text:
A more sacred place for the British race does not exist in all the world.
Winston Churchill, 1919
In the Middle Ages Ypres became world famous because of its cloth trade. Commercial relations flourished, particularly with England, which provided much of the wool on which the town's great prosperity was based. The most obvious symbol of this prosperity was the magnificent Cloth Hall, built during the 13th century. Ypres was occupied by the German army for one night at the beginning of the Great War and recaptured on 14 October 1914, remaining in Allied hands until the end of hostilities.
Some five million British Empire soldiers passed through Ypres on their way to the Salient. Reduced to rubble by constant bombardment, the town came to symbolise the meaningless slaughter of the Great War. After the Armistice, the British government wished to acquire the ruins of Ypres as a permanent memorial to the sacrifices of its army between 1914 and 1918. However, the returning refugees wanted to rebuild their homes and the wishes of the local population finally prevailed. Now restored to its former grandeur, Ypres still contains numerous poignant sites and monuments linked to the war.
The importance of the town is reflected in the five major battles that occurred around it during the war:
First Battle (19 October - 22 November 1914)
After the German advance through Belgium and Northern France was halted in September 1914, the centre of fighting shifted to the Westhoek. The Belgians halted the Germans by flooding the Yzer plain (27-29 October 1914). To the south, the British and the French fought determinedly to prevent a German breakthrough at Ypres. This was the First Battle of Ypres, which raged from 22 October to 22 November 1914. When the battle was over, the Germans held the ring of high ground which overlooked the city. Both armies dug in and the famous Ypres Salient was born.
Second Battle (22 April - 25 May)
In the spring of 1915, the Germans made a new attempt to break through at Ypres. They captured Hill 60 and on 22 April 1915, between Steenstrate and Langemark, using chlorine gas for the first time in modern warfare. 150 tonnes of chlorine gas were released from 6,000 cylinders directed against the French lines. The result was death, panic and total surprise. The Allies were forced to withdraw for several kilometres, but there was no breakthrough. In September it was the turn of the Germans to be surprised when the British attacked at Loos. Until the end of the war, both sides bombarded each other with millions of gas shells. However, in proportion to the total number of casualties, gas claimed relatively 'few' victims.
Third Battle (31 July - 10 November 1917)
The Mine Battle at Messines-Wijtschate
Summer 1917 saw the great Mine Battle of 7 June to the south of Ypres - Messines Ridge to the British and to the Germans "Wijtschate Bogen" - quite literally made the world shake. 19 mines were detonated under the German lines, causing explosions which could be heard as far away as London. In the beginning, this British offensive was a success. This was the prelude to the ill-fated Third Battle of Ypres.
The Battle of Passchendaele
The success at Messines was followed up in August with a new offensive: the Battle of Passchendaele. This battle was a complete disaster. The shells and the rain reduced the battlefield to a muddy swamp, through which neither attackers nor defenders could move. In four months the British lost 400,000 killed, wounded and missing for the gain of just 8 kilometres of territory.
The Germans had built strong concrete bunkers, defended with nests of machine guns that were almost impregnable. Passchendaele was an hell of mud, blood and superhuman endurance. Little wonder that British called the village "Passiondale" - the valley of suffering. 1917 also saw the first use by the Germans of mustard gas or 'ieperiet.' An 'improvement' on chlorine and phosgene, mustard gas not only attacked the victim's airways, but also caused the skin to erupt in hideously painful blisters.
German Spring Offensive (April 1918)
In the spring of 1918, the Germans were strengthened by the arrival of fresh divisions from the Eastern Front, where the October Revolution of 1917 had led to Russia's withdrawal from the war. The German offensive began in March, in the sector between Arras and Laon. In April new attacks were launched near Ypres, where the Allied line was almost broken. During the Battle of Merkem (near Houthulst) on 17 April 1918, the Belgians had to withstand a severe attack by the Germans. 'De Kippe,' a locality in Merkem, and a number of bunkers were initially lost but, following fierce hand-to-hand fighting with bayonets and knives, the Germans were forced back to their original positions by nightfall. Losses on both sides were high: the Belgians suffered 155 dead and 354 wounded, against a German total of 254 dead and 1,211 wounded. 780 Germans were also taken prisoner. It was the first major Belgian victory since Halen in 1914. During the Battle of Mount Kemmel the French in particular were very hard-pressed, losing this strategically important hill to the Germans on April 25, almost allowing Ypres to be captured.
The Ypres Cloth Hall was, as a guidebook at the time described it, "one of the mediaeval gems of Europe" prior to 1914. Located in the centre of the city of Ypres, it echoed back to the period when Ypres was the centre of the European cloth trade and merchants from all over the continent came here to buy and sell their goods. and home to numerous stalls selling cloth from across the globe. This trade had made Ypres rich, wealthy enough to fund its own Vauban-designed defences during the long periods of conflict that followed. By 1914 Ypres was a city in decline, located in a quiet backwater. During the Great War the Cloth Hall came under fire during the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914 and then caught fire the same November. Some, but not all, of its many treasures were saved and gradually by 1918 it was reduced to rubble as every shell from 77m up to 420mm naval shells fell on it at some point. Only the central tower stood proud, but that in ruins and two years after the end of the war we see it in this photograph pretty much in the same state it was at the end of the conflict. The howitzer was one of several war trophies on display in the main square at this time and appears to be a German 150mm howitzer. The photographers son is once again used for scale, as he sits on the gun. Ypres was gradually rebuilt, using the original medieval plans, but it took time – the Cloth Hall was not finished, for example, until the early 1960s. Today it houses the council offices and the In Flanders Fields Museum.
Panoramic image of Ypres from 1919, showing the town's destruction.
On the same road nine decades earlier.
Hitler visiting the town in 1940
Saint Martin's Cathedral (although no longer technically a cathedral, it is still often referred to as one) is, at 335 ft in height, one of the tallest buildings in Belgium. Construction started on in 1230, and was finished in 1370. It was heavily damaged during the Great War and was rebuilt afterwards, following the original plans.
To the north of the Hall was the Church of St. Martin, built in the thirteenth century. The unfinished tower, 190 feet high, the rose window of the south transept with its magnificent stained glass, the triumphal arch between the pillars of the west porch, which had been constructed in 1600 by Urban Taillebert, the choir-stalls carved by the same Urban Taillebert, the pulpit with its lavish carving, the late- Gothic monument erected to the memory of Louise de Laye, widow of Hugonet, Chancellor of Burgundy, the tomb of Antoine de Henin, the brazen screen in the south aisle with its alabaster statuettes of saints attracted visitors to this noble church. To students of religious history St. Martin's was especially noteworthy. Under a plain flat stone was buried in it Cornelius Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the followers of Jansenius, of whom the most illustrious was Pascal, had disputed with the Jesuits for the souls of the French and their Bourbon rulers.
The Times History of the War Vol. IV (204)
Inside is a plaque honouring the Imperial soldiers reading: "To the glory of God and to the memory of one million dead of the British Empire who fell in the Great War 1914-1918, many of whom rest in Belgium".
Ypres Cloth Hall and Cathedral in 1918
Ypres was damaged by the Germans in the Second World War as well. Here is the Hotel t'Zweerd as photographed by a German soldier in May 1940, and the same site today.
At No. 54 Rue de Dixmude is the façade of the Maison Biebuygk. Built in 1544, this house was one of the most remarkable in Ypres. Immediately below the gable were two carved medallions representing the sun and the moon. The great pointed arch which framed the gable windows gave exceptional grace to the façade; it has since been reconstructed.
Office of the CWGC
The Menin Gate
"Who will remember, passing through this Gate,
The unheroic Dead who fed the guns?"
-- Siegfried Sassoon, On Passing the Menin Gate
The site of the Menin Gate after the war.
The building of the Gate and ten years after the Armistice
The Menin Gate Memorial commemorates the missing of the Salient, and was designed by Reginald Blomfield with construction completed in 1927. It lists the names of 54,332 men of Britain and the Dominions (apart from New Zealandwho fell in the Salient and who have no known grave. The names represent the fallen of Britain, Ireland, and what were then the Dominions (apart from New Zealand and Newfoundland which chose to have their own separate memorials) up until 16th August 1917 after which the other names are recorded at Tyne Cot CWGC. The inscription inside the archway is similar to the one at Tyne Cot, with the addition of a prefatory Latin phrase: "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam - Here are recorded names of officers and men who fell in Ypres Salient, but to whom the fortune of war denied the known and honoured burial given to their comrades in death". The Latin phrase means 'To the greater glory of God'. Both this inscription, and the main overhead inscription on both the east- and west-facing façades of the arch, were composed by Rudyard Kipling. On the opposite side of the archway to that inscription is the shorter dedication: "They shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away". There are also Latin inscriptions set in circular panels either side of the archway, on both the east and west sides: "Pro Patria" and "Pro Rege" ('For Country' and 'For King'). A French inscription mentions the citizens of Ypres: "Erigé par les nations de l'Empire Britannique en l'honneur de leurs morts ce monument est offert aux citoyens d'Ypres pour l'ornement de leur cité et en commémoration des jours où l'Armée Britannique l'a défendue contre l'envahisseur", which translated into English means: "Erected by the nations of the British Empire in honour of their dead this monument is offered to the citizens of Ypres for the ornament of their city and in commemoration of the days where the British Army defended it against the invader.
Every evening at 20.00 the Last Post is played at the Menin Gate, with a local policeman on call to stop traffic. Buglers from the local fire brigade play "The Last Post". The ceremony was begun in 1928 and the buglers have performed it faithfully ever since, although they were banned from playing during the German Occupation of 1940-44. Brookwood Barracks in England took over the ceremony during the war, but the tradition was immediately re-established on the first day after the liberation in September 1944. Sometimes the ceremony is attended by just a few spectators; on more formal occasions, hundreds can be present. Irrespective of numbers, the Last Post remains a unique and moving experience. Info: T 057/48 66 10 - www.lastpost.be
During the ceremony a verse from the poem 'For the Fallen' by Laurence Binyon is usually read out loud:
They shall not grow old, as we that are left grow old: Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and the morning We will remember them
Belgian firemen preparing to perform the Last Post. Following the Menin Gate Memorial opening in 1927, the citizens of Ypres wanted to express their gratitude towards those who had given their lives for Belgium's freedom. As such, every evening at 20:00, buglers from the local fire brigade close the road which passes under the Memorial and sound the Last Post. Except for the occupation by the Germans in World War II when the daily ceremony was conducted at Brookwood Military Cemetery, in Surrey, England, this ceremony has been carried on uninterrupted since 2 July 1928. On the evening that Polish forces liberated Ypres in the Second World War, the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate despite the fact that heavy fighting was still taking place in other parts of the town.
The names are inscribed on panels arranged by Regiment, and within that by rank.
The Gate in 1940 under German occupation
From Siegfried Debaeke's book Hitler in Vlaanderen
The same year Hitler visited twice...
Hitler's first experience of fighting was in one of the fiercest and most critical engagements of the war, the First Battle of Ypres, when the British succeeded in stemming an all-out effort by the Germans to burst through to the Channel coast. For four days and nights the List Regiment was in the thick of the fighting with the British round Becelaere and Gheluvelt. In a letter to his old Munich landlord, the tailor Herr Popp, Hitler reported that when they were pulled out of the line and sent into rest billets at Werwick, the regiment had been reduced in four days from three thousand five hundred to six hundred men; only thirty officers were left and four companies had to be broken up.
Bullock (51) Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
Continuing from the Menin Gate is the Menin Road South CWGC
This cemetery is on the infamous Menin Road (N345) running from Ypres to the front line and remained an Allied possession throughout the war. It was founded in January 1916 and used until the summer of 1918. After the Armistice, the neighbouring Menin Road North cemetery was concentrated into this cemetery, with additional concentration from single battlefield graves from the front itself. 1658 lie here with 119 unidentified.
Apparently the graves of those shown in this period photograph are of: Privates Wearing, Murphy, Hart, Davis, Mills, Rowland, Treadgold and Bussy. That in the foreground is of Private Dicken, all of whom served in the South Staffordshire Regiment.
A particularly interesting inscription is for that of 22 year old Lt. Charles Douglas Lucas Hill of the 9th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment, killed February 14, 1916:
"He passed out of the sight of men by the path of duty."
Captain Thomas Riversdale Colyer-Fergusson, VC, was killed in action on July 31, 1917 after having encountered the enemy with a sergeant and five men only. Nevertheless he carried out the planned attack and managed to capture the enemy trench. When the Germans counter-attacked, he resisted with only an orderly beside him and captured a German machine-gun, which he then directed against the attackers. Later still, aided only by his sergeant, he again attacked and captured a second enemy machine-gun, only to be killed by a sniper.
Ypres Town CWGC
His Majesty King George V paying his respects in 1922 and today.
This cemetery is about an half-mile north-east of the Menin Gate where some six hundred lie here, some two to a grave. The main cemetery and its extension were in use until 1915 and then used again in 1918. The extension was expanded by the concentration of graves from nearby small cemeteries and battlefield burials. The cemetery and extension were brought into use again in 1940, to receive the dead of Commonwealth forces retreating from the area as it fell to the forces of Nazi Germany. Between the two cemeteries and the two wars, 788 men are buried here. The sites are also used by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for its own permanent staff and their families, with alternative designs of headstones slightly set apart.
Among them once was Prince Maurice of Battenberg, a grandson of Queen Victoria. Although the body now lies elsewhere, his grave remains where H.M. George V paid tribute. The Battenbergs were hereditary enemies of the Hohenzollerns and had been treated by Bismarck and William II with peculiar insolence. Prince Maurice was the grandson of Queen Victoria and the brother of the Queen of Spain. To his mother, Princess Henry of Battenberg, President Poincare, on the 29th, sent the following telegram: " I had quite recently the great pleasure of seeing Prince Maurice in the midst of the splendid British troops, and to-day I learn that he has fallen on the field of honour. I beg that your Highness in this great trial will accept my sincere and respectful sympathy." He is honoured in a letter dated October 29, 1914 to H.S.H. Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg from the First Lord of the Admiralty after the former wrote to resign his commission:
MY DEAR PRINCE Louis, This is no ordinary war, but a struggle between nations for life or death. It raises passions between races of the most terrible kind. It effaces the old landmarks and frontiers of our civilisation.
I cannot further oppose the wish you have during the last few weeks expressed to me to be released from the burden of responsibility which you have borne thus far with so much honour and success. The anxieties and toils which rest upon the naval administration of our country are in themselves enough to try a man's spirit ; and when to them are added the ineradicable difficulties of which you speak, I could not at this juncture in fairness ask you to support them.
The Navy of to-day, and still more the Navy of to-morrow, bears the imprint of your work. The enormous impending influx of capital ships, the score of 3O-knot cruisers, the destroyers and submarines unequalled in modern construction which are coming now to hand, are the results of labours which we have had in common, and in which the Board of Admiralty owe so much to your aid.
The first step which secured the timely concentration of the Fleet was taken by you.
I must express publicly my deep indebtedness to you, and the pain I feel at the severance of our three years' official association. In all the circumstances you are right in your decision. The spirit in which you have acted is the same in which Prince Maurice of Battenberg has given his life to our cause, and in which your gallant son is now serving in the Fleet.
I beg you to accept my profound respect and that of our colleagues on the Board.
I remain,
Ypres Reservoir CWGC
Today and as it looked after the Armistice. It was originally one of three cemeteries in the immediate area. At the end of the war, the Ypres Reservoir South Cemetery (formerly known as "Broadley's Cemetery" and "Prison Cemetery No 1") and the Ypres Reservoir Middle Cemetery (formerly "Middle Prison Cemetery" and "Prison Cemetery No 2") were concentrated into the North cemetery. The cemetery at the Infantry Barracks was also concentrated into the North cemetery, with additional scattered graves from nearby areas added later.
St. Martin's can be seen on the right. An intriguing inscription on one of the stones of that of Joseph McCarthy who served for six years in the Garrison Artillery at the Fremantle Forts, Western Australia. His stone records an even older family-military link:
Beloved son of D and M McCarthy. Grandson of Cpl. D McCarthy (Crimea).
There are 2,613 soldiers of the Commonwealth either buried or commemorated here, among whom are three men who had been executed by the military authorities - Privates Moles, Lawrence and McColl, "shot at dawn" for cowardice when they could have simply been suffering from shell shock. Moles's grave, like many S.A.D.s (Shot at Dawn), with a small cross planted by a visitor.
The graves of Canadians Butler and Dickens then and now
The graves of brothers Major John Leadbitter Knott and Captain Henry Basil Knott, sons of Sir James Knott who owned the Prince line, among the largest shipping lines in the world at the time. The former was killed at the opening day of the Somme and, when unable to repatriate the bodies, the father managed to have both brothers buried side-by-side. After their death, he sold the Prince line and created a trust for charity work whilst also commemorated his sons through his provision of the bell tower at the Church of St George in Ypres.
The grave of Brigadier General Francis Aylmer Maxwell, who earned the Victoria Cross in South Africa when he was a 28 year old Lieutenant in the Indian Staff Corps attached to Roberts's Light Horse during the Second Boer War.
On 31 March 1900 at Sanna's Post (aka Korn Spruit), South Africa, Lieutenant Maxwell carried out the self-imposed duty of saving the guns from capture by the enemy. He went out on five different occasions and helped to bring in two guns and three limbers, one of which he, another officer and some gunners dragged in by hand. He also went out with two other officers and tried to get the last gun in and remained there until the attempt had to be abandoned. During a previous campaign in British India, (the Chitral Expedition, 1895) he had removed the body of a lieutenant colonel of the Corps of Guides, under fire.
He was eventually shot by a German sniper here in Ypres on September 21, 1917 whilst commanding the 27th Brigade, 9th (Scottish) Division.
Ramparts Cemetery (Lille Gate) CWGC
This small cemetery is the only CWGC burial ground within the ancient walls of Ypres. The cemetery was begun in November 1914 by French troops defending the city and was used by Commonwealth troops from February 1915 until April 1918, by which time the Western Front had moved away from Ypres. At the end of the war, the French graves were removed and concentrated in the nearby Ypres Necropole National French cemetery. Of the British and Commonwealth troops buried here, all but ten are named; in the case of five of the unidentified, the nationality could not be ascertained.
The cemetery contains the graves of 198 soldiers. Amongst these are the graves of six Australian troops killed simultaneously by the same shell. These graves are symbolically grouped together. Rose Coombs, who did much to popularise Ypres and the Salient for tourists and pilgrims through her book "Before Endeavours Fade" which was used extensively for this website, had her ashes scattered in this cemetery in 1991.
Among the poignant inscriptions are those found on the graves of Lance-Corporal Arthur Ockelford (Gone but not forgotten from his loving wife and baby Peggy) and Private Albert Pacey (Some may think that we forget him when at times we are apt to smile.)
Australian troops in the dugouts at the site, probably between August and November 1917 during the 'Third Battle of Ypres.'
Lille Gate
Cycling south from Ypres through the Lille Gate. One of the mediaeval gateways into the walled town, it was constantly under enemy fire and badly damaged but strong enough to be used as HQ during the Great War. There are some original Imperial War Graves Commission direction signs on plaques in the road tunnel. Whilst the Menin Gate was by far the best known exit from the centre of Ypres during the war, arguably the most used was in fact the Lille Gate, pictured here in a British stereo image in 1919. During the Great War the Ramparts close by were used as headquarters – at one stage for Tunnelling units – and there was also medical facilities and a cemetery grew up on the Ramparts itself – one of several on the city walls. After the Second Battle of Ypres in May 1915 the Menin Gate was in direct observation from the high ground around Ypres and so the Lille Gate became the main route to get to the front line for troops passing through Ypres. Today the Lille Gate has been restored and nearby is the Ramparts Cemetery and Ramparts Museum.
Lille Gate in September, 1917
Looking from the other side, then-and-now
The Ramparts then and now
South of Ypres
Bedford House CWGC
Less than two miles south of the Ypres Lille Gate, this is one of the largest cemeteries in the Salient.
The cemetery shortly after the war, giving some indication of its deceptive enormity.
Enclosure no. 2 then and now from the same site. It had started as a burial ground in December 1915 and used throughout the war until October 1918. After the Armistice a further 400 graves were moved into this Enclosure from two British military cemeteries close to the Ypres town centre, the École de Bienfaissance Cemetery and the Asylum Cemetery.
A generation later a new inscription had to be added to mark those dead from another world war, all of them soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force, who died in the defence of the Ypres-Comines canal and railway at the end of May 1940.
Zillebeke village and most of the commune were in the hands of Commonwealth forces for the greater part of the First World War, but the number of cemeteries in the neighbourhood bears witness to the fierce fighting in the vicinity from 1914 to 1918. Bedford House, sometimes known as Woodcote House, were the names given by the Army to the Chateau Rosendal, a country house in a small wooded park with moats which still remain in place as is the drive leading to the chateau, now leading instead to the cemetery. The ruins of the chateau can distinctly be viewed within the cemetery. During the First World War the chateau was used by local British Field Ambulances and Dressing Stations. At an early stage burials were effected in the grounds. In January 1917 the chateau was adopted by 55 Brigade as its headquarters until it was severely damaged by German 8-inch shells (with 500 gas shells falling in one day during the Third Battle of Ypres). It was used by field ambulances and as the headquarters of brigades and other fighting units, and charcoal pits were dug there from October 1917. In time, the property became largely covered by small cemeteries
Inscribed on the grave of M.H. Ride, died at age 19, September 30, 1915 of the King's Royal Rifle Corps: 'DAD'S BEST PAL'
The entrance with its gates and driveway lined with conifers was in fact for the original 'Bedford House' - the name given by the British to the existing Chateau Rosendal that stood here. Throughout one sees the remains of the building scattered around the site.
The grave of Rupert Price Hallowes VC MC of the 4th Bn Middlesex Regiment. During the fighting at Hooge in the Ypres Salient, Belgium, between the dates of September 25 to 30, 1915,
2nd Lieutenant Hallowes set a magnificent example to his men under heavy and prolonged bombardments. On more than one occasion he climbed up on the parapet, utterly regardless of danger, in order to put fresh heart into his men. He made daring reconnaissance's of the German positions in our lines. When the supply of bombs was running short he went back under very heavy shell fire and brought up a fresh supply. Even after he was mortally wounded he continued to cheer those around him and to inspire them with fresh courage.
He later died of his wounds and for most conspicuous bravery was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross on November 16, 1915.
5,139 soldiers either lie buried or commemorated here, over 3,000 of which remain unidentified
St. Eloi
Distant view of St. Eloi Ridge and Craters, and a photograph of the Crater on the Bluff looking towards St. Eloi from July, 1916.
At a crossroads on the N365 is a Belgian Krupp 95 mm gun and Union flag commemorating the underground mine warfare that took place here at St. Eloi. The site of many bloody encounters, this marks the spot where the Germans fired their first mine in March 1915 to counter-attack British attacks on this position. At the start of the June 7, 1917 attack on Messines Ridge, the 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company detonated the largest single charge containing 95, 600 pounds of ammonal. This led to the capture of St Eloi by the British 41st Division.
Trenches: St Eloi
Over the flat slope of St. Eloi
A wide wall of sand bags.
In the silence desultory men
Pottering over small fires, cleaning their mess-tins:
To and fro, from the lines,
Men walk as on Piccadilly,
Making paths in the dark,
Through scattered dead horses,
Over a dead Belgian's belly.
The German have rockets. The English have no rockets.
Behind the line, cannon, hidden, lying back miles.
Before the line, chaos:
My mind is a corridor. The minds about me are corridors.
Nothing suggests itself. There is nothing to do but keep on.
T. E. Hulme
The Tunnellers Memorial at the site shown right honours the British, Canadian and Belgian sappers who dug the explosive mines detonated under enemy lines on March 27, 1916. Tunnellers were not infantrymen but their work was dangerous, harrowing and definitely not for claustrophobes. Sebastian Faulk's war novel Birdsong includes extended sections conveying all too well how appalling the work of tunnellers could be.
Turning off of the main road nearby is Bus House CWGC
A mile outside Voormezele is this cemetery standing behind a farmhouse known as "Bus House" during the war because it was close to a wrecked London Omnibus which had broken down in no man's land whilst transporting soldiers to the Front. Clapham mentions it in his memoirs Mud and Khaki:The Memories of an Incomplete Soldier when in early April 1915 'suddenly out of the darkness in front of us there loomed up the spectre of a London bus, broken and derelict, but still standing at the side of the road'.
http://www.ww1battlefields.co.uk/flanders/south.html
Blauwepoort Farm CWGC
Immediately after the war and today.
Sited in Zillebeke in West Flanders, some 3 kilometres south-east of Ypres, Blauwepoort Farm Cemetery is situated in the grounds of the farm bearing the same name. The cemetery was started by a French battalion of Chasseurs Alpins in November 1914 for use during the First Battle of Ypres. It was subsequently used by British forces from February the following year until February 1916. The cemetery closed in November 1916, with the French graves being removed after the armistice. It contains 83 British and 7 dominion burials.
Railway Dugouts CWGC
The cemetery just after the war and a near-approximation of the same area.
The name derives from the dugouts located in the railway embankment that was located here during the war. Siting dugouts on the side away from the Germans protected them from artillery fire. The railway still passes today, and trains can be seen rushing past the cemetery from time to time.
One poignant inscription for Pte. Merchant of 58th Bn., Canadian Inf. who died aged only 16 years on June 6, 1916 reads:
"THE ONLY CHILD OF AGED PARENTS"
There are just under 2,500 buried here, with 400 brought in after the Armistice who had survived long enough to be sent or brought back from the front line, but eventually succumbed to their wounds at the Advanced Dressing Station.
Among the graves is that of Frederick Youens VC who was twenty three years old, and a temporary second lieutenant in the 13th Battalion, The Durham Light Infantry, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:
On 7 July 1917 near Hill 60, Belgium, it was reported that the enemy were preparing to raid the British trenches and Second Lieutenant Youens, who had already been wounded, immediately set out to rally a Lewis gun team which had become disorganised. While doing this an enemy bomb fell on the Lewis gun position without exploding. The second lieutenant picked it up and hurled it over the parapet, but soon after another bomb fell near the same place and again he picked it up, but it exploded in his hand, severely wounding him and some of his men. The officer later succumbed to his wounds.
Youens had been training to become a teacher before the outbreak of the war and had been granted a scholarship to Oxford University.
War debris I came across nearby.
Southeast of Ypres
Larch Wood Railway Cutting CWGC
The cemetery was founded by Commonwealth troops in April 1915 and remained in use until April 1918, when the Western Front had moved away from the area. Most of the dead are from the defence of the nearby Hill 60. After the Armistice, the cemetery was enlarged with the concentration of graves from the battlefield, smaller cemeteries in the area and Commonwealth troops buried in from German war cemeteries.
The graves of 86 people are defined as "special memorials" in that they are either recorded as being buried here but the CWGC was unable to find proof (headstones marked "Believed to be buried in this cemetery") or they are known to be buried here but their exact location was lost or destroyed by later fighting (headstones marked "Known to be buried in this cemetery"). These graves all carry (unless replaced by a personalised family message) the inscription at the foot of the stone "Their Glory Shall Not Be Blotted Out" - a line from Sirach 44:13 suggested by Rudyard Kipling as seen in the last photograph here.
Oak Dump CWGC
A typical pastoral scene across from and outside the cemetery.
Oak Dump Cemetery is a few miles south of Ypres on the Bernikkewallestraat a road leading from the Rijselsesweg (N365) through the Lille Gate to Armentieres.
It was made by fighting units in July, August and September 1917 and one grave of 1914 was brought in after the Armistice. In March 1918 a sap opposite the cemetery was blown in, and seven men of the 180th Siege Battery were killed. Their bodies were found in 1927 and buried in the cemetery. The cemetery now contains 111 Commonwealth burials of the First World War, five of them unidentified. Two of the graves destroyed by shell fire are represented by special memorials. The cemetery was designed by W H Cowlishaw.
Southwest of Ypres
The church, St. Vedastuskerk, taken from 3rd Cdn. Div. H.Q. and today
As Alec Paton was passing through Reninghelst he noticed a sign, erected by HQ for the troops, which read 'DO NOT SPEAK TO THE CHINESE.' Underneath, also in large letters, a wit had written, 'WHO THE HELL CAN?'.
THE CHINESE LABOUR CORPS IN FRANCE 1917-1921, BRIAN C FAWCETT
Reninghelst New Military Cemetery
The village of Reninghelst was occupied by Imperial forces from the late autumn of 1914 to the end of the war and was sufficiently far from the front line to provide a suitable station for field ambulances. The earliest burials took place in the Churchyard but, in November 1915, the New Military Cemetery was opened. It remained in use until September 1918. 798 lie buried here.
An example of a grave immediately after the war and today, standardised. This is of Canadian Lieutenant Arnold Thurston.
Three examples of soldiers 'shot at dawn'- Rifleman Barker, shot for for cowardice November 4, 1916, Private Loader, executed for desertion August 19 1917, and Private Smith, executed for desertion November 11, 1917
La Clytte Military Cemetery
Unique iron wreath at the entrance.
La Clytte Military Cemetery is located about five miles southwest of Ypres turning off on the N375 connecting Ypres to Dikkebus, Klijte and on to Loker onto the N304 Klijtseweg.
1082 lie here.
John Lynn, VC, DCM
On 2 May 1915 near Ypres, Belgium, when the Germans were advancing behind their wave of asphyxiating gas, Private Lynn, although almost overcome by the deadly fumes, handled his machine-gun with great effect against the enemy, and when he could not see them, he moved his gun higher up the parapet so that he could fire more effectively. This eventually checked any further advance and the outstanding courage displayed by this soldier had a great effect upon his comrades in the very trying circumstances. Private Lynn died later from the effects of gas poisoning.
Lynn was recipient of the Cross of the Order of St. George, 4th Class, from Russia.
The Church of Our Lady in what is now De Klijte then and now
West of Ypres
Railway Chateau CWGC
This small cemetery of roughly an hundred graves less than a mile west of Ypres was originally known as Augustine Street Cabaret Cemetery when it was begun in November 1914 as well as L.4 Post Cemetery. 105 lie buried here.
Some graves have two to a plot.
Belgian Battery Corner CWGC
A couple of miles south of Ypres at a road junction where three batteries of Belgian artillery were positioned in 1915 lies 573 casualties. The cemetery was begun by the 8th Division in June 1917 after the Battle of Messines (although one grave in Plot III, Row A, predates this) and it was used until October 1918, largely for burials from a dressing station in a cottage near by. Almost half of the graves are of casualties who belonged, or were attached, to artillery units. Seven of the burials are unidentified and special memorials commemorate three casualties known to have been buried in the cemetery, but whose graves could not be located.
The graves of two soldiers of undivided India. Among the poignant inscriptions is this for Private Frederick Charles Nutkins, 6th Battn. Machine Gun Corps, Infantry:
A brave boy
and a good son.
Sadly missed,
remembered by all.
Photograph of the Belgian Battery Corner First Aid Dressing Station


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Indiana Institutions
The concept of civil rights emerged in disability advocacy in the sixties and seventies. Section 504 of the 1973 federal Rehabilitation Act made it illegal for public entities to discriminate because of disability. It required that people receiving services have an individual, written rehabilitation plan. Although left out of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the DD Act of 1975 created a Bill of Rights for citizens with disabilities and mandated their involvement in planning at all levels. Also in 1975, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act dealt a major blow to the exclusion and marginalization of children with disabilities by public school systems. Congress amended the Fair Housing Act In 1988 to protect people with disabilities from discrimination related to housing rentals, sales, and financing.
"We were getting a lot of mail telling us that this is going to put people out of work."
Al Tolbert
On July 26, 1990, President George H. W. Bush signed into law the civil rights landmark, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Many individuals in Indiana were instrumental both in the ground work leading up to its passage and in the significant effort required for its implementation. It was a struggle. In southern Indiana, Paralyzed Hoosier Veterans president Al Tolbert recalls the animosity toward the legislation. "We were getting a lot of mail telling us that this is going to put people out of work; it's going to be a hindrance for small business."
Justin Dart Jr., who became known as "the Father of the ADA," energized advocates such as Nancy Griffin with his visionary presence. Nancy was later instrumental in establishing an ADA Training Network in Indiana. She recalls that Dart, who used a wheelchair, "got in his little red pickup truck" and drove across the country to Indiana. He was "an incredible man who wore a soft, dove-colored gray hat."
President George H.W. Bush Signing the Americans with Disabilities Act
Physical access to public places had been sorely lacking prior to the ADA. When Tony Williams arrived in Indianapolis at age nineteen in 1977, he was fleeing gang violence in Chicago. He used a wheelchair due to a gunshot injury, but found himself living in an inaccessible building. "Fifteen steps -- one wheelchair at the bottom and one at the top. I would physically lift myself." Disability advocate Karen Vaughn says she was fortunate to have a van in which to get around the city at that time. People with disabilities were largely invisible. "When I would go out, I would be the only person in the shopping mall, or wherever I went, that used a wheelchair."
"Fifteen steps -- one wheelchair at the bottom and one at the top."
Enactment of the law was not accompanied by a guarantee of compliance, however. Litigation has been employed to enforce provisions of the ADA when other methods have failed. In 1998 for example, Everybody Counts Center for Independent Living and eight northwest Indiana residents filed a class-action lawsuit alleging the Indiana Department of Transportation had violated the ADA by ignoring riders' complaints and failing to oversee federal funding. Nationally, a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision (Olmstead v. L.C.) in 1999 held that unjustified segregation of persons with disabilities constitutes discrimination under the Act's Title II.
← Deinstitutionalization
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THE ROAD HOME: HOOSIERS WITH DISABILITIES LIVING IN THEIR COMMUNITIES
Deinstitutionalization
Early Days of Group Homes
Beyond the ADA
The Trustees of Indiana University

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Jazmine Frazier: "I am Hop Hop"
Photo by Mark Duggan.
"Don't call me a socialist. I'm an anti-socialist," Jazmine Frazier tells me. Mallwalkers' frontwoman and Hop Hop MC is forward about her introvert tendencies, too: "If I'm not in bed by 9 o'clock. I'm in bed by 9 o'clock."
The 25-year old musician/performer attributes the illusion of her as an extroverted performer to tunnel vision: "I just do whatever I have to do. Remember to breathe and not throw up on anybody."
I first saw Frazier perform at the Mallwalkers' album release party at Sugar City this past October. She never stopped moving; if you blinked you'd miss something. You could only keep up with her by focusing on the purple-haired wig she was donning that night. Her movements were unpredictable and noncontinuous and this is exactly how she speaks.
It's impossible to tell if it's the caffeinated libations that cause non-linear narratives to spill out one after another or if it's genetic. She says that growing up, several of her sisters were on Adderall and she was the only one left bouncing around.
Play All Day promo by Shauna Presto.
Whatever the reason, Frazier, who was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and raised in small town southern Alabama and subsequently Pensacola, Florida, puts that slow Southern drawl stereotype to bed. This is even more heard through her work as Hop Hop, a project she shares with Brandon Schlia, the founder of local indie label Steak and Cake Records and her musical soulmate.
Frazier is unsure about the percentage split between her and Schlia on the project but is clear on one thing: "I am Hop Hop."
Soulmate or no soulmate, Frazier states working with other musicians can also be difficult since verbalizing isn't her strong suit and if there's a musical language she speaks, it's nameless. In her formative years, Frazier couldn't read music or tabs. Guided by her aural senses, she held her ear up to the neck of her amp-less bass to feel the vibrations.
"Everything is by sound. I'll just feel around until it feels good…It makes it kind of difficult to work with other people because I sort of lack a structured language." But, the benefit to this nameless approach is, "When it's right, I feel it."
Though her narratives are non-linear and her musical language is nameless, there is clarity in the sense of herself as a creator. She is upfront when admitting that she is difficult to work with and that she struggles to keep her id caged because "I don't like when people take the reigns of my shit." She highlights the necessity for a finalized track to imbue Hop Hop's sound, a sound she describes as hip hop, of course, but also as real as possible and ultimately music that radiates her touch and emanates her ownership.
Ownership is a pertinent aspect of Hop Hop. Frazier notes that one of her favorite tracks from the "Play All Day" album is "Typical Girl," which gives a shrug and a side eye to the daily expectations of how to properly be a woman as she rhymes:
At work, dude tosses me the fashion section of the NYT
As if the politics section wouldn't interest me.
Like being a purse-lover is all I should be.
Girls staring at me weird when I go to pee
if I use the men's restroom when it's empty.
When asked if she has experienced misogyny in the Buffalo music scene, Frazier throws a matching shrug, but the kind that most women give when the dailies roll right off their shoulders. "Oh yeah, with sound guys…" However, in terms of diversity in the scene she has more than shrug to give.
Growing up in the south under the guidance of her white mother, Frazier is of mixed-race, and was told by her mother to misidentify: "Honestly, even when it came to like, bubbling in SAT demographic bubbles." While growing up in small town southern Alabama, Frazier found herself with questions of identity. "I moved to a mostly white town. It became really hard to explore who I am, who I really am, because I was just constantly surrounded by white people. And, sometimes I would look at myself in the mirror and think, 'Oh, wait.'"
Photo of the Mallwalkers by Greg McClure.
"When it comes back to the scene, I'm bringing all of those complicated things from when I was a kid and forgetting who I am until I look in the mirror…I'm looking around at the show and thinking, 'There are all kinds of people here.' And by all kinds of people, I mean, there are girls here and there are guys here and there's like a gay person over there. We're all living in harmony. And then, I look in the mirror and I'm like, 'Oh wait, I'm the only person of color here.' So, I realize again that I've immersed myself in a scene that is primarily white, which is fine but, where is the balance?"
This was how she wound up seeking different music scenes in the first place and that led her to hip hop. She was delighted by the visibility of herself and found comfort in not being the only POC in the room. Ultimately she went in search of new intersections while not compromising who she is but embracing all that she can be. "You can listen to whatever you want. You can be all of the things at the same time because people are really complex."
Her new album, tentatively titled "Mondo's Collection" and due out in spring, promises to exude all of that.
Tia Brown
Tia Brown is a native Qween. She finds solace in Silo City and Bubble Man. She has traveled to over 70 cities worldwide and still maintains Buffalo skies ain't nothing to fuck wit'.
She teaches English and ends sentences with prepositions.


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Velyki Mosty (, IPA: [vəliki masti]; ; ) is a city in Chervonohrad Raion of  Lviv Oblast (region) of Western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Velyki Mosty urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Its population is .

In the Kingdom of Poland, the village of Mosty was a royal property, with its own starostas. The village itself was established in 1472, and was part of Belz Voivodeship. In the late 15th century, Mosty was ransacked and destroyed in a Crimean Tatars raid, and in July 1497, during the Moldavian expedition of John I Albert, a unit of Teutonic Knights under Johann von Tiefen, called upon by the Polish king, marched through the village. On 23 July 1549, during the period known as the Polish Golden Age, Mosty received Magdeburg rights. Following the order of King Zygmunt August, a nobleman Andrzej Rokicki became the first local wojt. Mosty enjoyed several royal privileges, issued in the years 1550, 1553, 1566, 1576, 1583, 1604. The town also became the seat of a starosta.

Until 1772, Mosty remained in Belz Voivodeship. Following the Partitions of Poland, the town became part of Austrian Galicia. In 1846, a complex of military barracks was built in Mosty. In the Second Polish Republic, the Central Police Academy was located here.

The Jewish population was important in the town before World War II. During World War II, as of June 29, 1941, Germans occupied the town and kept the Jews prisoners in a ghetto using them as forced labour before murdering them all. In early July, 1941, local residents burned 19 Jews in the Synagogue. Throughout the occupation, Ukrainian police assisted in most of the murders of their Jewish neighbors.  The town commander, Captain Johann Kroupa in the military-engineer division of the Wehrmacht, protected Jews from death during the first part of the occupation, employing more than 2000, including 1200 women, and helping forge work permits for some.  He was later court-martialed for protecting Jews and ended up in Soviet captivity.

Until 18 July 2020, Velyki Mosty belonged to Sokal Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Sokal Raion was merged into Chervonohrad Raion.

Currently, Mosty has a local branch of the Association of Polish Culture of the Lviv Land. Among people born here are photographer Wlodzimierz Puchalski, mathematician Wlodzimierz Stozek and Austrian painter Siegfried Weyr.

Population
Currently, as of 2021, the population of the town is 6,312 people.

References

Cities in Lviv Oblast
Cities of district significance in Ukraine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: an "addOn" to VS 2010 , a class to show properties in the intellisense drop down / snippest In code below, when you access the style property,
I want it to be accepting parameter-type: top, left, width etc...
so it'll be inserted from intellisense firstly not to give you a chance
to accidentally misspell, forget or just for the sake of "automation" or however we call it, to be in the intellisense as an option to select from.
Instead of:
objectID.Style.Add("property", "Value");

you get offered by the available properties:
objectID.Style.Add(Top, "here you will hardcode manually");
objectID.Style.Add(Left, "100px");
objectID.Style.Add(Width, "230px"); // but every parameter that represents an object property
        //such as: Top, Left Etc' ... i would like to have it as an option opposed, to hard coding it

I will be happy to give more detailed ideas of what I was thinking of...
with another example:
    DateTime fullDate = DateTime.Now;
    string ddays = fullDate.Day.ToString();
    string dmonth = fullDate.Month.ToString();
    string dyear = fullDate.Year.ToString();

How can I, with the code above, that takes parts of date and stores each into a string
representing the date, Day, Month, Year
Then to put it in a class so I can reuse it on other codes:
Label1.Text = Day; Label2.Text = Month; Label3.Text = Year;

Again what I want to achieve is that those values will be inside intellisense
when ever the App_Code has the so called "Class" we have built...
Same as with the style properties in first part of that thread.
As I am new to oop I would like to better comprehend from that example
what are field properties Types (your own) and classes, from this perspective too (those codes above)
I will really appreciate the right / detailed answer, with hope that one day, I would be able to help others too...

A: For your first example, an enum is perfect:
public enum StyleOptions { Top, Left, Width, etc }

objectID.Style.Add(StyleOptions.Top, "here you will hardcode manually");

For the second one, I'd recommend passing around a DateTime instead of separate strings.  If you then want to show the separate parts in separate labels, then in the page/form/user control that has the boxes, do your Label1.Text = fullDate.Day.ToString(); (etc.) code.
DateTime (a struct) and StyleOptions (an enum) are both types.  classes are also types, (and are the most common types you'll see in C#) but I'm not sure which classes you're using here (whatever contains the methods where you've got your code snippets is almost certainly a class you've made).  Fields are essentially variables that belong to instances of types (if non-static), or to the type itself (if static).  Properties are accessed like fields, but are defined using methods, so you can do things like lazy-loading and notify when properties changed on get and set.  If that's not too clear, see Difference between Property and Field in C# 3.0+, and Fields and Properties documentation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Life in the cloud is just getting started38 mins ago
Karnataka police launches SoS app
It promises to be the common man's link to the police, when in distress. The Karnataka police on Thursday launched a free mobile phone application that will help people send them an SOS.
Manu Aiyappa
BENGALURU: It promises to be the common man's link to the police, when in distress. The Karnataka police on Thursday launched a free mobile phone application that will help people send them an SOS.
Called 'FIR' (First Immediate Response), the app has been launched for the benefit of women and senior citizens.
The app was inaugurated by CM Siddaramaiah at Hassan on Thursday.
The app, which works on Android and iOS phones, will work once the caller register himself. So, if a person sends a call for help, the police station nearest to where the caller is will get the alert.
SOS app
Karnataka Police
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Pakistan is an agriculture based country and most of the population lives in the rural areas. Their life is simple, they have a cleaner pollution free environment and they eat simple, healthy and pure diet. The life in rural areas and Pakistani villages is worth seeing. Photo by Zaheer Chaudry. A Typical Pakistani Village. Look at the simple mud house.
Most of all, we are proud of our dedicated team, who has both the creativity and understanding of our clients' needs.
Pre-wedding traditions[ edit ] The couple commit to enter into wedlock and to refuse other proposals of marriage. Ardaas is said and gifts are exchanged. Rokka Pre-engagement [ edit ] It is an unofficial engagement ceremony where the groom's family and friends come give presents, money and blessings to the bride to be. The origin of this ceremony lies in the arranged marriage norm, where the parents would announce that they are looking for a suitable match for their son or daughter, and once they had found that match, their search had come to an end.
Though rings are not exchanged, the couple stand unofficially engaged after this ceremony. Traditionally when individuals weren't allowed to see their mate. The bride's family visits the groom's family with gifts to confirm the engagement.
We are committed to helping people find their perfect match and happiness through matrimony. We bring an advanced and updated system to help people find their soul mates by using our faultless system. We are a leading matrimony website offering a trustworthy and secure matrimony platform to make your search convenient using an innovation-led approach.
April 18, Girls always like to hang out with boys rather than with other girls. There are strong reasons about this. They are nice enough to be good friends. They will hold you and protect whenever you need them. Punjabi guys are so nice and sweet that Punjabi Dating with these guys is so much fun. Punjabi Dating with such a cool guy is like a dream come true!
A Punjabi guy is simple as any other guy.
Hindu Speed Dating We run regular events with optional speed dating for Hindu professionals.
Things to Take Care of When Dating a Punjabi Girl Posted on by David Daniel Finding a perfect girl for dating can prove a daunting task if you are not clear about what are things you are looking in a girl. However if you are someone who is comfortable dating out of your caste, then Punjabi girls can surely prove a perfect girlfriend or life partner for you. A perfect combination of beauty with brains, Punjabi girls is simple, attractive and adorable and wears their heart on their sleeves.
She is the epitome of a perfect girl and one that can make your life worth living.
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Contact Us Single Sikhs is the only service within the online dating industry to give our members a sophisticated and cosmopolitan approach to online dating with highly compatible singles. Single Sikhs model is to match couples based on features of compatibility found in thousands of successful relationships. Our website is for Sikhs looking for their perfect partner. Sikh Dating with Single Sikhs Sikh dating online can give you a fresh approach to finding the love of your life Our guide to Sikh Dating When you're looking for your Sikh soulmate, there maybe times it's smart to give destiny a nudge Single Sikhs match making is based on traditional Sikh methods of finding your perfect partner whilst giving you the freedom to find your perfect Sikh date.
Our Sikh dating model is built to create long lasting and successful relationships. Single Sikhs is committed to helping Sikh singles find the love of their life, and with over 20, registered online users, we are confident in our ability to do so. The Single Sikhs dating model allows users to create online profiles letting your potential Sikh date know the kind of things you want them to. Sikh dating can be challenging for singles looking for love that lasts.
But Single Sikhs offers a Sikh dating site that allows our users to take their love destiny in their own hands. Finding Single Sikhs in your area Single Sikhs is the only match making service within the online Sikh dating industry to give our users a fresh and modern approach to Sikh dating.
A traditionally sad ritual, here the bride says goodbye to her parents, siblings and rest of her family.
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In a Sikh marriage, Ardas is performed by the person in charge of looking after the Sikh scriptures, followed by the formal introductions of senior men in the families.
One of the most appreciated things about Punjabi girls is that they wear their heart on their sleeve and are emotional by nature. If you are someone who is looking to date a girl from Punjab with the help of Punjabi dating website, then you need to have an adjusting personality and should be able to take things in a positive manner. Dating a conservative Punjabi girl one who is attached to her roots can prove an enjoyable experience, one that may last for lifetime. Since, girls of Punjab origin always want their men to respect her most; you can apart from that take help of following tips to make her feel happy and positive about you and the relationship- PC: Being conservative she likes her man to make her feel special and she can surely get happy with a good food, small present and little bit of care and pamper.
First date is always handy and you should therefore make her feel top of world on this occasion for winning her heart. Security is she desires in relationship — Being a girl of orthodox nature, a Punjabi girl always desires for commitment as well as security in the relationship. So if you are dating a Punjabi girl, then you must look to give her security and look for a stable relationship where she feels happy and sure about you and the relationship.
This can motivate her deeply and she may find solace in the relationship which may prove wonderful in the long run. Make sure you are religious and spiritual — Punjabi girls are always rooted to their customs and traditions and always look to take blessings of the almighty. Therefore if you are dating a Punjabi girl, then you should make sure that you are follower of God and is a believer in the religion of her.
She likes you to believe in her spirituality and this surely may make her respect you more. This surely can prove amazingly satisfying and can help your relation grow in the most suitable and respectable manner. Treat her family as you treat yours — One of the best and most beautiful thing about a Punjabi girl is that she loves her family more than anybody and without them she does not even think of surviving.
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Note: To learn how to cite individual tweets or posts that include hashtags, see our post on citing social media. This post is about how to talk about the hashtags themselves.
The hashtag as an organizational tool wasn't born on Twitter, but that's where I, and many others, first saw it used that way. And, as Chris Messina, who introduced the idea to Twitter, has said, "it's left nerd-dom and now it's out there in the world." Indeed, the hashtag is a common sight on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Vine, Google+, Flickr, Tumblr, Pinterest, Kickstarter, and other platforms. And its ubiquity makes the hashtag an incredibly useful search tool.
So how do you cite a hashtag? This may surprise you: You don't!
That's because, just like a search of a research database, finding and searching with the right hashtag is part of your research methodology. And just as with other aspects of your methodology, you can simply describe it the text of your paper.
That is, just as you might say "I searched the Public Affairs Information Service International database for Hong Kong, electoral system, and Umbrella Revolution," you might also say "I searched Twitter, Vine, and Instragram for the hashtags #UmbrellaRevolution, #OccupyHK, and #HongKong that appeared between September 22, 2014 through October 22, 2014." Interested readers and fellow researchers can then attempt to replicate the search if they are so inclined. If the reasoning behind the wording of the hashtag is not obvious, you might want to elaborate. In this example, you might want or need to explain the origin of the terms Umbrella Revolution and the Occupy movement, which led to the #UmbrellaRevolution and #OccupyHK hashtags.
Of course, in your paper you might also refer to individual tweets, Facebook posts, pictures, or other online items that include hashtags. For instance, you might want to quote the most popular Tweet that used the hashtag or just show some representative cases. You can (and should) create references and cite tweets or other online posts that you've quoted, paraphrased, or otherwise relied on in a paper.


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Ranolazine ER is a generic Piperazine derivitive used in cases of chronic but stable angina pectoralis. Acting on sodium-dependent calcium channels, it reduces the incidence of ischaemia by as much as 30%, enabling patients to live more comfortable and more active lives. It does not affect the risk of major cardiac events so should be considered primarily a life-enhancing rather than a life-saving drug, but the peripheral benefits caused by increase in activity are worthy of consideration.
Ranolazine does not increase heart rate and blood pressure to a significant degree in most cases, giving it an advantage over similar forms of medication. It can be combined with many other important drugs often needed by the same patient group, including calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors. There is no evidence that it is carcinogenic. It can function as a useful complementary drug in multi-drug therapy.
It is advisable to buy ranolazine ER in preference to other generic ranolazine preparations because it incorporates a slow-release mechanism. This reduces the severity of some side effects and ensures that the drug is active within the body over a longer period.
Ranolazine ER should be swallowed whole in order to preserve the integrity that makes the slow release of the active ingredient possible. It can be taken at any time of day, with or without food, but where more than one pill per day is prescribed it is usual to split the dose.
It is safe for patients on ranolazine to drink alcohol but because some of the unpleasant effects of drinking are similar to the side effects of the drug, this may not be desirable.
Your search returned the following results for products that either match, relate to, or are possibly therapeutically equivalent to your search phrase "Ranolazine ER".
Ranolazine ER interacts with several common forms of psychiatric medication including phenobarbitol and some antipsychotics. Tricyclic antidepressants are metabolized in a similar way, so they may need to be prescribed at a lower dose in patients taking ranolazine. The same applies to drugs such as digoxin and cyclosporine. As with these drugs, grapefruit can increase levels in the blood, so patients should not eat grapefruit or drink its juice. It is also important that patients avoid the popular herbal medicine St John's wort.
Ranolazine is known to prolong the electrocardiagram QTc interval in some patients, especially if they also suffer from hepatic problems, so it should be used only with extreme caution in these cases. Other drugs with a similar effect on the heart should not be used in combination with this one.
Due to fetal abnormalities identified in animal studies, ranolazine should not be used in pregnancy unless the need is severe and there is no better option.
Patients taking ranolazine may experience vertigo and auditory problems so should not drive or undertake risky tasks until their individual responses have been properly evaluated. Nausea and constipation are common, with gastric discomfort, vomiting and shortness of breath occurring in some cases.
Bradycardia is a rare but serious potential side effect of ranolazine so any change in heart rhythm should be investigated immediately. Blood pressure should be checked at frequent intervals until the patient response is stable.


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Lincoln High: Five Favorites
by Arnold Woods
This week, Lincoln High School celebrates its 80th anniversary. The first and only public high school built in the Sunset District, Lincoln was constructed after more than a decade of campaigning. To honor this anniversary, we are taking a look at five of our favorite images from the early years of Lincoln High School.
Lincoln High School dedication ceremony, September 22, 1940. (WNP Collection)
Our first image goes back to the beginning, the dedication ceremony on Sunday, September 22, 1940. As seen here, a number of speeches were given, but there was also a parade and marching bands.1 Sunset District residents began seeking a local high school back in 1927 as their children often had to take several buses just to get to their high school. Finally, in 1938 a bond measure to build a school was placed on the ballot and passed with a great deal of lobbying by the Parkside District Improvement Club. Classes would begin on the day after the dedication.
Sunset District Aerial showing Lincoln High School and Sunset Reservoir, 1941. (wnp27.5517; Gabriel Moulin – Photographer / Courtesy of a Private Collector.)
When Lincoln High was built, it was located on one of the then still existing sand dunes in the Sunset District. In the image above, it stands tall by itself just to the southeast of the Sunset Reservoir. Another large sand dune fills the area west of the reservoir from about 31st Avenue out to Sunset Boulevard. Despite the size of the Lincoln High building, it was not big enough to contain all the students from the area, so a number of bungalows would be built around the exterior. These bungalows would end up serving as classrooms for over 50 years.
Female student with binder on 24th Avenue in front of Lincoln High School, 1943. (wnp27.1106; Courtesy of a Private Collector.)
While this image is focused on the student, it gives us a good look at what the 24th Avenue side of Lincoln High looked like at the beginning. The four-story building was designed by Fred H. Meyer, Martin Rist, and Timothy Pfleuger. The school featured 100 classrooms, workshops, and a library, but did not have a gymnasium or auditorium when it opened. Separate girls and boys gymnasiums–North and South Gymnasiums, respectively–and the auditorium would be built later. A stadium would eventually be erected in what were sand dunes to the south of the main building and to the north of McCoppin Square.
Lincoln High chemistry lab, September 1940. (San Francisco Pacific News)
As a new high school, Lincoln featured then modern science labs, such as this chemistry classroom where the students in this image are being taught by John Nill. A number of notable people matriculated through these classrooms, including former California Representative and State Senator John Burton, actress Barbara Eden, golfer Johnny Miller, football coach Mike Holmgren, Constitutional law professor Laurence Tribe, and Sunset District historian and author Lorri Ungaretti.
Lincoln High cafeteria, September 1940. (San Francisco Pacific News)
We always like it when we find images of the people who are typically overlooked and underappreciated. Perhaps the most overlooked and underappreciated people at a high school are the "lunch ladies." When Lincoln High School opened, it had a modern cafeteria that was run by Eunice Carl and June Pease, seen here with Principal C.W. White. The cafeteria served meals to several thousand students each school day. These days, Lincoln is considered one of the top high schools in the state. A new wing was finished in 2009 which finally allowed the school to remove the bungalows. We look forward to the next 80 years of Lincoln High School.
1."New Lincoln High School Dedicated," San Francisco Chronicle, September 23, 1940, p. 28.
Diamond Jubilee: A Closer Look
California became a state on September 9, 1850. Thereafter, September 9th was celebrated as Admission Day. In 1925, California was commemorating the 75th anniversary of it joining the union. San Francisco was not about to let a diamond jubilee go by without a party. So party the City did.
Conservatory floral arrangement for California Diamond Jubilee, 1925. (wnp14.10599; Courtesy of a Private Collector)
San Francisco's Diamond Jubilee festivities began on Saturday, September 5, 1925, with an automobile parade on Market Street that included famous race car drivers such as Barney Oldfield. That afternoon, an area on the Embarcardero was dedicated as the "Joy Zone," which featured games, circus-style acts, bands, bathing beauty revues, and water exhibitions of speed boats, fire boats, seaplanes, and fishing boats.1 A grand ball was held at the Civic Auditorium that evening where Agnes Pottage was crowned as "Queen California."
View of Arco de Brillantes, illuminated decorative archway, and City Hall, September 1925. (wnp27.4239.jpg; Courtesy of a Private Collector)
The decorative centerpiece for the Diamond Jubilee was a great, "jewel"-encrusted archway in Civic Center Plaza that was illuminated at night. Dubbed the "Arco de Brilliantes," it dazzled spectators as rainbows of color reflected off of its "diamonds" when the spotlights were turned on it.
Carpenters Union float passing City Hall during Labor Day Parade, September 7, 1925. (wnp36.03249; DPW Horace Chaffee – SF Department of Public Works / Courtesy of a Private Collector)
Auto racing fans headed to the Tanforan Racetrack on Sunday, September 6, 1925, for a series of races and events. Frank Lockhart set a new track record by completing a mile in 47.6 seconds, breaking the old record by two seconds.2 That evening a fashion show was held at the Civic Auditorium. The following day, the grand 1925 Labor Day Parade and celebration that we took a closer look at last week was held.
Japanese troops marching toward City Hall during Diamond Jubilee Military Parade, September 8, 1925. (wnp27.7349.jpg; Courtesy of a Private Collector)
The military joined the proceedings with a parade on Tuesday, September 8, 1925 for Army and Navy Day. Chief Dan O'Brien led a mounted squad of police as escorts at the head of the military parade.3 Next were Mayor James Rolph and Grand Marshal Brigadier-General Thornwell C. Mullaly in a squadron of cars that included visiting British and Japanese Naval officers and Army, Navy and Marine Corps chiefs. Finally, the troops came marching. First, British sailors and marines, then Japanese sailors and their band, and followed by "San Francisco's Own" 30th Army Regiment and other military regiments. At the end of the parade was a Red Cross float and a busload of Civil War veterans, who drew the biggest applause.
Native Sons of the Golden West float during Diamond Jubilee Parade, September 9, 1925. (wnp36.03251; DPW Horace Chaffee – SF Department of Public Works / Courtesy of a Private Collector)
Admission Day was greeted with the arrival of some dignitaries, notably Vice President Charles G. Dawes. Dawes led the Admission Day parade–once again down Market Street to the Civic Center–and was universally greeted with thunderous applause and shouts.4 The Vice President was humbled by the greeting, stating that he had never seen such a crowd in his life. 650,000 people lined the parade route to see floats and marchers representing the different eras of California history.5 Cities, counties, and industries from around the state contributed floats, spear-headed by various local chapters of the Native Sons of the Golden West. A few original "forty-niners" in automobiles were showered with cheers.
wnp27.4237.jpg (wnp27.4237; Courtesy of a Private Collector)
After the parade, celebrants could attend any of a number of concerts being held in Golden Gate Park, the Civic Auditorium, and Union Square. A banquet to honor Vice President Dawes was held at the Fairmont Hotel that evening. A big fireworks program in the Civic Center was held at 8:00 p.m. and a ball closed out the night at the Civic Auditorium, during which prizes were announced for the best floats in the parade.
City Hall and fountain lit up at night for Diamond Jubilee, September 1925. (wnp27.4238; Courtesy of a Private Collector)
Although the Admission Day festivities were the highlight of the week, the celebrations were not done. On Thursday, September 10, 1925, there was a girls swimming competition at Fleishhacker Pool, another concert in Union Square, and more fireworks. Friday, September 11, 1925, saw golf and senior swimming competitions, an auto parade on Market Street, yet another Union Square concert, and a performance Haydn's "Creation" by the San Francisco Municipal Chorus at the Civic Auditorium in the evening.
Chinese Dragon in Illuminated Diamond Jubilee Parade, September 12, 1925. (wnp37.02565; Marilyn Blaisdell Collection / Courtesy of a Private Collector)
More auto races, swimming championships, and band concerts were held on the final day of the Diamond Jubilee commemoration, Saturday, September 12, 1925. The highlight of the day though was a stunning, night-time electrical parade on Market Street. Fraternal and other organizations from around California constructed more than 50 elaborate floats for the light spectacle deemed the "crowning achievement" of the Diamond Jubilee.6 In the end, the Diamond Jubilee was a spectacular celebration.
1. "King Mirth Will Rule On Embarcadero," San Francisco Chronicle, September 5, 1925, p. 2.
2. "Thousands At Tanforan For Auto Racing," San Francisco Chronicle, September 7, 1925, p. 2.
3. "Big Parade To Show History Of California," San Francisco Chronicle, September 9, 1925, p. 1.
4. "Record Crowd Greets Dawes' Entry To City," San Francisco Chronicle, September 10, 1925, p. 1.
5. "California's Sons and Daughters in Pageant That Dazzles Watchers," San Francisco Chronicle, September 10, 1925, p. 1.
6. "Civic Bodies In Brilliant Array Tonight," San Francisco Chronicle, September 12, 1925, p. 5.
1925 Labor Day Parade: A Closer Look
Another Labor Day is upon us. Labor Day celebrates the contributions of American workers to our country's development. President Grover Cleveland signed legislation making Labor Day a federal holiday in 1894. In California, Governor Henry Markham declared that the first Monday in September would be the Labor Day legal holiday in 1892. Even before that, various labor organizations had been celebrating Labor Day with parties and parades in San Francisco.
Marching band on Market Street near Front Street for Labor Day Parade, September 7, 1925. (wnp36.03250; DPW Horace Chaffee – SF Department of Public Works / Courtesy of a Private Collector)
Big plans were made for Labor Day 1925, which fell on September 7th, just two days before Admission Day. 1925 was the 75th or Diamond anniversary of California's admission to the Union. The Diamond Jubilee celebration began during the weekend before Labor Day. Out on the Bay, yachts, rowers, swimmers and divers gave exhibitions.1 At the Tanforan Racetrack, auto races were featured which included famed driver Barney Oldfield. There was even a fashion show and ballet at the Civic Auditorium. Several naval submarines were docked at Pier 30 and, for the first time ever, the public was allowed to board them during that week's festivities.
Labor Day parade marchers on Market Street near Mason, September 7, 1925. (wnp36.03246; DPW Horace Chaffee – SF Department of Public Works / Courtesy of a Private Collector)
At 10:00 a.m. on Labor Day, a parade started at the east end of Market Street and headed for the Civic Center. People worked for weeks on 42 floats that depicted various labor activities. As was typical of newspaper flowery prose at the time, the Chronicle stated that it was "expected that never before in the history of California will the dignity and achievement of labor have been pictured so elaborately as in this parade.2" Presiding over the parade as Grand Marshall was William P. Stanton, the president of the San Francisco Labor Council.
Waitress Union marchers in Labor Day Parade, September 7, 1925. (wnp5.50586; Courtesy of a Private Collector)
The parade had approximately 60,000 marchers and virtually every union and industry in the City was represented.3 Among them were waitresses, hotel employees, carpenters, engineers, iron workers, bridge builders, federal employees, garment workers, meat packers, milk drivers, printers, and teamsters. The pastry chefs' float distributed cookies to some of the hundreds of thousands of spectators.
Postcard view of Labor Day Parade float at Civic Center, September 7, 1925. (wnp26.2077; Courtesy of a Private Collector)
At the head of the march was a float showing various types of workers holding up a model of the world with a banner stating "Labor Creates and Sustains Civilization." The painters' float had a giant paint bucket at one end and children dressed in various colors representing the various colors of a palette. Steel workers drove real rivets into a large girder on their float. Spectators found the pipefitters' float amusing as it depicted both an 1850 kitchen and a 1925 kitchen to demonstrate how far technology had advanced in 75 years. One of the most elaborate floats depicted Rodin's "The Thinker" gazing at a model of the state of California. The float's motto stated: "Think: The Wealth of California Was Created by Labor."
Civic Center bleachers for Labor Day Parade, September 7, 1925. (wnp36.03248; DPW Horace Chaffee – SF Department of Public Works / Courtesy of a Private Collector)
A crowd favorite was the ferry boatmen's float from which a piano player and R.T. Hunter, known as the "Caruso of the ferries," would stop along the parade route and belt out tunes for the crowd.4 When the marchers and floats reached the Civic Center, they paraded in front of reviewing stands on both sides of Polk Street in front of City Hall.
Polk Street reviewing stand at Civic Center for Labor Day Parade, September 7, 1925. (wnp36.03247; DPW Horace Chaffee – SF Department of Public Works / Courtesy of a Private Collector)
After the parade, the celebration continued at the Civic Auditorium that night. The festivities included music and dancing and the awarding of prizes for the parade floats. When it was over, San Francisco did not rest for long. Tuesday, September 8, 1925 featured a military parade, followed by the Admission Day Historical parade on Wednesday, September 9, 1925. It was three days of parades and festivities the likes of which had not been seen before in San Francisco.
1. "Builders Of World, Motto Of Artisans," San Francisco Chronicle, September 7, 1925, p. 1.
2. "Strength of Labor to be Shown in Big Parade Today," San Francisco Chronicle, September 7, 1925, p. 2.
3. "Labor Turns Out For Fete; 60,000 March," San Francisco Chronicle, September 8, 1925, p. 1.
4. "High Lights of Colorful Parade," San Francisco Chronicle, September 8, 1925, p. 2.
Streetwise: A Look-Back To 1923 Across San Francisco January 27, 2023
Camera Obscura: A Closer Look January 8, 2023
Streetwise: December Celebrations Across San Francisco December 25, 2022
Streetwise: Thanksgiving Memories Across San Francisco November 27, 2022
OpenSFHistory Top Ten: The Bridges of Golden Gate Park November 6, 2022
Streetwise: We Love a Parade! October 30, 2022
Birth of the Playground: A Closer Look October 2, 2022
Streetwise: Remembering School Days Across San Francisco September 25, 2022
OpenSFHistory Top Ten: Playland Food Concessions September 4, 2022
Streetwise: Deep Underground Across San Francisco August 28, 2022
Streetwise: Fading Downtown Memories July 31, 2022
The Changing Landscape: View South from the Cliff House July 24, 2022
Streetwise: Looking Back Sixty Years June 26, 2022
OpenSFHistory Top Ten: Ocean Beach June 19, 2022
Streetwise: Autograph Fans May 29, 2022
OpenSFHistory Top Ten: Playland Attractions May 1, 2022
Streetwise: Financial Temples from the Past April 24, 2022
Easter Atop the City: A Closer Look April 17, 2022
OpenSFHistory Top Ten: Chutes at the Beach Rides April 3, 2022
Streetwise: Long Gone Dining Spots March 27, 2022
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text:
Arsenal will have to pay at least £24m for Sporting Lisbon midfielder William Carvalho
Midfielder has a buyout clause in his Sporting contract that is set at £35m, but it is believed Portuguese club could be negotiated down
By Matt Law 20 July 2014 • 18:13 pm
Wanted: Arsenal will have to lay out over £24m if they want to sign William Carvalho Credit: Photo: GETTY IMAGES
Arsenal will have to pay at least £24 million up front to land Sporting Lisbon midfielder William Carvalho.
Reports in Portugal have claimed Arsenal made a £24m offer for Carvalho, but it was rejected because the London club wanted to stretch the fee over two payments.
Arsenal have scouted Carvalho for some time and are in the market for a defensive midfielder in the 22-year-old's mould.
Carvalho has a buyout clause in his Sporting contract that is set at £35m, but it is believed the Portuguese club could be negotiated down.
Sporting, though, only own 60 per cent of Carvalho, which means they are determined to land a full fee up front.
Arsenal have also looked at Sami Khedira and Lars Bender in their search for a new midfield enforcer.
Despite signing Mathieu Debucy, Arsenal are also considering potential deputies in the position.
A move for Atletico Madrid youngster Javier Manquillo stalled, while Catania right-back Gino Peruzzi is another option.
Arsenal are set to complete the £3m signing of Colombia World Cup goalkeeper David Ospina.
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Becoming the Galápagos of Today
Ecuador first enacted laws protecting the Galápagos Islands in 1932. By 1936, 97% of the islands were designated as a national park.
By 1959, the Charles Darwin Foundation began to work on its research station in the Galápagos Islands; this dream became a reality in 1964 with the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS) in Puerto Ayora on Santa Cruz.
In 1978, UNESCO declared the Galápagos Islands as a World Heritage Site—one of the first twelves. In 1984, UNESCO extended its protections by declaring the Galápagos Islands a Biosphere Reserve.
The ecological protections keep on coming. Ecuador's president created the Galápagos Marine Reserve in 1986—which was just recently expanded in 2016. In 2001, UNESCO once again expanded the Galápagos Islands' World Heritage Status to incorporate the Galápagos Marine Reserve.
With all of the Galápagos Island's conservation and research efforts, it's important to recognize the over 30,000 people who live within the Galápagos Islands and make their living from the Galápagos' thriving ecotourism-based economy as well as ranching, agriculture, and fishing. Even with the first settlers' rocky, enigmatic, and repeated starts inhabiting the Galápagos Islands, it's easy to see why scientists, adventurers, and nature-lovers continually find themselves drawn to Galápagos shores.