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If there's one thing you do in the next 6 weeks, this should be it!
David LaChapelle, one of if not my favourite photographers of all time, is here in Dublin with his "American Jesus" collection. The exhibition is at the Sebastian Guinness Gallery until the end of October and offers the chance to experience, first hand, one of the greatest photographers of the last 50 years.
Lachapelle is widely regarded as one of the best fine art photographers working today, particularly for his treatment of iconic celebrity images for some of the world's most renowned fashion magazines. His work has featured in Vanity Fair, Rolling Stone and Vogue. LaChapelle has also directed music videos for artists such as Christina Aguilera and Moby.
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Home The Long View Volume 1 - Issue 3 Provincializing materialist feminism: gender, capital and reproduction in Occupied Palestine
Provincializing materialist feminism: gender, capital and reproduction in Occupied Palestine
In debunking liberal feminism as complicit in neo-liberal regimes of oppression, materialist feminism itself requires scrutiny. Its own underpinnings when discussed particularly in the light of the occupation of Palestine, finding it as guilty of reproducing colonial and racialized hierarchies argues Zainab Siddiqui.
Decades of academic scholarship and political commentary have exposed the structural role of liberal feminism within modern imperialist domination. Presently, consensus over the Eurocentric and ahistorical character of many mid-20th century accounts of patriarchy (and their contemporary ideological descendants) spans a wide array of academic disciplines and political trajectories. Myriad voices within Black feminist thought, post-colonial studies, and decolonial studies in particular have emphasized the importance of grasping the mutual imbrication of gender, coloniality, and race. Cognizant of such contestations, some prominent voices within Marxist feminism have sought to address the problem of historico-racial difference. These contributions, however, have underemphasized racial antagonism, citing the totalizing nature of the wage-relation as the basis for its waning significance (James & Dalla Costa 1972; Gonzalez 2011). The frequent theoretical erasure of coloniality and race, and simultaneous rejection of liberal feminism within materialist accounts of patriarchy raise important questions: Where do these two frameworks actually depart? To which kind of political praxis is (neo)Marxist feminism conducive, vis-à-vis dark bodies and anti-colonial subjects? Is a materialist account of historical-racial difference possible within its theoretical coordinates?
In this article I explore how the Zionist occupation of Palestine is an important site at which to evaluate the blind spots of materialist-feminist accounts of the family. Indeed, the Israeli settler-colonial project—sustained through genocidal technologies, practices of geographical displacement, widespread incarceration, and politically motivated killings—forcibly transforms the Palestinian 'family' into a precarious and unstable formation. Engaging critically with "The Power of Women and Subversion of the Community" by American autonomist feminist Selma James and Mariarosa Dalla Costa, and more recent writings by communization theorist Maya Gonzalez, I argue that the homogenizing tendency of settler-colonialism—which constantly lays bare the immediate antagonism between colonizer and colonized—may disrupt formulations that posit sexual difference as the most fundamental division within a global underclass. I will argue that by obfuscating the originary violence of colonialism, assuming the wage-relation as its primary subject, and overlooking the racial logic of power in the current global order, particular trajectories within materialist-feminism not only provide an inadequate description of the colonized world but also remain ideologically complicit with the pacification and disembodiment of anti-colonial subjects.
Marxian Analysis and the Zionist Occupation of Palestine
Palestine—a site structured by the violence of colonial encounter—illuminates important contradictions between the broad tendencies of capital on one hand, and the logic of settler-colonialism on the other. Indeed, the generalization of the capitalist mode of production in Israel, a process dependent on the utilization of cheap Palestinian labor, has at times conflicted with the systematic marginalization and elimination of Palestinians central to the Zionist project. While the West Bank and Gaza grew increasingly integrated within the Israeli economy under the Labor Party, the 'proletarianization' of Palestinians gave way to the revival of pre-1948 calls for "Jewish labor only" (Kanafani 1980) following the Likud Party's electoral victory in 1977. Despite the internal logic of capitalism, within which cheapest sources of labor are readily exploited, after 1977 the Israeli state systematically prioritized the hiring of Jewish workers over Palestinians, despite the fact that Jewish labor cost over twice as much on average (Tamari 1980: 91). Low and unskilled positions previously deemed undesirable by Jewish workers and held by Palestinians were increasingly relegated to dark, non-Ashkenazi Jews. This pattern demonstrates a disjuncture between the logic of capital and that of Israeli settler-colonialism, in which territorial expansion and the total marginalization of the Palestinian become more immediately consequential than economic exploitation or extracting the most value from workers in a given time.
The apparent divergences between the compulsions of capital and the racism of the settler-colonial state disturb the economic determinism foundational to materialist feminism. Early in "The Power of Women and Subversion of the Community," James and Dalla Costa assert, "the way the ruling class robs the exploited of their labor is unique to each historical epoch, and all other social relations in the society, beginning with the family…reflect that form" (emphasis added). This class reductionist approach echoes the manifestos of Jewish settler-socialists in Palestine prior to the peasant revolts of 1936-1939. One such statement issued in 1920 proclaims,"[The Jewish workers] are ready to fight on your side against the capitalist enemy, be it Jew, Arab or British… the Jewish worker, who is a soldier of the revolution, has come to offer you his hand as a comrade in resisting British, Jewish and Arab capitalists" (Kanafani 1980). Though written prior to the establishment of the Zionist state in 1948, the manifesto makes no direct mention of the extant tensions between Jewish and native workers, rooted in nearly forty years of Palestinian displacement by settlers. By overlooking early colonial realities, this approach—and indeed that of James and Dalla Costa—fails to acknowledge how the mechanisms of colonialism may act in apparent contradiction with the totalizing tendency of capital.
Sexual Reproduction and the Palestinian Family
Perhaps the clearest point at which the Zionist occupation of Palestine troubles central claims in materialist feminism is with regards to childbearing and sexual reproduction. In "Communization and the Abolition of Gender," Gonzalez details the significance capital assigns to differences in sexual constitution as she asserts, "Class society thus gives a social purpose to bodies: because some women 'have' babies, all bodies that could conceivably 'produce' babies are subject to social regulation. Women become the slaves of the biological contingencies of their birth" . While in Gonzalez's formulation sexual reproduction becomes a compulsion of capital to be resisted, the narratives of Palestinian women, Palestinian nationalist discourse, and even Israeli state policies situate childbearing in relation a different set of questions.
To this day the struggle over land and bodies remains central to both the Israeli state project and Palestinian resistance to it. The constant enumeration of Palestinians and settlers by international agencies and internal actors alike reveals the terms of this competition: numbers. In her observations on pronatalism in Galilee, a territory within historic Palestine, anthropologist Rhoda Kanaaneh details this dimension of the anti-colonial struggle. She notes how despite the attempts of Zionist state agencies to use the depoliticized language of "family planning" and "crowd alleviation" to reduce the natural population growth rate among Palestinians, more than fifty years after the establishment of Israel, this rate remained twice as high as that among Jews. To this day Palestinians continue to have more children than settlers, despite restrictive Israeli state policies that aim to reverse this ratio. Zionist attempts to curb native population growth and achieve a Jewish majority in Palestine appear in the incentives the health care system provides for Jewish mothers, or policies like the prohibition of polygyny among Arabs. And indeed, it may not be a coincidence that heavy exposure to Israeli tear gas has frequently resulted in miscarriages among pregnant Palestinian women. These strict means of regulation attest to the Zionist state's anxiety over the reproduction of the colonized Other.
Despite the growing trend among upper class Palestinians of birthing fewer children, an overwhelming number of non-elites continue to view childrearing as a defiant act. In Birthing the Nation (2002), Kanaaneh recalls her conversation with a Palestinian woman in Galilee who declares, "The Jewish doctor wishes he could tie all our tubes. I told him, 'I'm going to have another baby and name him Muhammad and you can't stop me'". This politicization of reproduction reconfigures the resisting woman's body as an asexual "military womb that gives birth to fighters," shattering basic materialist feminist conceptions of gender. Contrary to Zionist narratives that frequently portray Palestinian women as passive bystanders in the national struggle, Kanaaneh notes that anti-colonial women were highly invested and involved in the popular resistance of the First Intifada – particularly at the level of "[outbreeding] the Jews" , as one woman in Kanaaneh's work describes. The politicized character of childbearing under occupation remains indisputable, and perhaps impossible to divorce from a broader conception of the family as a potentially revolutionary unit.
Specific imaginings of the family have played a prominent role in both the Palestinian resistance against Zionism and the broader history of Third Worldist anti-colonial politics. In Fanon's account of the Algerian independence movement in A Dying Colonialism, the colonized family represents the most basic cell of the anticolonial resistance. Fanon suggests it may be this family's inherent instability—or perhaps impossibility—that recasts it as a site of struggle. He notes how the movement for national independence and the severity of its accompanying repression inflict "grave traumatisms upon the family group: a father taken into custody in the street in the company of his children…a husband arrested, dragged away, imprisoned". In Palestine, a similar pattern of incarceration, home demolitions, and daily violence impact the intimate lives of countless Palestinians, rendering the family a deeply precarious formation. This fragmentation of the family unit echoes Fanon's account of Algeria during the anti-colonial struggle, in which he describes the many "children scattered to the winds, innumerable orphans who roam about, haggard and famished." He continues, "It is not possible to imagine that the Algerian family can have remained intact". Fanon's observations relate to occupied Palestine, where the objective dissolution of the family—spearheaded not by feminists but occupation forces—has been underway since the late 19th century. In this context, Marxist calls for the 'abolition' of the family appear ideologically complicit with the genocidal technologies of settler-colonialism.
The effort to preserve the family—or more precisely, to cultivate it—has been a central facet of anti-colonial struggle in Palestine. As in the case of anti-Zionist politics, even the language of the Algerian revolution relied upon an expansive notion of family that sharply contrasted with the predominantly nuclear model in Europe. Fanon notes how, through the fight for independence, "the young girl was replaced by the militant, the woman by the sister" He continues to describe the militant husband and wife in struggle as the "fertile nucleus of the nation" who are crucial to the anti-colonial resistance movement. In contrast, James and Dalla Costa conceptualize the family and home mainly as formations that naturalize and uphold the wage-relation, 'imprisoning' women within the role of reproductive laborer. They describe the domestic sphere as the "maternal cradle always ready to help and protect in time of need…the best guarantee that the unemployed do not immediately become a horde of disruptive outsiders". Rather than a potentially revolutionary unit, for James and Dalla Costa, the family represents one of the most consequential obstacles in achieving freedom from capital. These contradicting accounts illustrate how the colonial encounter destabilizes foundational assumptions in the neo-Marxist framework. Perhaps even the most basic designations of 'man' and 'woman' misrepresent the reality of life under settler-colonialism.
While colonialism enmeshed with patriarchy impacts women and men in specific, often disparate, ways, the very category 'gender' may preclude an analysis of how settler-colonialism necessarily reduces the colonized into bodies, or mere economic units of labor. In her discussion of sumud (Sumud refers to the politicized concept of 'steadfastness' within the Palestinian struggle, particularly the practice of keeping silent during prison interrogations. Meari describes it as a "Palestinian mode of anticolonial being/becoming that constantly engages a process of de-subjectivation") and rape as a colonial technology, anthropologist Lena Meari describes the Israeli interrogation room as an important site of resistance and sexual politics. Despite the gendered character of torture and other methods of political repression, however, the practice of sumudin the face of interrogators may in fact destabilize notions of the sex-body. One former political prisoner 'Aisha explains, "I did not perceive my position as being a female. For me the interrogator was [not a man but] an enemy to confront". Clearly, the harsh conditions of the interrogation room concretize divisions between colonizer and colonized, as they simultaneously blur those between ahistorical conceptions of 'man' and 'woman.' The feminist branding of the Zionist project and the prevalence of women serving in the Israeli occupation forces—and more generally, the woman-centered language of modern military interventions—further highlight the incoherence of colonizer and colonized uniting on the basis of shared sex. Indeed, the settler-colonial situation forces us to rethink key distinctions foundational to materialist feminist readings of sex, capital, and race. The materialist-feminist call for the 'abolition of the family' conceptualizes it as a historically specific social formation that facilitates the domination of capital over people. Within this framework, the nuclear family becomes a central site of consumption, reserve labor, and conditioning at which labor power as commodity is reproduced. The geographical coordinates of this family are rarely specified in neo-Marxist accounts of patriarchy, but the 'freedom' to bear children is generally framed as a compulsion of capital to be resisted.
Although neo-Marxist accounts of patriarchy may not be conducive to the same colonialist tendencies as liberal feminism, their central focus on the wage-relation understates how colonialism, white supremacy, and anti-blackness are structurally foundational to capitalism. James and Dalla Costa's analysis instead stresses the absolute centrality of gendered divisions as they write, "when we say that women must…begin to move out of the home, we mean their point of departure must be precisely this willingness to destroy the role of the housewife, in order to begin to come together…reconstructing a real solidarity among women". While James and Dalla Costa write specifically in opposition to the modern rise of the "privatised female," their conception of solidarity—which appears reliant on liberal concepts of an undifferentiated global sisterhood—erases real differences between women; specifically, it denies white women's ongoing role within the historical-racial structure of colonialism.
In his account of the Algerian revolution in The Wretched of the Earth, anti-colonial theorist Frantz Fanon suggests the structural impossibility of solidarity between female French settlers and Algerians when he refers to the colonizer and colonized as "two different species". Fanon's historical-ontological account of First and Third World subjects disrupts any notion of abstract solidarity based on the loose grounds of (reified conceptions of) sex. He writes, "The 'thing' that has been colonized becomes man during the same process by which it frees itself" . In other words, it is only through revolutionary violence that ruptures colonial logics in their totality that it even becomes possible for the colonized to become 'men' or 'women,' i.e. (gendered) subjects. For Fanon, it is from this initial state of nonbeing and the economic structure that fosters and depends upon it, that new humans become possible. This historical-ontological dimension of colonization remains unaddressed in materialist feminist accounts of patriarchy.
Marxist feminism requires stretching, if not a radical rethinking to grasp the historico-ontological dimension of colonialism. Its central focus on the wage-relation as a mechanism that globalizes value forcefully positions non-white women in solidarity with white women, erasing the racial structure of colonialism, and revealing a blatant continuity between liberal conceptions of female solidarity and the 'materialist' unity posited by (neo)Marxist feminists. The universalizing tendency of liberalism undoubtedly resurfaces in such accounts of patriarchy—but in a modified form that references the propensity of capital to totalize, rather than the misogyny of dark men. Given that the economic structure and immediate realities of modern racial antagonism disrupt any possibility of solidarity grounded purely in sexual constitution, the politics of some trajectories within materialist feminism appears to be based on constructing such a unity. Indeed, its foundational logic not only dismisses racial-colonial difference, but relies upon its de-signification. The theoretical-political challenge of the present moment may not be the unfeasible task of reconfiguring materialist feminism to encompass questions of race and colonialism, but rather, to critique and dismantle the reproduction of coloniality in all of its forms.
Zainab Siddiqui is an activist and PhD student.
Rasoul
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In the field of lighting technology, a decisive change has taken place in recent years from the conventional light bulb to the modern LED. LED technology has arrived in the area of workplace lighting as well, where extensive standards and regulations have to be observed. The first part of this series of articles deals with the most important standards and regulations which are significant in this respect, whereas the second part (in edition 7 of Gebäudedigital) addresses the German workplace ordinance which specifies what employers have to adhere to with regard to employee safety and health protection when setting up and operating workplaces.
LED technology has experienced rapid growth in recent years thanks to the development of LEDs with very high luminous efficacy and thus outstanding energy efficiency. In combination with a long service life, impact resistance, minimal heat generation, the absence of an infrared component und fully non-toxic materials, this new technology has fully convinced the users. The long service life makes it possible to install lamps permanently into light fixtures for the first time ever, and opens up entirely new levels of design freedom. This new generation of light fixtures is laid out in a targeted fashion for the radiant characteristics and the cooling requirements of LEDs. In place of the reflectors used as light guides with conventional round spotlights, optical systems made of plastic are frequently positioned in front of the LED today in order to direct the light efficiently. Because it's easy to control brightness and color, this artificial light can be adapted to changing sunlight during the course of the day, thus increasing one's sense of wellbeing and improving one's performance. This biological effect of light is now being correctly understood for the first time. LEDs have thus long since gone beyond their previous status as effects lighting and are being used for display illumination, LED displays and light fixtures. Modern means of transportation, signal systems and street lights, as well as indoor and outdoor lighting, are no longer conceivable without them. With all of this enthusiasm for modern lighting technology and its diverse range of applications, one nevertheless needs to comply with applicable standards and regulations for workplace illumination. This article provides you with a brief summary of the most important regulations and references to source materials, so that you can gather more comprehensive information if necessary.
The DIN standards (German industrial standards), which are national versions of European EN standards, serve as the basis for laying out workplace lighting. They stipulate quantitative and qualitative requirements for the quality of the lighting system. As a rule, standards reflect the state-of-the-art, have an advisory character and are used as a basis for contracts and legal disputes. Standards are freely accessible and can be procured from Beuth Verlag at www.beuth.de.
DIN EN12464 (Light and lighting – Lighting of work places – Part 1: Indoor work places) deals with the requirements for lighting in indoor workplaces with reference to visual performance and visual comfort for all common viewing tasks, including viewing tasks at monitor screens. It specifies requirements for lighting with regard to quantity and quality for most workplaces and their associated surfaces. In order to allow planners the greatest possible degree of freedom for innovative lighting systems, no specific solutions are stipulated. Lighting can be provided by means of daylight, artificial light sources or a combination of both. In addition to illuminance, the standard also describes additional quantitative and qualitative quality characteristics for the implementation of a good lighting environment. These include luminance distribution, illuminance, glare, light direction, light color and color rendering, as well as flicker and daylight. The tables in section 5 of the standard specify detailed lighting requirements for rooms (areas), tasks and activities. These include the maintenance value for illuminance, the UGR limit value for glare, the color rendering index and comments regarding exceptions and peculiarities. There are areas with special requirements for color rendering (Ra ≥ 90), which must be considered when using LED lighting.
DIN EN 12464-2 (Light and lighting – Lighting of work places – Part 2: Outdoor work places) deals with the requirements for lighting in outdoor workplaces with reference to visual performance and visual comfort for all common viewing tasks. It's laid out like DIN EN12464-1 and stipulates comparable lighting requirements, but it concentrates in particular on nighttime viewing tasks. The tables in section 5 of the standard specify detailed lighting requirements for areas, tasks and activities. These include the maintenance value for illuminance, the minimum value for illuminance uniformity U0, the limit value for glare evaluation GRL, the color rendering index and comments regarding exceptions and peculiarities.
Emergency lightning is activated when normal artificial lighting fails and must have an autonomous power supply for this reason. It's a generic term for stand-by lighting and safety lighting, which is subdivided into safety lighting for escape routes, anti-panic lighting and safety lighting for workplaces which are subject to extraordinary danger. The objective of safety lighting is to enable personnel to reliably stop potentially dangerous work processes and avoid hazardous situations in the event of a general power failure, to get to a place at which an escape route can be clearly recognized as such and to use it in order to safely exit the building or leave the area. In contrast to this, stand-by lighting makes it possible to continue all necessary tasks in an unchanged fashion. DIN EN1838 specifies minimum values for planning and installing stand-by lighting, and for its entire service life. As an example, the table below includes safety lighting requirements for illuminance. Further specifications regarding the width of the lamps and illumination uniformity can be found in the standard.
Cosine and V(λ)-corrected measuring instruments with an error tolerance of ≤ 10% are stipulated for on-site measurement of illuminance. Due to the minimal illuminance values, a measuring instrument resolution with at least 2 places to the right of the decimal point is recommended.
* Measurement is taken on the floor up to a maximum height of 20 mm.
** In order to be able to unequivocally recognize safety colors.


North Face white padded jacket. Good condition with small marks visible in picture 4.
Please always bear in mind that our products are vintage and reclaimed and as such some may have minor marks or scuffs.


I'm surprised I haven't seen any discussion of X-CLARITY here. I was wondering what people think about it... Have you heard of it? Have you thought about using it?
I have used the X-CLARITY for clearing mouse brains. According to the company, it works well on various mouse tissues. Even bone. Easy to use and never fail for me. In addition, scientists at that company recently published a paper in Scientific Reports (http://www.nature.com/articles/srep18631). As far as I know, the company provides a free demo for a while. I think, this demo will be helpful for you guys.
I've used XCLARITY. It has good performance. While I accept it was expansive than home made CLRITY, I think it deserved cause easy to use and getting fast results.
X-CLARITY from Logos Biosystems will make your life easy. there is just released the 2nd generation of X-CLARUTY divice (ETC2 systems).
I tested the SmartClear device and I ended up buying that instrument.
There are pros and cons with each device. To my knowledge I believe Xclarity uses a static electric field and the clearing buffers is actively pumped. WithSmartClear, clearing buffer is constantly circulated (so there is fluid flow) and in addition you can rotate the sample. While I don't find the rotation very helpful, the fluid flow helps.
The downside of SmartClear device is the operating costs. You need to replace the membranes after 10-15 days of use, and this is something you can only buy from LifeCanvas tech as a kit (they sell the membrane and the buffers).
The electrodes in SmartClear device are platinum stripes and the company expects the electrodes to lose performance after a couple of years. The cost to replace the electrodes is ~ $1k, or free if you have extended warranty.
In contrast, the operating costs are much lower in X-clarity. The clearing buffers last much longer (if you buy them in bulk) and the 2nd generation X-Clarity device uses platinum plate electrodes which supposedly has lifetime warranty.


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Perry Reid, 20 Glassmen 2008-2009, Blue Devils Trumpet 2010 How did you choose your corps? For both places I've marched the corps kind of chose me. I heard about an open trumpet spot at the Glassmen two weeks before I graduated from Carmel High School, so I called Keith Hallas over at Glassmen and after a weekend of rehearsal and the audition I got the spot. As for the Blue Devils, I like many other kids grew up idolizing the entire organization. When you think of excellence in the drum corps activity, the Blue Devils are at the top in every category, and that's where I wanted to be. What was the experience like the first time you auditioned for a corps? I was really, really nervous actually. This audition was something I had been working pretty hard at for a while, and it really hit me after I got out of the car. I walked into the site full of people I didn't know, and I realized that I had two choices. I could either do my best and deal with whatever obstacles came my way, or I could do the exact opposite. The staff was nice, and we went through a lot of the warm-up exercises and even some show music. It was also weird to march again, and learning new exercises while being evaluated was intimidating. So be ready for that! What's the best way to prepare for an audition? The best way to prepare is PRACTICE (Surprised?). Practicing and being comfortable with your solo piece or corps' exercises is essential. What practicing (and memorizing if possible) does for you is builds a baseline, or "default." When you're under the pressure of an audition you won't freeze or hesitate when you really know what is going on. Start hard passages very slowly, and bump up the tempo four to six clicks a day till the audition. Also be able to play it a little faster than marked in case the drum major had too much Starbucks! Another great thing to do at least two weeks before you audition (but better late than never) is to perform in front of people. Grab anyone you can (but preferably another musician) and perform your material in front of them. This will get you used to performing with people watching, and the more comfortable you can make yourself weeks before the audition makes you that much more prepared. What would you say to someone who is unsure whether or not to audition for a drum corps? Go for it! Drum corps is the most rewarding thing I've ever done with my life, and it can be with yours too. Who doesn't want to come back from the summer with chops of steel, a rockin' tan, and more in shape than Richard Simmons? Drum corps takes a lot of work, sacrifice and dedication, but I've seen people from literally any background you imagine have the time of their lives with this activity. Do it while you can! Also, if you are on the fence but worried that the corps you really want to march with "would never accept me," get that out of your head now! If I was told my freshman year of high school that I'd have marched three (and soon to be four and five) years of drum corps, play high note solos in front of thousands, make the Blue Devils and win a World Championship, I would have said there is no way that's possible. But it happened because I decided to make it happen. By auditioning for your favorite corps, you are taking the first step to make it happen for yourself. Any other advice? One thing I've learned from many college auditions (I'm a trumpet performance major) and corps auditions is that the people who you audition for want to see you do well. The last thing the music staff wants to hear is several hours of bad auditions. They are there to help you succeed and they genuinely want to see you do well. So be confident! If it's your first time auditioning for corps, or your first experience at someplace new, chances are you won't know many people from the corps. Be friendly, smile, hold the door open for others, say please and thank you, and try to learn a few names (staff names, drum majors, and section leaders are good ones to know!). Don't be afraid to ask questions to the veteran members of the corps either. When you go into your individual auditions, whether it's color guard, music, front ensemble, or drum line, it looks really good to smile and to shake the hands of those evaluating you. It shows them that you are comfortable with yourself and speaks of your level of excellence as a musician. And lastly, nobody will have a perfect audition. I made several mistakes in my audition with the Blue Devils. What matters is your attitude and ability to learn quickly. If a staff member makes a suggestion, try to incorporate that in your playing right away. A good corps member isn't perfect, but can learn to be very quickly. Learn more about corps audition dates, locations and additional info.


Welcome to the Healing Class Summaries page! We're going to take you through each Healing Class/Specialization (from here on referred to as 'spec') and give you a run down on each one, hopefully helping you make your decision about what type of play style you'd like to go for. Each class is different and some play styles may appeal to you and others may not, so it's good to get a feel for each one before jumping in.
There are 6 possible healing specs that you can choose from: Restoration (Resto) Druid, Mistweaver Monk, Holy Paladin, Discipline (Disc) Priest, Holy Priest and Restoration (Resto) Shaman. Let's take a look at each spec and what makes them unique. You're possibly going to be sinking a lot of time into this character, so it's best to be 100% sure on the class that you choose (if you plan to only have 1 character, there's nothing wrong with playing all 5!).
Resto Druids are great healers with strong focus on Heals over Time (HoTs), less focus on direct healing spells and some strong cool downs/utilities available to them. Due to the fact that their focus is on HoTs, this means they are versatile when it comes to movement in dungeons or raids, as heals are placed on targets and continue to heal while you (the druid) can do other things (like move). They also have a number of strong cooldowns which can save encounters in a clutch moment, such as Rebirth.
Resto Druid healing is more a proactive role, knowing when damage is coming, who will suffer from it and applying the correct HoTs and using your abilities in anticipation of that incoming damage. You will have to use some reactive spells, such as Barkskin (to save yourself) and Tranquility (to save yourself and others), but the majority of your time will be spent applying HoTs. You do have some cast-time and instant spells.
The Druid in general is a really fun class, with options to also play Melee DPS (Feral), Tank (Guardian) or Ranged Casting DPS (Balance) as an off-spec alongside healing. You also get to shapeshift forms into a Cat, a Bear, Moonkin (a Giant Owl) or a Tree! What more could you want! If you find this play style interesting, head over to the Resto Druid Page to get started.
The Monk is the newest class with a healing spec in World of Warcraft. The healing spec of the Monk is the Mistweaver. Since the Legion pre-patch 7.0.3, Mistweaver Monks no longer have the resource "Chi" and since Battle for Azeroth pre-patch 8.0.1, once again have the option of face-to-face combat to heal. The Mistweaver Monk now only uses mana, like other healing classes. The Mistweaver can effectively heal the groups, raids and tanks (single-target).
Mistweaver Monks have some strong healing abilities should damage increase. Some of the strongest heals the Mistweaver has access to includes spells such as Vivify and Enveloping Mist. You will also have some strong cool downs as well, like Revival and Life Cocoon.
Mistweavers are quite mobile healers, with spells and talents to help improve their movement, and they can play both a proactive and reactive healing role.
Additionally, since the Battle for Azeroth pre-patch 8.0.1, Mistweaver Monks can optionally choose to heal their group through the "Fistweaving" – the method of healing allies indirectly through the use of their physical melee attacks.
Besides the Mistweaver healing specialization, Monks can also play as either a Windwalker (melee DPS or damaging role) or as a Brewmaster (a tanking role) as an off-spec. This gives you the option of playing either of the other 2 roles at any time. As the newest class with a healing specialization to be added to World of Warcraft, with its unique play style and vast array of roles available, this class rarely disappoints. To find out further information about the Monk Mistweaver, head to the Mistweaver Monk Class Page.
A Holy Paladin uses their spells and abilities to infuse their targets with light to heal their wounds. If there is an opposite to the way a Druid Heals, it would have to be the Paladin. A Paladin relies strongly on direct heals, a couple of instant cast spells, but mostly having cast times. While somewhat proactive (beginning casting slightly before damage hits), a Holy Paladin will find themselves being mostly reactive to damage.
As a Holy Paladin you'll use spells like Holy Shock and Flash of Light. A Paladin also has a numerous amount of Buffs and Utilities or cool downs that makes this Healing class very Versatile, such as Beacon of Light and Divine Protection.
Due to the Holy Paladin's new Mastery in Legion: Mastery: Lightbringer, which increases healing based on proximity, we're probably going to be spending a fair amount of time within range of the tanks and melee. Holy Power has also been removed since the Legion pre-expansion patch.
Apart from Healing, a Paladin can also be a Tank (Protection) or DPS (Retribution) spec, giving you many options should you be looking for something else to do when you're not healing. To find out further about the Holy Paladin, head on over to the Holy Paladin page.
A great thing about being a Priest is always having the option of 2 very different healing specs (as well as 1 DPS spec), so if you get burnt out or tired of a particular Healing play style, it's as simple as pressing a button and changing specs!
The Discipline (Disc) Priest is yet another very unique style of gameplay. You will need to be both proactive and reactive as a Disc Priest, as you will be using shields (often called bubbles), some strong utilities/cooldowns but most of all some damaging spells to heal your party/raid members.
As a Discipline Priest, you will heal yourself/party/raid members while at the same time damaging your enemies using Atonement and there is no other class or spec that is similar. Disc Priests can "nominate" who they wish to heal by placing Atonement on their targets via a number of spells, such as Power Word: Shield or Power Word: Radiance. Once the Atonement buff is on the target, damage caused to enemies by your damaging spells will also heal those friendly targets that have said Atonement buff. We'll go into this more on the Disc Priest pages.
Other spells that you will use include such spells as Pain Suppression and Power Word: Barrier, strong damage mitigation spells with cool downs.
The Disc Priest can be quite fun! If this sounds like the kind of play style you're after, head on over to the Disc Priest Page.
The other Priest Healing spec is Holy. This is a spec that focuses on healing throughput rather than through damage-to-healing conversion. This is a heavily reactive healing spec, meaning you and your allies will take damage, and you will need to react to that damage by casting your spells and abilities. Your arsenal includes a vast array of instant, heal over time and cast-time healing spells.
Holy Priests have the ability to perform miracles via Holy Word spells such as the strong single target heal Holy Word: Serenity, or the multi target AoE heal Holy Word: Sanctify. These are strong heal with long cooldowns, however your other healing spells reduce this cooldown via Holy Words.
Holy Priest also has access to a couple of Heals over Time (HoTs) spells that enhance your versatility as a healer: with Renew and your HoT Mastery: Echo of Light, which compliments your cast-time and instant heals very well. The Holy Priest can be viewed as a mixture of all other healing specs.
All in all, the Priest class, both as Holy and as Discipline, can be a strong healer with many unique abilities and some very beneficial buffs. The true beauty of being a Priest is that you can pick and choose between two different Healing specs each with very different play styles.
Interested in becoming a Holy Priest? Head on over to the Holy Priest page to find out more.
The last Healing class/spec we're going to look at is the Restoration (Resto) Shaman. Once again, this class has a unique play style which is different to all of the other healing classes, but has a few things that are also similar. To sum up a Resto Shaman: Instant heals; cast-time heals; strong AoE heals; Heals over Time (HoT) and… TOTEMS! That's right, as a Shaman you've got something that no other class has and that's Totems. Totems provide you with some very cool utility spells to improve your healing and other parts of game play.
A Shaman has some strong Area of Effect (AoE) heals such as Healing Rain and some excellent utility spells to mitigate damage like Spirit Link Totem. A Shaman's other specs include elemental, a range caster DPS spec focused on casting spells, and Enhancement, a melee DPS spec.
If you're into the Shaman, find out more about them on the Resto Shaman page!
Now you've taken a look at all the healers that are available to you, hopefully you've got a grasp of what takes your fancy. If you've chosen your healer, not it's time to choose your Race, so head to the Race & Class Combinations page.
Originally published on December 4th, 2012 by HealingWoW on HealingWoW.com, Last modified: August 13th, 2018 .


This gorgeous Black Finsbury Hobo will perfectly go with any outfit, made in a durable leather look material. The bags features a leather handle for the shoulder and a cross body strap which can be adjusted - these are both detachable making this the ultimate multi-wear handbag. This bag will have walkers by turning heads!


So, based on their phylogenetic analysis, the researchers say that the ancestors of all domestic cats hail from an area that today lies within Iraq.
In the light of that dispersion from Babel, the researchers' suggestion that the descendants of the 'founder' domestic cats 'were transported across the world by human assistance' makes a lot of sense. That is, as people spread out from Shinar in family groups, separating from other families with different languages (Genesis 10:5,20,31), they took their cats with them!
And not just their cats. I remember being taught, as an agricultural science student at university, that the origin of many of our crop plants can be traced back to the 'Fertile Crescent'—none other than the plain of Shinar, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Tigers and pigs … together?
Ligers and wholphins? What next?
CatsInfo.com, History of the domestic cat, www.catsinfo.com/history.html, acc. 27 September 2007. Return to Text.
Driscoll, C.A., and 12 others, The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication, Science 317(5837):519–523, 27 July 2007. Return to Text.
English, R., Every cat traced to mother of all felines, The Advertiser, (Adelaide, Aust.), 30 June 2007, p. 76. Return to Text.
Roy, A., Mespotamia. Babylon. Tigris and Euphrates. Special Report on Iraq, The Guardian, www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,927849,00.html, pub. 2 April 2003, acc. 27 September 2007. Return to Text.


text:
Q: MVC 3 Project Deployment I´m trying to deploy an MVC 3 project to my server runing IIS 7.
I tried creating a package with VS2010.  The resulting zip-file I moved to the server and imported this to the IIS7.  This is going well so far.  I can also open the loginpage in the browser, but when logging-in (Database query for checking login data ) there comes a message "Sorry, an error occurred while processing your request."
How do I have to deploy?  Are there other ways?  I manage the database connection via a dll.  I also tried to connect to localhost but this didn´t work either.
Thanks

A: http://www.iwantmymvc.com/2011-03-23-bin-deploy-aspnet-mvc-3-visual-studio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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If Trump really wants to improve relations with Russia, he should persuade NATO to stop expanding
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U.S. Politics & Govt
Series: The New Geopolitics of Europe and Russia
Order from Chaos
Michael E. O'Hanlon Friday, April 14, 2017
The United States simply can't afford poor relations with Russia, the planet's other nuclear superpower, writes Michael O'Hanlon. In Europe, tensions between Russia and NATO have been acute for three years, and President Trump should at least try to deescalate tensions. This piece originally appeared in the Los Angeles Times.
President Trump's relationship with Russian President Vladimir Putin may turn out to be too close for comfort, but Trump's instincts about U.S.-Russia ties are at least partly right. The U.S. simply can't afford poor relations with the planet's other nuclear superpower.
Michael E. O'Hanlon
Director of Research - Foreign Policy
Co-Director - Center for Security, Strategy, and Technology, Africa Security Initiative
Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for Security, Strategy, and Technology
The Sydney Stein, Jr. Chair
Twitter MichaelEOHanlon
Security in Syria depends on it, for one. The even bigger issue, however, is security in Europe, where tensions between Russia and NATO have been acute for three years.
Some analysts maintain that Putin cultivates an adversarial relationship with the outside world to strengthen his popularity at home and thus his hold on power, and also to provide him with an excuse to suppress dissent. This may be true, but he also appears to bear a genuine grudge against the United States for its post-Cold War assertiveness near Russian territory. For two decades, and especially over the last 10 years, Putin and many other Russian officials have complained that NATO's eastward march threatens Russia's security.
Granted, NATO has gone out of its way to consult and work with Russia since the Cold War ended. It has also avoided putting major combat forces in new member states that are located near Russia's borders.
[O]ne can understand why Russians would find it overbearing and triumphalist that NATO moved 1,000 miles east while taking in a dozen new members.
Still, one can understand why Russians would find it overbearing and triumphalist that NATO moved 1,000 miles east while taking in a dozen new members, most of which were previously part of the Warsaw Pact or the Soviet Union. The U.S. also supported democratic forces that gave rise to revolutions in Ukraine, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan, and, as Moscow sees it, we attacked other countries, including Serbia, Iraq and Libya, without a legal basis for doing so and often with poor results. Meanwhile, NATO expansion continues. Last month, the U.S. Senate ratified the Balkan nation of Montenegro's accession to the alliance, and Trump on Tuesday signed off on the move.
Five years after Crimea's illegal annexation, the issue is no closer to resolution
Steven Pifer
How Ukraine views Russia and the West
Don't rehabilitate Obama on Russia
Benjamin Haddad and Alina Polyakova
In Putin's eyes, we are an out-of-control hyper-power that must be opposed. His view is warped, but it appears to be sincere. The whole situation is counterproductive, and nowhere more so than in Ukraine and Georgia. President George W. Bush persuaded NATO to publicly offer eventual membership to the two countries—both former Soviet republics, both adjacent to Russia—but there was no timetable established and no interim guarantee of security in the meantime. They are thus fully exposed to Russian aggression. Exacerbating matters, NATO has a longstanding policy of not accepting new members until they resolve any territorial disputes with neighbors. Though a sensible idea in the abstract, the policy gives Putin an incentive to stoke trouble with Ukraine and Georgia, because any ongoing disputes invalidate their near-term eligibility for NATO membership.
Trump should at least try to deescalate tensions. He could do so with a broad agreement between NATO states, Moscow and the neutral countries of Europe. In such an agreement, NATO could vow not to expand further. In return, Russia would commit to leave the neutral countries alone, withdraw military forces from their territories, allow them to join whatever diplomatic and economic groups they want (including the European Union), and stop arming and abetting separatists in places such as the Donbas region of Ukraine and northern Georgia. Once Putin met these conditions, the U.S. could lift its sanctions against Russia.
Trump's two predecessors also wanted to improve U.S.-Russia relations, of course. Bush tried until disputes over Iraq and NATO soured the atmosphere; Russia then invaded Georgia in the summer of 2008. President Obama talked of a "reset" with Moscow before his hopes were dashed by Russia's aggression against Ukraine and Syria, and by Putin's suppression of dissent and democracy at home.
Bending History
By Martin S. Indyk, Kenneth G. Lieberthal, and Michael E. O'Hanlon
Brookings FOCUS Book
By Steven Pifer and Michael E. O'Hanlon
The Democracy Promotion Paradox
By Lincoln A. Mitchell
Putin continues to make diplomacy difficult. He is now adamantly opposing Trump's limited and careful reprisal against the gruesome use of chemical weapons by the Syrian regime. And as investigations heat up into Russian interference in the U.S. presidential election, much of Trump's top national security team is reverting to anti-Russia rhetoric.
If we continue down this path, a U.S.-Russia war could even erupt over a contested area in Europe. To reduce the risk, we need to develop an alternative to further expansion of NATO, one that promotes the security and prosperity of the neutral countries in Eastern Europe.
A how-to guide for managing the end of the post-Cold War era. Read all the Order from Chaos content »
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First, let's take a look at the difference in screen size and technology: the Surface Go sports a 10-inch PixelSense display with a 3:2 aspect ratio and a resolution of 1800 x 1200 pixels, while the iPad has a 9.7-inch screen with a 1536 x 2048 pixel resolution.
Microsoft recently expanded its Surface range of personal computers and the flagship will allow these new products to be available to Taiwanese consumers in the shortest possible time, according to Chang. LTE variants of the Surface Go should come to the market at a later date.
It's powered by an Intel Pentium Gold processor (yeah, they still make Pentiums), which should be plenty good enough for everyday computing - particularly considering that it runs Windows 10 Home in S mode.
As mentioned, the Surface Go follows Microsoft's Surface design and it appears to be a smaller version of the Surface Pro that was introduced in 2014 with the Surface Pro 3. Microsoft promises the Surface Go can handle productivity apps like Office and casual apps like Spotify and Netflix.
From there, Microsoft is offering configurations with 8GB of RAM paired with 128GB or 256GB of storage, with either model having LTE options available later this year. They will obviously use a metal body and will sport USB Type-C connectivity, as well as microSD support. That is likely one reason the Surface Go is Intel-, not ARM-based for now, anyway. Microsoft claims it's around 30 percent faster than the Surface 3's quad-core Atom - this isn't a high-end machine, it's something far more portable.
There is also a 5MP selfie camera in front alongside a Windows Hello face sign-in camera so you can log in with facial recognition.
One thing that wasn't true about the leaks is that the base model does not come with a Pentium Silver processor, or a Pentium Gold 4410Y for that matter.
Some of the accessories that will be available for the Surface Go include Type Cover (black) worth $99, Signature Type Cover in red, blue and silver for $129, Surface Mobile Mouse for $34 and Surface Pen for $99. The Surface Go is a 10-inch tablet that starts at a pocket-friendly $399, but you'll need to pony up more cash for more storage and memory. You'll also get the friction kickstand found on the Surface Pro so it's definitely still firmly within the Surface family of devices. The Go weighs 1.15 lbs, a little heavier than the iPad, but also about half a pound lighter than the beefier Surface Pro. However, users can upgrade to a full version of Windows 10 for free.
For starters, the Surface Go is looking like a much better deal in the education sector than the latest iPad at practically all levels, even with a premium on it over Apple's tablet. The device will be shipped starting August 2.
Vardy was an unused substitute in England's quarter-final win over Sweden on Saturday after picking up a groin injury last week. Croatia , with seemingly the entire nation backing the Three Lions from near and far.
On the albums chart British synth pop group Years & Years are on course to debut at number one with sophomore release Palo Santo. England reached the World Cup finals only once before, back in 1966 when they hosted and won the Fifa World Cup.
Cintron was at all times paid generously and in accordance with the law", the spokesperson said in a statement provided to Business Insider.
But it moved conversation away from pancakes for a minute, a rebrand that Business Insider called an "incredible strategic move". On Monday, it was back on social media, this time to promote a pancake deal tied to IHOP's 60th birthday.
Air India has caved to China's attempts to strong-arm countries and companies into recognising Taiwan as a part of "One China". Under its "One China" policy , Beijing considers Taiwan a province and opposes ties between Taipei and other capitals.
More than 80% of people who received this version also showed positive signs for 2 other measures of immune response. According to the study authors, the vaccine produced "robust (high levels of) immune responses" in the participants.
Patty Seo-Mayer, Pediatrician nephrologist, who provided another group shot of Gal Gadot with the hospital crew. Kristen Wiig has also joined the cast as villain Cheetah.
The annual retail holiday, which has become the biggest shopping day outside of Black Friday , is only open to members. Amazon has a Hitachi 50-inch 4K LED TV on sale for $289.99 as its Deal of the Day.


text:
Dictionary of dates, and universal reference
By Joseph Timothy Haydn
1774. The statute declared the author to bave an exclusive right for 14 years, and if at the end of that term he were living, the right to again return to him for the same term of years. The later acts extended the author's right to 28 years, and if living at the end of that time, then to the remainder of his life. By the 5th and 6th of Victoria, the right is to endure for the life of the author, and for seven years after his death ; but if that term expire earlier than 42 years, the right is still to endure for 42 years, for which term also any work published after the author's death is to continue the property of the owners of the manuscript ; act passed July 1, 1842. The Dramatic Authors' Protection act, passed June 10, 1833. The Inter
national Copyright bill, passed July 31, 1838. LITERARY SOCIETIES, CLUB, FUND, &c. The various societies connected with
literature in London, will be found in their respective places through the volume.
The celebrated Literary Club was instituted by Dr. Johnson, and included many of the illustrious men in literature of the age, 1765. The Literary Fund, in Lincoln's. Inn Fields, was founded in 1790, to relieve authors and literary men who by age or infirmities are reduced to poverty : this society was incorporated in 1818. The
Royal Society of Literature was established Sept. 15, 1825. LITHOGRAPHY. The invention of it is ascribed to Alois Sennefelder, whose first
essays were executed about 1796; and shortly afterwards the art was announced in Germany, and was known as polyautography. It became partially known in England in 1801 et seq., but its general introduction may be referred to Mr. Ackermann, of
London, about 1817. Sennefelder died in 1841. LITHOTOMY. The surgical operation of cutting for the stone was performed by the
ancients. The small apparatus, so called from the few instruments used in the operation, was practised by Celsus, about A.D. 17. The operation called the high apparatus, is said to have been invented by De Franco, and it is thought to be the
most ancient. The great apparatus was invented by John de Romanis, about 1520. LITURGY. In the ancient Greek and Roman churches the word Liturgy was
restrained to signify the mass only. The present English LITURGY was first composed, and was approved and confirmed by parliament, in 1547-8. The offices for morning and evening prayer were then put into nearly the same form in which we now have them, but other parts were different. Upon the solicitation of Calvin and others, the liturgy was reviewed and altered to very nearly its present state, 1551. It was first read in Ireland, in the English language in 1550, and in Scotland, where it occasioned a tumult, in 1637. Again altered in 1661. The Liturgy was revised by Whitehead, formerly chaplain to Anna Boleyn, and by bishops Parker, Grindali,
Cox, and Pilkington, and dean May, and secretary Smith. LIVERIES. In England they originated with our ancestors, who clothed their vassals
in uniform, thereby to distinguish families ; they were originally a single article of dress, or a particular colour used on a part of some one garment; in the end they
became rich suits and gaudy trappings.- Ashe. LIVERY OF LONDON. See Companies of London. The term "Livery" is derived
from the custom of the retainers and followers of the lord mayor and sheriffs, bearing habiliments of the form and colour displayed by those functionaries. It was usual for the wardens of companies to deliver a purse containing 20s. to the lord mayor on the 1st Dec., to obtain for individuals, so desiring, sufficient cloth to make a suit, and the privilege of wearing the livery. This circumstance added to the splendour of
the mayor's train when the civic court went forth.— Ashe. LIVERPOOL. This town, which within the last century has, by a progressive increase
in extent, population, and commercial importance, obtained the first rank after the metropolis, is supposed to be noticed in Domesday-book under the name Esmedune, or, Smedune. In other ancient records its various appellations are, Litherpul, and Lyrpul, signifying probably, in the ancient dialect of the county, the lower pool ; though some bave deduced its etymology from a pool frequented by an aquatic fowl, called the "Liver," or from a sea-weed of that name; and others, from its having belonged to a family of the name of Lever, whose antiquity is not sufficiently established to justify that conclusion. Soon after the Conquest, William granted that part of the county situated between the rivers Mersey and Ribble to Roger of Poitiers, who, according to Camden, built a castle here, about the year 1089. To tbis circumstance is attributed the origin of the town. It was, bowever, but a small fishing place, until, in 1172, its favourable situation, and the convenience of
· 1785
its port, attracted the notice of Henry II., who made it the place of rendezvous and embarkation of his troops for the conquest of Ireland :Liverpool made a free burgh by King Royal Institution founded
• 1814 Henry III. . A.D. 1229 Wellington-rooms built
1815 Made an independent port .
1335 Royal Institution opened by a speech Henry, duke of Lancaster, made it his
from Mr. Roscoe.
Nov. 2, 1818 residence
1358 American Seamen's Hospital Liverpool paved (Leland)
1558 Prince's dock opened
July 19, 1821 "The people of Her Majesty's decayed St. John's Market-place.
Feb, 18:2 town of Liverpool" petition Elizabeth Royal Institution incorporated
1822 to be relieved from a subsidy • 1571 Marine Humane Society formed Town rated for ship-money in only £26, New House of Industry erected
• 1824 by Charles I. . 1630 Liver Theatre opened
1825 Besieged by Prince Rupert, and surren- Old dock closed dered.
.June 26, 1644 | Foundation of the new Custom-house Made a separate parish
1698 laid
Aug. 12, 1828 The Old dock, the first in England, con- Blackrock lighthouse built, and light structed, and opened 1699 first shown
Mar. 1, 1830 Blue-coat hospital founded
1709 Lunatic Asylum founded, 1792 ; new The town opposes the Young Pretender,
buildings erected
18.30 and raises several regiments. 1745 Clarence dock completed Sept. 1830 Town-hall commenced
· 1749 Liverpool and Manchester Railway Infirmary established
1749 (which see) opened
Sept. 15, 1830 Seamen's Hospital founded . 1752 Zoological Gardens opened .
1833 A most destructive fire
1762 Great fire; property valued at £300,000 House of Industry founded .
Jan. I, 1833 Theatre licensed, 1771 ; opened 1772 Lock Hospital opened .
1834 Liverpool equips, at the commencement Waterloo dock opened
1834 of the war against France, 120 priva- Victoria and Trafalgar docks opened teers, carrying 1986 guns, and 8754 sea- same time
Sept. 8, 1836 men
1778 (The whole range of the docks is 2 King's dock constructed .
miles, and the cost exceeded $3,000,000 (The Queen's dock was also constructed sterling.] about the same time.)
Mechanics' Institute opened
• 1837 Memorable storm raged
. 1789 New Fishmarket opened Feb. 8, 1837 The Exchange burnt
1795 | Apothecaries' Company formed
The Town-hall (since restored) destroyed The Hall erected
by fire
1795 Statistical Society founded
1838 The Athenæum opened Jan. 1, 1799 The Liverpool steamer of 461-horse Union Newsroom erected
power sails for New York Oct. 28, 1838 The Lyceum erected . 1802 Awful storm raged
Awful fire, whose ravages exceeded Foundation of the Collegiate Institution
£1,000,000 sterling . . Sept. 14, 1802 laid by Lord Stanley
Corn Exchange opened Aug. 4, 1808 Foundation of St. George's Hall and
Royal Exchange completed
Courts laid.
1841 Statue of George III. commenced Oct. 25, 1809 Immense fire, which destroyed property Fall of St. Nicholas' Tower, which killed amounting to half a million sterling 20 persons Feb. 11, 1810
Sept. 25, 1842 lo 1843, the number of ships which entered the port of Liverpool was as follows; British, 2,615, of the aggregate burthen of 691,707 tons ; foreign, 1,014, burther 417,621 tons. The amount of duties paid at the custom-house for the year ending 5th January 1844, was £4,121,522.--Parl. Ret. The most remarkable feature in the history of Liverpool is, the rapidity with which it has risen into a degree of im. portance without example in the annals of any other town or city in the world, its
present commercial rank being little inferior to that of London.— Lewis' Topog. Dict. LIVERPOOL RAILWAY. The first grand work of this kind was the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway, about thirty-one miles long, connecting these, two of the most important towns in the empire. The first shaft was commenced in Oct. 1826, and the excavation of the tunnel, one mile and a quarter long, Jan. 1827; and the tunnel was completed in Sept. 1828, and was opened July 30, 1829. At the opening of the railroad, the duke of Wellington and a number of other illustrious persons were present; and Mr. Huskisson, who alighted during a stoppage of the engines, was knocked down by one of them, which went over bis thigh, and caused his death, Sept. 15, 1830. The Liverpool and Birmingham railway was opened its entire length, as the Grand Junction, July 4, 1837; and the railway to London was opened its entire length, Sept. 17, 1838.
• 1837 • 1838
LLANDAFF, SEE OF; an ancient bishopric whose first known prelate was St.
Dubritius, in 522. The church takes its name from its situation, Lan, in Welch, siguifying a church, and it having been erected close to the river Taff, or Taffe, in Glamorganshire.-Dugdale. The see is valued in the king's books at 1541, 14s. ld.
per annum. LLOYD'S. The coffee-house in connexion with the Royal Exchange, and held pre
viously to the late fire (see Exchange) on the northern side of that building. Lloyd's was established in 1772, and is the resort of eminent merchants, underwriters, insurance brokers, &c.; and here are effected insurances for all the world on ships and merchandise. The books kept here contain an account of the arrival and sailing of vessels, and are remarkable for their early intelligence of maritime affairs. In 1803, the subscribers instituted the Patriotic Fund, for the purpose of affording relief to the relatives of those who had died in the service of their country. They likewise subscribe liberally in almost every instance where public subscriptions are
deemed necessary. LOADSTONE. One of the most wonderful productions of the earth. Its virtues
were but indistinctly known to the ancients, yet its attractive quality had been taken notice of from very remote times.--Sturmius. Aristotle assures us that Thales made mention of it, and Hippocrates speaks of it under the name of stone that attracts iron, and Pliny was struck with its attractive power. The polar attraction of the loadstone was, it is said, known in France before A.D. 1180; but this honour is accorded to Roger Bacon about 1267. The Italians discovered that it could communicate its virtues to steel or iron ; and Flavio Gioja of Pasitano, was the
inventor of the mariner's compass. - See Compass. LOANS. Those for the service of the crown of England were generally borrowed at
Antwerp until after the reign of Elizabeth. In 1559, that queen borrowed 200,0001. of the city of Antwerp, to enable her to reform her own coin, and Sir Thomas Gresham and the city of London joined in the security.--Rapin. The amount of the English loans, during four late memorable periods, was, viz. : ven years' war.
from 1765 to 1763 . £52,100,000 American war
75,500,000 French revolutionary war
from 1793 to 1802 . 168,500,000 War against Buonaparte .
206,300,000 Besides the property tax. In 1813, were raised two loans of twenty-one millions and twenty-two millions; and it deserves to be recorded that a subscription loan to carry on the war against France was filled up in London in fifteen hours and twenty
minutes, to the amount of eighteen millions, Dec. 5, 1796. LOCHLEVEN CASTLE, KINROSS. Built on an island in the celebrated lake of
Locb Leven, in 1257, and was a royal residence when Alexander III. and his queen were forcibly taken from it to Stirling. It was besieged by the English in 1301, and again in 1335. Patrick Grabam, first archbishop of St. Andrew's, was imprisoned and died within its walls, 1447. The earl of Northumberland was confined in it io 1569. It is, however, chiefly remarkable as the place of the unfortunate queen Mary's imprisonment, in 1567, and of her escape, on Sunday, May 2, 1568. In this castle Mary was compelled to sign her abdication of the throne of Scotland, of which an interesting account is given by sir Walter Scott, in The Abbot ; and of which, also, some new and affecting particulars are given by Mr. Tytler, in the 7th
volume of his History of Scotland, published in August, 1840. LOCKS. Those of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans were clumsy contrivances.
Denon has engraved an Egyptian lock of wood. Du Cange mentions locks and padlocks as early as A.D. 1381. The French are accounted the worst locksmiths in Europe, and the English the best. Bramah's celebrated patent locks were registered in 1784. Locks have been made at Wolverhampton in suits of eight, ten, or more, of exquisite workmanship, all with different keys, so that none of them can open any
but its own lock, yet a master key will open all.–See Keys. LOCUSTS. The visits of these animals in Eastern countries have frequently super
induced pestilence and death, and many instances are recorded of these consequences. Owing to the putrefaction of vast swarms in Egypt and Lybia, upwards of 800,000 persons perished, 128 b.c. The country of Palestine was infested with such swarms that they darkened the air, and after devouring the fruits of the earth they died, and their intolerable stench caused a pestilential fever, A.D. 406. A similar catastrophe occurred in France in 873. A remarkable swarm of locusts settled upon the ground about London, and consumed the vegetables ; great numbers fell in the streets, and were preserved by the curious ; they resembled grasshoppers, but were three times the size, and their colours more variegated, Aug. 4, 1748. They infested Germany
in 1749, Poland in 1750, and Warsaw in June 1816. LODI, BATTLE OF THE BRIDGE OF. One of the great early achievements in Italy of
Buonaparte. He commanded the French army, which was opposed to the Austrians commanded by general Beaulieu, and obtained a brilliant and decisive victory after a bloody engagement in which several thousands of the Imperialists perished on the field, and many thousands were made prisoners, May 10, 1796. The conqueror pursued his advantage with wonderful rapidity, as after this battle all Lombardy lay
open to his army, and the republican flag floated in Milan a few days afterwards. LOG-LINE, used in navigation, A.D. 1570; and first mentioned by Bourne in 1577.
The log-line is divided into spaces of fifty feet, and the way which the ship makes is measured by a half-minute sand glass, which bears nearly the same proportion to an
hour that fifty feet bear to a mile : the line used in the royal navy is forty-eight feet. LOGARITHMS, so useful in mathematics, are the indexes of the ratio of numbers
one to another. They were invented by baron Merchiston, an eminent Scotchman (sir John Napier) in 1614. The method of computing by means of marked pieces of ivory was discovered about the same time, and hence called Napier's bones.
The invention was afterwards completed by Mr. Briggs, at Oxford. LOGIERIAN SYSTEM. A system of musical education commenced by J. B. Logier
in January 1815, and by him introduced into the chief towns of the United Kingdom, the Prussian states, &c. First taught in Dublin with eminent success by Mr. Logier
and Mr. E. C. Allen, and in London by most of the high musical professors. LOGWOOD, a species of wood of a dense and firm texture, and deep strong red colour;
it is the heart only of the tree that produces it; it was first cut by the English in the bays of Honduras and Campeachy, in 1662. Its use in dyeing shortly afterwards
be me general, and was encouraged by a law.-Burns' Annals. LOLLARDS. The name given to the first reformers of the Roman Catholic religion
in England, and a reproachful appellation of the followers of Wickliffe.-Chaucer. The original sect was founded by Walter Lollard in 1315; he was burned for heresy at Cologne in 1322. After his death the disciples of Wickliffe were called Lollards. The first martyr in England on account of religious opinions was William Sawtree, the parish priest of St. Osith, London, Feb. 19, 1401, reign of Henry IV. The Lollards were proscribed by the English parliament in 1416, and about 1414, numbers
of them, or persons to whom the name was given, were burnt alive*.-Moreri ; Carte. LOMBARD MERCHANTS. In England they were understood to be composed of
natives of some one of the four republics of Genoa, Lucca, Florence, or Venice.Anderson on Commerce. Lombard usurers were sent to England by pope Gregory IX. to lend money to convents, communities, and private persons, who were not able to pay down the tenths which were collected throughout the kingdom with great rigour that year, 13 Henry III., 1229. They had offices in Lombard-street, which great banking street is called after them to this day. Their usurious transactions
caused their expulsion from the kingdom in the reign of Elizabeth. LOMBARDY. The Lombards were a detachment of Alemanni from the marches of
Brandenburgh, famous for their bravery. They were invited into Italy by Justinian, to serve against the Goths. To reward their services, the emperor gave them part of Upper Pannonia, A.D. 548. They passed into Italy, and their chief was proclaimed king by his army at Milan, in 570. The kingdom of Lombardy supported itself and made considerable conquests till 772, when Charlemagne took Desiderius, the last
king, and annexed his territories to the German empire.-La Combe. * Among others, sir John Oldcastle, baron Cobham, was cruelly put to death in St. Giles's-in-theFields. His crime was his adoption of the tenets of the great reformer Wycliffe. He was misrepresented to our heroic prince Henry V. by the bigoted clergy, as a heretic and traitor, who was actually at the head of 30,000 Lollards, in these fields. About 100 inoffensive people were found therc. Cobham escaped; but was taken some time after in Wales. He suffered death on this spot; being hung on a gallows, by a chain fastened round his body, and, thus suspended, burnt alive, in 1417.—Butler ; Pennant's London.
• 1.381
. 1485
LONDON*. The greatest and richest city in the world. Some will have it that a city
existed on the spot 1107 years before the birth of Christ. and 354 years before the foundation of Rome. It was the capital of the Trinobantes 54 B.C. and long previously the royal seat of their kings. In A.D. 61, it was known to the Romans as Lundinium. Lundinium or Colonia Augusta was the chief residence of merchants at that period, and the great mart of trade and commerce, though not dignified with the name of a colony.— Tacitus. It is said, but not truly, to have derived its name from Lud, an old British king, who was buried near where Ludgate formerly stood; but its name is from Llyn-Din, the " town on the lake."
London enlarged by the Romans . A.D. 49 Tax called murage, to keep the walls and
Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, reduces ditches in repair
A.D. 1279
London to ashes, and puts 70,000 Ro- City divided into wards
1285 mans and strangers to the sword 61 Cheapside stood outside the city; the She is defeated Suetonius, 80,000 Bri.
houses built of wood
1300 tons are massacred, and she takes poison 61 Charter granted by Edward III. London is walled in, and a palace built 306 Terrible pestilence, in which 50,000 citi. 800 vessels are employed in the port of zens perish
1348 London for the export of corn alone 359 William of Walworth, lord mayor 1380 London made a bishop's see, and Resti. Wat Tyler's rebellion. See Tyler tutus first bishop
Aldermen elected for life
1394 Theonius, second bishop
City first lighted at night by lanterns 1415 St. Melitus (afterwards translated to Guildhall commenced 1411, finished 1416 Canterbury), third bishop .
604 Whittington thrice lord mayor, viz 1397, Westminster abbey built by Sebert.-See
1406, and
1419 Westminster Abbey
He entertains Henry V. at Guildhall, St. Paul's built by Sebert.–See Paul's, St. 604 and throws into a fire of spices, bonds A plague ravages London
664 of that monarch for moneys lent him Great fire, which nearly consumed the to the value of 60,0001.
1419 city 798 Jack Cade's rebellion. See Cade
. 1450 London destroyed by the Danes
First civic procession on the water; sir Alfred repairs and strengthens London . John Norman lord mayor
1453 Another great fire 982 Falconbridge attempts the city
1471 Tower built by William I.
1078 Sweating sickness rages
First charter granted to the city by the The fatal sweat, Su or Anglicus
• 1517 same king. See London Citizens 1079 Memorable Evil May-day. See Evil MayAnother devastating fire
day 600 houses thrown down by a tempest 1090 Streets first paved (Viner's Stat.) 1533 Charter granted by Henry I.
1100 Forty taverns and public houses allowed Henry Fitz Alwyn, the first mayor, serv
in the city, and three in Westminster, ing twenty-four years
1189 act 7 Edward VI. (there are now 7000) 1553 Charter relating to weirs.
. 1196 Royal Exchange built. See Exchange . 1566 Charter of king John; mayor and com- Thames water conveyed into the city by mon council elected annually.t-Slowe 1209 leaden pipes :
1682 Charter of Henry III.
1233 New buildings in London forbidden in Aldermen appointed in the city, with any places where none had previously important privileges .
1242 been erected, to prevent the increasing Watch in London, 38 Henry III.
size of the city s
1580 * The fables of Geoffrey of Monmouth, with regard to the origin of London, are unworthy of the attention of the antiquary. That London was founded by Brute, a descendant of the Trojan Æneas, and called New Troy, or Troy-novant, until the time of Lud, who surrounded it with walls, and gave it the name of Caer Lud, or Lud's Town, &c., may be considered as mere romance. Leigh.
| Stowe incorrectly states this charter to have been given in 1209, but it bear: date May 19th, in the 16th year of king John's reign. John began his reign in 1199. This charter was acted on at that period in various instances, as many of the mayors were afterwards continued in their offices for several years together; and the same right was exerted in the case of Mr. Alderman Wood, who filled the office of lord mayor during two succeeding years, those of 1816 and 1817.-Idem.
* This terrible pestilence broke out in India, and spreading itself westward through every country on the globe, reached England. Its ravages in London were so great, that the common cemeteries were not sufficient for the interment of the dead; and various pieces of ground without the walls were assigned for burial-places. Amongst these was the waste land now forming the precincts of the Charter-house, where upwards of 50,000 bodies were then deposited. This destructive disorder did not entirely subside till 1357.--Idem.
$ This proclamation or decree was dated from Nonesuch, 7th July 1580, and it was forbidden to erect new buildings where none had before existed in the memory of man. This extension of the metropolis was deemed calculated to encourage the increase of the plague ; created a trouble in governing such multitudes; a dearth of victuals; multiplying of beggars, and inability to relieve them; an increase of artisans more than could live together ; impoverishing of other cities for lack of inhabitants. The decree stated that lack of air, lack of room to walk and shoot, &c., arose out of too crowded a city. A proclamation to the same effect was also issued by James I.


Stanley Cup Replica Trophy that can custom engraved and purchased online, The Stanley Cup Replica can have extra rings added.
Stanley Cup Style Trophy Cup(Small) 16 inches in Height.
Base is 6-3/8" x 6-3/8". Made from plated steel.
Price includes Free Imprinted Plate.
We ordered this on a tight deadline and requested a lot of customization. Teresa and the team at Awards Zone were extremely helpful and responsive; the trophy was perfect and arrived right when we needed it.


Florida Statute 39.509 details grandparents rights to visitation. A maternal or paternal grandparent / step-grandparent is entitled to reasonable visitation with their grandchild who is adjudicated dependent and in out of home care; unless the Court finds that such visitation is not in the best interest of the child or would interfere with the goals of the case plan.
Grandparents should voice their interest in establishing visitation with the child to the Court and the child welfare agency, as soon as possible after the child is removed from the parent. The Court considers whether family ties and the best interest of the minor child will be served by granting visitation/contact. Reasonable visitation may be unsupervised, where appropriate and feasible, and may be frequent and continuing. It can also include phone calls, emails and letters. Oversight from the Court for the circumstance and frequency of visitation should be documented.
(1) Grandparent visitation may take place in the home of the grandparent unless there is a compelling reason for denying such a visitation. The Case Manager arranges the visitation. The grandparent pay for the child's cost of transportation when the visitation is to take place in the grandparent's home. The Case Manager must document in FSFN any reason for the decision to restrict a grandparent's visitation.
(2) A grandparent can demonstrate appropriate displays of affection to the child. The child must not be denied gifts, cards, and letters from the grandparent and other family members.
(3) Any attempt by a grandparent to facilitate a meeting between the child and the child's parent, legal custodian, or any other person in violation of a court order automatically terminates future visitation rights of the grandparent.
(4) When the child has been returned to the physical custody of his or her parent, the grandparent visitation rights are terminated. It is then at the parent's discretion.
(5) Termination of Parental Rights does not affect the rights of grandparents unless the Court finds it is not in the best interest of the child or that visitation would interfere with the goals of permanency planning for the child. If the grandparent have not already established visitation with the child, it may be more difficult to convince the Court to grant visitation rights following Termination of Parental Rights.
(6) In determining whether grandparent visitation is not in the child's best interest, consideration is given to whether the grandparents have a criminal history involving sexual crimes or violent crimes. Also the grandparent's history in relation to child abuse, abandonment, or neglect.


Located in our Visitor and Education Center, the Lecture Hall is ideal for meetings and conferences. Equipped with a built-in stage, a projector with a screen, podium, and microphones, this room covers all bases. The space can be separated into three conference rooms for up to 45 seated in each. Large paneled skylights provide natural light to the space, reminding your guests they are in the oasis of Silicon Valley.


Rating: 5 4 3 2 1 4.4/5 from 1121 votes.
Florals Holidays Celebrating Occasions can be very useful guide, and Florals Holidays Celebrating Occasions play an important role in your products. The problem is that once you have gotten your nifty new product, the Florals Holidays Celebrating Occasions gets a brief glance, maybe a once over, but it often tends to get discarded or lost with the original packaging.


ROCKSON ENGINEERING COMPANY LIMITED specialises in the construction, commissioning and maintenance of power generation facilities. Based in Port Harcourt, Rockson Engineering is ideally placed to undertake projects throughout West Africa.
Rockson Engineering provides a wide range of services and expertise to both the onshore and offshore Energy and Oil & Gas sectors.
To provide services and expertise that enhance our customer's plant and facilities at optimum cost-of-ownership whilst striving to retain an environmental equilibrium.


Merchify Straps afull-scale merchandise production and distribution platform to your shopify store.
Gives you on demand solution instead of creating an inventory.
If you are on shopify just install the app from shopify Website or you can directly download it from Mechify website.
Select the product you want to sell like Shirt, T-shirt etc.
Choose the SKU for your product.
Make sure you upload a high resolution product on the app.
Now Set your price according to your margin you want.
Last step is Save the product on app.
Now the most important part we are left with is to publish your product directly on to shopify because merchify only add your product to shopify then you need to accept it and publish or activate your product on the app.
All the processing and delivery work is done by them, on behalf of you they send the shipping details and tracking details to customers.


How are we, doing? I'm hopping everyone is having a great day.
So today i recovered one of my old account from 2013. I never trained niether did anything on the account, I simply created that account since i was able to get a rare 4 letter username "uuss". So today after i recovered my account & when i tried loggin it asked me to type new username. I really couldn't believe that at first and was in bit shock. C'mon i created that user and i own the right for that username, I have all the evidence to proof that the username was created by me.
P.s. I couldn't create thread without adding a new username to the account, That's why i'm using my main account to post on forums.
Would be so helpful if jagex team could get my original username.
Character names are automatically removed if an account is inactive for a long period of time.
So that is what happened to you.
If the username is now already taken I'm afraid you will have to keep this one or come up with a other one.
You can find more information here: Where has my character name gone? Not active any more in the Runescape community.
You can find more information here: Where has my character name gone?
Truly that isn't fair to just take a username from a veterans account and give it to different person. Is there a way i can contact the J-mods? I ain't used to rs forums.
And you have linked my Topic instead of the Topic which you intend to re-direct.
One of the requirements about those Name clean ups, was like this if a account has been inactive for 6 months and never been a member on that account , would the name be removed and putted back into the Name pool.
Jagex did even send a Warning email out to those Account's and told if they still wanted to hold their names , should they log into the game before a certain date , if none responded , would the name be released.
Since your account was made in 2013 and never been a member , is that the reason of why it got removed.
If it once had member would it be 2 years , if my memory are correct.
Whoops, i edited my link.
There is no point in talking to a Jmod about this as there is no way to undo this or give you this username back once it's taken by a other user.
Only thing you can do is waiting and try every couple of weeks to check if the name is available again. Not active any more in the Runescape community.
I dont think so any of the J-mod would have time to look into this, Well idk what to do now!
I humbly appreciate everyone's reply. Means alot to me. Thanks guys!
It doesn't look like anyone has taken the name, so it is in the pool of available names for members to assign.


Debt ratios are particularly important when applying for home loans.
In personal finance, debt ratios measure different aspects of your financial health and how well you may be able to handle additional debt. Many lenders look at various debt ratios when deciding whether to issue new loans. Two common debt ratios are the debt-to-assets ratio and the debt-to-income ratio.
The debt-to-assets ratio measures the amount of money you owe in debts to the value of your assets. A ratio greater than one means you owe more money than your assets are worth. A ratio less than one means your assets are worth more than your debts. For example, if you have $90,000 in assets and $45,000 in debts, divide $45,000 by $90,000 to find your debt-to-assets ratio equals 0.5, or 50 percent.
Debt-to-asset limits become especially important when you are taking out a second mortgage or home equity loan. A second lender will usually not want to make a loan that exceeds the value of the home. In addition, many lenders want to have a cushion, or value above the amount of the loan, so the limit the total debt to a percentage of the home's value. For example, if your home is worth $340,000, you have a $200,000 mortgage, and the lender is limiting your total debt to 75 percent of the value, your home equity loan would be limited to $55,000.
The debt-to-income ratio measures your monthly payments on your debt to your monthly income. This ratio is often used by mortgage lenders to determine whether you can afford a mortgage. One debt-to-income ratio is the front-end ratio, which just measures your expected monthly payment to your monthly income. The back-end ratio measures all of your debt payments, including your car loan, student loans and expected mortgage payment, to your monthly income.
Lenders often limit the amount people can borrow for a mortgage based on their debt-to-income ratio. Although limits vary by lender, most lenders limit the front-end ratio to between 0.28 and 0.33, or 28 to 33 percent of your monthly income. For example, if you make $3,700 per month, your monthly mortgage payment would generally be limited to between $1,036 and $1,221. The back-end ratio is usually limited to 0.36, or 36 percent of the debt. For example, if you have a $3,700 monthly income and a $300 monthly car payment, your back-end ratio would limit the mortgage payment to $1,032.
What Is Included in the Debt-to-Income Ratio When Doing Home Mortgages?
Does Having a Mortgage on Your Home Affect Your SSI?


It is recommended that every homeowner have a roof 12 years or younger inspected twice a year and have a roof over twelve years old inspected annually. However, many homeowners have never had their roof inspected, and as such, are not sure what to expect when contractors inspect their roof. Here is what you can expect when having your roof inspected by Roofing Contractors in Overland Park, KS.
One of the first things that Roofing Contractors in Overland Park, KS will do when inspecting a roof is to inspect the roof from the ground. While you can't see all damage to a roof from the ground, it is easier to spot certain types of problems, such as discoloration and large patches of damaged shingles. Walking around and looking up at the roof can cue a contractor in to the areas they want to focus on when they get on the roof.
After walking around the roof on the ground, roofing companies will climb onto the roof and walk over the roof. As they walk over the roof, they will look for signs of missing and damaged roofing materials, look for signs of leaks and look at the areas that they saw damage from the ground. If they notice minor issues, such as a missing shingle here and there, they may make the repairs on the spot, but if more repair is needed, they may need to schedule a repair appointment with you.
The last thing that Roofing Contractors in Overland Park, KS will do when doing a roof inspection is to inspect your attic. If there is a leak, it will show in the attic. When you look at the ceiling in an unfinished basement, you are staring at the underside of your roof. If there is water leaking through the roof, water spots will be visible.


I'm going traveling full time in 2017.
I've lived around the world, and seen many things.
I'm here to share some of my favorite things so that you can benefit from what I've learned.
I hope you enjoy visiting Wood and Salt.
Wood and Salt is the result of frustration of living the day to day existence of 9 to 5. Woody is a wanderlust kind of guy, and he hopes that you'll follow his journey.