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Socialism and social democracy
December 19, 2017 John Quiggin48 Comments
From a comment on a Facebook post by Max Sawicky, asking about the difference between socialism and social democracy (sadly, I think the context was one of the internecine disputes in which the left has long specialised, though the right has now caught up and surpassed us).
I've switched back and forth between the two terms, with a more or less constant understanding of their meaning. For me, "social democracy" refers to the actual policy program advocated and to a significant extent implemented by social democratic parties in the mid-20th century: free and universal health care and education, a social welfare system sufficiently broad and generous to eliminate poverty, full employment and strong unions, in the context of a mixed economy. "Socialism" refers to a fundamental transformation of the capitalist system incorporating and going beyond the social democratic program to end large-scale capital and dependence on wage labour.
That is, as I use the terms, social democracy refers to a contemporary policy program and socialism to a utopian aspiration. During the period of neoliberal dominance, , I described myself as a social democrat, defending the achievements of the 20th century and trying to extend them where possible. Now that there is an opening for the future, we need the kind of utopian vision I associated with "socialism".
The end of open access to universities
48 thoughts on "Socialism and social democracy"
I am and will always be Not Trampis says:
I see socialism as large scale nationalisation which mainly occurred after WW2 in the absurd idea the economy would be better off.
I see social democracy as merely making capitalism much better.Competitive markets, hard Keynesian economic policies alah Farrell and Quiggin, a needs based social welfare net etc
Ken_L says:
We need socialism with capitalist characteristics. Bill Kelty and others in the union movement thought they could get there via universal superannuation in which workers controlled half the boards of management. They didn't anticipate the collapse of trade union power. We need to revive the idea of employees having equity in the firms that employ them but not as part of a union control agenda. Simply as part of a fairness argument that employees have just as much of a stake in a company as shareholders, if not more.
Add to that, instead of the highly divisive universal basic income, the idea of universal wealth accounts. Every Australian receives, each year, from the government, a share of a sovereign wealth fund which invests in the stock exchange. Over time, every Australian will become a significant owner of capital simply by being a citizen.
Yes I know, it's pie-in-the-sky. But it won't be once the practical implications of artificial intelligence start to be appreciated in 20 years time.
hc says:
I have misplaced your arguments for free and universal education and would appreciate a citation to the case you have developed for them. In particular, these arguments need to overcome the objections of standard welfare economics (creating deadweight losses, distributional unfairness to those on low incomes who don't pursue higher education) which seem to me to be compelling.
@Ken_L
In part agree with you Ken. You could distill your argument down to: 'thanks to superannuation, we're all capitalists now'. However, it also seems weird to me that more workers aren't compensated with shares from the companies they work in. For unskilled workers who lose their jobs to robots/AI, it makes sense they can gain income from shares I.e. owning those robots/AI.
@Anthony Creating shares to give to employees would dilute the existing shareholding and could be in breach of the company's fiduciary responsibilities to existing shareholders. Better that they or their superfund use cash to buy on market.
At the moment, I am reading "The Serpent and the Stag" – by John Pearson. It is subtitled "The Saga of England's Powerful and Glamorous Cavandish Family From the Age of Henry the Eighth to the Present." I agree with "powerful" but "glamorous" is not the second adjective I would use. The Cavendish family are notable as their fortune has persisted to the present day. The current head of the family is the 12th Duke of Devonshire.
Without reciting the story, beginning with Bess of Hardwick, it is worth trying to figure out the "causes" of accretions of wealth like this. Initially, we are tempted to figure out and attribute individual causes. What was it about the individuals and what did they do? What contributed to the gathering of wealth? If we distill it down we find, in no particular order;
(a) luck;
(b) skill;
(c) persistence;
(d) alliances; (marriages, social alliances, political alliances)
(e) corruption;
… and as the tale goes on, more luck, more alliances, more corruption in interweaving cycles.
But when we get to about (d) and (e) we already realise we are dealing with a system (comprised of a set of sub-systems) which demonstrates emergent outcomes. Some of these emergent outcomes appear to be systemic; conditioned by the system itself. Others we might attribute to exogenous factors and even to "free will" or individual agency.
Capitalism (or the proto-capitalism of the Elizabethan era) is not the only system which demonstrates unequal outcomes and accretions of wealth and power. Or should that be "power and wealth"? We only have to look at preceding feudalism or succeeding communism (state capitalism) to see that.
Corruption runs the gamut from individual to systemic dishonesty. The use of power and wealth to secure special deals from the monarch or state to, in turn, secure more power and wealth is a standard mode of operation (while providing some service or advantage to the monarch or state).
Even deeper than corruption, there are the underpinning assumptions (justifying ideology) backed up, inevitably, by power. The deepest underpinning assumption which socialism really needs to challenge is the one that "individuals should be able to own a real lot of stuff with no upper limit". This, in a sense, is the sacrosanct assumption of capitalism and indeed of some other systems before it. Why should this assumption go unchallenged? Clearly high levels of inequality are the corollary of this assumption when it is successfully put into operation. And equally clearly, under unfettered capitalism this assumption can be and is successfully put into operation by skillful, lucky and unscrupulous individuals and families. Given the work of economists like Stiglitz and Pikkety (and quite a few before them) there can be no question now. This system is neither efficient nor fair.
@rog
Hi Rog, companies do pay employees in shares – think of how often CEOs also get paid in shares for good company performance. But even if giving those shares was against the company's fiduciary duty, a company could give pseudo-shares (dividends, no equity, no voting rights). Or, give employees the first opportunity to buy new shares before they are offered to the public.
Newtownian says:
@Ikonoclast
Nice list and points. Can I add a another factor- ability to adapt to wider societal evolution/opportunity/change.
One of the things that capitalism I think to its credit, or perhaps neoliberalism, does seem to embrace is the apocryphal saying of Heraclitus "change is the only constant". While H may not have actually said this he certainly seems to have said much that is operationally identical https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Heraclitus
Anyway capitalism seems to embrace it as in the form of lauding 'creative destruction' for better and worse whereas socialism seems more flaky on the matter.
An interesting manifestation of change can be seen in the value of the stockmarket. While this keeps rising any given portofolio wont necessarily because of 'inevitable' change e.g. the rise and fall of technologies and companies and exhaustion of resources.
More generally while modern neoliberalism is loathsome it has interesting ideas worth considering but which socialism to my knowledge had yet to take on board. This seems to be one of them in that socialism seems to be aimed at a Utopia –
which isnt much better defined than the vague christian Heaven https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity compared to Islam which seems to have tried to address this what next question in a more concrete fashion – the Houri etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houri ).
paul walter says:
The Trump Turnbull mode harkens back to the Haarz Mountains labour camp of WW2 and right down to the presentation which is sly and dishonest. The government waited till after the by election to present a number of obnoxious policies including the elevation of the laughably named Xtian Porter, the IPA MYEFO and renewed TPC negotiations aimed at ending the requirement for local labour content for foreign entities involved in projects here ( and they had the front to go after Dastyari?).
We follow closely what goes down Trump's USA, of course.
In the end, the IPA idea is solely about human commodification, while socialism and social democracy involves inclusion and the notion of the economy as tool for human betterment rather than as a means for imposing hierarchy and control, basically crude feudalism.
Gaston Ümlaut says:
@hc
Are you saying that standard welfare economics objects to free primary and secondary education?
Fran Barlow says:
While I could certainly quibble with the dichotomy specified by PrQ above between 'social democracy' and 'socialism' on historical grounds — the first ostensibly revolutionary socialist parties often self-described as 'social democratic' (the RSDLP being the most impressive example) in practice, certainly since the end of WW2 the dichotomy advanced above by PrQ has been well accepted.
And speaking personally, I sonetimes self-describe as a Left Social-Democrat to avoid being confused with bog-standard Labourites or Neoliberals, Blairites etc …
It seems to me that the principal challenges to humanity poverty, inequality and looming environmental catastrophe cannot be addressed on timelines of value to the intended beneficiaries other than through an aggressive and insistent challenge to current usage from a communitarian and humanistic paradigm. That certainly begins from a robust defence and enlargement of the programs cited by PrQ in his opening discussion, but with a view not merely of ameliorating distress, but of empowering the producers to act expressly and collectively in the interests of the whole of jurisdictions, and to the extent practicable, in concert with other jurisdictions sharing their outlook. It's in this sense that what PrQ calls utopian is germane, IMO.
Inevitably, this entails a process of reforming, manipulating and transforming the usages attending social property, rather than the the pronouncement of swingeing expropriations. N the end, it is not legal title to property that matters, but the social character of the encumbrances on their use that defines a social order — what are effectively the claims of the commons, and the claims of individuals.
Some facets of the system are best operated as state monopolies, whereas at the other end of the scale, individuals are most fit (subject to regulation) to offer certain goods and services. In between those things, a dialog between state- and quasi-state agency on the one hand, and private stakeholders on the other is apt.
In recent years, I have come to believe that something very much like a UBI should be an important tool in securing and underpinning dignity and inclusion in any social order approaching a just society. I regard this, in the context of the general provision of key public goods (education, health, transport, housing, security etc) as likely to be the simplest and most effective way to ensure that nobody is too greatly disadvantaged by structural changes and thus most likely to facilitate positive engagement and human cultural development, laying the foundations for a truly global and socialist world.
@Gaston Ümlaut
Primary and secondary education are complicated because you might wish to override parental preferences and offer transfers directly to children.
But for tertiary education yes it does because it involves offering services that are costly to provide to people who value these services at less than the cost. There is a deadweight loss.
Peter Chapman says:
The problem is not to simply understand the world but to change it. All very well to make distinctions between socialism and social democracy while treating these as static entities, as things. The more important question to me is, what is the relationship between your method and analysis of the political economy and your proposals to change it in some way? Socialism cannot be reduced to a single policy (such as nationalising certain enterprises, or worker participation), and cannot be relegated to something called a 'vision' — there must be some working connections between the vision or aspiration for a future (and better) society, and the methods we apply to analysing and understanding the world, that lead us to practical and achievable policies that will deliver that better society.
Peter T says:
In order for there to be a loss, we would have to be able to measure the value of education by some standard that also measures what people pay. Since they pay in money and time, and the value is realised in many different forms of welfare – individual and collective – this we cannot do. So the concept of loss in any meaningful sense simply does not apply.
It's interesting that the one true insight displayed by climate deniers is the realisation that mitigating climate change will entail abandonment of capitalism as we know it. Hence their frenzied resistance to science. Interesting also that much of the reality-based community rejects this banal insight.
It's high time those seeking to avoid extinction jettisoned the notion that effective climate action can happily co-exist with the existing imperial capitalist world order. The question should be what is to replace it, as the OP invites us to do.
scarlett o'hara, when asked why she steals from the poor replied
"i steal (as you say), from the poor because it's easier and safer."
the world is in constant change but that phrase covers an unchanged constant.
"The deepest underpinning assumption which socialism really needs to challenge is the one that "individuals should be able to own a real lot of stuff with no upper limit"."
A Modest Proposal to Fix the World
by Ian Welsh
***.ianwelsh.net/a-modest-proposal-to-fix-the-world/
"Fire every non-commission employee making more than seven times the median national income (all income included).
Put a 100 percent tax on all income over seven times the median, no exceptions for any type of income.
Put a 100 percent tax on on all inheritances over 50 times the median (that's enough of a head-start on life for winning the lucky sperm contest).
Promote those who were earning less.
Secret: The people running the economy are not the best, and if they are brightest, we need stupider people. I base this on their results.
Going forward, the top income level will increase, as a percentage, equal to the average income of the bottom five percent and the median income.
This will sort out a lot of problems quickly. (…)
When the people running something are complete f(***)-ups, you take away their power. That means their position, and as money is power, their obscene wealth. You replace them with someone else. It is that simple.
Eat the rich, or the rich will eat you.
And they have been dining well."
It's perplexing to me and frankly a little scary some left leaning economists' readiness to welcome authoritarian policies. What happened to the individual knows best? Remember that core principle of economics from first year?
The vast majority of employees prefer wages to an equity stake in their companies. Otherwise they would purchase shares of their employer or a similar company on the ASX, as they already do through superannuation.
As for a national wealth fund, why not simply tax people less and let them invest the funds how they see fit? The last thing anyone should want is bureaucrats to be playing the stock market with other people's money or politicians deciding how best to allocate the proceeds according to the political winds of the day.
If redistribution, or "fairness", is the objective then why not just reallocate through the tax and transfer system? Individuals can then do whatever they like with the money.
@Peter T
It isn't that difficult but you need to know a bit of basic welfare economics. About measures of social surplus and social cost.
Basic welfare economics assumes a measure which does not exist. Then "measures" with it. For apples, this sometimes works, if one takes an elastic view. For education it does not. Money is not utility.
Julie Thomas says:
@S
"What happened to the individual knows best? "
It was based on the fantasical idea that individuals are rational agents and it is quite clear, from what we know know about the way the human brain works, that this is not true.
@hc "I have misplaced your arguments for free and universal education and would appreciate a citation to the case you have developed for them. "
Here's a recent summary of my position. I haven't yet done the more detailed exposition I promise in that post, but hopefully I will manage it in the context of my submission to the inquiry on TAFE.
https://johnquiggin.com/2017/07/28/tertiary-education-should-be-universal-non-profit-and-free/
Here's a slightly more expansive statement, with more on the question of how to support those who don't go on to post-school education
https://johnquiggin.com/2010/12/17/realistic-utopianism-for-20-year-olds-cross-post-from-crooked-timber/
In framing the discussion though, it's important to get away from the idea (of which I detect a hint in hc's comment) that post-school education (often referred to in this context as "higher education") is for a limited elite, and that financial support is regressive. That's just a minimla update of John Howard's nostalgia for the days when a Year 10 education was all that working class kids needed. (Nearly) every young person needs to finish high school and go on to post-school education and training.
Jack Strocchi says:
Pr Q said:
For me, "social democracy" refers to the actual policy program advocated and to a significant extent implemented by social democratic parties in the mid-20th century:..in the context of a mixed economy.
During the period of neoliberal dominance, I described myself as a social democrat, defending the achievements of the 20th century and trying to extend them where possible. Now that there is an opening for the future, we need the kind of utopian vision I associated with "socialism".
I'm not sure that calling oneself a "socialist" is the best way of branding a progressive economic movement. There are nasty historical connotations, such as Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) and the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP).
Contemporary associations are not much better. Hugo Chavez Bolivarian Revolution (slogan: "Motherland, socialism or Death") has turned Venezuelas functioning economy into a garbage sifting site.
Also, in Western jurisdictions, the socialist movements are dominated by Left cultural identity demonologists. For them "socialism" is all a "who, whom" vendetta against straight white males. The International Socialists (IS aka Trotskyites) seem to care nothing for traditional socialism, or Trotsky for that matter. But they are perpetually outraged by the persistence of organizations dominated by straight white males. The Black Lives Matter and #MeToo movements are just a foretaste of the perpetual purge.
Is that really the kind of political company Pr Q wants to keep?
I am impressed with the Dengs reconstruction of thr Communist Party of China (CPC) which called for a "socialist market economy", basically a non-ideological programme of "four modernisations" anchored to a sort of Confucian national team spirit. Who could disagree with that? They certainly have a track record of getting good things done at home and not making a nuisance of themselves abroad.
More generally, I side with Marx who insisted "no blueprints" for the future, just signposts pointing the way forward. (Also with Marx on "Moi, je ne suis pas marxiste"
FWIW I call myself a "conservative social democrat" precisely because it is an ideological empty vessel that can carry a variety of changing policy mixes. Whilst maintaining a solid connection to tried and true ancestral values.
Conservative social democracy turns down the ideological heat. The next 20 years are fraught with global catastrophic risk on economic, ecologic and ethnic dimensions. We want to dampen expectations, not raise false hopes which will cause social division when things invariably don't go according to plan.
Just keep things on an even keel and all pull together. A "blood, sweat and tears" message is indicated. Maybe thats why the Dunkirk period is getting a cinematic revival.
I was not persuaded by either of the links you provide. Currently, higher education is delivered to people who value it at the margin less than its cost. This reflects the approx 2/3 subsidy. This discrepancy – and the associated deadweight losses – would increase with free-provision. The majority of people who derive great benefits from higher education in universities come from the middle class – this reflects their upbringing and the impact of private school educations. But "free" education is funded by all so there is a regressive transfer from poor to wealthy.
I favour the conventional position. There are some externalities from education so it should be subsidized. But not made free which provides bigger extra costs than benefits. Cash transfers to those less well-off may not go to education even though this is where substantial spillovers arise. hence I think means-tested scholarships should accompany the existence of subsidies in higher education and education in schools should be available free with the option of electing to have a private education.
I am unsure of your argument that everyone benefits from higher education in universities or in TAFEs so that there is a case for universally free provision. But I am more confident in claiming that many students now attending universities generate almost zero social value from doing so. Many of these students should be in the workforce or attending TAFEs. I don't think it is a good idea to turn universities into TAFEs though that is now happening.
Piketty thinks investment in education (of the right sort) is a major explanatory factor in long-run rises in productivity:
http://piketty.blog.lemonde.fr/2017/01/09/of-productivity-in-france-and-in-germany/
@Anthony Allowing execs options as part of their salary package has been a contentious issue and is influenced by company performance (in publicly listed companies).
I would not bother yoking long-term progressive Left ideology to egalitarian vocational tertiary education. Within a decade or so the notion of spending five or so years at university acquiring a life-long professional qualifications for a job that will be soon be vacuumed up by a cloud-based AI will have a naive and threadbare look.
Already most graduates are, quite correctly, gloomy about long-term career prospects. No doubt from bitter experience with the "gig economy" and "job portfolio" resumes. But also they see the robot writing on the wall.
That's not to say universities are another legacy industry heading for the robot knackery. I think they can be re-branded as 21 century finishing schools, where young people can acquire some sort of civilizational inheritance, be mentored by wise old heads and meet potential mates.
That is after all what Plato's gymnasium was set up for. Forward to the past is my motto.
The Lefts best ideological selling point is the fact that the Internet of Things is a natural commons and therefore should be owned (but not managed) by the public. The robots will of course administer the IoT. We humans should not worry our pretty little heads with it.
@Julie Thomas
Government are people too. The difference is they use other people's resources to increase their own utility. I was a very left leaning, tax and spend type of person before my time in government. But the things I saw go there swung my politics much further to the right. The incentives for government are all wrong. The less they have at their discretion the better.
but isn't "leveraging" using other peoples money?
hc @ #25 said:
But I am more confident in claiming that many students now attending universities generate almost zero social value.
I assume that should be read as "zero [net] social value", when the publicly funded 2/3 fee subsidy and the opportunity cost of 3 years out of the workforce is offset against any putative gains tertiary education has generated in their productivity.
But I would go further than this and state with confidence that, in a substantial fraction of students, tertiary education is of negative social value, after taking into account subsidised fees, employment downtime and the Mark Twain effect:
"It ain't what you don't know that gets you into trouble. It's what you know for sure that just ain't so."
Sure but its the individual's choice to invest, nobody is compelling them to do it. The investor's interests are also much better aligned with the corporate interests than they are with government.
Collin Street says:
But "free" education is funded by all so there is a regressive transfer from poor to wealthy.
Err, no: this is dodgy. Uni kids in their own right have no money, by-and-large. Their parents have money, but the kids have no legal claim to it. A person with no legal claim to assets is by many definitions "poor", and giving a poor person money is a transfer to the poor, no.
So you're going to need a more-sophisticated analysis.
[this is also why having the centrelink independence age at 25 is indefensible in any consistent framework.]
Other people's resources? lol private property is theft just as much as tax is theft and using other people's property.
And you know what I've worked in small business and the things I saw there reinforced my understanding that emphasising and incentivising the selfish and greedy nature of human behaviour is all wrong. The less encouragement that is provided for people to act as 'individuals' the better.
There is such a thing as society.
@Collin Street
You mean that if a student depends on his wealthy parent's income that he /she is not privileged. Err,…no, this is just silly.
It is true that government is by people and so it follows that the 'vibe' that influences people will influence the way that 'government' functions.
Given the toxic and wrong 'vibe' that has over the past decades been influencing people to think of themselves as individuals who when operating as self interested rational beings make the best decisions and the claims that there is no such thing as a society that needs to be nurtured and developed for the common good, then it is entirely probable that government will not be making good decisions.
But this is not necessarily the way government can or should function.
And you say that it is the individuals choice to invest but this choice is not a free choice or a rational choice it is influenced by the vibe and the lies that are told to individuals to encourage them to invest. Like gambling.
And to say that the investors interests are better aligned with the corporate interests than they are with government is not a rational argument; corporate interests are not a good thing for the individuals who make up the society and corporations do not have any commitment toward any community that aims to make the world a better place for everyone.
Government does have this aim even if they do not always live up to it.
what did I say? My comment is awaiting moderation. 😦
And I suppose forcibly taking other people's money to spend how you see fit isn't selfish? You may be able to convince yourself that would be the mark of a good person but not me unfortunately.
Private property is the sum return on people's capital and labour.
Its the result of consenting and mutually beneficial transactions between people. Taxes on the other hand, are often not consentual and the people spending them are largely unaccountable with little to no skin in the game. You talk about your small business experience like it's a qualification, well most people in government have never even had a job in the private sector. Government should always be the last resort. It exists only to do the things that people can't do themselves. It will never be a substitute for individuals being responsible for their own lives, including their failures.
"forcibly" taking people's money? You are free to move to a country where there is no taxation.This old-fashioned glibertarian nonsense is quite boring.
All those silly claims and the whole fake philosophy have been thoroughly discredited and individuality will never be a substitute for individuals taking responsibility for their community, the common good and working toward becoming better less selfish and greedy individuals.
J-D says:
Its the result of consenting and mutually beneficial transactions between people. …
It's interesting to compare your views with the views of Gerald Grosvenor, the 6th Duke of Westminster. He is reported to have said: 'Given the choice, I would rather not have been born wealthy, but I never think of giving it up. I can't sell. It doesn't belong to me.' It has also been reported that he was asked by the Financial Times for his advice to young entrepreneurs and replied, 'Make sure they have an ancestor who was a very close friend of William the Conqueror'.
It seems to have been caught by the automatic spamcatcher. Try rewriting it.
That's enough, thank you. Nothing further from you on this thread, please – JQ
Bleat about censorship deleted. As with nearly every propertarian I've dealt with here, S doesn't understand or respect other peoples' property rights. If you want to complain about socialism and insult other commenters, do it on your own blog
@John Quiggin
Thanks JQ, the comment in question is out of moderation. Moderation may have been triggered by my use of the word 'vibe' more than once.
S, the commentator with the simplistic 1980's libertarian schitk may have been triggered by the same word, he seems like the sort of person who is easily triggered.
And when triggered they really do illustrate the dysfunctionality of a personality constructed on the basis of self-interest improperly understood.
Is Alexis de Tocqueville a white male and a part of western civilisation?
And yet some people can't seem to understand his explanation of self-interest properly understood which is that the common welfare is in fact a precondition for one's own ultimate well-being.
And S has a blog? I suppose he doesn't get much of chance to trot out his same old same old arguments there.
@Jack Strocchi
The Dunkirk period, and WW2 in general, is getting a cinematic revival because cultural generals fight the last war, or rather the last war several wars ago, rather than face the realities of our next challenges.
In WW2 mythology, it's the last war where we (the West) were the good guys… except we weren't, not even then. That whole period. WW1 prequels to WW2 sequels, demonstrated the tendency of capitalism to erupt in imperial war or in fascism and imperial war in an attempt to resolve its contradictions.
Were the British in India any better than Nazis? We can ask the same questions of Belgium in the Congo, the British and French in the Middle East, the French in Indochina and so on.
Of course, when I say we weren't the good guys, people with standard Manichean thinking imagine I mean some other state or states were the good guys. No. States run by elites (aristocratic elites, capitalist elites, party elites, corporate elites) are never the good guys. They are always the bad guys. Your nostalgia for the traditions of elitism is a regressive dead-end.
Jack Strocchi :
…The Black Lives Matter and #MeToo movements are just a foretaste of the perpetual purge. …
This statement is patently false; they have purged nobody.
Good. Prof Quiggin is alert to conservative takes on classless access to education. Naff elitism.
BilB says:
Ken_L,
You would be warmed by the Amel Yachts story, crafted by the incredible Henri Amel.
Amel was blind for an extended period of his career.[5]
At the time of his death in 2005, Amel donated 12,000 of his 13,000 shares in Chantier Amel to the company's employees. (from Wikipedia)


text:
Манго — плоди , рослини роду  родини сумахових. Плоди мають волокнисту структуру та солодкий смак, шкірка забарвлена в тони червоного, зеленого або жовтого кольорів, у м'якоті колір жовтий або помаранчевий.

Виробники
Батьківщина манго — вологі тропічні ліси індійського штату Ассам та країни М'янма. В Індії та Пакистані манго вважають однією з національних фруктових рослин.

Індія збирає близько 13,5 мільйонів тонн плодів манго і є головним виробником (один з найвідоміших сортів — Альфонсо). В Європі манго культивують насамперед в Іспанії на Канарських островах.

Застосування

Плоди манго часто використовують у народній медицині в Індії та інших азійських країнах. Наприклад, в Індії манго застосовують для зупинки кровотеч, для зміцнення серцевого м'яза та для поліпшення роботи мозку.

Незрілі плоди
Зелені недозрілі плоди містять у собі у великих кількостях крохмаль, який у міру дозрівання перетворюється на прості вуглеводи: сахарозу, глюкозу та мальтозу. Крім того, незріле манго — цінне джерело пектину, однак після утворення в плоді твердої кісточки його кількість істотно зменшується. Завдяки вмісту в ньому лимонної, щавлевої, яблучної та бурштинової кислот незрілий плід дуже кислий на смак. Також зелене манго багате на вітамін С (в 15 мг міститься стільки ж вітаміну С, скільки в 30 мг лайма), є в ньому й інші вітаміни: B1, B2, ніацин.

Зрілі плоди

Зрілий фрукт на смак дуже солодкий і має приємний солодкуватий аромат. У ньому багато вітамінів та цукрів, але мало кислот.

Вітамін А, що міститься в зрілому фрукті у великих кількостях, добре впливає на органи зору: допомагає при курячій сліпоті, сухості рогівки та інших очних захворюваннях. Крім того, регулярне споживання стиглих плодів сприяє поліпшенню імунітету та оберігає від інфекцій простудного характеру, таких як ГРЗ, риніт та ін.

Зрілі плоди також використовують для зниження ваги, оскільки плоди містять в собі багато вітамінів та вуглеводів — так звана манго-молочна дієта.

Американські науковці твердять, що манго перешкоджає розвитку ракових клітин при пухлинах грудей і кишечника, оскільки містять антиоксиданти, хоч і в невеликій кількості.

Можливі негативні наслідки
При вживанні понад двох незрілих плодів на добу можлива поява кольок, подразнення слизової шлунково-кишкового тракту та горла. Переїдання стиглих фруктів може призвести до розладу кишечника, запорів, алергічних реакцій.

Харчова цінність

У 100 р. м'якоті манго міститься приблизно:
 Енергетична цінність: 270 кДж/70 ккал
 Білки: 0,51 г
 Жири: 0,27 г
 Вуглеводи
 цукри: 14,8 г
 клітковина: 1,8 г
 Вітаміни та мікроелементи (у% від рекомендованої добової норми)
 Тіамін (В1) : 0,058 мг (4 %)
 Рибофлавін (В2) : 0,057 мг (4 %)
 Ніацин (В3) : 0,584 мг (4 %)
 Пантотенова кислота (В5) : 0,160 мг (3 %)
 Вітамін B6: 0,134 мг (10 %)
 Фолієва кислота (B9) : 14 мкг (4 %)
 Вітамін C: 27,7 мг (46 %)
 Кальцій: 10 мг (1 %)
 Залізо: 0,13 мг (1 %)
 Магній: 9 мг (2 %)
 Фосфор: 11 мг (2 %)
 Калій: 156 мг (3 %)
 Цинк: 0,04 мг (0 %)

Примітки

Посилання

 Цікаві факти про манго // Електронний пізнавальний журнал «Факти про …»

Тропічні фрукти
Манго

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Government » Board of Review
The members of the Board of Review are volunteers from your neighborhood who review the assessment roll on behalf of City of Owosso residents and property owners. As per the City Charter, the Board of Review is composed of five members who have the qualifications for holding elective offices and who are freeholders of property assessed for taxes in the city. The members of the Board of Review shall be appointed by the Mayor, subject to confirmation by the council, and may be removed for reasons of non-feasance or misfeasance. The council shall set the compensation for the Board of Review, which compensation shall be on a per diem basis.
The Board of Review shall convene in its first session on the Tuesday following the first Monday in March. The Board of Review shall convene in its second session on the second Monday in March and shall be in session for six hours on that day and six hours on the succeeding day with a minimum of three hours being held after 6:00pm.
Appeals pertaining to value and classification can only be made to the March Board of Review. Failure to appeal to the March Board of Review denies your right for further appeal to the Michigan Tax Tribunal. Appeals may also be made to the March Board of Review by letter.
The Board of Review shall also meet on specified dates in July and December, but only for the purpose of correcting clerical errors and mutual mistakes of fact and appeals that relate to Homeowners' Principal Residence Exemptions.
Treena Chick
Assessing Office
Appointments are recommended
Please call Monday-Friday
between 9:00am - 5:00pm
Owosso, Michigan 48867
Ron Dankert
Amber Fuller
Michael O'Leary
Michael Selleck

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About Rypos
Metro Ports Acquire Tier 4 Locomotive
Posted by Rypos on Mar 3, 2021 10:00:00 AM
Metro Ports, an experienced terminal operator and stevedoring company with locations across the country serving the waterfront community with both cargo and passengers handling services announced it purchased a second Tier 4 locomotive engine for its Pier G operations at the Port of Long Beach in California.
Through the $1.2 million investment, Metro Ports anticipates reducing pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and reactive organic gas from their air emissions by more than 4.5 tons over the next 15 years. That represents a significant improvement in air-quality emissions over the local industry standard of currently operating Tier 2 equipment, Metro Ports officials said in a press release.
"The move coincides with the port's clean-air action plan, Metro Ports recognizes its position as an industry leader and seeks to inspire awareness with its early adoption of the newest technology in clean-air equipment," said Metro Ports President Robert Dickey.
The first unit, produced by "National Railway Equipment Company", was purchased when the technology was still considered experimental. With their recent $1.2M investment, Metro Ports expects to reduce air emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) and reactive organic gas (ROG) by over 4.5 tons over the next 15 years. This represents a significant improvement in air quality emissions over the local industry standard of currently operating Tier 2 equipment. The "Tier" number is a classification assigned to operating equipment by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), with a higher tier being assigned to cleaner-burning equipment with lower emissions. These improvements are not required by regulatory agencies but a voluntary, proactive step to lead the charge in environmental stewardship.
The new locomotive's addition is a project four years in the making, involving Knoxville Locomotive Works and the South Coast Air Quality Management District, which coordinated to procure grant funds through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that were aimed at projects that achieve significant reductions in diesel emission. These funds contributed to cover the total $3.2 million cost of the purchase, officials said.
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Enlightenment may not be massive. A scientist, a poet, a composer, an artist, a writer, an actor - all these are unique people with innate talent.
In June of 2004 contest "Logo of Heydar Aliyev Foundation" was held. Nearly 2500 logos were submitted to the contest. Logo of Heydar Aliyev Foundation was adopted by uniting different drafts of elected 2 logos. Aliyev Faig Bejan oglu and "Deadline" company were announced winners at the end of 2004.
The logo of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation is comprised of an octagonal star, with smaller octagonal star inside made of "H.A", the initials of Heydar Aliyev. Substance of octagonal star covering the initials is union of Azerbaijani people around Heydar Aliyev's ideas.
Two colors are reflected in logo: blue and golden. Blue shows sky, democracy, honesty, innocence, peace, reliability, sincerity, nationality. Golden color is a symbol of sun, peace, development, bright future.
Both colors reflect desires and dreams, ideas of nationwide leader Heydar Aliyev.


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Hanwha SolarOne unveils new storage partnership
Korea-based photovoltaic module manufacturer, Hanwha SolarOne Co. Ltd has announced a new partnership with U.S. storage system company, Silent Power.
July 10, 2012 Becky Beetz
According to a statement released, the Hanwha Group recently invested US$8 million in Silent Power's Series B funding round. "The investment in Silent Power is an aggressive move into an important market downstream and lays the foundation for a robust partnership," it said.
Under the partnership, Hanwha's photovoltaic modules are expected to be packaged together with Silent Power's distributed energy storage device, the OnDemand Energy Appliance. The final product is expected to be co-marketed to the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. The statement added that the first "bundled product offering" will be available this September.
Commenting on the partnership, Charles Kim, president of Hanwha SolarOne said, "We know from our customers that energy storage is an essential key to unlocking the full potential of renewable energy. It enables a smarter energy grid and achieves reliability and value for a solar system."
According to Silent Power's website, the company's OnDemand Energy Appliance is available in either five or 10 kW electrical output, with 10 kWh (20 kWh optional) of energy storage.
"The OnDemand Home Energy Appliance improves network reliability by creating a microgrid architecture through its distributed energy production by providing energy storage at the edge of the grid. This distributed multipoint production/storage design eliminates a single point of failure or vulnerability and is more secure in terms of our nation's energy security," it further explained on the website.
For more information on photovoltaic storage and grid integration, visit pv magazine's specially dedicated site.
Becky Beetz
Becky has managed the online presence of pv magazine International since its inception in 2010. As Head of Content, she is currently responsible for content development across all platforms, including our global and regional platforms.
More articles from Becky Beetz


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Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA6 gene.

GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABA-A receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABA-A receptors have been identified.

One study has found a genetic variant in the gene to be associated with the personality trait neuroticism.

See also
 GABAA receptor

References

Further reading

External links

Ion channels


The advent of podcasts on the internet has given the language teacher a goldmine of materials for teaching listening skills. This article covers the subject of podcasts on several levels. It will first deal with the question of what podcasts are and what their advantages are. Next, the article describes how podcasts can benefit students and how to determine which podcasts would be the most beneficial. It also discusses how to maximize learning from podcasts. Lastly, the content of ESL/EFL podcasts will be described so that the reader can take advantage of the new wealth of materials available for teaching.
A podcast is the name of a digital recording of a radio broadcast or similar program. Podcasts are published on the internet as MP3 files. Interested listeners are able to download these MP3 files onto their personal computer or personal MP3 player of any type The files can be listened to at the convenience of the listener. Learners can listen over and over to any material that is of interest to them. To be useful in a school setting a teacher would need internet access, a computer that can play audio files or an MP3 player.
Podcasts can be as short as two to three minutes and as long as an hour. Teachers can subscribe to a podcast through an RSS subscription (Really Simple Syndication). The advantage of this practice is that as new episodes become available they are downloaded to the computer automatically. Also, they come at no cost to the subscriber. Because podcast content is free, teachers now have a way to build up a big listening library for their students on contemporary and relevant topics. Teachers can also encourage students to download podcasts on their own so that they have more listening input.
There are at least two concepts that teachers must focus on in choosing a podcast for the students to hear. The first has to do with relevance. In order for students to benefit from listening to a podcast the content must be relevant to the learner. When a topic is relevant, it holds the attention of the learner and thus increases motivation. (Morley, 2001) Other researchers have also commented on the need for authentic language and contexts. By providing these tools, students will see the relevance of the activity to their long-term communicative goals. (Brown, 2001) The desire for relevant content is personified through such courses as Business English. In this past year, podcasts for Business English have appeared on the internet. They deal with practical topics such as socializing, telephoning and meetings. Teachers who teach overseas now have the opportunity to access such materials and pass it on to their students.
The second concept that a teacher must consider in choosing a podcast is that of transferability. Actually, relevance and transferability are often connected. If students feel that the content is relevant, there is a strong possibility that what is learned can be applied to other situations whether it is at school or out in the real world. "Best listening activities present in-class activities that mirror real life." (Morley, 2001, p.77) For instance, students can listen to a news broadcast with topics that can later be used in a real life conversation.
Students will gain the most from podcasts if they employ strategic listening techniques to consolidate their learning. Mendelsohn (1994) offers seven techniques that will help the listeners focus on any listening activity.
Listen for one crucial detail.
Listen for all the details.
Listen for mood and atmosphere.
Listen for the main idea.
Listen to form hypotheses and make predictions.
Listen to make an inference.
As students listen to a podcast, there must be a purpose for this activity. In other words, what will the students do with the information they gained through listening? Will they take notes, summarize the gist of a story, fill out an outline or fill in a gap story? (Morley, 2001) One can quickly see that a listening activity can involve more than one skill. Writing can be utilized as well as speaking. Students can discuss what they heard on the podcast. For instance, students' can compare their life experiences with those reported on a podcast.
What Type of Content Is Offered on ESL/EFL Podcasts?
Trying to find information on the internet can sometimes prove to be very frustrating. However, a quick search on an internet search engine will uncover a number of new ESL podcast sites that have been developed for different purposes. The following are just some of the topics that are covered.
Teachers can also take advantage of mainstream media institutions that offer free podcasts such as Voice of America and National Public Radio. Podcasts are not just for listening. Often there is a transcript provided along with worksheets. Some podcasts even provide cultural notes. A number of websites interact with the students and ask them to write in with questions or comments. Often the comments of students provide the material for new programs. One innovative uses of podcasts is to have a student listen to a podcast and read along with its transcript. Then the student will make a recording of the material on a cassette tape and turn it into the teacher along with a written journal. The teacher then listens to the student's recording and gives appropriate feedback to the student. This type of activity helps the students to develop fluency in reading, to improve pronunciation, and to acquire new vocabulary words.
My interest in podcasts developed because of the desire to find new materials for teaching listening skills. In teaching listening, a teacher can fall into the bad habit of using the same listening materials over and over again. Podcasts can supply fresh ideas and motivation. With any new idea, a teacher must also examine the reasons for using it and the purposes it can serve. Students in an EFL setting need to be exposed to new voices and relevant content. Podcasts can meet this need. But, a teacher must also be committed to teaching good listening techniques such as listening for details. At the end of the day students must be able to do something with what they have heard. As students respond positively to listening tasks, they will be motivated to learn more. After all, the goal of every teacher should be to help students gain confidence in hearing and understanding what is spoken in their new language.
Brown, D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. White Plains, NY: Longman, Inc.
Madden, M. (2006, November). Podcast downloading. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Available at http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Podcasting.pdf.
Mendelsohn, D. (1994). Learning to listen: A strategy-based approach for the second language learner. Carlsbad, CA: Dominic Press, Inc.
Morley, J. (2001). Aural comprehension instruction: Principles and practices. In M. Celce-Murcia (Ed.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language, (pp.69-85). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Peterson, P. (2001). Skills and strategies for proficient listening. In M. Celce-Murcia (Ed.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language, (pp.87-100). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.


Pineapple Habanero Jam is a delicious no-sugar, no-pectin recipe — the heat and the sweet will duke it out in your mouth, and cheese and crackers will never be the same again.
I don't like to admit how often cheese and crackers figures in our dinner plans. Not as a starter, but as the main course. Whatever…I'm sure you have your peculiarities when it comes to dinner, we all do, but I think we can agree that when it comes to cheese and crackers, good condiments are key. A great hot pepper jam can elevate a water cracker and a schmear of fresh goat cheese to dizzying heights of culinary pleasure. No exaggeration.
Hot pepper jams and jellies are definitely a polarizing food — people tend to crave them or hate them, but over the years I've found that those in the 'nay' camp can usually be convinced with just one taste. Personally I've never met a spicy jam I didn't love, unless of course it commits the mortal sin of not being hot enough. Enter the mighty habanero, the hottest pepper you'll find in the supermarket. It's small, bright orange, and packs a wallop. Look for them right next to the jalapenos and the Serranos.
While I've made lots and lots of hot pepper jams and jellies, I never thought to use pineapple until we found a little jar at a gourmet cheese and wine store while we were visiting in Florida a couple of weeks ago. The one we bought didn't have nearly enough of a kick for my taste, and it was made with pineapple juice, not the actual fruit — so it just begged for the DIY treatment! My version uses an entire pineapple and three habanero peppers for a good amount of heat. I didn't add any sugar or pectin., I found the pineapple is both sweet and thick enough on its own. I love the fresh taste and that sunny color!
I generally choose a cream cheese or a whipped goat cheese to serve with hot pepper jellies and jams. But I asked the owner of the gourmet shop in Florida what he recommended for the hot pineapple jam and he suggested a good ripe Brie. I've tried it both ways and both are fantastic, so take your pick!
Don't stop with cheese and crackers, try this on grilled chicken or pork, or on a turkey sandwich.
if you're into this kind of thing you need to try my other varieties — NECTARINE, CRANBERRY, GRAPEFRUIT, BELL PEPPER and PEACH.
Cut the top off the pinapple and then run a sharp knife along the rind to peel it. Slice the pineapple, core and all, and then chop it.
Put the pineapple and juice in a pot.
Trim the stem end off the habanero pepper(s) and give them a rough chop, and add them to the pot, seeds and all.
Bring the pot to a boil, then turn down and boil for about 20 minutes, stirring often, until the pineapple has softened.
Use an immersion blender to blend the pineapple mixture. You don't have to get it completely smooth, just be sure to get all of the large chunks blended.
Cook another 20 minutes or so, until thickened. Stir often so the jam doesn't scorch.
Spoon the jam into a clean jar and let cool to room temperature. Then cap and refrigerate.
The jam should keep for at least 10 days in the refrigerator.
If you where to can this, how long do you think it would last, one year? Can not wait to try this! This is the first year that I have a garden in Sweden and it is exciting to see how many different jams I can make :) and there is nothing better than cheese and crackers!
Hey Crystal, if you want it to last that long I would freeze it. Congrats on your garden!
Can I use Jalapeño Peppers instead…plenty from the garden!
I am wondering if you could use canned pineapple in place of fresh pineapple? and if so.. how much would you use please?
Excellent!! I've made this so many times!
What would you suggest as an estimate for the pineapple if measured in cups, in stead of a whole pineapple?
Maybe 4 cups as a rough estimate, Anna.
This sounds like a great flavor combo. I'm going to try it. Would this freeze well?
I assume so, I always freeze my extra jams and jellies rather than can them.
Hah! You're the kind of customer I like Adina!!
I LOVE making jams and jellies Sue and this one sounds so delicious! Love the sweet and spicing combo!
In Germany eating cheese, cold cuts and bread or crackers for dinner in the evening is called Abendbrot ( evening bread) and it is the norm. Your habanero pineapple jam would make a great addition.
I didn't know that, thanks Gerlinde – I think it's probably a healthy way to eat.
I love jams like this! They are perfect to have in the fridge for impromptu wine, cheese and cracker occasions :) Loving the pineapple!!
I'm totally guilty of serving cheese and crackers for dinner! I couldn't handle the habanero (because I'm a weenie) but my husband would love him some habanero jam! I think he would put it on everything! I'm totally making this for him!
Love that kick from the habanero! I could easily make a meal out of crackers and cheese too ;).
I think I could smear this on a grilled cheese sandwich! How beautiful and so creatively wonderful! Sharing!
What a great combination! I too love cheese and crackers; sometimes (when I'm feeling lazy) that's all I'll have throughout the day.
How comforting that there are others making a dinner out of crackers and cheese! Oh, the privilege of being empty-nesters! Will definitely be making this the next time pineapples go on sale. Thanks, Sue!
We did the crackers and cheese thing even when my girls were both at home :) We're dedicated cheese platers here!
It is hard to stop at a few crackers with cheese and if the selection included this sweet/hot jam, I'd be quite happy to call it dinner too! It's a wonderful combination!
Oh lordy this looks good. Do you think this would hold up in a spring pan with the goat cheese? It would make a tasty/colorful appetizer at my daughters wedding.
I'm not sure I know what you mean, so it's hard to say. I think you could use it as a topping for a wheel of say, Brie, for baking.
A great way to have pineapple longer :) If it lasts..Love the color.!
We eat cheese and crackers for dinner as well and this recipe will ensure we continue to, lol. You and I have such similar tastes in food, Sue, and I'm all about the heat too. I love that there's no pectin or sugar in it. I'd love it with both goat cheese and brie. Yum!


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The beginning of a beautiful friendship – The BFI and Durham
We are thrilled to announce our creative partnership with the BFI (British Film Institute). Led by Professor Santiago Fouz Hernández and Professor Jonathan Long, students will have the unique opportunity to learn from industry experts and gain access to landmark independent films on the BFI Player streaming service. Students on our Visual Arts programmes will also get the much sought-after chance to gain industry placements.
Off-shore energy storage project wins UK Government backing
A new collaboration between Durham University and Crondall Energy Ltd to explore the potential of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) in the UK continental shelf, has won backing from the UK government.
New study sheds light on Axion Dark Matter
A pioneering scientist from our Physics Department has collaborated with academics in Kings College London in a new study that strongly supports the search for axion dark matter.
Renewed Partnership with National Museum of Japanese History
The Oriental Museum held an event recently to renew Durham University's Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the National Museum of Japanese History and celebrate the highly valued partnership.
Double Durham Winners Of The Bright Network Society Of The Year Awards
Huge congratulations to two Durham societies for their success at last week's Bright Network Society of the Year Awards. Both Durham University Electric Motorsport (DUEM) and Durham University Women in Business (DUWIB) were voted winners in their categories which reflects the commitment and enthusiasm of Durham students towards their passions and interests that complement their studies.
A word from our new Vice-Chancellor
Our new Vice-Chancellor and Warden, Professor Karen O'Brien, introduces herself and acknowledges two current initiatives that demonstrate how the University can benefit and is benefitting the North-East.
New anti-social noise procedure encourages students to be good neighbours
The University has worked in partnership with Durham Constabulary, Durham County Council and others, to introduce a new procedure for responding to reports of anti-social noise from students in Durham City. The aim of this partnership and the procedure is to encourage positive citizenship and good relationships between students and the local community.
Professor Carlene Firmin gets the Green Light
Professor Carlene Firmin, MBE, delivered her inaugural lecture in style with over 2500 participants registering to watch online.
Guidelines on Physical Activity for Disabled Children and Young People
Disabled children and young people will be supported to be more physically active following the publication of new guidelines from the UK Chief Medical Officers (CMOs). The guidelines are underpinned by research from our Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Bristol and Disabilities Rights UK.
The colourful Holi Festival is back at the Oriental Museum
Students and community volunteers will spring into action to help celebrate the spectacular Indian festival of Holi at Durham University's Oriental Museum.
Still time to get involved in Student Volunteering Week
Student volunteering week (7 to 13 February) is now well underway and has seen some great work done by our students over the last few days, but there is still plenty of time to get yourself involved!
Year of the Tiger celebrations in Durham City
As a global University, with staff and students from over 120 countries, we were delighted to take part in celebrations across Durham City centre on 5 February to welcome the Year of the Tiger. This event marked a particular highlight in Durham's varied cultural calendar.
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Helix Sleep mattresses that have targeted cushioning conform closely, which makes them ideal for side sleepers. While hybrids with moderate cushioning do not conform as much and are ideal for pretty much all sleep positions. Lighter individuals may feel more comfortable on models with balanced support, while those who weigh 130 pounds or more tend to favor the models with additional support.
Helix Sleep also offers two models with dual-firmness, the Helix Dual Balanced (with targeted cushioning and balanced support) and the Helix Dual Extra (with additional support and moderate cushioning). Both of these models have one 'Firm' side and one 'Soft' side, which makes them great for couples with differing tastes. Last, the Helix Nightfall is a hybrid developed for larger, heavier people. This variant has an additional layer of memory foam for optimum support.
Read on for my full review of Helix mattresses, including sleeper and performance evaluations, the company's delivery and return policies and everything else you need to know about these mattresses.
All 9 of the different iterations of the mattress will differ slightly in construction, but for 6 of the 9 variants, the construction will be fairly similar. The six core models (listed above) are 10 inches tall, composed of 6 inches of individually wrapped coils and 4 inches of foam.
Cover – Originally, all Helix mattresses come with exactly the same cover, made of 100 percent polyester. I thought it to be stretchy and thin, allowing for some wonderful breathability. But, if you want something more luxurious, you can opt to swap out the regular cover for the brand's UltraCool one, which is made up of a phase-change material to regulate temperature.
Comfort Layer – On top, you'll find a heavy layer of memory foam. This material has a slow reaction to pressure, meaning you are likely to encounter some satisfying body contouring. Even though it may seem odd for a supposedly medium firmness bed to incorporate a memory foam comfort layer, it is important to remember that the presence of deep sinkage doesn't necessarily translate to softness; in actuality, most of the time it generates quite a firm feeling.
Transition Layer – After getting past the comfort layer, you'll find a transition layer of poly foam. This layer of foam works to suppress the sinkage of the comfort layer and establish a supportive, medium firm feeling as you hit the individually wrapped coils underneath.
Support Layer – Most of the mattress is made up of this segment of pocketed coils. This system brings a supportive lift to the structure, working to place the sleeper "on top" of the mattress, instead of "in it". Since these coils are individually wrapped, they are also going to give extra breathability as air flows through the spaces in the coils.
Base Layer – Last, you will find a thin section of high-density poly foam. This segment doesn't affect the feel of the bed too much, functioning mostly to give the pocketed coils something off of which to react.
After having a peek at the construction of the Helix mattresses, let us discuss their varying feels and firmness levels.
The firmness of the Helix is going to differ widely depending on the version you choose. The Helix Dusk and Midnight, have medium firmness levels, which is going to be very versatile and thus very popular. If you have more specific needs, however, Helix Sleep is happy to provide you with more choices.
Lying down on the Helix Midnight, the uppermost foam comfort layer is soft and produces some quality body contouring, while the rest of the materials in the Midnight work to counteract this and make an overall firmer structure. The individually-wrapped coils and the firmer support foams also assist with re-positioning.
For those who sleep on their back, there's just enough good comfort material here to conform to your lumbar while supporting your whole back in a neutral position. For larger buyers or people who want a firmer bed, there are two more models for you in the Helix Twilight and Helix Dawn models.
Majority of side sleepers will feel totally comfortable on the Midnight, however, if you're needing less pressure while still sticking with a flexible medium firmness, you might want to check out the Helix Dusk, which utilizes a body-conforming latex-alternative foam that's breathable and provides the surface a little bit of bounce.
Side sleepers typically have to be more mindful of pressure because they sleep with most their weight on a smaller region. People who are lighter than average or those looking for lots of pressure relief may want to stick to the plusher models.
Those who sleep on their stomach should feel supported in the Midnight, especially if this is not their primary position or they tend to change things up a lot. Firmer choices might be preferable for exclusive tummy sleepers so they can ensure their hips do not dip and over-arch their back.
Lastly, Helix Sleep recommends Helix for sleepers up to 350 lbs or couples that weigh up to 250 pounds each. If you or your partner are significantly larger than average, the company has also created a mattress called the Nightfall that is built to accommodate a combined weight of 1000 pounds.
Partners with different types of bodies or tastes may also pick a dual comfort variant that pairs Firm with Plush.
Bear in mind that if neither of these models seem right, you can always have a look at the four other beds in the newest collection: the Sunset (plush, softer than the Moonlight), Dusk (medium feel, a little firmer than the Midnight), Twilight (firm, made for side sleepers), or Dawn (the firmest variant in the collection).
According to my research, Helix Sleep surpasses expectations for hybrid mattresses in this space due to the quantity and quality of foam it incorporates, in addition to the pocketed coils which help keep motion at its source. If you're a light sleeper afraid that movement from the opposite side of the bed will wake you, then you should not have a lot of concern with this mattress. I'd say that all of the Helix mattresses would be a good option for couples.
When getting a new mattress, most men and women would like to know whether they'll feel like they're sinking "into" the mattress or lying "on top" of it.
While you may experience a little immediate sinkage from the uppermost foam layers, when you sink through those layers, you will hit the pocketed coils and feel great support. This combo will appeal to a vast assortment of sleepers, but will suit back and stomach sleepers the most.
Though I do feel the memory foam collapse as I sit near the edge of the bed, the individually-wrapped coils prevent the mattress from compressing too much beyond that. I feel very secure seated on the mattress.
In my view, Helix mattresses perform above average when it comes to edge support in comparison to other bed-in-a-box brands, and this is due to their recently updated edges that contain reinforcement in the coil system. There can be some compression in the comfort foams when you sit with your entire weight on the side, but laying on the side should feel comfortable and safe. Partners who want more space to stretch out normally love strong edges.
Lying down, I also feel like I could get close to the edge of the bed without feeling like I will fall off or be ejected from the bed. Overall, I think that the Helix has great edge support.
Among the best features of purchasing a bed-in-a-box online is the sleep trials they typically include. Helix is no different. You customize the mattress that is intended for you, place your order, and within two weeks, it's delivered to your home. From the minute you click to order the mattress, you've got 100 nights to check it out (minus the time for delivery, so it is more like 90 nights). If it is not perfect, you can return it for free, and get a full refund.
Helix Sleep offers an amazing 10-year warranty that covers defects, but it comes with limitations, exceptions, and the burden of proof is on the consumer (like most guarantees ). Needless to say, you must be the first owner of the Helix to use the guarantee, and you will need to be sure you save your receipt as proof of purchase.
Provided that you follow all of Helix's expectations for use, your warranty will be valid. That means you will need to have a proper base (no adjustable bed frames or slats over 4 inches apart) and that you don't use the mattress improperly – no jumping on the bed!
If your Helix starts to show an indentation of 1" or more, something that generally happens when low-density foams break down, you could qualify for a replacement or repair of your Helix.
If you are sure that a Helix Sleep mattress is ideal for you, you can see the pricing and size information beneath. However, please bear in mind that these prices reflect standard pricing, and does not consider my special promo. Click here to get my special discount and receive up to $125 off your mattress now.
Helix mattresses require no flipping, but it's suggested that you rotate the mattress perhaps once or twice a year to keep it from wearing down from excessive sagging.
For routine cleanup, it is advised to use cool water with gentle dish detergent to clean any dirt or stains. Be certain that you wash using soft circular movements, instead of rubbing.
The attributes of this mattress were thoughtfully constructed to deliver choices whether you were looking for a mattress that stays cool all night, if you needed one to cradle your curves with a thick comfort system, or both! The coil unit should provide great edge support and movement transfer is at a minimum with their individually-wrapped construction.
Hopefully, I've given you some idea of what the average customer can expect from the Helix, but it does provide a sensational range of customization with a choice for literally every particular desire or need. Your next best sleep may just be a brief online quiz away.


When it comes to property damage or loss, our goal is to respond quickly and professionally to each claim we receive. Our on-site parking attendants are able to get you the proper contact information in order to file your claim.
To help expedite the process, below are some Frequently Asked Questions to help you understand and navigate the claims process.
Claims can be filed online, by mail, email or phone.
The owner or renter of the automobile is required to file the claim.
You will receive a response from us by phone, email or letter confirming receipt of the claim. If you do not hear from us within three business days, contact the claims department. Safeway Parking reserves the right to refuse any claim which has been falsified or has resulted by actions of a third person party.
Do I Need to Get an Estimate for the Repairs?
No. Safeway Parking reserves the right to enlist the services of an independent claims adjuster. Our first option will be to use our own service. If our services are unable to be used due to extenuating circumstances then, Yes. You will need to provide at least two written estimates for repair. Our claim handlers will review both estimates and may contact the repair facility in some cases. If the repairs are reasonable, we will process a check to the vehicle owner equal in the amount of the lower of the two estimates.
Will I Get a Rental Car While My Own Vehicle Is Being Repaired?
Rental cars may be provided while repairs are being made to your vehicle. Safeway reserves the right to choose the services of a particular rental company. Safeway will only be responsible for covering the cost of the rental. Additional costs such as insurance, fuel, mileage and refueling charges will be the responsibility of the renter.
In some cases, claimants receive a same-day response. Most claims are processed within 48 hours.


text:
Darienite (https://darienite.com/event/darien-old-timers-athletic-association-annual-dinner-2)
By David Gurliacci | January 1, 1970
The Darien Old Timers Athletic Association, founded in 1961 to recognize outstanding athletes in the Darien community, will celebrate its 61st anniversary by honoring seven people at its annual dinner Monday, Nov. 7 at The Water's Edge at Giovanni's.
— an announcement from the Darien Old Timers Athletic Association
The annual dinner will be a time to celebrate past athletic achievements of former Darien athletes and the funds raised will go to providing annual scholarships for Darien High School seniors (not just athletes) and supporting Darien Social Services.
"This year's honorees are an impressive selection of men and women who have impacted the Darien community and beyond with their athletic and civic accomplishments," said Bill Peters, president, Darien Old Timers Athletic Association.
Local Honorees:
Nigel Ekern
Lou Gesualdi
Paul Sellew
Steve Lauten (posthumous award)
Community Civic Award: Richard Koch (Darien Emergency Medical Services-Post 53)
Outstanding Female Achievement Award: Anne Rodriguez Maguire
Outstanding Male Achievement Award: Mike Sangster (Darien High School varsity football coach 1987-1999)
"We are proud to carry on the tradition of providing scholarship funds for well deserving Darien High School students and assistance to Darien Social Services," Peters said.
If You're Going …
The dinner will be held from 6 to 10 p.m. at The Water's Edge at Giovanni's in Darien on Monday, Nov. 7.
Tickets are $85 each or a table for ten for $850 and may be purchased here.
To purchase ads in the program that contribute to the scholarships please contact Jim Jespersen at jdjespersen7@gmail.com.
About the Darien Old Timers Athletic Association
The Darien Old Timers Athletic Association (DOTAA) was founded in 1961 by members of the Piedmont Club. DOTAA's primary missions were to recognize outstanding athletic achievement, primarily within the Darien community, and to support athletics within the community.
Over the years that mission has changed and evolved: In addition to recognizing the past accomplishments of athletes from Darien, the DOTAA now awards several financial scholarships to graduating Darien High School (DHS) seniors each year, and not just athletes.
The DOTAA also supports those in need in Darien through financial donations to Darien Social Services.
Harvest Fest Fundraiser for DVCC Features Cocktails, Dinner, Dancing, Silent Auction
Darien Old Timers Athletic Association Annual Dinner
November 7 @ 6:00 pm - 10:00 pm
Federal Realty's Darien Commons Starts Renting Apartments in Downtown Noroton Heights
Here's a List of What Remains Wrong on Metro-North
Darien and Rowayton Real Estate Report: Oct 6 to 13
Anthony Correnty, 94, Restaurant and Bar Owner; Loved Golf and Taught It to His Children and Grandchildren
Darien Police Wear Mourning, CT Flags Lowered in Honor of Two Bristol Police Officers Shot to Death
Cops: Arrested Man Said He'd Heard on the News that Darien Cars Were Unlocked
Presentation Feb 2 on Resettling Refugees in the U.S.
Death at RR Crossings: Publicity Needed, But State Didn't Apply for Grant: Cameron on Transportation
You've Been in a Car Accident and Need a Lawyer — Who Will Need YOUR Help: Advice from an Attorney
Darien Man, 59, Thinks He's Seducing a 14-Year-Old Girl. Instead, He Gets Arrested in a Sting Operation
Police: Employee Admits to Stealing From a Business, Almost $200K Stolen Since 2017
Irene Trautmann, 59, a Volunteer of the Year, Past President of Darien Music for Youth, Golfer, Real Estate Agent
More Deaths and More Aggressive Driving on Our Highways: Something Must Be Done
Arthur Allen, Firefighter, Sailed to Every Continent in Merchant Marine, Lacrosse and Basketball Coach
One Car Passenger Dead, Another Injured in I-95 Shooting Wednesday Morning; Driver Exits in Darien
What If You Could Take a Train to Mystic and Make a Quick Connection to the Casinos?
Four Darien High School Seniors Named 2023 National Merit Scholarship Semifinalists
A Homeowner Describes the Noise Living Close to the Train Tracks
Health Department's Most Recent Inspections of Darien Restaurants Shows One With a 'C'
Darien and Rowayton Real Estate Report: August 25 to September 1
Darien and Rowayton Real Estate Report: Sept 1 to 8
Archives Select Month October 2022 September 2022 August 2022 July 2022 June 2022 May 2022 April 2022 March 2022 February 2022 January 2022 December 2021 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 August 2021 July 2021 June 2021 May 2021 April 2021 March 2021 February 2021 January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 February 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015


Meal replacement is anticipated to register a slowdown in the current value decline in 2014, mainly due to increases in unit prices rather than to greater consumer preference for these products. With Herbalife expected to account for a 92% value share, there were no major movements such as product launches or increased competition from private label to maintain unit prices in meal replacement in 2014.
With a value share of 92%, Herbalife is anticipated to lead meal replacement in 2014. The company is benefiting from its strategy of distributing products through its well-established direct selling network. This led to the company reaching a wide consumer base which places a high amount of trust in the Herbalife brand. In addition to its direct selling network, Herbalife also offers an online shop, www.hbl-shop.at, through which consumers can easily order Herbalife products.
With an increasing number of Austrians starting to pay more attention to their health and wellbeing and opting for healthier lifestyles, the negative image of meal replacement products is anticipated to continue over the forecast period. Austrians are very conscious about their health, and are generally fond of sport and physical activity. They are thus anticipated to look for healthy ways of maintaining their weight and leading healthy lifestyles. Consequently, meal replacement is predicted to post a negative value CAGR of 5% at constant 2014 prices over the forecast period, which is in line with the CAGR seen over the review period.
Discover the latest market trends and uncover sources of future market growth for the Meal Replacement industry in Austria with research from Euromonitor's team of in-country analysts.
If you're in the Meal Replacement industry in Austria, our research will save you time and money while empowering you to make informed, profitable decisions.
What is the market size of Meal Replacement in Austria?


text:
<?php

namespace Wintner\Repository\PhotoDuels\Search;

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Wintner\Repository\PhotoDuels\Picture\PictureInterface;

/**
 * Class representing a searcher.
 */
class SearcherEloquent implements SearcherInterface
{
	/**
	 * @var PictureInterface Picture model
	 */
	protected $picture = null;

	/**
	 * Initializes the searcher.
	 *
	 * @param PictureInterface $picture
	 */
	public function __construct(PictureInterface $picture)
	{
		$this->picture = $picture;
	}

	/**
	 * Processes a full-text search.
	 *
	 * @param string $query
	 * @param int $page
	 * @param int $limit
	 */
	public function search($query, $page = 1, $limit = 5)
	{
		$arrPictureId = array();
		$total = 0;
		$arrWord = $this->picture->getIndexer()->extractWords($query);
		$arrPictureId = array();
		foreach ($arrWord as $word)
		{
			$arrPictureId = array_merge($arrPictureId,
				$this->seek($word));
		}
		return $this->picture->getById($arrPictureId,
			$page, $limit, array('updated_at' => true));
	}

	/**
	 * Seeks pictures containing a given word.
	 *
	 * @param string $word
	 * @return array Picture ids
	 */
	private function seek($word)
	{
		$arrPictureId = array();
		$query =
		"
			SELECT DISTINCT
				ii.picture_id
			FROM
				inverted_index ii
			JOIN
				word w
			ON
				w.id = ii.word_id
			AND
				w.deleted_at IS NULL
			AND
				w.word LIKE ?
			WHERE
				ii.deleted_at IS NULL
			ORDER BY
				ii.updated_at DESC
		";
		$data = DB::select($query, array('%' . $word . '%'));
		$arrPictureId = array();
		foreach ($data as $row)
		{
			$arrPictureId[] = $row->picture_id;
		}
		return $arrPictureId;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What is New Orleans Psychic Fair?
New Orleans Psychic Fair is a collaborative project that brings together those in the Metaphysical fields to work in the community to promote the mind, body and spirit of the attendees.
Mediums Trenny Simmons and Sid Patrick will be giving messages from your loved ones. All partisipants will get a reading.
Tickets go on sale after previous fair.


Medina 1959 Miami Edition Lancero fresh from the cigar roller's table. Crowds come into our main Miami Mega Store daily to pick up some freshly made Medina 1959 Miami Edition Lancero cigars. The Lanceros don't have a cigar band but their construction and taste is clearly Cuban. These cigars are only available in the Miami Mega Store. The word has spread quickly about these wonderful cigars so many are calling and asking if they can get them online. Well now you can. These are the freshly handmade cigars from the Cuban Crafters Miami Cigar Factory.
The Lancero cigars are hand made in Cuban Crafters' Miami cigar factory by one of the world's most talented Cuban cigar roller. Medina 1959 Miami Edition Lancero cigars have that special and elegant taste that only pre-1959 Cuban cigars had. That's because they are made under the watchful eye of Manuel Medina, a legend in the history of Cuban cigars. From the dry Cuban-seed tobacco bunching to the precise blending of different tobacco leaves, this cigar yells quality and elegance. While it's beautiful to look it, it's even better to smoke.
The medium bodied smoke is filled with delightful tastes of toasted nuts, spices and smooth waves of butterscotch with sweet malt cream that coats your mouth and keeps you hoping it never ends. They can only be compared to the pre-Castro Cuban cigars that magically grabbed your attention at the start and kept you satisfied until the very end. The Cuban-seed Habano long-filler and binder are aged for 6 years and the super-premium Cuban-seed wrapper is aged for at least 5 years.
This combination of tobacco was blended by Manuel Medina to match the exact taste that he remembers when he first started rolling cigars in Cuba. Each Lancero cigar is 7 1/2 inches long with a ring gauge of 38.
Medina 1959 Miami Edition re-creates the pre-Castro Cuban cigars, when Cubans were considered the best in the world. These reserve cigars are unquestionably captivating. Each one is hand made by a decorated Cuban born roller in Miami. Medina 1959 Miami Edition Lancero Cigars are extremely difficult to make. They are hand made by Ernesto Camilo Luna and Julio Cesar Perez, both Lancero experts. These cigars exemplify the talents and skills of these life-long cigar makers.
Ernesto Camilo has been rolling cigars for over 16 years and is a Lancero expert. It's the size he prefers. He started rolling at the Veguero factory of Pinar del Rio and eventually transferred to the Romeo y Julieta factory. Ironically, Ernesto Camilo was born under a tobacco plant. His is a generational cigar maker who arrived from Cuba a few months ago and started working at Cuban Crafters upon his arrival.
Julio Cesar Perez has been rolling cigars for over 28 years and is a Lancero expert. It's the size he prefers to roll, and smoke. Julio arrived from Cuba a few years ago and has been rolling for various top tier companies in Miami. He started working at Cuban Crafters a few months ago and recommends smoking a Lancero while dancing to a good salsa song.
A very nice medium cigar, well constructed and one I would highly recommend.
These cigars are the best I've ever had. Mild and very flavorful! Highly recommended!
Love this size cigar, smooth and mild. Great at the sale price.
Well made! Nice flavor, medium bodied cigar. A little hard to draw at first, but will buy this one again!
Click the button below to add the Medina 1959 Miami Edition Lancero Cigar Single Fresh From Cigar Rollers Table 7 1/2 X 38 to your wish list.


text:
R. Ring
Stephen Sondheim, Sara Bareilles, Into The Woods 2022 Broadway Cast
The Sounds Of Animals Fighting
Jonah Yano
Yussef Dayes
Brian Blade
Meg Baird
War Poems, We Rested [Yellow LP]
Into The Woods (2022 Broadway Cast Recording)
Apeshit [Clear Orange LP]
Anthems From The Abyss
Portrait Of A Dog [2LP]
The Yussef Dayes Experience Live at Joshua Tree (Presented by Soulection) [Indie Exclusive Limited Edition LP]
LIFECYCLES Volumes 1 & 2 : Now! and Forever More Honoring Bobby Hutcherson [LP]
Furling [LP]
The indie variant includes three exclusive screen-printed inserts, each inspired by the three acts of ATUM.
The Smashing Pumpkins' highly anticipated twelfth studio album, ATUM (pronounced Autumn) is a three-act rock opera album featuring 33-tracks, and is the sequel to 1995's Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness and 2000's Machina/Machine of God. ATUM was written and produced by Billy Corgan over the past 4 years. Available on April 21, 2023 on 3xCD, 4xLP, and 4xLP indie-exclusive which includes three exclusive screen-printed inserts, each inspired by the three acts of ATUM.
Label: Martha's Music
Visualizers plus on cover videos.
ATUM [Indie Exclusive Limited Edition 4LP w/ Exclusive Inserts]
Artist: Smashing Pumpkins
CD - CD
1. ATUM
2. Butterfly Suite
3. The Good In Goodbye
4. Embracer
5. With Ado I Do
6. Hooligan
7. Steps In Time
8. Where Rain Must Fall
9. Beyond The Vale
10. Hooray!
11. The Gold Mask
1. Avalanche
2. Empires
3. Neophyte
4. Moss
5. Night Waves
6. Space Age
7. Every Morning
8. To The Grays
10. The Culling
11. Springtimes
1. Sojourner
2. That Which Animates The Spirit
3. The Canary Trainer
4. Pacer
5. In Lieu Of Failure
6. Cenotaph
7. Harmageddon
8. Fireflies
9. Intergalactic
10. Spellbinding
11. Of Wings
Alongside the album announcement comes Billy Corgan's brand-new podcast series Thirty-Three with William Patrick Corgan, available now via https://smashingpumpkins.com. Each episode of Thirty-Three with William Patrick Corgan will debut a new, yet to be released song until the official release of ATUM in 2023. The podcast will feature a deeper break down of each track, from Corgan himself, on their forthcoming 33-track musical concept album. The podcast also dives into Pumpkins history and features a classic song in each episode. The first episode's guest is David Bowie's esteemed long-time pianist Mike Garson. More guests to be revealed soon. To learn more, visit link.chtbl.com/thirtythreepodcast
When The Smashing Pumpkins first emerged out of Chicago in 1988, the world had never heard a band quite like them. They spun together rock, pop, shoe-gaze, metal, goth, psychedelia, and electronic into a kaleidoscope of saccharine melodies, fuzzy distortion, bombastic orchestration, incendiary fretwork, eloquent songcraft, and unshakable hooks. Upon their formation, their sound was different, iconoclastic, and wholly new—and it still is today. As a result, they've sold over 30 million albums worldwide and collected two GRAMMY® Awards, two MTV VMAs, and an American Music Award. Their catalog is highlighted by the platinum Gish [1991], the quadruple-platinum Siamese Dream [1993], diamond-certified Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness [1995], platinum Adore [1998], and gold Machina/The Machines of God [2000]. In 2018, they embarked on one of their most successful tours ever, the Shiny and Oh So Bright Tour, followed by SHINY AND OH SO BRIGHT, VOL. 1 / LP: NO PAST. NO FUTURE. NO SUN. Meanwhile, 2020 saw the release of the band's eleventh full-length and latest double album, CYR. As prolific as ever, The Smashing Pumpkins will release their next album on April 21, 2023.
The Smashing Pumpkins - Beguiled (Official Music Video)