text:
Re: NX Monthly Update (NX 1855) is available for d...
Re: NX Monthly Update (NX 1855) is available for download
sdeters
Our Nx update Icon is still green, says no updates available? (running 1851) What are the steps to get NX to see there is an update available?
Also with the MSP, do the New NX files still need to download the total 6 gig during the installation processs?
@Scaffold,
That depends on what you call an ER (or enhancement). In the 1851 docs that were posted, 1 ER was listed:
Please see below for a list of enhancements included in this release
8395265 - Fixed Unfolded Length Type for Resize Bend Radius changes geometry of the part
I have yet to see anything similar for NX 1855 posted in the same GTAC area. I tend to think the above is more of a fix than an ER but apparently someone at Siemens feels otherwise.
@TimF wrote:
Users: There's a bug in NX
Siemens: It is working as designed
Users: But it's wrong...
Siemens: CONVERTED TO ER, CASE CLOSED
@cubalibre00 wrote:
Anyway, after 10 day of the Monthly Update announcement, NX still doesn't find any automatic update. Ten day are 1/3 of one month. Siemens PLM ( @BenBroad ) have you paid third-party server or are in Bangladesh ?
@cubalibre00,
Where are you getting 10 days, if you're referring to the NX 1855 update? It hasn't yet been a week since @BenBroad posted it was available for download.
Hi @TimF ,
the download was available starting 11 March and I've received the Knowladge e-mail about the update.
I'm referring to this date, not what is written on the forum.
Anyway, there is something strange of the new CR release. The update process timing, the update sharing in company and the automatic update available.
For me, the solution was not tested in a real scenario, but in a scenario inside the Siemens PLM company.
It's absurd that all users in the forum are disappointed of this enhancement.
We test our new machine for one year on more final client, so when we go on production, we don't have surprises.
Ahhhh - I see from where you're coming now and yes, the current situation seems a bit disappointing at the moment, but I'm on the outside looking in with this since I'm stuck on whatever version GM uses.
BenBroad
Siemens Esteemed Contributor
My NX1851 keeps telling me that software is up to date. So much for the automatic update?
@Scaffold, this is correct. The monthly update has only been released for manual updates. When the automatic update is released the indicator in NX will change to red indicating that "A new version is available to download".
my NX 1851 doesn't find any update. What I've to check with our ITC ?
@cubalibre00, nothing to check. You can manually install the update, or wait for the automatic update to be released. If you choose the manual update you'll notice that the release package also includes a .msp file - which is significantly smaller that the complete install (zip).
I jsut did a new install of 1847, and I get the red light download indicator, but when I select to download and log in, I get a "Failed to download update" message.
@DaveK, the new install will continue to only allow you to download NX 1851, because the NX 1855 automatic download has not yet been released. Not sure why you got the "Failed to download update" message - I suspect this is related to your connection.
The NX automatic update for NX 1855 has not yet been posted.
It is not delivered via the GTAC download server, but via a third party server.
@cubalibre00, this is a correct statement. The key here is "automatic". While you can still manually download the .msp file that will be delivered with the automatic update, you can choose to wait for it to be delivered with the automatic update.
We need to wait at least one week
@Didier_PSI-CAD, if you're basing automatic updates on the last one that was released, then that would be a good assumption.
Many software vendors that offer automatic updates are delaying the official public release for about a week.
This is done to prevent the regular user from installing an update that might have serious issues.
During the one week delay the heavy users are usually installing updates manually and testing them heavily, so serious issues would be reported early and the public release will be delayed until the issues are resolved.
Thank you @sdeters. This is a good explanation.
From the announcements I (and probably many more) had an impression that some feature enhancements were going to be introduced every minior release. To reinforce this, with NX12 Siemens started to introduce feature enhancements with every MP.
@Scaffold, historically, enhancements were only available when upgrading to a major release. Starting with NX 11 (IIRC) significant enhancements were introduced in Maintenance Releases (NX 11.0.1 had over 100). Maintenance Releases have since been replaced with Functional Updates - which will be available biannually.
You may find some minor enhancements to commands in the Monthly Updates, but nothing that I would expect to necessitate a "What's New" announcement. Any enhancements that are delievered with the Monthly Updates will be listed in the NX <XXXX> Series Monthly Update (available on Documentation Center). For example: NX 1847 Series Monthly Update.
In the past, we had to download 1Gb roughly every two months to get bug fixes. Now we have to download 6.5Gb every month to get mere bug fixes?
@Scaffold, Monthly Updates are now available to download as a .msp file (0.5 GB for NX 1855) and will be available approximately once a month.
Anyway, after 10 day of the Monthly Update announcement, NX still doesn't find any automatic update.
@cubalibre00, I typically post the notice to the forum right after the official announcement (SFB) is posted, which was March 14th. It so happened that the release package was uploaded a little earlier on March 11th.
Yeah, monthly bug fixes, and twice a year feature releases, is not what was implied in the marketing, although it is in the FAQ. BUT, at the same time, the FAQ repeatedly says fixes and enhancements will be available without delay. I guess "without delay", depends on your industry, and what you consider a delay
@DaveK, Monthly Updates: As the name implies, fixes (and minor enhancements) delievered monthly (similar to MP's).
Functional Update: To include major enhancements, delivered biannually. Compare this to previous major releases that were available yearly. I would interpret "without delay" to mean that you don't have to wait quite so long to see major (or minor) enhancements.
@sdeters, other than enabling the notification for software updates in the Customer Defaults, there are no additional steps required for this process. When the automatic update is released, the icon in NX will change. For an existing install you only need to download the 0.5GB .msp file.
@cowski1, but expect to see that ER without delay
@cubalibre00, it's a new process. As always, your feedback is welcomed and encouraged, but please don't be disappointed, you're helping to improve the process.
Regards, Ben
@BenBroad wrote:
@BenBroad,
for this I'm disappointed, I want to test and configure this automatic update in the best manner possible, because we are in process to switch to NX 1855 on middle April for 30 users. I'm the responsable of this switch and put my face to my colleagues and I'm also a disegner that work 8 hours for day.
So @BenBroad I would suggest the marketing materials be changed, to state, "minor enhancements" in the montly updates, vs. major. Also, I would swear that our "pre sales" rep, said, in typical salesman fashion, that by going to NX CR it would get us new functionality as it became available, without having to wait like before. Now how you interperet that is subjective...we have no learned that "becomes available" is every 6 months or so, but the emphasis was on an update every month.
Not complaints, just stating how it came across here. As I am seeing things, it's not all that different, other than terminology, and backwards compatability. Still a MP type thing monthly-ish, and MR every 6 months, just not a new version number every year or so. PLus a traffic signal to tell us when it's ready.
Now, off topic...does Siemens PLM have a plan once the significant years in Siemens history, catch up to current times, for their version numberless versioning system
Are you implying that there might be actual plans beyond forcing users to re-learn icons and/or increasing the number of mouse clicks to accomplish tasks?


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VOCM TechTalk – Ads That Track You Online & How To Block Them.
Tech Talk on VOCM is a weekly tech spot highlighting the latest tech news and gadget reviews. On this episode we discuss how advertisers attempt to track you online and possible ways to avoid them if you would like to keep your anonimity.
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Have you ever wondered why some online ads you see are targeted to your tastes and interests, or how websites remember your preferences from visit to visit? It's no secret that there's big money to be made in online advertising. Companies will pay big bucks to learn more about you, …..


text:
State Reissues Denial of Water Quality Certification for MVP Southgate Pipeline
The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality's Division of Water Resources (DWR) has reissued and supplemented the denial of the request for a 401 Water Quality Certification and Jordan Lake Riparian Buffer Authorization for the Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) Southgate project, originally issued on August 11, 2020. MVP appealed the 2020 denial to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
In its March 11, 2021 ruling, the Fourth Circuit upheld the state's authority to determine that authorizing impacts from the Southgate extension at this time poses unnecessary risk to North Carolina's streams, lakes, and wetlands. The Fourth Circuit only remanded the decision back to the Division to address certain statements made by the hearing officer and to "explain why the Department chose denial over conditional certification."
The denial reissued today reaffirms DWR's determination, provides context for statements made by the hearing officer regarding minimization, and explains why DWR did not conditionally approve the Southgate project. DWR concludes that a conditional approval in these circumstances does not provide the reasonable assurance of compliance with water quality requirements.
The decision letter from the Division director, the previous denial letter and other information and documents related to the MVP Southgate project are available at https://deq.nc.gov/mountain-valley-pipeline.
Sharon Martin
https://deq.nc.gov/news/press-releases/2021/04/29/state-reissues-denial-water-quality-certification-mvp-southgate-pipeline

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Get Multiple Taxonomy by Name I want to get certain taxonomies by name to filter a post type by type:
$taxonomies = get_terms( array(
    'taxonomy' => array('post_tag','case_study','area'),
    'hide_empty' => false,
) );

But when I tried to var_dump this data it shows an error invalid taxonomy.
Did I had the wrong code? I can't see it on the documentation also.

A: You should specify the logical relationship between each inner taxonomy array when there is more than one.
The relation key in the array describes the relationship. Possible values are OR and AND.
'tax_query' => array(

'relation' => 'OR',

array(

'taxonomy' => 'products-category',

'field' => 'slug',

'terms' => $course_terms,

),

array(

'taxonomy' => 'space',

'field' => 'slug',

'terms' => $space_terms,

),

),

Taxonomy in WordPress is a way of grouping posts (native and custom posts types) together in easily manageable groups. For WordPress users, the popular taxonomy options are Categories and Tags. In many cases, you might need to create custom taxonomies in WordPress websites to better organize your content.
For further detail, please have a look:
Search on 'tax_query' in this official article
https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/classes/wp_query/
Helpful examples and further explanation
https://generatewp.com/retrieving-results-filtered-wp_tax_query/
WordPress Custom Taxonomy: Create & Display Custom Taxonomy In WordPress
https://www.wpblog.com/create-custom-taxonomies-in-wordpress/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This music and or audio is not accessible due to copyright violations ."Circumstances in life can really beat us ..." has been removed due to a copyright notification. Keep exploring! You can find more similar and music and audio here - How's Your Joy?
Circumstances in life can really beat us down and bring us to a place of despair. In that place of despair, there feels like there is no hope and no way out. The question we want to ask you is "How's Your Joy?"


text:
package io.reactivex.internal.util;

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;

import org.reactivestreams.Subscription;

import io.reactivex.disposables.Disposable;
import io.reactivex.exceptions.ProtocolViolationException;
import io.reactivex.internal.disposables.DisposableHelper;
import io.reactivex.internal.functions.ObjectHelper;
import io.reactivex.internal.subscriptions.SubscriptionHelper;
import io.reactivex.plugins.RxJavaPlugins;

/**
 * Utility class to help report multiple subscriptions with the same
 * consumer type instead of the internal "Disposable already set!" message
 * that is practically reserved for internal operators and indicate bugs in them.
 */
public final class EndConsumerHelper {

    /**
     * Utility class.
     */
    private EndConsumerHelper() {
        throw new IllegalStateException("No instances!");
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that the upstream Disposable is null and returns true, otherwise
     * disposes the next Disposable and if the upstream is not the shared
     * disposed instance, reports a ProtocolViolationException due to
     * multiple subscribe attempts.
     * @param upstream the upstream current value
     * @param next the Disposable to check for nullness and dispose if necessary
     * @param observer the class of the consumer to have a personalized
     * error message if the upstream already contains a non-cancelled Disposable.
     * @return true if successful, false if the upstream was non null
     */
    public static boolean validate(Disposable upstream, Disposable next, Class<?> observer) {
        ObjectHelper.requireNonNull(next, "next is null");
        if (upstream != null) {
            next.dispose();
            if (upstream != DisposableHelper.DISPOSED) {
                reportDoubleSubscription(observer);
            }
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates the target upstream AtomicReference from null to the non-null
     * next Disposable, otherwise disposes next and reports a ProtocolViolationException
     * if the AtomicReference doesn't contain the shared disposed indicator.
     * @param upstream the target AtomicReference to update
     * @param next the Disposable to set on it atomically
     * @param observer the class of the consumer to have a personalized
     * error message if the upstream already contains a non-cancelled Disposable.
     * @return true if successful, false if the content of the AtomicReference was non null
     */
    public static boolean setOnce(AtomicReference<Disposable> upstream, Disposable next, Class<?> observer) {
        ObjectHelper.requireNonNull(next, "next is null");
        if (!upstream.compareAndSet(null, next)) {
            next.dispose();
            if (upstream.get() != DisposableHelper.DISPOSED) {
                reportDoubleSubscription(observer);
            }
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that the upstream Subscription is null and returns true, otherwise
     * cancels the next Subscription and if the upstream is not the shared
     * cancelled instance, reports a ProtocolViolationException due to
     * multiple subscribe attempts.
     * @param upstream the upstream current value
     * @param next the Subscription to check for nullness and cancel if necessary
     * @param subscriber the class of the consumer to have a personalized
     * error message if the upstream already contains a non-cancelled Subscription.
     * @return true if successful, false if the upstream was non null
     */
    public static boolean validate(Subscription upstream, Subscription next, Class<?> subscriber) {
        ObjectHelper.requireNonNull(next, "next is null");
        if (upstream != null) {
            next.cancel();
            if (upstream != SubscriptionHelper.CANCELLED) {
                reportDoubleSubscription(subscriber);
            }
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates the target upstream AtomicReference from null to the non-null
     * next Subscription, otherwise cancels next and reports a ProtocolViolationException
     * if the AtomicReference doesn't contain the shared cancelled indicator.
     * @param upstream the target AtomicReference to update
     * @param next the Subscription to set on it atomically
     * @param subscriber the class of the consumer to have a personalized
     * error message if the upstream already contains a non-cancelled Subscription.
     * @return true if successful, false if the content of the AtomicReference was non null
     */
    public static boolean setOnce(AtomicReference<Subscription> upstream, Subscription next, Class<?> subscriber) {
        ObjectHelper.requireNonNull(next, "next is null");
        if (!upstream.compareAndSet(null, next)) {
            next.cancel();
            if (upstream.get() != SubscriptionHelper.CANCELLED) {
                reportDoubleSubscription(subscriber);
            }
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Builds the error message with the consumer class.
     * @param consumer the class of the consumer
     * @return the error message string
     */
    public static String composeMessage(String consumer) {
        return "It is not allowed to subscribe with a(n) " + consumer + " multiple times. "
                + "Please create a fresh instance of " + consumer + " and subscribe that to the target source instead.";
    }

    /**
     * Report a ProtocolViolationException with a personalized message referencing
     * the simple type name of the consumer class and report it via
     * RxJavaPlugins.onError.
     * @param consumer the class of the consumer
     */
    public static void reportDoubleSubscription(Class<?> consumer) {
        RxJavaPlugins.onError(new ProtocolViolationException(composeMessage(consumer.getName())));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Pure chocolate flakes. Dark Chocolate Flakes. A spreads chocoladevloken pure (15 grams) contains 67 calories.
300 Grams. 15 grams unit / units.
Ingredients: sugar, cocoa mass, skimmed cocoa powder, emulsifier (lecithin), cocoa butter. Cacoabestanddelen at least 32%.


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

    <title>186</title>

186

You pull at a brass handle that is set into the side of one of the walls. The whole wall suddenly crashes down
    towards you in a cloud of dust. The person who pulled the handle must roll equal to or under their Awareness on two
    Dice, or suffer four Endurance points damage from the falling masonry. Behind the gaping hole left in the wall, you
    see (if you are still alive) a number of ancient pots. On closer inspection each of these contains a fragment of a
    skeleton, but nothing else of any interest.

If you have not already done so, you can now open another of the sarcophagi:

the first (turn to 351),

the third (turn to 403)

or the fourth (turn to 137).

If you have had enough of grave-rifling, you can proceed to the beach (turn to
    293.)


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text:
The genome of Cyanothece 51142, a unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium important in the marine nitrogen cycle
Eric A. Welsh, Michelle Liberton, Jana Stöckel, Thomas Loh, Thanura Elvitigala, Chunyan Wang, Aye Wollam, Robert S. Fulton, Sandra W. Clifton, Jon M. Jacobs, Rajeev Aurora, Bijoy K. Ghosh, Louis A. Sherman, Richard D. Smith, Richard K. Wilson, and Himadri B. Pakrasi
*Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130;
‡Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108;
§Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352;
¶Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
‖Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
PNAS September 30, 2008 105 (39) 15094-15099; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805418105
Eric A. Welsh
Michelle Liberton
Jana Stöckel
Thomas Loh
Thanura Elvitigala
Chunyan Wang
Aye Wollam
Robert S. Fulton
Sandra W. Clifton
Jon M. Jacobs
Rajeev Aurora
Bijoy K. Ghosh
Louis A. Sherman
Richard D. Smith
Richard K. Wilson
Himadri B. Pakrasi
Edited by Robert Haselkorn, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved August 6, 2008
↵†E.A.W., M.L., and J.S. contributed equally to this work. (received for review June 3, 2008)
Unicellular cyanobacteria have recently been recognized for their contributions to nitrogen fixation in marine environments, a function previously thought to be filled mainly by filamentous cyanobacteria such as Trichodesmium. To begin a systems level analysis of the physiology of the unicellular N2-fixing microbes, we have sequenced to completion the genome of Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, the first such organism. Cyanothece 51142 performs oxygenic photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, separating these two incompatible processes temporally within the same cell, while concomitantly accumulating metabolic products in inclusion bodies that are later mobilized as part of a robust diurnal cycle. The 5,460,377-bp Cyanothece 51142 genome has a unique arrangement of one large circular chromosome, four small plasmids, and one linear chromosome, the first report of a linear element in the genome of a photosynthetic bacterium. On the 429,701-bp linear chromosome is a cluster of genes for enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism, suggesting an important role for the linear chromosome in fermentative processes. The annotation of the genome was significantly aided by simultaneous global proteomic studies of this organism. Compared with other nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, Cyanothece 51142 contains the largest intact contiguous cluster of nitrogen fixation-related genes. We discuss the implications of such an organization on the regulation of nitrogen fixation. The genome sequence provides important information regarding the ability of Cyanothece 51142 to accomplish metabolic compartmentalization and energy storage, as well as how a unicellular bacterium balances multiple, often incompatible, processes in a single cell.
diurnal rhythm
linear chromosome
optical mapping
Although dinitrogen (N2) is the most plentiful gas in the atmosphere, it is inert and therefore not readily available for use in biological systems. The introduction of new nitrogen via nitrogen fixation has a central role in marine environments where the bioavailability of nitrogen determines the level of primary productivity (1). Many strains of cyanobacteria have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to a biologically accessible form and therefore significantly contribute to the oceanic biological nitrogen cycle (2, 3). Nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by nitrogenase, a multiprotein enzyme exquisitely sensitive to oxygen. Cyanobacteria are the only diazotrophic organisms that produce oxygen gas as a by-product of photosynthesis and, consequently, must reconcile the presence of oxygen with the activity of an oxygen-sensitive enzyme. A variety of mechanisms have evolved to accommodate these incompatible processes, including the formation of heterocysts, specialized cells for nitrogen fixation in filamentous strains such as Anabaena (4–6), temporal separation of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in unicellular organisms such as Crocosphaera and Cyanothece, and complex combinations of spatial and temporal separation in nonheterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria such as Trichodesmium (7).
In marine environments, earlier work identified Trichodesmium as the key oceanic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium (8). More recently, Zehr and coworkers determined that multiple strains of unicellular cyanobacteria play a significant role in oceanic nitrogen fixation (3), leading to a new interpretation of N2 fixation in this ecosystem. In fact, the abundance of unicellular diazotrophs may make their contribution to marine N2 fixation more significant than that of Trichodesmium (1). Despite their importance in the nitrogen dynamics of oceanic environments, a genome level description of a unicellular diazotrophic marine cyanobacterium has not previously been reported.
Cyanothece strains have been isolated worldwide from various habitats, including salt waters, where they demonstrate significant diversity in their cellular size, shape, and growth rates (9). One marine diazotrophic strain, Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, has a robust diurnal cycle in which photosynthesis is performed during the day and nitrogen fixation at night (10). As part of this diurnal cycle, Cyanothece 51142 actively accumulates and subsequently degrades and utilizes large quantities of different storage inclusion bodies, including those for the products of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation (10) (see Fig. 1). Details of the diurnal cycle in Cyanothece 51142 have been explored by recent global transcriptional analyses, which revealed that 30% of genes, essentially those involved in central metabolic pathways, showed strong cyclic expression patterns (11). Furthermore, functionally related genes were maximally expressed at distinct phases during the diurnal period. Taken together, these physiological traits describe an organism in which tight control of cellular processes combined with storage of metabolic products for later usage is paramount for its ecological success and survival.
Overview of processes involved in daily metabolic cycling in Cyanothece 51142. Photosynthesis fixes carbon during the day, which is stored in glycogen granules. Glycogen is rapidly consumed during a burst of respiration in the early dark period, which coincides with peak nitrogenase activity, fermentation, and a minimum of photosynthetic capacity (10). Fixed nitrogen is stored in cyanophycin granules, which are completely depleted during the following day. Phosphate is stored in polyphosphate bodies.
To further understand the genomic basis for the biochemical and physiological adaptations in unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria, we report the complete genome sequence of Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142. Our analysis of this genome revealed a unique combination of highly conserved gene clusters involved in nitrogen fixation and glucose metabolism, as well as the entire set of genes required for heterolactic acid and acetate fermentation. Furthermore, the pathways relevant for storage of metabolic products, including nitrogen (cyanophycin), carbon (glycogen), and phosphorus (polyphosphate), in intracellular inclusion bodies are represented by multicopy genes that may provide redundancy or additional regulation. These genome-based insights highlight the overall strategy of Cyanothece 51142 to maximize efficiency by tightly regulating major metabolic processes throughout a diurnal cycle.
Organization of the Cyanothece 51142 Genome.
Cyanobacterial genomes reported to date vary greatly in size, a diversity likely related to the capability to adapt to different environmental niches. The 1.6-Mb genome of unicellular Prochlorococcus marinus str. CCMP1986 (MED4) may represent one of the smallest sets of genes enabling survival in the open ocean (12), whereas genome expansion, as in freshwater heterocystous Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (7.2 Mb) (13) and marine unicellular Acaryochloris marina (6.5 Mb) (14), may illustrate the ability to acquire novel metabolic traits to succeed in specific environments. Interestingly, the genome of Cyanothece 51142, at 5.46 Mb in size, is ≈35% larger than that of the closely related Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, an increase in size possibly accounting for temporal regulation and nitrogen fixation. This 5.46-Mb genome size is smaller than that of Anabaena and Nostoc, consistent with a correlation between heterocystous filamentous lifestyles and genome expansion.
Despite differences in genome sizes, the genome organizations of all cyanobacteria reported to date have been similar, with one large circular chromosome and several smaller circular plasmids (15). However, shotgun sequencing and finishing of the Cyanothece 51142 genome led to the possibility of an independent 430-kb linear element. We then used optical restriction mapping, a technique that has been successfully used in bacterial genome finishing (16), as an independent approach to confirm that the 430-kb element is indeed linear [supporting information (SI) Fig. S1]. Verified by these combined approaches, the completed Cyanothece 51142 genome consists of six separate elements: a 4.93-Mb circular chromosome, four plasmids ranging in size from 10 kb to 40 kb, and the 430-kb linear chromosome (Fig. 2 and Table 1).
General genome features and distribution of gene functions within the Cyanothece 51142 genome. Labels are given in base pairs for the circular chromosome (A), linear chromosome (B), and plasmids (C). Genes are colored by functional category as follows: energy, fatty acid, and phospholipid metabolism (red), cell envelope (orange), cellular processes (steel blue), central intermediary metabolism (light green), photosynthesis and respiration (dark green), regulation (cyan), DNA, transcription, and translation (dark blue), small molecule biosynthesis (magenta), transport and binding (purple), unknown/hypothetical (gray), other (black), and noncoding RNA (yellow). The two rRNA operons on the circular chromosome are indicated in yellow at 3.95 Mb and 4.10 Mb in A. The glucose and pyruvate metabolism cluster on the linear chromosome is shown in red and light green between 375 kb and 400 kb in B.
General features of the Cyanothece 51142 genome
The most unique feature of the organization of the Cyanothece 51142 genome is the linear chromosome, which is 429,701 bp long, and contains 449 predicted protein-coding sequences, 127 (28.3%) with assigned function (Table 1). Overall, this chromosome contains a much higher percentage of genes with no assigned function (71.7% vs. 45.7%) compared with the large circular chromosome. Of the 95 genes on the linear chromosome assigned to functional categories, 42 are unique to the linear chromosome and have homologs in other organisms, whereas 38 genes have a corresponding copy on the circular chromosome or plasmids (Table S1).
Although linear genomic elements have independently evolved in other bacterial genera such as Borrelia, Streptomyces, and Agrobacterium, mechanistic details concerning the origin, maintenance, and selective advantage of linear chromosomes are poorly understood (17, 18). Analysis of the Cyanothece 51142 linear chromosome failed to reveal the presence of any distinguishing feature near its ends, such as inverted repeats and stem-loop structures (17), nor the presence of any telomere-processing proteins known to be associated with linear chromosomes in characterized bacterial genera (19, 20). The origin of replication could not be determined for either the circular or linear chromosome by using standard GC skew and DnaA box analysis (21, 22), consistent with the behavior of these algorithms on related cyanobacteria (22, 23). Thus, the mechanism for replication and maintenance of the linear chromosome in Cyanothece 51142 remains unknown.
Proteomics-Assisted Genome Annotation.
The total number of predicted protein-coding genes in the finished Cyanothece 51142 genome is 5,304, and for 2,735 (51.6%) of these, a likely function could be assigned. Of the remainder, 506 (9.5%) are of unknown function and 2,063 (38.9%) are hypothetical (Table 1). The annotation of genes of unknown function was greatly aided by data from a high-throughput proteomics analysis (see Materials and Methods for details). Proteomic data were used, in conjunction with early draft sequence, to build an accurate mass and time (AMT) tag library (24) that covered ≈50% of the predicted proteome. Because of the observation of corresponding tryptic peptides, 506 (25%) of 1,989 predicted "hypothetical" proteins with no significant homology to those of known function were reclassified as "unknowns". Additionally, the observed tryptic peptides were matched against a set of ≈12,000 low-confidence ORF predictions, resulting in the inclusion of 38 additional ORFs in the final genome annotation. The combined analysis of proteome and genome data is an important new approach that resulted in the inclusion or reclassification of nearly 550 genes (10%) and lent an additional and valuable level of validation to the genome annotation.
Genome-Based Model of Cyanothece 51142.
The complete genome information has led to a detailed picture of the metabolic capacity of Cyanothece 51142 (Fig. 1). In the following sections, we will highlight key processes that are important in the life cycle of this organism.
Nitrogen Fixation.
Nitrogen fixation has great influence on cellular metabolism in Cyanothece 51142 because the nitrogenase enzyme is synthesized, functions, and is then degraded during each diurnal period (10), a process that consumes considerable cellular resources. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Cyanothece 51142 and Crocosphaera watsonii, both capable of N2 fixation, are most closely related to Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a unicellular cyanobacterium that cannot fix nitrogen (Fig. S2). Although the origin of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria is currently a topic of much debate, this phylogeny suggests that nitrogen fixation may have been present in the ancestor of Crocosphaera watsonii, Cyanothece 51142, and Synechocystis 6803, and was later lost in Synechocystis 6803, a view consistent with Swingley et al. (25).
In the Cyanothece 51142 genome, the majority of genes involved in nitrogen fixation are located in a contiguous 28-kb cluster of 34 genes separated by no more than 3 kb (11, 26). Within the gene cluster are the structural genes encoding the Fe-protein (nifH) and Mo-Fe protein (nifDK) of the molybdenum-iron nitrogenase enzyme, genes involved in Mo-Fe cofactor biosynthesis (nifB, fdxN, nifS, nifU, and nifV), Mo-Fe cofactor assembly (nifE and nifN), iron uptake (feoA and feoB), and genes of unknown function. The proximity of these genes to each other, combined with their highly synchronous expression (11, 26), strongly suggests that all genes in this cluster are involved in nitrogen fixation. The organization of genes in operons or transcriptional regulons is an attribute of prokaryotes that allows efficient control of genes participating in the same process. It may also provide the potential for lateral multigene transfer in a single step. Both of these factors may be at play regarding the nif gene clusters in cyanobacteria.
We compared the nif gene cluster in Cyanothece 51142 to those found in a group of representative nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and to the cyanobacterial endosymbiont of the fresh-water diatom Rhopalodia gibba, which has a nif locus closely related to that of Cyanothece 51142 (27). From this comparison, we found that Cyanothece 51142 contains the largest contiguous cluster of nitrogen fixation-related genes in this group (Fig. 3 and Table S2). Importantly, the organization of the cluster is highly conserved among the nonheterocyst forming cyanobacteria: a single cluster consisting of two adjacent regulons on opposite strands, with the gene for a molybdate ATP-binding cassette transporter permease, modB, at the end. This general organization was found in all of the nonheterocystous strains examined, including Cyanothece 51142, Crocosphaera watsonii WH8501, Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101, Synechococcus sp. JA-3-3Ab, and also in the spheroid body of Rhopalodia gibba (Fig. 3). This is notable because transcriptional regulation is likely triggered by different mechanisms due to the diverse strategies for nitrogen fixation used by these organisms. In contrast, the corresponding clusters in the heterocystous cyanobacteria Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 are disrupted by several insertion elements and are missing modB, which is located elsewhere in the genomes. However, these clusters still share the same gene order within the separate subclusters. The cluster in Synechococcus sp. JA-3–3Ab, the most anciently branching of the group, is missing several genes and contains a unique inversion between nifV and nifE. Together, the organization of these clusters suggests a divergence from a common ancestor. The pattern of these differences between clusters can be most parsimoniously explained by starting with a single Cyanothece 51142-like ancestral nif cluster and introducing various inversion, deletion, mutation, duplication, and translocation events to yield the organizations found in the other strains. Interestingly, the similarities between the gene clusters resemble the relationships shown in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. S2), even though nitrogen fixation-related sequences were excluded from the tree-building process (see SI Text).
Clusters of N2-fixation-related genes. Shown are genes with conserved synteny between Cyanothece 51142 and other nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Black arrows represent genes assigned to functional categories and white arrows correspond to hypothetical genes and genes of unknown function. Missing sequence information from the spheroid body of Rhopalodia gibba is indicated by dots. (∫∫) denotes gaps in the sequence, with the length of the omitted sequence in kb. (*) indicates the location of DNA insertion elements, with the size of the element in kb. A possible inversion event in Synechococcus sp. JA-3–3Ab is highlighted in brackets. GenBank accession numbers for the sequences used are as follows: Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, CP000806; spheroid body of Rhopalodia gibba, AY728387; Crocosphaera watsonii WH 8501, AADV02000024; Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101, CP000393; Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102, CP001037; Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, BA000019; and Synechococcus sp. JA-3–3Ab, CP000239.
Energy Metabolism and Fermentation.
Cyanothece 51142 cells are programmed to undergo diurnal cycles of glycogen synthesis in the light, followed by degradation and utilization in the subsequent dark period (Fig. 1) (28). Accordingly, the genome includes the genes for glycogen synthesis and three different genes for glycogen degradation, with glgP2 located on the linear chromosome (Fig. 4A, Reaction 2). Cyanothece 51142 contains all of the fermentation-related genes necessary to produce ethanol, lactate, acetate, and hydrogen (Fig. 4A), processes that require an anoxic intracellular environment similar to that created during the dark period when nitrogen fixation occurs. Interestingly, while genes in the Cyanothece 51142 genome related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism are localized at multiple loci on the circular chromosome, a 20.2-kb gene cluster on the linear chromosome contains several genes involved in glucose and pyruvate metabolism (Fig. 4B). Within this cluster is the only gene encoding L-lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) in the genome. This enzyme is required for the terminal step of lactate fermentation, suggesting that the linear chromosome is important for this process. Clustering of these genes may provide an advantage in transcriptional regulation under conditions where fermentation becomes the major energy-deriving process. This gene cluster on the linear chromosome does not show any conserved synteny to other cyanobacterial strains or to any genomes in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (29) pathway database and is therefore unique to Cyanothece 51142.
Genes encoding enzymes in glucose metabolism pathways in Cyanothece 51142. Pathways were generated by mapping Cyanothece 51142 genes onto known fermentative pathways (29, 40). (A) Each arrow shows the direction of the reaction. Broken arrows indicate that more than one catalytic step is involved. The numbers correspond to the enzymes involved: (1) enzymes for glycogen synthesis, (2) enzymes for glycogen degradation, (3) glucose 6-P isomerase pgi, (4) 6-phosphofructokinase pfkA, (5) fructose-bisphosphate aldolase fba, (6) triosephosphate isomerase tpi, (7) glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase gap, (8) phosphoglycerate kinase pgk, (9) phosphoglycerate mutase gpm, (10) enolase eno, (11) pyruvate kinase pykF, (12) lactate dehydrogenase ldh, (13) pyruvate dehydrogenase pdhA, (14) phosphotransacetylase pta, (15) acetate kinase ackA, (16) glucose-6-P dehydrogenase zwf, (17) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gnd, (18) xylulose-5-P phosphoketolase xpk, (19) aldehyde dehydrogenase ald, (20) alcohol dehydrogenase adh, and (21) pyruvate decarboxylase pdc. One star illustrates enzymes with a gene copy present on the linear chromosome. Two stars signify uniqueness to the linear chromosome. Red stars correspond to genes organized in the gene cluster shown in B. (B) Cluster of genes on the linear chromosome that encodes various enzymes involved in glucose metabolism.
Notably, Cyanothece 51142 contains a gene encoding the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), an enzyme that performs the first step in gluconeogenesis, circumventing the irreversible reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in glycolysis. This enzyme links carbon, organic acid, and amino acid metabolism. This gene is also present in the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris (30) and in the partially sequenced Cyanothece CCY0110 but is missing in nearly all other cyanobacterial strains sequenced to date.
Linear Chromosome.
Linear chromosomes have been identified in a number of bacterial species, now including a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. However, the implications of the presence of such a chromosome in any of these bacteria remain unresolved (31). An important question concerning the linear chromosome of Cyanothece 51142 is whether the genes located on it are expressed. Global transcriptional analyses have revealed that only a small number of genes on the linear chromosome are within the group of significantly cycling genes (11). In fact, of a total of 1,445 cycling genes, only 17 are found on the linear chromosome (Fig. S3). However, from the data generated as part of a global proteomics analysis (described above), we identified the products of 50 of the protein-coding genes on the linear chromosome (Table S1).
Analysis of the genes on the linear chromosome that have corresponding copies elsewhere in the Cyanothece 51142 genome did not uncover any significant conserved synteny, with the exception of the coxBAC operon that is found twice on the circular chromosome. Although linear chromosomes have not been reported in photosynthetic bacteria, it is possible that they are specifically confined to the Cyanothece genus. We compared the linear chromosome and the genome sequences of other bacteria and found synteny only between the Cyanothece 51142 linear chromosome and the partially sequenced genome of Cyanothece sp. CCY0110. The draft genome sequence of Cyanothece sp. CCY0110 is currently in 163 contigs, and we identified 7 contigs covering a region of 182,835 bp that have synteny to the Cyanothece 51142 linear chromosome (Fig. S4). Given the unfinished status of the Cyanothece sp. CCY0110 genome, the existence of a linear element cannot be unequivocally ascertained, but it remains possible that this genome also contains a linear chromosome. Additional genome sequences of other Cyanothece strains will be necessary to determine the extent of this occurrence within the Cyanothece.
A higher evolution rate for genes located near the chromosome ends has been reported for the linear chromosome in Streptomyces. This is particularly interesting, because most of the multicopy genes on the linear chromosome in Cyanothece 51142 are indeed localized closer to the ends. Gene redundancy could lead to alterations and selection for modifications in one gene copy that are beneficial to the organism.
To date, more than 50 cyanobacterial genomes, including freshwater, benthic, and open ocean strains, have been at least partially sequenced (14). As the first completely assembled genome of a unicellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, the genome of Cyanothece 51142 represents a new class because, in addition to a conventional circular chromosome and plasmids, it contains one linear chromosome, the first description of a linear element in the genome of a photosynthetic bacterium. Additionally, marine diazotrophs such as Cyanothece 51142 need to accommodate a variety of environmental changes, particularly in nutrient availability. These organisms can adjust their cellular machinery according to nitrogen availability, which involves the capability to synthesize, store, degrade, and use large quantities of storage products during a diurnal period. This adaptation of Cyanothece 51142 to a nitrogen-deficient marine environment is reflected at the genomic level. Notably, the genes associated with nitrogen fixation and glycogen metabolism are organized in regulons and/or found as multicopy genes. This presumably presents a mechanism for efficient control of gene expression and, together with the capability to store metabolic products in inclusion bodies, provides an advantage for unicellular marine diazotrophs such as Cyanothece 51142 in their natural nutrient-poor habitats.
Cell Growth.
Cells were routinely grown under 12-h light/dark conditions (50 μmol photons m−2s−1 at 30°C) in ASP2 (11) medium without added nitrate (NaNO3).
Genome Sequencing.
At the Washington University Genome Sequencing Center, an Applied Biosystem 3730 instrument was used to sequence an initial 9.3× coverage shotgun library, followed by sequencing of a fosmid library (EpiFos, Epicentre) and several rounds of pyrosequencing on a Roche 454 sequencer.
Genome Annotation.
ORFs were predicted by using a combination of CRITICA (32) and GLIMMER (33), followed by detailed manual annotation. ScalaBLAST (34) hits were generated vs. UNIPROT release 7.7 (35) and the proteomes of all then-available sequenced cyanobacteria. GenomePlot software (36) was used to render the genomic maps. All tRNAs were assigned by using tRNAscan-SE (37). Additional ncRNAs were assigned by using INFERNAL (38) to search for RFAM families (39) found in other cyanobacteria. Ribosomal rRNAs were identified through sequence homology to other cyanobacterial strains.
Proteomic Analysis.
Soluble and membrane fractions were subjected to strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX), followed by reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) separation and MS/MS analysis of peptides on a Finnigan LTQ ion trap mass spectrometer (ThermoFinnigan). Each unfractionated and SCX fraction was analyzed via capillary RPLC-MS/MS. SEQUEST software was used to match the MS/MS fragmentation spectra to sequences from the initial draft Cyanothece 51142 proteome. An AMT tag database containing the calculated mass and normalized elution time for each identified peptide was generated to assist with subsequent high sensitivity, high-throughput analysis of Cyanothece 51142 samples by using the AMT tag approach (24).
Analysis of the nif Cluster.
Proteins encoded by the Cyanothece 51142 nif cluster were searched against other cyanobacterial genomes by using BLASTP and TBLASTN, with an E-value cutoff of 0.01. Hits within 10 kb of each other within each genome were identified as part of a cluster of Nif proteins. Synteny to the Cyanothece 51142 cluster was identified manually and homologous genes assigned. Of the 34 genes in the Cyanothece 51142 cluster, 6 are not well conserved across the examined strains and were omitted from the analysis (Fig. 3 and Table S2).
We thank all members of the Pakrasi Lab for collegial discussions and active participation in the manual annotation of the Cyanothece 51142 genome. This work was supported by the Danforth Foundation at Washington University, the Department of Energy–Basic Energy Science program (H.B.P.), and the National Science Foundation-Frontiers in Integrative Biological Research program (H.B.P., R.A., and B.G). This work is also part of a Membrane Biology Scientific Grand Challenge project at the W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research program (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory).
**To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Biology, Washington University, One Brookings Drive CB1137, St. Louis, MO 63130.
E-mail: pakrasi{at}wustl.edu
Author contributions: M.L., J.S., R.A., B.K.G., L.A.S., R.D.S., R.K.W., and H.B.P. designed research; M.L., J.S., C.W., A.W., R.S.F., S.W.C., and R.K.W. performed research; C.W., J.M.J., and R.D.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; E.A.W., M.L., J.S., T.L., T.E., R.S.F., S.W.C., and J.M.J. analyzed data; and E.A.W., M.L., and J.S. wrote the paper.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Data deposition: The genome sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in GenBank (accession nos. CP000806–CP000811).
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0805418105/DCSupplemental.
© 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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You are going to email the following The genome of Cyanothece 51142, a unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium important in the marine nitrogen cycle
Eric A. Welsh, Michelle Liberton, Jana Stöckel, Thomas Loh, Thanura Elvitigala, Chunyan Wang, Aye Wollam, Robert S. Fulton, Sandra W. Clifton, Jon M. Jacobs, Rajeev Aurora, Bijoy K. Ghosh, Louis A. Sherman, Richard D. Smith, Richard K. Wilson, Himadri B. Pakrasi
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sep 2008, 105 (39) 15094-15099; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805418105


Do you get tired of seeing news item after news item on the all-new 2014 Corvette? We don't – our name is HOT ROD, after all, and we relish American high performance. While we have already driven the new C7, it is still somewhat enigmatic.
Freiburger and Reuss chew the fat about Chevrolet performance.
Dual clutch transmission for the Corvette.
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text:
OUR BUBBA
Caleb, or "Bubba" as he was deemed by his sister, Lydia, was a happy, vibrant, energetic ray of sunshine. My husband and I, along with his siblings Abby (13), Tony (11), Lukas (9), Eliza (7), and Lydia (5), love to share our numerous joyful memories of our little crazy man. His corn silk hair and crystal blue eyes were known to melt many hearts and save him when he was being trouble. I used to joke that God made the feisty ones the cutest, so you don't get as mad at them. As the youngest of 6 siblings, Caleb could hold his own even though he was only 2. He loved all things athletic, especially football and baseball. His natural athletic ability was evident at an early age. He also found joy in the arts, especially drawing and music. It wasn't uncommon for him to spend hours meticulously drawing his detailed pictures with pen held perfectly in hand. When it came to music, he loved to play as well as shake his baby booty to the beat!
As his third birthday approached and he was snoring more and more and his speech continued to be delayed. So, we sought advice from an ENT due to what appeared to be severely enlarged tonsils. It was decided that removing both his tonsils and adenoids would improve his sleep and speech.
Caleb had surgery on December 12, 2014 at 7a.m. and was discharged late that afternoon. He fell asleep in his daddy's arms at 8:20PM, shortly after coughed, and fresh blood was visible when he did so. We immediately rushed out to the car to return to the hospital. Our sweet Bubba love went into cardiac arrest in the operating room, but was stabilized. As a result of the length of his cardiac arrest, his brain was deprived of oxygen for a long time. He was then transferred to the University of Iowa Children's Hospital where he was pronounced brain dead on December 17, 2015...just one day before his third birthday.
WHEN EVERYTHING CHANGED
SUPERHERO STATUS
True to his giving spirit, Caleb's organ donation surgery took place on his birthday. The incomparable staff at UICH and the Iowa Donor Network handled our lovie with the greatest of care and respect. They shared our tears and our sorrow. Bubba's gifts were endless in life and have been, and we are working to ensure they will continue to be, immeasurable in his death.
We never got to give him his birthday and Christmas presents, but we'd love to continue to give in his name. The more good that can come from this terrible tragedy, the easier it is for everyone to make some sense of this. We do not know why this happened, but we strive to have a positive impact on as many lives as we possibly can. Through this work we're finding our new normal, our new purpose.
-Jenelle Shamrell (Caleb's mommy)
© 2015 Caleb R. Shamrell Alive In Me Foundation.
Caleb's Alive In Me® is a federally registered 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofit organization.


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Epic is one of the biggest names around in the world of health information technology. Epic creates software for hospitals, medical groups, and integrated healthcare organizations that covers clinical, access and revenue functions, and ventures into the home. In addition to making software, Epic provides implementation services, training (including courses to obtain the coveted Epic certification- see the difference between Epic certification and Epic credentialing in our past blog), optimization, architecture, content services, and can also connect independent physicians to community hospitals via a shared EMR system. Overall, Epic is regarded by many in the H.I.T. industry as a premier provider of EMR systems.


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Home Open Access News Energy News New food production systems need sustainable energy worldwide
New food production systems need sustainable energy worldwide
Swedish Surplus Energy Collaboration explain the reasons as to why sustainable energy worldwide is a requirement if we are to continue producing food in the future for an ever-growing population
To produce food in the future, we must use large quantities of energy, also at an ever-increasing scale. The three main reasons for this are:
1. The world population is set to increase to 9.8 billion people by 2050
The world's population will increase from today's 7.6 billion to 9.8 billion by 2050, according to a UN report. In just seven years, India will have passed China as the world's most populated country, the UN predicts. And by 2050, Nigeria will have taken over third place from the United States. With around 83 million people being added to the world's population each year, the upward trend in population size is expected to continue.
Photo by Håkan Sandin att King Naresuan Court outside Nakhon Ratchasima, Tahialnd: A pastoral dream landscape in Thailand today replaced by a highly efficient industrial agriculture that, with the help of chemicals and fertilizers, destroys a millennial agricultural ecosystem
2. An increasing number of people are moving to our cities
Today, more than 50% of the world's population lives in cities. The world's production systems for food is changing at a furious pace and more and more energy-consuming means of production, such as fertilisers and pesticides are used. And because we still use the same agricultural land resources to produce our food, as we have for hundreds of years, it now requires many and costly methods to transport to the city, and all over the world.
3. The food needs more transports
The world is flooded with food. The variation of food available to the consumer has dramatically increased. Food of all kinds, from every corner of the world, is nowadays available in almost every shop. Our consumption patterns are also changing. In the urbanised world we prefer to buy our food in food bags distributed to our homes, resulting in a dramatic increase in transport in and around our cities. We also consume more processed and packed food and at the same time, we also eat out at restaurants more than ever before.
Can we save energy when producing food?
The answer is as simple as it is obvious. We must always be frugal with the world's resources and we must lose our dependance on fossil fuels, especially in transport.
However, we must continue to support the growing population of the world with food, so therefore we must also increase our use of energy.
The latest reports from the UN Climate Panel PPCC, which was held in May this year show that we can supply the world with renewable energy, with a good margin. "The technological potential of renewable energy exceeds the world's energy needs during this century, notes the UN Climate Panel".
Source: Mapping of Agricultural Energy Use JTI – Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Technology, author Andras Baky, Martin Sundberg, Nils Brown
The following statements can not reasonably be denied.
We have built our modern societies with the help of large amounts of energy.
We will continue to need much more energy.
We can reduce the energy needed per unit, when producing our food, being more effective.
We need to use renewable sources of energy to save our environment.
There is no shortage of renewable energy in the world.
Swedish agriculture uses around 10 TWh of energy, of which 3.11 TWh in the form of diesel, electricity and biofuels, as displayed in the table above. This direct energy use will generate approximately 3.64 TWh of indirect energy needed to produce fertilizer and other means of production, of which fertilizer use is about 2.31 TWh. Production in greenhouses and drying costs for cereals consume somewhere between 3-4 TWh, altogether a grand total of about 10 TWh/year.
We are now working to increase the production of fish and vegetables in Sweden, with the aim of making use of surplus energy that would otherwise be wasted. Doing so we will need to increase our demand of electricity and heat with approximately one hundred percent in the short term.
Food production in-house where people live
Producing our food in-house, where people live, is undoubtedly part of our effort to save energy. Simply because it is so efficient when calculated per produced kg of fish and vegetables.
Prioritizing the production of fish and vegetables in-house is undoubtedly one of the most effective ways to increase food production in the world. By definition, it is an exponential innovation, that has the potential to quickly reach one billion people in a person's lifetime.
By producing food in-house, we can place it exactly where we wish and where we have full control over all flows, giving us possibilities to develop circular and mutualistic production systems.
By placing them in urban areas where people live, we reduce the need for transportation and can also benefit from surplus heat, electricity, organic materials and other unused resources created in the city.
Then we can also more easily employ people who have no work.
By producing in-house, we are open to endless innovation possibilities by using high technology and ingenious solutions that the world has not yet seen.
Please note: this is a commercial profile
Håkan Sandin
Hortoculturist
Msc in Horticulture at the Swedish University of Agriculture
SSEC, Swedish Surplus Energy Collaboration
Urban food, Urban health
VD/CEO
NAHC, Nature Assisted Health Care Holding Ltd
http://nahc.se
More About Stakeholder
SSEC – utilising residual heat and other resources
SSEC is a network that enables sustainable food production and better living environments through the use of residual heat and other unutilized resources SSEC consists of a steering group and a program management, which represents the parties that have joined the cooperation. The program is coordinated by the Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural […]
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NAPOLCOM denies 'reinstatement for sale' claims
MANILA — National Police Commission vice chairman and executive officer, Atty. Rogelio Casurao, on Wednesday denied the existence of the alleged "reinstatement for sale", as the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption has claimed.
Casurao said that from 2003 to Oct. 2013, the commission filed administrative cases against 143 members of the Philippine National Police (PNP), and 98 were dismissed from service.
He however explained that the dismissals are appealable to the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government or the Civil Service Commission. "Decisions may be further appealed to the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court," he said, adding that 17 policemen were reinstated from 1993 to 2012.
Casurao further noted that the commission has disposed of 712 cases in only 10 months.
To expedite the cases against erring policemen, he said the commission has been conducting regular monthly en banc deliberations, and has adopted a new set of procedures, stopping the trial-type proceedings.
"The NAPOLCOM sees the gravity of the allegations and we at the commission assure the people that we will not tolerate police officers whose despicable acts smear the image of the PNP," Casurao said, urging the public to provide information against rotten eggs within the police force. PNA-northboundasia.com
Senator seeks addt'l powers for NTC to control telcos
Death penalty bill reaches House plenary for sponsorship


More Info Pamela Bach (real name Pamela Weissenbach) is an American actress. She was born in 1963 at Tulsa, Oklahoma. For ten years she played a cafe owner in the television series Baywatch.
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Below are important excerpts from an interview with author/researcher Wm Engdahl.  Mr. Engdahl has looked much closer at the source of oil, the oil cartel and Wall Street shenanigans than most. The price of oil is anything but simple. It is influenced by many factors that have nothing to do with supply and demand. And the folks who wish to control global energy supplies (the globalists) are a lot more devious than most think they are. These 'folks' of course have acquired lots and lots of wealth to help them achieve their goals. They are not investing heavily in wind and solar – so we could end our oil dependency and mitigate 'global warming' – but are pursuing carbon taxes and cap and trade instead. Once you pay for your solar panels, the solar energy you produce can't be taxed at all! You would actually get 'free energy' from the sun. JP Morgan turned down the 'free energy' idea when he withdrew support for Tesla. Nothing has changed since then. To control the world economy and insure their own hegemony, the globalists understand they must control energy as well.
Mr. Engdahl, one critical topic of our time is the subject of Peak Oil. You are saying that Peak Oil is a myth. How did you come to that conclusion?
The more I then looked into it, the more disturbed I got with the explanations and the justification of this Peak Oil argument. I even went to an international conference of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, ASPO, in Berlin and met most of the prominent names of the so-called "Peak Oil movement." In retrospect, it's in certain ways more like a religion than a movement with a patron Pope named M. King Hubbert. But in any case, I began to ask certain scientific questions, because I wanted a more scientific reality, and I even went up to Sweden and interviewed the president of ASPO, who gave me a detailed slideshow presentation. He said that basically we knew that oil is a "fossil fuel" and therefore its quantity is finite in relation to what happened 500 million years ago with dinosaur detritus and algae and other plant life, that got somehow pushed under through volcanic eruptions or soil erosions or earth quakes and then somehow was compressed and converted into what we call petroleum today, or into gas or even into coal.
And then several friends drew my attention to work that had been done in Russia during the Cold War on the so-called deep origins abiotic theory of hydrocarbon creation. I met some of the Russians who worked with this over decades and I read their scientific papers. These were difficult papers, but they were intelligible. More and more I became convinced that the whole Peak Oil business was a myth. In my new book, that I have just finished, provisionally titled "Oil: The Secret War," I discuss how the British and later the American oil majors around the Rockefeller group since the dawn of the conversion of the economy from coal to petroleum have cultivated a myth of oil scarcity.
Simple question: which interests are served by that?
FWE: The interests of the oil majors, of their bankers and of the UK and US power circles because it is to their advantage that nobody else gets independent control of energy. Why? Because energy is the governor through which they essentially control the world economy. In preparation for this book and in the course of my research, I went back to the original guru of the Peak Oil movement, M. King Hubbard. And he was quite an interesting kook, literally, even a leading member of a US futurist technocratic society that at the time was accused of imitating Mussolini's Black Shirts. King was a geologist for Shell Oil Company, and when he prepared his now famous paper in 1956, that he was to deliver at the annual meeting of the American Petroleum Society, he gave it first to his boss at Shell. And his boss told him: "I don't care what you say to the geologists in your speech, King, as long as you don't talk this nonsense that oil reserves are increasing." Of course, he didn't talk the nonsense. But if you read his original paper of 1956, there is no scientific argumentation, it's simply assertion. And the assertion is all based on the idea that oil is a fossil fuel and is limited. Nowhere is that proven.
Well, the Russians under the mandate of Stalin in the early 1950′s got the best geophysical, physical and chemical academics in Russia and Ukraine in a top secret project together, that was classified highly secret because it was so strategic, and they looked at the scientific basis to explain what the origins of oil were. They looked at the theory of fossil origins, and after they dug deeply into the literature, they said that this is absolutely absurd, there is no scientific proof of this, there is no causality that's been demonstrated, it's just asserted in American geology textbooks in the University, and because it is repeated so many times nobody even bothers to question if oil is a fossil fuel or coal is a fossil fuel, which M. King Hubbard also pointed out in his paper. Because to be consistent, they have to say that oil, gas and coal are all fossil fuels.
Then someone made me the argument: if you were to take the single largest oil field of the world, Ghawar in Saudi Arabia, which was discovered in 1948 and calculate the barrels of oil that Ghawar has produced up to the present, and then you hypothetically imagine that you could convert, let's say, a dead dinosaur, that you could take the biomass of that dinosaur, bones included, 100 per cent, one to one to petroleum, which of course no one would argue is possible, but just to hypothesize, that you would require a cube of compressed dinosaur detritus or remains that is 19 miles wide, 19 miles high and 19 miles deep—only to account for that one huge oil field in Saudi Arabia. And that is to say nothing of the Permian Basin oil reservoir in Texas or the East Texas oil fields, which are vast oil fields. So then I began to really question this Hubbert peak oil hypothesis very seriously.
The Russians, with whom I later was in touch, said: "We think there is a different origin, and if you look at volcanoes, you come closer to the truth." Their hypothesis at that point – now it's been amply proven, even by the Carnegie Institution in Washington in independent experiments where they brought in some of the Russian scientists to consult with them – is that oil is created under the pressure and the temperature existing in the earth mantle.
Imagine that the core of the earth is a giant, gigantic nuclear reactor or if you look at a cut-away of a volcano in a geology museum you can get a good conceptual image for this, and this giant oven deep in the Earth mantle is spewing out matter at enormous temperatures and pressures constantly, and a volcano erupts because somehow the earth, which is constantly in motion, it's constantly expanding minimally over time, creates cracks and fissures. We saw that with tragic consequences in the early part of 2010 in Haiti, where three major tectonic plates collide and diverge over the Port-au-Prince area. And also near Cuba – and that allows these volcanic eruptions to press up towards the surface and create mountains or volcanoes in certain cases. And if you trace the volcanic ring of fire in the Pacific and look at a map of the tectonic plates, you will find a fascinating correlation there.
So the Russians said: "This must have something to do with the origins of petroleum." It comes deep from within the bowels of the earth and through these geophysical ruptures, cracks or faults or whatever you want to call them – the Russians call it migration channels—like you have in the Gulf of Mexico. There BP evidently hit a huge migration channel that went very, very deep and they were not expecting that, so the whole thing went completely out of control – the oil is being constantly generated, and what you have to do is look for where it comes closest to the surface.
Now, that is not an easy thing, but it is certainly a scientifically based thing, and as I said: several very rigorous peer-reviewed international scientific experiments have been conducted that demonstrate the creation of hydrocarbons in laboratory conditions under the temperature and pressure conditions that you have in the earth mantle. This is granite rock that we are talking about, so it's not the so called sedimentary rock near the surface, where the dinosaur remains are said to be buried, no, it's far, far deeper.
Of course, I can understand what you have just said, but would you agree with me on this: it isn't really important whether Peak Oil is real or not, because if Peak Oil was real, then the supply will decrease. If it wasn't real but will be pushed through with political intention, then the supply will decrease, too.
FWE: No, I think that is a misleading formulation of the question, because you're assuming that: "will be pushed through" means the entire world. That's one of the reasons, as I have pointed out in my new book, that the same elites, that Steven Rockefeller drafted the "Earth Charter" along with Maurice Strong, who is a Rockefeller protégé, one of the reasons that the Rockefeller faction in the Anglo-American world increasingly began to prepare the Global Warming fraud as a fall-back option, a "Plan B" in case the Peak Oil myth was no longer credible, simply to have wars on every part of the earth in order to expand Pentagon control—Full Spectrum Dominance as they term it.
Take for example Darfur in Sudan, where the Chinese have tapped into what looks to be a giant oil reservoir that goes from Southern Sudan into Chad and Cameroon, it's a huge reservoir and some people think it potentially could be a new Saudi Arabia. I can't say that for sure, but I have seen maps and it's apparently enormous. And that's clearly the reason why suddenly Colin Powell declared that the Sudan government was guilty of genocide in Darfur. At the same time the CIA and arms merchants of death were funneling arms to the government of Chad for their mercenaries to go over the border into Darfur and start shooting up innocent civilians in order to give credibility to the genocide charges.
The global warming, I think, is the fall-back option, if you can't convince the world of scarcity though Peak Oil, because suddenly oil giant fields are being discovered left and right. For example, in Cuba offshore, the Russians are helping the Cubans to develop a major field there. It looks like the Caribbean Basin, which was the site of a meteorite collision hundreds of millions of years ago likely, that that's one of the largest potential oil areas on the planet – and that's one of the reasons why this oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico went completely out of control, that wasn't a normal oil strike. But the U.S. is determined to militarize and control the Caribbean Basin.
Another example is the offshore Brazil, gigantic oil discoveries there. So there are too many of these things popping up to keep the world convinced that Peak Oil is real and that we have to pay $ 300 per barrel of oil and start turning the lights out and burning candles.
Like many of the Peak Oil advocates say. They say: "Cuba is the model, because they don't have automobiles, they have to rely on a non-petroleum economy because of the embargo, so we have to go to this kind of economy in the United States and Western Europe to compensate for the running out of oil." Well, if you think about it, global warming accomplishes the same goal for these elites. If the world swallows the fairy tale that oil from transportation vehicles or from coal fired plants emissions of CO2 are the cause of something called the greenhouse effect, the so-called greenhouse gases, and that that is gradually warming the earth towards what Al Gore calls the "tipping point," and once we hit the tipping point then this will be the end of the road for the world.
Well, no climate model takes into account the one major influence on world climate: solar flares and solar activity, our Sun, as has been pointed out by the few courageous independent scientists whose careers haven't been bought and paid for by BP or Wall Street banks. Wall Street controls the newly-founded carbon trading exchanges in Chicago and London—the Chicago Climate Exchange and the London European Climate Exchange. They control them via the ICE, Intercontinental Exchange in Atlanta Georgia that was created by Wall Street to control derivatives trade in things like oil.
So the Peak Oil myth just isn't working, and that's why we see this renewed massive propaganda attention from the elite media on global warming as "the greatest threat to mankind." That threat looks a little bit dubious right now after we have experienced the worst winter in a hundred years sweeping across Europe and North America.
So the idea that the Pentagon can control all oil everywhere has reached its peak, if you want to call it that. They simply can't control it. There is too much oil out there, there are too many accidental discoveries, and they are overstretched. It's the "Imperial Overstretch," as Paul Kennedy called it years ago (xiv).
So at least the American Empire – or the American Century – has reached its peak?
"Gods of Money: Wall Street and the Death of the American Century", edition. Engdahl, 2010.
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