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text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}
The concept of band topology was introduced in condensed matter physics in the
context of the quantum Hall effect (QHE)~\cite{Klitzing:1980,Vonkiltzing:1986},
which represents a quantized version of the classical Hall effect~\cite{Hall:1879}.
The QHE is observed in two-dimensional electronic systems at low temperatures
and under strong magnetic fields applied perpendicularly to the plane containing
the electrons~\cite{Klitzing:1980,Vonkiltzing:1986}. In the classical picture,
the electrons can be viewed as charges moving in circles around a magnetic field.
At the edges of the sample, the circles are not completed giving rise to chiral
edge states~\cite{Halperin:1982}. A similar scenario occurs in two dimensional
topological insulators without external magnetic fields, \textit{i.e.}~no time-reversal
symmetry (TRS) breaking. This mechanism is induced by the intrinsic spin-orbit
interaction (SOI)~\cite{Zhang:2009,Hasan:2010,Qi:2011} acting as an effective
magnetic field $\vec{B}_\text{eff}(\vec{k})$, which couples to the electron spin.
$\vec{B}_\text{eff}(\vec{k})$ is an odd function of $\vec{k}$ due to time reversal
symmetry, thus, electrons moving in opposite directions along the edges have
opposite spin polarizations. This is known as the quantum spin Hall effect
(QSHE)~\cite{Kane:2005,Fu:2007,Konig:2007}, where the edge states are topologically
protected from backscattering due to spin-momentum locking and TRS~\cite{Lang:2007,Hasan:2010}.
The topological protection results in a dissipationless transport even in presence
of non-magnetic disorder~\cite{Hasan:2010}. In three dimensions (3D), topological
insulators are insulating bulk materials but possess metallic edges states located
at the surface. The first 3D topological insulator identified experimentally was
Bi$_{1-x}$Sb$_{x}$~\cite{Hsieh:2008}. Afterwards, a multitude of 3D topological
insulators were discovered, such as Bi$_2$Se$_3$, Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and
Sb$_2$Te$_3$~\cite{Zhang:2009,Chen:2010,Hor:2009}. As a characteristic feature,
the band structure of these materials displays a topological surface state that
has a dispersion linear in $\vec{k}$ near the $\Gamma$ point~\cite{Zhang:2009}.

The TRS in topological insulators can be broken either by using an external magnetic
field or by doping the material with magnetic impurities, which can generate numerous
interesting effects. One of the most remarkable is the quantum anomalous Hall effect
(QAHE), whereby the measured conductance is quantized to integer multiples of $e^{2}/h$,
the integer being the Chern number of the system~\cite{annurev-conmatphys-031115-011417}.
This effect has great potential for future devices with low power consumption
that rely exclusively on the electron spin~\cite{Garate:2010,Fu_Liang_2:2009,Tse:2010}.
Interestingly, the doping of Bi(Sb)$_2$Te$_3$ and (Bi$_{1-x}$Sb$_{x}$)$_{2}$Te$_3$ with
high concentrations of Cr magnetic impurities allowed the experimental realization of
the QAHE at low temperatures~\cite{Chang:2013,Kou:2014,Checkelsky:2014}.
The observation of the QAHE is a signature of a gap
opening at the Dirac point. However, this gap opening is still a controversial point, which
generated several experimental investigations on  magnetically doped topological
insulators. Chen \textit{et} \textit{al}.~\cite{Chen:2010} used angle-resolved photoemission
(ARPES) and showed that in non-magnetically doped Bi$_2$Se$_3$ no gap opening is
observed, while the presence of Fe impurities breaking TRS leads to a gap opening at
the $\Gamma$ point, which was attributed to the presence of a ferromagnetic order of
the magnetic impurities. Similar observations concerning the gap opening were made
later in Refs.~\onlinecite{Wray:2011,Xu:2012,Lee:2015,Barringa:2016}. However, other
experimental works reported the absence of a gap. Using ARPES, Scholz \textit{et}
\textit{al}.~\cite{Scholz:2013} showed that Fe impurities deposited on a Bi$_2$Se$_3$
surface at high or low temperatures do not lead to a gap opening at the Dirac point.
In fact, the surface state remains robust even for high impurity coverage. Afterwards,
other works~\cite{Honolka:2012,Sck:2013} combining various experimental methods (ARPES
or scanning tunneling microscopy) with \textit{ab initio} calculations did not report
a gap opening at the Dirac point.

The existence of long range ferromagnetic order and the absence of a gap opening
can be reconciled when impurity-induced in-gap states are present.
Indeed, based on scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements and
a phenomenological model for the topological surface state, Sessi \textit{et al.}~\onlinecite{Sessi:2016}
showed that in-gap states lead to a local filling of the band gap in presence of
ferromagnetic order. These in-gap states consist of sharp resonances in the density
of states lying within the bulk band gap. Interestingly, similar resonances were also observed
from experiment and first-principles calculations for $3d$ impurities deposited
on a Cu(111) surface~\cite{Limot:2005,Samir:2006}. The resonances were located at
the bottom of the surface state with a broadening caused by the hybridization with
the bulk bands. The presence of these peaks is explained by the nature of the impurity
potential, and its strength, which can attract or repel electronic states of the
host material.

In topological insulators, the in-gap states have been investigated with
phenomenological models~\cite{Biswas:2010,Black-Schaffer:2015}, which relate their
creation to the presence of topological surface states. The latter are modeled
using a Dirac-like Hamiltonian with a linear dispersion~\cite{Black-Schaffer:2015}:
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{H}_\text{D} = \hbar\,v_\text{F}\,\big(\vec{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}
\times\vec{k}\big)_{z}\quad,
\label{Linear_Dirac_Hamiltonian}
\end{equation}
with $v_\text{F}$ being the Fermi velocity and $\vec{k}$ the electron momentum.
The magnetic impurities are modeled by a scattering potential $\boldsymbol{V}(\vec{r})$,
which contains a non-magnetic and a magnetic part: $\boldsymbol{V}(\vec{r}) =
\big(U\,\boldsymbol{\sigma}_{0} - J\,\vec{M}\cdot\vec{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\big)
\,\delta(\vec{r}-\vec{r}_{n})$, $\boldsymbol{\sigma}_{0}$ is the $2\times2$ identity matrix.
The spatial dependence of the potential is approximated by a delta function
and $\vec{r}_{n}$ is the position of the impurity. $U$ represents the strength
of the charge scattering, while $J$ is the coupling constant between the spin
of the surface electrons and the magnetic moment $\vec{M}$ of the impurity.
In presence of a weak charge scattering (\textit{i.e.}~$\frac{U}{JM}<1$) and
when considering $\vec{M}\parallel z$, the energy dispersion is gapped near
the Dirac point~\cite{Black-Schaffer:2015,Liu:2009}. However, magnetic
impurities can induce a strong charge scattering, which leads to the creation
of in-gap states filling locally the band gap. This phenomenological model
seems to provide several possible outcomes susceptible to explain the experimental
observations. Nonetheless, it does not have a full description of the electronic
structure and misses the contribution of the bulk bands, which may play a
crucial role in the formation of these in-gap states.

In this work, we explore the impact of the bulk bands on the in-gap states
present in magnetically doped topological insulators~\cite{Chotorlishvili:2014,Antonov:2017,Sessi:2016}.
We performed first-principles  calculations for $3d$ transition metal
impurities embedded in the surfaces of Bi$_{2}$Te$_{3}$ and Bi$_{2}$Se$_{3}$,
fixing $\vec{M}\parallel z$. Our calculations show that the band gap is locally
filled by impurity resonances, as predicted in Refs.~\onlinecite{Biswas:2010,Black-Schaffer:2015,Sessi:2016}.
Comparing with calculations for $3d$ impurities embedded in the bulk of
Bi$_{2}$Te$_{3}$ and Bi$_{2}$Se$_{3}$, we demonstrate that the hybridization
of the impurity $d$-states with the $sp$ bulk bands is the driving mechanism
behind the formation of these in-gap states. A simple model is used to analyze
our results.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec.~\ref{method_description}, we describe
the first-principles approach and provide the technical details used in the
calculations. We also consider a simple Anderson model, which will be employed
to understand the emergence of in-gap states in magnetically doped topological
insulators. Sec.~\ref{Results_in_gap_states} is dedicated to the study of the
in-gap states from first-principles by highlighting the importance of the contribution
of bulk states. Furthermore, we show the results of the local density of states
obtained within the Anderson model and explore the possibility of creating in-gap
states from hybridization with the bulk or the topological surface state.
Finally, in Sec.~\ref{conclusions_in_gap_states} we summarize our results.

\section{Description of the methods and computational aspects}
\label{method_description}

\subsection{\textit{Ab initio} method}
Our first-principles simulations are performed using the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Green
function (KKR-GF) method~\cite{Bauer:2014,Papanikolaou:2002}, which relies on multiple
scattering theory. The calculations are carried out using the atomic sphere approximation
(ASA) including full charge density in the local spin density approximation (LSDA), as
parametrized by Vosko, Wilk, and Nusair~\cite{Vosko:1980}. We employ the scalar relativistic
approach augmented self-consistently with SOI, which is of crucial importance in topological
insulators. The calculations are made in two steps. First, we simulate the periodic
host (bulk and surface), which is then used to self-consistently embed the impurities
in real space.

\begin{figure}[b]
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Crystal_structure_Bi2Te3}
  \caption{\label{Bi2Te3_crystal_structure}
  Atomic structure.
  (a) Crystal structure of Bi$_{2}$Te$_{3}$ characterized by a primitive unit cell
  containing five inequivalent atoms (two Bi, two Te2 and one Te1). The rhombohedral
  primitive vectors $\{\vec{v}_{1},\vec{v}_{2},\vec{v}_{3}\}$ are also shown. For the
  slab, six quintuple layers are used. The cut to create the surface is indicated on
  the figure. The position of the impurity in the real space calculations is indicated
  by a red arrow. (b) Top view of the crystal structure showing the ABC stacking of the
  different layers. (c) Side view of the quintuple layer showing the stacking of the
  layers along the $z$-direction.}
\end{figure}

The bulk unit cell includes five atoms and ten sites in total (\textit{i.e.}~five vacuum sites),
see Fig.~\ref{Bi2Te3_crystal_structure}(a). The lattice parameters for the rhombohedral crystal
structure are taken from experiment~\cite{Wei:2010}. The system is self-consistently converged
using $30 \times 30 \times 30$ $k$-points in the full Brillouin zone. For the surface calculations,
we used a slab containing six quintuple layers, which is enough to ensure the absence of a direct
coupling between the two surfaces, since the surface state penetrates only within two quintuple
layers~\cite{Wei:2010}. The slab was converged using a $60 \times 60 \times 1$ $k$-mesh in the full
Brillouin zone. Once the Green functions of the periodic system are obtained, the impurity is embedded
self-consistently in a finite region in space (\textit{i.e.}~the perturbation in the potential
due to the impurity has a finite range) using the following Dyson equation~\cite{Gonis:2000,Zabloudil:2005}:
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
{G}_\text{I}(\varepsilon) & =  {G}_\text{H}(\varepsilon) + {G}_\text{H}(\varepsilon)\,
({V}_\text{I}-{V}_\text{H})\,{G}_\text{I}(\varepsilon)\quad,\\
& = {G}_\text{H}(\varepsilon) +{G}_\text{H}(\varepsilon)
\,\Delta{V}\,{G}_\text{I}(\varepsilon)\quad,
\end{split}
\label{Impurity_dyson_equation}
\end{equation}
where the real space dependence is omitted for simplicity.
${V}_\text{I}$ (${V}_\text{H}$) is the Kohn-Sham potential in the cluster in presence (absence) of the impurity.
${G}_\text{I}(\varepsilon)$ represents the Green function of the system in presence of the impurity, while ${G}_\text{H}(\varepsilon)$ is the Green function of the undisturbed host.
The $3d$ impurities are substituting a Bi atom from the subsurface layer as indicated in Fig.~\ref{Bi2Te3_crystal_structure}(a).
This position is stable thermodynamically as observed experimentally and predicted from first-principles for the case of Fe in Bi$_2$Te$_3$~\cite{West:2012,Abdalla:2013}.
We considered different real space cluster sizes and found that the quantities of interest (local density of states, spin
and orbital moments) are converged when considering a cluster containing 102
sites in total ($24$ Bi atoms, $31$ Te (Se) atoms and $47$ vacuum sites).

\subsection{Anderson model}
\label{Anderson_model_theory}
In order to explain the origin of the in-gap states observed in the local density of states (LDOS) of the $3d$ impurities
embedded in Bi$_2$Te$_3$ (Bi$_2$Se$_3$), we use a simple Anderson impurity model.
Our goal is to understand if and how the hybridization with both bulk and surface states
leads to the formation of in-gap states. We consider a minimal model to interpret our
first-principles calculations, which takes into account an impurity with a single $d$-orbital
(as an example, we chose the $d_{xy}$ component). The impurity has two energy levels
$\varepsilon^{\uparrow}_{i}$ and $\varepsilon^{\downarrow}_{i}$ for the majority and
minority spin channels, respectively. This impurity hybridizes with a two-dimensional
topological insulator surface state, which is characterized by the linear Dirac Hamiltonian
shown in Eq.~\eqref{Linear_Dirac_Hamiltonian}. Furthermore, we account for the bulk bands
by including Bloch states which are also characterized by the wave vector $\vec{k}$ and
the eigenenergies $\varepsilon^{\sigma}_{\vec{k}}$ for each spin channel. The bulk and
surface states interact only via the impurity. The impurity LDOS can be computed using
the local Green function for which the spin diagonal part reads:
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{G}^{\sigma\sigma}_{i}(\varepsilon) = \frac{1}{\varepsilon - \varepsilon^{\sigma}_{i} -
	\Sigma(\varepsilon)}\quad,
\label{Gf_imp_tss_bulk}
\end{equation}
$\Sigma(\varepsilon)$ represents the hybridization function of the impurity. It
describes the hybridization between the impurity $d$-electrons and the host $sp$-electrons.
$\Sigma(\varepsilon) = \Lambda(\varepsilon) + \mathrm{i}\Delta(\varepsilon)$, with
$\Lambda(\varepsilon)$ and $\Delta(\varepsilon)$ being the real and imaginary parts
of $\Sigma(\varepsilon)$, respectively.
For the purpose of our study, we consider the self-energy to be spin-independent.
The spin polarized LDOS of the impurity
$n^{\sigma}_{i}(\varepsilon)$ is given by:
\begin{equation}
n^{\sigma}_{i}(\varepsilon) = -\frac{1}{\pi} \frac{\Delta(\varepsilon)}{(\varepsilon -
\varepsilon^{\sigma}_{i}-\Lambda(\varepsilon))^2 + (\Delta(\varepsilon))^2}\quad.
\label{ldos_model_anderson}
\end{equation}
$\Sigma(\varepsilon)$ can also be decomposed into bulk and surface contributions:
\begin{equation}
\Sigma(\varepsilon) = \Sigma^\text{b}(\varepsilon) + \Sigma^\text{s}(\varepsilon)\quad,
\end{equation}
where $\Sigma^\text{b}(\varepsilon)$ and ${\Sigma}^\text{s}(\varepsilon)$ represent
the hybridization functions with the bulk and surface states, respectively.
Moreover, we define $\Delta_\text{b}(\varepsilon)$ $(\Delta_\text{s}(\varepsilon))$
as the imaginary part of the bulk (surface) hybridization function, while
$\Lambda_\text{b}(\varepsilon)$ $(\Lambda_\text{s}(\varepsilon))$ is the real
part of the  bulk (surface) hybridization function. Relying on Eq.~\eqref{ldos_model_anderson},
we expect in-gap states to occur when $\varepsilon - \varepsilon^{\sigma}_{i}-\Lambda_\text{b}(\varepsilon)-\Lambda_\text{s}(\varepsilon) \simeq 0$ and for $(\Delta_\text{b}(\varepsilon)+\Delta_\text{s}(\varepsilon))$ small. The LDOS of the
impurities is mildly affected when they are moved from the surface to the bulk as
shown in Fig.~\ref{LDOS_3d_Bi2Te3} and discussed in the next sections. Therefore, one can conclude that the coupling
to the surface state is rather weak. $\Sigma^\text{b}_{i}(\varepsilon)$ and ${\Sigma}^\text{s}_{i}(\varepsilon)$ are
derived analytically in   Appendix~\ref{Append_A} under the following assumptions:
on the one hand, the bulk band is modeled using a gapped density of states $n_\text{b}(\varepsilon)$
given by:
\begin{equation}
n_\text{b}(\varepsilon) =
\left \{
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
$n_\text{b}$ \quad {for} \quad $\varepsilon_\text{bv}<\varepsilon<\varepsilon_\text{tv}$\quad, \\
$n_\text{b}$ \quad {for} \quad $\varepsilon_\text{bc}<\varepsilon<\varepsilon_\text{tc}$\quad,   \\
0   \quad {elsewhere} \quad.
\end{tabular}
\right.
\label{bulk_ldos_and}
\end{equation}
$n_\text{b}$ is the occupation number in the valence and conduction band. $\varepsilon_\text{bv}$ $(\varepsilon_\text{bc})$ and $\varepsilon_\text{tv}$ $(\varepsilon_\text{tc})$ represent the bottom and the top of the valence (conduction) band, respectively.
On the other hand, the surface state is described by the Dirac Hamiltonian given in Eq.~\eqref{Linear_Dirac_Hamiltonian}. The LDOS of the surface states is linear within a certain energy window and is then connected to a flat LDOS, which is required to avoid spurious peaks in the LDOS at the cutoff energies $\pm\varepsilon_{0}$:
\begin{equation}
n_\text{s}(\varepsilon) =
\left \{
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
$\frac{|\varepsilon-\varepsilon_\text{D}|}{\varepsilon^{2}_{0}}$ \quad {for} \quad $-\varepsilon_0<\varepsilon<\varepsilon_0$\quad,\\
$\frac{1}{\varepsilon_{0}}$ \quad {for} \quad $\varepsilon_\text{tv}<\varepsilon<-\varepsilon_{0}$\quad,\\
$\frac{1}{\varepsilon_{0}}$ \quad {for} \quad $\varepsilon_0<\varepsilon<\varepsilon_\text{tc}$\quad,\\
0   \quad {elsewhere} \quad.
\end{tabular}
\right.
\end{equation}
$\varepsilon_\text{D}$ being the energy of the Dirac point with respect to the Fermi energy (chosen to be the reference energy).
This model can be parametrized using first-principles data,
which we proceed to discuss next.

\section{Results and discussion}
\label{Results_in_gap_states}
\subsection{In-gap states from first-principles}

\begin{table}[b]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\hline
Element    & $Q$  &  $M_\text{s} (\mu_\text{B})$ & $M_\text{l} (\mu_\text{B})$ \\
\hline
Cr (Bi$_2$Te$_3$)     & 5.154  &  3.843  &  0.065 \\
Cr (Bi$_2$Se$_3$)     & 4.841  &  3.671  &  0.008  \\
\hline
Mn (Bi$_2$Te$_3$)    & 6.160  &  4.412  &  0.050 \\
Mn (Bi$_2$Se$_3$)    & 5.863  &  4.421  &  0.024  \\
\hline
Fe  (Bi$_2$Te$_3$)    & 7.282  &  3.395  &  0.260 \\
Fe  (Bi$_2$Se$_3$)    & 6.963  &  3.482  &  0.144  \\
\hline
Co  (Bi$_2$Te$_3$)   & 8.448  &  2.108  &  0.883 \\
Co  (Bi$_2$Se$_3$)   & 8.136  &  2.231  &  0.942  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Ground state properties of $3d$ impurities embedded in the Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and Bi$_2$Se$_3$ (111) surfaces: valence charge on the impurity $Q$, spin moment $M_\text{s}$ and orbital moment $M_\text{l}$.}
\label{3d_Bi2Te3_gs}
\end{center}
\end{table}

We show in Table~\ref{3d_Bi2Te3_gs} the charge, spin and orbital moments of single $3d$
transition metal impurities: Cr,  Mn, Fe and Co, which are embedded into the
Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and Bi$_2$Se$_3$ surfaces. The spin moments are considered to be normal to each surface.
The valence charge on the impurity is shown in the first column.
We notice that all $3d$ impurities are donors of electrons (n-type doping).
Similar results were obtained for Fe impurities in Bi$_2$Te$_3$~\cite{West:2012}.
The second column in Table.~\ref{3d_Bi2Te3_gs} displays the values of the spin moment $M_\text{s}$.
Cr and Mn have a nearly half-filled $d$-shell and present high values for $M_\text{s}$, which decreases for Fe and Co following the Hund's rules. The values of the orbital moments ($M_\text{l}$) shown
in the third column behave differently. High values are obtained for Fe and Co due to the partial
filling of the minority $d$-orbitals, in contrast to the low values of Cr and Mn.
The impact of the chemical nature of the substrate was also investigated. When $3d$ impurities
are embedded in the surface of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ instead of Bi$_2$Te$_3$, the following
changes occur in the ground state quantities: First, the impurities tend to donate
more electrons. Second, $M_\text{s}$ decreases for Cr while it increases for Mn, Fe
and Co. Finally, $M_\text{l}$ is substantially affected, largely decreasing in the
case of Cr, Mn and Fe, while increasing for Co (see Table.~\ref{3d_Bi2Te3_gs}).
This large effect of the
substrate on the magnitude of $M_\text{l}$ is due to the high sensitivity
of this quantity to the details
of the hybridization.

The LDOS of Cr, Mn, Fe and Co embedded in the Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and
Bi$_2$Se$_3$ surfaces are plotted in Figs.~\ref{LDOS_3d_Bi2Te3}(a,b). The bulk band gap
(light blue band in the figure) is
$\approx 0.25$ eV for Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and $\approx 0.35$ eV for Bi$_2$Se$_3$ in agreement with
the results of Ref.~\onlinecite{Zhang:2009}. The majority
spin channel $(\uparrow)$ is represented in full lines, while the minority spin channel
$(\downarrow)$ is plotted with dashed lines. On the one hand, the majority-spin channel is fully
occupied for all considered elements with the exception of Cr. On the other hand, the minority-spin
channel is partially occupied for Fe and Co and remains empty for Cr and Mn.
The LDOS consists of a set of the so-called virtual bound states resulting from the
hybridization of the atomic $d$-orbitals of the impurity with the $sp$-states of the
Bi$_2$Te$_3$ host, resulting in a fractional valence charge of the impurity (see Table~\ref{3d_Bi2Te3_gs}).
These resonances occur in both spin channels. Around $\varepsilon_\text{F}$, electronic states emerge
in the bulk band gap of the substrate. These are the in-gap states central to our study, which
were already observed for
Cr (Mn) doped Bi$_2$Se$_3$ (Bi$_2$Te$_3$) in Ref.~\onlinecite{Chotorlishvili:2014,Antonov:2017}.

From Fig.~\ref{LDOS_3d_Bi2Te3}, we also notice that the presence of the in-gap states
correlates with an impurity virtual bound state being close in energy to the bulk band gap ensuring
the presence of electrons, which can be localized at the band edges (example: majority
spin channel of Cr, Co). However, a $d$-peak located too close to the bulk band edges
might merge with the in-gap states (example: minority spin channel of Fe and Co in
Bi$_2$Te$_3$). In this case, it is difficult to disentangle the in-gap state from the virtual bound state or one can even state that the latter becomes an in-gap state. For the investigated magnetic impurities, the in-gap state occurs only in one of the spin channels (either majority or minority spin), which leads to a large spin-polarization at the Fermi energy. In other words, a local half-metallic behavior emerges from the in-gap states. Our simulations also suggest that in principle Cr impurities would lead to a clear experimental observation of in-gap states because they are well separated from the virtual bound states. Of course, such an observation using scanning tunneling spectroscopy would require to consider the orbital nature of the in-gap state, which is dictated by the nature of the impurity.

\begin{figure*}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{LDOS_bulk_slab}
  \caption{\label{LDOS_3d_Bi2Te3}
  First-principles simulated spin-resolved LDOS for $3d$ impurities (Cr, Mn, Fe and Co) embedded in (a) the (111) surface of Bi$_2$Te$_3$, (b) the (111) surface of Bi$_2$Se$_3$, (c) the bulk of Bi$_2$Te$_3$, and (d) in the bulk of a Bi$_2$Se$_3$ bulk.
  The majority-spin channel is represented in full lines, while the minority-spin channel is given in dashed lines.
  The energies are given with respect to $\varepsilon_\text{F}$ and the bulk band gap is highlighted in light blue.}

\end{figure*}

The appearance of in-gap states near the bulk band edges suggests that they are connected.
In order to remove the contribution of the surface state to the in-gap states, we computed the electronic structure of the $3d$ impurities embedded in bulk Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and Bi$_2$Se$_3$.
Naturally, the impurities are substituting a Bi atom similarly to the surface case.
The change in ground state properties (charge, spin and orbital moments) of the impurities is rather small, and this can be understood from the fact that the immediate environment of the impurity (nearest neighbors) remains unchanged from surface to bulk.
The LDOS is shown in Figs.~\ref{LDOS_3d_Bi2Te3}(c,d), where we clearly observe that the in-gap state is still present for impurities in the bulk. Thus, we unambiguously prove that they originate from hybridization of the impurities $d$-states with the host bulk band edges.
In the next section, we will discuss the emergence of the in-gap states by means of a simple Anderson impurity model including contributions from a gapped bulk and a topological surface state.

\subsection{In-gap states in the Anderson model}

The results shown here are produced using the Anderson impurity model discussed in Sec.~\ref{Anderson_model_theory}.
We focus on the majority LDOS since it displays in-gap states which are not merged with the virtual bound states. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the $lm$-resolved LDOS shows that the in-gap states are observed in the $\{d_{xy},d_{x^{2}-y^{2}},d_{xz},d_{yz}\}$ partial contributions to the LDOS, but not in the $d_{z^{2}}$ one. For clarity, we consider only the $d_{xy}$ orbital. The model parameters are obtained as follows: First, we determine the center of the band $\varepsilon^{\uparrow}_i$ of $d_{xy}$ component of the impurity LDOS.
Then, the broadening of the states is assumed to be similar for all $3d$ impurities and is used to determine the strength of the coupling to the bulk $\ev{V^\text{b}_{\vec{k}i}}$.
The occupation of the host bulk LDOS $n_\text{b}(\varepsilon)$ is also obtained from first-principles.
The energies corresponding to the bottom of the valence and the top of the conduction are cutoffs for numerical convenience (not realistic values). A similar procedure is employed to obtain the surface state parameters.
Finally, we add an artificial broadening $\eta$ to account for the small imaginary part of the energy present in our first-principles simulations.
All the model parameters are listed in Table~\ref{Cr_Pd_Bi2Te3_model}.

The components of the hybridization functions with the bulk and the surface state are shown in Fig~\ref{LDOS_3d_4d_b_s_Bi2Te3_Anderson_2}(b).
$\Delta_\text{b}(\varepsilon+\mathrm{i} \eta)$ is a constant function in the valence and conduction bands, while it almost vanishes in the bulk band gap.
$\Lambda_\text{b}(\varepsilon+\mathrm{i} \eta)$ represents the Hilbert transform of $\Delta_\text{b}(\varepsilon+\mathrm{i} \eta)$ and displays sharp features at the edges of the bulk band gap.
$\Delta_\text{s}(\varepsilon+\mathrm{i} \eta)$ has a linear behavior for
$\varepsilon \in [-0.5,0.1]\,$eV and is a constant otherwise.
$\Lambda_\text{s}(\varepsilon+\mathrm{i} \eta)$ does not have any sharp feature.
In Fig~\ref{LDOS_3d_4d_b_s_Bi2Te3_Anderson_2}(a), we show the model majority LDOS for our $3d$ impurities embedded in Bi$_2$Te$_3$ bulk.
The in-gap states observed at the bulk band edges emerge due to high values in $\Lambda_\text{b}(\varepsilon+\mathrm{i} \eta)$ combined with  small values for $\Delta_\text{b}(\varepsilon+\mathrm{i} \eta)$ (gap region).
The model reproduces qualitatively the position and shape of the in-gap states for Mn, Fe and Co.
Furthermore, we obtain a clear feature in the LDOS of Cr. However, it is located at the lower bulk
band edge in contrast to what is observed from first-principles as shown in Fig.~\ref{LDOS_3d_Bi2Te3}(c).

\begin{figure*}[ht]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{Ldos_hybdrizatio_Anderson}
  \caption{\label{LDOS_3d_4d_b_s_Bi2Te3_Anderson_2}
  (a) Modeled $d_{xy}$ contribution to the majority LDOS of Cr, Mn, Fe and Co embedded in Bi$_2$Te$_3$ bulk within the Anderson model.
  (b) The straight lines represent $\varepsilon - \varepsilon^{\uparrow}_{i}$, where $\varepsilon^{\uparrow}_{i}$ is the energy level of the majority $d_{xy}$-orbital.
  The real and imaginary parts of the bulk (surface) hybridization function are depicted in magenta  (brown).
  The Dirac point is located at $\varepsilon_\text{D} = -0.2$ eV.
  The used model parameters are given in Table.~\ref{Cr_Pd_Bi2Te3_model}.}
\end{figure*}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
Bi$_2$Te$_3$ (bulk) & $\varepsilon_\text{bv}$  &  $\varepsilon_\text{tv}$   &  $\varepsilon_\text{bc}$   &   $\varepsilon_\text{tc}$  &  $n_\text{b}$   &  $\ev{V^\text{b}_{\vec{k}i}}$  \\
\hline
- - -   &  -10.0  &  -0.1   &   0.1  & 10.0  &  0.15   &  1.15    \\
\hline
Bi$_2$Te$_3$ (surface) & $\varepsilon_\text{bv}$  &   $\varepsilon_\text{tc}$  &  $\varepsilon_{0}$   & $\varepsilon_\text{D}$ &  $\ev{V^\text{s}_{\vec{k}i}}$ & - - -  \\
\hline
- - - &  -10.0  & 10.0  &  0.3  & -0.2  & 0.25 & - - - \\
\hline
$3d$ elements & $\varepsilon^{\uparrow}_\text{Cr}$ & $\varepsilon^{\uparrow}_\text{Mn}$ &  $\varepsilon^{\uparrow}_\text{Fe}$ & $\varepsilon^{\uparrow}_\text{Co}$ & $\eta$ & - - -  \\
\hline
- - -   & -1.10 & -2.70 & -2.94 & -1.98 & 0.02 & - - - \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Anderson model parameters used to compute the majority LDOS for the considered $3d$ impurities, the bulk hybridization function and surface hybridization function. $\eta$ is an artificial broadening added to mimic the small imaginary part of the energy included in our first-principles simulations. All the parameters are given in eV except $n_\text{b}$ which is given in states/eV.}
\label{Cr_Pd_Bi2Te3_model}
\end{center}
\end{table}

Considering only the topological surface state in Eq.~\eqref{ldos_model_anderson}, the condition to observe an in-gap state is: $\varepsilon - \varepsilon^{\uparrow}_{i} \simeq \Lambda_\text{s}(\varepsilon)$ and $\Delta_\text{s}(\varepsilon)$ must be small in order to increase the spectral weight. In other words,  $\Lambda_\text{s}(\varepsilon)$ and $\varepsilon - \varepsilon^{\uparrow}_{i}$ must ideally cross each other in a region where the substrate LDOS is low, \textit{i.e}. close to the Dirac point (near $\varepsilon_\text{D}$).
As an example, we take $\ev{V^\text{s}_{\vec{k}i}} = 0.25$ eV
(smaller compared to the bulk one, see Table \ref{Cr_Pd_Bi2Te3_model}) and plot in Fig.~\ref{LDOS_3d_4d_b_s_Bi2Te3_Anderson_2} the real and imaginary parts of ${\Sigma}^\text{s}_{i}(\varepsilon)$ and $\varepsilon - \varepsilon^{\uparrow}_{i}$ for the considered $3d$ impurities.
The crossing near $\varepsilon_\text{D}$ leading to an in-gap state
is not observed for this particular case.
Although it may occur for stronger couplings to the surface, this would be
in contradiction with our first-principles calculations
predicting a weak coupling to the surface state.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{conclusions_in_gap_states}
In this paper, we combined a first-principles and model approach to understand the
emergence and origins of in-gap states in the LDOS of $3d$ transition metal impurities
embedded in topologically insulating hosts, which consist of Bi$_2$Te$_3$ and
Bi$_2$Se$_3$. We considered bulk systems and thin films. We found that ground
state properties such as the valence charge, spin and orbital moment on the impurity
can be affected when trading the Bi$_2$Te$_3$ host for the Bi$_2$Se$_3$
one. The largest changes were noticed for the orbital moments.
Our first-principles simulations showed the emergence of in-gap states
when the impurities are embedded in the bulk, ruling out the necessity of the
topological surface state for their creation. Furthermore, we built an Anderson
model where the impurity contains a single $d$-orbital which hybridizes with
bulk and surface states. Within this model, we showed that the in-gap states
arise at the bulk band edges from the real part of the bulk hybridization function.
We also considered the possibility of creating in-gap states when considering
solely the topological surface state. However, this requires large and nonphysical
coupling constants between the $3d$ impurities and the topological surface states.

For the investigated systems, the in-gap states
are found in one single spin-channel, which generates a half-metallic behavior at the impurity site
and its immediate surrounding. Also the orbital nature of these localized states depend on
the electronic filling of the impurity.

Our results are in good agreement with the STS measurements
obtained in Refs.~\onlinecite{Honolka:2012,Sessi:2016}, which display a finite local
density of states within the gap region when the tip is located above the defects
($3d$ impurities). This finite density of states is attributed to the presence of
in-gap states leading to a filling of the band gap locally. Furthermore, the in-gap
states reported in this work were also observed previously from first-principles
calculations for Cr (Mn) in Bi$_2$Se(Te)$_3$ in Refs.~\onlinecite{Chotorlishvili:2014,Antonov:2017} but without relating their existence to the hybridization with the bulk bands.
We point out that although the investigated single magnetic impurities do not open
a band gap locally, this does not exclude the existence of a quantum
anomalous Hall state~\cite{Sessi:2016,Peixoto:2016}.

Finally, the in-gap states provide a relatively high density of states
at the Fermi energy which may profoundly alter the magnetic properties
of the system, for instance: the magnetic anisotropy energy~\cite{Pick:2003,Wang:1993},
the response of the impurities to external time-dependent perturbations~\cite{Samir:2010,mdsd:2015,Samir:2015},
their magnetic stability against spin fluctuations~\cite{Julen:2016} and
many other phenomena. These properties are currently under investigation.

\textbf{Acknowledgements} We thank P. R\"ussmann for fruitful discussions and for providing the potentials
and initial setups for the topological insulating host (Bi$_2$Te$_3$). This work
was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon
2020 research and innovation programme (ERC-consolidator grant 681405 DYNASORE).
We gratefully acknowledge the computing time granted by the JARA-HPC Vergabegremium
and VSR commission on the supercomputer JURECA at Forschungszentrum J\"ulich.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


From sauces to desserts, Coca-Cola can be a gorgeous addition to almost any meal. We've listed the top 3 recipes that you loved from My Coca-Cola Kitchen as an homage to all the yumminess that we've managed to make using this great thirst quencher.
Most people recognize Coca-Cola as a beverage or worse yet, a dark-coloured liquid. But there are a select few who have seen this delicious drink for what it could be – the secret ingredient to the most scrumptious of meals. From sauces to main meals and desserts, Coca-Cola can be a gorgeous addition to almost any meal. We've listed the top 3 recipes that you loved from My Coca-Cola Kitchen as an homage to all the yumminess that we've managed to make using this dynamic and refreshing thirst quencher.
A potato favourite that combines two classics – baked potatoes and bacon! The Coca-Cola soaked bacon is so tender and tastes so unique, you'll want to add it to everything else you make.
Combine delicious, rich hot chocolate with the decadence of a well-made waffle and you have virtual food nirvana. Try this – we guarantee you won't be disappointed!
Want rotisserie chicken without paying an arm and a leg for it? This recipe is for you! Combine the most tender and moist chicken with delicious tacos and you have a meal fit for royalty.


Digital globe. Binary code on a surface of a planet.
Human hand interacting with an advanced digital interface. Digital illustration.
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text:
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As far as I know, Thomas Lovewell, whose children and grandchildren all seemed to have interesting middle names, did not own one himself. There is not even a clue as to a middle initial. His older brother William's name sometimes appears as "William B. Lovewell," leading us to guess that his middle name was "Bedel," but it's only a guess. Of all of Moody Bedel Lovewell's boys, the only one of Thomas's brothers whose middle name I know for sure is Christopher Wolfe Lovewell. His middle name might have honored the memory of James Wolfe, the English general who died on the same day as his French counterpart, General Montcalm, on the Plains of Abraham after the decisive battle of the Seven Years War and the fall of Quebec in 1759. There was certainly a Lovewell family connection with the Seven Years War, known in North America as the French and Indian War, and the names of Moody's children may reflect that connection.
Solomon Lovewell's middle initial is given as "T" in the 1910 census and in the Oregon death index which recorded his demise in 1912. A few of his descendants believe the "T" stood for "Thomas," a name Solomon sometimes preferred to be called. If the story is true, the situation must have made for amusing reunions with his older brother from Kansas. The name "Solomon" could have been chosen as a tip of the hat to Solomon Lovell, who was a militia lieutenant in the French and Indian War, but later had a spotty record as a brigadier general in the Revolutionary War.
The enshrining of a family lineage within middle names is seen as the province of high society, perhaps in emulation of the royals. Many of us remember that endearing moment during the wedding of Charles and Diana, when the young princess could not get the full name of her betrothed right, even when it was divided up and fed to her in small chunks. Americans seldom go that far, but even over here some family names are glued together with hyphens until they sound like law firms. On a more modest scale, Professor J. T. Lovewell's middle name, "Taplin," surely celebrates that historic matchup of five Taplin offspring with five Lovewells in the 1700's. The professor's second wife, Carolyn Forbes Barnes, created the music department at Washburn College. She is no doubt responsible for the singing talent of their daughter Marguerite, and, judging from the only picture I've seen of J. T., also for the "unusually pretty" girl's striking physiognomy. After their marriage, Carolyn was always known as Carolyn Barnes Lovewell, while their daughter Marguerite's name is seen in print as Marguerite Barnes Lovewell. After her marriage to Harry Kingsley Grigg in 1921, it sometimes took the long form of Marguerite B. Lovewell Grigg.
I'm reminded of a line from Kansas City native Calvin Trillin, who remarked that many of his classmates at Yale seemed to have three last names, although when he mentioned the observation to his roommate, Thatcher Baxter Hatcher, the rich, Eastern preppy thought it all sounded pretty normal to him.
I sometimes go through older postings here, correct the occasional glaring misspelling (It has to really flash for me to see it), and also tidy up a few facts. The piece on Marguerite Lovewell ("Rising Star") needed some amending. I mentioned that Marguerite married a salesman named Harry Kingsley Grigg in Pasadena in 1921. Unfortunately, I wrote those words from memory, which turned out to be hazy. On the marriage license Mr. Grigg actually gave his occupation as "merchant," and he was being modest. Harry Grigg had been president of a coffee company for decades when the 56-year-old widower, who also lived in Mount Vernon, New York, married 34-year-old Marguerite Barnes Lovewell. There is probably an interesting family story here, but I'm speculating based on a few scraps of newsprint and public records.
I wonder - after the death of Prof. J. T. Lovewell in 1918, did the checks that funded Marguerite's singing lessons in New York stop coming? In the 1920 census she's living in a boarding house in Mount Vernon with a roommate. A year later she marries wealth. By 1940 her younger sister Carolyn Lovewell, another gifted soprano from Topeka who was in no hurry to wed, lives in the same house with Marguerite and Harry and the couple's children, Kingsley and Barbara.
It's one of the hazards of delving into family history. You want people to have happy endings, to accomplish their goals and find fulfillment in their lives. If Marguerite Lovewell never got to stride across the stage of a European opera house, I hope she was satisfied with being a mother and the featured soloist at a large church in New York with wonderful acoustics. And I hope that her son, Harry Kingsley Grigg, Jr., didn't mind that his mother called him "Kingsley."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Wole Soyinka Quotes About Life, Education, Love & Professor
Anish PoudelPosted on November 14, 2021 November 14, 2021 inHome, Inspirational, Motivation, Poet Quotes, Quotes, Writer
Wole Soyinka Quotes:
And I believe that the best learning process of any kind of craft is just to look at the work of others.
And gradually they're beginning to recognize the fact that there's nothing more secure than a democratic, accountable, and participatory form of government. But it's sunk in only theoretically, it has not yet sunk in completely in practical terms.
But the ultimate lesson is just sit down and write. That's all.
Read More: Paulo Coelho Quotes On Love, Live, Alchemist, Travel
But theater, because of its nature, both text, images, multimedia effects, has a wider base of communication with an audience. That's why I call it the most social of the various art forms.
But when you're deprived of it for a lengthy period then you value human companionship. But you have to survive and so you devise all kinds of mental exercises and it's amazing.
Even when I'm writing plays I enjoy having company and mentally I think of that company as the company I'm writing for.
I consider the process of gestation just as important as when you're actually sitting down putting words to the paper.
I don't really consider myself a novelist, it just came out purely by accident.
I found, when I left, that there were others who felt the same way. We'd meet, they'd come and seek me out, we'd talk about the future. And I found that their depression and pessimism was every bit as acute as mine.
I grew up in an atmosphere where words were an integral part of culture.
I think that feeling that if one believed absolutely in any cause, then one must have the confidence, the self-certainty, to go through with that particular course of action.
I'm not one of those writers I learned about who get up in the morning, put a piece of paper in their typewriter machine and start writing. That I've never understood.
My horizon on humanity is enlarged by reading the writers of poems, seeing a painting, listening to some music, some opera, which has nothing at all to do with a volatile human condition or struggle or whatever. It enriches me as a human being.
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The Queen of Crime, Agatha Christie, has penned many a detective story that has entranced generations of readers all over the world. In fact, she herself has come up the most well-known formula for coming up with the cleverest and most elaborate stories known in history. A crime happens; there is an investigation; the lead investigator gathers the necessary characters up to tell the story of the crime and how it happened; the culprit is caught; there is a climax. However, real life is hardly as neat as a happily ever after.
In fact, in real life – people have to live through the process as well and not all crime cases end the way that those novels do. Sometimes, the wrong person (an innocent one) is caught of having committed a crime they didn't do. Sometimes, the crime is exaggerated to ludicrous proportion for the sake of a bigger agenda instead of individual purpose. A time like this can be stressful and difficult for anyone to handle, especially if you're on the defending side of the bench.
That is why it is so important to have a criminal defense attorney who is experienced in the field in order for you to get the just and fair trial that you, as a free citizen, deserve. After all, some court cases are spun into a sense more suited for propaganda or campaign instead of focusing on the given facts as a jury can be negatively influenced or some bits and pieces of mislaid evidence could lose your entire case for you. A criminal trial, as it states on the website of Kohler Hart Powell, SC, can also be a long and arduous process that could take weeks, months, or even years if it comes to that. Therefore a qualified and skilled attorney is always a necessity.


Whether you are a collector, investor or simply trying to hedge against inflation, silver bullion coins are becoming one of the most popular alternative forms of investment. Traditionally, when thinking of investments people would think of stocks and shares in Fortune 500 companies, fixed interest government bonds or even fixed term investments in a high street bank. However, due to the dramatic downturn in the world economy, more and more people are starting to invest in silver coins as a reliable source of stability that is safe against the economic downturn, due to it's ability to hold it's value regardless of worsening economic conditions.
We take a look at the world's most widely used currency - the dollar. We take a look at the colorful history of the dollar right through to it's use in modern times. We also look at the value of older dollar coins, as well as information on the collectibility of various silver dollars today.
Detailed information about silver dime coins with sections that cover the different types of dimes that have been minted historically, the collectibility and resale value of silver dimes on the current secondary coin buyers market, as well as general information on how the dime came to become part of modern US currency.
Broken down into 6 separate collections, the Pre-Colombian coin series minted by the Casa de Moneda in Mexico are limited to 4500 mintages per coin. The coins all come in brilliant uncirculated condition and are available in a number of sizes including 1 Oz, 1/2 Oz and 1/4 Oz all available at a small premium over spot on the secondary market.
The Mexican State series of silver coins were minted as part of the celebration of the 180th anniversary of the Mexican Federation. The set features 32 different coins that represent the 31 Mexican states and 1 for the Federal District. The coins are minted in 99.9% silver.
Disputed as to whether they are silver coins or in fact silver rounds, the Somalian wildlife series are a popular 99.9% fineness silver coin that are minted in Germany. Popular amongst collectors these coins have been produced since as far back as 1999 and feature imagery of the mighty African elephant.
Coming in an array of unusual shapes the Chinese lunar coin collection are minted as a homage to the Chinese version of the Zodiac, a 12 year lunar cycle, where each year is represented by creatures such as the monkey, snake and the dragon. Due to their limited mintage and resulting rarity, these coins regularly sell for big prices on the secondary market.
First minted in 2010, America The Beautiful silver coins have been overwhelmingly popular with collectors as a result of their striking imagery that bears the resemblance of some of the United States' most wonderful areas of natural beauty such as the Grand Canyon, the Gettysburg National Park and the Yosemite National Park.
The silver Britannia coins are quite peculiar pieces in that they are minted with only a 95.8% silver purity, as opposed to the 99.9% standard purity produced by the majority of world mints. Their gold counterparts were first created in 1987 and the silver bullion coins followed 10 years later, in 1997, when demand for investment silver had become more widespread.
Based on the Chinese lunar calendar, a 12 year cyclical calendar that features creatures ranging from the rooster to the rat, the silver Australian Lunar Series are a set of highly collectible coins minted by the famous Perth Mint in WA. The first coins were produced as far back as 1999, the first 12 making up the "Lunar Series I". The second series has been in production since 2008.
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The Australian silver koala coins are some of the most popular bullion pieces minted south of the equator. Known for their imagery that features one of Australia's most revered marsupials - the koala, these popular bullion pieces can be purchased directly from the Perth Mint website , while older mintages can be picked up for a few dollars over spot price on the secondary market.
Mexico's premier silver bullion piece, the silver Libertad coins are immensely popular among numismatics enthusiasts and coin collectors. The coins are extremely common as mintage has increased up to as many as a few million coins per year. However, the proofs are still very hard to come by which makes them a big hit in collectors circles.
The early mintages of the Chinese silver flower coins were as few as 6000 or so coins. Since then, annual mintages of this coin have vastly increased, however they still remain extremely popular, regularly commanding prices well over the spot price of silver when sold on the secondary buyers market.
Probably the most unusual of all collectible silver coins, the Chinese silver fans are a one of a kind piece, minted in the likeness of an Oriental fan. Because of their highly irregular shapes, striking features and relative scarcity, they are one of the hardest silver coins to attain.
Like the other silver pieces minted by the Canadian government, the silver grizzly coins contain a higher silver content than those produced by other world governments, a fact which lays them claim to the title of the world's purest silver bullion coins - struck with 99.99% purity. The coin was first minted in 2011 and has a face value of $5.
Widely known as one of Australia's most recognisable indigenous birds, the kookaburra has lent it's likeness to silver bullion coins dating as far back as 1990. Produced annually by the Perth Mint in Western Australia, silver kookaburra coins are extremely desirable pieces that regularly sell over spot price on the secondary market.
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Minted in order to celebrate an event in history or some other form of special event, commemorative coins are generally more popular as a collectors item than a bullion investment. That said, for the savvy collector, many coins, especially rarer ones can sell for huge premiums that are well in excess of the spot price of silver.
The Chinese silver panda coins are among the most popular coins available amongst numismatic enthusiasts. Beautifully crafted and featuring new designs each year, they bear an image of China's most revered animal - the giant panda. Available in both gold and silver, Chinese panda coins are available mostly on the secondary market.
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The most popular of all the American produced silver coins, American silver eagles are highly collectible due to their diverse number of variations, their high level of purity and the fact they regularly sell for well over spot price on the secondary market. Minted annually by the US government, these coins have been in production since 1986.
Displaying various representations of Australia's most infamous marsupial, silver kangaroo coins are collectible bullion coins that were first produced by the Royal Australian Mint in 1993. Featuring different kangaroo designs every year, they are highly sought out due to their attractive design and limited mintage, with only a fixed number of coins being produced annually.
The modern bullion coin is designed to provide a specific amount of precious metal – the bullion mentioned in the name – in the form of an officially minted, government guaranteed coin. Bullion coins are usually bought for investment purposes, even in those nations where they are officially accepted as legal tender, because the value of the noble metals which comprise them is far in excess of the face value that is inscribed on the coins themselves.
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During much of the twentieth century, gold was the principal investment metal, and the main source of bullion coins was South Africa, whose superb Krugerrand was prized by collectors everywhere that it was legal to own them. This coin remains popular to this day due to the quality of its minting, the durability that its 22 carat composition gives it (with alloyed copper making it very hard and scratch resistant), and the clearly established value and liquidity which its fame grants it.
However, in the later years of the century, people began to realize that silver is also an excellent investment metal, and is superior to gold in some ways from an investor's point of view. Silver bullion coins began to be issued by the United States government in the 1980s, when it was decided that the metal no longer had enough strategic value to merit hoarding it.
The first coin issues were received with such enthusiasm that the government, scenting profit, minted more in short order. These successes encouraged the other governments of the world to imitate the actions of the U.S. and issue silver coins of their own, in addition to the gold coins they were already selling. In all cases, these silver coins, though they were released with some reluctance by the financial authorities (with their typically cautious approach), proved to be immensely popular in every instance.
Today, silver bullion coins are minted by dozens of nations around the world. Most of these coins are made as beautiful as possible to make them more attractive to collectors.
Typical methods of increasing the value of silver bullion coins well above spot price for the intrinsic silver content include giving the coins a highly recognizable, iconic design on the reverse (for example, the grizzly bear of Canada or the kangaroos, koalas, and other wondrous wildlife of Australia), producing a limited run of double-struck, deep mirror finished proof coins, and even creating special editions with inset gems, colored decoration, and the use of interesting series that will encourage collecting from year to year (such as the Australian Lunar Series I and II).
Among the major silver bullion coin producing nations, it is possible to list the United States; Canada; Great Britain; Austria; Mexico; Australia; China; and Russia. The output of these countries varies considerably in terms of quantity struck each year, originality of design (with some countries, notably Mexico and Russia, recycling the same images endlessly), and proportion of proof coins to uncirculated bulk coins.
All of the different silver bullion coins produced by the world silver market's major players are a good investment, due to their government guaranteed quality and silver content, which is generally never less than 99.9% pure silver (.999 fineness). Which you choose to collect depends on a number of factors, including personal taste, availability in your country or region, and similar matters.
Silver bullion coins became so popular in such a brief amount of time, once they were made generally available to the public in large enough numbers to make collecting them a viable practice, because they have a number of advantages – some of which make them superior to gold to many collectors (though, obviously, individual circumstances vary).
Silver bullion coins are, first and foremost, the most readily available of all the world's precious metal coins. Gold costs an astonishing $1,500 per ounce as of this writing, meaning that accumulating any stock of the metal is difficult except for the most affluent collector.
Someone with even a low salary, however, can build up a good stock of silver bullion coins simply by buying one or two every week. Over the course of a year or two, this can lead to a considerable reserve of silver coins. This accessibility to silver bullion coins is actually beneficial not only to less affluent coin collectors themselves, but also to the coin collecting community as a whole, because it increases the liquidity of everyone's silver holdings (by creating a far larger market for those who want to liquidate some or all of their holdings) and helps to stabilize the general economy (by spreading a reliable source of inflation-proof value throughout the fabric of society).
Silver bullion coins are also advantageous because of their high liquidity. Since each coin is worth less than the extremely concentrated value found in gold, but far more than paper currencies or most other stores of monetary wealth, it is easy to turn your silver bullion coins into cash, or vice versa.
Finally, silver bullion coins are a stable, reliable source of value over time. The price of gold tends to shoot up stratospherically and then plunge to the depths again in response to purely speculative factors, with little relationship to the actual value of money.
By contrast, silver is a fairly reliable metal. True, there have been moments when a speculative bubble has formed, most notoriously in the case of the Hunt brothers' attempt to corner the market on the metal during the 1970s, but in general, silver is more predictable and thus more useful as a store of value – and perhaps even as an investment for those who prefer a more cautious approach.
Silver bullion coins are also a bit safer than gold. Silver does not produce the same intense reaction of greed as gold does, so it is less likely to bring you unwanted attention. Furthermore, for much the same reason, the chances of government outlawing of silver or refusal of banks to redeem certificates are much lower than with gold. Gold is a good investment too, but it requires a lot of resources and a greater willingness to take risks than do silver bullion coins.
Although tarnishing was once a problem with silver coins, most modern coins come with protective sheathing of some kind, while mint tubes, storage sheets, and other devices meant to keep your coins fresh and pristine regardless of time's passage are readily available from all coin dealers.
Silver bullion coins are struck, most typically, in a one troy ounce size. This measure has been retained even in those countries which have otherwise gone over completely to the metric system – probably indicating the importance of American silver buyers to the coin market. Most collectors make one troy ounce silver bullion coins the backbone of their collections.
There are both larger and small silver bullion coins as well, however. Some may be issued as ½ ounce coins, while others weigh in at ponderous 22 pounds (10 kilograms). There are coins of all sizes in between, though those coins of less than one ounces are often known as "fractional silver bullion coins".
Although the vast majority of silver bullion coins today adhere to a .999 fineness (99.9% pure silver), one mint – that of the Canadians – goes a step further and offers bullion coins of .9999 fineness, or 99.99% pure silver. Some collectors prefer the coins of Canada because of this slightly enhanced purity, but for practical purposes, the spot value of Canadian and non-Canadian silver bullion coins differs by about 31 cents per ounce at current prices.
With the huge range of different national bullion coins to pick from, the modern collector can produce a truly varied, intriguing collection, or focus totally on one type of coin, perhaps the easiest to obtain. Exploring the wonderful world of silver bullion coins is an adventure regardless of your individual approach – and can prove rewarding if you make your investments well.
Silver coins have been the lifeblood of commerce for thousands of years. More common than gold – and therefore more readily available than that substance, and able to create a liquid, functional economy – yet rare enough to be valuable, possessing the same timeless chemical stability as the other precious metals, and a clear, brilliant beauty perhaps starker but no less intense than that of gold.
Silver and electrum coins were perhaps made first in the long-lost kingdom of Lydia, with a leopard's head with the sun on its brow as the emblem inscribed there by order of its king, Alyattes. Although some historians doubt this attribution, several pieces of evidence point to Lydia as the site of coinage's invention. Croesus, son of Alyattes, is still famed in legend as the sovereign at whose touch all things turned to gold.
Furthermore, the Persians soon defeated Lydia, and immediately afterward began to mint coins of their own – evidently having been inspired by the coins they looted during their conquest. The presence of coins, and the affluence they had bred, was clearly a powerful lure for Persian martial adventurism in the area, though it is uncertain whether Croesus died at the time or survived to offer the Persian king advice on producing his new coinage.
The introduction of silver coinage had important economic repercussions. When ingots were the only medium of exchange, their relatively large size made them very scarce, and used only by the very wealthy (much as gold would be at a later time). The small size of coins allowed them to be minted abundantly, increasing the money supply and stimulating economic growth and diversification at all levels of the social pyramid.
Today, silver coins are no longer used as legal tender – and given the scale of the economy today, it would be impossible to reinstate a silver-based currency system without also returning to an 18th century technological level and population, something which some silver enthusiasts overlook.
This does not mean, however, that silver coins are no longer useful. Instead, they have become a method of guarding the underlying value of our earnings against inflationary pressures, and the centerpiece of a major collectibles market where the savvy player can earn a profit and perhaps add considerably to their wealth, whether they are trading single coins or whole collections.
What are the Features of Silver Coins?
In studying silver coins, there are some features which you should learn to recognize to ease your understanding of descriptions and help you make your own analyses of what you are looking at, rather than needing to rely completely on another person's opinion while buying or selling. Numismatic terminology is not used to confuse the beginner, but to allow people dealing in silver coins to communicate precise information about them to one another.
The two sides of a silver coin (or any coin) are called the obverse and the reverse. The obverse, or front, of the coin often bears the effigy of a monarch, politician, or other nationally significant figure, sometimes allegorical. Some countries, such as China, tend to place famous national buildings on the obverse instead of a human or allegorical figure. It usually also bears the name of the minting country.
The reverse of a modern silver coin is often the more interesting of the two sides, with a unique design often drawn from nature or something similar. For example, the America the Beautiful set of five ounce silver quarters includes scenery, animals, or buildings from fifty of the United States' most spectacular landmarks or national treasures.
Many, though not all, silver bullion coins struck today bear a mintmark as well. Mintmarks are a single initial letter, or sometimes a tiny emblem, indicating which mint a given coin was struck at. Obviously, mintmarks are only found on the coins of nations which have more than a single minting location, such as the United States, which has four. Chinese coins often lack a mintmark despite the presence of several major mints in China.
The edges of silver coins may be reeded – meaning that there are grooves all around the outer edge of the disc of silver. These were originally meant to keep people from shaving slivers of metal off the coin in order to cheat other people with an underweight piece of currency passed off as full weight. Today, these features are mostly decorative.
All silver coins have a nominal face value, which typically has nothing to do with the actual monetary value of the silver and is simply included as an arbitrary addition. The presence of a nominal value is what separates a silver coin from a silver round, because it indicates, however vaguely, that the coin is legal tender.
Who Produces Silver Bullion Coins?
Silver coins are only struck legally by governments – today, silver coins cannot be made by private companies or individuals. Those without official standing can still make silver rounds – coin-like bullion strikings that lack a nominal face value. Silver coins themselves, however, a government monopoly, and attempting to make coins is the crime of counterfeiting.
There is a "competitive currency" movement in the United States which wants to make it legal for private companies to make silver bullion coins as well, and not just rounds. These coins would have legal tender value equal to government coinage. This is an interesting idea, though how the average citizen could tell whether or not a privately issued coin was worth as much (that is, contained as much silver) as a government coin, is unclear, especially since assaying is time consuming and very costly.
This brings up a final point about silver bullion coins; the fact that they re made by a government is your best guarantee that they really contain the silver content they are advertised as having. You can be confident in the authenticity of government issued silver coins, which is one of their advantages.
What is the Difference Between an Uncirculated Bullion Coin and an Uncirculated Proof Coin?
Modern silver bullion coins are usually issued in two forms – uncirculated bullion coins and uncirculated proof coins. Ordinary bullion coins are made with great skill and attention, but they are only struck once, and are generally given no special finish. They are also sold in mint tubes in many cases, rather than being individually boxed and sold with a certificate of authenticity.
Proof coins, on the other hand, are struck with collectors firmly in mind. Though the original proofs were meant for the enjoyment of treasury officials and few other high officials of the minting country, today's proof coins are more of a "deluxe collector's edition" of the ordinary coin. Certificates, special boxes, and other paper accessories are often packaged with a proof coin to make it even more attractive to collectors.
Silver proofs are double struck, meaning that the imagery on them will be extraordinarily clear, sharp, and crisply visible. Sometimes, the second striking is slightly askew from the first, producing a very slight "double image" effect which is visible with a magnifying class. Proof coins are also given an unusual, especially lustrous finish. The current minting finishes include deep mirror finish, matte finish, frosting, and so forth. The finishes help to bring out the details of the coins much more vividly as well.
How Much does a Silver Coin Cost?
Modern silver coins are always worth at least as much as the spot value of the silver in them. For example, if silver is selling for $34 an ounce, then a 1 troy ounce silver bullion coin will never cost less than $34. There is also always a premium on coins – an extra charge which covers the costs of producing the coin and marketing it – after all, those who supply the coins need to make a profit if they are to be able to continue to do so.
The premium for production and marketing is usually only a few dollars. However, coins often have a numismatic value as well, which is the premium added by their collectible nature. Coins which have large mintages, come from little known sources, or are not very appealing often have little additional numismatic value. Those which are rare, exceptionally beautiful, or otherwise popular may have scores of dollars, or even hundreds of dollars, in numismatic value.
How Much are Historical Silver Coins Worth?
Silver coins made prior to the modern era are often much smaller than contemporary silver bullion coins, because it was necessary for governments to break up their silver supply into a usefully liquid size. If the smallest available silver coin was worth half as much as a horse or a small house, it would be useless for buying a loaf of bread, a cheap knife, or a new pair of shoes.
As such, the spot or melt value of such coins is often negligible. However, they are likely to have at least some numismatic value, and in some cases an astonishing amount. Some rare coins can cost tens of thousands, or even hundreds of thousands, of dollars, assuming that they are in good condition. The numismatic value of such coins makes up the vast majority of their worth, and the spot value of their intrinsic silver is a trifling part of the total price.
Which Nations Produce Silver Coins?
Silver coins are big business in today's world, with unprecedented numbers of ordinary people buying up these coins. In some cases, this is in the hope that the price of silver will rise sharply in the near future, allowing them to sell at a profit. In other cases, silver is little more than a "fear investment" – something that people buy because of dread and uncertainty about the economic future, because they can think of nothing else to buy that they believe will retain value over time.
With such high demand, it is not surprising that there is a high supply as well. Most of the world's major governments now produce silver coins. The foremost coin producers of the modern world are the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Austria, Australia, and China. These countries mint coins both of their own and for other nations as well, due to their high production capacity, the excellent quality of their products, and the reliability of their mint officials.
Other countries have also dabbled in the silver coin market, and provide some fine offerings, especially for those who like the unusual and the path less trodden. Coins minted by the Vatican, for example, are eagerly sought for their rarity and quality. Russia, Mexico, South Africa, and various other countries mint at least a few, and often quite a few, silver coins, though they typically issue only one design per year rather than the dozens minted by the six nations who are the main pillars of the modern silver trade.


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Home » TIMag.com news » Tournaments/Events » Tickets on sale july 6 for Mylan WTT finals
Tickets on sale july 6 for Mylan WTT finals
New York, N.Y. — The best in Mylan World TeamTennis will battle for the league championship at Forest Hills Stadium at The West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, N.Y., on Friday, August 26 at 4pm ET. Tickets for the Mylan World TeamTennis Finals presented by Citi will go on sale on Wednesday, July 6 at 10am ET.
The top two teams from the regular season action of Mylan WTT presented by GEICO will advance to the championship match at one of tennis' most iconic venues. Forest Hills was the home for the US Open for six decades through 1977, and the venue is the current home of the New York-based Mylan WTT franchise, the New York Empire. The 2016 regular season begins July 31 and continues through August 13.
Reserved chairback club seats for the Finals are $25-$35, with bleacher general admission available for $20. VIP Lower Club seats are available for $100 and include exclusive pre-match access to two VIP experiences - the Taste of Tennis Pavilion and the Courtgirl Lifestyle Experience.
Located in the Rose Garden area, the Taste of Tennis Pavilion will feature 8-10 top restaurant stations, handcrafted cocktails, and a variety of interactive experiences including photo opportunities and player meet-and-greets.
The Courtgirl Lifestyle Experience will occupy the stadium stage, where several of Courtgirl's high-end retail partners will set up shop and sample displays for guests to explore before the match. The Taste of Tennis Pavilion and the Courtgirl Lifestyle Experience are open from 1:30-3:30pm and require VIP Club tickets.
To order tickets for the Mylan WTT Finals presented by Citi, call (844) 536-7473 or visit WTT.com/Finals. Tickets are also available through Ticketfly at Ticketfly.com.
SEATING OPTIONS - Mylan WTT Finals presented by Citi:
VIP Lower Club seat (club sections 1-2) + VIP: $100 (includes access to VIP Experiences - Taste of Tennis Pavilion & Courtgirl Lifestyle Experience)
Lower Club seat (club sections 3-7): $35
Upper Club seat (club sections 8-15): $25
Lower Bowl seat (general admission bleacher): $20
For transportation options to The West Side Tennis Club, visit NYEmpireTennis.com/Directions.
For more information on the 2016 Mylan WTT presented by GEICO season, please visit WTT.com.


Despite an early morning threat of storms, the skies cleared and it turned out to be a perfect night for a party!
Thank you to our sponsors, to event organizer Michelle Rodenbach, our very gracious host, Brad Nace, and everyone that made MeadowFest 2017 such a success!
Check out our Facebook page for some of the great photos that Brad shared with us.


GÉANT, the pan-European data network serving 50 million research and education users at speeds of up to 500Gbps, recently demonstrated its power by sonifying 36 years' worth of NASA Voyager spacecraft data and converting it into a musical duet.
Launched in 1977, both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are now decommissioned but still recording and sending live data to Earth. They continue to traverse different parts of the universe, billions of kilometres apart. Voyager 1 left our solar system last year.
The project is the work of Domenico Vicinanza, Network Services Product Manager at GÉANT. As a trained musician with a PhD in Physics, he also takes the role of Arts and Humanities Manager, exploring new ways for representing data and discovery through the use of high-speed networks.
"I wanted to compose a musical piece celebrating the Voyager 1 and 2 *together*, so used the same measurements (proton counts from the cosmic ray detector over the last 37 years) from both spacecrafts, at the exactly same point of time, but at several billions of Kms of distance one from the other.
To compose the spacecraft duet, 320,000 measurements were first selected from each spacecraft, at one hour intervals. Then that data was converted into two very long melodies, each comprising 320,000 notes using different sampling frequencies, from a few KHz to 44.1 kHz.
The result of the conversion into waveform, using such a big dataset, created a wide collection of audible sounds, lasting just a few seconds (slightly more than 7 seconds at 44.1kHz) to a few hours (more than 5hours using 1024Hz as a sampling frequency). A certain number of data points, from a few thousand to 44,100 were each "converted" into 1 second of sound.
Using the grid computing facilities at EGI, GÉANT was able to create the duet live at the NASA booth at Super Computing 2013 using its superfast network to transfer data to/from NASA.
While this project was created as a fun, accessible way to demonstrate the benefit of research and education networks to society, data sonification - representing data by means of sound signals – is increasingly used to accelerate scientific discovery; from epilepsy research to deep space discovery.
Why is GÉANT so important to scientific discovery?
European scientists are generating an ever-increasing amount of data, for instance at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, and in all data-driven scientific disciplines such as health and medicine, climate change, energy and food security. Thanks to GÉANT, researchers across Europe now benefit from a network with a backbone capacity of 100Gbps. When the terabit era arrives, the network can support up to 2Tbps.
GÉANT is the infrastructure part funded by the European Commission to support many of Europe's biggest science projects. Have a look at some of the many people benefitting from GÉANT.
The network and associated services comprise the GÉANT project (GN3plus), a collaborative effort comprising 41 project partners: 38 European NRENs, DANTE, TERENA and NORDUnet (representing the 5 Nordic countries), and 30 Open Call project partners. GÉANT is operated by DANTE on behalf of Europe's NRENs.
NASA National Space Science Data Center and the John Hopkins University Voyager LEPC experiment.
Mariapaola Sorrentino and Giuseppe La Rocca.
The New CONNECT Magazine is now available to download or view online.
Visit connect.geant.net for the full issue.


Drivers toshiba satellite a105 s4054. Video issues are very common within portable computers with the following tips you should be able to detect eliminate basic laptop video problems. Here are some tips tricks for troubleshooting fixing laptop video problems.


Light type indicates AM times. Bold type indicates PM times.
See other side for 71A Saturday, Sunday and holiday timetable information.
South avenues to Wilkinsburg Station.
Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Downtown and most West Busway stations.
Children (6-11) pay one-half the adult cash fare.
accompanied by a fare-paying passenger.
weekdays between 7:00 - 8:00 a.m. and 4:30 - 5:30 p.m.
or state issued senior citizen transit pass.
not subject to pay the surcharge.
Valid for three (3) hours to a connecting ride in any direction.


This is the transformer of toilets! The Numi starts at a startling $6,390, and comes standard with an LCD touchscreen display and built-in bidet functionality. A deodorizer is also included as it is the motion activated lid and seat. Even a music player to help you relax while you are doing your business (it's the least they could do at this price). You can warm your feet just with the touch of a button and an integrated air dryer will eliminate the use of toilet paper, something you might appreciate after spending nearly $6,400 on a toilet.
With a price tag of $5,680, the Toto is amusingly at the bottom of the price range amongst this esteemed list of flusher. Using low water consumption and automatic lid opening for the germophobics, it also features auto flush a remote control and even adjustable heated seat with oscillating and pulsating water jet options. Using the proprietary Cyclone Jet flushing system, it creates a water slide effect inside the bowl, instead of the typical water fall on regular, more mundane toilets. This is a water saving feature that is more efficient while also less noisy.
Prices at $7,350, the Regio is most expensive of the bunch. With the now standard automated lid opening system which are controlled by sensors and activated upon approach. So you feel like you're getting your money's worth, the Regio automatically plays music, flushes and closes the lid when you're finished, responding intuitively to your presence or departure. It also has silent dual flushing mode and two self cleaning wands with warm air dryer and the built-in deodorizer, so once again, you won't need to use as much toilet paper.


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the Southerner Online • November 14, 2016 • https://thesoutherneronline.com/63380/sports/bad-behavior-in-sports-continues-to-be-problematic/
Bad Behavior in Sports Continues to be Problematic
Josh Wolfe
Sportsmanship is defined as ethical, appropriate, polite and fair behavior while participating in a game or athletic event. It is very concerning to see fewer athletes at all levels showing good sportsmanship. I believe someone who performs at a high level in their sport cannot be defined as a good athlete without displaying good sportsmanship.
I see people admiring athletes who are performing at the top of their sport, but these people fail to realize the lack of sportsmanship these athletes show. Many professional athletes continuously work hard at their craft which in turn, gives kids more motivation to succeed in their own craft. Despite the work these specific athletes show, they can act poorly on and off the field, giving people a false reasoning to like these "respected" athletes.
As an athlete myself, I think the most important quality in an athlete is their resilience and their ability to fight through painful and stressful moments at any given time. An athlete's ability to push through losses and setbacks determines the strength of their character.
Tennis is a prime example of a sport where the lack of sportsmanship is very obvious. Tennis is one of the many sports where a player, all alone on the court, has to come up with a strategy to outwit, outplay, and outlast their opponent. Regardless of the high amount of mental strength needed to perform at the highest level in tennis, more players at the professional level are showing less and less sportsmanship. Smashing rackets, using profanity, and even giving up are just some of the many examples of poor sportsmanship and class tennis players display and can be applied to other sports in similar ways. I find these acts to be disturbing and irresponsible.
Recently in professional tennis, world number 14 Nick Kyrgios received a two month suspension from the Association of Tennis Professionals. Kyrgios, only at 21 years old, did not show 100% effort in a 6-3 6-1 loss to Mischa Zverev in a tournament in Shanghai, China. Kyrgios admitted after the match that he "took the easy way out".
Even though Kyrgios apologized for his actions, he has been well-known in the tennis world for his bad behavior. Many tennis analysts believe Kyrgios has the talent to move up from number 14 to number 1 in the world, but they mention that he does not have the mental capacity to reach it. People still love Kyrgios and see him as a role model for the way he plays the game without realizing the negative actions he commits on the tennis court. I see Nick Kyrgios as a tennis player with extraordinary talent, but I do not consider him a role model. He practically gave up the match, and it frightens me that people seem to enjoy the way Kyrgios plays. Kyrgios has no resilience or fight, and I do not see him ever being the number 1 tennis player in the world.
I think awards in college and professional sports are becoming more and more corrupt. For instance, the Heisman Award in college football is awarded to the athlete who performs best on the football field on a consistent basis but does not include actions off the field. Even though 2013 Heisman winner Jameis Winston was accused of shoplifting and rape at the time, his abilities on the football field made people forget about his off-the-field actions. The NBA, NFL, MLB, and other professional leagues who give out MVP awards disregard off-the-field actions, allowing players like Winston to take advantage.
Even though I feel like professional sports leagues are not doing enough to stress sportsmanship in their sports, the NFL made one solid rule change in their penalty system. If one player reaches two unsportsmanlike conduct penalties, that player will be ejected for the remainder of the game. This is giving me hope that possibly more professional organizations will make more changes in their rule systems.
I am wondering now if an athlete can even be defined as an athlete if they cannot show proper sportsmanship on and off the field.


Weston Central Children's Centre provides information, family health and support services to young children and their families and carers in central Weston and the surrounding area.
Families with young children are welcome to the various groups, activities and drop-ins at the centre. Please ring us or call in for more details, look at our latest newsletter and What's on leaflet (please see link below) or follow the links for details of regular events at the centre.
Weston Central Children's Centre is accessible to all with on street parking (metered), level access to the Children's Centre & disabled toilet.
Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday - 9.00 - 4.30pm.


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News Bergen Passaic Essex Sports HS Sports USA TODAY Obituaries eNewspaper
Montclair puts 'safe streets' plan on view
Mollie Shauger
Staff Writer, @MollieShauger
Montclair is one step closer to having a final plan in place for making streets in town safer for all those who use them.
Montclair SAFE, an acronym for Safe Streets are for Everyone, held an open house Wednesday night, March 8 at the Municipal Building. It was the final public open house to gain feedback on a draft of Montclair's Complete Streets Implementation Plan. Consultants with the engineering firm, NV5 in Parsipanny, who have been helping to prepare the plan with funding from the state, were on hand, as were placards that displayed the proposed Complete Streets network of roads, and recommendations on how to improve them for pedestrians and bicyclists.
Around Town: Joe Walsh speaks at Montclair High School library
Montclair council: Municipal budget, debt and other finances discussed
Montclair adopted a Complete Streets policy back in 2009 to ensure that streets are safe and effective for all who utilize them, no matter their mode of transportation. The township was awarded money through the state Department of Transportation to prepare a plan that facilitates walking and biking throughout the town.
Complete Streets takes a comprehensive look at every street in the township, according to Township Engineer Kimberli Craft. The draft implementation plan identifies "priority corridors," or streets to be prioritized when money is available for improvements. It also designates street typologies, or categories, based on factors such as traffic volume, speed limits and road width.
The plan is being developed with input from a committee of about 20 people, including members of different township organizations, and the public. The committee held its first meeting last August.
Among some of the outreach initiatives was a survey that was distributed to the public last autumn, and a public workshop was held last September.
Rachana Sheth, a consultant from NV5, said the public was most concerned about improving pedestrian safety and a lack of bike lanes in the township.
One chart displayed Wednesday night showed 31 bicycle crashes from 2013 through 2015 in Montclair, with 23 of those involving moderate injury or pain. During that same time period, there were 114 pedestrian crashes in the township, with four of them fatal, according to another chart.
Several improvements were put forth, as displayed Wednesday. Some of the pedestrian improvements that were recommended included sidewalks, lighting, parklets, crosswalks, and gateways, where signing and/or landscaping could alert drivers to slow down and watch out for pedestrians and cyclists.
Suggestions were also given for one-way streets like portions of Glenridge Avenue, and other local streets like Llewellyn Road, for example.
Bloomfield Avenue was not included in the plan, as Craft described it as a "totally different animal," which will likely be part of a separate project.
Following Wednesday's open house, the next step is for NV5 to prepare a final plan with the input that's been received, and present it to the township. It's up to Montclair on what it will do with the recommendations, Sheth said.
There is no one concept that's being favored, as what works best for each street will differ, noted Sheth and Craft.
One advantage Montclair has is most of its roads are two-way, Sheth commented. Also, the Montclair Township Council has considered lowering the town-wide speed limit to 25 miles per hour, which Sheth said could benefit many of the proposed Complete Streets recommendations.
Craft said the plan recommendations will be posted on the township website, montclairnjusa.org. Those with questions or comments can email her at kcraft@montclairnjusa.org.
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The Bas que Declaration outlines new pathways for European Cities and Towns to create productive, sustainable and resilient cities for a liveable and inclusive Europe.
Join hundreds of cities, civil society organisations and individuals, who have already endorsed the Basque Declaration.
Endorse the Basque Declaration here.
If you'd like to share your city's progress in building a more sustainable future, contact us at information.services@iclei.org.


This week we have an interview with Ryan and Zach Gehl. Zach is a blue belt training out of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada with a long list of competition accomplishments. To follow Zach or learn more about him check out his Instagram theroadwarrior1 This is also a BjjBrick Extra episode. We hope to bring you an extra episode every month, thanks to our newest team member Joe.


They brought you Beer, Cheese, and Chocolate, but now they want Tacos!! The fourth installment of the Brooklyn Food Experiments is happening this very weekend, and to the winner goes the glory and a vacation! What, what!
From what Nick Suarez has told us, there are over 25 different tacos showing up with enough variations to keep everyone happy, along with your complimentary beer with ticket. After you've eaten all the tacos, indulge in free churros and hot chocolate from Cascabel Taqueria, or a Maker's Mark open bar. Holy queso. But the winner of this shindig is going to M.E.X.I.C.O. care of Aero Mexico. You can't beat that. The runner-up isn't making out so bad either with $150 cash money, a private tour of the Red Hook taco vendors with Mr. Cesar Fuentes, and lunch for 4 at the stands. To all the contestants, you need to bring it, for reals.
For more information, check out thefoodexperiments.com.
Tickets are $20 in advance (meaning buy now), or $25 at the door (if there are any left). Click here to buy tickets. As always, a portion of the sales go to support Ovarian Cancer Research.


Conway Behavioral Health Hospital is dedicated to providing comprehensive solutions. We promote long-term healing among individuals and families whose lives have been impacted by mental illness.
Please note that this is just a partial list of the more common issues that we treat at our hospital. All admissions decisions are made on a person-by-person basis. If you or someone you care about has been struggling with a mental health challenge, please contact us directly so that we can discuss whether our services are an optimal match for your needs.
At Conway Behavioral Health Hospital, we know that mental illness impacts individuals and families in unique ways. We are committed to developing a personalized treatment plan that best suits your needs.
Each person who heals at Conway Behavioral Health Hospital completes a free and thorough assessment. This ensures we have identified and are prepared to treat all of the mental health challenges preventing them from living a healthier and more satisfying life. This assessment forms the foundation of the individual's personalized treatment plan.
When you or a loved one is entrusted to our care, you can expect to work in close collaboration with teams of experienced professionals. We are focused on meeting your needs and helping you to achieve your goals. You can also expect to be valued for your voice and perspective, and treated with the utmost dignity and respect.
For additional details about the types of mental health challenges we are prepared to treat, or for answers to any questions that you may have about any aspect of our programming, please feel free to contact us at your convenience. A member of our team is available to speak with you 24 hours a day, seven days a week. We look forward to providing you with the information that you need in order to make the best treatment-related decisions for yourself or a loved one.


Tests and resources that focus on working with children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Dyslexia, Speech and Language disorders and learning difficulties as well as working with children with higher abilities.
ACER is one of the world's leading educational research centres. Our goal is to support every learner, every learning professional, every learning institution and our learning society through our work.