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Free love is a social movement that rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social and financial bondage. The Free Love movement's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, birth control, and adultery. It claimed that such issues were the concern of the people involved, and no one else.[1]
1.1 Relationship to feminism
2.1 Early precedents
2.2 Enlightenment thought
2.3 Utopian socialism
2.4 Origins of the movement
2.4.1 United States
2.4.2 United Kingdom
2.4.6 USSR
2.5 Recent
3 In popular culture
Much of the free-love tradition is an offshoot of anarchism, and reflects a libertarian philosophy that seeks freedom from state regulation and church interference in personal relationships. According to this concept, the free unions of adults are legitimate relations which should be respected by all third parties whether they are emotional or sexual relations. In addition, some free-love writing has argued that both men and women have the right to sexual pleasure without social or legal restraints. In the Victorian era, this was a radical notion. Later, a new theme developed, linking free love with radical social change, and depicting it as a harbinger of a new anti-authoritarian, anti-repressive sensibility.[2]
According to today's stereotype, earlier middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. To this mentality are attributed strongly defined gender roles, which led to a minority reaction in the form of the free love movement.[3]
While the phrase free love is often associated with promiscuity in the popular imagination, especially in reference to the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s, historically the free-love movement has not advocated multiple sexual partners or short-term sexual relationships. Rather, it has argued that sexual relations that are freely entered into should not be regulated by law.
The term "sex radical" is also used interchangeably with the term "free lover", and was the preferred term by advocates because of the negative connotations of "free love".[citation needed] By whatever name, advocates had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.[4]
Laws of particular concern to free love movements have included those that prevent an unmarried couple from living together, and those that regulate adultery and divorce, as well as age of consent, birth control, homosexuality, abortion, and sometimes prostitution; although not all free love advocates agree on these issues. The abrogation of individual rights in marriage is also a concern—for example, some jurisdictions do not recognize spousal rape or treat it less seriously than non-spousal rape. Free-love movements since the 19th century have also defended the right to publicly discuss sexuality and have battled obscenity laws.
At the turn of the 20th century, some free-love proponents extended the critique of marriage to argue that marriage as a social institution encourages emotional possessiveness and psychological enslavement.[citation needed]
Relationship to feminism
See also: Sex-positive feminism
The history of free love is entwined with the history of feminism. From the late 18th century, leading feminists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, have challenged the institution of marriage, and many have advocated its abolition.[5]
According to feminist stereotype, and to some extent in actuality, a married woman was solely a wife and mother, denying her the opportunity to pursue other occupations; sometimes this was legislated, as with bans on married women and mothers in the teaching profession. In 1855, free love advocate Mary Gove Nichols (1810–1884) described marriage as the "annihilation of woman," explaining that women were considered to be men's property in law and public sentiment, making it possible for tyrannical men to deprive their wives of all freedom.[6][7] For example, the law sometimes allowed a husband to physically discipline his wife. Free-love advocates argued that many children are born into unloving marriages out of compulsion, but should instead be the result of choice and affection—yet children born out of wedlock did not have the same rights as children with married parents.[8]
Although the free love movement largely concerned women, the chief organizers have mostly been men.[citation needed] This helped foster a male ideology, and proved to women that some men[who?] were just as serious as they were about this issue. Although men were the main contributors to the organized and written part of the free love movement, the movement itself was still associated with loud and flashy women.
In 1857, Minerva Putnam complained that, "in the discussion of free love, no woman has attempted to give her views on the subject." There were six books during this time that endorsed the concept of free love. Of the four major free love periodicals following the civil war, only two of them had female editors. Mary Gove Nichols was the leading female advocate, and the woman who most people looked up to, for the free love movement. She wrote her autobiography, which became the first case against marriage written from a woman's point of view.[9]
To proponents of free love, sex was not just about reproduction. Access to birth control was considered a means to women's independence, and leading birth-control activists also embraced free love. Sex radicals remained focused on their attempts to uphold a woman's right to control her body and to freely discuss issues such as contraception, marital sex abuse (emotional and physical), and sexual education. These people believed that by talking about female sexuality, they would help empower women. To help achieve this goal, sex radicals relied on the written word, books, pamphlets, and periodicals. This method helped these people sustain this movement for over 50 years, and helped spread their message all over the United States.[10]
The famous feminist Gloria Steinem at one point stated, "you became a semi-nonperson when you got married." She also famously coined the expression 'A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle.' Steinem dismissed marriage in 1987 as not having a 'good name.' Steinem got married in 2000, stating that the symbols that feminists once "rebelled against" now are freely chosen, or society had changed.[11]
Early precedents
The Adamites were a sect that rejected marriage. Pictured, they are being rounded up for their heretical views.
A number of utopian social movements throughout history have shared a vision of free love. The all-male Essenes, who lived in the Middle East from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD apparently shunned sex, marriage, and slavery.[12] They also renounced wealth, lived communally, and were pacifist[13] vegetarians. An Early Christian sect known as the Adamites existed in North Africa in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th centuries and rejected marriage. They practiced nudism and believed themselves to be without original sin.
In the 6th century, adherents of Mazdakism in pre-Muslim Persia apparently supported a kind of free love in the place of marriage,[14] and like many other free-love movements[citation needed], also favored vegetarianism, pacificism, and communalism. Some writers have posited a conceptual link between the rejection of private property and the rejection of marriage as a form of ownership[citation needed]. One folk story from the period that contains a mention of a free-love (and nudist) community under the sea is "The Tale of Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman" from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (c. 8th century).[15]
Karl Kautsky, writing in 1895, noted that a number of "communistic" movements throughout the Middle Ages also rejected marriage.[16] Typical of such movements, the Cathars of 10th to 14th century Western Europe freed followers from all moral prohibition and religious obligation, but respected those who lived simply, avoided the taking of human or animal life, and were celibate. Women had an uncommon equality and autonomy, even as religious leaders. The Cathars and similar groups (the Waldenses, Apostle brothers, Beghards and Beguines, Lollards, and Hussites) were branded as heretics by the Roman Catholic Church and suppressed. Other movements shared their critique of marriage but advocated free sexual relations rather than celibacy, such as the Brethren of the Free Spirit, Taborites, and Picards.
Enlightenment thought
Frontispiece to William Blake's Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793), which contains Blake's critique of Judeo-Christian values of marriage. Oothoon (centre) and Bromion (left), are chained together, as Bromion has raped Oothoon and she now carries his baby. Theotormon (right) and Oothoon are in love, but Theotormon is unable to act, considering her polluted, and ties himself into knots of indecision.
The challenges to traditional morality and religion brought by the Age of Enlightenment and the emancipatory politics of the French Revolution created an environment where ideas such as free love could flourish. A group of radical intellectuals in England (sometimes known as the English Jacobins), who supported the French Revolution developed early ideas about feminism and free love.
Notable among them was the Romantic poet William Blake, who explicitly compared the sexual oppression of marriage to slavery in works such as Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793). Blake was critical of the marriage laws of his day, and generally railed against traditional Christian notions of chastity as a virtue.[17] At a time of tremendous strain in his marriage, in part due to Catherine's apparent inability to bear children, he directly advocated bringing a second wife into the house.[18] His poetry suggests that external demands for marital fidelity reduce love to mere duty rather than authentic affection, and decries jealousy and egotism as a motive for marriage laws. Poems such as "Why should I be bound to thee, O my lovely Myrtle-tree?" and "Earth's Answer" seem to advocate multiple sexual partners. In his poem "London" he speaks of "the Marriage-Hearse" plagued by "the youthful Harlot's curse", the result alternately of false Prudence and/or Harlotry. Visions of the Daughters of Albion is widely (though not universally) read as a tribute to free love since the relationship between Bromion and Oothoon is held together only by laws and not by love. For Blake, law and love are opposed, and he castigates the "frozen marriage-bed". In Visions, Blake writes:
Till she who burns with youth, and knows no fixed lot, is bound
In spells of law to one she loathes? and must she drag the chain
Of life in weary lust? (5.21-3, E49)
Blake believed that humans were "fallen", and that a major impediment to a free love society was corrupt human nature, not merely the intolerance of society and the jealousy of men, but the inauthentic hypocritical nature of human communication.[19] He also seems to have thought that marriage should afford the joy of love, but that in reality it often does not,[20] as a couple's knowledge of being chained often diminishes their joy.
Title page from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), by Mary Wollstonecraft, an early feminist and proponent of free love.
Another member of Blake's circle was the pioneering English feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and her husband and early anarchist, William Godwin. The ideals of free love found their champion in one of the earliest feminists. In her writings, Wollstonecraft challenged the institution of marriage, and advocated its abolition. Her novels criticized the social construction of marriage and its effects on women. In her first novel, Mary: A Fiction written in 1788, the heroine is forced into a loveless marriage for economic reasons. She finds love in relationships with another man and a woman. The novel, Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman, never finished but published in 1798, revolves around the story of a woman imprisoned in an asylum by her husband; Maria finds fulfilment outside of marriage, in an affair with a fellow inmate. Mary makes it clear that "women had strong sexual desires and that it was degrading and immoral to pretend otherwise."[21]
Wollstonecraft felt that women should not give up freedom and control of their sexuality, and thus didn't marry her partner, Gilbert Imlay, despite the two conceiving and having a child together in the midst of the Terror of the French Revolution. Though the relationship ended badly, due in part to the discovery of Imlay's infidelity, and not least because Imlay abandoned her for good, Wollstonecraft's belief in free love survived. She later developed a relationship with Godwin, who shared her free love ideals, and published on the subject throughout his life. However, the two did decide to marry, just days before her death due to complications at parturition.
In an act understood to support free love, their child, Mary, took up with the then still-married English romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley at a young age. Percy also wrote in defence of free love (and vegetarianism) in the prose notes of Queen Mab (1813), in his essay On Love (c. 1815) and in the poem Epipsychidion (1821):
I never was attached to that great sect,
Whose doctrine is, that each one should select
Out of the crowd a mistress or a friend,
And all the rest, though fair and wise, commend
To cold oblivion...
True love has this, different from gold and clay,
That to divide is not to take away.
Utopian socialism
Sharing the free-love ideals of the earlier social movements — as well as their feminism, pacifism, and simple communal life — were the utopian socialist communities of early-nineteenth-century France and Britain, associated with writers and thinkers such as Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier in France, and Robert Owen in England. Fourier, who coined the term feminism, argued that true freedom could only occur without masters, without the ethos of work, and without suppressing passions: the suppression of passions is not only destructive to the individual, but to society as a whole. He argued that all sexual expressions should be enjoyed as long as people are not abused, and that "affirming one's difference" can actually enhance social integration.
Robert Owen argued that marriage formed one of an "awful trinity" of oppressors to mankind, as well as religion and private property, and his son Robert Dale was a leading proponent of free divorce. The Saint-Simonian feminist Pauline Roland took a free-love stance against marriage, having four children in the 1830s, all of whom bore her name.
The German composer Richard Wagner advocated something like free love in several of his works, and began a family with Cosima Liszt, then still married to the conductor Hans von Bülow. Though apparently scandalous at the time, such liaisons seemed the actions of admired artists who were following the dictates of their own wills, rather than those of social convention, and in this way they were in step with their era's liberal philosophers of the cult of passion, such as Fourier, and their actual or eventual openness can be understood to be a prelude to the freer ways of the twentieth century. Friedrich Nietzsche spoke occasionally in favor of something like free love, but when he proposed marriage to that famous practitioner of it, Lou Andreas-Salome, she berated him for being inconsistent with his philosophy of the free and supramoral Superman, a criticism that Nietzsche seems to have taken seriously, or to have at least been stung by. The relationship between composer Frédéric Chopin and writer George Sand can be understood as exemplifying free love in a number of ways. Behavior of this kind by figures in the public eye did much to erode the credibility of conventionalism in relationships, especially when such conventionalism brought actual unhappiness to its practitioners.
That European outpost, Australia, which began its existence as a penal colony, had a much more flexible view of cohabitation and sexual bonding than was known in Europe itself at the time, "Neither the male nor the female convicts thought it was disgraceful, or even wrong, to live together out of wedlock."[22]
Origins of the movement
The eminent sociologist Herbert Spencer argued in his Principles of Sociology for the implementation of free divorce. Claiming that marriage consists of two components, "union by law" and "union by affection", he argued that with the loss of the latter union, legal union should lose all meaning and dissolve automatically, without the legal requirement for a divorce.[23] Free love particularly stressed women's rights since most sexual laws discriminated against women: for example, marriage laws and anti-birth control measures.[24]
The Oneida Society was a utopian community established in the 1840s, which practiced a form of free love. Postcard of the community from 1907.
Free love began to coalesce into a movement in the mid to late 19th century. The term was coined by the Christian socialist writer John Humphrey Noyes, although he preferred to use the term 'complex marriage'. Noyes founded the Oneida Society in 1848, a utopian community that "[rejected] conventional marriage both as a form of legalism from which Christians should be free and as a selfish institution in which men exerted rights of ownership over women". He found scriptural justification: "In the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like the angels in heaven" (Matt. 22:30).[25] Noyes also supported eugenics; and only certain people were allowed to become parents. Another movement was established in Berlin Heights, Ohio.
In 1852, a writer named Marx Edgeworth Lazarus published a tract entitled "Love vs. Marriage pt. 1," in which he portrayed marriage as "incompatible with social harmony and the root cause of mental and physical impairments." Lazarus intertwined his writings with his religious teachings, a factor that made the Christian community more tolerable to the free love idea.[4] Elements of the free-love movement also had links to abolitionist movements, drawing parallels between slavery and "sexual slavery" (marriage), and forming alliances with black activists.
American feminist Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927), the first woman to run for presidency in the U.S. in 1872, was also called "the high priestess of free love". In 1871, Woodhull wrote: "Yes, I am a Free Lover. I have an inalienable, constitutional and natural right to love whom I may, to love as long or as short a period as I can; to change that love every day if I please, and with that right neither you nor any law you can frame have any right to interfere".[26]
The women's movement, free love and Spiritualism were three strongly linked movements at the time, and Woodhull was also a spiritualist leader. Like Noyes, she also supported eugenics. Fellow social reformer and educator Mary Gove Nichols was happily married (to her second husband), and together they published a newspaper and wrote medical books and articles,[27][28][29] a novel, and a treatise on marriage, in which they argued the case for free love. Both Woodhull and Nichols eventually repudiated free love.
Publications of the movement in the second half of the 19th century included Nichols' Monthly, The Social Revolutionist, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly (ed. Victoria Woodhull and her sister Tennessee Clafin), The Word (ed. Ezra Heywood), Lucifer, the Light-Bearer (ed. Moses Harman) and the German-language Detroit newspaper Der Arme Teufel (ed. Robert Reitzel). Organisations included the New England Free Love League, founded with the assistance of American libertarian Benjamin Tucker as a spin-off from the New England Labor Reform League (NELRL). A minority of freethinkers also supported free love.[30]
The most radical free love journal was The Social Revolutionist, published in the 1856–1857, by John Patterson. The first volume consisted of twenty writers, of which only one was a woman.[9]
Sex radicals were not alone in their fight against marriage ideals. Some other nineteenth-century Americans saw this social institution as flawed, but hesitated to abolish it. Groups such as the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Latter-day Saints were wary of the social notion of marriage. These organizations and sex radicals believed that true equality would never exist between the sexes as long as the church and the state continued to work together, worsening the problem of subordination of wives to their husbands.[4]
Anarchist free-love movements continued into the early 20th century in bohemian circles in New York's Greenwich Village. A group of Villagers lived free-love ideals and promoted them in the political journal The Masses and its sister publication The Little Review, a literary journal. Incorporating influences from the writings of the English thinkers and activists Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis, women such as Emma Goldman campaigned for a range of sexual freedoms, including homosexuality and access to contraception. Other notable figures among the Greenwich-Village scene who have been associated with free love include Edna St. Vincent Millay, Max Eastman, Crystal Eastman, Floyd Dell, Mabel Dodge Luhan, Ida Rauh, Hutchins Hapgood, Neith Boyce; a certain extreme was reached by self-proclaimed Satanist Anton LaVey. Dorothy Day also wrote passionately in defense of free love, women's rights, and contraception – but later, after converting to Catholicism, she criticized the sexual revolution of the sixties.
The development of the idea of free love in the United States was also significantly impacted by the publisher of Playboy magazine, Hugh Hefner, whose activities and persona over more than a half century popularized the idea of free love to the general public.
Havelock Ellis was a pioneer sexologist and advocate of free love.
Free love was a central tenet of the philosophy of the Fellowship of the New Life, founded in 1883, by the Scottish intellectual Thomas Davidson.[31] Fellowship members included many illustrious intellectuals of the day, who went on to radically challenge accepted Victorian notions of morality and sexuality, including poets Edward Carpenter and John Davidson, animal rights activist Henry Stephens Salt,[32] sexologist Havelock Ellis, feminists Edith Lees, Annie Besant and Emmeline Pankhurst and writers H. G. Wells, Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell and Olive Schreiner.[33] Its objective was "The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all," and believed in the transformation of society through setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Many of the Fellowship's members advocated pacifism, vegetarianism and simple living.[34]
Edward Carpenter was the first activist for the rights of homosexuals. He became interested in progressive education, especially providing information to young people on the topic of sexual education. For Carpenter, sexual education meant forwarding a clear analysis of the ways in which sex and gender were used to oppress women, contained in Carpenter's radical work Love's Coming-of-Age. In it he argued that a just and equal society must promote the sexual and economic freedom of women. The main crux of his analysis centred on the negative effects of the institution of marriage. He regarded marriage in England as both enforced celibacy and a form of prostitution.
Edward Carpenter in 1875.
He did not believe women would truly be free until a socialist society was established.[citation needed] In contrast to many of his contemporaries, however, this led him to conclude that all oppressed workers should support women's emancipation, rather than to subordinate women's rights to male worker's rights.[citation needed] He remarked, "...there is no solution except the freedom of woman - which means, of course, the freedom of the masses of the people, men and women, and the ceasing altogether of economic slavery. There is no solution which will not include the redemption of the terms free women and free love to their true and rightful significance. Let every woman whose heart bleeds for the sufferings of her sex, hasten to declare herself and to constitute herself, as far as she possibly can, a free woman."
The best-known British advocate of free love was the philosopher Bertrand Russell, later Third Earl Russell, who said that he did not believe he really knew a woman until he had made love with her. Russell consistently addressed aspects of free love throughout his voluminous writings, and was not personally content with conventional monogamy until extreme old age. His most famous work on the subject was Marriage and Morals, published in 1929. The book heavily criticizes the Victorian notions of morality regarding sex and marriage. Russell argued that the laws and ideas about sex of his time were a potpourri from various sources, which were no longer valid with the advent of contraception, as the sexual acts are now separated from the conception. He argued that family is most important for the welfare of children, and as such, a man and a woman should be considered bound only after her first pregnancy.[35]
File:MarriageAndMorals.jpg
First edition of Marriage and Morals, published in 1929.
Marriage and Morals prompted vigorous protests and denunciations against Russell shortly after the book's publication.[36] A decade later, the book cost him his professorial appointment at the City College of New York due to a court judgment that his opinions made him "morally unfit" to teach.[37] Contrary to what many people believed, Russell did not advocate an extreme libertine position. Instead, he felt that sex, although a natural impulse like hunger or thirst, involves more than that, because no one is "satisfied by the bare sexual act". He argued that abstinence enhances the pleasure of sex, which is better when it "has a large psychical element than when it is purely physical".[38]
Russell noted that for a marriage to work requires that there "be a feeling of complete equality on both sides; there must be no interference with mutual freedom; there must be the most complete physical and mental intimacy; and there must be a certain similarity in regard to standards of value". He argued that it was, in general, impossible to sustain this mutual feeling for an indefinite length of time, and that the only option in such a case was to provide for either the easy availability of divorce, or the social sanction of extra-marital sex.[38]
Interest in free love spread to Australia in the late 19th century. The English-born anarchist, Chummy Fleming founded the Melbourne Anarchist Club in 1886, which led a debate on the topic of free love, and a couple of years later released an anonymous pamphlet on the subject: 'Free Love—Explained and Defended' (possibly written by David Andrade or Chummy Fleming). The view of the Anarchist Club was formed in part as a reaction to the infamous Whitechapel murders by the notorious Jack the Ripper; his atrocities were at the time popularly understood by some – at least, by anarchists – to be a violation of the freedom of certain extreme classes of "working women," but by extension of all women.
Newcastle libertarian Alice Winspear, the wife of pioneer socialist William Robert Winspear, wrote: "Let us have freedom — freedom for both man and woman—freedom to earn our bread in whatever vocation is best suited to us, and freedom to love where we like, and to live only with those whom we love, and by whom we are loved in return." A couple of decades later, the Melbourne anarchist feminist poet Lesbia Harford also championed free love.
Émile Armand
In the bohemian districts of Montmartre and Montparnasse, many were determined to shock the "bourgeois" sensibilities of the society they grew up in; many, such as the anarchist Benoît Broutchoux, favored free love. At the same time, the cross-dressing radical activist Madeleine Pelletier practised celibacy, distributed birth-control devices and information, and performed abortions.
An important propagandist of free love was individualist anarchist Emile Armand. He advocated naturism and polyamory in what he termed la camaraderie amoureuse.[39] He wrote many propagandist articles on this subject such as "De la liberté sexuelle" (1907) where he advocated not only a vague free love but also multiple partners, which he called "plural love".[39] In the individualist anarchist journal L'en dehors he and others continued in this way. Armand seized this opportunity to outline his theses supporting revolutionary sexualism and camaraderie amoureuse that differed from the traditional views of the partisans of free love in several respects.
Later Armand submitted that from an individualist perspective nothing was reprehensible about making "love", even if one did not have very strong feelings for one's partner.[39] "The camaraderie amoureuse thesis", he explained, "entails a free contract of association (that may be annulled without notice, following prior agreement) reached between anarchist individualists of different genders, adhering to the necessary standards of sexual hygiene, with a view toward protecting the other parties to the contract from certain risks of the amorous experience, such as rejection, rupture, exclusivism, possessiveness, unicity, coquetry, whims, indifference, flirtatiousness, disregard for others, and prostitution."[39] He also published Le Combat contre la jalousie et le sexualisme révolutionnaire (1926), followed over the years by Ce que nous entendons par liberté de l'amour (1928), La Camaraderie amoureuse ou "chiennerie sexuelle" (1930), and, finally, La Révolution sexuelle et la camaraderie amoureuse (1934), a book of nearly 350 pages comprising most of his writings on sexuality.[39] In a text from 1937, he mentioned among the individualist objectives the practice of forming voluntary associations for purely sexual purposes of heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual nature or of a combination thereof.
He also supported the right of individuals to change sex and stated his willingness to rehabilitate forbidden pleasures, non-conformist caresses (he was personally inclined toward voyeurism), as well as sodomy. This led him to allocate more and more space to what he called "the sexual non-conformists", while excluding physical violence.[39] His militancy also included translating texts from people such as Alexandra Kollontai and Wilhelm Reich and establishments of free love associations which tried to put into practice la camaraderie amoureuse through actual sexual experiences.
Free love advocacy groups active during this time included the Association d'Études sexologiques and the Ligue mondiale pour la Réforme sexuelle sur une base scientifique.[39]
Lily Braun
In Germany, from 1891 to 1919, the Verband Fortschrittlicher Frauenvereine (League of Progressive Women's Associations) called for a boycott of marriage and for the enjoyment of sexuality. Founded by Lily Braun and Minna Cauer, the league also aimed to organise prostitutes into labor unions, taught contraception, and supported the right to abortion and the abolition of criminal penalties against homosexuality, as well as running child-care programs for single mothers. In 1897, teacher and writer Emma Trosse published a brochure titled Ist freie Liebe Sittenlosigkeit? ("Is free love immoral?").
The worldwide homosexual emancipation movement also began in Germany in the late 19th century, and many of the thinkers whose work inspired sexual liberation in the 20th century were also from the German-speaking world, such as Sigmund Freud, Otto Gross, Herbert Marcuse, Wilhelm Reich, and Max Stirner's follower and biographer, John Henry Mackay.
After the October Revolution in Russia, Alexandra Kollontai became the most prominent woman in the Soviet administration. Kollontai was also a champion of free love. However, Clara Zetkin recorded that Lenin opposed free love as "completely un-Marxist, and moreover, anti-social".[40] Zetkin also recounted Lenin's denunciation of plans to organise Hamburg's women prostitutes into a "special revolutionary militant section": he saw this as "corrupt and degenerate."
Despite the traditional marital lives of Lenin and most Bolsheviks, they believed that sexual relations were outside the jurisdiction of the state. The Soviet government abolished centuries-old Czarist regulations on personal life, which had prohibited homosexuality and made it difficult for women to obtain divorce permits or to live singly. However, by the end of the 1920s, Stalin had taken over the Communist Party and begun to implement socially conservative policies. Homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder, and free love was further demonized.
From the late 1940s to the 1960s, the bohemian free-love tradition of Greenwich Village in America was carried on by the beat generation, although differing with their predecessors by being an apparently male-dominated movement. The Beats also produced the first appearance of male homosexual champions of free love in the U.S., with writers such as Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs. Like some of those before, the beats challenged a range of social conventions, and they found inspiration in such aspects of black culture as jazz music. The Beat movement led on the West Coast to the activities of such groups as the Merry Pranksters (led, according to Grateful Dead historian Dennis McNally, not by novelist Ken Kesey, but by hipster and driver Neal Cassady) and the entire San Francisco pop music scene, in which the implications of sexual bohemianism were advanced in a variety of ways by the hippies. The study of sexology continued to gain prominence throughout the era, with the work of researchers Alfred Kinsey and Masters and Johnson supporting challenges to traditional values regarding sex and marriage.
With the Summer of Love in 1967, the eccentricities of this group became a nationally recognized movement. Despite the developing sexual revolution and the influence of the Beatniks had in this new counterculture social rebellion, it has been acknowledged that the New Left movement was arguably the most prominent advocate of free love during the late 1960s.[41] Many among the counterculture youth sided with New Left arguments that marriage was a symbol of the traditional capitalist culture which supported war.[41] "Make Love Not War," a slogan of antiquity renewed by John Lennon and Yoko Ono among others, became a popular slogan in the counterculture movement which denounced both war and capitalism.[41] Images from the pro-socialist May 1968 uprising in France, which occurred as the anti-war protests were escalating throughout the United States, would provide a significant source of morale to the New Left cause as well.[41]
Second wave feminism continued to question traditional Judeo-Christian teaching on sexuality, while groups like Moral Majority and the Christian right opposed change, after Roe v Wade greatly increased access to abortion in the United States.
After the Stonewall riots, gay rights became an increasingly prominent issue, but by the early 21st century gay activists had shifted their focus to same-sex marriage rather than free love. Divorce and blended families became more common, and young couples increasingly chose to live together in common law marriages or domestic partnerships rather than tying the knot in church.
In popular culture
H. C. M. Watson, Erchomenon; or the Republic of Materialism (1879): A free love utopia.
Robert A. Heinlein explored the concept of free love throughout his writing career, starting with his first novel For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs in 1939. In Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), Valentine Michael Smith founds his own church preaching free love. Lazarus Long's family, in multiple books including Time Enough for Love, believe in free love.
Marion Zimmer Bradley's Darkover series, some of the cultures and individuals of Darkover reject marriage. A freely chosen partner is known as a freemate.
In Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon, the narrator expresses the view (supposedly of a future human species) that sexual experience is an enrichment to a relationship and should be prized instead of virginity. This does not negate romantic love, but opposed the idea that one's romantic partner should be the only person one has intercourse with.
"Free Love", a 1930 film starring Conrad Nagel, directed by Hobart Henley, written by Winifred Dunn, Sidney Howard and Edwin Knopf
The Harrad Experiment, a 1973 film directed by Ted Post, based on a novel by Robert H. Rimmer, starring James Whitmore and Tippi Hedren
"Amor libre", a 1978 film directed by Jaime Humberto Hermosillo and written by Francisco Sánchez[disambiguation needed]
"Triad", written by David Crosby of The Byrds and first released on Jefferson Airplane's Crown of Creation album, portrays a romantic triangle. The singer (Grace Slick) speaks of the mutual love the three share, and proposes they keep together-- "Why can't we go on as three?"
"Freelove Freeway", written and sung by Ricky Gervais, who starred as David Brent in the British television comedy series The Office
"Freelove", written by Martin Gore; from Depeche Mode's 2001 album Exciter
"Unsheathed" from Live's 1997 album Secret Samadhi contains the chorus "Free love is a world I can't linger too long in/Free love was just another party for the hippies to ruin", although any specific objections are very unclear.
"The Concept of Love" by Hideki Naganuma (as featured in both the Jet Set Radio Future and Ollie King original soundtracks) contains a strong theme of free love, including a number of recurring sampled audio clips concerning the topic.
"The Blind House" by Porcupine Tree on the 2009 album The Incident, contains, in the chorus, "Free love, free love, feel love in all my sisters" and has a strong theme of free love.
"Free Love" by American rock band Cage the Elephant on their 2009 self-titled album, depicts a girl who personifies free love.
"Hot Soap" by American metal band My Ticket Home on their 2013 album Strangers Only, the lyrics say "Free love is a lie, but I take it anyway". The song's lyrics has content about the social way of this movement.
Elfquest, by Wendy and Richard Pini, follows the adventures of a tribe of elves who, among other things, consider free love completely natural. The tribe in question freely lets its members decide their number of sexual partners, even allowing them to choose none or establish a monogamous relationship if that is what the elf/elves in question desire.
Scene of the Crime, by Ed Brubaker, shows the murder of a girl named Maggie, and her death in relation to the free love movement her parents took part in at communals.
↑ McElroy, Wendy. "The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism." Libertarian Enterprise .19 (1996): 1.
↑ Dan Jakopovich, Chains of Marriage, Peace News
↑ Spurlock, John C. Free Love Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America. New York, NY: New York UP, 1988.
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Passet, Joanne E. Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality. Chicago,IL: U of Illinois P, 2003.
↑ Kreis, Steven. "Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–1797". The History Guide. 23 November 2009 <http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/wollstonecraft.html>.
↑ Gove Nichols, Mary S. (1855). Mary Lyndon, or Revelations of a Life. An Autobiography. New York: Stringer & Townsend. p. 166. Retrieved 14 January 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org).
↑ Nichols, Mary Gove, 1855. Mary Lyndon: Revelations of a Life. New York: Stringer and Townsend; p. 166. Quoted in Feminism and Free Love
↑ Silver-Isenstadt, Jean L (2002). Shameless: The Visionary Life of Mary Gove Nichols. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6848-3. Retrieved 14 December 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 9.0 9.1 Spurlock, John. "A Masculine View of Women's Freedom: Free Love in the Nineteenth Century." International Social Science Review 69.3/4 (1994): 34–45. Print.
↑ Passet, Joanne E. Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality. Chicago,IL: U of Illinois P, 2003.
↑ Frey, Jennifer Gender Equity: A Woman Needs a Man like a Fish Needs a Bicycle. Signs of the Times, 7 09. 2000. Web. 21 Nov 2009 <http://george.loper.org/trends/2000/Sep/91.html>.
↑ See Essenes#Contemporary ancient sources
↑ Although they appear to have been involved in a revolt against the Roman occupiers
↑ Crone, Patricia, Kavad's Heresy and Mazdak's Revolt, in: Iran 29 (1991), S. 21–40
↑ Irwin, Robert, Political Thought in The Thousand and One Nights, in: Marvels & Tales – Volume 18, Number 2, 2004, pp. 246–257. Wayne State University Press
↑ Kautsky, Karl (1895), Die Vorläufer des neuen Sozialismus, vol. I: Kommunistische Bewegungen in Mittelalter, Stuttgart: J.W. Dietz.
↑ Poetry Foundation's bio of William Blake
↑ Hamblen, Emily (1995). On the Minor Prophecies of William Blake. Kessinger Publishing. p. 10. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Berger, Pierre (1915). William Blake: Poet and Mystic. E. P. Dutton & Company. p. 45. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ S. Foster Damon William Blake: His Philosophy and Symbols (1924), p. 105.
↑ Wright, p. 57.
↑ Robert Hughes, "The Fatal Shore, The Epic History of Australia's Founding," page 258. (New York, 1986, ISBN 0-394-75366-6.
↑ Theresa Notare (2008). "A Revolution in Christian Morals": Lambeth 1930-Resolution #15. History & Reception. ProQuest. pp. 78–79. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism By Wendy McElroy
↑ William Blake before him had made the same connection: "In Eternity they neither marry nor are given in marriage." (Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion, 30.15; E176)
↑ "And the Truth Shall Make You Free" (November 20, 1871)
↑ Gove, Mary S. (1842). Lectures to Ladies on Anatomy and Physiology. Boston: Saxton & Peirce. Retrieved 13 January 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org).
↑ Gove Nichols, Mary S. (1846). "Lectures to Women on Anatomy and Physiology". with an Appendix on Water Cure. New York: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved 13 January 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org).
↑ Gove Nichols, Mary S. (1855). "Experience in the Water Cure: A familiar exposition of the Principles and Results of Water Treatment, in the Cure of Acute and Chronic Diseases". in Fowlers and Wells' Water-Cure Library: Embracing all the most popular works on the subject. Vol. 2 of 7. New York: Fowlers and Wells. Retrieved 29 October 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org).
↑ Kirkley, Evelyn A. 2000. Rational Mothers and Infidel Gentlemen: Gender and American Atheism, 1865–1915. (Women and Gender in North American Religions.) Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 2000. Pp. xviii, 198
↑ Good, James A. "The Development of Thomas Davidson's Religious and Social Thought". <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ George Hendrick, Henry Salt: Humanitarian Reformer and Man of Letters, University of Illinois Press, pg. 47 (1977).
↑ Jeffrey Weeks, Making Sexual History ,Wiley-Blackwell, pg. 20, (2000).
↑ Colin Spencer, The Heretic's Feast:A History of Vegetarianism, Fourth Estate, pg. 283 (1996).
↑ "Sex Seer", in Time, November 4, 1929
↑ Haeberle, Erwin J. (1983). "Pioneers of Sex Education". The Continuum Publishing Company. Retrieved 17 February 2008. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Leberstein, Stephen (November–December 2001). "Appointment Denied: The Inquisition of Bertrand Russell". Academe. Retrieved 17 February 2008. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 38.0 38.1 Stanley Hauerwas (2011). After Christendom?: How the Church Is to Behave If Freedom, Justice, and a Christian Nation Are Bad Ideas. Abingdon Press. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 "Emile Armand and la camaraderie amourouse – Revolutionary sexualism and the struggle against jealousy." by Francis Rousin Retrieved 10 June 2010
↑ Zetkin, Clara, 1934, Lenin on the Woman Question, New York: International , p.7. Published in Reminiscences of Lenin.
A more extensive quote from Lenin follows: "It seems to me that this superabundance of sex theories [...] springs from the desire to justify one's own abnormal or excessive sex life before bourgeois morality and to plead for tolerance towards oneself. This veiled respect for bourgeois morality is as repugnant to me as rooting about in all that bears on sex. No matter how rebellious and revolutionary it may be made to appear, it is in the final analysis thoroughly bourgeois. It is, mainly, a hobby of the intellectuals and of the sections nearest to them. There is no place for it in the party, in the class-conscious, fighting proletariat."
↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Emma Goldman:People & Events: Free Love PBS.org, Accessed April 26, 2014
"The recurring movements of free love" by Saskia Poldervaart
Victoria Woodhull, Free Lover: Sex, Marriage And Eugenics in the Early Speeches of Victoria Woodhull (Seattle: Inkling, 2005) ISBN 1-58742-050-3
Stoehr, Taylor, ed. Free Love in America: A Documentary History (New York: AMS Press, 1977).
Sears, Hal, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence, KS: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1977
Spurlock, John Free Love: Marriage and Middle Class Radicalism, 1825–1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1987
Joanne E. Passet, Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2003. ISBN 0-252-02804-X.
Martin Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989)
"Emile Armand and la camaraderie amourouse".Revolutionary sexualism and the struggle against jealousy." by Francis Rousin
Barbara Goldsmith, Other Powers: The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism, and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull, 1999, ISBN 0-06-095332-2
Goldman, Emma, Marriage and Love (New York, Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1911)
Françoise Basch, Rebelles américaines au XIXe siècle : marriage, amour libre et politique (Paris : Méridiens Klincksieck, 1990).
Curt von Westernhagen, Wagner (Cambridge, 1978), ISBN 0-521-28254-3.
Dennis McNally, A Long Strange Trip, the Inside History of the Grateful Dead (New York, 2002), ISBN 0-7679-1186-5
Hugh M. Hefner, The Playboy Philosophy, Playboy Magazine, December 1962 through May 1965 issues.
Open History, A Japanese History Website (This reference needs confirmation).
Human sexuality and sexology
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Herbivore men
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Myra Breckinridge (1968)
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text:
Next astronaut crew launches from Kennedy, bound for long-duration stay on International Space Station
WMFE | By Brendan Byrne
Published April 27, 2022 at 6:56 AM EDT
NASA & SpaceX's Crew-4 launches from Kennedy Space Center. Photo: SpaceX/NASA
Four astronauts are making their way to the International Space Station after launching from Kennedy Space Center early Wednesday morning, launching on SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket.
Three astronauts from NASA and one from the European space agency are making the 16-hour trip to the station in SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft.
This mission flew a new SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule that the crew named 'Freedom' to honor the 'human spirit of exploration' and also the first U.S. human spaceflight in 1961 when Alan Shepard flew a Mercury capsule called Freedom 7. This is the fourth and likely last reusable capsule SpaceX plans to produce.
Once they arrive at the station, they'll spend close to half a year aboard the station, conducting science experiments and performing maintenance on the orbiting lab.
For one of the astronauts, Jessica Watkins, it's a history-making mission, becoming the first Black female astronaut assigned to a long-duration mission on the station.
There are currently seven astronauts on the I.S.S. now – including four from NASA's last mission. They are due to return to Earth next week.
This is SpaceX's fifth astronaut mission for NASA and comes just days after the company returned a crew of all private passengers who spent about two weeks on the I.S.S.
NPR's Russell Lewis contributed to this report.
Space SpaceXNASAKennedy Space CenterISS
Brendan Byrne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Flutter, vertical align column on page for a ListView->Column widget tree I have a Flutter look like the following. Which show a CircularProgressIndicator when the page first load.
It aligns with top of the page. But how can I vertical center the CircularProgressIndicator on the page?
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ListView(
      controller: _scrollController,
      children: [_buildArticleList()],
    );
  }

  Widget _buildArticleList() {
    return StreamBuilder(
        stream: _orderListStream,
        builder: (context, snap) {
          if (snap.data != null) {
            List<Widget> children = [];

            ...
            return Column(
              mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.start,
              crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
              children: children,
            );
          } else {

            return Column(

              mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
              crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
              children: [CircularProgressIndicator()],
            );
       ;
          }
        });
  }

A: You don't need to wrap the CircularProgressIndicator with a Column widget, just wrap it with a Center widget.
Check the example code below:
 @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ListView(
      controller: _scrollController,
      children: [_buildArticleList()],
    );
  }

  Widget _buildArticleList() {
    return StreamBuilder(
        stream: _orderListStream,
        builder: (context, snap) {
          if (snap.data != null) {
            List<Widget> children = [];

            ...
            return Column(
              mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.start,
              crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
              children: children,
            );
          } else {

            return
              Center(
              child: CircularProgressIndicator(),
             ),
            );
       ;
          }
        });
  }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Bittnet's revenues up by 21 percent in 2018 to RON 54 million
Aurel Dragan 25/02/2019 | 15:35
Bittnet has recorded revenues of RON 54 million in 2018, up by 21 percent. The profit was at RON 4.88 million, an increase of 180 percent compared to 2017.
The increase in revenues in 2018 was strongly driven by the IT&C integration business line, which grew by 10 percent compared to 2017, and cloud, which registered a growth of 60 percent. At the Group level, all four companies were profitable and registered increases in both revenues as well as profits. For the Education division, Bittnet Training recorded RON 25,76 million in revenues (+18,3 percent increase compared to 2017) and net profit of RON 3,75 million (+180 percent), Equatorial Gaming registered RON 3,2 million in revenues (+400 percent) and RON 217,000 in net profit (compared to losses of RON 83,000 in 2017).
From the technology division, Dendrio delivered RON 27,75 million in revenues (+27 percent compared to 2017 results) and a net profit of RON 1,1 million (+500 percent) while Elian Solutions saw revenues of RON 3,98 million (+10 percent) and a net profit of RON 188,000 (+75 percent). The results of Equatorial and Elian Solutions are not included in the Group's consolidated results. The numbers above represent performance per company, not business line and Bittnet Training's results include some of the revenues for the IT&C integration division that were not yet fully transferred under Dendrio.
"On February 22nd, Bittnet has celebrated 12 years since its establishment thus it gives me additional pleasure to communicate these impressive financial results to our shareholders on this special day. All the companies from Bittnet Group managed to improve their performance, yet again a proof that our bet on a strong M&A activity in 2017 and 2018 has paid off. Under the new group structure and with an enlarged management team, for 2019, we are aiming for doubling our revenues compared to last year, and we are expecting to see at the consolidated level revenues of RON 120 million," said Mihai Logofatu, CEO at Bittnet Group.
The company's capitalization followed the same trend of correlation with the turnover that has been identified since Bittnet's debut on the Bucharest Stock Exchange in 2015. In 2018, Bittnet shareholders registered the return on their investment of over 55 percent, well above the evolution of BET index, which dropped by almost 5 percent last year. With regards to liquidity, in 2018 Bittnet was the most traded local company on BVB's AeRO market, having registered over 3,500 transactions with BNET shares throughout the year, having a total volume of RON 4,5 million, which represents 35 percent of the free-float.
Study: The participative leadership style and the cultivation of social and communication skills, two key elements needed in the new era of the labor market
"2018 was the best year for Bittnet not only in terms of our financial performance, but also our activity on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. We are pleased to have seen a significant increase in the number of trades executed with BNET shares and we consider it a good sign ahead of initiating procedures for the transfer to BVB's Main Market. In terms of results, like in previous years, we will propose at the General Shareholders Meeting the allocation of the accrued profits from 2018 in the form of free shares. The proposed allocation rate will be 1:1, meaning one free share distributed per each share held, thus providing an attractive reward to all our shareholders," said Cristian Logofatu, CFO at Bittnet Group.
Bittnet Group has also announced significant changes to the executive board through the promotion of two of the Group's senior directors – Cristian Herghelegiu, CEO of Dendrio as well as Dan Berteanu, the founder of Equatorial. Cristian Herghelegiu has taken over the position of Vice-President of Bittnet Group responsible for Technology and now overlooks all the activity within the group that is related to IT&C integration and other technological process. Dan Berteanu was promoted to the position of Vice-President for Education at Bittnet Group and is responsible for implementing the strategy for Bittnet Training, Equatorial as well as Credis Academy.
Tags: 2018, Bittnet, Cristian Logofatu, financial results, Mihai Logofatu, profit, revenue
Bittnet Group posts RON 70 million consolidated revenues in the first half of...
Aurel Dragan | 19/12/2022 | 18:45


The San Miguel Pale Pilsen Alab Pilipinas is scheduled for a head-to-head game against the Thailand Mono Vampire at 8:00 P.M. on January 20, 2019 live from the Sta. Rosa Multi-Purpose Complex, Philippines.
Alab Pilipina are eyeing for a back-to-back wins and keep their hold to the top of the standings while the Mono Vampire continue to figure-out how to regain their title contender form.
After their defeat against the Formosa Dreamers, Alab bounced back versus the Macau Bears at home.
This time around, PJ Ramos able to finish the game unlike in Taiwan where he was slapped with a technical foul which leads to his ejection.
Renaldo Balkman able to re-discover his relentless basketball skills as he led the national team in scoring with his 37 points.
Mono Vampire on the other hand is struggling this season where they only log two wins and absorbed nine loses.
This game will also mark the rematch of last year's Finals where Alab won in Game 5 of their best-of-five series.


text:
Brewers killed by Kendrick
> With the lineup Ron Roenicke tossed out there today, it's no surprise the Brewers couldn't do anything offensively. They were shut out by the Phillies, 8-0, even though their weakest starter was on the mound. Kyle Kendrick threw eight scoreless against the for-some-reason depleted Brewers lineup, and seemed to do it pretty effortlessly.
Randy Wolf had another rough day at the office, serving up five runs on 10 hits over five innings. He walked two and struck out four. His two bad innings were the second inning, when he gave up a two-run homer to Michael Martinez, and the third, which featured a bases-clearing double from Dominic Brown.
THE FIRST BASE SITUATION: 2013 AND BEYOND
> Nobody can complain with the job Corey Hart has done at first base this year. After Mat Gamel went down for the season in a string of season-ending injuries, Hart came out of nowhere and became a near-elite first baseman, at least defensively. His bat in the lineup remains as inconsistent as ever, but he's become one of the best defensive first baseman the Brewers have had in a long time.
Roenicke has found ways to ruin this at times, such as throwing Hart back in right field (where he's become a sub-par defender) on occasion, or starting Travis Ishikawa at first, like he did today. If the Brewers were contending, I'm sure the media would be getting on Roenicke a lot more than it does for the matter, but we're not, so Roenicke is safe on moves like that.
But, over the past week, I've been hearing that Hart might not be the permanent option at first base next year, or even after that. A while back, Roenicke said he wanted to keep Hart at first base next year, but now he's backed off of that solution.
The one thorn in the Brewers' side right now is actually Gamel. In my opinion, he's run out of chances with the Crew, proving that he just can't stay healthy. He's a likeable guy, and I wish he still had opportunities with us, but, assuming the Brewers do the right thing, he probably won't.
The "right thing" is keeping things the way they are now at first base and in the outfield. With Hart at first base, that gives the Brewers an everyday outfield of Ryan Braun, Carlos Gomez, and Norichika Aoki. Braun is obviously a lock, Gomez is showing signs that he might be turning into a consistent center fielder, and Aoki is far better defensively in right fielder than Hart.
But, I have a feeling the Brewers will opt to give Gamel another chance, which messes up everything I just explained. Gamel can supposedly play the corner outfield positions (although he never has in the Majors) and a little bit of third base, which at least gives him versatility. But, he's blocked at all those positions, with Aramis Ramirez on a multi-year deal to play third. I would suggest Gamel go back to the Minors and try and become a second baseman or shortstop, but you can probably see the underlying problems with that: Jean Segura and Rickie Weeks are both locked up, and Gamel just doesn't have the frame to be a middle infielder.
In other words, Gamel no longer has a place on a healthy Brewers team. If he agrees to become a bench/utility player, great. The Brewers will definitely need to revamp their bench for next season. But, Gamel will probably want a starting role. So, unless he decides to stay loyal to the team that brought him up and accept being a bench player, he could be facing an offseason trade, or even a release.
But, as I said, the Brewers will likely attempt to find a place for him, and that place is hopefully the bench.
Other than Gamel, Hart shouldn't have any issues remaining at first base. Taylor Green could come back, but it would be as a back-up third baseman/utility guy. Brock Kjeldgaard was released from the organization a few weeks ago. Ishikawa is likely gone by next year. If the Brewers have any other first base prospects, they're probably pretty far down in the system.
That leaves Hart as the starting first baseman for the long-term. People seem to forget that he's already a free agent after 2013, but Hart himself has expressed interest in finishing his career with the Brewers, just as Braun did.
> Aoki, Hart, and Ramirez were all out of the lineup on the same day. Some say Roenicke shouldn't be blamed for our bad season. I still think otherwise, and today helps prove my point.
I don't have an issue with giving a guy a day off every now and then, but why on earth would Roenicke take three of the biggest run producers out of the lineup on the same day? There's no excuse for that. And yes, I know this is a "lost season," but there's no reason to throw away games, regardless of the situation.
> Edwin Maysonet, currently playing for Triple-A Nashville, went on the disabled list.
> Zack Greinke took another loss for the Angels today. His ERA since being traded to them now sits at an even 6.00.
> The Cubs agreed to a seven-year extension with Starlin Castro, although it may not become official for a week or so.
> The Astros replaced Brad Mills with Tony DeFrancesco as their interim manager.
> Cody Ransom went 0-for-4 with two strikeouts, making him 0-for-8 with six strikeouts in his two starts this series. But Roenicke needs to do everything he can to get the bat in the lineup somehow.
> Nyjer Morgan, Ishikawa, and Ransom went a combined 3-for-11.
> Probables for the Cubs series:
Justin Germano (2-2, 3.19 ERA) vs. Mark Rogers (0-1, 4.94 ERA)
Travis Wood (4-9, 4.83 ERA) vs. Marco Estrada (0-5, 4.52 ERA)
Jeff Samardzija (8-11, 4.17 ERA) vs. Yovani Gallardo (12-8, 3.67 ERA)
Brooks Raley (1-2, 7.63 ERA) vs. Mike Fiers (6-6, 2.90 ERA)
Leave a Comment »	| Uncategorized	| Tagged: aramis ramirez, brad mills, brock kjeldgaard, brooks raley, carlos gomez, chicago cubs, cody ransom, corey hart, dominic brown, edwin maysonet, houston astros, jean segura, jeff samardzija, justin germano, kyle kendrick, los angeles angels of anaheim, marco estrada, mark rogers, mat gamel, michael martinez, mike fiers, milwaukee brewers, nashville sounds, norichika aoki, nyjer morgan, philadelphia phillies, randy wolf, rickie weeks, ron roenicke, ryan braun, starlin castro, taylor green, tony defrancesco, travis ishikawa, travis wood, yovani gallardo, zack greinke	| Permalink
Odd baserunning miscue looms large
> Tonight was a strange game, and pretty much all the breaks went against the Brewers. They were narrowly defeated by the Phillies, 4-3, in a game that could have been won 5-4.
The Phils got on the board in the second inning on back-to-back home runs from John Mayberry Jr. and Erik Kratz. The Brewers answered one of those runs in the bottom of the inning on Aramis Ramirez's solo shot, but the Phillies took it right back on Ryan Howard's RBI double in the third.
Down 4-1 in the eighth inning, Ryan Braun hit a two-run blast to cut the lead and knock Cole Hamels out of the game, but Jonathan Papelbon came on and got the four-out save and seal the win for the Phillies.
ODDITIES ON THE BASEPATHS
> Before I get too far into this, I'm going to say that I watched the first few innings of the game on a TV with no sound, so I couldn't hear any analysis or anything.
And hearing some analysis on a play like this would have been useful. In the third inning, with two outs, Jonathan Lucroy, who was hitting second today, hit a single. Braun came up and hit a line drive that bounced off the yellow line on top of the wall in left field, and that usually signifies a home run.
Apparently not, though. Lucroy was running from first base, and Braun, who thought he had extra bases if not a home run, was close behind him. But Braun had to stop about halfway between first and second base, because, for some reason, Lucroy was still sitting at second base. Braun appeared to be screaming at Lucroy and pointing to third base, but by that time Dominic Brown had already thrown the ball back into the infield, and Braun was eventually thrown out.
Turns out Lucroy had missed second base as he was running, and had to go back and step on it again. But, again, the ball was already back to the infield, so one of them would have been thrown out eventually.
I'm confused about a few things here. If there were two outs and Braun hits a fly ball, Lucroy should be running as hard as he can no matter what. Unless he really overran second base that far and had to go back a ways to touch it again, I don't see why he couldn't at least make it to third (even if it were a close play), and then there's runners on second and third with two outs. Again, though, I was watching the game without sound, and the classic FSWisconsin camera work didn't help me out too much either.
But, Lucroy's baserunning aside, it appeared Braun should have had a home run. It looked like it hit the top of the wall, which would make hit a home run, regardless of whether or not it bounces back onto the field. FSWisconsin was showing replays of the ball hitting the yellow as well. I listened to some audio later and heard Bill Schroeder say that Braun "missed a home run by inches," but FSWisconsin didn't show an angle close enough to the wall for us to see, so I guess we'll never know.
I guess this is just another frustrating way to lose in a frustrating season.
> Rickie Weeks got the day off today. Cody Ransom took his place, and I'll tell you what he did in the numbers section. (But you can probably already guess.)
> Yesterday, Doug Melvin expressed his confidence in John Axford rebounding from his struggles.
"It's too early to say. We believe in John. I believe in John Axford, I believe in his stuff, I believe in his character, his poise. I think there's 16 teams that they don't have the same closer they had at the start of the year. That position, there's so much pressure on that closer role. You look at other teams. People are yelling for a change after four of five [blown saves]."
> The Astros fired Brad Mills today. The last thing the Brewers will remember him for was him coming out to argue with umpires every five seconds in that last series.
> What you've all been waiting for: Ransom struck out four times in four at-bats. He's clearly going for a 90% strikeout rate by the end of the season.
> Mike Fiers got roughed up for the second straight outing, giving up four runs in five innings. His ERA has gone from 1.80 to 2.90 in his last two starts.
> The bullpen was uncharacteristically good tonight. Kameron Loe, Francisco Rodriguez, and Jim Henderson combined for four shutout innings.
> Braun hit his 33rd home run, which already ties his total from 2011.
> Tomorrow's match-up:
Kyle Kendrick (5-9, 4.53 ERA) vs. Randy Wolf (3-9, 5.65 ERA)
Leave a Comment »	| Uncategorized	| Tagged: aramis ramirez, bill schroeder, brad mills, cody ransom, cole hamels, dominic brown, doug melvin, erik kratz, francisco rodriguez, houston astros, jim henderson, john axford, john mayberry jr., jonathan lucroy, jonathan papelbon, kameron loe, kyle kendrick, mike fiers, milwaukee brewers, philadelphia phillies, randy wolf, rickie weeks, ryan braun, ryan howard	| Permalink


text:
Survey of India to inspect Assam-Meghalaya border: Conrad Sangma
He said that the process will take some time, but "what is important is that the ball has started rolling."
by Press Trust of India April 1, 2022 April 1, 2022
Shillong: The Survey of India has been asked to coordinate with Assam and Meghalaya for conducting a joint inspection of the inter-state boundary to redraw the map before a Bill is introduced in the Parliament, Chief Minister Conrad K Sangma has said.
The two northeastern states have recently inked a historic agreement to end their 50-year-old dispute and resolve differences in six of 12 areas.
"The Survey of India has been asked to do a joint inspection with both state governments. Once that process is completed, we expect the Centre to introduce in Parliament a Bill to redraw the border," Sangma told reporters here on Thursday night.
Also Read: Disappointed with TMC's response to border resolution: Meghalaya CM
The chief minister said that the trust-building exercise between the two states will lay down principles for future engagements.
Referring to an incident of boundary pillars found erected in West Khasi Hills district, he said, "I brought the matter to the Assam CM's attention and he was very concerned about it and said this shouldn't have happened. Incidents like these will affect the proper implementation of the process besides disrupting the peace. Both states will ensure that the issue is resolved. People of these areas should not suffer."
Asked when the two states will start talks to resolve the remaining six areas of difference, he said, "We will catch our breath for some time. It has been tough six months. But I can assure you that we won't waste any time as we want the momentum to continue with the kind of understanding built between officials at all levels and political leadership on both sides."
Sangma said that the two state governments will soon take forward the next phase of the talks.
"However, I can't give a date as of now," he said.
On the allegation that the agreement was signed hastily, the chief minister said that it was unfortunate that the opposition brought up the matter.
"Discussions were held at the grassroots level and solution was reached only by the will of the people. If there are concerns, we are ready to explain to everybody but a majority of the stakeholders are happy with how we went ahead with the process," he said.
The chief minister said that the opposition must realise they don't have to oppose everything the government is doing, and instead work together with the administration for the interest of the state and the people.
"We should remain united as people especially those residing in border areas have suffered for far too long. This can't go on forever. Hence, we have taken a decision that we will find a solution. I am happy that we have resolved the dispute in six areas and hopefully will be able to move forward in the other six areas also," he added.
Why Meghalaya CM won't share 'finer details' of border resolution with Assam
PM to look into separate IAS, IPS cadres for Meghalaya: Conrad Sangma
Assam-Meghalaya border talks complicated after violence: Conrad
Tagged: Assam, assam meghalaya border, Conrad Sangma, meghalaya, Northeast India


text:
Q: split the string of \" into array I have a complex string that has lots of rubbish in it but whose structure is essentially
"\"test\"  \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\"\"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \" test \"";

I want to split all strings between the \" into an array of 27 elements. When i use my regex String[] waddup = Regex.Split(test, "\"\\s+\""); it nearly does it but leaves a trailing \".
Expected Array after split:

string[] expectedResult = new string[3] {"test", "--test", "test", "--test", "test", "--test", "test", "--test", "test", "--test", "test", "--test", "test"
  "--test", "test", "--test", "test", "--test", "test"};

Any ideas how to cleanly do this?

A: If you prefer to use a regex to match the strings inside double quotes, you may consider:
string line = "\"test\"  \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\"\"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \" test \"";
// or    splts = Regex.Matches(line, "(?:^|\\s)\"([^\"]*)\"")
string[] splts = Regex.Matches(line, "\"([^\"]+)\"")
    .Cast<Match>()
    .Select(p=>p.Groups[1].Value)
    .ToArray();

This way, with .ToArray(), splts will be a variable of type string[]. See the IDEONE demo.
There are 2 regexps I can suggest, the shortest is \"([^\"]+)\":

*

*\" - matches a leading "

*([^\"]+) - matches and captures one or more characters other than "

*\" - matches a trailing "

A: Try to use string.Split using StringSplitOptions to remove empty entries (if your intent is to get all the test strings):
var waddup = test.Split(new[] { "\\\"" }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);

With a complete console example:
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;

public class Test
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var line = "\"test\"  \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"test\"\"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \"test\" \"--test\" \"--test\" \" test \"";
        var splts = line.Split(new[]{"\\\""}, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
        Console.WriteLine(string.Join("\n", splts));
    }
}


I'll admit that I prefer removing my makeup with natural cleansing oils and micellar waters, which work very well for my sensitive skin. But we all have those nights when all we have the energy and time for is to wipe everything off, throw the hair into a scrunchie and hop into bed. And, of course, many people swear by makeup wipes as a daily routine.
Either way, here are the 8 best cruelty-free makeup wipes on the market that really do the trick. As always, keep in mind that all brands are cruelty-free, but companies which are owned by parent companies who aren't cruelty-free will be marked with an asterisk.
These wipes from Tarte are infused with their signature maracuja oil, which is said to give a boost of added hydration. Many people swear by these for gently removing waterproof eye makeup.
Josie Maran's fragrance-free wipes are formulated with aloe vera, chamomile, cucumber and vitamin E, making them ideal for soothing sensitive skin around the eyes while removing makeup. As an added bonus, a portion of every package of Bear Naked Wipes sold goes toward the Natural Resources Defense Council's Polar Bear SOS initiative!
As the name would suggest, these oil-free wipes from KORRES are a great option for oily and combination skin! They are infused with pomegranate extract, which helps to tone and cleanse the skin while removing makeup.
Pacifica's wipes are infused with coconut water, aloe vera and papaya to help soothe and remove toxins from the skin. They are formulated with natural ingredients and best of all, the package has a resealable clip closure that helps to keep them from drying out.
The Yes to Coconuts wipes are designed to hydrate and soothe dry skin. You will definitely love these if you like the smell of coconuts! Like the Pacifica wipes, these also come with a handy resealable clip closure.
These wipes are individually wrapped, perfect for stashing in your makeup bag or purse "on-the-go"! People also love these for freshening up after a workout.
e.l.f.'s wipes are incredibly affordable and yet still effective. One of their key ingredients is aloe vera which adds hydration and moisture. This pack also comes with the resealable clip closure.
The African Black Soap wipes from Shea Moisture are specifically formulated with tea tree and calendula, making these a good option for acne-prone skin. Many people have said these are the only makeup wipes they've found that don't break them out!
I don't use wipes to remove makeup, can you recommend anything in a bottle to remove it?
wipes for the most part aren't biodegradable so it's great they are made cruelty-free but if you use them you are adding to the mega amounts of trash we humans create…..
Is there any info on the Smartly products recently introduced at Target stores?


text:
Home Calabanga Camarines Sur DepEd Education Opinion The English Language in Science and Mathematics Learning
The English Language in Science and Mathematics Learning
By: Judith B. Sabio
Head Teacher 1
West Coast High School
Calabanga, Camarines Sur
Science, may it be in any form, has a key role to national economic prosperity. It has been a universal reality that no nation can advance without foregoing and utilizing the outcome of scientific researches or their applications in the industries, military, medicine and in the other aspects of human existence, hence, it is applied in one's practical life situations (Baylon, 2014).
On the other hand, Mathematics is equally important as it has a pervasive influence in our everyday lives. It is used in many forms of employment, science and technology, medicine, the economy, the environment and development, and in public decision-making. It equips us with a uniquely powerful set of tools such as; logical reasoning, problem solving skills, and the ability to think in abstract ways to understand and change the world. Mathematics is said to be a language that we need to be aware of and sensitive to, the way we need and use language to convey meaning (Lerio, 2006).
In another spectrum, the role of language in learning these subjects has been noted with great importance. For instance, communicating mathematical ideas is among the twelve components that are considered by the NCSM (National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics) as 'essential' for any successful mathematics teaching and learning (Ellerton and Clarkson, 1996). When students learn Mathematics, they do more than basic skills; they acquire a concise and powerful means of communication. Knowledge of mathematical language, structures, and operations will help students to justify their conclusions, and to express ideas clearly.
The challenges in learning these critical subject areas can be traced to the use of language as a medium of instruction. In the Philippines, these subjects are being taught in English. One of the reasons why language factor needs special attention these days is the fact that many students are currently learning mathematics in their second or third language (Austing&Howson, 1979: Ellerton& Clarkson, 1996). The reason for this is globalization, and the extensive use of the internet or information technology which literally annihilate walls and any boundary; the legacy of colonialism, and the multiplicity of local languages. This in turn narrows down the adaptability or suitability of textbooks and other learning and teaching materials to the actual learning needs of the students.
As cited of Baylon (2014), the Philippines is far beyond in achieving quality education, as shown in the UNESCO report that ranked the Philippines at the bottom of the Education Development Index, and the results of Trends International Mathematicsand Science Study (TIMMS) from 1995 to 2015. Singapore, Hong Kong SAR, Korea, Chinese Taipei, and Japan continue to outperform all participating countries, including the Philippines, in mathematics and science maintaining a 20 year edge according to the results of TIMSS, the longest running, large scale international assessment of mathematics and science education in the world (timss2015.org).
Science is taught in Japanese, Chinese, Korean and the native languages of all those who topped the international assessment. Therefore, language has crucial role to play in communicating and developing science and mathematics education. It has formative effect on the learner's understanding as it serves the students when they speak and reason about physical ideas and phenomena.
In a study conducted by Baylon (2014), entitled: "English and Mathematics: Determinants of Physics Achievement", published in Asia Pacific Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, it was found that, The obtained overall correlation coefficients (rxy) between English along reading, Literature, Grammar and Speaking, and Physic were higher than the critical values of r at 0.01 and 0.05 levels of significance. These results implied that these areas in English were positively correlated with Physics. If a student is good in English he is also good in Physics. Therefore, the learning competencies in English are needed to facilitate effective understanding of Physics.
These findings were supported by the study of Lerio (2006). He found out that those who were good in English were also good in Mathematics. On the other hand, those who were poor in English were also poor in Mathematics. English is also the medium of instruction in Physics and highly mathematical; hence English was significantly related to Physics. He also stressed that the application of Gardner's MI theory would provide a deeper understanding of the interconnection of the development of one skill with another, from verbal linguistics to logical-analytical intelligences.
The significant relationship between language and physics achievement was further illustrated by Jay Lemke (2005). He stated that the primary activity that students encounter and participate in, in a physics course, was representation. The use of language is one of the many ways of representation. Therefore, the first ability that the students have to develop is the ability to represent ideas and physical processes in different ways and to move between representations which can only happen if one is equipped with enough communication skills.
As it continues to be a dilemma in Philippine Education on how students perform in science and math, and how their knowledge and skills are utilized in developing newer technologies to fair with neighboring countries and the rest of the world, academic program developers must ascertain that learning competencies along these areas are genuinely developed.
As suggested by Taylor (2007), curriculum may be structured through strengthening the relationship between science and Mathematics and English both in terms of how the formal curriculum is expressed and in terms of day-to-day teaching and learning practices. Language-focused activities could either be incorporated into the science or Mathematics units of work or students may work on parallel language-based units of work. Language-focused activities would be part of the Mathematics and science teachers' responsibilities. The separate language-based units of work, using science and Mathematics content, would be taught as part of the English language integrated in content teaching curriculum.Teachers must employ varied learning opportunities for the students particularly in the identified less-developed competencies. Although each subject follows a particular set of competencies, educators and managers, at least, in the division and school levels should plan and initiate an integration program of the three (3) key areas to ensure that what must be learned had been learned.
The English Language in Science and Mathematics Learning Reviewed by Bicol Standard on Saturday, August 18, 2018 Rating: 5
Tags : Calabanga Camarines Sur DepEd Education Opinion


Children & their parents absolutely love our program.
what local areas we cover.
children self-defense... but to give them the tools they need for success in life.
VITAL to inject fun fitness whenever you can.
cise habits that stick with them for life.


text:
Hampton Inn & Suites by Hilton
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Hampton Inn by Hilton Brooklyn Park Minneapolis, MN
Hampton Inn & Suites by Hilton Forest City, NC


text:
Q: Help Center typo: "Again, explain why it should be re-openened." The Help Center URL for reopening questions, /helpcenter/reopen-questions, has a typo:

Again, explain why it should be re-openened.

should read:

Again, explain why it should be re-opened.

or even:

Again, explain why it should be reopened.

(On that note, "reopen" and "re-open" seem to have been used interchangeably throughout this text. I suggest sticking to one or the other.)

A: Fixed.
I went with "reopen" as the canonical spelling, since that's what we use elsewhere in the UI (such as when voting to reopen a closed question).


text:
import isNonEmptyString from "../is_non_empty_string";

describe("utils - isNonEmptyString", () => {
  it("should return false for anything that is not a string", () => {
    expect(isNonEmptyString(4)).toBe(false);
    expect(isNonEmptyString(/a/)).toBe(false);
    expect(isNonEmptyString(null)).toBe(false);
    expect(isNonEmptyString(undefined)).toBe(false);
    expect(isNonEmptyString({})).toBe(false);
    expect(isNonEmptyString([])).toBe(false);
  });
  it("should return false for an empty string", () => {
    expect(isNonEmptyString("")).toBe(false);
  });
  it("should return true for a string with at least a single letter", () => {
    expect(isNonEmptyString("\0")).toBe(true);
    expect(isNonEmptyString("\n")).toBe(true);
    expect(isNonEmptyString("a")).toBe(true);
    expect(isNonEmptyString("I Am Damo Suzuki")).toBe(true);
    expect(isNonEmptyString("My new house\nYou should see my house")).toBe(true);
    expect(isNonEmptyString(`Became a recluse
                             And bought a computer
                             Set it up in the home`)).toBe(true);
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Left photo: Amblyseius cucumeris devouring a thrips.
Right photo: the thrips by itself.
These predatory mites are used to help us control thrips populations in the greenhouse. They arrive in a container mixed with bran, a carrier that helps us to sprinkle out controlled amounts of these tiny predators. Late in the day when the sun is low in the sky, we release Amblyseius cucumeris by walking through the greenhouse, pouring out the mites onto various thrips-infested plants. A. cucumeris is better at attacking thrips on leaves than in the flowers where they like to feed. Once released, the mites procede to scurry around the leaf surfaces, eating as many of the 1st instar thrips as they can find. The later developmental stages are too large for these mites to eat. Eventually, adults lay eggs among thrips which hatch into nymphs. These nymphs consume many immature thrips during their development into adult mites. A. cucumeris will continue to reproduce and control thrips populations as long as there is an alternative food source, like pollen, available when thrips polulations are low.
Left photo: Out of the little black parasitized whiteflies stuck to this paper will hatch adult Encarsia formosa.
Right photo: A Greenhouse whitefly adult, up-close.
Encarsia formosa is a wasp that we release in our greenhouse to control whiteflies. They arrive as wasp pupae inside of parasitized whitefly pupae that are stuck to these cards. The adults hatch out once we hang these cards on plants that have whitefly problems. When the adult wasps emerge, they seek out the 2nd through 4th immature whitefly stages to parasitize. Each female wasp can parasitze up to 200 immature whiteflies.This parasitic wasp kills lots of whiteflies in our greenhouse and helps us to keep the pest population under control.
Bio-control agent: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, the Mealybug destroyer.
Photo: Mealybugs make this waxy mess on the underside of leaves, and weaken plants.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri are ladybug beetles that are mostly black in color with dull orange head and thorax. The adult beetles will dine on mealybugs, preferably young ones, as well as other greenhouse pests. Then they lay their eggs in the cottony-white egg masses of mealybugs. The young hatch out and feed on young mealybugs and eggs while they grow. The immature "crypts" look a lot like mealybugs themselves, so scout carefully after releasing this predator in your greenhouse.
Yellow sticky cards attract and capture the winged, adult forms of greenhouse pests.


text:
Annie Granatstein
EVP, Creative Newsroom Director, Edelman
Annie serves as EVP, Creative Newsroom Director at Edelman. Previously, she headed up The Washington Post's in-house creative agency, WP BrandStudio (explore washingtonpost.com/wpbrandstudio), which she grew from a nascent line of business to an award-winning, content powerhouse. At the Studio, she shepherded inventive multimedia programs for hundreds of major brands, including Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Prudential, Paramount, FX, Canon, Allstate, AT&T, Dell, Samsung, Mercedes, Jaguar and Audi.
At WP BrandStudio, Annie built the team out to 6x the revenue, staff and number of advertisers, garnering a slew industry accolades from leading organizations, including Webby, Digiday, OMMA, Pearl, FCS, min, MarCom and dotCOMM. She has also led talks at numerous industry events, ranging from SXSW to the IAB Leadership Summit.
A true business/creative blend, Annie's rich content background spans the gamut from content strategy and creation to copywriting and video production. She began her career in Hollywood, where she was an entertainment attorney and producer negotiating mega-deals for actors, directors, screenwriters and producers and developing feature films. She holds a JD from UCLA Law School, where she graduated #7 in her class and a B.A. from Johns Hopkins University where she was awarded Phi Beta Kappa.