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Posts Tagged 'radicalization'
What causes extremist violence?
Tags: counterterrorism, extremist violence, intelligence analysis, prediction, radicalization, terrorism
This question has been the subject of active research for more than four decades. There have been many answers that don't stand up to empirical scrutiny — because the number of those who participate in extremist violence is so small, and because researchers tend to interview them, but fail to interview all those identical to them who didn't commit violence.
Here's a list of the properties that we now know don't lead to extremist violence:
ideology or religion
deprivation or unhappiness
political/social alienation
moral outrage
activism or illegal non-violent political action
attitudes/belief
How do we know this? Mostly because, if you take a population that exhibits any of these properties (typically many hundreds of thousand) you find that one or two have committed violence, but the others haven't. So properties such as these have absolutely no predictive power.
On the other hand, there are a few properties that do lead to extremist violence:
being the child of immigrants
having access to a local charismatic figure
travelling to a location where one's internal narrative is reinforced
participation in a small group echo chamber with those who have similar patterns of thought
having a disconnected-disordered or hypercaring-compelled personality
These don't form a diagnostic set, because there are still many people who have one or more of them, and do not commit violence. But they are a set of danger signals, and the more of them an individual has, the more attention should be paid to them (on the evidence of the past 15 years).
You can find a full discussion of these issues, and the evidence behind them, in ""Terrorists, Radicals, and Activists: Distinguishing Between Countering Violent Extremism and Preventing Extremist Violence, and Why It Matters" in Violent Extremism and Terrorism, Queen's University Press, 2019.
Islamist violent extremism and anarchist violent extremism
Published October 2, 2015	Uncategorized Leave a Comment
Tags: al Qaeda, anarchist, anarchist violence, assassination, connecting the dots, counterterrorism, Daesh, deradicalization, intelligence analysis, ISIL, ISIS, radicalization, terrorism
Roughly speaking, three explanations for islamist violent extremism have been put forward:
It's motivated by a religious ideology (perhaps a perversion of true Islam, but sincerely held by its adherents);
It's motivated by political or insurgent ends, and so the violence is instrumental;
It's the result of psychological disturbance in its adherents.
In the months after the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks, Marc Sageman argued vigorously for the first explanation, pointing out that those involved in al Qaeda at the time were well-educated and at least middle class, were religious, and showed no signs of psychological disturbances. There was considerable push back to his arguments, mostly promoting Explanation 3 but, in the end, most Western governments came around to his view.
In the decade since, most Western countries have slipped into Explanation 2. I have argued that this is largely because these countries are post-Christian, and so most of those in the political establishment have post-modern ideas about religion as a facade for power. They project this world view onto the Middle Eastern world, and so cannot see that Explanation 1 is even possible — to be religious is to be naive at best and stupid at worst. This leads to perennial underestimation of islamist violent extremist goals and willingness to work towards them.
It's widely agreed that the motivation for Daesh is a combination of Explanations 1 and 2, strategically Explanation 1, but tactically Explanation 2.
The new feature, however, is that Daesh's high-volume propaganda is reaching many psychologically troubled individuals in Western countries who find its message to be an organising principle and a pseudo-community.
"Lone wolf" attacks can therefore be divided into two categories: those motivated by Explanation 1, and those motivated by Explanation 3, and the latter are on the rise. Marc Sageman has written about the extent to which foiled "plots" in the U.S. come very close to entrapment of vulnerable individuals who imagine that they would like to be terrorists, and take some tiny initial step, only to find an FBI agent alongside them, urging them to take it further. (M. Sageman, The Stagnation in Terrorism Research, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2014, 565-580)
Understanding these explanations is critical to efforts at de-radicalization. Despite extensive efforts, I have seen very little evidence that de-radicalization actually works. But it make a difference what you think you're de-radicalizing from. Addressing Explanation 1 seems to be the most common strategy ("your view of Islam is wrong, see the views of respected mainstream Imams, jihad means personal struggle").
Addressing Explanation 2 isn't usually framed as de-radicalization but, if the violence is instrumental, then instrumental arguments would help ("it will never work, the consequences are too severe to be worth it").
Addressing Explanation 3 is something we know how to do, but this explanation isn't the popular one at present, and there are many pragmatic issues about getting psychological help to people who don't acknowledge that they need it.
Reading the analysis of anarchist violence in the period from about 1880 to around 1920 has eerie similarities to the analysis of islamist violence in the past 15 years, both in the popular press, and in the more serious literature. It's clear that there were some (but only a very few) who were in love with anarchist ideology (Explanation 1); many more who saw it as a way (the only way) to change society for the better (Explanation 2) — one of the popular explanations for the fading away of anarchist attacks is that other organisations supporting change developed; but there were also large numbers of troubled individuals who attached themselves to anarchist violence for psychological reasons. It's largely forgotten how common anarchist attacks became during these few decades. Many were extremely successful — assassinations of a French president, an American president, an Austrian Empress, an Italian king — and, of course, the Great War was inadvertently triggered by an assassination of an Archduke.
Western societies had little more success stemming anarchist violence than we are having with islamist violence. The Great War probably had as much effect as anything, wiping out the demographic most associated with the problem. We will have to come up with a better solution.
(There's a nice recap of anarchist violence and its connections to islamist violence here.)
Radicalization — it's just a phase he's going through
Published March 2, 2015	Uncategorized Leave a Comment
Tags: counterterrorism, MI5, radicalization, terrorism
All of the discussion of radicalization in the past few weeks seems to assume that it's a one-way process.
But if it's a process with a large personality component (and evidence suggests it is); and if it's a phenomenon associated with adolescence and young adulthood (which are times of attitudinal change anyway); and if the data fits models of infection by disease (and they do), then it seems plausible that, for many people, radicalization is a phase they go through. Such people will not be obtrusive because they never act on their (temporary) beliefs, and eventually cease to hold them. If radicalization can be a temporary phenomenon, then there's de-radicalization, but there's also post-radicalization; the first extrinsic, but the second intrinsic.
What's the practical relevance? If some people "get over" their radicalization, then it argues for more gentle responses during the infected period. Actions such as interviews by security services with radicalized individuals and their relatives (a practice of MI5, and soon to be possible in Canada via bill C-51), and pulling passports may indeed have negative consequences if they make infected individuals become more entrenched (and less likely to become cured).
Of course, there are risks to a more gentle intervention strategy (and government departments are allergic to risks). But, for countries with exit controls, perhaps it's better to rely on these than to act more explicitly; and at least the discussions about strategy should keep the possibility of cure in mind.
Multiculturalism's role in radicalization
Tags: counterterrorism, multiculturalism, radicalization, terrorism
The children of immigrants have, historically, had two choices:
Assimilate into the culture, retaining vestiges of their original culture (typically foods, celebrations, and perhaps a bias towards marrying cultural cognates);
Remain part of an enclave of their original culture.
Option 1 is by far the most common. Option 2 only works when the original culture is itself highly organized, and it carries high risks for the immigrants. This option has often been followed by the Jewish diaspora (with obvious downsides, including periodic expulsions from European countries, and worse), but there are other examples. Note the wisdom of the formal Amish mechanism of rumspringa, which provides a choice point for young people to commit to the culture, or not.
In historical immigrations, these choices are clearly differentiated and there is little midde ground.
The invention of the idea of multiculturalism created the opportunity to move to a new country, assimilate (apparently), and preserve the culture of origin (apparently). This sounds like a great idea ("best of both worlds") apart from one simple fact: it doesn't work.
The set of those who have been radicalized in Western countries and either carried out attacks there, or made their ways to the Middle East is almost entirely made up of the children of immigrants. Many of these individuals have been studied and interviewed, and there is one clear pattern: feeling like they didn't belong in either their original culture (their parents often being glad to have escaped it at some level and so having moved away from it), nor in the "new" culture in which they have grown up. Not feeling like they fit into the culture in which they grow up is, of course, a common teenage pattern — but most teenagers don't have such a ready-made explanation for why they feel as they do. Multiculturalism, because it creates the apparent space to avoid commitment to one culture or the other, must bear some of the responsibility for radicalization. (This may also be part of the explanation for why engineers are so over-represented in the ranks of the radicalized — a tolerance for ambiguity may help those growing up between two cultures to navigate the difficult years of adolescence and young adulthood. Most engineers I know are more comfortable with black and white settings than with ambiguity.)
Of course, this can only be part of the explanation. One of the pitfalls for those who seek an explanation for radicalization is that, for every individual who becomes radicalized, there are 99 others who experienced apparently identical life trajectories (sometimes even siblings) without becoming radicalized, often without seeming to feel even the faintest pull towards radical ideologies.Personality must, therefore, play a huge part, and this is often underappreciated.
Religious does not equal stupid
Tags: American middle class, counterterrorism, Daish, David Brooks, economic prosperity, ISIL, ISIS, Peter Bergen, radicalization, religious beliefs, terrorism, U.S. White House
A range of people, from David Brooks to Peter Bergen, have responded to the rhetoric associated with the Countering Violent Extremism Summit held in Washington this week. They point out that the motivation for Daish (aka ISIL [nobody knows why the U.S. White House, alone in the world, insists on this acronym] or ISIS) cannot be understood in terms of the American middle class and its aspirations: jobs, relationships, family, economic prosperity. Islam did not come boiling out of the deserts of Arabia in the 7th century because of the lack of economic opportunity in the sphere of camel raising.
But behind these misunderstanding lies a deeper one. Many of the elites in government and industry in Western countries think that people who have religious beliefs are either: stupid for believing something so self-evidently wrong; or devious and cunning in pretending to have religious beliefs as a tool for exerting power (in the best traditions of post-modernism). Now of course they don't necessarily think this explicitly, but the language being used in much of the discussion of radicalization and its causes makes it fairly obvious that they do think this implicitly. In other words, one or other of these two views informs the way they frame the problem of islamist radicalism to themselves.
Why do sane young men (and women) give up a lifestyle in the West that, while often not perfect, is much better than third-world conditions and the prospect of death in Syria? Holding either of these misconceptions distorts the view of the problem, and of the West's opponents, to the point of delusion. If you think your opponents must somehow be intellectually stunted to believe what they do, you are never going to understand why other people find these beliefs attractive, and so will never be able to craft a strategy to defend against islamist propaganda that has any chance of working. If you think your opponents are hypocritical and opportunistic (not believing their own message) then you will equally never be able to craft a working defence. The temptation is to think (again implicitly) that radicalization must somehow be a kind of mental illness; perhaps we'll begin to see "solutions" with that flavour rather than the current socio-economic flavour, coming into vogue soon.
I don't have a solution. But the evidence so far (and I've done some empirical work in this area) is that socio-economic explanations for radicalization do not go very far; and that de-radicalization programs (or early-stage counter-radicalization strategies) that start with this assumption are even less useful. A more nuanced, and more realistic, view of our opponents and their motivations is desperately needed.
[Added later: The weekend news programs, which were filled with post mortems on the Countering Violent Extremism meeting, were great examples of the misconceptions I suggested in this post. Farid Zakaria actually made the claim that ISIS were faking their apparent beliefs to gain power. For a IMHO more realistic view, this article from the Atlantic: What ISIS Really Wants.]
Radicalization as an infection
Published September 25, 2014	Uncategorized Leave a Comment
Tags: counterterrorism, ISIS, radicalization, SIR model, Syria
There are many ways to think about radicalization, but there's one that fits the data fairly well, and has actionable consequences, but is being almost entirely ignored — modelling radicalization as an infection.
The research work didn't model radicalization directly (how could you?) but rather how postings on particular jihadist topics spread in web forums. The relevant paper is:
Jiyoung Woo; Hsinchun Chen, An event-driven SIR model for topic diffusion in web forums, Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), 2012 IEEE International Conference on , vol., no., pp.108,113, 11-14 June 2012.
They showed that the data fit well with a standard model called the SIR model (Susceptible-Infected-Recover) and they computed the parameters for the infection rate and the recovery rate. In other words, they showed that it made sense to consider some of the participants to be susceptible to infection by radical ideology, some fraction of these were then infected and espoused this ideology and then some fraction of these recovered and no longer held radical ideas. These fractions could be estimated empirically from the data.
But the important thing that's being ignored in the current world situation is that there is a recovery rate! People do become radicalized, yes, but not all of them, and the vast majority of them move from being radicalized to no longer being radicalized.
We don't notice many of these people. They move to a mental place where they would be willing to carry out some kind of jihadist action, but they don't actually do it before the spell wears off and they are no longer radicalized. Only a few become radicalized and act on it.
Even people who go quite far down the road towards action, perhaps travelling to Syria and participating in violence, may still become disillusioned. Not everyone who returns to the West from the Middle East does so to try and carry out an attack. Many, perhaps most, have had a disease, have recovered from it, and want to get on with their lives.
The risk of a draconian response to returnees is that we may push them back into violence ("If I'm going to be treated as a violent extremist, I might as well act like one").
Of course, this doesn't make the job of the intelligence services any easier, at least in the short term. But emergencies tend to create blinkered views of the problem, and I think that this might be happening.
More thwarted attacks in Canada
Published July 3, 2013	Uncategorized Leave a Comment
Tags: counterterrorism, intelligence analysis, Korody, Nuttall, radicalization, terrorism
Some things in life happen because of a lot of little decisions over time — if you don't brush your teeth you're going to get cavities; others happen very quickly — you might see a TV program about a hobby only once and it becomes something that you do through your whole life. Radicalisation is more like the latter than the former.
As a rule of thumb, in Western countries about 1 in 10,000 Muslims becomes a violent extremist. So that means that 9,999 people in the same families, suburbs, schools, work environments, with the same access to government services, and with the same neighbours don't become radicalised. Right away, that's a pretty strong signal that the causes of radicalisation are not macro causes, but much smaller ones, related to individual personalities and life journeys. The problem isn't with any government's international policies, or with it's domestic policies, or with its social support system; it's about the accidental events. Which means that there isn't a lot to be done about it via the heavy hammers of government programs.
It also means that finding people who have become violent extremists is difficult. There is an advantage to a global brand like al Qaeda: it encourages wannabees to get in touch with it, providing an opportunity for intelligence and law enforcement to notice. Canada's record at finding Islamist violent extremists before they carry out attacks has been good, much better than its record at finding those who've been blowing up hydro towers and banks precisely because these other violent extremists don't need to communicate outside of whatever their small group is.
We'll wait to see if Nuttall and Korody really did 'self-radicalise' without any contact with someone who was already radicalised, and whether the security services got onto them without a tipoff from someone who knew them — if either of these, that will be a first for Canada.
Radicalisation as infection
Published April 30, 2013	Uncategorized Leave a Comment
Tags: connecting the dots, counterterrorism, infection model, knowledge discovery, radicalisation, radicalization, terrorism
I've argued in previous posts that the process of radicalisation is one that depends largely on properties of the individual, rather than on grand social or moral drivers — personality rather than society — and that it depends on the presence of an actual person (already radicalised) who makes the potential ideas real.
There is an alternative. Woo, Son, and Chen (J. Woo, J. Son, and H. Chen. An SIR model for violent topic diffusion in social media. In Proceedings of 2011 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, ISI 2011, July 2011) show that radicalisation behaves a little bit like an infection (at least in the domain of ideas which they measure from forum postings). They show that the SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model of disease transmission fits the data fairly well. In this model, members of a population begin in the susceptible state; they become infected with some probability A, and then recover with some probability B. After they've recovered they are no longer susceptible.
For the data they looked at, A was of the magnitude of 10^-4, so about 1 in 10,000 becomes infected. Once infected, B varied depending on the intensity of the topic from around 0.65 to 0.96. In other words, the probability of a 'cure' is well above a half, sometimes virtually certain.
This model suggests some interesting probabilities. First, it suggest that radicalisation is a state that can cure itself; in other words, we shouldn't necessarily assume that once radicalised means always radicalised. Second, there may be a greater pool of people who pass through the stage of being radicalised but do not get it together to actually act on it before the fever breaks — perhaps because they don't get the right training or the right opportunity at the time when they would exploit it if they could.
The numbers work out about right. There are around a million Muslims in the U.S. but the number who have (attempted to) carry out attacks is in the small number of dozens.
Language learning as a model of radicalisation
Tags: Boston marathon, counterterrorism, radicalisation, radicalization, security, Stephen Harper, terrorism, Via rail arrests
The Canadian Prime Minister said today, in response to the arrests for the planned Via Rail attacks, and perhaps to the Boston Marathon bombings as well, that these are not a reason to "commit sociology". I think he's exactly right. As I said in the previous post, I'm dubious that levels of dissatisfaction with societies, or even with religions, play a major role in radicalisation — it's a much more individual-specific process. This is why only a tiny fraction of people in exactly the same social, religious, and even family setting become radicalised.
I'm also deeply skeptical that anyone becomes radicalised via the Internet. Our survey results indicated that variations in access to the Internet, or to mass media channels that have a frankly jihadist orientation have no correlation with attitudes on radicalisation-relevant subjects or dissatisfaction of any kind. I'm convinced that it always takes contact with a person, perhaps only one and perhaps only once, for radicalisation to happen.
Here's where the analogy with language learning comes in. I learned French (in Australia) the same way I learned Latin (declensions, conjugations, agreement). I read French well and could speak it after a fashion. But the first time I heard French radio and then met people who actually spoke French, there was a kind of click in my brain and something changed about the way I used and learned French. I don't think this is just autobiography; as I mentioned in the last post, learning languages via TV programs doesn't work nearly as well as you might expect it to.
I'm fairly convinced something similar happens with radicalisation. An individual can watch the videos, talk the talk, fantasise the actions, but unless/until they make contact with someone who has actually done something, there isn't any danger. Once this happens, of course, radicalisation can proceed very quickly indeed, which explains (I guess) the several cases where apparent changes have been very swift.
Tags: Boston marathon, counterterrorism, radicalisation, radicalization, terrorism, Via rail arrests
(Yes, it is spelled like that.)
The events of the past ten days have revived interest in the process of radicalisation. Why and how do people move from apparently normal to wanting to blow other people up, especially for a goal that most of them would be hard put to explain coherently?
There are plenty of grand theories of radicalisation. Often they are derived from and supported by the narratives of those who have become radicalised, been arrested, and then interviewed. The trouble with building theories this way is that they fail to explain all of the apparently identical people in the same situation who didn't become radicalised. From a population of 10,000, maybe 1,000 will turn out to demonstrate in favour of some apparent injustice; of these, maybe 100 will find out more and acquire ideas supporting violent extremism, and of these 10 will even consider actually doing something. Even then, only a couple of these will get very far down the path to planning and carrying out an attack. So what makes the difference? Which ones never get beyond vague feelings of support? The grand theories have little to say about what doesn't cause radicalisation.
By the way, many of you probably filled in an Islamist back story for the previous paragraph. But it's important to remember that violent extremism is also used by animal rights supporters, anti-globalisation protesters, anarchists, right-wing ideologues, and others. So explanations of radicalisation have to work for these other groups too.
What is becoming clear is that the explanations for radicalisation have a small ball component, that is they derive from the personalities and immediate social settings of the people involved (family, rather then social group). Many teenagers and young adults feel out of place in society as they grow up. If you're the child of an immigrant, especially one whose parents didn't manage to settle cleanly in their new country, it's easy to blame the "out of place" feeling on the society rather than on yourself. Even for those who aren't children of immigrants, there's a certain attraction to this extrinsic view. If there's nothing wrong with you, there must be something wrong with the society around you. Narratives that play to this are naturally attractive, whether Islamist, or anarchist.
Overwhelmingly, also, those who radicalise are men; and, if they have post-secondary education, it tends to be in engineering and the hard sciences rather than in the humanities and social sciences. Both of these suggest a lack of nuance in thinking socially.
Although it might be conceivable for an individual to self-radicalise, this seem extremely difficult. It's not obvious, but it's really hard to learn a foreign language by watching TV, and something similar seems to be true of visiting jihadist web sites. Those who have become radicalised seem to need to be involved with a small group (2 is enough, but 5 is better) to amplify each others thoughts. And there seems to be a need for some kind of mentor figure, preferably an actual person, although here it's just possible that an online figure can serve.
We have a paper coming out (eventually — the Dec 2012 issue still to appear) in the Canadian Journal of Political Science reporting on the results of a survey of attitudes in the Islamic community in Canada. These results make it fairly clear that dissatisfaction, broadly defined, has little to do with radicalisation. People don't come to support violent extremism because they're unhappy with government programs; nor, much, because they're unhappy with the morality of society around them. Explanations have more to do with them as individuals than about society as a whole.
Google Ideas and Extremism
Tags: extremism, Google Ideas, radicalization, terrorism
Google's think/do tank (!!) is sponsoring a summit on extremism. See the post by Jared Cohen, its director, here.
The problem is that, like many such discussions, it's based on the autobiographies of a number of people who became extremists — the idea is to look for commonalities in such biographies as hints about the process and/or drivers of extremism.
BUT it ignores the very large number of people from apparently identical backgrounds who didn't join gangs, or the IRA, or jihadist groups! Such people are counterexamples to almost all explanations of what happens with radicalization, and yet they are often/usually ignored in the discussion.
So Google asks:
"Why does a 13-year old boy in a tough neighborhood in South Central LA join a gang? Why does a high school student in a quiet, Midwestern American town sign on neo-Nazis who preach white supremacy? Why does a young woman in the Middle East abandon her family and future and become a suicide bomber?"
But just as important are questions like: why did the 13-year old boy's best friend and classmate NOT join a gang, etc.
This summit's approach is called, in the research community, "sampling on the dependent variable". Google should know better.
Review of Burton's "Ghost: Confessions of a Counterterrorism Agent"
Tags: counterterrorism, radicalization
Ghost: Confessions of a Counterterrorism Agent, Random House, 2008.
This book describes Burton's experiences working in counterterrorism within the U.S. State Department in pre-9/11 days (which is presumably why he is free to talk about it). His working career covered roughly from the Achille Lauro to the first World Trade Center bombing and aftermath. He tells a good story and there are lots of bits of interesting background that I don't recall making it into the public gaze at the time.
The main thing that struck me is that the U.S. national security apparatus seems too thin at the top; that is, there is somehow an inability to focus on more than a few issues at a time. In the context of this book, it seems as if, given the Soviet threat, there wasn't enough attention to go around to also focus on the threat from terrorism. As a result, terrorist groups and their state sponsors seemed to have been able to get away with more than they should have. In other words, it doesn't sound like the problem dealing vigorously with terrorism during the 80s was resources, or even willpower, but simply attention. One gets the same feeling today when the U.S. government seems unable to pay enough attention to Afghanistan, Iran, North Korea, al Qaeda; rather it seems to oscillate between them.
This may just be an illusion looking in from the outside. But I can't help but think that there's a bottleneck because of the limited attention of the President, National Security Advisor, and maybe Secretaries of Defence and State. Not enough delegation of enough power to get things done — understandable when blowback can escalate issues quickly, and perhaps still the aftermath of Iran-Contra.
The other striking thing is that terrorist movements of the time seemed to have substantial numbers of the psychiatrically troubled among their ranks. This is in sharp contrast to the argument made by Marc Sageman about al Qaeda (and perhaps more broadly). Sageman argues that, for this group at least, members were psychologically stable. The difference is important in the discussion about radicalization. If Islamist groups tend to recruit stable members then the threat will tend to be of one kind; if they tend to recruit less stable members, other kinds of threats may be more important. I haven't seen more recent research examining this issue; nor have I seen it addressed explicitly in the radicalization literature.
Followup: I just finished "By His Own Rules", the biography of Rumsfeld, and it supports my contention. It doesn't sound like anything of importance happening in the DoD without Rumsfeld somehow being in the loop, even if it was only hearing about it. What a bottleneck, and what a waste of a leader's time! It sounds as if Gates is a little better, but I don't think the system allows real delegation of actual power.
I wasn't impressed by the biography. Rumsfeld is obviously a puzzle: toweringly competent in some ways, but flawed in others. This book doesn't begin to explain the contradictions, and spends far too much time documenting the Iraq invasion, rather than Rumsfeld.
"Whatever it is, I'm against it"
Tags: consent, counterterrorism, radicalization, terror
I've been reading Bobbitt's new book "Terror and Consent" which has a lot to say about the adversarial setting, obviously with an emphasis on its role at a state level. I thoroughly recommend this book.
One of the points he makes suggests a new line of attack. He argues that, over the past five centuries, terrorism has taken the form of the state it opposes. Today, that means that this century's terrorist groups, for which al Qaeda is a prototype, will tend to be globalized, multinational, and inclined to privatise and outsource.
But this means that, over a long period of time, there have always been those who oppose the existing state in an active, terror-based way, regardless of what that state was like, how honorable or moral it was, or what opportunites there were to change the situation from within. It is this group of people I mean to suggest in the title (which is a quotation from Groucho Marx).
Work has been done on understanding radicalization, but from the perspective of "understanding" — grievances, social issues or whatever. But Bobbitt's framework suggests that there's a more general form of, for want of a better word, radicalization whose drivers we don't understand but are seemingly independent of the social context.
Of course, it's not obvious that it would have been the same people acting as terrorists in all of these periods. But the fact that we don't know shows that there's something to be learned. If some people join terrorist groups for reasons that are deeply unconnected to the reasons why such groups exist, there is a whole new class of opportunities to detach or subvert them.


Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) agriculture commodities rallied sharply on the week which ended 20 July, as traders expected increasing demand for UX supplies.
The most active contract for December Corn rose 14.25c weekly, or 4.02%, to 3.69 bu.
September Wheat delivery went up 19c, or 3.82% weekly, to 5.16 bu.
November Soybean were up 30.5c, or 3.66 percent, to 8.6475 bu.
CBOT futures, especially Soybean fell in the week before last, on fears of escalating trade tension between the USand China. But a better-than-expected export sales report boosted the downward market.
US Corn sales for delivery in MY 2017-2018 that ends on 31 August were reported at 641,000 tonnes, up 59% from the previous week and 38% from the prior 4-week average, according to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Meanwhile, the latest crop progress report indicated that 72% of US Corn crops are in good/excellent conditions, below the previous week's rating of 75%.
Last Wednesday, news that US weekly Ethanol production was up 3% added more support to Corn, which is used as raw material for the fuel.
All the factors contributed to the sharp rise of CBOT Corn futures.
CBOT Wheat futures ended the week almost 4% higher, mainly due to expected fall of world crop yields.
EU Wheat was rallying on declining production in France and Germany, while Russian Wheat quality was also falling due to rains for winter Wheat. Australia has a dryness problem for its wheat production. Traders now hope that US Wheat can increase its world share on rising demands.
CBOT Soybean futures also posted sharp weekly gainers, and the rise lasted 5 sessions running, though the prices are still at very low marks.
Market observers have noticed the widening spreads between US and Brazil export prices, with Brazilian Soybean being currently priced nearly 24% higher than US Soybeans. That's probably the Key reason that US Soybean sales jumped 59% W-W to 252,300 tonnes, according to USDA data. That is still 22% down from the prior 4-week average.
USDA pegged the Soybean crop condition at 69% good/excellent, below a week ago of 71%, giving additional support to the Soybean futures.
Agriculture analysts research predicted a firming price trend of commodities into early Y 2019.


Bird hunting doesn't involve just going out into the woods and shooting birds. Although you can do that if you want, there are much more efficient ways to go bird hunting. Every hunter should have a stock of bird hunting supplies with them on their journey. There are many different things that could go in a bird hunting kit, including bird calls, decoys, and waders. These items can be very helpful for when you are out in the wilderness. Bird hunting supplies can mean the difference between one bird caught and one dozen.
One of the most essential bird hunting supplies is the bird call. This is an instrument that you usually breathe through to make the mating call the bird that you are trying to hunt. Each type of birds' call is different, so if you are going into an area with a few different kinds of bird, then you should bring a few different bird calls. One bird call will only work with one kind of bird. For example, if you have a turkey call, this will attract turkeys. It won't, however, attract pheasants. Even though you may have to make several buys, bird calls are very helpful for hunting birds.
Another one of the better bird hunting supplies is the decoy. Decoys are essentially a fake representation of the bird you're trying to hunt. The bird that is often the most fooled by a decoy is the duck. Duck decoys are often very lifelike. Another bird that happens to get fooled by decoys is the Canadian goose. When you buy these decoys, set them up in the area that you're planning to hunt in. These birds have a natural instinct to flock to other birds like them. If a duck or goose sees the decoy, there's a very good chance that they will fly to it. That's your time to strike. At this point you can shoot the bird with the greatest of ease.
Not necessarily directly connected to hunting birds, waders are very helpful bird hunting supplies. A lot of the birds that you may choose to hunt really like water, this applies to birds such as ducks and geese. Waders help you get out into the water without getting your clothes and shoes wet. They fit over the lower half of your body to help you stand in water that is waist deep.
With these helpful bird hunting supplies, your next bird hunting trip will be a lot easier and more fun. Pick up the supplies at your local hunting and outdoor recreation store.


Backyard Amusements, LLC is a premier moon bounce and inflatable rental company, serving Anne Arundel, Calvert, Charles, Prince George's, and St. Mary's counties, the District of Columbia and Virginia. Backyard Amusements, LLC offers a large selection of bounce houses, the BYA Mobile Game Truck, Photobooth 2 U by BYA, interactive games, water slides and other great party equipment you need for a sensational event.
Inflatables offer entertainment for kid, teen and adult parties. Our rentals are great for your backyard party, school, church or corporate functions. We provide safe, fun inflatable entertainment. All of our rental equipment is cleaned and inspected before and after every event. You can be sure that safety always comes first at Backyard Amusements, LLC.
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Add an extra fun item to your next special event with concession machine rentals from Backyard Amusements, LLC, LLC. Whether your putting on a large corporate event or small backyard party, "Fun Food" is always a welcome treat.
It doesn't matter how large or small your event or party. Backyard Amusements, LLC is ready to assist. We love birthday parties. Check out our party package specials.


BROOKSIE PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT ADVISORS, INC.
BROOKSIE PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT ADVISORS, INC. is a business entity registered in the state of New York under the legal form of DOMESTIC BUSINESS CORPORATION. It can be found in the register by the DOS ID 4377287. The company was established and set into the register at 21st March 2013 and its current status is ACTIVE. Company´s jurisdiction is in the state of NEW YORK in county NEW YORK. Process address of this entity is at 37 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 10005, NEW YORK.
Entity Name BROOKSIE PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT ADVISORS, INC.
PINNACLE WINE & SPIRITS, INC.
JOSEPH'S HOUSE FOR WOMEN, INC.
WORLD SOCIETY OF TALENTED PEOPLE, INC.
THE PAUL J. SCHUPF FOUNDATION, INC.
CAYUGA MEADOWS HOUSING DEVELOPMENT FUND COMPANY, INC.
TIM THOMAS & ASSOCIATES, INC.
THE BROOKLYN WELLESLEY CLUB, INC.
EDWIN B. STIMPSON COMPANY, INC.
NATIONAL BUSINESS TRAVEL ASSOCIATION, INC.
QUEENS KIWANIS SPORTS ASSOCIATION, INC.
71-14 AUSTIN STREET ASSOCIATES, L.L.C.
Q & S INTERNATIONAL, INC.
ARON ESTATES TOWNHOUSE HOMEOWNERS' ASSOCIATION, INC.
KAREN M. FINNERTY, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST, P.C.
EMPIRE STATE SURGICAL AND WHOLESALE INC.
P & D ELECTRIC, INC.


Not only does San Francisco's Chrysler Jeep dealership close, now you can't buy a new Chevy from Ellis Brooks Chevrolet on Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco's Auto Row. If you haven't heard, Ellis Brooks said last week that it won't be selling any more new GM vehicles after Dec. 15. If you want a used one, however, you'll still be in luck. And they'll still do some leasing.
But Ellis Brooks, which started out as a used car dealer in 1939, may not be gone forever. General Manager John Brooks said he hopes to get back into the new-car business some time next year. But it wouldn't be with GM, whose management he has some choice words for. CEO Rick Waggoner "needs to be removed. He's destroying America's greatest company." In its next iteration, said Brooks, grandson of the company's founder, Ellis, the dealership will sell imports.
Some of the dealership's woes reflected the bad economic times. Brooks said business was down 60 to 70 percent this year. On the bright side, Brooks has said he would make every effort to move the showroom's remaining new-car inventory at "very attractive prices to clear our floors." And Christmas is right around the corner. "No reasonable offer will be refused," Brooks said.
Bring the Pepto-Bismol: Ready to hear how San Francisco handles the world crumbling around it? How Muni, the city's public school system, and its aging sewer system will fare, for example? SPUR, San Francisco Planning & Urban Research, is putting on a free lunchtime get-together today to address those questions. Attempting to answer them: Ed Harrington, executive director of the San Francisco PUC, Maria Lombardo of the SF Transportation Authority and Jill Sideman, VP of the engineering and construction company, CH2M HILL. It's from 12:30 to 1:30 p.m., 312 Sutter St. (at Grant), Suite 500.
Shanghai at $9 million a pop: In a previous despatch from Shanghai, I described the contributions to the city's commercial skyline made by major San Francisco architects, like Gensler, Heller Manus and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. A Pleasanton firm, Dahlin Group Architecture Planning, wrote to inform me that it, too, has been involved in Shanghai, and other parts of China - for the past six years. Its specialty: master planning and designing middle- and upper-middle-class residential developments that could be likened to smaller versions of Blackhawk in Contra Costa County. According to Chip Pierson, the firm's general manager, Dahlin has completed 15 such projects and has about 30 more on the boards.
One of its more recent developments is the Shanghai Rose Garden, a 220-lot estate west of the central city with 11,000-square feet houses, each on an acre of land. Asking price: $9 million per. How fast they get snapped up, as China starts to feel the global chill, remains to be seen.
-- Linda Tsao Yang, U.S. executive director of the Asian Development Bank, "for her extraordinary contributions to U.S.-Asia business, finance and development." Formerly U.S. ambassador to the Asian Development Bank, Yang, who lives in Davis, has worked with CalPERS and the California Savings & Loan Commission and is chair of the Asian Corporate Governance Association in Hong Kong.
-- William Miller, former CEO of Menlo Park's SRI International, for being "the major catalyst in formalizing the commercial ties and technical collaboration between Silicon Valley and the Asian region." A renowned physics researcher and computer scientist, Miller is Herbert Hoover professor emeritus of public & private management at Stanford University.
-- Alexander Calhoun, counsel, Squire, Sanders & Dempsey LLP in San Francisco, "for his role in globalizing legal services to increase the ease of doing business across the Pacific." Chinese-born, Calhoun is on the board of trustees of the Asia Foundation, former chairman of the Asian Art Commission, and a member of the San Francisco-Shanghai Sister City Committee.
For more information, go to www.calasia.org. The council plans to post a link on its Web site to a discussion among the honorees and Michael Armacost, former U.S. ambassador to Japan and to the Philippines, about the "prospects for California-Asia business in view of the current worldwide economic turbulence."


text:
'use strict';
// const LocalStrategy = require('passport-local').Strategy;
const periodic = require('periodicjs');
const utilities = require('./utilities');
const server = utilities.server;
const oauth2server = utilities.oauth2server;
const passport = periodic.locals.extensions.get('periodicjs.ext.passport').passport;
const BasicStrategy = require('passport-http').BasicStrategy;
const BearerStrategy = require('passport-http-bearer').Strategy;
// const passportSettings = utilities.getSettings();
module.exports = () => {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    // Register serialialization function
    server.serializeClient(oauth2server.serializeClient);
    // Register deserialization function
    server.deserializeClient(oauth2server.deserializeClient);
    // Register authorization code grant type
    server.grant(oauth2server.oauth2orizeGrantCode);
    // Exchange authorization codes for access tokens
    server.exchange(oauth2server.oauth2orizeExchangeCode);
    passport.use('client-basic', new BasicStrategy(oauth2server.basicStrategy));
    passport.use(new BearerStrategy(oauth2server.bearerStrategy));
    resolve(true);
  });
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Articles such as "How to Resole Shoes", describe the process for dress shoes. But something more radical is needed for repairing school or walking shoes with deep treads.
The Replacement Heels you can buy for shoes are usually a thin sheet of plastic or rubber, with little tread. This is not enough for a heavy duty school or walking shoe. The shoes can have so much wear the replacement is not thick enough.
Shoes with thick soles can be repaired with a more radical approach. Shoes normally wear out at the heels first, so you can use the sole from an old shoe to make the heel for another.
First use a small wood saw to cut the sole from an old shoe. You may have to saw through the leather of the shoe to get at the sole and then use the saw to cut the inner lining from the sole of the shoe. Leave the sole larger than the heel you are repairing, as you can trim it to size later.
Now use a saw to cut the bottom off the heel of the shoe you are repairing, to match the thickness of the sole you are using to replace it. You may have to cut 5 mm, or more, from the heel. Don't worry if the heel has voids in it, or is not completely flat.
Normally Contact Adhesive is used for gluing shoe soles, but it requires very flat surfaces to stick. Something thicker is needed for more radical repairs, where the surfaces are uneven and there are holes to fill. I found that the Silicone Sealant , as used for windows and around bathtubs, works well. This sticks to rubber, plastic and leather and also is thick enough to fill in holes and uneven surfaces.
Select a colour of silicone to match the shoe sole (usually black). Buy the large corking gun tubes of sealant, as you get a lot more silicone for your money this way.
Make sure you are wearing old clothes and have gloves on, as the silicone sealant is very messy, particularly in black (it sticks well to clothing).
Smear a generous amount of the silicone to the shoe heel, filling in any voids (some shoe heels are hollow). Now smear silicon on the replacement heel and press it in place, lining up the tread.
Leave the sealant to dry, which may take up to a week. It is important to leave the sealant to set all the way through. It may look set around the edges you can see but still liquid in the centre. If you try to walk on the heel in this state it will slide off the shoe, which could be dangerous.
When the sealant is set, carefully saw the excess from around the heel. You can clean this up with steel file.
The result will not be as pretty as a new shoe but will be very serviceable.


text:
NY busts multi-million dollar 'cigarette smuggling ring'
Wolfeboro/Gilford :: Welcome to Wolf-Gil :: National News :: National News
fshnski Fri May 17, 2013 8:52 am
New York officials say they have busted a multi-million dollar cigarette smuggling ring.
Officials allege that three of the 16 Palestinian immigrants charged had links to known terrorists.
The state's attorney general said investigators had recovered only "a fraction" of the proceeds from sales of more than a million untaxed cartons.
The amount of money involved remains unclear, but records show the suspects deposited at least $55m (£36m).
The scheme cost the state an estimated $80m in tax revenue, said officials in a press conference on Thursday.
The alleged ringleaders, brothers Basel and Samir Ramadan, were arrested on Wednesday in Maryland.
Investigators said they had found $1.5m in cash - some stashed in black plastic bin bags - in the home and car of Basel Ramadan.
'Astounding profits'
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22564338
» Michelle's hairdo and florist.
» Voice of Dr. King continues to sing, 'Let freedom ring'
» July 1—The Collapse of the Dollar?
» The Impending Collapse of the Dollar...
» Canada To Issue New Dollar Coin...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Ravi Marudanayagam
Mr Ravi Marudanayagam
Consultant Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic & General Surgeon
MBBS, MS, FRCS (Ed), FRCS (Glasg), FRCS (Gen Surg)
+ Dermatology
Removing benign skin lesion
+ General surgery
Cholecystectomy laparoscopic
Elective splenectomy
Epigastric hernia repair
Laparoscopic bile duct exploration
Mr Marundanayagam obtained his primary medical qualification (MBBS) from JIPMER (Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research) a reputed teaching Hospital in Pondicherry, India in 1996. He obtained M.S (General Surgery) in 1999, FRCS (Ed) in 2001, FRCS (Glasg) in 2002 and FRCS (General Surgery) in 2007. And completed his Higher Surgical training in the West Midlands.
Mr Marundanayagam undertook a fellowship in advanced laparoscopic hepatobiliary and pancreatic procedures in King's College Hospital, London. He undertook another fellowship in hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery including liver transplantation for a year in Royal Free Hospital, London.
He was appointed as a Consultant Hepato-biliary and Pancreatic Surgeon at the Liver Unit in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham in 2010.
West Midlands, BMI The Priory Hospital
International Hepato-pancreato-biliary Association (IHPBA)
European- African Hepato-pancreato-biliary Association (E-AHPBA)
Great Britain and Ireland Hepato-pancreato-biliary Association (GBIHPBA)
Association of Upper GI Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (AUGIS)
International Association of Pancreatology (IAP)
European Pancreatic Club (EPC)
Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (PSGBI)
Royal College of Surgeons of England General Medical Council, U.K.


text:
Two armed robbery suspects arrested after police surround Lansing apartment
LANSING — Lansing police arrested two people after a man wearing black clothes and a white mask robbed a convenience store employee at gunpoint late Tuesday.
The man walked into Toolan's Market on West Saginaw Street at about 11:30 p.m. Tuesday and pointed a gun at the clerk, demanding money, Lansing Police Department Public Information Director Robert Merritt said.
He left with an undisclosed amount of money before police arrived, Merritt said.
Once officers got a description of the suspect and a vehicle they believed was connected to the robbery, they found the vehicle in a parking lot at the Walnut Park Apartments and found evidence from the robbery inside the vehicle, Merritt said.
Officers from the Lansing Police Department, Michigan State Police and FBI surrounded around the West Willow Street apartment complex Wednesday morning. They spotted a man fitting the suspects description leaving an apartment, Merritt said.
Officers arrested the 37-year-old Lansing man, who Merritt said they believe played a role in the robbery, and continued to monitor the apartment complex.
A negotiator spoke with a 41-year-old Detroit man inside the apartment who later surrendered to police. Merritt said police believe he was the man who robbed the store.
Information was sent to prosecutors for charges. Merritt expects both men will be arraigned Thursday.
Merritt said police are not ruling out that the two men may have been involved with a series of robberies Lansing has seen since July.
Nobody was evacuated from the apartment complex and no injuries were reported.
To get the most in-depth and up-to-date news on crime in the Lansing area, subscribe to the State Journal.
Contact reporter Mark Johnson at 517-377-1026 or majohnson2@lsj.com. Follow him on Twitter @bymarkjohnson.


text:
Mate Gourd Earrings and Necklace Jewelry Set, 'Love and Peace'
Symbols of peace, doves bill and coo amid beautiful flowers. By Fabiana Quispe, this charming jewelry set manifests one of the oldest art forms in the Andes. She etches the motifs on dried mate gourd and encloses it in silver. They dance beneath circular medallions as earrings and grace a sterling chain necklace.
Sterling silver and mate gourd
Chain:44.5 cm L
Chain:17.5" L
Pendant:4.3 cm L x 2.3 cm W
Pendant:1.7" L x 0.9" W
Earrings:5.5 cm L x 1.8 cm W
Earrings:2.2" L x 0.7" W
Fabiana Quispe
"I tell people I have the best job in the world and I give it all: my patience, my love and my hard work in order to obtain the best quality possible."
"I come from the Quispe Family, Novica featured artists, and I learned by watching my father at work as well as other artisans in my village. I enjoyed creating my own pieces and eventually I decided to be immersed in the wonderful world of jewelry.
"When I first started, I crafted small pieces with simple designs to gain practice and be able to earn and save enough to buy my own materials and tools. I began to work alongside my parents and relatives in 2001 but, now that I have my own family, I decided to become independent so that I could provide for them.
"One of the most interesting lessons to learn was about polishing. I could polish everything except for the actual piece: my nails would end up being polished, or I would end up perforating the piece! Now I'm proud to say I'm an expert when it comes to polishing.
"I've always enjoyed all kinds of manual crafts like knitting, embroidery, sewing, and baking, but in the end making jewelry wins above all.
"I tell people I have the best job in the world and I give it all: my patience, my love and my hard work in order to obtain the best quality possible.
"I'm motivated by a desire to highlight women's beauty and personality through my designs and creations. What I'm trying to transmit are new jewelry ideas, because in Peru we are capable of crafting all types of jewelry so they are available to all.
"To me, this art form is a way to express our ideas through our different designs and the love that we feel toward it. I have exhibited my work in Lima and throughout the country.
"To Novica clients I would like to say that we are simple, humble people looking for a way to move ahead. All of our pieces are made with love and high professional standards."
By Fabiana Quispe


In preparation for the ninth Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art (APT9), QAGOMA (Queensland Art Gallery and Gallery of Modern Art) were seeking a creative solution that would enhance the visitor's experience when viewing the diverse array of artworks on offer and ultimately build stronger bonds between the art and the observer.
With more than 400 artworks by more than 80 individuals, collectives and groups, QAGOMA wanted to make each visitor's experience special. They wanted to create individualised experiences that allowed visitors to not only explore the collection, but discover interconnected relationships between the artworks, artists, and themselves, ultimately personalising the exhibition to each visitor.
With such a large library of art, we needed to find a way to give visibility to the full spectrum of work without visually overloading patrons at the beginning of their visit. Moreso, the solution needed to feed the curiosity for discovery that lives in us all, educating and informing in the process, while still being fun and engaging for all ages.
Putting our design and digital minds together, we presented a creative solution to the QAGOMA team that drew on the insight that people may not have a refined knowledge of art, but they know what they love. By putting the user front and centre, we would let them explore the interconnected relationships between the art and artists via both a personalised quiz and swarm data visualisation that expanded out full details about each piece and artist. Based on their interests, users would find commonalities in the artworks and artists, and ultimately bring these pieces closer to them, creating a more fulfilling and enlightening experience.
Ultimately, all users would go through a journey that stepped through an initial 'beginning point' – the APT9 kiosk, before giving them a choice of two options for being presented art, either via a personalised quiz or through a data driven swarm. After being presented the art, they would become educated on various themes of each piece including style, colour, and media. Furthermore, via discovering and filtering art via the data swarm, they would finally see the relationships between the art, artists and themselves come to life.
With the intention to deliver the data driven experience via touch screen kiosks, we leveraged our past experiences working with large amounts of data and displaying them in a meaningful and emotive way. This included our interactive work on A State of War for the Queensland State Library and Brisbane Vision 2031 for the Brisbane City Council.
The first of two potential user journeys, the quiz was designed to hone down a curated feed of artwork based on 'you' (each individual visitor). These questions asked which galleries they wanted to view, who they were with, and what kind of experience they were looking for, e.g. 'i want to be excited', 'i want to be challenged', and 'i want to be entertained'. Completing the quiz, an email was sent to the user with a bespoke itinerary of artworks tailored to them, with details of where they were located throughout the gallery.
The second journey gave visitors the ability to explore and discover the full library at a macro level via an animated, interactive swarm. We designed and built the swarm, displaying tiles of each artwork as a triangle per the APT9 brand. By interacting and 'loving' pieces on display via the touch screens, artworks literally drew closer to the user. These tiles were animated to rotate in a series of bands that encompassed a central focus point, 'you' (the user).
Users could interact with each tile to open and view more information about the artwork and artist. They also had the ability to filter via a range of tagged categories such as subject, media, genre, elements, region and a dedicated 'first nations' category for aboriginal artists . Choosing to filter by a category saw related artworks being shifted closer to the center of the swarm, emphasising the relationship between both the different artworks and the visitor's interests. Users were also able to favourite pieces or randomise their choices if they preferred.
All successful projects thrive on a trusting, collaborative relationship between client and agency. The stellar collaborative relationship between JSAcreative and the QAGOMA design and development team ensured that APT9's creative and development was seamless, with solutions and processes bringing the concept to life. The content was delivered via an API from a centralised CMS, allowing QAGOMA the flexibility to add/edit/remove artists and works from the exhibition as it evolved during the 6 month exhibition.
In the immediate weeks following the launch of the exhibit (24 November to 31 December 2018), over 10,000 people used the kiosks to help engage with and plan their visit.
The internal response from the QAGOMA team has been highly positive both from a design and development standpoint. Additionally, ongoing monitoring has shown steady growth in popularity for the interactive kiosks throughout January 2019.


Following 10 years of growth and good reviews from everyone in the past, we were slightly underwhelmed when we visited Europa Park Horror Nights last year. In our review at the time, we commented on the incredible sets within the mazes but thought the outside design (large white marquees in the main event arena) and underpopulated scare zones, let the experience down. So we were pleased to hear that the whole event was getting a massive makeover for 2017, and as it got closer to opening night, more and more details about Traumatica were released.
First off – the event was due to follow one overarching story, as five warring factions of supernatural entities battle it out for control of Traumatica. Based on classic characters such as werewolves and vampires, the evening started out in the holding area with the different sides shouting abuse at each other, and from there, the theme continued throughout the whole experience.
When the gates were opened, the majority of the waiting crowd were funnelled through the long and well themed Battle for Traumatica scare zone. Populated with characters from all factions, this was a great intro to the event, as well as effectively spreading the opening crowds around the site. The pathway was well themed with "junk" and disused vehicles to create a suitably grungy post-apocalyptic vibe.
Traumatica, as an event, is basically split into two halves with two mazes and some rides in the main park and then three mazes in the event area outside the main park layout. The only way between each side of the event is to pass through the scare zones, so in an evening of back and forth we passed both ways through all the zones, and really got to enjoy Battle for Traumatica and Gypsy Hollow. Sadly the Shadow Bay scare zone was woefully underpopulated and was disappointing every time we went through.
We must mention the Gypsy Hollow scare zone though – we are not sure what any of the actors were saying, especially the mother style leader of the clan, but she was genuinely terrifying as she barked in our faces! She could have been reeling off her shopping list for all we knew, but her demeanour and body language really had us on edge!
As well as the scare zones, a number of the park's rides were open along with a new horror themed ice show that continued the Traumatica storyline in a story of doomed love. However, of course, the main draw of the event are the five main scare mazes – one themed to each of the 5 factions.
Behind the incredible façade of a rundown church, lay a community of undead creatures with hearts as dark as blood. The maze featured some incredibly well designed and themed sets including a stunning set piece, as a whole room transformed into a black light nightmare following an actot-led ritual. Although the house wasn't as scary /jumpy as some of the others, it was good fun throughout.
This was genuinely our favourite maze of the bunch – once inside it was completely chaotic in places as the resistance fighters imitated a lockdown, and every scene included some great scares and some fun characters. The highlight had to be the room with the actors on bungees. This room was so busy, and genuinely frightening, as characters dropped in and out of view, inches from our faces. Easily the best scene in the whole event. One small note – it wasn't until after the event that we realised that the main queueline for the this attraction utilised a corn maze, which wasn't accessible from the Shoxterpass (fast track) queue. We understand from people that went through here that there were a couple of fun scares in the corn before the main indoor section of this maze but sadly missed them on our visit.
Ghouls was very similar to last year's Cave Unleashed, but located in a more permanent structure within the park. Because of this, the walls were more sold and permanent than the foam theming from previous, meaning we did not have to walk around with our arms crossed against our chest! The attraction itself had a large number of glowing eyed creatures that managed some effective jump scares as they appeared from hidden positions in the catacombs. Although we had some scares this was probaly our least favorite of the 5 main mazes.
The main vampire themed maze was probably more theatrical than scary but had a number of impressively themed scenes through some detailed sets. We particularly liked the alluring vampire in the bath tub scene and the vampire we interrupted chewing on the entrails of a victim in a four posted bed! The maze also used a couple of over sized puppets to create great "WTF" moments as something so large and apparently static lunged at us in the dark!
As before – all the mazes were themed beautifully inside, but this year the main three mazes also had amazing facades. Built into more permanent buildings both the Fallen and The Pack looked stunning and helped add weight to the whole event. Alongside the roaming characters, queue line entertainment and pounding rock music – the atmosphere in this area will be buzzing come the busier days closer to Halloween.
Therefore, in summary – we thoroughly enjoyed our visit to Traumatica. The change to a more cohesive event has worked in the events favour, but there were certainly some areas that could do with some work. For an opening weekend of a new product, the team should be proud of their achievements.


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text:
Last edited by Tauzshura
Monday, May 4, 2020 | History
7 edition of Seton Hall University NJ 2007 found in the catalog.
Seton Hall University NJ 2007
by College Prowler
Published July 1, 2006 by College Prowler .
Students & Student Life,
Study Aids,
Reference,
Test Prep,
College Guides,
College Prowler: Seton Hall University Off the Record
Seton Hall University was founded in It is accredited by Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. It first offered distance learning courses in In fall , there were students enrolled in distance learning courses. . Seton Hall's School of Diplomacy and International Relations is where you'll learn to be a global leader and ambassador. The School .
History Seton Hall offers a stellar program in history with a global focus and faculty expertise in U.S., European, Asian, African, Latin American, Middle Eastern and Medieval History. Seton Hall University was founded in It is accredited by Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. It first offered distance learning courses in Institutionally administered financial aid is available to distance learners. gives you the ability to cite reference. Joseph Joachim Synott was the sixth President of Seton Hall. Born February 6, in Great Neck, Long Island, New York, his family moved to Montclair, New Jersey soon after. After Montclair High School he attended St. Francis Xavier's College, graduating in June
Personal Notes: Jackie Leitner PA-C has been a board-certified physician assistant since Prior to joining Summit Medical Group, Ms. Leitner practiced with New Jersey Associates in Medicine and has previous experience in hospital medicine and urgent care/5(). Seton Hall University (South Orange, NJ) Baseball Players Note: Statistics are for MLB play. Appearance on this list means the player attended the school, not . Seton Hall University Baccalaureate Commencement Ceremony at Prudential Center located at 25 Lafayette Street in Newark, NJ. All graduates must use the Ford Tower entrance, but guests may use the Ford Tower, Investors Bank Tower, or Lafayette Street entrance.
The House Of Whispers
Experimental performance of a micromachined heat flux sensor
The cattle barons bride
Artingale Castle
concise history of Venetian painting
Essays On De Gourmont And Byron
Men, masculinities and social welfare
The ends of time
Roy Blakeley on the Mohawk Trail.
Spread of carcinoma of the bronchus
Moral development in school and family
Tales, poems, essays
A bill to prohibit health insurance and employment discrimination against individuals and their family members on the basis of predictive genetic information or genetic services
The CILIP guidelines for secondary school libraries
School mathematics project.
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Life at AGGIELAND in the 40s
Applied engineering mechanics
Lovells gazetteer of British North America
Seton Hall University NJ 2007 by College Prowler Download PDF EPUB FB2
SyntaxTextGen not activatedSeton Hall University Libraries website, including the Archives and Special Collections Center and Walsh GalleryAuthor: Sharon Ince.Seton Hall University South Orange Avenue South Orange NJ () Ebook Development in Oral Communication Infusion, Seton Hall University ().
College of Arts and Sciences Recognition of Accomplishments, presented by the Dean, Ap Curricular Development in Service Learning, Seton Hall University Fall ().
University Research Council Award, Seton Hall University, Summer ().
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Flowing Water on Mars? Not So Much
December 27, 2017 • 30:58
Mars scientists dubbed them recurring slope lineae or RSLs. They sure looked like evidence of liquid water flowing down hillsides and ridges on the Red Planet. New research led by USGS Planetary Geologist Colin Dundas says otherwise.
Dream Chaser: The Return of the Spaceplane
May 10, 2016 • 28:50
We're back at Space Symposium for a conversation with SNC's Mark Sirangelo, leader of that company's effort to build the Dream Chaser. We'll also hear a few moments of Bill Nye's session at the annual gathering as he hosted Bernard Foing and Amy Mainzer.
Found! Beagle 2 on Mars
February 17, 2015 • 28:50
The Beagle 2 Mars lander disappeared after it separated from the Mars Express orbiter on Christmas Day, 2003. Eleven years later, it has been found, partially-deployed on the Martian surface. Longtime Beagle 2 mission leader Mark Sims tells the story.
Astronomers Without Borders: Spreading the Wonder Worldwide
June 10, 2014 • 28:50
Astronomers Without Borders Founder and President Mike Simmons and his colleagues share the passion, beauty and joy of the night sky from Argentina to Zambia.
Surprising Budget News for Planetary Exploration
Good news, for a change! Congress decided to provide $127 million more for planetary science than was requested by the President. Bill Adkins of Adkins Strategies in Washington and the Society's Director of Advocacy, Casey Dreier say a battle has been won, but the war for science continues. Emily Lakdawalla helps us understand how an eye in the Martian sky helps track Curiosity on the surface. Bill Nye addresses the mastodon in the room, and there's a new and cool prize for the winner of the What's Up space trivia contest.
A 2014 Preview From Emily Lakdawalla
January 06, 2014 • 28:50
24 spacecraft are either busy exploring the solar system or speeding toward an exciting destination. The Planetary Society's Senior Editor takes us on a whirlwind advance tour.


#Sleepy_Song Jieun #Cool night Always supporting Ssongji noona! & Sleepy sunbaenim!! Cool nightnightnight!! Hwaiting!!!!!
This entry was posted on June 16, 2015 by mynamesg. It was filed under Seyong, Tweets and was tagged with Seyong, Tweets.
Apologies, thanks for alerting. We have amended the post.


1. What's one small example of how you have "customized" your life for the better?
2. What have your actions over the past year been saying about how you prioritize personal growth? What kind of silent progress (meaning you don't have to put everything on social media) would you like to make in your life by the end of 2019?
3. What's one distraction that has been getting the best of you lately? Why?
4. What truly DOES matter to you most right now?
5. What's one small risk you believe is worth taking in 2019? What's the first step?
I spent an hour with #5 this past week and it was both daunting and exciting. I gained new insight into some stirrings deep down in my soul about what's next for me.


Marriage Care is a system set up to help Christians have the best marriages possible. Some marriages are doing just fine, but would enjoy the ongoing information to make their marriage even better, some need tweeking, and still others are in crisis.
Marriage Care meets every couple where they are and focuses on bringing them closer to Christ and each other, in a non-threatening & supportive environment.
The curriculum has been gathered from numerous well-known Christian authors who have written excellent books on marriage. There are 14 lessons beginning with God's design for marriage, taking you all the way through communication, dealing with anger, how men & women are different, commitment, language of apology, finances, dealing with baggage, & so much more, even to the last lesson on aging.
If you are interested in joining a Marriage Care Group, contact Pastor Stanbury @ 734-326-3333 x 13 during business hours, or submit the contact form below.


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Home » Books » Book Review » RANDOMS by David Liss is a Smart Sci-Fi Adventure for the Young and Young At Heart
RANDOMS by David Liss is a Smart Sci-Fi Adventure for the Young and Young At Heart
Posted on August 26, 2015 by Nick Sharps in Book Review, Books // 0 Comments
REVIEW SUMMARY: A Sci-Fi Adventure for Young and Old Alike
PROS: Sympathetic characters worth rooting for, real sci-fi concepts, well written and respectful to audience, fun references that serve a purpose, smart space battles.
CONS: Space school isn't all that interesting, the setting of Confederation Central is sort of bland.
BOTTOM LINE: This is the perfect book to get a kid hooked on sci-fi or reading in general.
I find myself reading young adult novels frequently these days but it's been years since I picked up a middle grade novel. Even when I fit the age range for middle grade fiction I found the simplicity of the stories and characters insulting. I would have loved to read a book like Randoms by David Liss back in the day. Who am I kidding? I just graduated college and I still loved reading it. It always makes me sad to hear a kid say that they don't like reading because it's boring. I would not hesitate to hand such a person a copy of Randoms and challenge them to be bored while reading it. It's an incredibly exciting book with the potential to act as a gateway to science fiction for young readers.
Ezekiel "Zeke" Reynolds is a 6th grade geek. His dad died when Zeke was seven and his mother suffers from ALS. Because of his mom's job the two move around a lot, forcing Zeke to acclimate to a new school every year or so. This makes finding friends difficult and maintaining relationships near impossible. Zeke and three other children are given the opportunity of a lifetime when they are chosen to represent humanity to a coalition of alien races. At first it seems to be a geek's dream come true but Zeke quickly becomes embroiled in a conflict he never could have anticipated. He is then labeled as a war criminal for acting heroically in the face of imminent doom. Light years from home, shunned by his own kind, and despised by the peaceful aliens of Confederation Central Zeke befriends the randoms of two other alien races attempting to gain membership to the Confederation. Now survival and the very fate of Earth could rest on Zeke's extensive arsenal of sci-fi trivia.
Zeke is an immediately likable protagonist. Unlike the three other initiates chosen to represent Earth's interests to the Confederation of United Planets, Zeke is utterly average. He's not highly intelligent or a skilled martial artist. He's a fan of Star Trek, Star Wars, and Firefly. He plays video games and reads comics and books. He's no stranger to being bullied by bigger kids and misunderstood by adults. Unfortunately these issues only intensify when he leaves Earth. Zeke is ostracized by his fellow human initiates for being a random — chosen by the Confederation out of pure chance rather than for any particular merit. Or at least that's how it seems at first. In truth Zeke exhibits a number of desirable qualities and his ability to overcome his own limitations by answering the question WWKD? (What Would Kirk Do) in high stress scenarios proves that he is quite formidable. But any sci-fi geek knows that a captain is only as good as his crew and Zeke's is a well rounded lot.
The premise of Randoms is hardly groundbreaking but its in the execution that the novel really shines. Liss's writing is crisp, clear, and well structured. Liss doesn't presume that his audience is stupid and as a result it reads significantly better than the majority of YA novels. The scenes of space combat are exhilarating and follow a specific set of rules (akin to a more complex Rock-Paper-Scissors) set at the beginning of the novel. Victory requires tactical and strategic thinking reminiscent of Battle School matches from Ender's Game. Despite some very solid space battles and a daring raid on a prison planet later on in the book, the most suspenseful moment of Randoms is a tense war crimes hearing in which Zeke is put on trial. The graphic nature of violence is considerably toned down but the consequences of it are not. The stakes are high and moments of peril actually felt perilous.
There are some areas of Randoms that work less well than others. The "curriculum" meant to teach the initiates and judge their worthiness is somewhat formless and uninspired. The initiates are taught the history of the Confederation and are tested in math, engineering, and other areas but the only thing that really stands out is the spaceship simulations. Likewise Confederation Central (or what Zeke and his friends experience of it) feels slightly unmemorable. More detail in these areas could have added extra character to the novel.
Randoms takes advantage of a lot of genre tropes but presents them in a way that is both respectful and refreshing. Liss references the classics without resorting to a bombardment of winks and nudges to tell his story. When Zeke references Star Trek or Star Wars it serves a purpose beyond self gratification. The conspiracy at the core of Randoms kept me guessing until the very end and I appreciated that Liss injects a degree of moral ambiguity into the plot. The good guys sometimes have to break rules in order to do what they believe to be right. The good guys aren't always rewarded and the bad guys aren't always punished. Nearing the end of the book it seemed to be heading in the direction of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope and instead veered off in the direction of Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back.
Randoms by David Liss is an extremely fun and thoughtful sci-fi adventure that also just happens to be written for the middle grade audience. Readers ages 8-12 are not the only ones who can enjoy this story, though I highly recommend using it as an introduction to the genre for the uninitiated. Randoms is the kind of book I hope to share with my future children and best of all it's the first in a series!
Rock 'em Sock 'em! – Stories with Robots
BOOK REVIEW: The Explorer by James Smythe
BOOK REVIEW: No Return by Zachary Jernigan
[GUEST POST] David Liss Shares the Top 10 Genre Tropes That Influenced RANDOMS
Randoms
About Nick Sharps (85 Articles)
Nick is the Social Media Coordinator and Commissioning Editor for Ragnarok Publications and its imprint, Angelic Knight Press. He is a book critic and aspiring author. He is the co-editor of Kaiju Rising: Age of Monsters from Ragnarok Publications. He studies Advertising and Public Relations at Point Park University.
[BOOK REVIEW] PHILIP K. DICK: THE LAST INTERVIEW AND OTHER CONVERSATIONS Defers to Popular Opinion and Leaves Diehard Fans Cold
The SF Signal Podcast (Episode 132): An Interview with Hugo nominated Author Kij Johnson
Still More SF/F Books to Read Before You See Them on the Screen
Stained Glass Gothic: Dark Light Through Rainbow Panes
The SF Signal Podcast (Episode 111): An Interview with Author Lavie Tidhar
13 Horror Titles You'll Want to Read With the Lights On in 2015
Like reading the scaries? Hey, so do I!! And, of course, I love trumpeting my picks for anyone that will listen (and a few that still attempt escape), and these 13 horror titles are at the top of my reading list for 2015. I kicked off 2015 with the terrifying The Deep by Nick Cutter, and I'm ready for Continue Reading →
[GUEST POST] Henry Herz on Monster Goose Nursery Rhymes and Some Very Special Dinner Guests
Henry Herz writes fantasy and science fiction for children. His debut traditionally published picture book, Monster Goose Nursery Rhymes, is due out from Pelican Publishing in January 2015. Henry and his sons have also indie-published four children's books, including Nimpentoad (early chapter book, author), which reached #1 in Kindle Best Sellers large print sci-fi & fantasy, and was featured Continue Reading →
Did You Hear Andrew Liptak on The Functional Nerds Podcast?
Andrew Liptak, weekend editor of Gizmodo/io9, joins John Anealio and Patrick Hester this week on The Functional Nerds Podcast. Listen below, or at The Functional Nerds, or subscribe to The Functional Nerds Podcast through iTunes.


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History is a music venue in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 1663 Queen Street East. The venue hosts various events such as concerts, live entertainment, galas and community programs and events.

Background
The venue was announced in June 2021 when both American company Live Nation Entertainment and Canadian musician Drake collaborated to open the venue later in the year. It has a capacity of 2,500 people and is expected to play up to 200 events per year, featuring general admission and seating options.

The venue was set to open in October 2021, but was postponed to November 7, 2021, when the venue officially opened to the public. The inaugural concert on its opening day was performed by Bleachers.

References

External links
 History Toronto

2021 establishments in Ontario
Music venues in Toronto
Theatres in Toronto

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Die modulare Funktion ist ein Begriff aus der harmonischen Analyse, das heißt aus der Theorie der lokalkompakten Gruppen. Die modulare Funktion misst eine Links-rechts-Asymmetrie der Gruppe.

Definition
Es sei  eine lokalkompakte Gruppe. Dann gibt es bekanntlich ein linksinvariantes Haarsches Maß  auf . Linksinvarianz bedeutet dabei, dass  für alle  und alle Borelmengen . Daraus folgt im Allgemeinen nicht, dass  auch rechtsinvariant ist, das heißt, es kann durchaus  gelten.

Für festes  ist die Abbildung  ebenfalls ein linksinvariantes Haarsches Maß, wie man leicht bestätigen kann. Da ein solches bis auf eine Konstante eindeutig bestimmt ist, gibt es eine Zahl  mit , das heißt  für alle messbaren .

Auf diese Weise erhält man eine Abbildung , die sich als unabhängig von der Wahl des linksinvarianten Haarschen Maßes  erweist und ein stetiger Homomorphismus von  in die multiplikative Gruppe  ist.  heißt die modulare Funktion von

Unimodulare Gruppen
Gruppen, für die die modulare Funktion gleich der konstanten Funktion  für alle  ist, nennt man unimodular. Das sind genau diejenigen Gruppen, für die ein linksinvariantes Haarsches Maß auch rechtsinvariant ist. Drei wichtige Typen lokalkompakter Gruppen sind automatisch unimodular:

 Kommutative lokalkompakte Gruppen sind unimodular, denn wegen der Kommutativität sind linksinvariante Maße natürlich auch rechtsinvariant.
 Kompakte Gruppen sind unimodular, denn das Bild der modularen Funktion muss eine kompakte Untergruppe in  sein, und da kommt nur  in Frage.
 Diskrete Gruppen sind unimodular, denn die Vielfachen des Zählmaßes sind genau die links- und rechtsinvarianten Haarschen Maße.

Ein Beispiel für eine unimodulare, lokalkompakte Gruppe, die unter keinen dieser drei Typen fällt, ist die allgemeine lineare Gruppe . Ein links- und rechts-invariantes Maß ist durch

gegeben, wobei  das Lebesguemaß auf  ist.

Beispiel
Wir geben hier ein Beispiel für eine nicht-triviale modulare Funktion. Es sei  die lokalkompakte Gruppe aller -Matrizen

mit . Ein links-invariantes Haarsches Maß ist durch

gegeben, ein rechtsinvariantes durch
.
Damit ergibt sich
.

Rechenregeln
Es sei  eine lokalkompakte Gruppe mit linksinvariantem Haarschen Maß . Für eine Funktion  sei , die sogenannte Translation von  um .

Ist  die charakteristische Funktion der Borelmenge , so ist  und daher nach Konstruktion der modularen Funktion

.

Mit den üblichen maßtheoretischen Schlüssen erhält man daraus für jede -integrierbare Funktion :

.

Weiter tritt die modulare Funktion auf, wenn man über invertierte Argumente integriert. Für -integrierbare Funktionen  auf  gilt

.

Schließlich kommt die modulare Funktion in der Definition der Involution auf der Faltungsalgebra  vor. Auf dem -Raum über  definiere man für Funktionen

.

Dabei ist  nur fast überall definiert, nämlich dort, wo das Integral existiert, und der Querstrich steht für die komplexe Konjugation. Mit dem durch  definierten sogenannten Faltungsprodukt und der Abbildung  wird  zu einer Banachalgebra mit isometrischer Involution. Die Untersuchung dieser Banachalgebra ist ein wichtiges Instrument der harmonischen Analyse.

Einzelnachweise

Maßtheorie
Harmonische Analyse


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Articles Culture Body Positivity Posts
New Parenting Trend: Asking Your Own Baby for Permission to Touch Him?!
Courtney Kirchoff
"It was a dark and stormy night" should be replaced with "social justice warriors are having children" because few things are as terrifying (see VIDEO Free-range parents…wait, 'free-range' parents? and NY Medicaid to Cover 'Puberty Blockers,' Transgender Surgery for Kids ).
"Free-range" parenting is a new fad amongst the hippie left, who like their children like their chicken: roaming free. Pecking things they shouldn't. Crapping wherever they want. These parents let their children decide what to eat, if they want to do homework, and whether or not they want their genitals chopped off. One mother is starting her child young by asking permission to pick him up. This is real life.
Since the moment he was born, we've always asked before we pick him up. I always feel for his "yes". Why? Because we want him to know that his body is his, and that others' bodies are theirs, and no one gets to make choices about someone else's body. . #lessonsinsovereignty #bornfree #endrapeculture . Sidenote: If you ever want to hold someone else's baby, my suggestion is to ask the parent, then ask the kid. It always touches my heart when someone takes a moment to connect with him and says "Can I hold you, dude?"
A post shared by Nisha Moodley (@nishamoodley) on Jun 9, 2017 at 10:09am PDT
From Yahoo:
"I don't ever want my son to be a sexual perpetrator or the victim of one, and the best thing I can do is honor his choices about his own body," Moodley tells Yahoo Beauty. "I also want him to pay attention to his instincts, and forcing physical touch could interfere with that."
Moodley says that navigating social situations with friends and family have, on occasion, been tricky. "It's asking myself how can I prioritize what feels right to me as a parent with social niceties, especially if some consider it rude to not hug," says Moodley. "If Raven seems like he doesn't want to be touched, I just explain to the person, 'Give him a few minutes — he may just want mommy now.'"
Firstly, I don't care if the mother is loony or not. That's a cute little snuggle bunny of a kiddo.
Now, Moodley (who lives in San Francisco) says asking her child for permission to pick him up is helping foster decisions about his body. Interesting. He's a baby. He's not even a toddler. According to the article, he's six months old. Now lest anyone confuse my incoming mockery of Ravensmom (yes, all one word, it's not a typo. Halt thy shitposting), I think it a grand idea to teach children about the dangers of certain touch. Kids should absolutely be told about stranger danger, and no one should touch their special places. If someone touches their special places, tell on that person promptly. Okay? Okay.
I'm also a fan of not forcing kids onto people they clearly don't want to come into contact with. As someone who's not really big on hugging people I don't know (or even ones I do), I'm glad Ravensmom is protecting him from strangers who just want to hold him 'cause he's a cuddly cuddle-poo. Okay? Okay.
My issue here is entirely with the mother allowing her son to decide when she, the mother, can mother the child. How far does one take the "let him decide on his own timetable" parenting style? What happens if Raven says he thinks he's a girl? What happens if Raven wants to take hormone blockers to be a girl? At what point does Ravensmom think it okay to, AS THE ADULT, make decisions which are best for her child?
Ravensmom isn't entirely wrong. But like a lot of good theories, she's pushed her good intention too far. Children need their parents to be leaders. A six month old is too young to understand body autonomy. If Ravensmom is this worried about how her son views his own body at six months, she's got a whole lot of nightmarish behavior when Raven hits the terrible twos, running around with his own body and throwing tantrums when his own body doesn't get what he wants. When she tries to stop him from throwing himself into a pile of nails in a tantrum, will she ask "Can I pick you up before you cut yourself to bits?" pre swan dive into the nails? Or does she try tempting him with other choices like a plate of cookies? At what point will Ravensmom intercede and make decisions Raven shouldn't be making alone?
Also, if Raven's body is his own, was it also his own body a year ago when he was in her body?


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Q: How to connect R-studio to Oracle Database and also add external file csv to the queried data for ShinyDashBoard in R? Below is the scenario.
Scenario:
I am building ShinyDashBoard that will allow end users to track system usability at specific location.
For this I need two tables that are in Oracle Database (As explained below). Also,I have one csv file that I would like to join after data is queried. This csv file contains data regarding System location. The purpose of joining csv file is to retrieve data of all systems located at specific location. This csv file consist of System, Location columns. From end-user perspective they would like to see where all systems are located, and at what frequency are those system being used ?
Table1 consists of User login information. It consist of UserName, UserLogin Date columns
Table2 consist of data regarding which user is using which system.(This table does not contain data of all systems, it only contains data where the system is being currently used). This table consist of UserName and System column.
Question #1: My question is how to approach in building the App ? I read this post where author suggest it's possible to connect to Oracle Database in R-Studio using RODBC package. However, I am not sure where should I put the code for connecting to Oracle database ? Does connection code goes in Global environment ? or does it go in Sever part of shiny App ?
Question #2: How to join external data ?  I know I can perform Join on my Table1 and Table2 on "UserName" column. Then I can perform Join on "System" column that is in csv file.Where should the code for Join go ?
Question #3: Regarding username and password part of RODBC package.Since, end-users will be different persons using the app. What should I put for username and password  when deploying the application?
I know this question covers various areas, if possible provide basic syntax of how would basic ShinyDashBoard app look like, which can connect to Oracle Database, and query the data  from two table and perform join with external csv file,and render data on ShinyDashboard in form of visualization.

A: If it is Oracle you will need RJDBC package.
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RJDBC/index.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: What's the meaning of using 'OF' in the beginning of this sentence?
Any detailed meaning of using 'OF' in the beginning of this sentence? Or we actually can substitute 'OF' for other articles without changing any details?
Thanks in advance!

A: It's literally the same as saying "The sinoatrial (SA) node is of critical importance."  However, by constructing it as originally written, the writer alerts the reader that the upcoming subject of the sentence (the SA node) is worth paying attention to, bringing enhanced attention to it rather than pointing out its importance afterward.

A: For one, "of" is not an article. Replacing it with one here (such as "the") would be incorrect. The preposition "of" marks the genitive case, and essentially serves to turn the noun phrase "critical importance" into a sort of adjective. I.e., "of critical importance" is semantically identical to "critically important." The only difference, other than a stylistic one, is that "of critical importance" sounds natural coming before that which it describes, whereas "critically important" would sound rather artificial:
"Critically important is the sinoatrial node" is not wrong, grammatically speaking — it's just unnatural and awkward. Instead one would always say, "The sinoatrial node is critically important." This is contrasted with "of critical importance," where I feel it is equally acceptable to say both "Of critical importance is the sinoatrial node," and "The sinoatrial node is of critical importance."
Some other examples of using a genitive noun phrase to function as an adjective:

*

*"Of note" = noteworthy

*"Of interest" = interesting

There may be a slight difference in formality (using of could be perceived as more formal) is certain circumstances.


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Look at them now
Look at him now: Harry Kane and Leicester City
It's crazy to think that England's best striker, Harry Kane, once played at Leicester City.
Leicester City signed a 19-year-old Harry Kane back in February of 2013 on a loan deal until the end of the season.
The Foxes were in need of a striker so they turned to a Spurs youngster who didn't really have much hype surrounding him at all in the earlier stages of his career.
Indeed, Leicester were chasing automatic promotion from the Championship at the time and he made an instant impact as he netted a goal against Blackburn Rovers on his home debut. But, things soon went downhill as he had to settle for a place on the substitutes' bench after a run of disappointing games without scoring.
And, he failed to deliver in the play-offs against Watford as they were beaten 3-2 on aggregate with him failing to find the back of the net. He made just 15 appearances and produced a disappointing two goals.
Of course, times have changed since Kane rocked up at Leicester as they now have Jamie Vardy steering the ship magnificently, but they'll certainly be gutted they didn't make an approach to sign him permanently. He could certainly do the job at the King Power Stadium which has fans thinking about what could have been.
Although, it's safe to say he's transformed into something special since then as he's now one of the world's best strikers and he was even nominated for the Balon d'Or in 2018 & 2017.
Leicester City fans – Thoughts?
Related Items:Harry Kane, The Foxes
Tottenham Hotspur: Alex McLeish admits Harry Kane worry
Tottenham Hotspur: Alan Hutton fears worry for Spurs after detailed Son Heung-min and Harry Kane report
Tottenham Hotspur: Harry Kane talks over new deal commence in 'clever' Daniel Levy move
Article title: Look at him now: Harry Kane and Leicester City


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