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ASSESSMENT OF MULTIPLE LAYERS OF SECURITY SCREENING OF TRUCKS BY CUSTOMS BORDER PROTECTION IN EL PASO, TEXAS
Page created by Brad Parsons
ASSESSMENT OF MULTIPLE LAYERS OF
SECURITY SCREENING OF TRUCKS BY
CUSTOMS BORDER PROTECTION IN EL PASO,
Robert S. Trotter and Brenda K. Manak
Project performed by
Center for International Intelligent Transportation Research
Coalición Empresarial Pro Libre Comercio (CELC)
Report No. 186043-00005
CIITR Project 186043-00005:
Report prepared by
Texas A&M Transportation Institute
4050 Rio Bravo, Suite 151
The Texas A&M University System
College Station, Texas 77843-3135
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ii
Disclaimer and Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. iii
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 2: Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 4
Border Crossings ....................................................................................................................... 4
Bridge of the Americas ....................................................................................................... 4
Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge (Zaragoza) ................................................................................... 4
Santa Teresa Crossing ......................................................................................................... 6
Border Wait Time ..................................................................................................................... 7
Causes of Increased Border Wait Time .............................................................................. 8
Effects of Increased Border Wait Time .............................................................................. 9
Trusted Shipper Programs....................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3: Why Trusted Shipper Programs Are Not Being Used ......................................... 13
Cost of Trusted Shipper Program Membership ...................................................................... 13
Large Companies .............................................................................................................. 13
Small Companies .............................................................................................................. 13
Other Deterrents to Trusted Shipper Membership .................................................................. 14
Chapter 4: Survey Document and Results................................................................................ 15
Survey Response ..................................................................................................................... 16
Border Crossing ...................................................................................................................... 17
Border Wait Time ................................................................................................................... 18
Border Crossing Routes .......................................................................................................... 19
Export Questions..................................................................................................................... 22
Number of Trips ................................................................................................................ 22
Warehousing of Goods ..................................................................................................... 22
Membership Questions ........................................................................................................... 23
Qualifications for Membership ......................................................................................... 23
Membership Benefits ........................................................................................................ 24
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................... 26
Recommendations and Conclusions ....................................................................................... 27
References .................................................................................................................................... 29
Appendix .................................................................................................................................... A-1
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                                Page i
Figure 1. The Bridge of the Americas (1). ..................................................................................... 4
Figure 2. Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge (2). .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 3. Distance between the BOTA and Zaragoza Bridge (5). ................................................. 6
Figure 4. U.S. Border Crossing Primary Inspection Booth. .......................................................... 7
Figure 5. Survey Participants by Company Type. ....................................................................... 17
Figure 6. Border Crossing Use by all Survey Participants. ......................................................... 17
Figure 7. Perceived Border Wait Time at the BOTA and Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge.................... 19
Figure 8. Who Determines Border Crossing Routes. .................................................................. 20
Figure 9. When Travel Routes and Border Crossings are Determined........................................ 20
Figure 10. Who Determines Alternate Travel Routes and/or Border Crossings. ........................ 21
Figure 11. Factors Considered When Selecting Border Crossing Routes. .................................. 21
Figure 12. Company Use of Warehousing Prior to Exportation of Goods. ................................. 22
Figure 13. Membership Benefits Received by Members and Perceived by Non-Members. ....... 24
Figure 14. C-TPAT Members Indicating Membership Meets Objectives. .................................. 25
Figure 15. C-TPAT Members Indicating Benefits of Membership Meet or Exceed Costs. ........ 25
Table 1. El Paso/Ciudad Juarez Trade, Transportation, and Border Crossing Professionals. . 3
Table 2. Border Wait Times for Commercial Vehicles at the Bridge of the Americas. .......... 8
Table 3. Border Wait Times for Commercial Vehicles at the Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge. ........ 8
Table 4. Survey Response Rate. ............................................................................................ 16
Table 5. Border Crossing Use by Company Type. ................................................................ 18
Table 7. Exports per Week and Assigned Company Size. .................................................... 22
Table 8. Requirements and Supply Chain Guidelines Needed for C-TPAT Membership. ... 23
Table 9. Certifications Held by C-TPAT and Non–C-TPAT Members. ............................... 23
Table 10. Percent of Non–C-TPAT Members with Identification Numbers. ........................ 24
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                                Page ii
DISCLAIMER AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was performed by the Center for International Intelligent Transportation
Research, a part of the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, in cooperation with the Coalición
Empresarial Pro Libre Comercio (CELC). The contents of this report reflect the views of the
authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein.
The research team thanks Rafael Aldrete, Oscar Kuri, Sarai Kuri, Eun Sug Park, Lupe
Ramos, Aracely Soto, Juan Carlos Villa, and Alex Valdez for their expertise and assistance in the
performance of project activities.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                         Page iii
Since the creation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, cross
border travel and trade have continued to grow at a steady rate. This growth has been mitigated
by two outside occurrences that have impacted border security and economic investments. The
attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 (9/11), affected border security, and the
world-wide economic downturn of 2008 impacted investments along the border. Both the
United States and Mexican governments have stated that they do not have additional funding to
put into border infrastructure or to increase staffing levels to meet ever growing cross border
traffic.
Increase in trade has provided a substantial economic boost to border communities. With the
growth in volume of vehicles crossing, there is additional traffic on bridge infrastructures and
adjacent roadways. Cross border congestion causes bridge saturation and increased border wait
time (BWT), which add to the cost of doing business. To address these issues, the U.S. and
Mexican governments are forming Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) which have developed
trusted shipper programs such as the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)
and Free and Secure Trade (FAST) in the United States, and Nuevo Esquema de Empresas
Certificades (NEEC) in Mexico.
Membership in the U.S. program has remained level for a number of years. The Mexican
program is relatively new. The goal of both countries is to increase membership in their trusted
shipper programs with the goal of increasing border security and reducing BWT.
This research project focused on border congestion at the Bridge of the Americas (BOTA),
which is a free crossing, the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge, and the Santa Teresa, New Mexico,
crossing. Researchers looked at current conditions and reviewed BWTs, as well as reviewed
projected growth analysis to determine how these crossings were now being utilized and to
consider improvements that will be needed to meet anticipated growth. The study also
considered the effects of increased BWT on the status of just-in-time (JIT) inventory, supply
chain security, and economic impact. We surveyed 250 cross border manufacturing and
transportation companies.
TTI partnered with the Coalición Empresarial Pro Libre Comercio (CELC) to conduct a
bilingual survey of 250 cross border companies obtaining 55 responses which provided a
confidence level of 90% for our findings. Previous border surveys have tended to focus only on
the U.S. side of the border, but this effort targeted the Mexican border crossing community, as
well. Survey questions focused on awareness of trusted shipper programs' membership
requirements, cost of joining trusted membership programs, and benefits of trusted shipper
program membership.
The targeted audience for the survey recommendations is U.S. Customs and Border
Protection Agency, Mexican Aduana (Customs), and the public and private sector who share a
common goal of increasing membership in the trusted shipper programs. The survey findings
may also be used to build a border crossing predictive model to provide decision-makers a new
method to understand how membership in trusted shipper programs can provide economic
benefits as well as reduce border congestion.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                          Page 1
The two primary international bridge crossings in El Paso, Texas, are quickly reaching their
saturation points for commercial truck crossings. Saturation points at the Bridge of the Americas
(BOTA) and the Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge negatively impact the economic growth
of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, through loss of current and new business opportunities
due to increased border wait time (BWT). In addition to economic issues, increased BWTs
affect the quality of life and air in the border cities of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has created trusted shipper programs that
expedite border crossings and reduce BWTs resulting in a reduction of congestion for trucks,
private automobiles, buses, and pedestrians. This report focuses on why shippers and
manufacturers choose not to join CBP trusted shipper programs and what incentives might
influence them to join.
In addition to the two international bridge crossings, the report evaluates the land border
crossing at Santa Teresa, New Mexico. The report findings are based on an extensive literature
review; interviews with border specialists including engineers, CBP officials, and city officials;
and data obtained by conducting an electronic survey of companies that utilize these border
crossings every day. A literature review was conducted to discover previous research relevant to
this study. We looked at topics including but not limited to border crossings, border wait time,
C-TPAT, FAST, economic development, U.S.–Mexico trade issues, ports of entry, supply chain
security, just-in-time inventory, industrial parks, and finance.
In addition to the reference material found in the literature review, the professionals listed in
Table 1 were contacted regarding their expertise in the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez trade,
transportation, and border crossings. TTI staff either met with or spoke with these professionals
to get their views on trade, transportation, and border crossings for the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez
region.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                              Page 2
Table 1. El Paso/Ciudad Juarez Trade, Transportation, and Border Crossing Professionals.
Name                                                                     Type of
Organization                                                              Organization
Garrick Taylor
Private (non-profit)
Border Trade Alliance (BTA)
Rod Hudson
U.S. Government/Import Businesses Partnership
Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)
U.S. Government Agency
Customs Border Protection (CBP)
Bob Cook and Manuel Ochoa
Non-profit Business Consultant
El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation (REDCo)
Stephanie Caviness
Association of International Commerce
Foreign Trade Association (FTA)
Erik Lee and Christopher Wilson
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Arizona State University,   U.S. Government/Private Research Center/State University
North American Center for Transborder Studies, Mexico Institute
Juan Carlos Villa and Jolanda Prozzi
State Agency/University
Said Arbri-Cherif
International Bridge Director
Bridge of the Americas
Construction of the Bridge of the Americas was completed in 1998. It is located between El
Paso and Ciudad Juarez as shown in Figure 1. The border crossing consists of two bridges that
each have two lanes for commercial traffic, four lanes for passenger vehicles, and sidewalks for
pedestrians (1). The BOTA is open for commercial vehicle inspection services Monday through
Friday from 6:00am to 6:00pm, and on Saturdays from 6:00 to 2:00pm (1).
Figure 1. The Bridge of the Americas (1).
Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge (Zaragoza)
The original Ysleta–Zaragoza crossing was built in 1938. It was rebuilt in 1955 and, most
recently, in 1990 (2). This bridge consists of two separate bridges, one of which is a four-lane
bridge dedicated for commercial vehicles. The commercial bridge has two southbound lanes,
one northbound lane, and one northbound FAST (Free and Secure Trade) lane (3). The bridge
charges a fare to all southbound and northbound traffic (1).
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                           Page 4
The Ysleta–Zaragoza bridge at the Ysleta Port, shown in Figure 2 is open for commercial
vehicle inspection services on Monday through Friday, 6:00am to 12:00midnight and on
Saturdays from 8:00am to 4:00pm (1). Commercial truck traffic shifts to this crossing every
evening as the free BOTA's inspection services close at 6:00pm weekdays and at 2:00pm on
Saturdays (2).
Figure 2. Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge (2).
Although some commercial traffic moves to the Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge at night, Bob Cook
with the El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation (REDCo) indicates that the
Ysleta–Zaragoza crossing is not convenient because of geographic dispersion of manufacturers
and roadways. Foreign Trade Association president Stephanie Caviness agrees that, "it takes too
long for industrial parks in west and central Juarez to travel east to use the Ysleta–Zaragoza
Bridge crossing." Figure 3 displays the 21.6-mile distance between the BOTA and Ysleta–
Zaragoza crossings (4).
Caviness stresses that, "truckers lose 1.5 hours driving to Ysleta–Zaragoza when they can
clear the BOTA in a shorter amount of time than driving to Ysleta–Zaragoza" and that "the road
structure east to west is not good for traveling as most major roads head north to the border."
However, REDCo's Bob Cook indicated in a June 2012 phone conference that "Juarez has
completed a loop on the southeast side to encourage trucks to use the Ysleta–Zaragoza facility
and is also constructing a new toll bridge, the Tornillio Guadalupe International Bridge
scheduled for completion in 3 to 5 years."
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                        Page 5
Figure 3. Distance between the BOTA and Zaragoza Bridge (5).
A proposal to reduce the hours of service at the BOTA by 4 hours was recently considered.
The proposed reduction would allow the CBP to move officers from the free BOTA to the
Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge to expand their service in an attempt to attract more users at the
underutilized Ysleta–Zaragoza facility without increasing CBP officers or funding.
Border Trade Alliance (BTA) member Garrick Taylor voiced concern with the proposal
indicating that, "it is not only the cost of tolls, but the increase in time to travel to the Ysleta–
Zaragoza facility as it is too far away from the Maquila operations." The Texas A&M
Transportation Institute's (TTI's) Jolanda Prozzi in her work on the Southwest Border
Infrastructure Master Plan concurred that recent interviews with members of the El Paso
business community indicate that, "Maquila operators and truckers are reluctant to move away
from BOTA, because of costs and the extended transportation corridor to cross at Zaragoza."
CBP El Paso office representative, Patricia Aveitia in a phone interview stated that, "the
proposed change in hours at BOTA is not being well received from trade and transportation
community and the Maquiladores resent the change as it impacts their level of service at BOTA."
Santa Teresa Crossing
The Santa Teresa crossing facility, built in 1997, is the newest port of entry on the
U.S./Mexico border, replacing the original port that opened in 1992. Although it is located on
the New Mexico/Mexico border, it is a short 20-minute drive from downtown El Paso (6). The
port of entry is open for commercial traffic weekdays from 8:00am to 8:00pm and on Saturdays
from 9:00am to 2:00pm. This port is known for its exportation of used vehicles and its large
import/export facility for livestock on the Mexican border (6).
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                             Page 6
BORDER WAIT TIME
Border wait time is the time it takes when traffic first queues on approach to a border
crossing facility until the vehicle reaches the primary inspection booth, see Figure 4. BWT is
measured through surveys, vehicle tracking, loop detectors, radar, video, radio-frequency
identification (RFID), license plate recognition, and Bluetooth™ technology (7).
Figure 4. U.S. Border Crossing Primary Inspection Booth.
The BOTA and the Ysleta–Zaragoza crossings, along with other busy crossings, have been
equipped with RFID technology. The readers gather information from RFID tags already placed
on trucks crossing the border. The data reveal the time it takes a commercial vehicle to travel
from a point on the south side of the border through Mexican/U.S. Customs and state safety
inspections to a point on the Texas side of the border (8).
BWTs have increased significantly since the events of 9/11 (9). In a 2012 presentation at the
Mexico's Manufacturing Supply Chain Summit, it was reported that since 2010, northbound
truck volumes are on the rise (10). K. Alan Russell, who runs industrial parks in Juarez for
dozens of companies, states that, "bridge traffic is up sharply and follows the cycle of the U.S.
economy" (11). Dr. Esther Rodriguez, Supply Chain Expert with the Texas A&M University
College of Industrial Distribution states that, "as of now, there is no indication that the bridges in
El Paso have become so saturated that they are negatively impacting Just in Time (JIT)
deliveries." However, BWT is "very sensitive to interruptions and congestion that can easily
lead to enormous delays" (9).
BWTs taken from the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Border Wait Time website
http://apps.cbp.gov/bwt/ for the Bridge of the Americas and the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge are
shown in Tables 2 and 3 (12). Note that the wait times for the FAST lanes are significantly less
than the wait times for the standard lanes on 02/28/13 on both bridges even though more
standard lanes were open. Note that the BWT at the free BOTA is five times longer than that of
the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge. However, on 07/09/13 the wait time increased on the Ysleta–
Zaragoza toll bridge. This unexpected outcome may be due to on-going construction in the area
near the BOTA, an increase in manufacturing plants near the Ysleta–Zaragoza bridge, an
increase in the number of FAST and standard lanes open at the Ysleta–Zaragoza bridge, and a
difference in time of day the data were obtained.
Table 2. Border Wait Times for Commercial Vehicles at the Bridge of the Americas.
Standard                           FAST
Date            Time                                  Wait Time                         Wait Time
Lanes Open                       Lanes Open
02/28/13            8:00AM                  3               25 MIN           2                5 MIN
07/09/13           12:00PM                  6               2 MIN            4                2 MIN
Source: CBP website http://apps.cbp.gov/bwt accessed February 28, 2013, and July 9, 2013 (12).
Table 3. Border Wait Times for Commercial Vehicles at the Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge.
Standard Lanes                        FAST
Open                           Lanes Open
02/28/13           8:00AM                   2               5 MIN            1                2 MIN
07/09/13           12:00PM                  3               15 MIN           1                5 MIN
Causes of Increased Border Wait Time
Although the BWT appears to have somewhat improved over the past few months,
congestion will increase with growth of trade in the region. Congestion will continue to be one
of the main causes of increased BWTs. Other suspected factors that contribute to increased
border wait times include:
•     inadequate staffing,
•     increased number of trucks,
•     security inspections,
•     reduced funding, and
•     increased fees.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                        Page 8
BWTs also increase due to border crossings not being optimally disbursed among available
capacity (13). This is could be due to the cost of the tolls or the distance to the Ysleta–Zaragoza
toll facility from industrial parks and manufacturers who were strategically located near the
BOTA. Regardless, increases in border wait times affect manufacturers who bear costs of long
and unpredictable border wait times and customs requirements each time merchandise crosses
the border (14).
U.S.–Mexico Trade Issues
The North American Free Trade Agreement took force January 1, 1994; however, there are
still trade issues between the U.S. and Mexico. The U.S. and Mexico agreed to partner on
FAST, but participating companies must be C-TPAT certified to be a member of FAST, and
many companies, especially small ones, do not have the requirements or funding for
membership. Many companies do not have adequate IT systems or the training to use them.
Regardless of these issues, Juan Villa of the Texas A&M Transportation Institute's Mexico City
Office indicates in a 2005 report that Mexican trade has more than doubled since NAFTA (9).
Inadequate Infrastructures
The future trade relationship between Mexico and the U.S. will require a major infrastructure
to function effectively as projected truck flow for 2020 will be more than 2,200,000 (14). The
infrastructure has not kept pace with expansion of bilateral trade or population growth. A
bilateral effort will be required to improve infrastructure on both sides of the border (13). The
U.S. Congress passed legislation making the forming of Public Private Partnerships permissible
with CBP, to add additional staffing and increase facility size. Section 560 of the Consolidated
and Further Continuation Act of 2013, HR-933 states that because of Federal budget restraints
there is an ever increasing need to reach out to Public (city and state governments), as well as
Private (air and sea carriers, sea and air port authorities, land border and bridge operators) to
form Partnerships to address the need for additional staffing and improvement to facilities.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED BORDER WAIT TIME
Increased BWTs directly affect drivers crossing the border; however, they also indirectly
affect manufacturers, shippers, retailers, and consumers through their impact on just-in-time
inventory, supply chain security, and the economy.
Just-in-Time Inventory
All manufacturers, shippers, retailers, and consumers are affected by increases in BWT.
Some manufacturers and retailers have been forced to abandon their just-in-time inventory
process and now lease or build warehouses to hold products to ensure their availability. This
drives up product prices and also threatens the supply chain security as warehoused goods
become a target for taxing bodies as well as increasing the security risk.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                            Page 9
Security is essential in the world today with daily threats of terrorism in the U.S. and abroad.
El Paso and Ciudad Juarez do not escape those threats but also are affected by drug cartels that
produce and smuggle illegal drugs into the U.S. Trucks need to keep moving to ensure the safety
of the driver and the load. The supply chain must also be carefully monitored, and manufacturers
must keep their products and warehouses secure and free from illegal contraband. Therefore, it
is essential that not only drivers but supply chain partners be C-TPAT certified (15).
Increased BWTs cost the U.S. and Mexico economies billions of dollars each year (14). The
El Paso Port of Entry is the second largest southern land border port by value, and trade has
increased by 100% over the past 12 years (13). The economic impact of increased BWTs
currently results in the loss of $1.5 billion in output, $400 million in wages, $200 million in tax
revenue, and 6700 lost jobs (13) per year. It is estimated that the economic impact due to BWT
will double by 2017 if delays continue to grow and the infrastructure and facility operation
remain the same (13).
The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars reports that longer and unpredictable
border wait times cut away at the competitiveness of regional industries causing many U.S. and
Mexican factories to be offshored to Asia (14). This negative economic impact is also conveyed
in a report commissioned by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade
Administration. The report suggests that the economic impact of border wait times will more
than double by 2017 as delays grow and if projected infrastructure and operations remain the
same (13).
Trusted Shipper Programs
Trusted shipper programs include the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (and the
Free and Secure Trade programs.
C-TPAT was established after the 9/11 attacks to improve security and expedite flow of
goods crossing the border coming into the United States. It is a "voluntary initiative between the
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and private business which builds relationships that
strengthen international supply chains and improve U.S. border security" (16).
Membership Benefits. C-TPAT membership benefits include the following:
•    fewer border delays,
•    front line processing in case of inspections,
•    good security practices and procedures,
•    better supply chain integrity,
•    reduced risk mitigation,
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                           Page 10
•    reduced cargo theft,
•    stronger brand equity,
•    improved asset utilization,
•    higher workforce security,
•    better marketability,
•    better understanding of the supply chain process and agents,
•    training seminars,
•    continued processing during terrorist attack,
•    increased work and customers, and
•    access to FAST lanes.
Many local industry practitioners claim that, "the market requires C-TPAT membership and
that non-compliance usually results in loss of clients" (15). According to Sarai Kuri of CELC,
many of the companies she works with are "proud and take pride in their C-TPAT
memberships."
Free and Secure Trade (FAST)
The Free and Secure Trade program was also established following 9/11. It is a "commercial
clearance program for known low-risk shipments entering the U.S." (3). FAST is a joint
initiative that partners United States and importers to move pre-approved eligible goods across
the border quickly by verifying trade compliance away from the border (17). Participation in the
FAST program requires that, "every link in the supply chain, from manufacturer to carrier, to
driver to importer must be certified under the C-TPAT program" (3).
Membership Benefits. FAST membership/enrollment benefits include the following:
•    dedicated FAST lanes,
•    increased shipment processing speeds,
•    reduced inspections,
•    front of line processing for inspections,
•    enhanced supply chain security, and
•    FAST Commercial Driver Card.
Nuevo Esquema de Empresas Certificades (NEEC)
In 2010, Mexican Customs created a pilot security program called NEEC with a membership
cost of $21,800 Mexican Pesos per company. NEEC became official in 2011. In January 2012,
NEEC made changes that required current members to become re-certified to meet increased
security requirements. This was done to make NEEC membership requirements compatible with
C-TPAT membership requirements. The new requirements for NEEC include:
•    physical security,
•    access controls,
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                        Page 11
•    business partners,
•    procedural security,
•    Mexican Customs conveyance security,
•    personnel security,
•    IT security,
•    security trainings,
•    incident investigation, and
•    supply chain security.
Companies eligible for membership include:
•    manufacturing companies,
•    maquiladoras (twin plant production assembly sites prescribed by NAFTA),
•    export businesses, and
•    Mexican carriers.
Currently there are 338 manufacturing companies certified in NEEC and 136 companies in
the process of joining. There are currently only three carriers in the process of joining the
program. The Mexican government is currently conducting seminars and conferences to market
the advantages of joining their trusted shipper program. The stated goal of this security program
is to make it compatible to the U.S. trusted shipper programs of C-TPAT and FAST. The desired
outcome of matching the two countries' trusted shipper programs is to: increase border security,
reduce BWT, and reduce the cost associated with each country maintaining two separate trusted
shipper programs. NEEC would like to be officially recognized by C-TPAT and be able to
certify companies in Mexico for C-TPAT membership. The U.S. CBP is currently evaluating the
NEEC program to determine its validity and effectiveness.
WHY TRUSTED SHIPPER PROGRAMS ARE NOT BEING USED
The literature review suggests several reasons for companies not becoming members of
trusted shipper programs. In addition, meetings with private companies and government
agencies experienced with border crossing issues revealed and confirmed some of the suspect
reasons as: cost to join and maintain membership, requirements to join, time to process
paperwork and prepare for membership, and not enough staff available to prepare and maintain
requirements for membership.
COST OF TRUSTED SHIPPER PROGRAM MEMBERSHIP
Business expenses associated with manufacturing, warehousing, transportation, and
distribution of cross border cargo are high. Any new or additional cost of doing business cuts
into already low profit margins. Even a small additional cost to doing business can be
detrimental to keeping border crossing companies operating. Some of the initial costs incurred
in joining a trusted shipper program include: hiring new staff, training new and current staff,
improving or building new infrastructure, and improving or purchasing new IT systems (15).
In addition to initial costs, recurring costs to membership include: maintaining physical site
and equipment; updating IT systems; implementing and developing physical and staff security
processes; and increasing work for staff members including the preparation, inspection, and
reporting of current trusted shipper program procedures. There is also a cost to research new
trusted shipper procedures as they arise and/or change frequently. In addition, there are initial
application fees, filing transaction fees, and border crossing fees.
Although any increased cost affects all companies, it appears the cost of the trusted shipper
programs affect large and small companies in different ways. This is represented in the 2011
Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism's Costs & Savings Survey where the
implementation costs ranged from $280 to more than $4 million U.S. dollars; and the
maintenance costs ranged from $45 to $815,000 (4).
An example of a large cross border company is one which became a C-TPAT member in
2001 at an initial cost of approximately $200,000. The company indicates that it spent
approximately $112,500 annually to maintain its membership. This investment represents an
additional cost to border crossing companies; however, upon membership the company began
saving almost immediately due to decreases in truck inspections. Their inspection rate of 7.6%
in 2001 dropped to 0.66% in 2003, representing a savings of $550,000 per year (15).
Small Companies
Small companies believe they cannot afford the high application fees and maintenance of
security standards for membership to trusted shipper programs. Small companies contend that
they cannot afford the specialized security staff, IT system, new infrastructure to comply with
safety and security processes, and the cost to research new developments in trusted shipper
programs. In a conversation with President of the Foreign Trade Association in El Paso,
Stephanie Caviness agreed and stated that, "the cost associated to join C-TPAT and FAST is too
much for smaller and mid-sized companies."
In a May 2013 meeting with Bob Gray, Toby Spoon and John Rippe of Secure Origins it was
suggested that many of the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez businesses and maquiladoras have been led to
believe that the cost to join a trusted shipper program is much more than the actual cost. They
suggest that most of the companies already have enough security and staff in place to join
without incurring additional expenses. Mr. Spoon suggested that what the businesses need is to
be educated on the requirements, benefits, and costs of the trusted shipper programs. He
suggested that the trusted shipper program costs need to be presented to the correct person in
each business, and in multiple languages if necessary, so they completely understand that
program membership may not cost as much as they perceive. Companies who are non-members
of trusted shipper programs state that they do not believe the program membership's benefits are
worth the cost.
OTHER DETERRENTS TO TRUSTED SHIPPER MEMBERSHIP
Another deterrent to trusted shipper membership is the actual membership application
process. The application to join C-TPAT is a long process taking about 1 year from start to
finish. The actual application is 30 pages in length. In addition, warehouses and business
partners of the applicant are asked to complete an 11-page questionnaire regarding security
issues or prove they meet C-TPAT security criteria, usually done through audit procedures.
Even after initial membership there are monthly security meetings and processes to implement,
update, and/or change.
SURVEY DOCUMENT AND RESULTS
A survey document (see Appendix) was developed and distributed to trucking companies;
logistics service providers; manufacturing companies; customs brokers; importers; and
Maquiladoras, which are also known as "Twin-Plant operators and are provided for in NAFTA.
Maquiladoras are Mexican assembly or manufacturing plants that "operate 330+ plants and
employ more than 178,000 workers in Juarez" (15). It is not surprising that Juarez is birthplace
of the maquiladora industry (18) having "the top ten Maquila industries in Juarez and almost all
of the top 20 suppliers in El Paso" (19).
TTI teamed with Sarai and Oscar Kuri of the Coalición Empresarial Pro Libre Comercio to
develop the survey to determine if the survey participants are members of any of the trusted
shipper programs. CELC is a privately held company in El Paso, Texas, that works with
manufacturers, brokers, drivers, shippers, and maquiladoras to help them with the requirements
to join trusted shipper programs such as C-TPAT and NEEC. It was very helpful having them
team with TTI, as they have many contacts in the trucking industry and they both speak English
and Spanish, and it was vital to get representatives from both U.S. and Mexican companies. The
surveys were prepared in SurveyMonkey®, and survey links were emailed from CELC as they
are a respected and well-known organization in the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez region. CELC
employees acted as facilitators of the survey by promoting participation at local events, by e-
mail, through Internet connectivity, and by telephone. They agreed to how the survey was to be
conducted and to their designated role. CELC representative Sarai Kuri's experience in teaming
with TTI on the survey follows:
"Our experience conducting the C-TPAT survey with TTI was very enriching.
We sent out the survey to 250 of our clients, including manufacturers, carriers,
importers, and U.S. Brokers all of which use or are planning on using the benefits
of C-TPAT. We believe we had a positive response from our membership.
Several members are interested in the survey results and some of them even
shared the survey with other companies. We sent out e-mails with the survey and
followed up with our clients via telephone and e-mail. We are looking for
answers to the following questions:
•    What makes the industry participate in these programs?
•    Are companies certified to obtain the benefits of border cross times?
•    Are the companies participating in order to increase their security?
Our goal is to increase the participation of the industry in these programs. To
do that we need to know the real reasons they do or do not participate in them and
how they feel about them.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                              Page 15
I believe the results to the survey when given were positive. The results
showed the number one reason people get C-TPAT certified is to improve
marketability followed by improved border wait times. I found these surveys
interesting and received real answers that provide insight into membership to
these important programs."
The survey asked questions concerning: knowledge of membership requirements, costs of
membership, and program benefits. The survey was available in English and Spanish with
versions for trusted shipper program members and non-members. CELC's assistance in
distributing the survey was vital in reaching the companies from Juarez. It was important for us
to survey both Mexican and U.S. companies. Table 4 shows the combined response rate of all
four versions of the survey document. Eun Sug Park, a statistician with TTI, determined the
number of survey participants needed to maintain a reasonable confidence level and margin of
error for the survey.
Table 4. Survey Response Rate.
C-TPAT Survey Information
Surveys Sent                                             250
Total Surveys Received                                   55
English Surveys Received                                 16
Spanish Surveys Received                                 39
Confidence Level                                        90%
Margin of Error                                         9.81%
As shown in Table 4, the Spanish survey response to the survey was 71% compared to 29%
for the English surveys. This response indicates that the data found will be a clear view of what
Mexican companies know about the trusted shipper programs and their views on BWTs.
Figure 5 shows the percentage of survey participants by company type. Note that
manufacturing and trucking companies were the top two respondents to the survey with 39.5 and
31.0%, respectively. The next highest responding company was customs brokers with a 15%
response rate. These business types represent 85% of those surveyed. The low response rate of
importers, logistic service providers, and others representing a total of 14.5% suggests that the
data from these groups may not be representative of the group as a whole. Therefore, most
conclusions drawn from this survey will represent manufacturing companies, trucking
companies, and customs brokers. Maquiladoras are included in manufacturing companies;
however, one maquiladora listed itself as in the "other" category.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                          Page 16
Figure 5. Survey Participants by Company Type.
The border crossing facilities used in the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez area include the Bridge of
the Americas, the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge, and the crossing at Santa Teresa. Figure 6
displays the facilities' use by survey participants that commonly cross to and from Mexico into
the United States. The figure addresses the following questions:
•    Do you use the border crossing at the Bridge of the Americas (BOTA)?
•    Do you use the border crossing at the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge?
•    Do you use the border crossing at Santa Teresa?
Santa Teresa Crossing                                                            No
Bridge of the Americas                                                            Yes
Zaragoza Bridge
0              10              20   30   40       50          60
Figure 6. Border Crossing Use by all Survey Participants.
The responses to Figure 6 were surprising as 93% of the respondents indicated they use the
Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge compared to 49% who use the BOTA. Our literature review and
meetings with experts in the region indicated that the BOTA was used more often than the
Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge as the BOTA is free and there is a toll charge on the Ysleta–
Zaragoza Bridge. This was the case when our study began in September 2012; however, due to
on-going road construction in Mexico, adjacent to the BOTA, and the increase in manufacturing
near the Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge crossing, the trend changed and the survey reflects more use for
the toll bridge. These responses indicate that at some point, time becomes more important than
cost in deciding which border crossing route to use.
Table 5 displays the border crossing facility use by company type. The only significant
finding by company type is that 96% of all the manufacturing companies now use the Ysleta–
Zaragoza toll bridge compared to 54% who also use the BOTA. Once again, the toll bridge is
now being used more often even though there is a toll charge.
Table 5. Border Crossing Use by Company Type.
Bridge of the Americas    Santa Teresa    Ysleta-Zaragosa Bridge
Yes          No       Yes        No        Yes        No
Trucking Company                             13           5        8          7         14          4
Logistics Service Provider                    1           1        0          2          2          0
Manufacturing Company                        13          11        5          19        23          1
Customs Broker                                6           2        4          4          7          1
Importer                                      3           2        0          5          4          1
Total                                        36          21        17         37        50          7
At the beginning of this research effort in the fall of 2012, the Bridge of the Americas was
the primary border crossing to the United States from Mexico. The data above clearly show
increased use of the Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge. Border wait times also changed since the
beginning of the study.
Figure 7 displays the survey participants' perceived BWT at the BOTA and Ysleta–Zaragoza
Bridge. It is interesting that 40% of those responding perceived BWT to be more than 1 hour at
the Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge compared to the free BOTA where BWT of more than 1 hour was
perceived as 27%. Since the perceived BWT appears to be longer at the Ysleta–Zaragoza
facility, it is interesting that the participants continue to use this facility as there is no perceived
time saving benefit over using the BOTA and drivers also must pay a toll. This leads us to
consider who, when, and why certain border crossings are selected.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                  Page 18
No Wait
More than 1 Hour
1/2 Hour
Less than 1/2 Hour                                                                             Santa Teresa Crossing
Bridge of the Americas (BOTA)
0       5       10         15         20          25    30          35
Number of Survey Participants
Figure 7. Perceived Border Wait Time at the BOTA and Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge.
BORDER CROSSING ROUTES
Figure 8 displays which entity determines the border crossing route. Again, please note that
39.5% manufacturing and 31% trucking companies represent over 70% of the survey
participants. Over 50% of the time, manufacturing companies select the route drivers are
directed to take when crossing the border making them the most common entity for determining
initial trip routes. Trucking and customs broker companies determine border crossing routes
27% of the time, followed by logistics service providers who determine routes 10% of the time.
0.2            17.0%
10.0%                              10.0%        9.0%
1.5%              1.5%
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                                Page 19
Figure 8. Who Determines Border Crossing Routes.
The chart shown in Figure 9 illustrates when border crossing routes are determined. As
shown, 49% selected that travel route and border crossing is determined immediately prior to
departure. This allows for monitoring of current conditions such as weather and traffic to aid in
selecting the best, safest, and fastest travel route and border crossing facility. It is surprising that
34% of the routes are determined during scheduling without consideration of current conditions.
During scheduling of delivery
Immediately before departure
As determined by driver
Figure 9. When Travel Routes and Border Crossings Are Determined.
Survey participants were asked who determines route and/or border crossing facility changes
should they need to be made after a trip has already begun. As shown in Figure 10, the
manufacturing and trucking companies most often make those route changes with 41 and 31%,
respectively. This is not surprising as over 70% of the survey respondents were manufacturing
and trucking companies. The top three determining factors for selection of route and border
crossings as indicated in Figure 11 are time, security, and cost.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                     Page 20
10.0%          9.0%
Logistics          Trucking     Manufacturing Customs Broker   Importer           Driver       Other (please
Service Provider      Company       Company                                                         specify)
Figure 10. Entity Responsible for Determining Route and/or Border Crossing Changes
After Trip has Begun.
40.0%                                                        37.0%
Cost                 Security             Time              Traffic          Other (please specify)
Figure 11. Factors Considered When Selecting Border Crossing Routes.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                                Page 21
EXPORT QUESTIONS
The number of export trips that survey participants take per week is shown in Table 6. Since
most trucks can make 2.5 trips across the border per day, we used this number to determine the
size of the company responding to the survey. The options given on the survey included: 1–5,
6–10, 11–20, 21–40, and over 40. Based on this structure, 1–5, 6–10, and 11–20 are small
companies. Medium companies are 21–40, and those over 40 are considered large companies.
Table 6 displays the number of exports per week and the assigned size of company.
Table 6. Exports per Week and Assigned Company Size.
Exports Per Week                         Number of Respondents           Company Size
1–5                                       8                         Small
6 – 10                                   11                         Small
11 – 20                                    8                         Small
21 – 40                                   13                        Medium
Over 40                                   12                         Large
Warehousing of Goods
Warehousing by companies prior to export is displayed in Figure 12. As can be seen, less
than 20% of the surveyed companies warehouse goods. This indicates that at least these
companies, which are primarily manufacturing and trucking companies, are not yet experiencing
problems with just-in-time inventory.
Figure 12. Company Use of Warehousing Prior to Exportation of Goods.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                   Page 22
TRUSTED SHIPPER MEMBERSHIP QUESTIONS
Qualifications for Membership
To determine the membership qualifications of survey participants the following questions
were included in the survey:
•    Are you familiar with supply chain guidelines?
•    What certifications does your company have?
•    Do you have a Certification of Incorporation?
•    Do you have MID, DOT, Broker Serial or Broker Filer Numbers?
The non-C-TPAT member survey participants were asked if they were familiar with the
requirements and the supply chain guidelines required for membership to C-TPAT. As shown in
Table 7, 80% of the non-C-TPAT members responding to the survey indicated they were
familiar with the membership and supply chain guidelines needed to become C-TPAT certified.
Table 7. Requirements and Supply Chain Guidelines Needed for C-TPAT Membership.
Non-Members Response                           C-TPAT Requirements          Supply Chain Guidelines
Yes                                         12                            12
No                                          3                             1
Table 8 presents the certifications held by C-TPAT members and non-members. NEEC is
the Mexican version of C-TPAT. The other certifications include carrier, cart men and
warehouse permits, and licenses. Note that of the 15 non–C-TPAT members, only 2 currently
held any of the certifications needed for membership.
Table 8. Certifications Held by C-TPAT and Non–C-TPAT Members.
Company Certifications                      C-TPAT Members
Coalition for Free Commerce (CELC)                                           37                   2
Nuevo Esquema de Empresas Certificades (NEEC)                                7                    0
Certificate of Incorporation                                                 n/a                  0
Other (please specify)                                                       17                   2
Table 9 displays the different types of identification numbers held by non-members and the
percentage of non-members that have them. The other category represents state and local
permits and licenses. Some of these identifications are needed for various trusted shipper
program memberships.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                       Page 23
Table 9. Percent of Non–C-TPAT Members with Identification Numbers.
Types of Identification (ID) Numbers             Percent of Non-Members with ID Numbers
MID – Manufacturing                                                           45
DOT – Department of Transportation                                            18
Broker Serial                                                                 24
Broker Filer                                                                  27
Other                                                                         18
To determine membership benefits received by members and membership benefits expected
by non-members, the following questions were included in the survey:
•     What benefits would you expect to receive if you are not a member?
•     What benefits have you received if you are a member?
•     Does membership meet its objectives?
•     Does the cost of membership equal or exceed its benefits?
•     Are there additional benefits you would like included in membership?
•     Would you recommend membership to a non-member?
•     If you are not a member why have you not joined?
Figure 13 displays common benefits expected by trusted shipper program members and non-
Improved Marketability
Fewer Inspection                                                                Non-Members
Improved Border Cross Time
0       5        10        15   20    25      30        35
Figure 13. Membership Benefits Received by Members and Expected by Non-Members.
Texas A&M Transportation Institute                                                                            Page 24
As shown in Figure 13, increased security and improved border cross times were cited as the
top two benefits for trusted shipper program members. Non-members selected increased security
and improved marketability as their top two responses. It is possible that marketing toward the
perceived benefits of non-members and advertising the benefits cited by members may help to
increase membership.
The final questions focused on cost of membership versus benefits received. Members of
trusted shipper programs were asked the following questions:
•    Does membership meet its objectives?
•    Does the cost of membership equal or exceed its benefits?
•    Would you recommend membership to a non-member?
Figure 14 indicates that 95% of C-TPAT members from the survey believe that membership
meets its objectives. Figure 15 indicates 87% believe that the benefits meet or exceed its costs.
Finally, 100% of those members responding to the final question responded that they would
recommend membership to a non-member.
95.0%        Yes
Figure 14. C-TPAT Members Indicating Membership Meets Objectives.
87.0%           Yes
Figure 15. C-TPAT Members Indicating Benefits Meet or Exceed Costs.
When our study began, former El Paso Mayor John Cook's Border Task Force stated that
there was concern with bridge saturation and increased BWT at both main border crossings
between the United States and Mexico. Mayor Cook commissioned a work group to study
border crossing issues including: Model Commercial Port Project-21 and Frontera 21 Trusted
Shipment Risk Segmentation Lane. There were a number of suggestions that came out of the
Mayor's border task force that were implemented about the same time TTI was conducting its
study. When we started our study, fewer companies were utilizing the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll
bridge then the BOTA. There was even a proposal suggested by the Customs and Border
Protection to limit the number of hours of service at the BOTA, in order to entice more
commercial traffic to the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge. This proposal was met with a great deal
of "push-back" from the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez trade and transportation community and was not
implemented.
The Mayor's border task force also looked at ways to increase enrollment in the trusted
shipper programs, C-TPAT and FAST. While our survey was being conducted, the Mayor took
action to relocate commercial traffic from the BOTA to Zaragoza. There was a reduction in
bridge saturation and BWT. There were also changes being made on the Mexican side of the
border to introduce Frontera 21, which segmented C-TPAT and FAST commercial traffic. This
effort also resulted in less BWT and more streamlined border operations.
When our survey was concluded, use of the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge had surpassed that
of the free BOTA. There were also a number of road construction projects at the same time in
Juarez that caused additional commercial truck traffic to shift away from the BOTA to Zaragoza.
There was a new bypass loop constructed in Juarez, which reduced transit time on the Mexican
side to the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge. In addition, manufacturers began to open new plants and
warehouses near the Ysleta–Zaragoza toll bridge
These changes, instituted on both sides of the border, created a temporary fix for the current
congestion and long BWTs at the BOTA. However, our findings indicate that the projected
growth of business will, in a short time, overtake these short-term changes. It will not be long
until the BOTA and the Ysleta–Zaragoza Bridge become saturated again. The most current U.S.
Government General Accountability Office (GAO) report, dated July 2013 and entitled CBP
Action Needed to Improve Wait Time Data and Measure Outcomes of Trade Facilitation Efforts,
substantiates our findings about the need to prepare for future border growth (20).
The negative economic impact due to BWT is estimated to more than double by 2017 as
delays grow and projected infrastructure and operation remain the same (13). All the crossings
at the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez border will become saturated if nothing is done. The Federal
government has stated that due to budgetary cutbacks it will not provide additional funds for
infrastructure improvements. Many companies have relocated their manufacturing plants from
Asia to the border, for more efficient and cost-effective manufacturing and shorter supply lines
to the U.S. markets. El Paso and Ciudad Juarez cannot afford to lose the new business from
Asia, nor stifle economic growth in the region due to increased border delays.
Requests For Information for Passenger Name Record data
UNITED KINGDOM SURVEY - 2018 SURVEY (WAVE 2) - Food Policy Study
City of Hancock Non-motorized Transportation Network Plan 2017- 2021
The Greater Manchester Internationalisation Strategy 2017 - 2020 - Gmca
Hague Convention Treaty on Recovery of International Child Support and H.R. 1896
Auckland Law School Postgraduate Prospectus 2019
Cars & Machinery
The International Association of Geodesy: from an ideal sphere to an irregular body subjected to global change - hist-geo-space-sci.net
Artificial Intelligence - International Research and Applications: 1st Japanese-German-French DWIH Symposium - November 21-22, 2018 ...
KBB: A Knowledge-Bundle Builder for Bio-Research
Mutual Fund Review - Mutual Fund Review
ONLINE RESEARCH BROWSERS 2018 - AN INTERNET MINIGUIDE ANNOTATED LINK COMPILATION
Physics and Astronomy - UNDERGRADUATE COURSES IN Department of Physics and Astronomy - www.le.ac.uk/physics
2020 Vision at Addenbrooke's
Executive DBA Program - PROGRAM INTAKE 2019-2024 - École des Ponts Business School
INVESTMENT PLAN 2017 2018 - Unitec
CALL FOR SCIENTIFIC SESSION PROPOSALS - EuroScience Open Forum 2018 - black sea horizon
Ethical and Scientific Implications of the Globalization of Clinical Research
The Future of Justice: Harnessing the Power of Empirical Research Monday 14 & Tuesday 15 May 2018 at UCL Faculty of Laws
Convention setting up a European University Institute - as revised by the 1992 amending Convention
Firearm Safety and Injury Prevention


text:
Q: Elasticsearch Query String vs Boolean Filtered Query I'm new to Elastic search. I found that these two queries are the same:
using query_string:
{"query": {"query_string":{"query": "obama love", "fields": ["title"]}}}

using boolean query:
{
  "query": {
    "filtered": {
      "query": {
        "bool": {
          "must": {
            "terms": {
              "title": ["obama", "love"]
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

What is the different between these two and which should I use?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Killers are taking a break, meaning no new album coming out for awhile. Good for them. Bad for me.
It's 1:20 am...can't sleep...raining outside....searching the net for anything new on Brandon.
Here is a short clip of an impromptu gig in Vegas last week. I like the casual look on him.
This is a really great song called "Thief in the Choir". It's by a San Diego band "Louis XIV"..Brandon sings the chorus in this song...so good! I can't find a youtube clip of this song, so click on the link below to listen to this awesome song.
I met the band members of Louis XIV when I saw them in concert in Germany. One of them told me that he misses eatting pizza at Lefty's, which is the local pizza place in my neighborhood...OH, in fact, he lives in North Park, when not touring!
2) After you open the link, click on the little audio feature under the title of the song.
I'm sure you'll be fine. Maybe you can just take a trip to Vegas and go see if you can track him down :) You know, like your Robert Horry days?


There's a battle brewing out there right now, and this one is off the sports fields and in the murky depths of the most volatile of volatiles, the Atlantic.
As has now become common knowledge, the existing vessel-sharing and slot-sharing agreements will disappear. Some will see their official demise on July 4. Others will have to wait until October before the full run of legal understanding and commercial sense allow the curtain to fall on yet another era of container trade.
But while the old partnership stalwarts commit ashes to ashes and dust to dust, it may be pertinent to assemble some kind of understanding of where this is all going. Time maybe to underpin the apparent new philosophy that success in this arena comes from cleverly put together schedules, a recognition of real market needs, and the ability to provide a product that meets all.
Americana Ships, comprising Lykes and TMM Lines, has an existing agreement to provide space to APL Ltd. and Mitsui O.S.K. Lines on the North and South Atlantic.
That agreement will end in October. As of then, Americana Ships will link up with the Grand Alliance (P&O Nedlloyd, Orient Overseas Container Line, Hapag-Lloyd and NYK) to deploy 31 ships on five strings. It will be the largest capacity provider on the Atlantic.Before that happens, the Grand Alliance will kick off its own Atlantic Express and South Atlantic Gulf Express. Americana will take slots on a butterfly-configured service deploying eight ships. The arrangement will save one ship and about $10 million a year by providing a continuous link on a rotation of Europe, U.S. North Atlantic, Europe, U.S. South Atlantic and Europe, rather than two separate North and South strings.
The butterfly will spread its wings in July, because it's formed from a chrysalis that already has the official nods. It's a new service, it's not tied down by agreements already in place, and the Grand and Americana linesreckon it will be a winner.
It could achieve recognition on its own, because if transit times mean success, then seven days from Southampton to New York should provide amply for U.K. export market, and nine days from Rotterdam to New York should make the European export players take more than a passing glance.
The European export market also comes up for recognition via the new-styled Pacific Atlantic Express. This Grand Alliance product will offer slots to Americana, and is the process of upgrading capacity from 13 vessels of around 2,700 TEUs to the 4,000-4,600-TEU frame.
Le Havre will be added to the existing port rotation of this Grand service. After that call, the next port is Halifax, followed by New York.Starting in October, the Americana Gulf Atlantic Sprint Service will offer slots to the Grand Alliance, and it looks like Le Havre and Miami will drop out of that one. Americana calls at those ports now, but the likelihood is that both will be dropped simply because they are covered by other service connections.
On the side of the fence, the Maersk Sealand/New World Alliance linkup on the Atlantic will obviously go through a phase-in that will not be complete until the existing Americana/New World deal runs its course by October.
It's interesting to note that the New World's East Coast Service, which runs between Asia and the U.S. East Coast, and will be extended to Europe with three additional ships to make 12 in total, will not call in Germany.
Within the new Maersk Sealand/New World Alliance grouping, Germany's North Atlantic trade will be amply covered by the Maersk Sealand TA3 service, which calls in Bremerhaven. It's interesting that Bremerhaven also figures on the Maersk Sealand South Atlantic service, which retains its five Atlantic-class Econships to serve Charleston, Everglades and Houston.The big plus of the New World Alliance's East Coast Service will come from its capability to meet the U.K. import market demand with fast transit. First eastbound port after leaving Norfolk will be either Felixstowe or Southampton, but that was something the Grand butterflies figured out long time back.
Westbound, the East Coast Service will make Le Havre its last stop before striking out to New York. That's a great incentive, because there's a not lot else out there that offers fast transit on that sea route, which is probably why Mediterranean Shipping Co. decided to add the French port westbound on its Atlantic schedules.
It's never been easy on the Atlantic, and with the booming economies of both sides of the pond now making life ever uneasy, I have the awful feeling this could be the foundation for more than just competitive transit times.
Perhaps the real Trans-Atlantic Conference Agreement should stand up and be noticed.


text:
In love and war
Boris Gorelik
/ Sun, October 27, 2013 / 06:09 pm
Russian painter Vladimir Tretchikoff wound up in wartime Jakarta by accident, but it was there he met the Indonesian woman to whom he owed his success.
A friend recently sent me an obituary from the Oct. 8 The Times of London. The headline read: '€œLeonora Schmidt- Salomonson: Model for one of the world'€™s most commercially successful artists '€" and a key participant in the prosecution of war crimes in the Far East'€.
Unlike most readers of The Times, who had probably never heard of this lady, I knew her story well. I wrote a book on the prosperous artist for whom she modeled, Vladimir Tretchikoff. If it wasn'€™t for Leonora, he wouldn'€™t have achieved what he did.
They met in Jakarta under the Japanese occupation in late 1942. Tretchikoff was an aspiring Russian painter, doing art in the mornings and making a living with commissioned portraits in the afternoons.
Before the war, he had carved out a brilliant career for himself in Singapore. Working in advertising, he became one of the highest-paid artists in Southeast Asia. And he secretly designed anti-Axis propaganda for the British.
In the fi nal days before the surrender of the city, he was evacuated. A Japanese cruiser sank their ship in the open sea having given the passengers an hour to disembark.
They rowed for over 20 days and reached Java. The locals handed them over to the Japanese, who had captured the island. Tretchikoff nearly died in prison but, as a stateless person, was eventually released on parole.
One day, his friends introduced him to Leonora.
'€œI was gazing into the eyes of the most striking girl I had seen in Java,'€ recollected the artist. '€œShe was Eurasian, about my height, with fi ne black hair to her shoulders. Her dress was immaculate, a surprise for wartime Java, and I caught a whiff of perfume. That was a luxury very few women could afford at that time. But what riveted me to the spot was her eyes, jet black and with pupils so big they looked like burning coals.'€
She spoke to him but he wasn'€™t able to utter a word. He was mesmerized.
Leonora, or Lenka as he affectionately called her, was the model he was searching for, embodying '€œthat intricate blend of the East and the West, the mixing of blood which produces the most beautiful of the world'€™s women'€.
And there was so much behind that beautiful face. Half Dutch, half Indonesian, Leonora Moltema spoke five languages. Her husband, a Dutch pilot, had been evacuated with other troops when the war broke out, and she had had no news of him since then. Leonora took up a man'€™s job, accounting, and became very good at it.
She came to the artist'€™s studio to order a crayon portrait, and he did it gladly. But he wanted more. He wanted her to sit for his paintings. Always fascinated by the coexistence and inter-infl uence of European and Asian cultures, he wanted to tackle this subject in his art.
He wasn'€™t afraid to take risks. One day he told Leonora that he wanted to paint her nude. And nudity was taboo in Java in those days. Leonora discussed his request with the wife of her boss, a Dutch lady, who said: '€œRembrandt also painted nudes. So if you think Vladimir is such a good artist, by all means sit for him. His picture might be hanging in a museum someday.'€™
She sat for his Red Jacket, next to the Bible and a kris. A series of other paintings followed. In the end, the artist and the model '€" two lonely souls in the grim days of the war '€" fell in love. They moved in together.
The Japanese encouraged local arts, and in many ways this was a very fruitful period for cultural exploration. Tretchikoff made friends with some of the future masters of Indonesian painting, including Basuki Abdullah and Lee Man Fong. He did a portrait of Emiria Soenassa, Indonesia'€™s fi rst female oil painter.
Basuki introduced Tretchikoff to his patron, Sukarno. The leader of the independence movement, a major art collector, wanted to purchase work by the Russian artist. But he refused to sell him any. He wanted to keep his canvases until the end of the war.
'€œYou don'€™t think like an artist,'€ said Sukarno. To which Tretchikoff responded: '€œThat doesn'€™t mean I don'€™t paint like one.'€
Fame and Misfortune
It was Leonora'€™s idea. She insisted that he should hold on to his pictures and organize an exhibition after the war.
She even took him to a séance where the spirit predicted that the Russian would become famous across the world. Her unfl inching belief in his success helped him to persevere.
After the Japanese surrendered and the Allies took over Jakarta, Vladimir learned the whereabouts of his wife and daughter, who had been evacuated from Singapore a few days before him. They were now living in Cape Town, South Africa. He had to reunite with them. This was his arrangement with Leonora from the start.
Meanwhile, Leonora had learned that her husband was alive. He had been interned in the Philippines and had decided not to return to her. She lost her husband and was about to lose Vladimir, after the three years they had spent together. With tears in her eyes, she saw him off at the airport as he boarded the plane holding a wooden crate with the paintings she had helped him to preserve.
Leonora didn'€™t remain alone for long. She met a British offi cer, her future fi ancé, and became involved in identifying and tracking down of Japanese war criminals. Working with British war crimes investigators, she managed a processing system that sifted through 708,000 surrendered enemy personnel in Southeast Asia. According to her obituary in The Times, by the autumn of 1946, Leonora headed the central war crimes registry in Singapore.
Then she moved to Britain with her fi ancé, but soon they broke up. She settled in the Netherlands, like many other Eurasians from the former Dutch East Indies. She married a Dutchman, and together they founded a pharmaceutical company. At one point, their business was worth £100 million. Unfortunately, when she died at age 99 on Aug. 1, 2013, she had been swindled out of her fortune and was penniless.
Tretchikoff became all Leonora hoped he would be and even more: one of the richest painters of the century. He toured South Africa, Canada, the US and UK with his exhibitions. He had over 200,000 visitors to his show in London. His most famous work, Chinese Girl, fetched nearly £1 million at a UK auction.
They met only once or twice after the war. The last time she saw him was in the 1990s, when she visited Cape Town. They were both in their mid-eighties.
Until the end of his life, Vladimir hung on to what he called his '€œlucky painting'€. It adorned his dining-room wall: a portrait of Leonora in her red Parisian jacket, young and seductive as ever.
Gorelik is the author of Incredible Tretchikoff (Art/Books, London, 2013), the fi rst complete biography of the artist. Want to win JPlus'€™ review copy of Incredible Tretchikoff ? Send a 30-word expression of your love for someone to bruce@thejakartapost.com.
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Bear Creek Bayou Flows Through New Orleans This Weekend
Submitted by Alex Rawls on September 29, 2016 - 10:55pm
This weekend, the Bear Creek Bayou Festival relocates from Live Oak, Florida to Mardi Gras World with George Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic and The Flaming Lips headlining Friday and Saturday respectively. Bear Creek Bayou joins a crowded fall festival season, taking musical cues from Bonnaroo and The Jam Cruise to offer a two-day, three-stage experience that looks a lot like sort of jam-funk offerings that dominate New Orleans' clubs during Jazz Fest.
Read more about Bear Creek Bayou Flows Through New Orleans This Weekend
At Home with Cavalier and Cooke
Submitted by Alex Rawls on June 3, 2015 - 10:19am
[Updated] Home production software has been a mixed blessing. ProTools and similar programs have decimated the recording studio business as people can record at home or a semi-domestic context. That made possible a lot of CDs that might never have been recorded if the artists had to wait until they could afford studio time, but it also enabled musicians to make music that really could have used an experienced set of ears to ask, Really? You think that's a good idea?
Read more about At Home with Cavalier and Cooke
OK Go: The Beginning is The End
Submitted by Alex Rawls on October 17, 2014 - 10:43am
Today in The New Orleans Advocate, I interview Tim Nordwind of OK Go, who plays Tipitina's Saturday. We talked about videos, the web as a platform, and the changing significance of the release date.
Read more about OK Go: The Beginning is The End
Phantogram's Film Noir
Submitted by Amelia Senter on October 3, 2014 - 3:06pm
"Last night I was up until 10 o'clock this morning working on a song," says Josh Carter, one half of electro-rock duo Phantogram. "On the bus I worked from midnight til 10 am, then slept for a couple hours. I feel more creative at night. Something sparks in my head. I've always been kind of a night owl. It's how operate. Things just start to click at night."
Read more about Phantogram's Film Noir
Buku Gets Psychedelic
Submitted by Alex Rawls on March 24, 2014 - 2:22pm
My Buku 2014 started well with the house-meets-Mike Post-TV-theme-songs of Classixx, and some chill happy hour time at the Back Alley Stage, where Kid Kamillion performed with the Crescent City Connection looming overhead.
Read more about Buku Gets Psychedelic
Buku Preview: Where We'll Be
There's a lot to see this weekend at Buku, and Brian Sibille and I will be there covering the festival. We'll post reviews and notes over the weekend, and you can follow us on Twitter at @MySpiltMilk and @BrianSibille, where we'll be talking about what we're seeing.
Read more about Buku Preview: Where We'll Be
Buku Announces its Daily Schedule
Buku returns for its third year March 21 and 22 with Ellie Goulding and The Flaming Lips headlining. Today organizers released the day-by-day breakdown and announced that single day tickets will go on sale Friday for the event at Mardi Gras World. Here's the rundown:
Read more about Buku Announces its Daily Schedule
All You Need Are Fwends
Submitted by Alex Rawls on June 27, 2012 - 8:55am
The Flaming Lips release their collaboration album and hustle through the South in search of additional fwends.
Read more about All You Need Are Fwends
Lambert, Van Halen, Flaming Lips & Ms. Linda: June 22-28
Submitted by Alex Rawls on June 22, 2012 - 10:04am
An unusually good week in the summer for high profile shows:
Read more about Lambert, Van Halen, Flaming Lips & Ms. Linda: June 22-28


PatioLiving firmly believes your outdoor spaces should be just as special as your indoor ones. Your patio, deck, or sun-room should reflect your personal style and taste. For all the Modernists out there, PatioLiving offers a variety of modern patio furniture and contemporary outdoor furniture so your outdoor furniture can be just as updated as your interior's. Modern-style patio furniture doesn't have as much ornamentation as traditional pieces do but still makes a statement with its sleek finishes and strong angles. Modern outdoor furniture sets are easy to love because they are extremely versatile. Because of their minimal design, a modern piece can transition from setting to setting much easier than a traditional piece.
Contemporary patio furniture is forward thinking in design and is made using up-to-date technology. Modern outdoor furniture sets are made with the latest materials and uses the most durable finishes that will keep the furniture in peak conditions throughout its expected lifetime. Modern style patio furniture is constructed using technologies unheard of in the past, resulting in a more durable finished product. Two great examples of the innovations surrounding modern style patio furniture would be modern wicker and metal patio furniture. Modern metal patio furniture is treated with a high-tech, powdered coating that causes it to resist rust even in extremely rains locations. Modern wicker patio furniture is now actually made of a synthetic material that won't crack, break, or burn. This modern twist on wicker gives you the timeless look without any of the associated drawbacks from the older, biodegradable natural material.
PatioLiving offers modern outdoor furniture sets in a variety of materials such as aluminum, cast aluminum, wrought iron, steel, wicker, teak, and recycled plastic. A modern outdoor bench from PatioLiving can be a trendy spot to sit in your garden, while an outdoor firepit can be a stylish addition for outdoor entertaining on chilly nights. A modern outdoor dining table can be a gorgeous focal point for your next dinner party, paired of course with modern patio chairs. A great example of a modern patio set is Lloyd Flanders' Contempo collection, which is all made from synthetic durable wicker. Contempo is designed for the definitive outdoor living space, offering function, comfort, and classic contemporary styling. Contempo is truly the future of wicker modern outdoor furniture.
Because modern outdoor furniture sets are made with the most technologically advanced materials and often times are coated with durable finishes, this kind of furniture is very long lasting. These rust resistant and waterproof finishes make modern patio furniture ideal for rainy locations and poolside lounging. Modern patio furniture is generally more comfortable than outdated styles, allowing you to relax in your modern outdoor chaise or modern outdoor lounge chair in pure bliss. There are many different design options and customization alternatives available with our modern products, so a huge benefit of modern outdoor furniture sets is being able to achieve the look you want. PatioLiving offers a wide range of fabrics available for its cushions. As you'll see for yourself when you start shopping for patio furniture, almost any pattern or color you can imagine is available. PatioLiving also offers a wide range of finishes. Choosing the stain and color of your next coffee table or patio table just got a lot easier with PatioLiving's unlimited options.
Not sure which piece or style to pick? Refer to PatioLiving's comprehensive Patio Furniture Buying Guide for more information and inspiration.


Unicorn ® Core Plus Brass Darts - no nonsense precision engineered ultra quality darts offering great value and strength in depth across materials. A great dart for all social players.
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Syracuse University in the News: Friday, August 29
Friday, August 29, 2014, By News Staff
[View the story "In The News: Friday, August 29" on Storify]
More In Campus & Community
Aligning with professional development journeys and supporting students as they navigate their career trajectory past graduation is a dedicated team that encompasses Career Services, faculty, staff and alumni. Unwavering and alongside the Orange community this team has worked to continue…
University College announces a new online bachelor of professional studies program (BPS) in computer programming. The program was developed in response to employers seeking graduates who have the skills to meet the demands of the rapidly changing field of technology….
Dear Members of the Syracuse University Community: Thank you for your ongoing participation in frequent COVID-19 testing. We want you to be aware, that due to previously planned enhancements at the Stadium Testing Center, the center will be closed on…
Important Information Regarding Proof of Eligibility for and Access to the COVID Vaccine
Dear Faculty, Instructors and Graduate Teaching Assistants: We are writing to provide you new information from the Onondaga County Health Department related to the COVID-19 vaccination distribution process. Eligibility Reminder At this time, per the New York State Department of…
COVID-19 Update: Vaccination | Testing | Important Reminders | Zoom Sessions
Dear Students, Faculty, Staff and Families: The start of the spring semester is quickly approaching, and many in our community are working diligently to prepare for the return of our students and to safely resume in-person teaching and learning. We…


Save the Children India | Here's How You Can Build Up on Your Savings by Donating!
Here's How You Can Build Up on Your Savings by Donating!
You can now build up on your savings by donating. Surprised? It's true. Donating to charities not only help organisation support people and children in need but it also helps in giving back to the society. Doing something for your community has always held great significance across all cultures. All eminent personalities like authors, actors, politicians, celebrities, and religious leaders have talked about the importance of charity.
Doing charity helps people to set a purpose in life and align themselves with a larger cause that is more important than themselves. Not only do donations make people happy but it can also help people save. By donating to a charity you can receive tax rebates and exemptions under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961. You are not the only person who wants to know ways to get income tax exemption.
Everyone wishes to build savings for themselves and their families. It is ensured by all the charity organisations that their donors are rewarded in the form of a tax rebate. The wealth gap between the rich and the poor is humungous in India. The rich continue to get richer and the poor remain poor.
Despite various efforts being made by the Government of India to eradicate poverty, millions of people are still living below the poverty line. They don't have the basic necessities that are required to survive like food, water, and shelter.
The root cause of poverty is illiteracy and lack of awareness among people. Lack of education leads to a lack of skills and knowledge that are required for getting employment. No source of income generation, in turn, leads to poor standards of living resulting in poverty. Poverty impacts everybody but children are the worst affected.
A small contribution by you in the form of a donation can make a big difference. Big non-profit organisations like Save the Children are one of India's leading independent child rights organisation.
We have our programmes running pan-India with the aim of relentlessly working to provide proper education, healthcare, nutrition, and life-saving relief and rehabilitation during disasters. We collaborate with the local government, academic and research institutions, and other organisations with an objective to address the most pressing needs of susceptible children in our country.
Donating to charities like Save the Children can help break this vicious circle and bring an end to poverty. Donate now and directly contribute towards helping the most marginalised and excluded children from the remotest areas in India. You can also donate online. People find it very challenging to pay the income tax at the end of the financial report. By donating, you will not only help in giving children in need a happy, healthy, and safe life, but you will also save tax.


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Water company United Utilities yesterday announced a plan to switch its entire operating fleet to green fuels within the next 10 years. United Utilities said it would eliminate diesel-fuelled vehicles in favour of "home-produced energy" within a decade. This will include powering vehicles using electricity generated by the firm's own solar, wind and hydro installations, and also fuelling vehicles with biodiesel or biogas produced using the firm's own biodigestion units, United Utilities said. The utility already has four electric vans, 13 other electric vehicles, and two hybrid cars in its fleet, but there are thousands more vans, 4x4s and plant equipment vehicles that will need replacing under the new target.
Business Green 22nd June 2018 read more »
Energy Policy | News | News 2018 | News June 2018


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Modifying the Intro

24 Jun 2015
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              #tutorial

The intro part of the index page is consisted of three elements:

A black favicon

Text

Background image

Your image

Your text can be either dynamically typed when the visitor is viewing your index page, or it can be fixed.

If you want to disable the dynamic typing, set the site.dynamic-typing to false and type your intro text in the index.html file.

You can add your desired dynamically typed text in the lines list:

##############################
# Dynamic Text on the header #
##############################

dynamic-typing: True
shuffle: True	# Shuffle the lines.
loop: True
loop-count:	False # Set False for infinite loop, or set any number for finite loop.
type-speed:	10		# Default 10
start-delay: 200	# Default 200
delete-delay: 5000	# Default 5000
lines:			# You can add HTML Tags in the Text
  - text: "The lower you fall, the higher you'll fly."
  - text: "Where's your will to be weird?"

Many thanks to @prashantsolanki3 for this feature!

In order to set the background and your image, modify the following variables in _config:

black-favicon: "/img/black-lab-glass.ico"
background-img: "../img/intro-bg.jpg"
me-img: "/img/jetpacktocat.png"

The black favicon is an image on the left of the navigation bar.
Preferably it should be a black and white version of your favicon.

All set!

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1. The purpose of this RFP is to solicit proposals from qualified entities to provide licensed, Clinically Managed High Intensity residential treatment services ASAM Level III.5 for up to 16 chemically dependent adolescents (males and/or females) ages 12 to 17 in a free-standing, non hospital-based setting.
2. A contract is necessary for the establishment and/or continuation of inpatient treatment of substance abuse disorders for chemically dependent adolescents. The Contractor shall bring quality, research-based treatment to adolescents with substance abuse disorders living in Region VI and surrounding areas (See Attachment V). Region VI consists of the following parishes: Avoyelles, Catahoula, Concordia, Grant, Rapides, LaSalle, Vernon, and Winn. The program must be housed in one of these parishes. Without this contract, many adolescents and their families may have to travel long distances to obtain services.
and the community as the primary referral sourcefor potential clients.


Can Physical Therapy Help with My Osteoarthritis?
You bet your sweet bottom! At Blue Sky Physical Therapy, we can help you fight back against osteoarthritis (OA) and gain the strength to get back to the activities you love! To better understand how physical therapy can help your OA, it is essential first to understand what OA is.


Grilling and smoking season is fast approaching. Who doesn't enjoy a delicious grilled steak or hamburger? Or maybe some tenderly smoked ribs or brisket. But, if you're limiting yourself to grilling only meats, you're missing out on a kaleidoscope of summer flavors.
"A lot of people don't know what they can do on a grill or a smoker. So I tell my customers that anything they can do in an oven, they can also do with a smoker, and the flavor is tremendous," says Randy Pickett, grilling and smoking expert at the Salt Lake City IFA Country Store.
Grilling and smoking vegetables is becoming very popular, especially asparagus tips, carrots, zucchini, and potatoes. Just put the vegetables on a piece of tin foil after coating them with olive oil and seasoning. After 15 minutes at 300 degrees, you've got a great-tasting side dish.
For a much different treat, try smoking cherry tomatoes, peaches, or even hard cheese, such as Monterey Jack, Cheddar or Gruyere. Recipes for items like these are available on websites from smoker manufacturers', such as Traeger and Camp Chef. The smoke flavor will add a unique touch that your family will definitely enjoy.
And for those who don't own a smoker, that doesn't mean you can't enjoy a good smoky flavor. Smoking is achieved over low, indirect heat. If you have a gas grill, wood chips are the answer. Just ignite one of the burners of your grill and close the lid. Let the grill heat up to your desired temperature (remember, this is a slow cooking process, so keep the temperature lower than if you are just grilling), and then add the wood chips (Soak the chips for about 30 minutes and then drain before using). Otherwise, they'll burn rather than smolder and smoke. And finally, put whatever you're smoking on your grill.
If you're interested in becoming an expert smoker or griller, talk to a specialist at IFA Country Stores. We can help you choose the right Traeger or Camp Chef smoker, a wide variety of 100% hardwood pellets, wood chips, seasonings and an assortment of grilling utensils.