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The Swiatopolk-Czetwertynski's are a Polish ducal family, descending from Rurik, leader of the Varangian tribes, originating from Scandinavia, who colonised, in the 9th century, vast lands comprised between the Baltic and the Black seas, establishing what is known as the "RUS" kingdoms.
The eldest and most important were Novgorod and Kiev.
One of the most famous princes belonging to the Rurik family was St Wladimir, Grand Duke of Kiew, who converted to orthodoxy, a decision that had great historical consequences.
The Czetwertynskis descend directly from Prince Swiatopolk Michaïl Isiaslawovitch (Known as Swiatopolk II :1050 - 1113) one of the successors of Wladimir on the throne Kiev, who's daughter Eudoxia was married to prince Mieczyslaw of Poland (d. 1089).
The Swiatopolks couldn't keep the crown of Kiev. They retired to their estates in Volhynia (located in the western part of today's Ukraine), where they held the title of princes of Pinsk and Torow. Their seat was the Stara Czetwertnia castle, on the Styr river. In 1387, prince Aleksander Swiatopolk took the name of Czetwertynski after the name of this estate which according to an old legend once extendend over one forth of the surface comprised between the river Styr and the hill range southwards, near the city of Lutsk(Czetwertynski means "one forth" or "quarter").
The Gotha Almanach gives the following description (in French) :
( extrait de l'édition de 1886 )
"La famille Swiatopolk-Czetwertynski par ses armes (le St.Georges) qui sont aussi celles du Grand Duché de Moscou ainsi que par l'évidence historique, prouve sa descendance de Rurik, fondateur de la première dynastie de Russie d'origine varègue (provenant de Scandinavie) à la fin du 9ème siècle.
Elle a pour ancêtre Swiatopolk I, neveu et fils adoptif de Saint Wladimir, fondateur du Grand-Duché de Kiew, auquel il succèda sur le trône
Elle a toujours gardé le nom de Swiatopolk (ou Swiatopelk selon l'orthographe polonaise) auquel a été joint, à la fin du 14ème siècle (1387) celui de Czetwertynski, provenant de la terre de Czetwertnia en Ukraine occidentale.
Princes de Turow et de Pinsk, les Swiatopolk-Czetwertynski sont la seule famille d'origine dynastique qui, depuis le moyen-âge, se fixa dans les provinces Ruthènes, incorporées à la Pologne. Ils remplirent au Royaume de Pologne puis dans la République polono-lituanienne de grandes charges de l'Etat de même que, plus tard, certains d'entr'eux, en Russie.
Le titre de Princes russes originaires leur fut confirmé par la chambre héraldique de St-Pétersbourg en 1843"
The entry in the Encyclopedia Britannica :
CZETWERTYNSKI (Swiatopelk-Czetwertynski), a polish ducal family descended from the Ruthenian branch of the Rurik dynasty, the descendants of Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich, grand duke of Kiev (d.1113).
Their seat was the Stara Czetwertnia castle on the Styr river in Volhynia.
In the 17th century they supported the Orthodox Church against the union with the Roman Catholic Church. One of the family, Grzegorz Gedeon (d.1690), was Orthodox metropolitan of Kiev, while Stefan Sylwester (d.1727) was Orthodox bishop of Mogilev.
From the end of the 17th century the main branch turned to Roman Catohilicism and began to consider themselves as Poles; the younger branch remained Orthodox and became Russian. During the 17th and 18th centuries several members of the elder branch held senatorial office in Poland. The most renowned was the notorious Antoni Stanislaw (1784-94), castellan of Przemysl, who sold his services to Russia and was the last leader of the confederation of Targowica, which opposed reforms of state.
During the Kosciuszko insurrection he was hanged as a traitor on June 28, 1794. Several of the Czetwertynskis, however, took part in the national insurrections of 1830 and 1863. The most distinguished was Wlodzimierz (1837-1918), a collector and philanthropist. His son Seweryn Franciszek Kalikst (1873-1945) was a member of the Russian duma (1906) and of the Polish sejm (1922-28). Arrested by the Germans in World War II, he was sent to a concentration camp in 1943, and freed by the Allies in 1945. He died soon afterward in Edinburgh, Scotland.
RURIK DYNASTY HISTORY (anonymous source):
The Rurik Dynasty began in ca. 862 when the Varangian prince Rurik was asked to rule over the city of Novgorod. His descendants controlled Kiev Rus' and, later, Muscovy {Moscow} until 1598.
Rus refers to the ancient peoples who inhabited, what we now know as, Russia. Historians believe the Rus were a group of Vikings known as Varangians who migrated south from the Baltics and mingled with the eastern Slavic peoples of the region.
This theory is supported by the only credible, known document covering the history of the time. The Primary Russian Chronicle; a history written in the 12 th century by the Orthodox monk Nestor, regarding the years 852-1110; states that the Rus were Norman and invited by the people of Novgorod to come and govern their city. The reason for this request was many years of unresolved feuds between the various Slavic clans.
Other historians, primarily Soviet scholars, believe the Rus was a Slavic tribe living on the Ros {Rus} River, which, for a brief time, was under Varangian control. They denounce the credibility of The Primary Russian Chronicle.
Either way, the Rus, most probably, became a combined group of Varangian Vikings and Eastern Slavs. There is no doubt that the center of the Rus culture was Kyiv {Kiev}, in modern day Ukraine.
Rurik was succeeded by Oleg {d. 912} who conquered Kiev in ca. 882. Oleg established a lucrative trade route from Novgorod to the Black Sea. Oleg was succeeded by Igor who, legend has it, was Rurik's son. Igor ruled from Kiev from 912-945.
Upon his death, his wife, the regent of Kiev; Olga; and their son, Svyatoslav, reigned till 969 and 972, repectfully. Svyatoslav's son, Yaropolk, ruled without much note, till 980.In 956, another son was born to Svyatoslav. His name was Vladimir who inherited the crown in 980, ruling until his death in 1015.
Vladimir composed the first law code for Kiev Rus. He unified his realm by making it a confederation with key cities in each region ruled by his sons. The princes were to move from city to city, working their way up to becoming prince of Kiev. The system created frequent civil conflicts as the people of the key cities, from time to time, did not like the prince assigned to rule over them.
Vladimir is best known for introducing and establishing Orthodox Christianity in Kiev.Vladimir's grandmother, Olga, received Christianity and was Baptized in Constantinople in 957. Her son, Svyatoslav, thought her foolish and rejected any attempts to convert him. His son, Vladimir, followed Olga's lead and embraced Christianity, was Baptized and married Anna, the sister of the Byzantine emperor, in ca. 988. Vladimir's son, Yaroslav the Wise {1019-1054}, advocated translations of the Bible into the various vernaculars and the building of churches and monasteries. The first monastery was Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, {The Monastery of the Caves} established in 1051 and operational to this day. Aside from its historical significance, this monastery is unique in that most of it is contained in underground caves.
How did Christianity, specifically the Byzantine Orthodox, form the foundation of the later Russian Orthodox Church? The Primary Russian Chronicle tells the story. Vladimir wanted to know which of the world religions was the true one. So, he sent a group of loyal subjects to the Muslims in Volga. They reported back to Vladimir that they thought these people were possessed.
Next, they traveled to Germany and Rome. The Church of Rome was more to their liking, however, they found it to be without much spiritual beauty. Lastly, they visited Constantinople, the center of Byzantium. After attending a Divine Liturgy, the travelers reported, "We knew not whether we were in heaven or on earth, for surely there is no such splendour or beauty anywhere upon earth. . . God dwells there among humans." It is typical of Byzantine and, as a result, Russian Orthodox Christianity to stress the beauty of the spiritual world and express this in their liturgy and holy places. In fact, their Liturgy is designed to reflect heaven on earth. Thus, Vladimir embraced Byzantine Orthodoxy and introduced it to Kiev Rus in ca. 988. This date is also known as the Baptism of Russia.Vladimir was determined to convert his realm. He imported priests, relics, Byzantine ikons and a patriarch was appointed. Huge Baptisms were conducted in the rivers, a system of tithes established and the pagan idol, Perun, destroyed. Perun, the greatest of the Slavic gods, was the god of the world and portrayed with thunderbolts and flying across the sky. As in many other cases when Christianity replaces an ancient pagan religion, Perun's image was replaced with that of the prophet Elijah, seen ascending to the heavens in a chariot of fire.The idol of Perun was, ceremoniously, thrown off a hill above Kiev.
Probably the most commendable aspect of Vladimir's conversion was his personal application of Christian ethics. He is credited with having, by far, the most extensive system of social services of any medieval ruler. For example, whenever there was a feast at the royal court in Kiev, Vladimir had food distributed throughout the land to the poor and ill. This philosophy was carried on by later Kievan rulers. Vladimir Monomachos {1113-1125} wrote to his sons, "above all things forget not the poor and support them to the extent of your means. Give to the orphan, protect the widow and permit the mighty to destroy no man."
Vladimir's law code was heavily influenced by Byzantine and Christian principles. It was a code based on mercy, forgiveness and restoration of the individual. It strictly prohibited the death penalty, torture or mutilation which was used excessively in Byzantium.
Another story, which reflects Vladimir's conviction to his faith, involves his sons; Boris and Gleb. Vladimir died in 1015. The eldest son, Svyatopolk {the Damned; 1015-1019}, tried to take over the cities or principalities of his younger brothers, Boris and Gleb. Following Gospel teaching, the younger brothers refused to go to war against their elder sibling. They were both murdered by Svyatopolk's soldiers. The Russian Church considers the brothers' innocent blood and sacrifice, for the sake of peace, in keeping with the example set forth by Christ. As a result, they were canonized, as was Vladimir.
Please note that Rus' is not in Russia. It is located in present day Ukraine.


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UAC Home > Communications and Marketing Home > Feature Stories > 2020 > U of R researchers look to innovative technology for solving health care challenges in seniors
U of R researchers look to innovative technology for solving health care challenges in seniors
By University Advancement and Communications Posted: August 31, 2020 2:00 p.m.
Dr. Thomas Hadjistavropoulos, the co-principal investigator of an innovative pain detection system and director of the University's Centre on Aging and Health. Photo: U of R Photography
For the better part of three decades, Dr. Thomas Hadjistavropoulos, professor in the Department of Psychology, and director of the University's Centre on Aging and Health (CAH), has been leading world class research into aging and pain in the elderly. Recently, Hadjistavropoulos and his co-principal investigator, Babak Taati, a researcher at KITE, the research arm of the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute (TRI), received a $550,000 award from AGE-WELL Network of Centres of Excellence, a pan-Canadian network that brings together researchers and others to accelerate the delivery of technology-based solutions that make a meaningful difference in the health of Canadians.
Dr. Babak Taati (co-principal investigator),
a researcher at KITE, the research arm of
the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute (TRI),
demonstrates his team's pain detection
technology at a March 2019 U of R-hosted
event. Photo: U of R Photography
The funds, to be divided equally between the TRI and CAH, will be used to advance Hadjistavropoulos and Taati's ongoing research on the development of advanced technologies aimed at helping to alleviate suffering of seniors with severe dementia and limited ability to communicate their state of pain.
To date, the team's research has focused on the development of an image processing system that identifies pain from the facial expressions of elderly dementia sufferers in long-term care homes. The initial research involved development of an algorithm designed to detect pain behaviors in residents with severe dementia. This next phase will involve testing the system in the lab and in real time prior to moving it to long-term care facilities for real world testing. To protect resident's privacy, the camera will not be recording, it will simply be processing the video images in real time. Using a sophisticated computer program that analyses the expressions of pain on the residents' faces, the system will be aimed to signal health workers notifying them which resident requires attention.
The project's roots began with the Hadjistavropoulos' lab collecting and coding more than one million video-recorded frames of facial responses that led to the development of a computerized algorithm capable of detecting pain expressions. The algorithm, further tested and developed by TRI, detects expressions such as wincing, frowning, and other facial reactions that suggest a resident is in pain and alerts medical staff to intervene.
"I have come to firmly believe that the greatest solutions in improving the quality of lives of these patients within our lifetime are far more likely to come from engineering than they are to come from the medical sciences," says Hadjistavropoulos.
This second phase of the research will see the first real-time testing of the system with individuals in the Centre of Aging and Health lab.
"We are currently working with the University's Information Services who are helping us incorporate the algorithm into a system of sophisticated computerized equipment that we have in the lab," explains Hadjistavropoulos. Prior to testing the system in a long-term care facility, human testing (in real time) will take place in a lab environment at the U of R.
During the laboratory human testing, researchers will collect additional data that will help their TRI colleagues further improve the accuracy of the algorithm and potentially extend its ability to detect pain expressions from side views, as opposed to only front views of the face. Once the lab testing is complete, and it's safe from a COVID-19 perspective, the pain detection algorithm will be refined opening the door for testing in long-term care facilities.
Other work planned from the funding is the improvement and further testing of a pain assessment application that has been developed and tested with colleagues at the University of Alberta. As well, the funds will help U of R researchers further develop their web-based platform designed for educating long-term care front line staff on new methods of pain assessment.
The University has provided an additional $87,000 in funding, primarily for support of graduate students, the Saskatchewan Health Authority has provided $6,000 for the project, while an additional $54,500 has been pledged by the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute.
Support (in kind) has been provided by the Saskatchewan Health Authority, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Alzheimer Society of Saskatchewan, and the Saskatchewan Ministry of Health.
Hadjistavropoulos has been the recipient of numerous prestigious honours including the Distinguished Contribution Award for Pain in Older Persons from the International Association for the Study of Pain Special Interest Group on Pain in Older Persons and the Saskatchewan Health Care Excellence Award. He's been inducted as a Fellow in the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences, which represents one of the highest honours available to Canadian health scientists. He has published over 200 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters and his work has been published in prestigious science journals including The Lancet Neurology.
The Centre on Aging and Health brings together investigators focused on gerontological research in the areas of Indigenous health and aging, musculoskeletal health and mobility, pain in old age and personhood, and resilience in senior care. The centre also supports graduate student research projects and provides ongoing community outreach.
Centre on Aging and Health
#SeePainMoreClearly
Distinguished Contribution Award for Pain in Older Persons

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tata Sky leads pay DTH chart with largest number of subscribers, says TRAI report
The DTH provider emerged as the largest platform in terms of subscribers with 31.80% market share followed by Dish TV at 30.55%.
BestMediaInfo Bureau Mumbai, July 01, 2020
The pay direct-to-home (DTH) segment has grown with 69.98 million active users among the four pay DTH service providers in the country, according to recent TRAI data. This is in addition to subscribers of DD Free Dish, the report said.
Call for entries open for BuzzInContent Awards 2020 ENTER NOW
According to the report, Tata Sky leads with 31.80% market share, followed by Dish TV with 30.55%. Airtel and Sun Direct accounted for 23.31% and 14.35% share each. The report says Tata Sky is 1.5X the size of Hathway, Den and GTPL Hathway all combined.
A Tata Sky Spokesperson said, "At Tata Sky, our commitment is to ensure our ever-increasing base of consumers can access their entertainment across platforms. This philosophy has enabled us to cement our leadership position in the direct-to-home and overall pay TV business, as underlined in TRAI's latest report. As we explore technology-driven newer platforms for content delivery and further scale up our customer support, we are confident that our viewers will continue to make Tata Sky the prime choice of their entertainment needs. The report reinforces our belief that television as a medium of entertainment continues to grow and strengthen."
It is important to note that till March 2019, the subscription figure of the total active subscribers included inactive and temporarily suspended subscribers for not more than the last 120 days. However, as per new regulatory framework of Broadcasting and Cable TV Services, the total active subscribers are now counted to include only those who are inactive/ temporarily suspended for not more than the last 90 days.
The report said 918 private satellite TV channels were permitted by the MIB for uplinking only, downlinking only, and both uplinking and downlinking as on December 31, 2019. 332 pay channels, which include 98 HD channels and 234 SD channels, were reported by TRAI, as on December 31, 2019.
Siti Networks has the largest number of total active subscribers (9,211,351 users), followed by GTPL Hathway (7,554,713 users), Hathway Digital (5,256,930 users), and Den Networks (4,175,528 users), the report said. "The country has achieved 100% digitisation of Cable TV network. This is a stupendous achievement, making India as the only large country where 100% digital cable has been achieved through mandatory regulations," it added.
Tags: Tata Sky TRAI report


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In Military Campaign, Pakistan Finds Hint of 9/11
JANE PERLEZ and MARK MAZZETTI
SHERWANGAI, Pakistan — Pakistani forces pushing toward a lair of hard-core Taliban fighters found documents this week linked to a member of the Hamburg cell of Al Qaeda that is believed to have planned the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.
In a small village in the dun-colored hills of South Waziristan, soldiers found a German passport belonging to Said Bahaji, a German citizen and associate of Mohammed Atta, the leader of the 9/11 hijackers.
The passport was issued in Hamburg in August 2, 2001 and was accompanied by a Pakistani visa dated August 3, 2001. The documents indicated that Mr. Bahaji landed in Karachi from Istanbul on Sept. 4, 2001.
The apparent presence of Mr. Bahaji in the tribal areas of Pakistan is a clear indication that members of the Qaeda network — including participants in the 9/11 plot — have taken refuge here, as American officials, like Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton on Thursday, have charged.
There was no indication that Mr. Bahaji had left Pakistan, authorities said.
Although Mr. Bahaji was not a central plotter in the Sept. 11 attacks, he lived for eight months in Hamburg with Mr. Atta and Ramzi bin al Shibh, according to the 9/11 Commission Report.
He was described in the report as "an insecure follower with no personality and with limited knowledge of Islam."
It added: "Atta and Binalshibh used Bahaji's computer for Internet research, as evidenced by documents and diskettes seized by German authorities after 9/11."
A United States counterterrorism official said the documents "appear to be this guy," and that American officials believe "he's in Pakistan and is a senior Qaeda propagandist." The official spoke anonymously to discuss classified assessments of Al Qaeda.
Soldiers also found a Spanish passport belonging to Raquel Burgos Garcia, who is believed to be Mr. Bahaji's wife. She wore an Islamic headscarf in her passport photo; an accompanying identity card showed that she had attended school in Morocco.
The documents were shown to reporters on a day trip organized by the army on Thursday for the news media to observe operations in the nearly two-week-old battle. South Waziristan is off limits to foreign reporters, and most Pakistani reporters, without special permission.
The army was using artillery and jet fighters to break the back of the militants. Rounds of artillery thundered around the mountains at midday, and the sound of jets echoed through the valleys.
The offensive in South Waziristan has turned into a battle of wills between the army, the custodian of Pakistan's nuclear weapons and accustomed to facing archenemy India, and insurgents from the Taliban and Al Qaeda, who are determined to bring down the state.
The guerrillas established a sanctuary here four years ago to plan their operations.
In retaliation, the insurgents have struck with ferocity at Pakistan's urban centers and military installations using sleeper cells and commando fighters to wreak havoc and fear, killing large numbers of civilians like never before.
The assaults, particularly a car bomb that killed more than 100 people in the narrow alleys of an old bazaar in Peshawar on Wednesday and was aimed at women and children, are interpreted by many Pakistanis as an effort to break the will of the public and turn opinion against the military operation.
The militants, they point out, are not concerned with public support and just want to be left alone in their faraway stronghold, which has become a magnet for foreign militants from diverse backgrounds, according to an array of documents captured in houses by the Pakistani military.
So far, the public appears to be supportive of the army and impatient with the militants, though many Pakistanis ask whether a foreign hand, meaning the United States or India, is behind the militants.
In the past, the army fared poorly in South Waziristan, the southernmost region of the tribal areas where the Taliban and Al Qaeda have operated at will.
In 2005, under the president, Gen. Pervez Musharraf, the army forged a peace deal in South Waziristan with Baitullah Mehsud, then the leader of the Pakistani Taliban, in a move that legitimized Mr. Mehsud's authority with the Mehsud tribesmen.
A series of embarrassing encounters for the military followed. In 2007, the militants seized more than 40 soldiers at their fort at Sararogha and killed most of them.
Last year, the military abandoned its fort at Ladha, another militant stronghold, and the insurgents promptly blew up the British colonial-era structure.
Now the military is trying to recapture its reputation in South Waziristan, and to re-establish its presence. It is doing so with many more soldiers than in past operations in South Waziristan, said Maj. Gen. Athar Abbas, the military spokesman, who ushered reporters around on a M-17 helicopter.
In addition to the militants' passports, found in the village of Chalvashti, soldiers discovered a small house in a nearby town marked as a "laboratory" that was used for the manufacture of roadside bombs, Brig. Mohammed Shafiq said.
On the top of a rocky outpost called Spin Jamaat in Sherwangai, the commander of the forces in the area, Gen. Khalid Rabbani, sounded a confident note as he surveyed a vast landscape of hills and scarce vegetation. "The terrorists have gone into deeper areas, and the exits are choked," he said.
But the fact that the insurgents were retreating deeper inside their stronghold around the towns of Makeen, Ladha and Sararogha, near densely forested mountains, may not bode well for the army.
"I am afraid the army is being sucked in and then the terrorists will hit hard using hit-and-run tactics," said a resident of the Mehsud area recently.
So far, the army has concentrated on taking territory along the main road, a thin ribbon of rock-strewn gravel that was first laid down by the British. The troops have proceeded slowly, even though this roadside terrain was relatively easy, compared to the mountain passages that lay ahead, soldiers said.
The next target, Kuniguram, has served as the headquarters for the Uzbek fighters, the Taliban's most brutal warriors. The army had surrounded Kuniguram on three sides, General Rabbani said, and clouds of white smoke from artillery fire onto the ridge in front of Kuniguram could be seen in the early afternoon.
The army expected its toughest fight so far to capture Kuniguram, the most substantial town under militant control that it had taken on so far, the general said.
On a separate axis from Kuniguram, the army was approaching Sararogha, the operational hub of the Taliban, General Abbas said.
It appeared, he said, that Wali ur-Rehman, the second in command of the Pakistani Taliban, was directing operations from Sararogha, where the army signed a peace deal with Mr. Mehsud, the former head of the Pakistani Taliban. Mr. Mehsud was killed in an American drone attack in August.


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Cambodia reacts against Annual Report of US Department of State on human rights
Asean Digest	 April 3, 2021	 Leave a Comment
KHMER TIMES Sat, April 3, 2021
PHNOM PENH – Cambodia has reacted against the annual report of the US Department of State on the human rights situation in various countries, including Cambodia.
The following is the full statement of the Spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation released this evening:
"1. The Spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation notes with serious concerns the annual report of the US Department of State on the human rights situation in various countries, including Cambodia.
Without any manifest mandate given by the UN, the US always assumes a domineering role in unilaterally and arbitrarily criticising the human rights situation of other countries.
3. The report lacks objectivity and suffers from serious shortcomings in terms of accuracy of its data and update information. The Spokesman wishes to highlight the followings:
– First, any institution of the US wishing to assess Cambodia shall not lose sight of the enormous moral debt that the former owed to the Kingdom and its innocent people enduring the indiscriminate aerial bombings during 1970s.
– Second, the US does not live up to the principle that leadership in human rights must begin at home. Ironically, the Annual Report does not cover its own human rights records, which is an obvious self-denial of its human rights abuses.
– Third, the Report did not take an even-handed approach to its assessment, by inflating certain rights over the others, rejecting national particularities and across-the-board gains of the Kingdom in wide-ranging domains of human rights.
Finally, the content and tone of the Report also vary depending upon how close or strategic a country is to the US. The practice of selectivity and the weaponisation of human rights have been an unfortunate trend that needs to be guarded against and curtailed if we are to promote and protect human rights as a global public good. As quoted by the UN Secretary-General António Guterres, 'Human rights must never be a vehicle for double standards or a means to pursue hidden agendas."
4. The Spokesperson of the Ministry reaffirms nonetheless Cambodia's unwavering commitment to pursuing a liberal multi-party democracy and upholding the rule of law and respect for fundamental freedoms in conformity with the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia." C. Nika – AKP
https://bit.ly/3rLUaDn
SOURCE – KHMER TIMES, CAMBODIA Sat, April 3, 2021
Myanmar "on the edge of becoming a failed state": International Crisis Group
The project of "Map of Vietnam's culinary tourism" launched


This native forest-grown plant has a surprisingly tangy flavor and can be used like kava kava to help ease anxiety.
It's no secret: I'm an advocate for weeds. As soon as the first chickweed leaves are ready in the spring, I search for as many as I can greedily stuff into my mouth.


At this time of year, there is no shortage of people telling us what to do to make the next year a success. I'm going to take a slightly different approach and tell you what not to do.
Are You in a Leadership Rut?
Read more about Are You in a Leadership Rut?
Interpersonal skills are important for a leader because the people that are working for you need to feel connected. In this video, TCL member Whit Mitchell shares his insights on the great things that can happen in your company when you care about and are sincere with your employees.


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Q: Transfer function of a R+RLC low pass filter Here's a picture of the R+RLC circuit:

I'm trying to find the frequency response of this low pass filter, my solution is below and please let me know if there is anything wrong with it.
My solution:
$$ \\
x=V_{in} \\
y=V_{out} \\
x-y = (i_1+i_2+i_3)R_1 \\
y=i_1R_2 \\
y=Li_2'\\
i_3 = Cy' \\
x'-y' = (i_1'+i_2'+i_3')R_1 \\
x'-y' = (\frac{y'}{R_2} +\frac{y}{L} + Cy'')R_1 \\
LR_2x' = R_1R_2y + L(R_1+R_2)y' + LR_1R_2C y'' \\
x(t) = e^{st} , y(t) = H(s)e^{st} \\
H(s) = \frac{LR_2s}{R_1R_2+L(R_1+R_2)s + LR_1R_2Cs^2} $$
Thanks for your help!

A: There is a fast and clean way to get there by using the fast analytical circuits techniques or FACTs. If you consider natural time constants of the circuits obtained with the input source is zeroed (replace \$V_{in}\$ by a short circuit), then you can determine the transfer function swiftly without writing a single line of algebra. You can rearrange the final expression to make it fit a low-entropy format, a term forged by Dr. Middlebrook. The below pictures show the steps for the time constants:

You can see that for \$s=0\$ the gain is 0 indicating the presence of a zero at the origin. Then you temporarily disconnect the energy-storing elements and "look" through their connecting terminals to determine the resistance \$R\$ driving the considered element. For \$C_2\$, \$R=0\$ and the time constant is 0. For \$L_1\$, the time constant involves the parallel combination of \$R_1\$ and \$R_2\$. Then you calculate the gain \$H^1\$ when the inductor is set in its high-frequency state (an open circuit). Finally, you combine all these time constants as in the below Mathcad sheet. Follow the guidelines from the book and rearrange the equation to unveil the peaking gain, a quality factor and a resonant frequency. This is the ultimate goal when deriving a transfer function.

A: I did voltage division using Z-terms and then converted using the laplace transforms and I ended up with the same result you got. Looks good to me!
$$ H(s)=\frac{Z||}{Z_1+Z||} $$
$$ Z|| = \left(\frac{1}{R_2}+\frac{1}{Ls} +\frac{1}{(1/Cs)}\right)^{-1} = \frac{R_2Ls}{R_2LCs^2+Ls+R_2} $$
$$ H(s)=\frac{R_2Ls}{R_1R_2CLs^2 + (R_1+R_2)Ls+R_1R_2}$$

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Trade between Iran and China will witness a 12-percent growth by the end of 2018, to reach $42 billion, said the vice president of Iran-China Chamber of Commerce and Industries.
Trade transactions between the two Asian states experienced an increase in the first half of 2018, Majidreza Hariri told Iran Daily.
He said in the same period, Iran's exports to China grew nine percent, adding that Iranian imports from the East Asian country declined by two percent in this six-month period.
Hariri noted that the two states' trade balance is currently in favor of Iran as the Middle Eastern country's exports to China constitute 55 percent of their bilateral transactions.
On the drop in the value of trade between the two states, he said the decline in oil purchases from Iran by South Korea and Japan will help increase Iranian crude exports to China.
On the other hand, Hariri added, the rise in international oil prices will also help increase the value of trade between Iran and China.
In terms of the value of oil trade, China currently ranks first among Iran's trade partners, as it is the largest crude importer from Iran, Hariri said.
He added Iran exports an average of 650,000 barrels of crude oil to China per day.
Some 25 percent of Iran's total non-oil exports are also destined for China, he said, adding, this comes as China accounts for close to 26 percent of the non-oil exports to Iran.
During the past three decades, the volume of trade between Iran and China has annually reflected a growing trend, he added.
Blaming fluctuations in the domestic forex market and global oil prices for the instabilities in the value of trade between the two countries, Hariri said, however, what is important is that the volume of trade has always followed an increasing trend.
He added, this is because oil, gas and petrochemicals constitute a major part of Iran's exports to China.
Until 2014, trade between the two countries demonstrated increases in weight and value each year, reaching a record figure of $52 billion, Hariri said.
However, he added, after 2015, following the drop in global oil prices, trade between Iran and China suffered a $21-billion decrease, to stand at $31 billion.
Prior to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action between Tehran and P5+1 in July 2015, when Iran was under severe international sanctions, China provided Iran with the greatest and most effective assistance compared to other countries.
The second phase of unilateral US sanctions will be reimposed in November, Hariri said, adding Chinese top political and trade officials have explicitly announced that they would not abide by Washington's sanctions and will continue their cooperation with Iran.
At present, he said, China has a big share in the US market and seeks to maintain it.
Hariri noted that since Chinese companies have partners in the US and their stocks are sold in the US stock exchange markets, they are required to act cautiously.
Commenting on banking relations between the two countries, he said the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) is currently one of the world's 10 biggest financial institutions that have extensive interactions with US banks.
Hariri noted that the shares of this bank are also sold in the US stock exchange markets.
He said about 10 years ago, by establishing a financial institution called 'Kunlun Bank,' a new way was devised for Iran and China to continue their banking cooperation under sanctions.
This bank, however, was sanctioned by the US, Hariri added.
He concluded that at the time being, Iran's transactions with China are being conducted with minimal problems, compared to trade with many other countries.


text:
#pragma once

#include <folly/Memory.h>
#include <glog/logging.h>
#include <memory>
#include <utility>

namespace proxygen {

/**
 * A generic two-way filter. That is, this filter intercepts calls from an
 * object A to some object B on an interface T1. It also intercepts calls from B
 * to A on an interface T2.
 *
 * Subclass GenericFilter templatized on the appropriate interfaces to intercept
 * calls between T1 and T2.
 *
 * T2 must have the ability to tell T1 to call it back using a certain
 * object. Many different callback patterns have a different name for this
 * function, but this filter needs to be informed when the callback object
 * changes. Therefore, when you subclass this object, you must call
 *
 * void setCallbackInternal(T2*);
 *
 * from the appropriate virtual function and not forward that function call
 * along the chain, or the filter will not work and may have errors!
 */
template <typename T1, typename T2, void (T1::*set_callback)(T2*),
          bool TakeOwnership, typename Dp = std::default_delete<T1> >
class GenericFilter: public T1, public T2 {
 public:
  typedef GenericFilter<T1, T2, set_callback, TakeOwnership, Dp> Filter;
  /**
   * @param calls You will intercept calls to T1 interface iff you
   *              pass true for this parameter.
   * @param callbacks You will intercept calls to T2 interface iff you
   *                  pass true for this parameter.
   */
  GenericFilter(bool calls, bool callbacks):
      kWantsCalls_(calls),
      kWantsCallbacks_(callbacks) {}

  ~GenericFilter() override {
    if (TakeOwnership) {
      callbackSource_ = nullptr;
    }
    // For the last filter in the chain, next_ is null, and call_ points
    // to the concrete implementation object.
    auto next = next_ ? next_ : call_;
    drop();
    if (TakeOwnership && next) {
      Dp()(next);
    }
  }

  /**
   * @param nextFilter the new filter to insert after this filter
   */
  void append(Filter* nextFilter) {
    nextFilter->next_ = next_;
    nextFilter->prev_ = this;
    nextFilter->call_ = call_;
    nextFilter->callback_ = kWantsCallbacks_ ? this : callback_;
    nextFilter->callSource_ = kWantsCalls_ ? this : callSource_;
    nextFilter->callbackSource_ = callbackSource_;
    if (next_) {
      next_->prev_ = nextFilter;
    }

    if (nextFilter->kWantsCalls_) {
      if (kWantsCalls_) {
        call_ = nextFilter;
      } else {
        callSource_->call_ = nextFilter;
      }
      if (next_) {
        next_->callSource_ = nextFilter;
      }
    }
    if (nextFilter->kWantsCallbacks_) {
      // Find the first filter before this one that wants callbacks
      auto cur = this;
      while (cur->prev_ && !cur->kWantsCallbacks_) {
        cur = cur->prev_;
      }
      cur->callbackSource_ = nextFilter;
      // Make sure nextFilter gets callbacks
      ((nextFilter->callbackSource_)->*(set_callback))(nextFilter);
    }
    next_ = nextFilter;
  }

  const bool kWantsCalls_;
  const bool kWantsCallbacks_;

 protected:
  /**
   * Note: you MUST override the set_callback function and call
   * setCallbackInternal() from your derived class.
   */
  void setCallbackInternal(T2* cb) {
    setCallbackInternalImpl(cb, this);
  }

  /**
   * Removes this filter from the chain. For owning chains the caller must
   * manually delete the filter
   */
  void drop() {
    if (prev_) {
      prev_->next_ = next_;
    }
    if (next_) {
      next_->prev_ = prev_;
    }
    // TODO: could call fn gated by std::enable_if
    if (kWantsCalls_ && callSource_) {
      callSource_->call_ = call_;
      if (call_) {
        auto callFilter = dynamic_cast<Filter*>(call_);
        if (callFilter) {
          callFilter->callSource_ = callSource_;
        }
      }
    }
    // TODO: could call fn gated by std::enable_if
    if (kWantsCallbacks_ && callbackSource_) {
      ((callbackSource_)->*(set_callback))(callback_);
      if (callback_) {
        auto callbackFilter = dynamic_cast<Filter*>(callback_);
        if (callbackFilter) {
          callbackFilter->callbackSource_ = callbackSource_;
        }
      }
    }
    call_ = callbackSource_ = nullptr;
    callback_ = nullptr;
    callSource_ = next_ = prev_ = nullptr;
  }

  // Next "call" filter (call_ == next_ iff next_->kWantsCalls_)
  T1* call_{nullptr};
  // Next "callback" filter (callback_ == prev_ iff prev_->kWantsCallbacks_)
  T2* callback_{nullptr};

 private:

  void setCallbackInternalImpl(T2* cb, T2* sourceSet) {
    if (callback_ != cb) {
      callback_ = cb;
      ((callbackSource_)->*(set_callback))(cb ? sourceSet : nullptr);
    }
  }

  // The next filter in the chain (towards T1 implementation)
  Filter* next_{nullptr};
  // The previous filter in the chain (towards T2 implementation)
  Filter* prev_{nullptr};
  // The first filter before this one in the chain that wants calls.
  // Only valid if kWantsCalls_ is true.
  Filter* callSource_{nullptr};
  // Pointer to the first filter or object after this one in the chain
  // that makes callbacks. Only valid if kWantsCallbacks_ is true.
  T1* callbackSource_{nullptr};

  template <class A, class B, class F, void (A::*fn)(B*), bool Own>
  friend class FilterChain;
};

/**
 * This class can be treated the same as a T1*, however internally it contains a
 * chain of filters for T1 and T2. These filters are inserted between the
 * original callback and destination.
 *
 * If a filter does not care about one side of the calls, it will pass through
 * the calls, saving a virtual function call. In the example below Filter1 only
 * wants to intercept callbacks, and Filter2 only wants to intercept calls.
 *
 *
 *      FilterChain        Filter1          Filter2        destination
 *     _____________    _____________    _____________    _____________
 *     |           |    |           |    |           |    |           |
 *     |   call_------------------------>|   call_------->|"call"     | T1
 *     |           |    |           |    |           |    |           |
 *  T2 | callback_ |<-----callback_ |<--------------------|"callback" |
 *     |___________|    |___________|    |___________|    |___________|
 *
 *
 * This class is templatized on the two interfaces, T1, T2, as well as on the
 * pass through filter implementation, FilterType, the special set callback
 * function, and a boolean indicating whether the chain owns the filters (if
 * false, the filters must delete themselves at the correct time). FilterType
 * must have GenericFilter as an ancestor.
 */
template <typename T1, typename T2, typename FilterType,
          void (T1::*set_callback)(T2*), bool TakeOwnership>
class FilterChain: private FilterType {
 public:
  explicit FilterChain(std::unique_ptr<T1> destination):
      FilterType(false, false) {
    static_assert(TakeOwnership, "unique_ptr constructor only available "
                  "if the chain owns the filters.");
    this->call_ = CHECK_NOTNULL(destination.release());
    this->callback_ = nullptr; //must call setCallback() explicitly
    this->callSource_ = this;
    this->callbackSource_ = this->call_;
    this->chainEnd_ = this->call_;
  }

  explicit FilterChain(T1* destination):
      FilterType(false, false) {
    static_assert(!TakeOwnership, "raw pointer constructor only available "
                  "if the chain doesn't own the filters.");
    this->call_ = CHECK_NOTNULL(destination);
    this->callback_ = nullptr; //must call setCallback() explicitly
    this->callSource_ = this;
    this->callbackSource_ = this->call_;
    this->chainEnd_ = this->call_;
  }

  /**
   * Set the callback for this entire filter chain. Setting this to null will
   * uninstall the callback from the concrete object at the end of the chain.
   */
  void setCallback(T2* cb) override { this->setCallbackInternalImpl(cb, cb); }

  /**
   * Returns the head of the call chain. Do* not* call T1::set_callback() on
   * this member. To change the callback of this entire filter chain, use the
   * separate setCallback() method.
   */
  T1* call() {
    return this->call_;
  }
  const T1* call() const {
    return this->call_;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the concrete implementation at the end of the filter chain.
   */
  const T1& getChainEnd() const {
    return *chainEnd_;
  }

  typedef GenericFilter<T1, T2, set_callback, TakeOwnership> FilterChainType;
  std::unique_ptr<T1> setDestination(std::unique_ptr<T1> destination) {
    static_assert(TakeOwnership, "unique_ptr setDestination only available "
                  "if the chain owns the filters.");
    // find the last filter in the chain, and the last filter that wants calls,
    // callbacks
    FilterChainType* lastFilter = this;
    FilterChainType* lastCall = this;
    FilterChainType* lastCallback = this;
    while (lastFilter->next_) {
      if (lastFilter->kWantsCalls_) {
        lastCall = lastFilter;
      }
      if (lastFilter->kWantsCallbacks_) {
        lastCallback = lastFilter;
      }
      if (lastFilter->call_ == this->chainEnd_) {
        // Search and replace, the last N non-call filters all point to dest
        lastFilter->call_ = destination.get();
      }
      lastFilter = lastFilter->next_;
    }
    if (lastFilter->kWantsCalls_) {
      lastCall = lastFilter;
    }
    if (lastFilter->kWantsCallbacks_) {
      lastCallback = lastFilter;
    }
    lastFilter->call_ = CHECK_NOTNULL(destination.release());
    lastCall->call_ = lastFilter->call_;
    lastCallback->callbackSource_ = lastFilter->call_;
    auto oldChainEnd = this->chainEnd_;
    this->chainEnd_ = lastFilter->call_;

    this->chainEnd_->setCallback(lastCallback);
    return std::unique_ptr<T1>(oldChainEnd);
  }

  /**
   * Adds filters with the given types to the front of the chain.
   */
  template<typename C, typename C2, typename... Types>
  std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<C>::value> addFilters() {
    // Callback <-> F1 <-> F2 ... <-> F_new <-> Destination
    this->append(new C());
    addFilters<C2, Types...>();
  }

  /**
   * Base case of above function where we add a single filter.
   */
  template<typename C>
  std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<C>::value> addFilters() {
    this->append(new C());
  }

  /**
   * Adds already constructed filters (inside unique_ptr) to the front of the
   * chain.
   */
  template<typename C, typename... Types>
  void addFilters(std::unique_ptr<C> cur, Types&&... remaining) {
    static_assert(TakeOwnership, "addFilters() can only take "
                  "unique_ptr if the chain owns the filters");
    this->append(cur.release());
    addFilters(std::forward<Types>(remaining)...);
  }

  template<typename C, typename... Types>
  void addFilters(C* cur, Types&&... remaining) {
    static_assert(!TakeOwnership, "addFilters() can only take "
                  "pointers if the chain doesn't own the filters");
    this->append(cur);
    addFilters(std::forward<Types>(remaining)...);
  }

  /**
   * Another way to add filters. This way is similar to 'emplace_front' and
   * returns a reference to itself so you can chain add() calls if you like.
   */
  template<typename C, typename... Args>
  FilterChain<T1, T2, FilterType, set_callback, TakeOwnership>&
  add(Args&&... args) {
    this->append(new C(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
    return *this;
  }

  const T1* operator->() const { return call(); }
  T1* operator->() { return call(); }

 private:
  /**
   * Base case for addFilters() called with no arguments. It doesn't need to be
   * public since trying to add zero filters doesn't make sense from a public
   * API pov.
   */
  void addFilters() {}

  T1* chainEnd_;
};

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Katie Hill is a Senior Advisor at Omidyar Network and Dalberg Global Advisors. Previously, she led Apple's Supplier Clean Energy program. Her team enabled 3GW of new clean energy contracted for Apple production in less than 2 years, and she led >10 joint-ventures in renewable energy across China. Before that, she spent four years in India investing in clean-tech companies at impact investment fund Acumen and currently serves on its Advisory Board. She has a Stanford MBA and an MS in Environmental Engineering. She has also worked for McKinsey & Company, Generation Investments, and the China Greentech Initiative.


text:
Q: homology groups of a product-quotient of spheres In many textbooks the integral homology groups of an $n$-dimensional sphere $S^n$ and of its quotient, the real projective space $\mathbb{R}\mathbb{P}^n=S^n/\{\pm 1\}$ are explained. As further examples, I want to work out the integral homology groups of the product-quotient
$$X_{m,n}:= (S^m\times S^n)/\{\pm 1\}$$,
which is doubly covered by $S^m\times S^n$ and doubly covers $\mathbb{R}\mathbb{P}^m \times \mathbb{R}\mathbb{P}^n$. But, for general $m$ and $n$, I encountered difficulty in computing especially the groups of intermediate degrees (see below). I have tried some cases:

*

*If $n=1$ and $m\geq 2$, then the projection $X_{m,1}\rightarrow S^1/\{\pm 1\}$ exhibits $X_{m,1}$ as a sphere bundle over a circle whose geometric monodromy acts a fiber by $-1$. By the Mayer-Vietoris sequence, I could compute the homology groups as
$$\text{if $m$ is even,}\qquad  H_i(X_{m,1},\mathbb{Z})=
\begin{cases}
&\mathbb{Z}\quad (i=0,1)\\
&\mathbb{Z}/2 \ (i=m)\\
&0\qquad \text{otherwise.}
\end{cases}$$
$$\text{if $m$ is odd and $>1$,}\quad  H_i(X_{m,1},\mathbb{Z})=
\begin{cases}
&\mathbb{Z}\quad (i=0,1,m,m+1)\\
&0\qquad \text{otherwise.}
\end{cases}$$
This case looks complete.

*For general $m,n$, using Kuenneth formula and [Hatcher's algebraic topology, Proposition 3G.1] I see the Betti numbers as the number of $(-1)$-invariant cohomology classes on the product.
In particular, I see the rational homology groups.

*For $m=n=2$: By 2. above we see $H_0=H_4=\mathbb{Z}$ and $H_1=\mathbb{Z}/2$ since
its fundamental group is of order 2. The remaining degree $2,3$ can be obtained using Poincare duality and the universal coefficient formula as $H_2= \mathbb{Z}/2$ and $H_3=0$. This case can be understood.

*For $m=2,n=4$: The same method as above computes $H_0,H_1,H_4,H_5,H_6$ but the remaining two groups (both torsion) seems not to be reachable by my ad hoc method.
Question: How can we compute the full integral homology of $X_{m,n}$ ?
Maybe a good CW-structure should be introduced, but I couldn't figure out. Any help is appreciated. Also, please point and correct my computations above if there are missing stuffs. Thank you in advance.

A: Let $t$ denote the antipodal map on $S^n$.  There is a simple CW structure for $S^n$ compatible with $t$, which we define inductively by $S^0=\{*,*t\}$, for a point $*$, and $$S^n=S^{n-1}\cup_\phi e_n\cup_\psi e_nt,$$ where $e_n$ is an $n$-cell and $\phi,\psi$ are identifications of the boundaries of $e_n$ and $e_nt$ with $S^{n-1}$.
Intuitively, we regard each sphere as the equator of the next, and glue on a couple of hemispheres.
The boundary maps $d$ are given by $$de_r=e_{r-1}(1+(-1)^rt),\qquad de_0=0.$$
To understand the sign $(-1)^r$ here, note if $r$ is odd then $t$ preserves the orientation of $S^{r-2}$, so the boundary of $e_r$ must be the difference $e_{r-1}-e_{r-1}t$ in order to be closed.  Conversely if $r$ is even, then $t$ reverses the orientation of $S^{r-2}$, so the boundary of $e_r$ must be the sum $e_{r-1}+e_{r-1}t$ in order to be closed.
We may take the tensor product of the resulting chain complexes for $S^n$ and $S^m$, to obtain a chain complex for $S^n\times S^m$.
Here the degree $r$ chain group is generated by \begin{eqnarray*}e_a\otimes e_{r-a},\\ e_at\otimes e_{r-a},\\ e_a\otimes e_{r-a}t,\\ e_at\otimes e_{r-a}t.\end{eqnarray*} for $a=0,\cdots, r|a\leq n, r-a\leq m$.  The differential is given by \begin{eqnarray*}d(e_i\otimes e_j)&=&e_{i-1} \otimes e_j\\ + &(-1)^i& e_{i-1}t \otimes e_j\\+&(-1)^i& e_{i} \otimes e_{j-1}\\&(-1)^{i+j}& e_{i} \otimes e_{j-1}t.
\end{eqnarray*}
That is we use Leibniz's rule for tensor products:$$d(a\otimes b)=da\otimes b+ (-1)^{{\rm deg}(a)} a\otimes db.$$
Finally, we obtain a chain complex for $$X=(S^n\times S^m)/\langle t\rangle,$$
by taking our chain complex and identifying $$e_i\otimes e_j\sim e_it\otimes e_jt,\qquad e_i\otimes e_jt\sim e_it\otimes e_j.$$
We may write the boundary maps $d$ as matrices, with respect to the basis $\ldots e_a\otimes e_b, e_at\otimes e_b, e_{a+1}\otimes e_{b-1},\ldots$.
The homology groups of $X$ may then be computed as an exercise in linear algebra.  For example, if $0<<m<<n$ and $n,m$ both odd I get that the non-zero homology groups are:
\begin{eqnarray*} H_0(X)\cong H_{n+m}(X)&\cong& \mathbb{Z},\\
H_m(X)\cong H_n(X)&\cong&\mathbb{Z},\\
H_{2i-1}(X)\cong H_{n+m-2i}&\cong& \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}, \qquad{\rm for} \,\,i=1,\cdots,(m-1)/2.\end{eqnarray*}
I suggest that you do this calculation yourself, as it is quite fiddly and I may have made an error.  However the above answer has the symmetries one would expect.  If you require help, I can give you the matrices.


text:
Q: Where to find the evidence of how to calculate the size of a java object I've searched about the size of a java object for a long time, there are a lot of answers like this, everyone is telling me that the size of the overhead of a java object, and how to calculate out the actual size. But how do they know that? I did not find any evidence from the official oracle documents. What is the evidence for that conclusion? Or the data was just come from some guesses based on some experiments?
Another thing. It is mentioned in the official document that there is a 'approximative' way to measure the object - the Instrumentation way, can anybody explain to me what is the 'approximately' means? When it is accurate, when it is not. Better to have the evidence.

A:
how to calculate out the actual size. But how do they know that?

from experience.

I did not find any evidence from the official oracle documents.

Its up to the JVM. For OpenJDK based JVMs, 32-bit JVM has a different header size to 64-bit JVM as the header contains a reference. Other JVMs could be different again.

Or the data was just come from some guesses based on some experiments?

Essentially, yes.

can anybody explain to me what is the 'approximately' means?

When you measure the size of an object it can means many different things

*

*How big is the object? (Shallow depth)

*How much memory does it use? (Object allocation is 8-byte aligned i.e. always a multiple of 8)

*How much space does the object and all the objects referenced use? (Deep depth)

*How much space might be freed if it were discarded? (how many objects are shared and does it appear in the middle of two fragments of freed memory)

*Do you count the space used on the stack, or space used in off heap memory?

Given you can have many difference answers depending on what you need to know, it is useful to have one number which is approximately close to all of these which you use for calculations.

Where you get a problem using Runtime is that the TLAB allocated data in large blocks.  These large blocks can be further allocated in a multi-thread way. The downside is you don't get accurate memory used information.
static long memTaken() {
    final Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
    return rt.totalMemory() - rt.freeMemory();
}

public static void main(String... args) {
    long used1 = memTaken();
    Float i = new Float(0);
    long used2 = memTaken();
    System.out.println("new Float(0) used "+(used2 - used1)+" bytes.");
}

run without options
new Float(0) used 0 bytes.

Turn off the TLAB and you see with -XX:-UseTLAB
new Float(0) used 336 bytes.

This is much higher than you might expect because the class itself had to be loaded.  If you create one instance of a Float first by adding to the start
Float j = new Float(1);

you get
new Float(0) used 16 bytes

A: I think the answer can only be empirical as it is implementation dependent:

The Java virtual machine does not mandate any particular internal structure for objects.

A: For me the best method is the most down-to-earth one, using
long memTaken() {
  final Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
  return rt.totalMemory() - rt.freeMemory();
}

*

*Remember initial memTaken();

*Make an array of a million object (adapt this number to fit your heap);

*Subtract memTaken() from the remembered one.

There may be some transient allocation in the process, so you also need to run the GC. There are no guarantees provided by System.gc(), but this approach has always worked for me:
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { System.gc(); Thread.sleep(50); }

You must be careful to ensure this gives stable results. For example, an approach is to calculate memory load for several different object counts and compare results. They should all match on the memory/instance answer they give.
I have advised this before, been put down for the lame solution, been recommended to use proper tooling, etc. So I used tooling, for example jvisualvm—and it gave wrong results. This method has never given wrong results to me.

A: there are two different sizes for java objects: the shallow size and the retained size.
the shallow size of an object is the sum of sizes of all it's fields: straight-forward for primitive members, and the size of a pointer for every non-primitive member(and this varies between 32 & 64 bit architectures). you can find the shallow size of an object at runtime using instrumantation. here is a nice tutorial
retained size is defined by the heap space that will be freed when the object is garbaged.
finding the retained size of an object is not trivial, mainly because objects are usually composed of other objects. for example:
public class Clazz {

    public byte[] member;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        byte[] bytes = new byte[128];
        Clazz a = new Clazz();
        Clazz b = new Clazz();
        a.member = bytes;
        b.member = bytes;
    }
}

what is the retained size of a? and b?
use a profiler to compute retained size (most profilers are using static heap analysis for that).


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We're always happy to hear from Support Coordination providers, big and small. Whether you're just getting started, or you're an experienced organisation looking to excel, please get in touch for a free half hour consultation about how you can empower participants to achieve better outcomes more consistently and efficiently.


I've been looking on ToyoDIY and have looked at the part numbers for the lights on 86 and 87 cars, then on 88 and 89 cars, and the part numbers are all the same, I cant find the updated part number for the later lights.
Lets stick with Right Hand side part numbers just so we dont get confused. AND Lets stick to GTT Models (Because if you look at GTL the part number is 81551-24031 -- Because of the "TWIN TURBO L" Badge difference. But if we stick to just GTT's, you will see that on GTT's Years 86 - 90 all have the same part number 81551-24030 for the lights, so I cant find any part number differences for S1 and S2 lights.
Now take a look at all the models and for the LENS, they have the SAME part number. Could this possibly be a mistake made on Toyodiy from the Toyota EPC Version they used to make the website.
Could somebody who has an EPC on their computer check to see if this which possibly looks to be like an error exists on their EPC i.e are all the part numbers the same on S1 Soarers and S2 Soarers.
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text:
Robert Mueller: 9/11 Truthers Should Be Treated As Terrorists
President George W. Bush nominated Mueller for the position of FBI director on July 5, 2001.[33
The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2, 2001, voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment.[39] He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4, 2001, just one week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.[7]
On February 11, 2003, one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Mueller informed the American public that "[s]even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba, and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans. As Director Tenet has pointed out, Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction, willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community. Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological, chemical or radiological material."[40][41
Submitted by mistorteem on Fri, 12/21/2018 - 16:01
Mueller and WMD
mistorteem
On February 11, 2003, one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Mueller informed the American public that "[s]even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba, and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans. As Director Tenet has pointed out, Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction, willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community. Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological, chemical or radiological material."
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Stormin Norman


text:
Showing On 9, 11, 12 May
drama | 2021, USA | English
The story of Alana Kane and Gary Valentine growing up, running around and going through the treacherous navigation of first love in the San Fernando Valley, 1973.
Coarse language and sexual references
John McDonald, Australian Financial Review
Allison Edwards
Alana Haim, Cooper Hoffman, Sean Penn, Tom Waits, Bradley Cooper, Ben Safdie
LICORICE PIZZA | Official Trailer | MGM Studios
The pre-publicity for Licorice Pizza tells us this is Anderson's most "relaxed" movie yet, which means his most personal. Set in the suburbs of Los Angeles in 1973, it tells the story of a 15-year-old entrepreneur, named Gary Valentine, played by Cooper Hoffman, the son of the late Philip Seymour Hoffman, who was one of Anderson's favourite actors.
His co-star is Alana Haim, who plays Alana Kane, a 25-year-old girl whom Gary decides is the love of his life. As with Cooper Hoffman, this is Haim's screen debut. She is known as a singer and multi-intrumentalist with the Californian pop band, Haim, which consists of Alana, and her two older sisters, Danielle and Este. Both sisters, along with the Haims' mother and father, are featured in this film, virtually playing themselves. Cooper's two small sisters, Tallulah and Willa, also play small roles.
Although Licorice Pizza is really a double-hander, in which Gary and Alana, two relative unknowns, dominate every scene, the movie is notable for an all-star support cast. Sean Penn plays Jack Holden, a thinly disguised version of an aging, delusional William Holden; Bradley Cooper is Jon Peters, the notorious celebrity hairdresser turned Hollywood producer, who dated Barbra Streisand (and was recently married to Pamela Anderson for 12 hours!). Both Penn and Cooper put in bravura, show-stealing performances, as men unhinged by their immersion in the film industry.
There's never been a film about Hollywood that domesticates and debunks the dream factory so adroitly. The cast is made up of people who have spent their lives within this milieu, which has its own, unique kind of normal. Anderson himself is a product of this world and these folks are his tribe. The movie itself is named after a chain of Southern California record stores that flourished in the 70s.


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Die Drei Reinen (三清 sān qīng) stellen die höchste Triade des daoistischen Pantheons dar. Sie sind Verkörperungen des ursprünglichen Qì (元气 yuánqì), des Dào sowie der kosmischen Gottheit.

Das Yuánqì wird verkörpert durch den Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn (元始天尊), den Himmelsehrwürdigen des Uranfangs, das Dào durch Língbǎo Tiānzūn (灵宝天尊), den Himmelsehrwürdigen des übernatürlichen Schatzes und die kosmische Gottheit durch den vergöttlichten Lǎozǐ, Tàishàng Dàojūn (太上道君), den höchsten Ehrwürdigen des Dào, bzw. Dàodé Tiānzūn (道德天尊), den Himmelsehrwürdigen des Weges und der Tugend, auch Lǎojūn (老君), der ehrwürdige Alte, genannt.

Die drei Reinen bezeichnen gleichfalls die drei Himmel, in denen diese Gottheiten residieren. Die drei Himmel sind Yùqīng (玉清), die Jadereinheit, dem Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn zugeordnet, Shàng qīng (上清), die höchste Reinheit, zugeordnet zum Língbǎo Tiānzūn und Tài qīng (太清), die große Reinheit mit dem Dàodé Tiānzūn.

Während der Sòng-Dynastie wurde der Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn durch den Jadekaiser (玉帝 Yù Dì oder 玉皇 Yù Huáng) als höchste Gottheit abgelöst.

Die Ikonographie der drei Reinen ist vielgestaltig und wurde oft insbesondere für liturgische Zwecke dargestellt. Die drei haben heitere Gesichter und thronen Seite an Seite umgeben von einer reichverzierten Aureole. Ihre Mäntel werden geschmückt von Wolken, Sternbildern, Perlen und Trigrammen. Sie tragen die Kopfbedeckung daoistischer Priester und vor jedem befindet sich der Kopf eines Ungeheuers.

Der Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn sitzt in der Mitte, zuweilen mit den acht Trigrammen in seiner Hand, zu seiner Rechten sitzt Lǎozǐ, mit einem Fächer in der Hand und zu seiner Linken der Língbǎo Tiānzūn, der ein Zepter in Form eines magischen Pilzes hält.

Heutzutage verehren die meisten daoistischen Gruppierungen die drei Reinen. Einige Gruppen verehren den vergöttlichten Laozi als höchste Gottheit, da sie annehmen, er sei das Dao selbst, habe bereits vor der Entstehung des Kosmos existiert und erscheine in unterschiedlichen Formen. In jedem daoistischen Tempel gibt es eine Halle der drei Reinen.

Literatur
 Werner Eichhorn: Die Religionen Chinas (= Die Religionen der Menschheit. Band 21). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1973.
 Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber (Hrsg.): Lexikon der östlichen Weisheitslehren. Buddhismus, Hinduismus, Taoismus, Zen. 2. Auflage der Sonderausgabe, Barth, München 1994, ISBN 3-502-67403-5.

Weblinks

Daoistische Gottheit
Gruppe von Gottheiten

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


and, of course, your "Catributor" name on our website.
your "Catributor" name on our website.
Two 1" glow-in-the-dark Purr Pods buttons. And don't forget that "Catributor" thanks.
You get one 3" black and white (with glow-in-the-dark eyes!) embroidered patch, one 2" glow-in-the-dark vinyl sticker and one 1" glow-in-the-dark button. And, of course, your "Catributor" name on our website.
That's right! Two Catastics AND two Mews to Me! perks!
Four Purr Pods glow-in-the-dark stickers and four glow-in-the dark buttons plus a "Catributor" listing on our website.
Get lucky with this very special, solid brass, double-sided, ready-to-wear Purr Pods medallion.
In addition, you get an embroidered patch, two Purr Pods stickers and two glow-in-the-dark buttons and your name on our "Catributors" page!
two embroidered patches (with glow-in-the-dark eyes!) and some serious "Catributor" acknowledgement added to the mix.
Thank you for supporting our dreams of creating this art installation to share on the playa. In addition to the Claws for Celebration above, you'll receive a purrsonalized thank you video jettisoned like a fur ball straight to your computer.
Experience the healing power of the purr. Feline forms gaze with Laser Eyes of Love and envelop participants in sonic vibrations. Snuggle down into the cozy bellies of the Purr Pods and be revived.


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For my first day I'd decided to go around on my own and navigate the train system to visit some of the tourist sites in Delhi.
100 feet from my guest house I was approached by Jack, a good-looking, fast-talking young Indian. He asked me things like what is my country and where I was going. Despite trying to wrap it up, he lingered along my way to the train station. Finally he persuaded me to go into a tourist agency for a free map and who knows whatever.
I walked into a rather nice office where I was greeted by Imran, who sat me at his desk and called up a chai for me. I hesitantly drank it, still concerned about the quality of water. Later I would realize that the water for chai is generally boiled and safe to drink.
Imran spent about an hour and a half breaking down my 12 days in India with tourist trips, guest houses and site-seeing. He was quite a salesman; I actually wanted to simply book the entire trip with him and be done with everything, rather than have to research each trip and accommodation and everything else on my own. Even after scaling back to the super-budget itinerary, I was still hesitant to pull the trigger and spend the dough.
I left a very disappointed Imran to head to the train station. While the trains are efficient and easy to navigate, I'll just say things are pretty pushy. At every stop a crowd gathers inside the train and on the platform in anticipation. As soon as the doors open, the crowd on the outside immediately begins forcibly jamming themselves into the car through oncoming traffic. Leaving the car is like swimming upstream, and you literally have to battle your way through. In one instance a westerner standing next to me wasn't having it, and refusing to yield pushed his way through, nearly getting into a fistfight with a young Indian man. Patience and waiting for your turn are not common in India, I've learned.
I found my stop rather easily, but that would be the last easy part of the day. I spent the next several hours wandering around in 113 degrees, the sun beating down ruthlessly, seeking out the nearby sites. I managed to find the India Gate, the President's house and the Parliament House, but only at great cost of sweat and frustration with tuk tuk drivers, who each seemed to be trying to rip me off. One guy quoted me a price and then asked for triple that after dropping me off; another took me to the National Museum and left me there, only to discover that it was closed on Mondays, which he surely knew.
I did finally get a driver that was honest and helpful. An old Sikh man with a white beard and turban took me where I needed to go and gave me some helpful advice. I would learn that the Sikh men tend to be very trustworthy and genuine, which has held true.
I arrived back at the Palace rather exhausted and a bit frustrated, but believing it was all part of the experience and that things would turn around. In fact, I was approached by a few different tenants in the guest house who I became friends with, one group of Indian guys and another fellow from Iraq.
That night I got a message from Shonali, the Indian journalist who had been my classmate in Jen's cooking academy. She told me she had a close friend from journalism school, Meera, who lives in Delhi, and insisted that I get in touch with her.
I called Meera in the morning and told her about my experience the day before. Sensing I'd had a tough go, she offered to have her favorite driver come and pick me up and take me around Delhi for the day.
Soon after Jitender arrived at my guest house in his motor rickshaw (tuk tuk) ready to rock.
Jitender is a young, good-looking, well-dressed Indian man with nerves of steel. Shortly after taking off from the Bombay Palace we were smashing through traffic in the streets of Delhi.
India is crazier than Vietnam is crazier than Thailand is crazier than Malaysia. Singapore is just civilized. There are no traffic signals. There are governing lines or boundaries. There is no defensive driving. The only law is the natural law: what a man can do, and what a man can't do. At least in an auto-rickshaw, which turns out to be quite a bit.
Jitender knows every square inch of his green steel beauty, he has the turning radius down to a precision science and weaves through obstacles with laserpoint accuracy. From the back seat I can see a rectangular cutout of Jitender's eyes in the rear-view mirror. With a menacing scowl he surveys the field, perpetually scanning, making an average of 2.5 decisions per second and executing brilliant tactical maneuvers, often prompting concerns and audible gasps from the back seat. It's all business baby.
We went around all day, stopping at the Old Fort, Humayan's Tomb, Qutab Minar, the Lotus Temple, and the Lodhi Garden. We had lunch, stopped for chai and pulled off toward the end of the day for a "health juice," which I drank hesitantly (Jitender has two a day). We had a splendid time together, as Jitender joined me at all the sites taking pictures on his mobile phone, posing with a neutral yet confident expression. Despite a manageable language barrier, we chatted the whole time and learned about each other. He told me about getting married recently (February 23), his family, education and friends. I told him about my home and family, my journey around the world and the Green Bay Packers. By the end of the day we were certified homeboys.
After all day navigating the chaos of Delhi, with the traffic and trash, the searing heat, the horns of hell, the crowds, the pushing, the dirt and dust, the noise and the smells….suddenly it began to rain, and fairly heavy for a good 15 minutes. Ji and I waited it out in the Green Machine, and when it finally stopped, we walked into the Lodhi Garden, a park in the middle of Delhi.
Walking into the garden, the horns faded into the distance. There was no trash and there was no pushing. The rain had cooled the ground and the air, which was crisp and fresh. The clouds were just breaking, revealing the sun setting into the dusk behind the ruins of ancient mosques. The open fields of green grass unfolded into flower beds, sculpted hedges and lush forests. People came out with their kids and dogs, exercising, talking, walking, playing cricket and just sitting on the grass. It was like we'd entered into another place in another time.
It was the first time I saw the beauty of India.
After about an hour in the garden we finally met up with Meera. We'd actually been talking throughout day through Jitenter, adjusting plans and meeting times until it finally came together. Meera walked me through the other side of the park describing some of the important historical features, conspicuously leaving the dates out, telling me about journalism school with Shonali, her job, her time in Delhi, where she is from but how she's not really from there.
On the other side of the park Jitender was waiting. He drove us to a street corner from where we walked to a hidden sixth-floor south-Indian restaurant, behind a hidden alley in a hidden neighborhood that I wouldn't have found living six months in Delhi. I can only say again, life is better when you have someone to help you out and show you around. Meera was incredibly kind and made me feel glad to be in India. We drove past the parliament square again, lit by moonlight, a far different scene than at 2:00 PM and 115 F. Jitender finally dropped me off at the end of a day that had begun to shape my understanding of a world far different than any I've ever known.
You made me laugh and laugh and I enjoyed this post very much…but is that all? More please!
Wow. Again. That's all I can get at this point. Wow.
Fascinating. I enjoy how open-minded you are about the people and things you are seeing.
oh ho ho! now i understand what's the story.
eventhough you are a very good money saver but when the point comes to eatables we forget about that.
Thanks Grandpa. I've told two friends about the four loves in the past week!
Awesome description of your experiences in a strange new world. You are a fantastic descriptive writer. Love hearing about your new experiences. Love ya! Stay safe.


text:
Q: Detecting product preserving functors in the Grothendieck construction The straightening/unstraightening equivalence lets us describe functors from an $(\infty,1)$-category $C$ into either the $(\infty,1)$-category of anima $\mathrm{An}$ or of $(\infty,1)$-categories $\mathrm{Cat}_\infty$ as certain fibrations over $C$.
What kind of extra conditions do I need to put on these fibrations to get, for example, finite product preserving functors?
I am mostly interested in the case where $C$ really is the nerve of an ordinary category (like the syntactic category of a Lawvere theory).


How many people will be leaving the organization – both voluntarily and involuntarily – over the next 5-7 years?
The youngest BaBoomers turn 50 this year and are preparing to retire. Your organization has to be ready for the retirement or removal of key players to the team. The maturing age group makes up 13% of the American population, and that could mean a large percentage of employees retiring from your organization.
What skill sets will those employees who are leaving take with them?
In preparation for several key members to leave the organization, understand what their positions are. Detail job descriptions accordingly so the team can adjust functionally and culturally for the impending change.
Will we recruit externally or promote from within to fill those gaps?
A vast majority of organizations – 77% of them – realize the significance of internally recruiting candidates for promotion. However, even though so many understand this key fact, 54% do less than one-third of their recruitment from within the organization. Take into account the financial responsibility of committing to an external recruitment plan and if that's a risk your organization is willing to take. While internal recruitment strategies may save the budget, external recruitment can bring life and fresh ideas into the office.
What's going on outside the organization that could affect my ability to recruit the employees we need?
Pay attention to economic and employment trends. Mass layoffs and the size of college graduating classes are just two examples that can have an impact on how your team formulates a recruitment strategy.
Where is the supply of candidates going to come from?
Your career page, job boards, and social job advertisement all have a part in recruitment strategies. What do they have in common? They are all on the internet. Online recruiting can save companies as much as 50% in cost-per-hire.
Where will our company be in 3-5 years, and what does that mean for the type of people we will need to recruit?
Projecting your organizational needs as well as employee needs can help decide the future of your team. This can help your recruitment team determine which niche job boards it will be best to post job openings to.
As the BaBoomers enter retirement, the Millennials are entering professional employment. That means, your organization will need to prepare the training programs set in place appropriately. Because 40% of Millennials are interested in careers that allow for growth and accomplishment, training programs need to determine a career path.
Now that you've asked all of these questions, do you have a backup plan? Your succession plan is dependent upon how thorough the questions are answered so your organization can be prepared from A to Z when a key team player leaves the company. Give your team the tools they need to keep the organization thriving as BaBoomers retire. They have big shoes to fill and with a succession plan, it will be much simpler for your team to compensate for any gaps in the team.


text:
Modernism (Aesthetics)
Salome's Modernity: Oscar Wilde and the Aesthetics of Transgression
by Petra Dierkes-Thrun
University of Michigan Press, 2011
Paper: 978-0-472-03604-2 | eISBN: 978-0-472-02754-5 | Cloth: 978-0-472-11767-3
Library of Congress Classification PR5820.S23D54 2011
Oscar Wilde's 1891 symbolist tragedy Salomé has had a rich afterlife in literature, opera, dance, film, and popular culture. Salome's Modernity: Oscar Wilde and the Aesthetics of Transgression is the first comprehensive scholarly exploration of that extraordinary resonance that persists to the present. Petra Dierkes-Thrun positions Wilde as a founding figure of modernism and Salomé as a key text in modern culture's preoccupation with erotic and aesthetic transgression, arguing that Wilde's Salomé marks a major turning point from a dominant traditional cultural, moral, and religious outlook to a utopian aesthetic of erotic and artistic transgression. Wilde and Salomé are seen to represent a bridge linking the philosophical and artistic projects of writers such as Mallarmé, Pater, and Nietzsche to modernist and postmodernist literature and philosophy and our contemporary culture. Dierkes-Thrun addresses subsequent representations of Salome in a wide range of artistic productions of both high and popular culture through the works of Richard Strauss, Maud Allan, Alla Nazimova, Ken Russell, Suri Krishnamma, Robert Altman, Tom Robbins, and Nick Cave, among others.
Petra Dierkes-Thrun is Lecturer in the Department of Comparative Literature at Stanford University and editor in chief of The Latchkey: Journal of New Woman Studies, a scholarly online journal dedicated to the figure of the New Woman in fin de siècle and modernist society and culture.
"This thorough, and thoroughly original, monograph is quite impressive ... because she explores the play from so many diverse angles, Dierkes-Thrun makes a book dedicated to one play engrossing."
—Upstage
— Helena Gurfinkel, Upstage
"In addition to the rhetorically and interpretatively compelling reading of the final scene of Salome, the book's core is lively and suggestive: the revisionary reading of Strauss; the detailed evocation of the toxicity surrounding Wilde and his work that continued through and past World War I, reinforced by reactionary xenophobia during the war; the linking of Allan and, especially, Nazimova with feminist and queer cultural politics; the reading of Nazimova's notable career through the combined lens of Ibsen and Wilde. These are significant contributions that later commentators on Wilde's play and its heritage in the modernist period and beyond will need to take into account."
— John Paul Riquelme, Modern Drama
"Salome's Modernity stands as a fresh, valuable contribution to studies of Oscar Wilde."
—Modernism/modernity
— S. I. Salamensky, University of California, Los Angeles, Modernism/modernity
1. Dancing on the Threshold: Wilde's Salomé between Symbolist, Decadent, and Modernist Aesthetics
2. "The Brutal Music and the Delicate Text"? Richard Strauss's Operatic Modernism in Salome
3. Perverts in Court: Maud Allan's The Vision of Salomé and the Pemberton-Billing Trial
4. Alla Nazimova's Salomé: An Historical Phantasy by Oscar Wilde
5. Portraits of the Artist as a Gay Man and Salomé as a Feminist Icon: Wilde and Salomé in Popular Culture since the 1980s
See other books on: 1854-1900 | Modernism (Aesthetics) | Oscar Wilde | Transgression | Wilde, Oscar
See other titles from University of Michigan Press
Nearby on shelf for English literature / 19th century, 1770/1800-1890/1900:
Paper: 978-0-472-03604-2


In one respect however faint echoes of the Cold War can be heard. As Uzbekistan distances itself from Russia the U.S. has become an alternative patron. But as many countries have learned from experience, dealing with the U.S. involves trying to read contradictory signals. Security concerns and economic interests become intermingled with suggestions that a liberal government, mindful of human rights would get more respect and help from Washington. American engagement brings with it some notions of human rights and political liberalization but an here are the Cold War echoes American assurances give regimes the idea that they can resume patterns of repression.


Last week me and some of my fellow research-based practice colleagues decided to set ourselves a deadline. A deadline for delivering a first experiment, each in our own individual research practices.
Playfulness is interacting with your environment in a way that provides fun (joyful expression). A definition of play, by Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman, is 'free movement within a rigid structure'. In my quest for evoking play in public space, I need to present a 'rigid structure' to which a supposed audience can relate to. By interacting with this rigid structure a player will 'move freely' within it. In doing so, any free movement in this structure that provides fun can be seen as playful behavior.
How can I design free movement?
How do I design a rigid structure that facilitates free movement.
Players are engaged in a game where they are to score a ball in the opponents goal, by all means necessary. By gradually adding rules to the game the freedom of movement is constrained, players are prohibited to perform certain actions (like touching the ball with their hands). Then, one-by-one, the rules will be taken away to examine if players exhibit more spontaneous playful behavior.
In other words: will the players move more freely within the rigid structure of the game than they did the first time round? Will they will interpret the rule, or lack of rules, in a new way and explore new ways of interacting with them.
I think that when people play (games) they are never aware of the full potential of the ludic activity. It is only in engaging in playful behavior (entering a playful state) that players discover new forms of behavior within the rigid structure of the game.
The experiment was geared towards evoking spontaneous playful behavior. Afterwards, I asked the participants 'what was the most spontaneous outburst?' All the participants agreed that the most constrained set of rules evoked the most spontaneous behavior, like this young man resorting to more primal modes of transportations, when the rules dictated the ball could not be touched with neither hands nor feet.
So more contrains lead to more sp0ntaneous behaviour, touching Jesse Schell's statement I wrote about earlier. It's something I could have come up with before hand, but it was good to experience it first hand to see it happen.
The element of competition somewhat tainted the experiment. The participants said their inventive, spontaneous behavior never got the chance to erupt, as they were simply looking for the most efficient road to victory, eyes on the prize, so to speak.
I think the next (multiplayer) experiment should be geared towards collaborative play. By taking away the element of competition, winning will no longer be the main goal, making the playful behavior a goal in itself.
Me and my friends used to play a made-up game we called limb-ball. It's a modification of the dutch 'hoog houden', which is Hackey Sack with a soccer ball. We'd done away with the constraint of only using our feet, mostly out of laziness, and decided we could use the whole of our body, hence the name limb-ball. It was the inventiveness and spontaneity of the game that kept us playing it for hours, where the fun peaked when someone made a never-shown-before move prefferably resulting in someone ending flat-out on the ground.
It's this game that inspired me for this experiment, I might want to conduct another experiment focussing more on the spontaneity of playing with balls.
[megasoccer] does not aim to create a final rule set, but to allow for a constant shifting and reinterpretation of the rules, creating a more investigative, responsive and interpretive approach to playing the beautiful game.