viral titres and upregulated the interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β genes in the trachea and lung tissues compared to intranasal or oral inoculation. Furthermore, one or two out of six chickens died following exposure to aerosolized H6N1 or H10N8 virus respectively. The H13N6 virus reached the lung via aerosol inoculation although failed to establish infection. Collectively, chickens were more susceptible to aerosolized AI viruses compared to intranasal or oral inoculation, and virus ...
https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/20193127341
Bird Flu or Avian Influenza | HubPages
BIRD FLU Common Name Avian Influenza, influenza Virus A Flu. type AFlu, Genus A Flu (Eng.) Overview Avian influenza is an infection caused by flu viruses occurring na-turally among birds. Most cases of avian influenza in-fection in...
https://hubpages.com/health/Bird-Flu-or-Avian-Influenza
Japan starts chicken cull after confirming bird flu outbreak - Channel NewsAsia
TOKYO: Japans western Kagawa prefecture has begun a cull of 91,000 chickens after the discovery of a highly contagious form of bird flu on a farm, the local government said.. The confirmation of the outbreak, which was reported earlier in the week, marked the countrys first cases of bird flu in poultry this winter.. The local government and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries said late Thursday that chickens at a farm in the area of Sanuki city in Kagawa had been confirmed testing positive for a highly pathogenic avian influenza.. Japans last outbreak of bird flu occurred in March. Between November 2016 and March 2017, a total of 1.67 million chickens were culled due to the H5N6 strain of bird flu, according to the ministry.. (Reporting by Osamu Tsukimori; editing by Richard Pullin) ...
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/japan-starts-chicken-cull-after-confirming-bird-flu-outbreak-9854498
Molecular characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Sweden in 2006 • Research - Institut...
BACKGROUND: The analysis of the nonstructural (NS) gene of the highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIV) isolated in Sweden early 2006
https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/molecular-characterization-of-highly-pathogenic-h5n1-avian-influenza-viruses-isolated-in-sweden-in-2006/
NewsRoomAmerica.com - H7N9 Influenza Virus Not Adapted To Efficient Human-To-Human Transmission
Newsroom America) -- The avian H7N9 influenza virus that emerged earlier this year in China is poorly adapted for sustained transmission between humans, suggesting that the current form of the virus is unlikely to cause a pandemic, according to a new study led by Ian A. Wilson, Ph.D., and James C. Paulson, Ph.D., of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI). The study, published yesterday in Science, was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, and other organizations.. As of November 6, 139 confirmed human cases of avian H7N9 influenza, including 45 deaths, have been reported by the World Health Organization. Most of these cases have been linked to exposure to infected poultry, but in some cases, limited human-to-human transmission may have occurred. In this study, the TSRI scientists examined the three-dimensional structures of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein on the surface of the virus and its interaction with the ...
http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/398798.html
Avian Flu Diary: Netherlands: Investigating Suspected HPAI H5N8 In Bird Deaths
Van Dam State Secretary for Economic Affairs just before the Netherlands set a ophok- and guard duty for all companies that keep birds intended for the production of meat, eggs or other products and for the release into the wild. This measure is taken as a precaution after it was found in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland and Switzerland in wild birds, highly pathogenic avian influenza of the type of Influenza A virus subtype H5N8. Also in the Netherlands are dead wildfowl found with suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza. The animals are further examined at this time. ...
http://afludiary.blogspot.com/2016/11/netherlands-investigating-suspected.html
Publication : USDA ARS
Citation: Szretter, K.J., Gangappa, S., Zeng, H., Chen, H., Matsuoka, Y., Sambhara, S., Tumpey, T.M., Swayne, D.E., Katz, J.M. 2009. Early control of H5N1 influenza virus replication by the Type I interferon response in mice. Journal of Virology. 83(11):5825-5834. Interpretive Summary: H5N1 high pathogenicity (HP) avian influenza (AI) has caused infection in humans. This study examined the role of interferon, a naturally produced antiviral substance in animals, in preventing severe disease in a mouse model for human infection. When infected with the H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus, mice that could not produce interferon lost weight, had multiple organs with lesions, and had more rapid time-to-death compared to mice that produced interferon. This suggests that correct interferon response in animals will reduce the severity of disease from H5N1 HPAI virus infections. Technical Abstract: Widespread distribution of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses in domesticated ...
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=237793
CDC - AVIAN INFLUENZA - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
The reported signs and symptoms of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A virus infections in humans range from conjunctivitis to influenza-like illness (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to lower respiratory disease (pneumonia) requiring hospitalization.. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus infections in people have been associated with a wide range of illness from conjunctivitis only, to influenza-like illness, to severe respiratory illness (e.g. shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, viral pneumonia, respiratory failure) with multi-organ disease, sometimes accompanied by nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and sometimes neurologic changes (altered mental status, seizures).. ...
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/avianflu/


text:
Edward Thayer Monroe
Janet McGrew
A native of the District of Columbia who was sheparded into the life of a dancing girl by Cara B. Shreve, handler of the juvenile productions at the National Theater, Janet McGrew began her career as a chorine in "The Runaway Princess" (1915). She went directly from amateur dramas to the stage of Florenz Ziegfeld's "Sally" (1921). She was one of the first of the Ziegfeld girls who opted for a bob. She played in the summer edition of the "Ziegfeld Follies" in 1922. She spent much of the later 1920s as a dinner club and vaudeville performer before appearing in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1932. David S. Shields/ALS


text:
Photo: Magnus Glans
The Salt Man of Malta – a family business
The Cini family has been harvesting sea salt in Malta for generations. Their white gold is the whitest salt in town.
Emmanuel Cini is known as the "Salt Man of Malta." He is the fourth generation of the Cini family to have worked with sea salt harvesting and, like his predecessors, he has recently passed the running of the family business on to the next generation, in this case his daughter, Josephine Xuereb.
Xuereb is 47 years old. She grew up on the rugged cliffs of Marsalforn Bay and used to look for pebbles and catch crabs when her parents were harvesting salt. She now gets help from her husband and children with the salt harvesting.
"This is farming to me," she says. "It's a lot of hard, intense work for little money. It's hard to make a living in a trade that depends completely on nature, but it gives me satisfaction to embrace nature and enjoy time with my loved ones. I also meet lots of people from all over the world that come here for our salt."
Xuereb had previously studied and worked in a bank, and then stayed at home to raise her children. "I could not bear seeing my dad so sad that no one was stepping up to follow in his footsteps with the salt business," she says.
"I am famous," says her father, with a smile, showing me framed articles from all over the world on the walls of his shop, which he calls a museum. The front is more like a hole-in-the-wall establishment, but out back, in a 300-year-old limestone cave, old equipment and bags of salt are stored. And there is a sunbed covered with a blanket in a corner so that Cini can take a rest.
He is 75 now, and not as fit as he used to be. But talking about the salt business still makes his eyes sparkle and he is eager to show how the old-style yoke is used to carry the heavy buckets of salt.
Five years ago, he made the cave bigger and even got some battery-driven lights and a gas hob to make coffee.
"I want to have a waiting room," he says, sitting down on a wobbly, worn stool in the cave. "I want to fix it all but I don't do anything."
The salt season starts in May and ends in August when the days get shorter. The workday starts before sunrise to avoid the heat. At around five in the morning, the family gets their equipment and start to sweep the saltpans with brooms to gather piles of salt that are left to dry in the sun.
"The toughest part is when I set my foot on the first pan and I look up and say to myself 'oh mama mia, how many more saltpans do I have to sweep?'" says Xuereb, looking out over her 362 pans. "But then when I see the big mountain of salt that we are covering to avoid the dust, I think about how beautiful this is and how lucky I am."
Every week during the high season, the family carries three tons of salt from their pans home for storage and packing. They sell salt from their own shop, but also directly to hotels and stores.
"Customers used to come here on a donkey. Today they come by taxi," Cini says. The times are changing in others ways too. Big hotels and fancy restaurants are being built around the corner in Marsalforn Bay. And while the saltpans were recently still filled by hand using buckets of seawater, a motor now pumps up the seawater.
Magical Malta - the best of the island
But Cini still takes pride in his craft. "I never lowered my prices to get business like the others. But my white gold is whiter than theirs, and everyone wants my salt," he says proudly. "I make the whitest salt. It is a culinary craft trade."
His daughter adds, "No one works like us. To us, quality is the most important thing. Whatever you do, you need to have passion, dedication and stamina."
Text: Sofia Zetterman
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Stress is an important modulator of brain function, behaviour and cognition, and can trigger or exacerbate psychopathologies. Exposure to stress both during early life and chronically at adulthood leads to alterations in depression- and anxiety-like behaviours, as well as dysfunctional behaviours in the social domain. Importantly, individual differences in stress effects are largely related to the personality trait anxiety. I will present recent evidence that highlights brain energy metabolism, particularly mitochondrial function, as a relevant mediating mechanism of the impact of stress and trait anxiety on motivated and coping behaviors.


Indeed, a wider mix of building types is generally desirable as this provides a diversity of heat demands at different times of the day and year.
Heat source – often comprising an energy centre or central plant room with heat generation equipment (often this is a low carbon, renewable technology).
Heat network route (i.e. the pipes) – usually pre-insulated to a high level in order to minimise heat losses.
Consumer heat interface between the network and the heat consumer. This can be a building thermal substation supplying a whole building or individual heat interface units, similar to an individual gas boiler, supplying each property.
What are the benefits of developing or connecting to a heat network?
District heating offers a range of benefits over conventional heating methods for heat consumers, building owners and developers. Well-designed and operated district heating schemes offer clear advantages in overall energy system efficiency, bringing financial and environmental benefits, as well as helping to meet planning requirements.
Reduce labour and maintenance costs compared with individual systems (evidence indicates that total operational costs can be lower than individual boiler options, with ongoing lower heat, maintenance and replacement costs).
Provide local authorities an opportunity to address fuel poverty and give peace of mind to vulnerable residential customers by providing lower, more affordable and more stable prices.
Heat networks facilitate the use of low or zero carbon renewable energy sources (they are technology neutral) such as combined heat and power (CHP), solar heating or heat pumps and so benefit the environment. They are therefore an excellent opportunity for individuals or organisations to reduce their carbon footprint and demonstrate corporate social responsibility, bringing associated reputational benefits.
Heat networks are often local and bring economic and social benefits to the community.
There is an increasing amount of national and international legislation aimed at decarbonising UK heat supply, such as the Climate Change Act 2008 or Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) etc.
Connection to a heat network is one of the ways to help comply with this legislation.
Meeting low carbon targets in planning consent can become easier. The Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) rating achievable with HIU's in dwellings, fed from a district heating system with low carbon heat source, will be significantly better than for systems with distributed combi-boilers or hot water cylinders.
Planning regulations often require new developments to include a proportion of renewable technology in order to reduce carbon emissions. Developing or connecting to a heat network offers a good way to meet planning requirements. This may even be the factor that enables developments to go ahead.
The Code of Practice has been produced to raise standards in heat networks, by setting minimum requirements (and suggested) best practice and by integrating the supply chain across the whole life of a project.
The Code is written to cover all stages of the development cycle of a project from feasibility through design, construction, commissioning and operation.
The typical sequence of a project by stage from initial brief and feasibility through to operation and maintenance. The Code may be used either for the entire project or for a particular stage but the greatest value will be obtained when it is followed for all stages.
For each project stage, a number of objectives are set.
For each objective a number of minimum requirements are defined to achieve the objectives. All of these requirements will need to be met if the project is to comply fully with the Code.
Roles and responsibilities are established for different stages.
Reporting and information handover will allow effective oversight of the project.
You do not need to be a technical expert in heat networks to use the Code for procurement or contractual purposes. The Code has been designed (following extensive industry-wide consultation and in collaboration with DECC) to give clients and developers confidence that commonly agreed minimum standards are being followed, and to allow clear communication between different parties in the supply chain.
Greater Manchester is actively developing a pipeline of heat network projects and the first project is now going into procurement. We have used the heat networks Code of Practice (CP1) as a fundamental reference document in our tendering process for feasibility studies and will be using it as a key element of project procurement. It has provided a step change in helping to make these processes more robust and consistent.
Switch2 is particularly encouraged that the document is very relevant to the whole supply chain, and we would encourage anyone who is considering or involved in managing a community heating scheme to read and use this Code.
E.ON Community Energy are hugely supportive of the introduction of this Code to drive up the design and build quality of district heating networks in the UK. As an ESCO provider we focus on lifetime value which can be compromised by a lack of focus on quality during the design and build phase of a project. CP1 hopes to address that.
Carry out a thorough feasibility study.
The Code of Practice is available for download/purchase from cibse.org/CP1. It is free to CIBSE and ADE members (electronic copy) and at a small cost for non-members or for printed copies.
Attend a 1 day training course 'Introduction to Heat networks and the Code of Practice'.
This is a one day course which provides an introduction to heat networks and the Code of Practice for those who are involved in procuring/developing heat networks and those using or specifying the CoP.
The course runs regularly and can also be delivered at your site (minimum 6 staff) at discounted rates.
CIBSE's Heat Network Consultant register contains details of professionals who have demonstrated experience and competency (through training and examination) understanding the principles and requirements of the Code of Practice.
Employing a heat network consultant is an effective way to ensure that a project is managed according to the principles and requirements of the Code.
CIBSE, 222 Balham High Road, SW12 9BS, www.cibse.
Interesting article, I think that it can be applied only if the building the district. Tell me, is it possible to do so in ready homes? I have one friend who is engaged in the maintenance of air conditioners http://myairmatics.com/, he once told me how to do it, but with no details. I would like to get more details of how to do this in the finished houses. Thank you.