text:
\section{Introduction}
Strong correlations can affect the transport properties of low-dimensional systems to the point of insulating behavior.
Prominent examples are  broken symmetry states of quasi one-dimensional (1D) metals, where charge- or spin-density
waves brought about by electron-phonon or by electron-electron interactions~\cite{Gr94}. These interactions
can be parametrized by bosonic degrees of freedom, with the result that the fermionic charge carrier becomes ``dressed'' by a boson
cloud that lives in the particle's immediate vicinity and takes an active part in its transport~\cite{Be09}.
A paradigmatic model describing quantum transport in such a ``background medium''
is the  Edwards fermion-boson model~\cite{Ed06,AEF07}.
The model exhibits a surprisingly rich phase diagram including metallic repulsive and attractive
Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid (TLL) phases, insulating charge-density-wave (CDW)
states~\cite{WFAE08,EHF09,EF09b,FEWB12}, and even regions where phase
separation appears~\cite{ESBF12}.

The part of the Edwards Hamiltonian that accommodates boson-affected transport is
\begin{eqnarray}
 H_{fb}= -t_b\sum_{\langle i, j \rangle} f_j^{\dagger}f_{i}^{\phantom{\dagger}}
  (b_i^{\dagger}+b_j^{\phantom{\dagger}})\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Every time a spinless fermion hops between nearest-neighbor lattice sites $i$ and $j$ it creates (or absorbs) a local boson
$b_j^{\dagger}$ ($b_i^{}$). As to  $H_{b}=\omega_0\sum_i b_i^\dagger b_i^{\phantom{\dagger}}$ this enhances (lowers) the energy of the background by $\omega_0$.  Moving in one direction only, the fermion  creates
a string of local bosonic excitations that will finally  immobilize the particle (just as for a hole in a classical N\'{e}el background).
Because of quantum fluctuations any distortion in the background should be able to relax however. Incorporating this
effect the entire Edwards model takes the form
\begin{eqnarray}
 H=H_{fb}-\lambda\sum_i(b_i^{\dagger}+b_i^{\phantom{\dagger}})+H_b\,,
\label{model}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\lambda$ is the relaxation rate.  The unitary transformation $b_i\to b_i + \lambda/\omega_0$ replaces the
second term in~(\ref{model}) by  a direct, i.e., boson-unaffected, fermionic hopping
term $H_f=-t_f\sum_{\langle i, j \rangle} f_j^{\dagger}f_{i}^{}$. In this way the particle
can move freely, but with a renormalized transfer amplitude  $t_f=2\lambda t_b/\omega_0$.
We note that coherent propagation of a fermion is possible even in the limit $\lambda=t_f=0$,
by means of a six-step vacuum-restoring hopping being related to an effective next-nearest-neighbor transfer.
This process takes place on a strongly reduced energy scale (with weight $\propto t_b^6/\omega_0^5$), and is
particularly important in the extreme low-density regime ($n^f\ll 1$), where the Edwards model  mimics the motion
of a single hole in a quantum antiferromagnet~\cite{EEAF10}.

At low-to-intermediate particle densities $n^f \leq 0.3$ the 1D Edwards model
system stays metallic. If here the fermions couple to slow (low-energy) bosons ($\omega_0/t_b \lesssim 1)$,
the primarily repulsive TLL becomes attractive, and eventually even phase segregation into particle-enriched and particle-depleted regions takes place at small $\lambda$~\cite{ESBF12}. No such particle attraction is observed, however,
for densities $0.3\lesssim n^f\leq 0.5$.  Perhaps, in this regime, the repulsive TLL might give way to an insulating state with
charge order if the background is ``stiff'', i.e., for small $\lambda/t_b$  and  fast (high-energy) bosons $\omega_0/t_b >1$.
So far, a correlation induced TLL-CDW metal-insulator transition like that has been proven to exist for the half-filled band case
($n^f=0.5$)~\cite{WFAE08,EHF09}.  In the limit $\omega_0/t_b\gg 1 \gg \lambda/t_b$ the Edwards model can be approximated
by an effective  $t$-$V$ model, $H_{tV}=H_f+V\sum_i n_i^f n_{i+1}^f$,  with nearest-neighbor Coulomb interaction
$V=t_b^2/\omega_0$~\cite{NEF13}. The spinless fermion $t$-$V$ model on his part can be mapped onto the
exactly solvable $XXZ$-Heisenberg model, which exhibits a Kosterlitz-Thouless~\cite{KT73} (TLL-CDW) quantum
phase transition at $(V/t_f)_c=2$, i.e., at $(\lambda/t_b)_{tV,c}=0.25$. The critical value is in reasonable agreement with that
obtained for the half-filled Edwards model in the limit  $\omega_0\to \infty$: $(\lambda/t_b)_c \simeq  0.16$~\cite{EHF09}.
At lower densities, however, for example  at $n^f=1/3$, a CDW instability occurs in 1D $t$-$V$-type models only
if (substantially large) longer-ranged Coulomb interactions were included, such as a next-nearest-neighbor term $V_2$~\cite{SW04}.

In order to clarify whether the 1D Edwards model by itself shows a metal-to-insulator transition off half-filling at large $\omega_0$ and
what is the reason for the absence of phase separation for small $\omega_0$, in this work,  we investigate the model at one-third
band filling, using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) technique~\cite{Wh92} combined with
the pseudo-site approach~\cite{JW98b,JF07} and a finite-size analysis.
This allows us to determine the ground-state phase diagram of the 1D Edwards model
in the complete parameter range.

\section{Theoretical approach}
To identify the quantum phase transition between the metallic TLL and insulating CDW  phases we inspect---by means of DMRG---the
behavior of  the local fermion/boson densities $n_i^{f/b}$, of the single-particle gap $\Delta_c$, and  of the the TLL parameter $K_\rho$.
In doing so, we take into account up to four pseudo-sites, and ensure that the local boson density of the last
pseudo-site is always less than $10^{-7}$ for all real lattice sites $i$. We furthermore keep up to $m=1200$
density-matrix eigenstates in the renormalization process to guarantee a discarded weight smaller than $10^{-8}$.

For a finite system with $L$ sites  the single-particle charge gap is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
 \Delta_c(L)=E(N+1)+E(N-1)-2E(N),
\end{eqnarray}
where $E(N)$ and $E(N\pm1)$ are the ground-state energies
in the $N$- and ($N\pm1$)-particle sectors, respectively. In the CDW state $\Delta_c$ is finite,
but will decrease exponentially across the MI transition point if the transition is of Kosterlitz-Thouless type
as for the $t$-$V$ model. This hampers an accurate determination of the TLL-CDW transition line.

In this respect the TLL parameter $K_\rho$ is more promising. Here bosonization field theory
predicts how $K_\rho$ should behave at a quantum critical point.
In order to  determine $K_\rho$  accurately by DMRG,
we first have to calculate the static (charge) structure factor
\begin{eqnarray}
 S_c(q)=\frac{1}{L}\sum_{j,l}e^{{\rm i}q(j-l)}
          \langle
           (f_j^\dagger f_j^{\phantom{\dagger}}-n)
           (f_l^\dagger f_l^{\phantom{\dagger}}-n)
          \rangle\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where the momenta $q=2\pi m/L$ with integers $0<m<L$~\cite{EGN05}.
The TLL parameter $K_\rho$ is proportional to the slope of $S_c(q)$ in the long-wavelength limit $q\to0^+$:
\begin{eqnarray}
 K_\rho=\pi\lim_{q\to 0}\frac{S_c(q)}{q}\,.
\end{eqnarray}
For a spinless-fermion system with one-third band filling, the TLL parameter  should be $K_\rho^\ast=2/9$ at the metal-insulator transition point.  For an infinitesimally doped three-period CDW insulator, on the other hand,
bosonization theory yields  $K_\rho^{\rm CDW}=1/9$~\cite{Sc94,Gi03}.

\section{Numerical results}
First evidence for the formation of  a CDW state in the one-third filled Edwards model comes from the spatial variation
of the local densities of fermions $n_i^f\equiv\langle f_i^\dagger f_i^{\phantom{\dagger}}\rangle$
and bosons $n_i^b\equiv\langle b_i^\dagger b_i^{\phantom{\dagger}}\rangle$. Fixing $\omega_0=2$, we
find a modulation of the particle density commensurate with the band filling factor 1/3 for very small $\lambda=0.0125$
(see Fig.~\ref{fig1}, right panel). Thereby, working with open boundary conditions (OBC), one of the three
degenerate ground states with charge pattern (... 100100100 ...), (... 010010010 ...),
or (... 001001001 ...) is picked up by initializing the DMRG algorithm. As a result the CDW
becomes visible in the local density. Note that also in the metallic state, which is realized already for
$\lambda$'s as small as 0.1 (cf. Fig.~\ref{fig1}, left panel), a charge modulation is observed. Those, however, can be attributed
to Friedel oscillations, which are caused by the OBC and will decay algebraically in the central part of the chain
as $L$ increases. Thus, for $\omega_0=2$, a metal-to-insulator transition is expected to occur in between $10<\lambda^{-1}<80$.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[clip,width=0.8\columnwidth]{fig1.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{(Color online) Local fermion ($n_j^f$ -- filled blue  circles)
 and boson ($n_j^b$ -- open red squares) densities in the  central part of an
 Edwards model chain with $L=120$ sites and OBC.
 DMRG data shown in the left-hand (right-hand) panel indicate a homogeneous
 TLL (CDW) state for $n^f=1/3$ and $\lambda^{-1}=10$ ($\lambda^{-1}=80$), where $\omega_0=2$.
 In what follows all energies are measured in units of $t_b$.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

To localize the point where---at given $\omega_0$ and $\lambda$---the quantum phase  transition takes place, we first compute
the single-particle gap $\Delta_c$ and TLL charge exponent $K_\rho$ for finite chains with up to $L=150$
sites and OBC. Then we perform a finite-size scaling as illustrated for $K_\rho$ by  Fig.~\ref{fig2}, left panel.
Here open symbols give $K_\rho$ as a function of the inverse system size $L^{-1}$.
The DMRG data can be extrapolated to the thermodynamic limit by third-order polynomial functions.
Decreasing $\lambda$ at fixed $\omega_0=2$ the values of $K_\rho$
decreases too and becomes equal to $K_\rho^\ast=2/9$ at the Kosterlitz-Thouless  transition point
$(\lambda^{-1})_c \sim 36$; see Fig.~\ref{fig2}, right panel.
For $\lambda^{-1}>36$ the system embodies a $2k_{\rm F}$-CDW insulator with
finite charge gap $\Delta_c$. Furthermore,  calculating $K_\rho(L)$  for $N=L/3-1$ particles,
 we can show that the infinitesimally doped CDW insulator has  $K_\rho^{\rm CDW}=1/9$ at $n^f=1/3$.
 Deep in the CDW phase, $K_\rho$ approaches $1/9$ in the thermodynamic limit
[cf. the $\lambda=0.01$ data (filled symbols) in the left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig2}].
\begin{figure}[t]
 \begin{tabular}{cc}
  \begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize}
   \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[clip,width=0.72\columnwidth]{fig2a.eps}
   \end{center}
  \end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize}
 \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[clip,width=0.95\columnwidth]{fig2b.eps}
 \end{center}
\end{minipage}
 \end{tabular}
  \caption{(Color online) Left panel: $K_\rho(L)$ in the one-third filled Edwards model
  as a function of the inverse system size for various values of
 $\lambda$ at $\omega_0=2$ (open symbols).  The finite-size interpolated DMRG data at the metal-insulator transition point and
 for the infinitesimally doped CDW insulator [$n^f=1/3-1/L$ (filled symbols)] are in perfect
 agreement with the bosonization results $K_\rho^\ast=2/9$ and
 $K_\rho^{\rm CDW}=1/9$, respectively.
 Right panel: $L\to\infty$ extrapolated $K_\rho$ (circles) and
 $\Delta_{c}$ (squares), as functions of $\lambda^{-1}$ for $\omega_0=2$, indicate a
 TLL-CDW transition at $\lambda^{-1}\sim 36$.}
 \label{fig2}
\end{figure}

Our final result is the ground-state phase diagram of the
one-third filled Edwards model shown in Fig.~\ref{fig3}.
The TLL-CDW phase boundary is derived from the
$L\to\infty$ extrapolated $K_\rho$ values. Within the TLL region
$2/9<K_\rho<1$. Of course, the TLL appears at large $\lambda$, when any
distortion of the background medium readily relaxes $(\propto \lambda$),
or, in the opposite limit of small  $\lambda$, when the rate of the
bosonic fluctuations ($\propto\omega_0^{-1}$) is sufficiently high.
Below $\omega_{0,c}\simeq 0.93$ the metallic state is stable $\forall \lambda$,
because the background medium is easily disturbed and therefore
does not hinder the particle's motion much.  Note that this value is smaller
than the corresponding one for the half-filled band case, where $\omega_{0,c}\simeq 1.38$.
On the other hand, the $2k_{\rm F}$-CDW phase with $\Delta_c>0$ and long-range order appears, at half-filling,
for small $\lambda$ and by trend large $\omega_0$ (see dashed lines); $\lambda_c\simeq 0.16$ for $\omega_0\to\infty$~\cite{EHF09}.
Interestingly, for $n^f=1/3$, we observe that the CDW will be suppressed again if the energy of a background distortion
becomes larger than a certain $\lambda$-dependent  value (see Fig.~\ref{fig3}, left panel). In stark contrast to the half-filled band
case, at $n^f=1/3$, it seems that  the TLL is stable  $\forall \lambda$,
when $\omega_0\to\infty$.
This is because in this limit in the corresponding one-third filled  $t$-$V$ model not only a nearest-neighbor Coulomb repulsion  $V$
but also a substantial next-nearest-neighbor interaction $V_2$ is needed to drive the TLL-to-CDW transition~\cite{SW04}.
Again in the limit $\omega_0/t_b\gg 1 \gg \lambda/t_b$, the Edwards model
at one-third filling can be described by the effective $t$-$V$-$V_2$ model
with $V=2t_b^2/3\omega_0$ and $V_2=8t_b^4/3\omega_0^3$, i.e.,
$V_2/t_f=4t_b^3/3\lambda \omega_0^2$, which clearly explains the absence of
the CDW phase for $\omega_0\gg 1$.
\begin{figure}[t]
 \begin{tabular}{cc}
  \begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize}
   \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[clip,width=0.95\columnwidth]{fig3a.eps}
   \end{center}
  \end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize}
 \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[clip,width=0.92\columnwidth]{fig3b.eps}
 \end{center}
\end{minipage}
 \end{tabular}
 \caption{(Color online) DMRG ground-state phase diagram of the 1D Edwards
 model at one-third band filling, showing the stability regions of metallic TLL and insulating CDW phases
  in the $\lambda^{-1}$-$\omega_0^{-1}$ (left panel) and $\lambda$-$\omega_0$ (right panel) plane.
 The dashed line denotes the MI transition points at half
 band filling from Ref.~\cite{EHF09}.}
 \label{fig3}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
To summarize, using an unbiased numerical  (density matrix renormalization group) technique, we investigated
the one-dimensional fermion-boson Edwards model at one-third band filling. We proved that the model
displays a metal-insulator quantum phase transition induced by correlations in the background medium.
The metallic phase is a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid with $2/9<K_\rho<1$. The insulator represents
a $2k_{\rm F}$ charge density wave with  $K_\rho^{\rm CDW}=1/9$ deep inside the long-range ordered
state.  Performing a  careful finite-size scaling analysis, the phase transition point can be precisely determined by $K_\rho$.
If the background medium is stiff, we can conclude---by analogy with the ground-state
phase diagram of the one-third filled $t$-$V$-$V_2$ model---that the Edwards model  incorporates the effects
of both effective nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor Coulomb interactions
between the fermionic charge carriers. The effect of the latter one is reduced when the energy of a local distortion
in the background is very large, which maintains metallic behavior---different from the half-filled band case---even for weak boson relaxation.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
The authors would like to thank S. Nishimoto for useful discussions.
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  through SFB 652, project  B5.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The Melvins 'The Birth of Grunge'
The Birth of Grunge:
Remembering Kurt, the Evil Media and 25 Years with Buzz Osborne
Words by Martin Halo — New York City
By Martin Halo
Los Angeles, California — Grunge music is celebrating its 25th Anniversary. That might sound strange to some considering their first introduction to the genre came in 1992 with the rise of Nirvana. But in reality, the roots of the sludge reverb date back further. In 1984 the Pacific Northwest held the catalyst and spearheading the charge was a three-piece punk induced rock outfit from Montesano, Washington, The Melvins.
Before moving to Los Angeles in 1987, they would lay the yellow brick road to America's last great cultural revival. An upheaval of culture that saw the return of explosive, dirty, long-haired, denim wearing kids from Seattle who introduced the world to glam's executioner. Sorry Brett Michaels, but your tour ends here.
Melvins founder Buzz Osborne sits at his home in Los Angeles, California sprawled out under the sun, gazing out over a picturesque sky. "It's beautiful here", he says while raising his morning cup of coffee to his lip. "Let's keep it our little secret. It's truly is paradise and we don't want to overload it", he jokes.
For Osborne it should be nothing but smiles, his release of Nude with Boots marks the silver anniversary of his musical brainchild and a survival in an industry that is merciless in its crippling of countless victims.
"To be able to survive solely on music this long I consider to be a great accomplishment", Osborne remarks. "I can say that only because I have been very careful the past 20 years, because lord knows I haven't sold a lot of records."
"I have learned a lot from my struggles. I try to remember where I came from. When music becomes a means to pay the bills people start to become unrealistic. They spend their money on insane things and forget about how things work. For most people making $10,000 takes months. Musicians, on the other hand, get to a certain point and forget about how hard it is for most of their audience to do that well. They lose touch with how things work in the real world. It is a psychosis almost. We call it 'touring psychosis' where bands that once had tons of money now have nothing."
Osborne snickers, "you can't blame that all on the managers! Musicians tend to lose perspective."
"Here is a perfect example", he continues, "I was on tour in Australia a little while back and prior to leaving I read this huge article on Neil Young where he is telling the interviewer how we should all convert our cars to electric and support the whole green thing. He converted one of his Cadillacs to electric and he feels everyone should do their part and follow the same standard of living to save the environment", before a short pause. "Who do I meet on that tour in Australia? The guy who flies Neil Young's private jet." Laughter fills the conversation.
"This guy tells me that Neil hasn't flown commercial in more than 30 years. These artists want you and me to drive around in golf carts and sit under 2 watt bulbs while they are jet setting around the world! It's crazy."
Even though the Melvins were never successful on a level of lavish excess, which Osborne would soon explain his resentment to the mainstream culture of monetary glorification, the band held something more valuable. They held the influence to change the world with shattering implications on American Music. Buzz Osborne was the man who introduced Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl to a young Kurt Cobain. It was a colossal action in the history of rock.
"I met Kurt Cobain when he was 11, before he was ever involved in music and it is true that I was the person who introduced Grohl and Novoselic to him."
"It was relatively hopeless there during that time and hopeless there still. We were long gone before grunge exploded. Bands like Soundgarden and Green River would book a show together and advertise it for a month. They would be lucky if they got 10 to 15 people there. Certainly nobody was shoving contracts under our noses to do any records. That's for sure. Sub Pop never liked us, that was evident from the beginning and believe me, the feeling was mutual."
www.themelvins.net
"That is about all that you will ever read that is true about our relationship", comments Osborne. "You have to understand something; the Nirvana story is a tragic one. There is nothing good about any of it. That guy is dead. He met me, he got interested in music and now he is dead. What is the good part about that? I don't have a lot of good feelings along those lines. I have had people from MTV contact me to talk about the 'happy' side of Kurt Cobain. To be honest, I don't have a happy side. It is tragic, it's horrific, and it's nightmarish. It is the ugly depths that drug addiction and being ill prepared for that kind of fame will bring to you", as he references the single shotgun blast which resulted in the suicide of Cobain.
"There is no good side to it. Through the years I have been burned and misquoted by every journalist who has ever contacted me on the subject. The number one thing they cannot understand was how we influenced the great Cobain? All that means is that they have no intimate understanding of the man whatsoever. Spin, Rolling Stone and all of the mainstream outlets have this preconceived notion of how Nirvana came to be and when the one guy that was there tells them differently, they dismiss it. That is how they are."
"The fact of the matter is without the Melvins there would be no Nirvana, no matter what you read, which means our music impacted the world on a global level. We had a direct influence on all of those bands, including Soundgarden. It is all a result of our music. Journalists cannot stand that shit because the coupling of money and success blinds them."
"Even though we have been around and making records for 25 years, they hate us because we don't play their game and we are not flying around in private jets. Why do you think they latch onto Paris Hilton and Courtney Love? You don't need talent when you have the bucks to back it up! That is the mentality, understand that."
It is clear that Buzz Osborne is unapologetic, not to the media, not to his critics, and certainly not on his records.
The Melvins released Nude With Boots, back in 2008. It preceded their silver anniversary of recording and their 17th studio LP. A musical lineage rooted in primal instinct rather than the blinding glitter of material collections forged the Melvins on an artistic path uncompromised by the sole pursuit of fortune.
"For the Nude With Boots recording Dale Crover and I basically started over, from square one. We fired our bass player and had to re-think our entire approach. Instead of just hiring another bass player we added a bass player and an additional drummer", explains Osborne.
Jared Warren and Coady Willis joined the fold.
"It was something we certainly didn't have to do, and we considered it a gutsy move at the time. I have very intense views on recordings verse live shows and we are not a band that is precise in playing the tracks exactly the same way every time. When I am making an album, I am making it for you to listen to at your home or in your car. I know for a fact it is not going to be on the radio", he jokes. "When you come see us play live you are going to get a different animal. We rework our material so that they succeed live, and this time around was no different. We had to rework our catalog to include an additional drummer and basically a whole new band."
"I was standing there starting over from square one after 22 years with a brand new band and a brand new idea bout how this band was going to work. It was a challenge; believe me."
"I am a firm believer in letting people do their job", Osborne continues. "If you hire somebody to have them play bass, let them play bass. If you hire a flamboyant, hard-hitting, drummer, then we want all of that you can give us. I want the people I play with to be comfortable and to own the music. As a songwriter I want the tunes to become something else."
"I think people play music better when they own it. Give musicians the freedom to express themselves as much as humanly possible. Nude With Boots I wrote entirely with those guys in mind."
After touching upon numerous themes and topics including freedom of expression, Nirvana, and the media, Osborne concludes his mental purge in an encompassing statement that solidifies his intent of individuality:
"You have to go with your instincts. The problem with musicians is most of them are scared. They are terrified. The more peculiar you can be, the better off you are. You constantly have to strive to not be perverse. You have to make records that you like. Trust your judgements. This recording is a historic achievement for us, we are celebrating 25 years. I think it is as vital and current as anything we have every done!"
TheWaster.com | Birth of Grunge

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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U.F.O. to Go - A Small Story.
Zeeb pushed a button on the overhead panel and his clear plexisteel window swooshed open. He leaned out of his craft slightly, examining the giant plastic cow head the seemed to be impaled on a stake as some kind of warning.
Zeeb gagged, which his translator was unable to translate. "You eat your own species?" his translator said.
"I'm not a cow," said the cow.
"I am not a 'peta,'" said Zeeb's translator. "I just am a hungry Xewrfhsh." The last word came out exactly as Zeeb said it, as this planet didn't yet have a word for his species.
Zeeb and the cow gagged in unison. "You eat your fellow vegetation, too?" said his translator.
"Is there any place around here where you can eat something that wasn't made from a living organism?" said Zeeb's translator.
"Food that wasn't plant or animal?" said the cow. "Like a stone quarry?" The cow laughed at his own joke.
"Or any kind of ore depository," said Zeeb. The cow stared back in silence.


text:
Марі-Фернан де Брінон (; 1885—1947) — французький адвокат і журналіст, колаборант, в роки Другої світової війни — член уряду Віші. Розстріляний за вироком суду.

Біографія
Марі-Фернан де Брінон народився 26 серпня 1885 року в місті Лібурн у багатій родині. Навчався в університеті на юриста, але вирішив працювати журналістом в Парижі. Після закінчення Першої світової війни Брінон зайняв пронімецькі позиції, виступав за відновлення відносин з німцями. У 1919 році на Паризькій мирній конференції він познайомився з майбутнім міністром закордонних справ гітлерівської Німеччини Йоахімом фон Ріббентропом.

Брінон став досить помітною фігурою в житті Франції 1930-х років. Прем'єр Едуар Даладьє особисто надсилав Брінона на зустріч з Адольфом Гітлером. Результатом цієї зустрічі стало опубліковане в газеті «Матен» інтерв'ю, в якому Гітлер запевняв Брінона в дружньому ставленні Німеччини до Франції, яке заспокоїло французьке суспільство.

Брінон добре контактував з представниками правих партій. Після того, як Франція зазнала поразки у червні 1940 року, Брінон виступив за співпрацю з окупантами. У липні 1940 року він на запрошення П'єра Лаваля зайняв посаду представника уряду Віші в окупованому Парижі.

Брінон всіляко підтримував нацистів, завдяки чому зумів врятувати свою дружину-єврейку від концентраційного табору. Брінон став одним з лідерів союзу «Франція-Німеччина», і своєрідним «рупором» нацистів у Західній Європі. У 1943 році він відвідав окуповані території Радянського Союзу. Після звільнення Франції в 1944 році Брінон з дружиною втік до Німеччини, де він став президентом французької Урядової Комісії вішистського уряду у екзилі. 22 квітня 1945 року Брінон був заарештований американцями. І сам колабораціоніст, і його дружина утримувалися у в'язниці Фресна, але дружина через деякий час була виправдана і звільнена.

6 березня 1947 року Верховний суд Франції визнав Фернана де Брінона винним у скоєнні військових злочинів і засудив його до вищої міри покарання — смертної кари через розстріл. 15 квітня 1947 року вирок був приведений у виконання у військовому форті в Монружі.

Примітки

Французькі адвокати
Офіцери ордена Почесного легіону
Прем'єр-міністри Франції
Французькі колаборанти з нацистською Німеччиною
Померли у Валь-де-Марні
Розстріляні політики
Розстріляні у Франції
Голови урядів, засуджені за військові злочини

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Whether it be trick-or-treaters, personal Halloween parties or a dinner party that ends in the crisp air on the patio, fall is full of opportunities to entertain.
As the weather cools down, few things improve an evening gathering of friends like a fire to gather around.
Even if you have a smaller outdoor space, there are options for lighting up your personal smaller sized bonfire.
If you're trying to decide what kind of fire pit might be the perfect addition to your home, here are a few creative fire pit types to get you started.
There can be endless variations on the classic theme of stone fireplaces. You can build stone fireplaces in a more rustic direction, using rough stones and cement.
Opting for trimmed, filed flagstones or other uniformly shaped stones can create a sleeker look. However you construct them, circular stone fire pits are durable, timeless and easy to clean.
If you're wanting a clean, modern approach to a fire pit fixture, cement bowls can be a simple and affordable option. Although it's possible to DIY the smaller ones, if you're wanting a more dramatic statement piece, you'll need a professional (like WillowTree) to help cast and install it.
In addition to the fact that this is a visually clean option, cement bowls are durable and easy to clean.
The tabletop fire fixture is a low space solution that has been growing in popularity in recent years. It can take the form of a long rectangular trough, or a rounded bowl. Most of the time, it will be either gas or gel fueled.
If you enjoy the idea of a little more light and heat with a really big wow factor, this could be a good option for your entertainment space. You may have even seen these picking up popularity in restaurants and bars, and it's easy to see why: they're affordable, generally fairly safe due to the lower-burning flames, and endlessly mesmerizing for guests to watch.
This kind of fire pit has the benefit of being mobile, making it versatile and easy to fit to your given space — even if you move.
Free standing fireplaces come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes and materials. The most popular material is metal, given its durable, heat-resistant qualities. There are near endless shapes and sheens available in basic metal frameworks.
However, if properly protected, free standing fireplaces can also be made of wood, ceramics or even feature stone elements.
The self-contained fire pit's cousin is the chiminea, which could be an option if you're in a burn-hazard area where you really need the sparks to stay contained. Chimineas are enclosed, free standing outdoor fireplaces cast with a chimney on top. They can also be ceramic or metal.
Whatever fireplace structure you choose, you'll also want to consider what fuel you want. Although wood burning fireplaces create a classic ambiance and can be ideal for cooking, gas fireplaces are simpler and cleaner to operate.
If you need professional help deciding what is best for your space and how to make your home inspiration a reality, contact WillowTree to find out how we can help!


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Palo Alto Tender Tracks Tues. Dec. 3, 2013 Day 25
Arastradero Preserve
Today was a very cold day though it did not start out quite as cold as it ended up to be.
Cole arrived first and headed straight to the Redwood Tree stump where he and Zac had pounded the top with their hammers. He was delighted to see that the marks they had made were still there and so wanted to stay at the park all day having a fire, making popcorn and HAMMERING!!! When Zac came he and I went to the other stumps where they had put nails in. Juliet and Julian checked out their handy work last time as well. Then, all of the children, once they got there, went to see if their apple birds nest's were still where they put them. Almost all were gone yet remnants of string was left hanging on some of the trees!!!
Then into the bus we went. It was a very peaceful time in the bus to begin with, greeting each other after being gone for a week and handing out stuffies. When we got to Arastradero we had our circle close by with new songs for this month of december. (FYI: I continue to try and put them up on the web and in these posts and for some reason it is not working. I hope to remedy this during the winter break. Please hang in there with me until I figure out what the glitch is.)
And we had a new story that was actually a lead into a game. The game is about really listening to hear who is making what sound. One child is "Tommy Tittle Mouse." They put their head in my lap, we all sing a little chant, and then one person makes some kind of animal sound. "tommy" has to guess who they think it is.
Towards the end of the day we played this game and they all came in one by one to play and then didn't want to stop even though we had to go.
After our circle we put on Tender Tracks gloves, got all of their warm clothes on and up the big hill we went. Julian was quite tired today so not too far up he had wished we would stop right there. We came to a cross roads and had to decide which way to go.After that decision we then had another one when we came a small trail or the one that we were on. Decisions, decsions!!
As we meandered up, up and up, we came to the top and then turned to the right. There used to be a home of someone I knew who had LLamas there and I wanted to take the children to see them as well as go to a great Buckeye tree that is good for climbing. We got there and found HUGE Buckeye's! The children immediately began gathering and gathering and gathering. We then ate lunch and then, went down the hill to find the Llamas. But, They were gone!!! It looked like the past owners might not even be there any more. However, when we were going down we spooked out a Jack Rabbit. Unfortunately I was the only one who saw it DASHING away!
After we finished checking out where the Llama's used to be we went back up the very big and dirt cloddy hill. They began to play on the tree and Jill and I began to make Buckeye toys for them. Cole wanted a Zombie carved face but, I said I really didn't know what that would look like so he settle for Frankenstein and, though I did my best, truly it did not do Frankestein justice!
Juliet, Ridham and Zara/ Eden?, wanted Jack o lantern faces. Those I can do well. Jill made some "scarey" faces and then we had to find sticks to put in there.
Not long after that a Park Ranger came by, due to a very freightened neighbor that I have run into before and who called him, to let us know that we had to leave that area because it was off the trail. I was unaware of this as I called many years ago just about this spot and was given permission but, he is the Guardian of the place so packed up we did and back to the trail head we went. He met us there and told us two places that we could go so off and down the trail we went. But, the sky was getting very, very gray and the air was VERY cold. Walking was a good idea as it is a good way to stay warm.
The children followed the trail and our intention was to go back to the bus to stay warm and I was going to read them a book I told them that I wanted to. However, we came across this very large and old dead Eucalyptus log. We stayed there climbing it, building a shelter from the wind and having fun until we played Little Tommy Tittle mouse and then had to go.
From there we found our way down the trail and back to the bus.
During the day: Julian, as I said was a bit tired today with a runny nose, well most of us had runny noses due to the cold, but after he ate he said, "I must have just needed to eat. I feel much better." And after that he was more energetic.
Juliette, was her usual self of feeling quite warm and not wanting to put a coat on. I let it be until the end of the day when it was just COLD! Other then that she seemed happy climbing the buckeye tree and playing with different people.
Zac was another one who does not like to wear coats and says he is warm yet the same scenario as Juliet occured at the end of the day. He was delighted to play with Buckeyes, run down hills and climb all over the huge log.
Cole I already mentioned, he really wanted to stay at the park and made it clear at the end of the day that he did not like all the walking.
Ridham was very happy playing with Buckeye's running up and down hills, creating some kind of Mud place that Serena did not like since she wanted to play in the exact same place and didn't want mud. I suggested they just pretend that it is what they each want even though it is in the same place. They did, they were content, and on they went smiling at this solution.
Serena, playing with others, a bit cold, yet strong with her ability to climb up and down the hills with no challenge.
Zara and Eden are like siblings of late. Loving to play with each other yet arguing and getting in to spats regularly through out the day.
December 16, 2013 /0 Comments/by Wendolyn
Tags: Palo Alto Tues/Thurs 2013-2014
https://tendertracks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/logotype-ladybug-transparent2.png 0 0 Wendolyn https://tendertracks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/logotype-ladybug-transparent2.png Wendolyn2013-12-16 11:22:272016-06-21 14:48:53Palo Alto Tender Tracks Tues. Dec. 3, 2013 Day 25
Palo Alto Tender Tracks Wed. Nov. 20, 2013 Day 12Palo Alto Tender Tracks Wednesday Dec. 4, 2013 Day 13


Saturday 9th August last saw the traditional Families Competition organised by MEDSAC from the Detached Mole.
The event was very well attended with a total of 43 persons departing the Coaling Island at 8.30 am ferried across Admiralty waters towards the Detached Mole.
The competition aimed at the children (11) and spouses /girlfriends (26) of the club members whom enjoyed a highly competitive day with many different species of fish landed.
The weather was ideal for the occasion with no wind during the morning and bright sunshine throughout.
The usual club catch and release procedure was used with the only exception being that no minimum sizes for species were applicable. The predominant species caught were the Bouge although Wrasse and Breams and Combers were also in good numbers. Some of which were above minimum sizes but nevertheless released to fight another day. Competitions were set in 4 categories with each having their different winners.
The Heaviest Fish winners were Kaylan Marin with a 910 grams Grey Mullet in the Children to 11 years category and Maria Luisa Dalli with a 430 gram White Bream in the Wives/Girlfriends category.


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sportsCowboys
Ezekiel Elliott uses newfound purchasing power to reward his family ... big time
Dallas Cowboys running back Ezekiel Elliott (21) speaks with running back Darius Jackson (34) during organized team activities at Cowboys headquarters in Irving, Texas Wednesday May 25, 2016. (Andy Jacobsohn/The Dallas Morning News)(The Dallas Morning News)
By Kate Hairopoulos
12:37 AM on May 26, 2016
Rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott admitted to being a little "shellshocked" with the pace and intensity of practices during the first week of OTAs - his first time working among the veterans.
But as the No. 4 draft pick finds his footing - he said he felt a little more prepared by Wednesday's Day 2, working alongside veterans Darren McFadden and Alfred Morris - he has already made his first big purchase as a pro. His mother, Dawn Elliott, and family are moving into a new house in the St. Louis area, the same region where he grew up.
"It just feels really good to reward my mom," Elliott told SportsDay. "The hard work she put in raising me and all she sacrificed, finally being able to do something for her for the first time feels really good."
Briefly: Kicker Dan Bailey planned to attend Wednesday night's U.S. men's soccer team's friendly match against Ecuador in Frisco. On Tuesday, Bailey visited practice at SMU. He received a jersey from U.S. star Clint Dempsey, a Nacogdoches, Texas native.
"I grew up playing soccer and I've always been a big fan," Bailey said. "I got to go out and watch them train and talk to the guys a little bit, so that was a lot of fun."
Kate Hairopoulos
kHairopoulos@dallasnews.com @kHairopoulos
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Baby products are available from a broad selection of local stores and online websites. Even if you plan to shop at your local baby store, browse through the information on BabyStores.us to learn what is available from leading baby products manufacturers. BabyStores.us features access to online shopping for an extensive range of baby nursery products and apparel from well-known manufacturers, as well as safety resources to help you choose the best products for your baby.
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One of the biggest advantages that you can have when you decide to get into the world of affiliate and online marketing is some kind of affiliate marketing support. As more and more people decide to test out this relatively new way of making money on the internet, there is a great deal of hope, confusion, and skepticism. You want to make sure that you start out on the right foot and avoid any scams that are out there. And this is where a good support system can really make the difference between failing and succeeding.
Affiliate marketing support will be necessary throughout your whole affiliate marketing career--not just when you start out. In fact, it may even be more valuable as you actually start to gain experience and insight in the industry. Forums can help you keep up with what the new trends in the industry are, as well as get advice and make valuable connections that will prove useful in both the present and the future.
Another good place to look for help is with the actual affiliate merchant that you are promoting. The best merchants will provide you with tips, training, and support that will allow you to make the most sales with the product or service you are promoting. It is obviously in their best interest to arm you with whatever you need to sell their products.
Another good idea is to find a mentor. This will be someone that you can have direct access to and learn from--not a guru who is marketing a product but not his or her actual help. Many mentors actually spend a great deal in forums and offer free advice so as to build up their credibility and expert status. There is no real substitute for learning from someone who is successful in doing exactly what you want to do. While there are many products on the market to help you get started, keep in mind that the world of internet marketing and affiliate marketing is constantly and quickly changing so it's very easy for a product to become outdated with methods that worked at one time but do not work now.
You can also decide to pay a nominal fee to become part of a membership training or support site. Make sure you join one that is targeted specifically for affiliate marketing and any of the other various forms of internet marketing. Do your research to make sure that the site is what you are looking for and check out the testimonials provided. Sometimes you can even contact the people who offer testimonials and they can help you in your decision as well as in other aspects of your affiliate marketing path.
The above are just some of the easiest ways to obtain affiliate marketing support and to maintain it as you proceed in your journey.


Just where do those annoying cold callers get details about accidents we have had in our cars?
For many, the answer will be from Mustafa Kasim who worked for accident repair firm Nationwide Accident Repair Services (NARS).
The people who investigate data breaches, the ICO, found that Mr Kasim, presumably in return for a nice wad of cash, decided to access "thousands of customer records containing personal data without permission, using his colleagues' log-in details to access a software system that estimates the cost of vehicle repairs, known as Audatex.
Given the value of that data to claims management companies looking for a cut of someone's hyped up personal injury claim, the ICO decided to not just rely on the standard Data Protection laws but to prosecute under s.1 of the Computer Misuse Act 1990.
This ended badly for Mr Kasim who picked up not only a 6 month prison sentence but also attracted confiscation proceedings meaning he would have to give back any cash he was paid to steal the data.
Lawgistics Members can get advice by speaking with a member of the legal team.


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Iycee Charles de Gaulle Summary Slavery and Mr. Rochester Essay
Slavery and Mr. Rochester Essay
August 20, 2019August 20, 2019 adminadmin 0 Comments
After agreeing to married, Mr. Rochester attempts to take his beloved Jane shopping to shower her in gifts: "I will attire my Jane in satin and lace, and she shall have roses in her hair; and I will cover the head I love best with a priceless veil" (299). Mr. Rochester acts as though Jane is a "thing" to be possessed and caressed, rather than an independent, equal human being. Jane is a very passionate young woman, in multiple ways: she is passionate in her love and she is passionate in her defiance of unjustness or anything that contradicts her strong-willed feminist ways.
However, by marrying Mr. Rochester, these two passions of love and her feminism will clash. It raises the question whether Jane will let her desire for earthly love (which Helen Burns earlier in the novel warned her of), or her strong-willed insubordination and feminist ways conquer. But, if Jane continues on her path and does end up marrying Mr. Rochester, this novel would not be a feminist novel. That would show Jane is weak and relies upon a rich man to save her in the world—the complete opposite of feminism.
Jane must conquer her passionate desire for the earthly love of Mr. Rochester and look to being independent, inferior to no man, and her own savior. When Mr. Rochester wishes to buy Jane an abundance of jewels, dresses, and lace, the first signs of trouble are seen. By treating Jane as a thing and dressing her up as if she is merely some doll and not her own independent person equal to Mr. Rochester, the feminist qualities of Jane and of this novel were at stake. Jane argued, "And then you won't know me, sir; and I shall not be your Jane Eyre any longer" (299). Mr.
Rochester acknowledges her defiance as merely something his "pale little elf", his "mustard-seed", or his "little sunny-faced girl with the dimpled cheeks and rosy lips" is saying just to be cute. He does not acknowledge Jane's words as if Jane is his equal, but as if Jane is a child, his pet, or a doll. Ironically, Mr. Rochester tells Jane that she "will give up her governessing slavery at once" (311). This is ironic because by marrying Mr. Rochester, she would be enslaving herself to a man. Her life as a governess had far more freedoms, liberties, and equality than her life as a rich man's wife would be.
Bertha Mason – Jane Eyre Essay
Jane the life which one would lead.
Jane Jane seems to have triumphed over
The understanding of transatlantic slavery'[2].It focused on


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Pages with missing permanent archival links, Legends articles, Pages needing citation,
Byss locations
Deep Core planets
Destroyed planets
Force nexus locations
Fortress worlds
Infinite Empire planets
Slavery worlds
Terrestrial planets
Byss
< Byss
This article is about the Deep Core world. You may be looking for the Outer Rim planet or its star.
Astrographical information
Deep Core[1]
Deep Core Security Zone[2]
Beshqek system[3]
1: Beshqek[4]
Orbital position
K-11[6]
Trade routes
Byss Run[7]
Rotation period
31 standard hours[1]
207 local days[1]
Physical information
Terrestrial[1]
21,600 km[4]
Type I (breathable)[1]
Temperate[1]
Standard[1]
Primary terrain
Urban sprawls[8][9]
Plateau reserves[1]
Canyons[1]
Lakes[3]
Moderate[1]
Desolation Peak[3]
Emerald Splendor Estates[10]
Emperor's Citadel[11]
Imperial Freight Complex[2]
Nocturnal wildlife[1]
Immigrated species
Other[4]
Primary language(s)
Galactic Basic Standard[3]
Dark-side theocracy[1]
19.7 billion[1] (98% Human, 2% other)[4]
Emperor's ruling city (capital)[2]
Major imports
High technology[1]
Foodstuffs[1]
Processed foods[4]
Weapons[1]
Major exports
Infinite Empire[12]
Galactic Empire[11]
Dark Empire[11]
Imperial Remnant[13]
"If there's a dark center of the universe, this is it…"
―Luke Skywalker —
Listen (file info)[src]
Byss was a planet in the Deep Core, near the center of the galaxy, discovered no earlier than 45 BBY. A local day lasted 31 standard hours, and a local year lasted 207 local days. It was the endpoint of the Byss Run.
Byss itself was somewhat of a myth, seeming to be the perfect place to live. Its eerie blue-green glow, caused by its sun, also added to the strangeness of the world. Despite this outward appearance, however, Emperor Palpatine's dark-side energies were everywhere, corrupting not only the inhabitants, but the planet itself.
Byss was the secret throne world of Palpatine and the location of his towering Imperial Citadel. He also kept his secret supply of clone bodies there.
Byss was a mythic paradise world enshrouded in the dark side of the Force, located within the isolated and nearly inaccessible Deep Galactic Core.[14] It was situated at the end of the Byss Run, a heavily guarded artificial hyperlane kept open by hundreds of non-mass S-thread boosters, connecting the planet to the Core Worlds. The planet was otherwise nearly impossible to reach safely through hyperspace, due to the high density of stars in the Deep Core and the constantly shifting patterns of the region's natural hyperlanes.[7] Byss was the fifth planet of the Beshqek system and orbited the star Beshqek; it was one of two habitable planets in the system, the other being Relus.[4] The planet was orbited by five moons, which had little influence on its tides.[5]
Physical features Edit
Bathed in a blue-green sunlight, Byss was originally a lush and fertile world.[4] A natural conduit of Force power, it invigorated practitioners of the dark side in a flood of Force energy.[10] Byss was corrupted by dark energies after Emperor Palpatine made the world his personal retreat and began leeching Force energy from the immigrants he lured there. Over time, the planet was transformed into one of the most powerful nexuses of dark-side energy in the galaxy.[4]
Byss was renowned throughout planets under the control of the Galactic Empire as a legendary world of serene, paradisaical natural beauty.[14] The planet was dotted with chains of lakes and rivers where microscopic lifeforms dwelled, as well as wind-smoothed plateaus and canyons. Its isolation from much of the galaxy allowed for its natural islands and pre–Expansionist Era ruins to remain untouched for thousands of years. After its corruption, the planet's soil lost much of its natural quality and produced little more than ferns and lichens. No intelligent species ever evolved on Byss, and what wildlife there existed was largely nocturnal and harmless. Byss was also devoid of any rare elements or heavy metals. The planet's calm, balmy climate and mild seasons,[5] ranging from clear to rainy,[8] were primarily caused by its minuscule axial tilt and stable geologic foundation. Violent phenomena, such as storms and volcanism, were extremely rare. This led to the creation of a myth, fabricated by the Empire, concerning a beautiful and mystic siren world hidden from the galaxy at large, where blissful contentment awaited any who chose to apply for immigration to the planet.[5]
Government and role Edit
Politically, Byss was ruled by three major galactic powers. The planet was controlled by the Rakatan Infinite Empire for nearly five-thousand years before its collapse,[12] and thousands of years later the planet came under the rule of the Galactic Empire, where it served as Emperor Palpatine's resort world. A towering citadel was built using non-Human slave labor at the heart of the ruling city, along with ornate buildings and resort complexes,[5] and soon an entire continent, the Imperial control sector, was covered in city.[15] The planet was ruled as a dark-side theocracy, led solely by Palpatine and his Dark Side Adepts.[5] Byss became one of Palpatine's fortress worlds[16] after the Empire's collapse at Endor,[17] and served as the capital world of his reborn Empire.[18] At this point, the planet became a rallying point for the remaining fragments of the Empire and the base of operations for Palpatine's reconquest of the galaxy.[14] It also became the construction site of numerous Imperial superweapons, including the World Devastators,[14] the Sovereign-class and Eclipse-class dreadnoughts, and the Galaxy Gun.[4] After its destruction, the Imperial Remnant remained active in the Beshqek system and patrolled Byss's remains.[13]
Security Edit
Under Imperial rule, Byss became one of the most reclusive and heavily guarded worlds in the galaxy. Most natural routes into the Deep Core were mined and the rest were covered by the Imperial Hyperspace Security Net—a system of gravity well projectors and hyperwave transceivers designed to monitor and control traffic into and out of the Deep Core.[19] As a fortress world,[16] Byss was guarded by a number of security forces and technologies, all of which were overseen by Byss Security itself.[2] The Byss Security Zone, a restricted area of space around Byss, was guarded by a ring of Star Destroyers, while an entire sector fleet was additionally spread throughout the Beshqek system. A METOSP, or "Message To Spacers," was broadcast to all travelers entering the system as a warning against trespassing. Gargantuan Hunter-Killer probots were responsible for patrolling the skies above Byss, and were used as capture and detainment platforms for unauthorized ships.[4] The planet itself was surrounded by a planetary shield controlled by Byss Security,[2] and a system of Gauntlet Scanner Stations were used to monitor traffic around the planet.[4]
The Gauntlet Scanner Stations comprised of many Golan III Space Defense NovaGuns orbiting Byss, where security personnel would coordinate space traffic with the scanner satellites spread over the planet. Officers stationed aboard these platforms typically oversaw the daily operation of the Byss Security Zone by monitoring IFF transponder codes, security codes, and other forms of authorization used to control traffic to and from the surface of Byss. If any traveler was found possessing forged documents, the Star Destroyers guarding Byss had authorization to use lethal force against them. The Gauntlet Scanner Stations additionally served as orbital defense platforms for Byss, boasting firepower equal to some capital ships, and also housed squadrons of TIE fighters and other defensive forces.[4]
On the surface of Byss, surveillance and a heavy military presence was commonplace. Stormtroopers were stationed at every street corner, each landing pad was guarded by a TIE fighter, and undercover Imperial Security Bureau agents were present at most of the planet's public areas to watch out for any potential traitors.[4] Additionally, shipyards, fighter bases, and military barracks large enough to hold an entire army were present all across the Imperial Control Sector. All of these complexes were camouflaged behind colorful plazas and public buildings, themselves armed with the latest defense turbolasers and shock fields.[15]
A settlement on Byss
Around 30,000 BBY during the Pre-Republic era, Byss was ruled by the space-faring Rakata. Using Force-based hyperdrives, they traveled to many worlds around the galaxy that possessed significant signatures in the Force, uniting them to form the Rakatan Infinite Empire.[12] They constructed large temples on Byss.[source?] After five thousand years of galactic dominance, the Rakata retreated to their homeworld.[12] Their temples collapsed into ruins overtaken by the jungle, leaving no clues for later settlers as to how or why they died out.[source?]
During the Galactic War, Byss was famous for its cheese.[20]
The surface of the world was dotted with "spectacular" ruins that were said to be pre–Expansionist Era. During the Galactic Empire's expansion into the Deep Core region, Palpatine selected Byss as his personal retreat and his secret throne world. Thousands of non-Human slaves were forced to labor in the "recolonization efforts" on Byss including the Utapauns and Gamorreans after the Clone Wars.[10]
The Emperor's Citadel
It was on Byss that a number of captured AgriCorps workers and Padawans were held captive under the supervision of Sly Moore, until the Emperor introduced them to Darth Vader. Vader killed all but four of them; these four he trained to be Inquisitors. One of the chosen, named Antinnis Tremayne, would eventually become a High Inquisitor.[10] It was the site of the Sarlacc Project, where a Super Star Destroyer prototype was under creation before being destroyed by a group of freedom fighters and pirates under Bail Prestor Organa and Alya Aldrete.[21] The Emperor drew certain peoples to the planet under the pretext that it was a paradise world. Among them were survivors of the Destruction of Alderaan, which he offered to resettle on Byss in a public speech delivered following the destruction of the world. Once they had settled into their new lives on the paradise world, the Emperor revealed his true plans for them. Such immigrants lived out their lives in elaborate pageants and amusements, which distracted them from what Palpatine was really doing: draining their life energies to power his abominable experiments. Eventually, Byss was entirely enveloped in the dark side of the Force. This was evident by the eerie blue-green sunlight that bathed the world in a strange glow.[4]
Byss had orbital drydocks for World Devastators, Super Star Destroyers and, later, the Galaxy Gun.[22] At the height of its power, the world was encircled by warships and battle stations for the Emperor's protection.[4]
Byss was fanatically loyal to the Emperor even after his first death at the Battle of Endor. When the Emperor was reborn in a new clone body, Byss became the capital world of the Galactic Empire, which Palpatine planned on rebuilding into the beginnings of a universe-spanning magocracy.[11] Byss was destroyed during a battle with the New Republic when R2-D2 rammed Eclipse II into the Galaxy Gun, causing the last projectile of the Galaxy Gun to misfire and aim toward the planet, destroying it.[23]
With the destruction of Byss, millions of refuges from Relus fled to Prakith and beyond. The energies of the Deep Core erased the Byss Run and rendered the system unreachable, causing millions to be marooned.[6]
In 14 ABY, Tavion Axmis absorbed the lingering dark-side energy from the remains of Byss during her campaign to resurrect Marka Ragnos. Rosh Penin was sent to investigate, but was seduced to the dark side by Tavion. Kyle Katarn and Jaden Korr later embarked on a mission to Byss to discover Penin's fate. The Raven's Claw was captured by a Dreadnaught-class cruiser among the planet's remains, though the Jedi ultimately escaped the clutches of the Imperial Remnant.[13]
Composite image demonstrating the inconsistency in the depiction of Byss
The first edition of Galaxy Guide 4: Alien Races (1989) identified the homeworld of the Abyssin species as an Outer Rim world name Byss,[24] which differed greatly from its Deep Core counterpart introduced three years later in Dark Empire.[11] Galaxy Guide 4's second edition, published several years after Dark Empire, addressed the two worlds having the same name and specifically stated that the Abyssin homeworld and the Emperor's retreat were two distinct planets in different parts of the galaxy.[25] Nevertheless, the ninety-third issue of The Official Star Wars Fact File later confused the two worlds, listing the Abyssin as a native species of the Deep Core Byss in its entry for the planet.[26]
According to the Dark Empire Sourcebook, Byss is located in a binary star system and orbits a blue star with a blue dwarf companion,[5] but according to Byss and the Deep Core and The Essential Atlas, Byss is located in a single-star system.[4][27]
The board games Risk: Star Wars Clone Wars Edition and Risk: Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition mistakenly place Byss in the Core Worlds region.
Both the Star Wars: Empire at War: Prima Official Game Guide and the Star Wars: Empire at War: Forces of Corruption Expansion: Prima Official Game Guide indicate that Byss possesses no native fauna,[28][29] while the Dark Empire Sourcebook mentions the existence of nocturnal wildlife.[5]
Byss has also been inconsistently depicted visually through various sources. There are drastic differences in how the planet appears in The Official Star Wars Fact File 93, The Essential Atlas and how it appears in Empire at War and Edge of the Empire Core Rulebook.
Dawn of the Jedi: Force Storm 1
Dawn of the Jedi: Force Storm 4 (Appears in flashback(s))
Dawn of the Jedi: The Prisoner of Bogan 1
Evasive Action: Recruitment
"The Traitor's Gambit" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup link) (Indirect mention only)
"The Queen of Air and Darkness" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup link) (Mentioned only)
"The First to Strike" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup link) (Indirect mention only)
"Jaws of the Sarlacc" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup link)
Star Wars: Empire at War: Forces of Corruption
"Uhl Eharl Khoehng"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 8 (Mentioned only)
"Galaxywide NewsNets"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 3 (Mentioned only)
"The Farrimmer Cafe"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 11 (Mentioned only)
"Galaxywide NewsNets"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 8 (Indirect mention only)
Dark Forces: Jedi Knight (Mentioned only)
Dark Forces: Jedi Knight audio drama (Mentioned only)
Dark Empire 2: Devastator of Worlds (First appearance)
Dark Empire 3: The Battle for Calamari (Mentioned only)
Dark Empire 4: Confrontation on the Smugglers' Moon
Dark Empire 5: Emperor Reborn
Dark Empire 6: The Fate of a Galaxy (Mentioned only)
Dark Empire audio drama
Lightsider (Non-canonical mention)
Dark Empire II 1: Operation Shadow Hand
Dark Empire II 2: Duel on Nar Shaddaa (Mentioned only)
Dark Empire II 3: World of the Ancient Sith
Dark Empire II 4: Battle on Byss
Dark Empire II 5: The Galaxy Weapon
Dark Empire II 6: Hand of Darkness (Mentioned only)
Dark Empire II audio drama
The remains of Byss
Empire's End audio drama
Crimson Empire 0 (Appears in flashback(s))
Crimson Empire audio drama (Mentioned only)
Jedi Search (Indirect mention only)
Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy (Remains)
Before the Storm (Mentioned only)
Tyrant's Test (Mentioned only)
Love Is a Warm Blaster (Non-canonical mention) (As part of an expletive)
Vision of the Future (Mentioned only)
Dark Empire endnotes
Part 2: The Power of the Dark Side
Part 5: Lost For Over 300 Years
Part 6: The Full Power of the Dark Side
Star Wars Gamemaster Handbook
Dark Empire Sourcebook
Han Solo and the Corporate Sector Sourcebook (Indirect mention only)
Galaxy Guide 4: Alien Races, Second Edition
A Guide to the Star Wars Universe, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
Star Wars Galaxy Magazine 1 (Picture only)
Star Wars Galaxy Series 2 (Card: Emperor Palpatine) (Picture only)
The Art of Star Wars Galaxy: Volume Two (Picture only)
The Essential Guide to Characters
Heroes & Rogues
The Essential Guide to Vehicles and Vessels
The Secrets of Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire
Star Wars: The Art of Dave Dorman (Picture only)
Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
Star Wars: Chronicles
Diplomatic Corps Entrance Exam
Lords of the Expanse (Gamemaster Guide)
Star Wars Trilogy Sourcebook, Special Edition (Index only)
The Essential Guide to Weapons and Technology
Star Wars: The Power of the Force (Pack: Imperial Sentinel)
Star Wars: The Power of the Force (Pack: Clone Emperor Palpatine)
Star Wars: The Power of the Force (Pack: Luke Skywalker)
Star Wars Encyclopedia
The Essential Guide to Planets and Moons
Star Wars: Behind the Magic
Star Wars: The Action Figure Archive
The Essential Guide to Droids
The Essential Chronology
Handbook 3: Dark Empire
Aurra Sing: Dawn of the Bounty Hunters
A Guide to the Star Wars Universe, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded
Star Wars Roleplaying Game Core Rulebook
"The Emperor's Pawns"—Star Wars Gamer 5
The Dark Side Sourcebook
Alien Anthology
The Official Star Wars Fact File 1 (Galaxy Map)
The New Jedi Order Sourcebook
The New Essential Guide to Characters
The Official Star Wars Fact File 7 (PLA1, PLA6, Planets of the Core Worlds)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 25 (UNI1-2, Universal Energy Cage)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 26 (SLA1, Slave I)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 33 (EMP2, The Emperor's Royal Guard)
Star Wars Insider 65 (Galaxy Map)
Ultimate Alien Anthology
The New Essential Guide to Vehicles and Vessels
Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy: Prima's Official Strategy Guide
The Official Star Wars Fact File 77 (FET28, Boba Fett)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 86 (MIG1, Interplanetary Migration)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 93 (BYS1-2, Byss)
Star Wars: Panel to Panel (Picture only)
The New Essential Guide to Weapons and Technology
The Official Star Wars Fact File 107 (FET31, Boba Fett)
"Byss and the Deep Core" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup link)
"The Dark Forces Saga, Part 5" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup link)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 116 (CAL19, Lando Calrissian)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 125 (ECL2, Eclipse-Class Super Star Destroyer)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 133 (INT2, Starlight Intruder)
The Official Star Wars Fact File 139 (PES4, Sate Pestage)
"20 Most Memorable Moments of the Expanded Universe"—Star Wars Insider 83
Star Wars: The Ultimate Visual Guide
The New Essential Chronology
Star Wars: Empire at War: Prima Official Game Guide
Star Wars: The Comics Companion
The New Essential Guide to Droids
"Underworld Appendix: Swoops, Spice, and Wretched Rogues" on Hyperspace (article) (content removed from StarWars.com and unavailable) (Possible mention)
Star Wars: Empire at War: Forces of Corruption Expansion: Prima Official Game Guide
Star Wars: The Official Figurine Collection 55
"Dawn of Defiance: Gamemaster Primer" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup links)
Star Wars: The Ultimate Visual Guide: Special Edition
Star Wars: Panel to Panel Volume 2: Expanding the Universe
Jedi vs. Sith: The Essential Guide to the Force
"Aliens in the Empire, Part 2: To a Traitor Go the Spoils" on Hyperspace (article) (content removed from StarWars.com and unavailable)
The Force Unleashed Campaign Guide
Star Wars Galaxy Series 4 (Card: Rebel Heroes Under Attack) (Picture only)
"Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Praji" on Hyperspace (article) (content removed from StarWars.com and unavailable)
Jedi Academy Training Manual
The Essential Atlas
Scavenger's Guide to Droids
The Unknown Regions
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II (PS3/Xbox 360 databank)
Jedi Temple in the Databank (content now obsolete; backup link)
Palpatine in the Databank (content now obsolete; backup link)
Skywalker, Luke in the Databank (content now obsolete; backup link)
Salla Zend in the Databank (content now obsolete; backup link)
Book of Sith: Secrets from the Dark Side
Star Wars: The Ultimate Visual Guide: Updated and Expanded
Star Wars: Edge of the Empire Core Rulebook
The Imperial Warlords: Despoilers of an Empire, Part 2 on StarWars.com (article) (backup link)
"Death to the Dark Side!: The Making of Dark Empire – Part III"—Star Wars Insider 159
↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Dark Empire Sourcebook
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Dark Empire 4: Confrontation on the Smugglers' Moon
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The Essential Guide to Planets and Moons
↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17
"Byss and the Deep Core, Part 1: Byss" on Wizards.com (original article link, backup links)
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Dark Empire Sourcebook, pp. 76-77
↑ 6.0 6.1 The Essential Atlas, p. 49
↑ 8.0 8.1 Star Wars: Empire at War, Byss planetary profile
↑ Star Wars: Empire at War: Prima Official Game Guide
↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Evasive Action: Recruitment
↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Dark Empire 2: Devastator of Worlds
↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 The Essential Atlas, p. 116
↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy
↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Dark Empire endnotes, part 2: The Power of the Dark Side
↑ 15.0 15.1 Dark Empire Sourcebook, pp. 77-78
↑ 16.0 16.1 The Official Star Wars Fact File 33 (EMP2, The Emperor's Royal Guard)
↑ The Official Star Wars Fact File 7 (PLA6, Planets of the Core Worlds)
↑ Dark Empire Sourcebook, p. 65
↑ Dark Empire Sourcebook, pp. 74-75
↑ Star Wars: The Old Republic
↑ Jaws of the Sarlacc
↑ The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia
↑ Empire's End
↑ Galaxy Guide 4: Alien Races, p. 6
↑ Galaxy Guide 4: Alien Races, Second Edition, p. 6
↑ The Official Star Wars Fact File 93 (BYS1, Byss)
↑ The Essential Atlas, p. 49
↑ Star Wars: Empire at War: Prima Official Game Guide, p. 129
↑ Star Wars: Empire at War: Forces of Corruption Expansion: Prima Official Game Guide, p. 167
The Dark Empire Saga on StarWars.com (content now obsolete; backup link)
Star Wars: Empire at War Official Website
"Endnotes for Droids and the Force, Part 2" – Only Sith Deal In Absolutes!, Abel G. Peña's StarWars.com Blog (content now obsolete; backup link on Archive.org)
"The Emperor's Pawns Endnotes, Part 4: Mistress of Teräs Käsi" – Only Sith Deal In Absolutes!, Abel G. Peña's StarWars.com Blog (content now obsolete; backup link on Archive.org)
"Endnotes for Star Wars: The Essential Atlas (part 1 of 5)" – Continuity, Criticisms, and Captain Panaka, Daniel Wallace's StarWars.com Blog (content now obsolete; backup link on Archive.org)
Retrieved from "https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Byss/Legends?oldid=8388391"
Pages needing citation
Legends articles with canon counterparts


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