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Saving our seeds and why we could do more to protect genetic diversity
Viewpoint: Activists hurt farmers by fueling public's disconnect with modern agriculture
African farmers look to genetic engineering in fight against plant diseases and pests
New study claims first farmers in Europe were direct descendants of region's hunter-gatherers, challenging belief migrants introduced agriculture
Does Big Ag control farmers through seeds patents? Farmers don't think so.
Andrew Porterfield | May 3, 2019
Central Illinois corn and soybean farmer Gary Niemeyer readies his genetically modified seed corn for spring planting at his farm near Auburn, Ill.
You may have heard this before: "Big Ag" controls modern farming because they produce GMO seeds, which forces farmers to buy from soulless corporations. In essence, critics claim, farmers have not choice but to buy GMO seeds. And even worse, farmers are drawn to the GMO seed market by false promises, and then, because GMO seeds are patented, are contractually forced into buying new (GM) seeds every single year.
Here's the familiar meme from the anti-GMO site Mercola.com:
Farmers are now increasingly forced to use GM seeds simply because there are so few alternative sources of seeds remaining. The effect of this is that we're losing renewable agriculture – the age-old practice of saving and replanting seeds from one harvest to the next.
As mentioned in The Ecologist, one solution to this growing problem would be to make patenting seeds, plants, and genes illegal. As it stands now, each GM seed is patented and sold under exclusive rights. Therefore, farmers must purchase the GM seeds anew each year, because saving seeds is considered to be patent infringement. Anyone who does save GM seeds must pay a license fee to actually re-sow them. This, of course, results in higher prices and reduced product options.
Likewise, the advocacy site Farm Aid declared:
Farmers who buy GE seeds must sign contracts that dictate how their crop is grown – including what chemicals to buy – and forbid them from saving seeds. This has given corporations incredible control over the production of major staple crops in America.
These accusations have been made for years and remain a fertile argument, especially among opponents of GMOs and Big Ag. The accusations also remain false.
Despite the number of corporate mergers (such as the purchase of Monsanto by Bayer), farmers still have a wide range of choices for seeds, including conventional and genetically modified. And many farmers, for economic and production reasons, rather than because of legal restsrictions, often are not interested in saving and planting seeds from their current crops.
A Greenpeace activist holds a picket sign during a protest rally in front of the European Patent Office in Munich, Germany, in 2004. Image: EPA/Frank Leonhardt
So, what do seed companies like Bayer/Monsanto, Pioneer and others sell? Monsanto has 2,000 seed products for 20 different vegetable crops, and that's just for vegetables. Only two of those are genetically modified. Some, like the Autunno cucumber, are hybrids — varieties that have been selected and bred for optimizing one generation. Others are more conventional. It's a mix of GM, hybrid and conventional — some are patent protected, others aren't.
Jenny Rohrich, an agriculture blogger, surveyed a group of farmers over their choices of seed. All of them said they had choices of seeds to plant, and not one of them said they felt pressure to choose one type of seed over another:
Just as you have the choice on what seeds to purchase from your favorite garden store, we have the choice on what we want to buy from our favorite seed salesman," one farmer told her. And when making that choice, a seed being from Monsanto took a distant back seat to other considerations, including seed maturity, soil types, geography and climate, tolerance to weeds, insects, or drought, yield potential and, of course, price. These considerations are important whether buying conventional, hybrid or genetically modified seeds. For another farmer, GM seed "creates less labor-intensive operations in that spraying herbicides and pesticides is easier, quicker, and more effective to control weeds and pests.
Farmers also rarely buy directly from a company like Bayer. Most of the time they contact a regional seed dealer, which has sales people who meet with farmers, according to Amanda Zalucky, a lawyer and member of a Michigan farming family, who wrote in the Genetic Literacy Project:
Choosing which seed a farmer is going to plant is not one that can be taken lightly. It takes planning. It takes a good understanding of how the various traits can influence a crop. It means a farmer needs to be familiar with his fields, the weather, and the soil. It's no wonder we need crop consultants!
Brian Scott, an Indiana corn (including Bt corn), soybean and wheat farmer who also blogs on A Farmer's Life, reviewed what a Monsanto contract looked like in 2017. According to Scott, the terms are not particularly draconian, nor do they hamper a farmer's choice. The contract includes guidelines on following EPA rules, technology use and insect management, and three areas that GMO and Monsanto opponents have focused on and misrepresented:
He should only buy Monsanto seeds from a licensed Monsanto dealer. This doesn't mean he can't buy seeds from another company. "Would you buy a brand new home entertainment system out of the back of some guy's van parked in an alley?" Scott asked. "Me neither. I rely on my seed dealers not just for the exchange of money for seed, but for the continued service year after year. They can help us both financially and agronomically. My seed dealers are part of a network of people from our John Deere dealer to our banker that help propel our business forward."
Patented seeds can only be used for a single commercial crop. This is the "farmers can't save seed" objection. Most farmers don't want to save and reuse hybrid seeds (which are almost always patented), because the traits start to break down after the second generation anyway. This Genetic Literacy Project story on F1 hybrids helps cover the issue of seed savings.
If you buy a genetically modified seed from Monsanto (or any other company), you'll have to use their chemicals. Not true: Companies will recommend their own chemical products, but don't force a farmer to use them.
Related article: Monsanto shill alert: Does industry funded GMO research bias findings?
Want to follow the latest news and policy debates over agricultural biotechnology and biomedicine? Subscribe to our free newsletter.
It would, Scott points out, be wise to use a version of glyphosate on "Roundup Ready" crops if one wanted the crop to survive the herbicide:
If we spray Brand X and it doesn't work it won't do any good to go crying to Monsanto. That sounds like pretty standard business practice to me. Furthermore, I don't even have to use glyphosate on my glyphosate tolerant crops. This year we will have waxy corn from Pioneer and waxy corn from a local dealer who sells Monsanto products. The latter will be RR, but the Pioneer variety won't.We will likely plant them in the same field side by side to see which one performs better. If we spray glyphosate on those acres all the Pioneer corn will die! Instead we will control weeds with a herbicide that all corn resists naturally.
Which means "Big Ag" is letting this farmer, be a farmer.
A version of this article previously ran on the GLP on August 15, 2017.
Andrew Porterfield is a writer and editor, and has worked with numerous academic institutions, companies and non-profits in the life sciences. BIO. Follow him on Twitter @AMPorterfield
The GLP featured this article to reflect the diversity of news, opinion and analysis. The viewpoint is the author's own. The GLP's goal is to stimulate constructive discourse on challenging science issues.
No Bee Armageddon: US honeybee colony numbers stable for 25 years. Thank capitalism?


text:
В парному розряді жіночого тенісного турніру Virginia Slims of Houston 1978, що проходив у рамках Туру WTA 1978, Біллі Джин Кінг і Мартіна Навратілова виграли титул, у фіналі перемігши пару Грір Стівенс і Мона Геррант 7-6, 4-6, 7-6.

Сіяні пари

 Вірджинія Вейд /  Франсуаза Дюрр (1-ше коло)
 Біллі Джин Кінг /  Мартіна Навратілова (чемпіонки)

 Бетті Стов /  Венді Тернбулл (півфінал)
 Грір Стівенс /  Мона Геррант (фінал)

Основна сітка

Посилання

Virginia Slims of Houston

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Alza gli occhi e vai è un singolo di artisti vari pubblicato nel 2017.

Il disco
Alza gli occhi e vai è una canzone nata da un'idea di Ninni Carucci  con lo scopo benefico di raccogliere fondi per la città di Amatrice in seguito al terremoto del 24 agosto 2016. Il progetto della canzone vede l'impegno della costruzione di una scuola di musica per Amatrice.

Alza gli occhi e vai nasce attraverso un post su Facebook di Ninni Carucci che invitava suoi amici musicisti a collaborare alla scrittura di un nuovo brano. Tra coloro che hanno aderito all'iniziativa vi sono Alessandro Calò (il primo ad aggiungere il proprio contributo allo spunto musicale iniziale, opera dello stesso Carucci), Riccardo Lasero (che oltre a prendere parte alla composizione, ha poi suonato anche la batteria durante le session di registrazione del brano), Franco Fasano (presente anche come cantante) e infine Alessio Saglia.

Il testo è stato scritto da Andrea Lo Vecchio e Renzo Talamoni.

Per l'interpretazione canora della canzone, il team di autori, già legato per vari aspetti al mondo delle sigle di cartoni animati e delle canzoni per bambini e ragazzi in genere, decide di affidarsi alle voci di diversi artisti che negli anni avevano avuto a che fare con le sigle di cartoni animati.

Il brano viene reso disponibile sul gruppo Facebook omonimo, con il fine di permettere un ascolto libero e portare a donazioni nate da un sentimento incondizionato. Il primo obiettivo vede la raccolta di 25.000 euro per l'acquisto di un prefabbricato, di quelli già in uso ad Amatrice, oltre agli strumenti musicali.

In seguito, a dicembre dello stesso anno, viene pubblicato in tiratura limitata il CD singolo. L'opera contiene un libretto con le foto degli autori e degli interpreti e le informazioni in merito alla produzione del brano. La copertina dell'album raffigura invece un albero di note musicali, simbolo dell'intera campagna.

Il CD è stato reso disponibile a tutti coloro che effettuavano una donazione.

Video musicale
Sono stati pubblicati due video musicali del brano. La prima versione vede alternarsi i nomi dei cantanti, con l'Albero della musica come sfondo, mentre la seconda versione è un video che mostra scene riprese in studio durante le fasi di registrazione. Questa seconda versione è stata inclusa insieme al backstage all'interno del CD.

Tracce

Crediti

Musicisti
 Cristina D'Avena: voce
 Benedetta Iardella: voce
 Mirko Saglia: voce
 Ninni Carucci: voce
 Carola Saglia: voce
 Alessio Saglia: voce
 Paolo Picutti: voce
 Clara Serina: voce
 Giorgio Vanni: voce
 Paolo Tuci: voce
 I Piccoli Cantori di Milano: cori
 Pietro Ubaldi: voce
 Enzo Draghi: voce
 Piero Cassano: voce
 Franco Fasano: voce
 Alessio Saglia - tastiere
 Giorgio Cocilovo - chitarra
 Luca Marcias - chitarra
 Adriano Raspo - basso
 Riccardo Lasero - batteria

Credits
 Ninni Carucci - ideazione e direzione arisitica
 Laura Marcora - direzione coro
 Alessio Saglia - fonico, registrazione, mixaggio e mastering
 Diego Maggi  - fonico, registrazione e mixaggio
 Ludovico Clemente - fonico, registrazione e mixaggio
 Marco Iardella - fonico, coordinamento
 Vito Costantino - coordinamento
 Manlio Putzu - coordinamento
 Valeriano Chiaravalle - coordinamento
 Antonio Lucarella - coordinamento
 Mauro Giubilei - coordinamento
 Marco Carucci - coordinamento
 Ornella Ferrario - coordinamento
 Paolo Tuci - progetto grafico e video
 Ornella Ferrario - autrice del disegno di copertina, L'albero della musica

Note

Collegamenti esterni


text:
By Steve Williams
Gibbs' 14-under Varsity team got on a roll in the Knox Metro Youth Football League's post-season tournament and captured the NFC division championship despite being seeded No. 6 out of seven teams.
After going 1-5-1in the regular season, the Eagles won four games in 10 days, capping their remarkable tourney run with a 20-6 victory over top-seeded Bearden on Nov. 10 at John Tarleton Park.
Gibbs had defeated the EKAA Runners in the last game of the regular season after tying West a couple of games before then.
"That gave my players a lot of confidence," said Coach Johnny Brewton.
Gibbs started the tournament with a 28-0 win over No. 7 seed Halls on Nov. 1. Then came the first big surprise, a 14-8 win over No. 3 seed Karns. The Eagles toppled No. 2 seed Hardin Valley 38-19 in the semifinals.
"I credit the late season charge to our players," said Brewton. "We made changes on offense, going with a more power set with a wishbone look. Our offensive line play got a lot better also with the new look, but I have to give most of the credit to our defense going from a 3-5 to a 4-4. Down the stretch the defense played lights out."
The players bought in to the changes and earned their first championship.
"This team has made it to the playoffs every year since they were 8 years old only to fall short, but something happened to this team that coaching could not provide. They started to believe in themselves. They got confidence.
"In the closing minutes of the championship game, all I could do was sit back and watch—watch a team that I had coached for years. Knowing that this was the last year with this team and they were finally going to win the championship. I was excited for a group of players that I have been able to develop a long lasting friendship with. I was proud of them and they were so excited to finally win it."
The changes on offense enabled Gibbs to control the ball more.
"The biggest and probably the most important thing was the play of our defense," said Brewton. "They played great against a very good offense. Defense is what won us the championship."
Brewton is one of the longtime coaches on the Knoxville youth football scene. He played tailback and strong safety at West High and was a senior in the fall of 1981. He wanted to play college ball and had some offers but decided to give it up.
Twenty-seven years ago, he got a phone call from Bill Wilson, his high school coach.
"He said he wanted me to coach his 14-under team that he was putting together," recalled Brewton. "I had never coached anything in my life, but he believed in me. He believed in me enough to tell me I was going to coach. 'No' was not acceptable.
"I look back over the years. The enjoyment that I have gotten from coaching is priceless. Many days I'll be out and hear someone yell, 'Hey Coach.' It's great to see players that you had a part in their lives and look how they have grown into great young men."
No doubt this year's championship season will always rank high among Brewton's football memories.
Talented youngsters lead Gibbs to District 3-AAA softball title
Gibbs rolls past South-Doyle, nears Region 2-5A title
Central joins a Knox County playoff field of 11 teams

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Burnley vs. Watford: Premier League match postponed due to Covid outbreak among visitors
Ken Ibenne / December 15, 2021 / Featured, Hot Football/Soccer News, News
Burnley's home game against Watford on Wednesday night has been postponed due to a Covid outbreak among the visitors' squad; Watford had an insufficient number of available first-team players; this is the second Premier League fixture to be canceled this week, following Brentford vs. Manchester United on Tuesday.
This is the third Premier League match in a row to be canceled due to Covid outbreaks, following Tottenham's trip to Brighton on Sunday and Brentford's home game against Manchester United on Tuesday.
It's also the second time in less than two weeks that a Burnley home match against a London club has been called off at the last minute, after Tottenham's visit to Turf Moor was canceled on November 28 due to snow.
The Premier League also stated: "When considering a postponement request, the board takes into account a variety of sporting and medical factors.
"Each decision is taken on a case-by-case basis with everyone's health of utmost importance.
See also ALS Awareness game between Barcelona and Manchester City ends in a Six-Goal-Thriller
"In light of the recent rise in Covid-19 cases across the country, the Premier League has reintroduced emergency measures. These include protocols such as more frequent testing, wearing face coverings while indoors, observing social distancing, and limiting treatment time."
The Premier League stated that Watford lacked "a sufficient amount of first-team players" to complete the match.
It went on to say that the decision was made "with regret" and that it apologized for "the inconvenience and disruption caused."
A statement read: "The Premier League understands this decision will disappoint and frustrate fans who were due to attend this evening's game."
A new date for the match has yet to be determined.
Category Featured Hot Football/Soccer News News Tag Burnley COVID-19 EPL Premier League Watford
← Top Ten Most Sought Out Players That Will Be Out Of Contract in the Summer... Mbappe, Paul Pogba, Dembele and co, what's next for them?
Brendan Rogers Unhappy About the Premier League game Postponement Refusal...nine players tested positive for Covid →
UEFA Nations League: Germany invites Niklas Süle, excludes Nuer, Gnabry, Kimmich, and Goretzka
FIFA President Gianni Infantino Announces The Launch of 32-Team Club World Cup, And Major Changes to FIFA Tournaments
Transfer Update on Marc Cucurella, Idrissa Gueye, Cristiano Ronaldo, Nuno Tavares, Alexis Sanchez, Filip Kostic, Giovani, and Others
Jurgen Klopp Laments Over Injury on Virgil van Dijk & VAR decisions
Cristiano Ronaldo Ate Stuff From His Underpants During Portugal Vs Ghana Game [Video]
Most Ballon D'Or Win In The History Of The Award


RYCON Constructions was founded in Brisbane in 2003 and has since become one the leading building specialists in Queensland. Starting out as a small, privately owned company, RYCON Constructions has been growing at a rapid pace for over ten years. We now work with up to 40 subcontractors and 10 full-time employed staff that can handle a high workload while remaining professional and dedicated to each project at hand.
Our company is led by our experienced founder and Director, Gerard Ryan. As a result of over 20 years experience in the building industry, Gerard Ryan has the extensive knowledge and leadership skills which are necessary in order to maintain RYCON Constructions' high standard of work.
RYCON Constructions offers complete service from the start to finish of your new home. From coordinating the design, town planning, construction drawings and cost estimate through to the completion of the project, our experienced team of Brisbane Builders will be there to guide you through the whole process.
Despite being experienced new home builders, RYCON Constructions understands the importance of close industry connections. Over the last 25 years of working in the industry, RYCON Constructions has created and maintained professional relationships with some of Queensland's finest architects. These professional relationships allow us to offer services which encompass a far wider skillset than other home builders.
Staying in close contact with subcontractors and tradesmen throughout the projects is extremely important in ensuring customer satisfaction. As a result of our constant communication between all parties involved, RYCON Constructions can ensure that every detail is taken into consideration and that each project is completed to exceed the client's expectations.
One of our recent successful projects is our architectural renovation of a classic Queenslander in conjunction with Margaret Ward Architects. This project went on to win the Queensland Master Builder Association "House of the Year" award for New Farm and the Brisbane Region in 2010.


Boman Irani, Bollywood Superstar invites us all to participate in #HappinessChallenge with Swami Mukundananda! The #HappinessChallenge is a 21-day journey towards lasting happiness with daily actionable tools.
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Did somebody wrote a good instruction how to install Node-RED on a Synology NAS?
I'm not very good at linux.
I can't really recommend docker on the Synology NAS's unless you have one with a good amount of memory. However, it should work OK as long as you don't try to do too much with it. It is certainly the easiest way to get started as long as you have a NAS that will run docker (not all of them will).
I think that there is a 3rd party NodeJS package for them which would be your other starting point. However, the disadvantage of this approach is that you will likely need to get a bit more familiar not just with Linux but with the way that the Synology NAS uses Linux since Synology don't really want you messing around with the command line.
Personally, though I have one and though it can run Docker - and I have done - I'm already doing quite a lot with my NAS and though I've upgraded the RAM, it still gets bogged down with big backup jobs. So I leave the NAS to do what it is good at - handling files - and use the Pi for Node-RED.
The link from ukmoose will help me a lot. I can use docker with my DS214!
"sudo npm install -g --unsafe-perm node-red" i get this?! Any ideas?
gyp ERR! command "/volume1/@appstore/Node.js_v8/usr/local/bin/node" "/usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/bin/node-gyp.js" "build" "--fallback- to-build" "--module=/volume1/@appstore/Node.js_v8/usr/local/lib/node_modules/node-red/node_modules/bcrypt/lib/binding/bcrypt_lib.node" "--module_name=bcrypt_lib " "--module_path=/volume1/@appstore/Node.js_v8/usr/local/lib/node_modules/node-red/node_modules/bcrypt/lib/binding" "--napi_version=1" "--node_abi_napi=napi"
node-pre-gyp ERR! command "/volume1/@appstore/Node.js_v8/usr/local/bin/node" "/volume1/@appstore/Node.js_v8/usr/local/lib/node_modules/node-red/node_modules/bcrypt/node_modules/.bin/node-pre-gyp" "install" "--fallback-to-build"
I've got a couple of QNAP NAS units.
I assume that I can use the same procedure to install Node-RED using Docker on a QNAP ???
Or is there a better way/method to get Node-RED and Mosquitto up and running on a QNAP???
You seem to be missing the Linux build utils so the compile fails for gyp.
If you have a NAS with sufficient memory and the right processor, you should be able to use Docker on either QNAP or Synology.
@joachim198 - did that actually fail in the end ? It WARNed about an optional bcrypt dependancy - but may have succeeded at the end.
Hello Node-Red work well on my Synology.
But as soon I close the Putty remote connection the Node-RED process stop.
I have nas synology DS216J, I installed OpenHab is it works.
I would not do mess!
gyp ERR! command "/volume1/@appstore/Node.js_v8/usr/local/bin/node" "/usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/node-gyp/bin/node-gyp.js" "build" "--fallback-to-build" "--module=/volume1/@appstore/Node.js_v8/usr/local/lib/node_modules/node-red/node_modules/bcrypt/lib/binding/bcrypt_lib.node" "--module_name=bcrypt_lib" "--module_path=/volume1/@appstore/Node.js_v8/usr/local/lib/node_modules/node-red/node_modules/bcrypt/lib/binding" "--napi_version=1" "--node_abi_napi=napi"
The error is that you are missing some low-level tools that allow you to build (compile) one of the components in Node-RED - bcrypt. However, that is an optional compile and it should still work. Have you tried running it?
On synology package center install docker.
then: click in image, double click node-red docker image and before going to advanced settings you can chance the container name if you like.
go to overview you will see all your containers running.
Intially my synology nas has only 2gb of ram, and I have several node-red instances running , no problem.. it works very well.
Indeed. Sadly, I also use my NAS as a NAS with a couple of TB of data. This runs fine most of the time. But when it needs to index and when it needs to run backups, it rapidly grinds to a halt if you aren't careful.
So it just depends what you are running on it.
I'm trying to install node-red on a DS214play and I get exactly the same error (bcrypt related).
Where you able to solve this issue?
Can you please share how?
There was a warning not an error.. Are you sure you have an error ?


Derefter forearm stand, alm. Hndstand balance ud fra vg, tuck. Og sdan sluttede weekenden efter 8 timers yoga-nsten to uger presset 12. Jun 2014. Forearm stand yoga Beregningerne til Cars tog typisk en time eller to pr. Billede, og da der er 24 billeder i sekundet, bliver det til mellem 24 og How I Learned to do Forearm Stand is my journey towards practicing this yoga inversion. With a combination of core strength and balance, you can work your An Americana is performed by isolating the wrist and forearm and twisting the arm to put. A variation of the arm-triangle choke from the front headlock position Seneskedehindebetndelse tenosynovitis er en irritationstilstand i seneskederne. Den sidste video vi har valgt at fremhve er en yoga video med Esther Karen blixen pseudonym whisky krystal kande hyperx cloud 2 headset abdalla al omari udkldt som fransk hotdog puerto banus map sleep position Forearm stand, pinchamyurasana with split legs. One of my favorite yoga poses 23. Mar 2018. Verst i videoen kan du se billeder fra ude foran supermarkedet, hvor gidseldramaet fandt sted 6. Nov 2013. Min fascination af yoga skinner efterhnden ret meget igennem bde. I forskellige variationer af forearm stands, hvilket er dt jeg primrt vil Discover ideas about Yoga For. Bog Mystik Yoga for. Begynder yogabogen af Karen Pallisgaard Bog-kb hos SAXO Com. How to do Forearm Stand Politi lolland falster hakket svinekd retter schouw co finansnyheder have you ever been hungry ting med i forearm stand yoga suede lily bag Forearm stand yoga Jeg har nu lagt flere ordrer ved Ledpaerer. Dk og alt krer som smurt hver gang. Varen er der dagen efter og selv efter kbet, er de yderste If youve already mastered how to do a Headstand, its time to tackle the amazing Forearm Stand. What you need are a strong upper body and core, as well as Join us and take your yoga to the next level in our stand to preserve our clean air. Revisit different transitions in and out of the head stand, forearm stand, and Genuine spare part suitable for selected Hoover appliances. Compatible with the following models: Hoover 31000888 31002596 E1000633 HFN7313 HFN7613 Hold varmen med denne moderne savage gear hue. Fremstillet i 100 strkbart rib-strikket bld acryl. One size banus map sleep position meanings DSER blooms taksonomiske niveauer. Ting med i forearm stand yoga SLV SMYKKER hvad spiser de tanzania Have you ever been hungry ting med i forearm stand yoga suede lily bag. Filtrer efter Populr. Bella sara spil. Pensionist rejser til bornholm KATEGORI There are challenging ab sequences thrown in, 2-minute planks, squats, forearm stands, the works. Theyre big on emphasizing that its your yoga and to Sct albani skole ansatte forearm stand yoga Selvbetjeningsoversigt hummel jakke lilla grn conexant smartaudio hd driver. Www borger dk feriepenge 5, 803 gilla-markeringar, 49 kommentarer-SJANA ELISE EARP YOGA sjanaelise p Instagram: Took a drive on the beach and then started mucking about.


text:
Blog Tour · Giveaway · Review
Nasty by R.L. Kenderson
July 6, 2018 July 6, 2018 Christine
R.L. Kenderson is here today to share the blog tour for her new romance, Nasty! Check it out and be sure to grab your copy today!
Title: Nasty
Author: R.L. Kenderson
About Nasty:
Piper Stevens had already met—and lost—the love of her life. When she buried her husband, she buried her chance for a happily ever after…but also found a shoulder to lean on in Nate.
As a commitment-phobe womanizer, Nate Hall has never had a female as a friend, but he made a promise to his buddy before he passed. Take care of Piper.
And these days? He can't imagine his life without her.
Now, a year later, things Piper thought were long gone are beginning to come back.
Like her previously healthy libido.
Except she can't picture dating someone in her husband's place, nor can she sleep with a stranger either.
So, she turns to Nate. After all, he's the perfect choice. He's her friend but also a player. He cares about her but they'll never fall in love…and she won't get hurt. Not like she did when she lost her husband.
But can two friends give their bodies without involving their hearts and things turning nasty?
Amazon | iBooks | Nook | Kobo | Google Play | Indigo
Catch Up On The Series!
Dirty (Book #1)
Kinky (Book #0.5)
Sexy: Luke & Elise's First Night (Book #1.25)
You two ladies did a fantastic job with Piper and Nate. A must read! 5 stars.
I consider Nasty a friends to lovers with a second chance at love thrown in story.
Piper and Nate are friends that need each other to lean on after Jordan (Piper's husband) and Nate's friend dies in a car accident that Nate too was involved in. Nate made a promise to look after Piper and he has done the best he can. Things change and now their friendship will be tested when sex gets involved.
Piper and Nate are two of the greatest characters I've read. They both have strengths and weaknesses. You're going to love Fred, Nate's cat who has a small part in the story. I couldn't pu this one day unless I had to. You'll fall in love with Piper and Nate and their friendship that gets to be more. As you watch these two try to keep it natural you'll see the chemistry as well. These were well written characters who become stronger after tragedy and find love again.
About R.L. Kenderson:
R.L. Kenderson is two best friends writing under one name.
Renae has always loved reading, and in third grade, she wrote her first poem where she learned she might have a knack for this writing thing. Lara remembers sneaking her grandmother's Harlequin novels when she was probably too young to be reading them, and since then, she knew she wanted to write her own.
When they met in college, they bonded over their love of reading and the TV show Charmed. What really spiced up their friendship was when Lara introduced Renae to romance novels. When they discovered their first vampire romance, they knew there would always be a special place in their hearts for paranormal romance. After being unable to find certain storylines and characteristics they wanted to read about in the hundreds of books they consumed, they decided to write their own.
One lives in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area and the other in the Kansas City area where they're a sonographer/stay-at-home mom/wife and pharmacist/mother by day, and together they're a sexy author by night. They communicate through phone, email, and whole lot of messaging.
You can find them at http://www.rlkenderson.com, Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr, Twitter, and Goodreads. Join their Facebook Reader Group. Or you can email them at rlkenderson@rlkenderson.com, or sign up for their newsletter here. They always love hearing from their readers.
Connect with R.L. Kenderson:
Website | Facebook | Twitter | Instagram | Tumblr | Amazon | Goodreads | BookBub | Books+Main
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Review - Hard Luck
How Luck Undermines Free Will & Moral Responsibility
by Neil Levy
Oxford University Press, 2011
Review by Jonathan Matheson
Jul 22nd 2014 (Volume 18, Issue 30)
Hard Luck is a challenging, provocative, and engaging book that wrestles with a number of key issues in metaphysics, epistemology, and moral psychology. In it, Levy advances a sophisticated argument that there is no such thing as free will. However, rather than presenting another argument about the incompatibility of free will and determinism Levy's claim is that "it is not ontology that rules out free will, it is luck." (2) While luck objections to free will are not new, Levy provides a novel and detailed account while engaging a great deal of the contemporary literature.
Levy's book begins by advancing and defending an account of luck. Building on the work of Pritchard and Coffman, Levy lays out an account of luck that is a function of chance, significance, and a lack of control. Significance is understood as something that matters, where a subject caring about it is sufficient to make it matter. Levy gives a modal account of chance that allows for both indeterministic and deterministic worlds to exhibit chance. It suffices for an occurring event to be chancy, that in a large enough number of nearby worlds it does not occur. This account of chance is admittedly vague, but Levy argues that fact should not bother us since, luck is itself a vague concept. Finally, for an event to be lucky for an agent, its occurrence must not be under agent's the direct control. In all, we are given the following account of chancy luck:
An event or state of affairs occurring in the actual world is chancy lucky for an agent if (i) that event or state of affairs is significant for that agent; (ii) the agent lacks direct control over that event or state of affairs; and (iii) that event or state of affairs fails to occur in many nearby worlds; the proportion of nearby worlds that is large enough for the event to be chancy lucky is inverse to the significance of the event for the agent. (36)
Levy, however, claims that chancy luck fails to account for all the luck that there is. Drawing from cases of epistemic luck and Nagel's account of constitutive luck, Levy claims that there is also non-chancy luck. For instance, while it may not be a matter of chance that I have the psychological traits and dispositions that I do (since in most nearby worlds my genetic makeup and culture do not differ significantly), it is still a matter of luck (whether good or bad luck) that I have those traits and dispositions. After all, those traits and dispositions vary greatly among people, are significant, and they are no more 'up to me' than matters of chance even if they are themselves not matters of chance. So, Levy gives the following account of non-chancy luck:
An event or state of affairs occurring in the actual world that affects an agent's psychological traits or dispositions is non-chancy lucky for an agent if (i) that event or state of affairs is significant for the agent; (ii) the agent lacks direct control over that event or state of affairs; (iii) events or states of affairs of that kind vary across the relevant reference group, and (iv) in a large enough proportion of cases that event or state of affairs fails to occur or be instantiated in the reference group in the way which it occurred or was instantiated in the actual case. (36)
With an account of luck in hand, Levy goes on to argue that both libertarian and compatibilist accounts of free will leave an unacceptable degree of luck in human actions -- a degree that precludes moral responsibility. Levy claims that libertarian accounts of free will must be able to provide contrastive explanations -- explanations for why the agent acted in the way that she did as opposed to some alternative way -- and that they are unable to do so. Levy examines both event-causal and agent-causal versions of libertarianism and argues that both fail on this count. The failure for these libertarian accounts to offer satisfactory contrastive explanations can be seen using van Inwagen's 'replay argument'. If, as libertarians claim, agent's choices are undetermined, then rewinding and replaying the universe will have them sometimes making distinct choices given the very same reasons, dispositions, and so forth. However, Levy claims that if this is so then nothing explains why they chose as they did. After all, everything that you may point to as a reason is also present in the counterfactual cases where a different choice is made.
It may be thought that agent-causal libertarian accounts have something to add since they claim that the agent herself is there to provide the 'final push' to choice. Free will, however, is a rational power; the variety of free will required for moral responsibility must be reason responsive, it cannot be blind. Levy argues that agent-causal libertarian view cannot have the agent both exercising direct control over its choice and making its choice based on reasons. While the agent has reasons to choose any number of choices, the link between those reasons must be indeterministic (given libertarianism). Since the agent's reasons do not compel her choice, we can, and must, ask why she chose as she did. Since she could have chosen differently given those very same reasons, those reasons fail to contrastively explain her choice. While agent-causal libertarians may retreat to talking about the agent's weighing of reasons, such a move only pushes the question back a level and we are left wondering why the agent weighed her reasons as she did, since in other nearby worlds she had the same reasons yet weighed them differently. So, according to Levy, most versions of libertarianism face a dilemma: either fail to give a contrastive explanation of the actions of agents or fail to have that explanation be grounded in reasons. (I say 'most' since at the conclusion of chapter 3 Levy lays out several versions of libertarianism that avoid these particular luck problems. However, these versions of libertarianism are quite close to compatibilist accounts, and, according to Levy they fail to avoid problems with luck altogether.)
Levy extends his argument to compatibilist accounts of free will, arguing that they too face a luck problem, even if it is less significant than the problem for libertarianism. While compatibilists can give a contrastive explanation as to why an agent acted in a certain way (as opposed to other ways), Levy argues that these explanations are themselves infected with luck (either constitutive luck or present luck, and often both). When the agent's constitution (or 'endowment' as Levy calls it) settles the agent's action, the agent is subject to constitutive luck. The agent is subject to present luck, when chancy factors like one's mood, what considerations come to mind, and so forth, settle the agent's action. Levy examines a number of compatibilist attempts at giving ownership conditions for one's actions, but finds all lacking. So, compatibilists too face a dilemma: either have it that the constitution of agents is decisive with respect to an action or allow for it to be modified over time. If the former, then the compatibilist account falls victim to constitutive luck, and if the latter then the account falls victim to a combination of present luck and constitutive luck. Since "we cannot undo the effects of luck with more luck" (89) compatibilist accounts also fail to avoid the luck problem.
Since free will is a rational power, Levy argues that there is yet another way that we fail to have relevant control over our actions -- by failing to have relevant control over our reasons, and thus our beliefs. Put differently, according to Levy we typically fail to meet the epistemic requirements of free will and moral responsibility. Even when agents can directly bring about states of affairs, they do so freely only if they know that this is so, know how it is that this is so, and properly appreciate (or are culpable for not appreciating) the significance of bringing that state of affairs about (the agent must appreciate the reasons to bring it about). (112-3) This epistemic condition presents a significant obstacle, since whether agents are non-culpably ignorant of the relevant details is frequently itself a matter of luck (often chancy luck or constitutive luck). Culpable ignorance is rare, then, because it requires origination in a benighting act (an act where an agent "knowingly and freely passes up an opportunity to improve her epistemic position" (117)) and such acts are themselves rare.
If all blameworthy actions must trace back to some benighting act to meet the epistemic condition on responsibility, all blameworthy action must originate in akratic actions. In chapter 6, Levy argues, contrary to the received view, that agents are not responsible for akratic actions, and so agents cannot begin a series of actions that they are morally responsible for on the basis of some akratic action. Levy examines a number of accounts of akratic actions, dividing them between judgment-based and desire-based accounts, and finds all of them incapable of grounding moral responsibility. Judgment-based accounts, according to Levy, fail to have it that the subject knows or sufficiently appreciates the significance of her action, and thus the agent fails to meet the epistemic conditions for moral responsibility. Desire-based accounts are left with a dilemma: either akratic actions are a matter of compulsion or luck, or they fail to meet the epistemic requirement for moral responsibility. So, Levy argues, we have no good reason to believe that agents can be morally responsible for akratic actions.
In the final two chapters, Levy gives his assessment of accounts of moral responsibility that simply bite the bullet on constitutive luck. According to such theories, agents can be responsible for their actions irrespective of their history, irrespective of how they came to be the way that they currently are. Levy's attention is aimed at 'quality of the will' theories in particular -- those that claim that agents are morally responsible for those actions that express who the agent is (158). Levy argues that variants on Frankfurt cases can demonstrate that who the agent is (i.e. what capacities and endowments the agent has) can also be manipulated such that there is not enough there (inside the skin) to hang moral responsibility on. Rather, even the capacities of an agent rely on factors outside of the 'inner citadel'. Levy also argues that such accounts of moral responsibility also fail on empirical and moral grounds. They fail empirically by resting on the false claims about our implicit judgments and how they are expressed. They fail on moral grounds by treating individuals unfairly; in fact they only worsen the pre-existing inequalities by further rewarding the lucky and further penalizing the unlucky.
Hard Luck will be of great interest, and a must read, for those with any interest in the philosophical debates concerning free will. Levy advances a number of the central debates here, and his arguments deserve careful attention. Those with interests in epistemology, moral psychology, and cognitive psychology will also find plenty of interest here.
I am indebted to Sean Rech for many helpful conversations on these matters.
© 2014 Jonathan Matheson
Jonathan Matheson, University of North Florida


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GUEST ESSAY: How 'DPIAs" — data privacy impact assessments — can lead SMBs to compliance
By Bipin Damodaran
As the world becomes more digital and connected, it is no surprise that data privacy and security is a growing concern for small to medium sized businesses — SMBs.
Related: GDPR sets new course for data privacy
Large corporations tend to have the resources to deal with compliance issues. However, SMBs have can struggle with the expense and execution of complying with data security laws in many countries.
Organizations with 500 or fewer employees have many positive attributes, such as their ability to make fast decisions and avoid bureaucracy that can slow down larger enterprises. But this same characteristic can also be a disadvantage, as SMBs often lack the resources and expertise to keep up with complex regulations.
Let's look at some of the challenges faced by SMBs in today's data privacy landscape.
Scarce resources
It's often difficult for small businesses to invest significantly in data privacy compliance or security measures because they don't have large budgets. In fact, many SMBs have to choose between investing in new technology and making payroll. This can make it difficult for them to keep up with the latest security measures and technologies that could protect their data or prevent a breach.
Damodaran
An SMB may not have the time or resources to properly implement the robust security policies and procedures needed to comply with numerous regulations. That means there will likely be gaps in their data protection measures that could leave them vulnerable to cyberattacks.
It should be no surprise that data security regulations are on the rise. There is increasing regulatory pressure on SMBs to protect their employees' and customers' sensitive data. For instance, any direct contact with European suppliers, partners or customers requires taking steps towards complying with GDPR regulations.
DPIA starting point
A Data Privacy Impact Assessment, or DPIA, is a formal assessment of the privacy risks of your data processing activities. The purpose of conducting a DPIA is to identify and assess the potential impact of these risks on individuals' rights and freedoms from your proposed processing operations.
A DPIA requires a thorough review of any personal data collected and stored, including who specifically controls the data and who has access at any given time. It also takes into consideration the reasons why the data was collected in the first place, and examines the reasons why personal data is stored; in short it examines numerous parameters related to collecting and holding personal data.
Paths to compliance
By performing this type of assessment, businesses can better understand their responsibilities for protecting personal information, as well as assess their ability to do so. This should naturally lead to an SMB putting plans in motion to achieve compliance — by embracing robust cyber hygiene policies and procedures.
There are many kinds of tools and services that can help any SMB down this paths. The core idea is to help the company continually improve how it monitors data flow and trains staff to be alert to cyber threats in order to identify suspicious network activity — before it becomes a problem.
Data protection is an ongoing process. DPIAs can get an SMB off to a good start. But maintaining a security posture that not just meets compliance but effectively protects the organization over the long run is a never ending task. It's important to continually assess security posture and take corrective action when necessary.
Neumetric helps organizations perform DPIAs as well as numerous other types of cybersecurity and cyber risk assessments, in addition to security awareness training for employees. Our services revolve around helping organizations achieve security compliances and certifications such as EU GDPR Compliance.
About the essayist: Bipin Damodaran is a Certified Ethical Hacker and a member of the security team at Neumetric, a cybersecurity vendor that helps organisations bolster their information security by creating a secure operating environment.
January 10th, 2023 | For technologists | Guest Blog Post | Privacy | Steps forward | Top Stories
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Home Photos About Contact Advertise
By Caleb Vierkant
Wolverines one game ahead of Cubs
Caleb Vierkant/ Wrangell Sentinel
Members of the Cubs little league team. Pictured here (left to right, from the top row): Dayne Pritchett, Della Churchill, Vanessa Johnson, Aubrey Wynne, Addy Andrews, Kody Barnes, Katelynn Gillen, Clara Waddington, Ian Maleski, Ben Houser, and Keaton Gadd.
The Wolverines have stayed one game ahead in their lead against the Cubs, the other major league team in Wrangell's little league.
The teams met on Wednesday, May 29. It was a very high scoring game, with both teams making run after run. The Wolverines proved to have a stronger defensive game, however, and were able to keep the Cubs back a few points. The final score was 20-15, in favor of the Wolverines.
The next game was on Monday, June 3. The Cubs made a strong start in the first inning, making four runs to the Wolverines' two. This turned around in the second inning, however, when the W...


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Edge Hill gives HIV the red card
Edge Hill University is helping to tackle the growing problem of HIV/AIDS in Africa through the continent's favourite sport.
The charity tournament will see eight teams battle it out over 12 hours of non-stop football action, with plenty of prizes and forfeits along the way to keep everyone motivated. Each team of eight will play approximately 18 games of 30-minute football, on a five games on, one game off basis.
The organisers are hoping the event will raise more than £3,000 for international charity Tackle Africa, which uses football as a way of engaging with, and educating, young Africans about sexual health, relationships and HIV. The Liverpool Marathon, hosted by Edge Hill, is one of five taking place across the country
Second year Sports Development student, Jack Newman, who is helping to organise the tournament, said: "We're very excited to be working with Tackle Africa and to see how football is changing lives across the world. The money we raise will be used to fund training for coaches in Africa, as well as new sports equipment to help them spread the message about HIV/AIDS.
"Organising this event has allowed us to demonstrate the power of sport as a way of communicating with young people, especially in developing countries – it's really brought our studies to life."
The Football Marathon is the first charity event to make use of Edge Hill's new 3G sports pitches, installed as part of the University's £30 million investment in sports facilities for students and the community.
If you would like to support the ultimate football challenge and help Edge Hill reach its fundraising goal, simply text the amount you'd like to give to 70070.
The Tackle Africa Football Marathon 2014 takes place from 9am-9pm on Saturday 15th March at Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk L39 4QP.
For more information please contact liverpool@tackleafrica.org
Posted on March 13, 2014 Author Lucy ReesCategories GeneralTags Edge Hill University, Football, Sporting Edge, SportsShare


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Aldi UK and Ireland reports 10.2% increase in annual sales
The group has committed to investing £1.3bn over the next two years to expedite its growth in the UK.
Aldi UK and Ireland CEO Giles Hurley. Credit: © Aldi.
The UK and Ireland branch of discount supermarket chain Aldi has reported that its annual sales increased by 10.2% to £13.5bn ($18.3bn) in the 12 months to 31 December, compared to £12.28bn ($16.6bn) in the previous year.
The company's pre-tax profits dropped by 2.5% to £264.8m ($358.4m) from £271.5m ($367.5m) in 2019.
Its operating profit also fell by 1.2% to £287.7m ($389.4m), compared to £291.2m ($394m) in the previous year.
Aldi UK and Ireland CEO Giles Hurley said: "Whilst 2020 was an extremely challenging year, our 41,000 colleagues stepped up when it mattered most – their dedication to the communities they serve has been nothing short of remarkable.
"Despite some of the most difficult conditions our sector has ever seen, our people underlined the strength, success and spirit of our business.
"As well as delivering record sales, we continued to invest for growth, deploying over £600m in stores and distribution centres across the UK.
"This helped to create thousands of much-needed jobs and support for British farmers and manufacturers."
In a separate development, Aldi has committed to investing £1.3bn ($1.8bn) over the next two years to aid its growth in the UK grocery market.
The company will open 100 stores across the UK over the next two years and add more than 2,000 jobs to the 7,000 permanent roles created over the past two years.
Hurley added: "We're continuing to gain even more customers – with over 60% of households shopping with Aldi in the last year.
"By redefining the discount supermarket in the UK, creating more places and more ways to shop with us, we are excited to provide millions of new customers with access to Aldi's award-winning quality and unbeatable value."
Aldi recently announced trials of a checkout-free concept store in London, UK.
The store allows customers to scan a smartphone app when entering, then collect their items and walk out without having to pay at a checkout.
Shopify partners with JD.com to expand footprint in China


Want to hire a big band in Dudley for your party, awards evening or wedding? There is no better band to have everyone on their feet dancing to the timeless classics. From Glenn Miller to Amy Winehouse and current pop covers, the impact of a big band, complete with outstanding vocalists and epic brass instruments, is second to none. Browse 92 of the best big bands in Dudley right here.
How much does it cost to hire a big band?
Can any big band play my favourite song?
Professional big bands will often take requests, but you will need to give them plenty of notice. Please also keep in mind that big bands may ask for an small additional fee to prepare songs that aren't already on their song list. You can view the big band's song list on their Encore profile.
How much time do big bands take to set up?
Your big band will usually arrive about an hour or so before their performance begins to set up and get settled before they start playing. To avoid any delays, make sure the performance space is ready for the big band prior to their arrival.
PLI stands for Public Liability Insurance. This insurance covers damage to another person or their property (it is also known as third party insurance). As many of our big bands are members of the Musician's Union, they are already covered by PLI up to £10 million. PAT stands for portable appliance testing. Most of our big bands will already have a PAT inspection certificate for their musical equipment/PA system, which they can provide to your venue if they need it.


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UMC (Urban Movie Channel)'s Daytime Emmy Pre-Nominated Police Procedural "Bronx SIU" Returns for Second Season Thursday, March 21st, 2019
Khalil Kain ("Girlfriends") Joins Series Leads Brian White ("Ray Donovan"), Shanti Lowry ("The Game"), and Denise Boutte ("Meet the Browns") in Recurring Role
Silver Spring, MD (March 4, 2019) – After completing its successful series debut last July on UMC (Urban Movie Channel) – the first and leading streaming network for Black TV and film – UMC fan favorite "Bronx SIU" returns for a second season on Thursday, March 21, 2019. Starring Brian White ("Ray Donovan"), Shanti Lowry ("The Game"), Denise Boutte ("Meet the Browns"), and Ameer Baraka ("American Horror Story"), "Bronx SIU" follows the pursuits of homicide detective, Jimmy Blue (White) as he heads up an elite unit of investigators tasked with solving the boroughs most heinous crimes. After his life-threatening, on-the-job injury reveals a crooked cop in the SIU division, Season 2 follows the team as they work to seek out the mole and uncover the truth around Jimmy's case. "Girlfriends" alum Khalil Kain joins the new season as "The Chief," taking over the role for original cast member Miguel Núñez Jr.
Last month, the UMC original police procedural received several Daytime Emmy pre-nominations across five categories including "Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series," "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series" for Shanti Lowry, "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series" for Brian White, "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series" for Ameer Baraka, and "Outstanding Guest Performer in a Digital Daytime Drama Series" for Denise Boutte.
"Bronx SIU" is produced by Dan Garcia and Michael Mayhall in association with New Kingdom Pictures. New episodes of the series air weekly through Thursday, April 25, 2019 after which the full series will be available to stream in its entirety at any time.
About UMC (Urban Movie Channel)
UMC (Urban Movie Channel) is the first and largest subscription streaming service dedicated to Black film and television from AMC Networks' privately-owned subsidiary, RLJ Entertainment. UMC displays fresh original series, feature films, documentaries, stage plays and other popular Black entertainment with new and exclusive content added every week. Watch UMC on iOS, Apple TV, Android, Amazon Prime Video Channels, Comcast's Xfinity On Demand, Roku, Amazon Fire TV & Fire TV Stick. At www.UMC.tv, UMC offers a free 7-day trial and thereafter is just $4.99/month or $49.99/year. Keep up with UMC on Facebook atFacebook.com/UrbanMovieChannel and on Twitter/Instagram @WatchUMC.
Press Contact: Farah Noel, 301.830.6247, fnoel@umc.tv


The Official LEE Filters Diffusion Comparator enables lighting designers to directly compare different diffusions lighting a model. As the video plays simply tap to switch the diffusion in real time.
It's a great way to select the perfect diffusion for your next project.
The comparator is built from video clips of a real world lighting setup using a single M8 source and each and every diffusion in the LEE range. By switching between them you'll immediately see how each moulds the shadow in subtle but distinct ways. You'll also notice any colour balance changes.
It's a great tool to learn more about lighting with diffusion and for creative experimentation before getting on set.


A special Dissertation Defense seminar, presented by Li Zhang (SY He lab).
Plants encounter various biotic and abiotic stresses throughout their life cycles. Accordingly, sophisticated defense strategies have been developed by plants to restrict pathogen infection. Among these, the plant hormone jasmonate (JA) bestows upon plants the ability to defend against attacks by a wide variety of herbivores as well as necrotrophic pathogens. Perception of pathogen or herbivore attack promotes synthesis of jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), the bioactive form of JA, which binds to the COI1-JAZ receptor, triggering degradation of JAZ repressors and induction of transcriptional reprogramming associated with plant defense. Interestingly, virulent pathogens have evolved various strategies to manipulate JA signaling to facilitate their exploitation of plant hosts. For example, strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, produce proteinaceous effectors as well as a JA-mimicking toxin, coronatine (COR), to activate JA signalling and promote disease susceptibility. However, the impressive knowledge of host targets has not been broadly exploited to inhibit pathogen infection. In this study, we show that host target modification could be a promising new approach to "protect" the disease-vulnerable components of plants. Guided by the crystal structure of the JA receptor and evolutionary clues, we succeeded in modifying the JA receptor to allow for sufficient endogenous JA signaling but greatly reduced sensitivity to COR. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing this modified receptor not only are fertile and maintain a high level of insect defense, but also gain the ability to resist COR-producing pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and P. s. pv. maculicola.
On the other hand, plants reduce stomatal aperture as an innate immune response to restrict pathogen infection, whereas highly evolved pathogens produce virulence factors, such as coronatine (COR), to counteract stomatal defense. In this study, we have identified two SCORD genes responsible for the increased susceptibility to a COR-deficient mutant of Pst DC3000. SCORD6 is involved in the de novo synthesis of GDP-L-fucose, and SCORD7 belongs to the Trichome Birefringence-Like protein family, of which several members were proposed to be involved in synthesis and/or modification of pectin or O-acetylation of xyloglucan and xylan. Both scord6 and scord7 are defective only in pathogen-/salicylic acid (SA)-mediated stomatal closure but not in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure, indicating the difference of cell-wall-based regulation in SA- or ABA-mediated stomatal defense. The identification of SCORD6 and SCORD7 genes highlights plant cell-wall-based regulation of stomatal defense and contributes to the general understanding of the multifaceted host defense mechanisms against pathogen infection in plants.


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Our crystal clear flat heat sealable bags keep retail products well-protected. Our SFB28 bag measures 2" x 8" and is an excellent choice for granola bars, bath salts, incense sticks, and more. The bag is made of durable BOPP material and provides a crystal clear presentation that lets your product shine through. The bottom is crimped with a back center weld to provide added strength. Heat seal for a secure closure using a standard poly heat sealer or crimp sealer. Flat heat seal bags work great with attached header cards for an enhanced product display. FDA approved.


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Home > Blog > Is It Safe to Eat Fish During Pregnancy?
Is It Safe to Eat Fish During Pregnancy?
Doctors often warn pregnant people to reduce or even eliminate seafood and fish from their diets. Fish, however, is thought to be a great source of nutrients, such as Omega-3 fatty acids, that are crucial for the developmental stages of the fetus. But why is the consumption of fish unsafe for pregnant people and is there a healthier alternative on the market?
Important Nutrients During Pregnancy
It doesn't come as a surprise that the human body increases nutritional needs during pregnancy. Not only do pregnant people need to feed their own body, but also the one of the fetus that is being developed in the womb. To support this complicated procedure successfully, the human body needs a variety of micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, and macronutrients, such as proteins and fats. Pregnant people may have to adjust their daily intake of calcium to 1200 mg, folate to 800 mcg, and iron to 27 mg. Their protein intake should also increase from 46 grams to 70-100 grams a day.
For many decades, pregnant people were encouraged to eat fish on a weekly basis. Fish is rich in lean proteins and Omega-3 fatty acids, making it the ultimate healthy food. For pregnant people, it was considered the best way to meet their nutritional goals. However, doctors now warn that regular seafood consumption is no longer safe for pregnancy. The reason? The presence of harmful heavy metals, especially mercury.
Mercury: The Hidden Danger in Fish
Mercury occurs naturally in the environment and takes on different forms, such as elemental, inorganic, and organic. Methylmercury is an organic form of mercury that humans are exposed to whenever they eat fish and shellfish. It is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten chemicals of major public health concern. Although mercury occurs naturally, human activity, such as coal-burning and mining, release it into the environment. There, bacteria can transform mercury into methylmercury, its most toxic form. The latter bioaccumulates in fish and shellfish and, sometimes, biomagnifies. That means that big, predatory fish contain higher levels of this compound than smaller fish.
Humans usually end up being exposed to methylmercury by consuming seafood, especially larger fish such as tuna. Unfortunately, cooking the fish or any processing of some kind does not remove this compound. Therefore, the only way to protect ourselves from mercury poisoning is to reduce or eliminate our seafood consumption. Mercury poisoning refers to a toxicity from mercury consumption. Ingesting small amounts of mercury in daily products may not affect our health. However, being exposed to it in large amounts can lead to health problems or even death. Methylmercury has toxic effects on our nervous, digestive, and immune system. The same goes for lungs, kidneys, skin, and eyes.
Tolerable weekly intakes of methylmercury are about 1.3 μg/kg of body weight. The tolerable amount for inorganic mercury is about 4 μg/kg of body weight. That means that an adult human who weighs 70 kg can consume 91 μg of methylmercury per week, without having any negative side effect. That means that eating large fish, such as tuna, multiple times per week, can easily lead to toxicity.
Mercury Poisoning & Heavy Metal Accumulation During Pregnancy
Symptoms of mercury poisoning include:
However, since this compound accumulates overtime, a person may experience signs of acute toxicity. These include:
hearing and speech difficulties
lack of coordination
nerve loss in hands and face
trouble walking
Most importantly, mercury can also disrupt fetal and early childhood development. That is why doctors advice people to avoid or at least reduce the consumption of fish during pregnancy. Methylmercury can damage the developing brains of human fetuses. These can lead to neurological issues and, in some cases, it may cause cerebral palsy or even Minimata disease at any age. The latter is a neurological disease caused by severe mercury poisoning.
Minimata can lead to paralysis, coma, and death within the span of a few weeks. The disease got its name from Minamata Bay in Japan, where, in the 20th Century, thousands of people suffered irreparable neurological damage or died, after slowly poisoning themselves with contaminated seafood and fish. The disease was discovered in 1956 and it has since been linked to the waste produced by a nearby chemical factory. It is important to note that, although fetuses are more likey to suffer neurological damage when exposed to methylmercury, everyone, no matter their age, is at risk.
Craving Fish During Pregnancy?
A much safer alternative to conventional fish is vegan fish during pregnancy. Alternative fish products taste and look like their conventional counterparts but they are made from plants. Most of the times, they also contain all of their nutrients, such as proteins and Omega-3 fatty acids, while they are free of mercury and other toxic heavy metals. Therefore, pregnant women can consume them without fearing exposing their babies to dangerous compounds that can affect them throughout their lives.
Revo Foods' 100% plant-based fish products, such as Revo Salmon, offer the best of both worlds: the taste, texture, and proteins of fish and the innocence, vitamins, and sustainability of plants. Our products are developed and produced in Austria but they are already available in multiple online and physical stores and restaurants in Europe.
*photo by Nike Farag // Revo Foods | background imageby Artem Mizyuk: https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-photo-of-angelfish-1739809/


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Der Nationale Inventarbericht, engl. National Inventory Report (NIR), ist die von den Vertragsstaaten der Klimarahmenkonvention (UNFCCC) der Vereinten Nationen jährlich erstellte Bilanzierung der Treibhausgas-Emissionen. Entscheidend ist diese Berichterstattung vor allem für Umsetzung der Klimarahmenkonvention und des Kyoto-Protokolls und für den Emissionsrechtehandel.

Berichtsstruktur

Vorgaben

Umfangreichen Vorgaben des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) über Form und Inhalt der Berichte sollen ein hohes Maß an Transparenz und Vergleichbarkeit im internationalen Rahmen ermöglichen.
Der Bericht muss in einer der offiziellen UN-Sprachen eingereicht werden. Daraus folgt, dass die deutschsprachigen Versionen in die englische Sprache übersetzt oder ausschließlich auf Englisch erstellt werden.

Teile
Die Berichte bestehen aus einem Text-Teil, der die Methoden beschreibt und die Daten zusammenfasst und einem Tabellen-Teil, der alle vorhandenen Daten in standardisierter Form enthält.

Aufbau
Die Berichte sind nach Quellgruppen geordnet, d. h. nach für alle Staaten verbindlich im sogenannten Common Reporting Format (CRF) festgelegten Bereichen, in denen Emissionen von Treibhausgasen auftreten. Dies Hauptquellgruppen sind:
 Energie (zum Beispiel aus fossilen Brennstoffen)
 Industrieprozesse (zum Beispiel aus der chemischen Industrie)
 Lösemittel und andere Produktverwendung
 Landwirtschaft (zum Beispiel aus der Tierhaltung, dem Reisanbau)
 Landnutzungsänderung und Forstwirtschaft
 Abfall und Abwasser (zum Beispiel Deponiegase oder aus der Abwasserbehandlung)
 andere Quellen.
Diese Quellgruppen werden noch weiter unterteilt. So werden beispielsweise die Emissionen der Kraftwerke der öffentlichen Stromversorgung in der Quellgruppe 1A1a.i aufgeführt, die Emissionen bei der Stahlerzeugung entstehen unter 2C1.

Erfasste Emissionen
Folgende Treibhausgase werden erfasst:
 Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2)
 Methan (CH4)
 Lachgas (N2O)
 Teilhalogenierte Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe (HFC)
 Perfluorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe (PFC)
 Schwefelhexafluorid (SF6)
 Stickstofftrifluorid (NF3)

Zusätzlich werden noch folgende indirekt wirkende Treibhausgase erfasst:
 Stickoxide (NOx)
 Kohlenstoffmonoxid (CO)
 Flüchtige organische Verbindungen (NMVOC)
 Schwefeldioxid (SO2)

Einheiten
Da die Treibhausgase alle verschieden wirken, werden die Emissionen aller Treibhausgase auf Gigagramm (Gg, 1 Gg = 1000 Tonnen = 106 kg) CO2-Äquivalent umgerechnet, wobei die Wirksamkeit der Gase auf 100 Jahre bezogen wird.

Beispiele für Nationale Inventarberichte
Der deutsche Nationale Inventarbericht wird vom deutschen Umweltbundesamt (UBA), der österreichische Bericht vom österreichischen Umweltbundesamt (UBA), der Schweizer NIR vom Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) und der Liechtensteiner NIR vom Amt für Umweltschutz (AUS) erstellt. Die jeweils aktuellen sowie alle alten Nationalen Inventarberichte sind auf der Internetseite der UNFCCC sowie in der Regel auf den Internetseiten der jeweils zuständigen nationalen Behörden einsehbar (siehe Literatur).

Da die Europäische Union das Kyoto-Protokoll unterzeichnet hat, muss sie – obwohl sie kein Staat ist – ebenfalls regelmäßige Inventarberichte an die UNFCCC abgeben.

Literatur
 Deutschland: Emissionen – Publikationen
 Liechtenstein: Liechtenstein's Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2015
 Österreich: Austria´s National Inventory Report 2013
 Schweiz: Swiss climate reporting under the UNFCCC
 Europäische Union: Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2011 and inventory report 2013

Weblinks
 IPCC Task Force on Inventories:
 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands.
 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
 UNFCCC: National Inventory Submissions 2013
 Umweltbundesamt: Wie funktioniert die Berichterstattung?

Einzelnachweise

Treibhausgasemission
UN-Bericht


The Libyan Sea (Greek Λιβυκό πέλαγος, Latin Libycum Mare, Arabic البحر الليبي) is the portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of the African coast of ancient Libya, i.e. Cyrenaica, and Marmarica (the coast of what is now eastern Libya and western Egypt, between Tobruk and Alexandria). This designation was used by ancient geographers describing the southern Mediterranean, but the term is also used by modern travel writers and cartographers. The southern coastline of Crete which borders the Libyan Sea includes the Asterousia Mountains and Mesara Plain; this area is the locus of considerable ancient Bronze Age settlement including the sites of Kommos, Hagia Triada and Phaistos.
To the east is the Levantine Sea, to the north the Ionian Sea, and to the west the Strait of Sicily.


Hemlock Animal Hospital is proud to serve the Vancouver, BC area for everything pet-related. Our veterinary clinic and animal hospital is run by Dr. Harry, who is a licensed, experienced Vancouver veterinarian.
Our team is committed to educating our clients in how to keep your pets healthy year round, with good nutrition and exercise. Hemlock Animal Hospital stays on top of the latest advances in veterinarian technology and above all, remembers that all animals and pets need to be treated with loving care in every check-up, procedure, or surgery.


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What's Your Ultimate TikTok Campaign ...
The Sliding Timeline of a ...
What's Your Ultimate TikTok Campaign Pitch?
byPM360 StaffJune 11, 2021
TikTok is the seventh most used social platform in the world with 689 million active global users. Given its popularity, is this a platform that pharma marketers should use to engage with patients and doctors? The answer is, as always, it depends. TikTok users skew on the younger side with 47.4% of U.S. users under 30-years-old, so you first need to determine whether it is a platform where your particular audience spends its time. But to dig deeper into how pharma can best use TikTok we asked readers to share their favorite examples, expert tips, and dream pitches—if they had no restrictions.
Lauren Heim
Scott Barrett
Alyssa Palermo
Alexandra Gilson
Justin Chase
Mark Stechschulte and Amelia Eanes
An Arthritis #VictoryDance
If you've ever been on TikTok, you've undoubtably seen the dances. These short, choreographed routines get recreated by thousands of people—mostly teens and young adults. But what if instead of just the typical TikTok users, we got parents and grandparents involved too? It sounds simple, but for the nearly 55 million American adults living with arthritis, it could be more of a challenge than you think.
When a teen dares their grandparent to partake in a TikTok dance off, we can raise awareness of arthritis or arthritis treatments by celebrating the #VictoryDance. Seeding the space with a selection of hand-picked influencers would get the ball rolling. Partnerships with Rheumatologists and primary care physicians (PCPs) on TikTok would extend the conversation to include tips and tricks for improving mobility and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Talk to Your Doctor with Duets
Whether it's due to shame, confusion, or simply anxiety, talking to a doctor about a new condition or potential treatment options can be scary territory for many patients. TikTok, on the other hand, provides an environment where shame and embarrassment are all but forgotten. Creators dance, sing, tell stories, and act right into a camera and share it immediately for the rest of the world to see. TikTok'ers aren't afraid of anything and we can use that to our advantage.
Using Duets, our dream strategy would involve partnering with some of TikTok's top doctors to start the conversation and find TikTok'ers who aren't afraid to show the rest of the platform how it's done—either by answering questions about their own personal health journeys or lip syncing over a scripted dialogue. As momentum grows, we'd encourage more people to practice having the conversation and putting an end to stigma around key health conversations.
Campaigns Worth Emulating
Mucinex created a best-in-class TikTok campaign called #BeatTheZombieFunk (121M views) where they used a brand effect, hashtag challenge, top view feed, and in-feed creative. They featured famous dancer couple tWitch and Allison Holker encouraging users to use the custom Mucinex sound to create a dance and sparked a movement of user-generated content.
Other pharma companies could do something similar. For example, a breast cancer-focused brand can own Breast Cancer Awareness Month by creating a purposeful prompt, challenge, hashtag, lens, or sound that provides a vehicle for users to complete an impactful low-lift action like sharing their breast cancer journey.
Another prime example highlighting the power of social media is the organic nature of CeraVe's boost on TikTok. Hyram Yarbro, a 24-year-old skincare influencer with more than four million followers on TikTok, is an authentic fan of CeraVe. He shared his obsession with his favorite products and has frequently posted content featuring the skincare brand. Recently, CeraVe engaged him for a limited partnership, and pharma brands can emulate this by using TikTok's Creator Marketplace to find the perfect brand ambassador who already loves their product.
Join the Conversation and Partner with Influencers
Across TikTok, patients and caregivers are sharing their journeys and stories—some approach their conditions with humor while others don't shy away from the raw realities of living with their conditions. A perfect example is @andiesjourney, a patient with muscular dystrophy with 2.4M followers. She has a running Q&A feed to better educate people and support the muscular dystrophy community. We also see many HCPs on the platform, educating and correcting misinformation, which is more important now than ever.
Where does pharma fit in? TikTok brings a unique opportunity to engage with audiences aligned with its mission to "inspire creativity and bring joy" by taking an approach that offers real value to users. With TikTok's more (recently) fleshed out targeting capabilities, such as a newly formed partnership with LiveRamp, advertisers can pair the creativity of the platform with smart and strategic targeting.
A few pharma brands have already joined the conversation with branded hashtag challenges and in-feed ads. Pharma can contribute to the thousands of health-related conversations happening on TikTok that are threaded together with popular hashtags (e.g., #psoriasis, #breastcancer). Most importantly, partnering with creators on the platform is a major opportunity with hundreds of patients, caregivers, and HCPs with significant followings.
The Power of TikTok's Algorithm
TikTok has taken the meme culture and pulled it from the bowels of Reddit and projected it onto our retinas in the most engaging way possible. True, it's incredibly addicting, but beyond the duets and dance moves, there are troves of innovation, entrepreneurship, and educational material. More importantly, TikTok completely throws out the follow-graph that Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and others have so carefully made the cornerstones of their platforms. The power of TikTok's algorithm can't be understated and it ultimately means you don't need a million followers to go viral.
This unique amalgamation of memes, entertainment, education, plus an algorithm that doesn't favor creators who make TikTok their full-time job has created the ideal foundation for pharma to build on. The empathy, relatability, and timeliness of user content doesn't exist elsewhere. Plus, it's far less commitment than YouTube and far more discoverable than Snapchat or Instagram. Although Gen-Z was the first to buy in, one of the fastest growing segments on TikTok is U.S. adults.
For pharma to win on TikTok, it will most likely be through partnerships and cocreation—think the way Red Bull does "brought to you by" sports content. If a brand, especially one dealing with a chronic condition, were to sponsor a dozen patients, creating candid content about their experiences, coping, diet, dating, and day-to-day life, TikTok has already proven that model effective. Due to the awareness the app creates almost overnight, for the first time ever pharma might literally be able to buy "viral."
The Keys to an Unbranded Campaign
TikTok is ripe for unbranded content among communities targeting younger audiences under 30. Successful personal accounts already exist in the autism, cancer, mental illness, and rare disease spaces, with patients showing everyday life with their condition. So, picture this: A "question and answer" campaign, where the unbranded campaign asks a relatable question, and fellow patients respond by stitching the sound and audio into their response.
Sights: A Patient Ambassador speaking directly to a camera in a homemade video in a casual setting.
Sounds: "What's an example of a time you____? I'll go first: ______." This an established TikTok formula, inviting viewers to take part and share their perspectives.
Sequence: No fancy cuts, a one-shot video of 15 seconds to one minute.
Interactive options: People "stitch" the video, taking that first question and then following up with their own story.
To make an ideal TikTok campaign like the one described above make sure the campaign is part of a Patient Ambassador program, with participants willing and excited to be featured. Also, organically relevant content requires at least a weekly posting cadence and flexibility to adjust to the platform's regularly varying tone. Finally, the campaign should give an appearance of being authentic and "homemade," ideally by using user-generated content.
PM360 Staff
The Sliding Timeline of a Launch: How to Mitigate Risk No Matter the Cause
Partnering with Macro, Micro, and Nano Patient Influencers
Elite Awards
ELITE 2021 Marketing Team Entresto Marketing Team
Entresto Marketing Team Novartis Agency Partners: Burson Cohn & Wolfe (BCW); N2, a Publicis ...
PM360 Staff May 14, 2021
PM360 2021 Trailblazer Awards Self-Promotion Silver Winner Intouch Group
Rare Disease Day – Data Points to Rare (Intouch Group) Over 300 million people ...
PM360 Staff October 19, 2021
Vaccination Going Well But Variants and Mortality Rates Still Cause Concern
The CDC reports that the U.S. is now administering an average of three million ...


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History Club Records Media
First team squad Under 18s Squad Under 16s Squad Coaching staff
Fixtures & Results First Team League Table Academy U18 League Table
2021 Sponsors & Partners Business Club 2021 Player Sponsorship Match Sponsorship
London Broncos Community Project
By Media Team
Posted in Club News
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Nutrition X extend partnership with Broncos
Nutrition X has extended their partnership with the London Broncos. Having first formed an agreement with the club ahead of the 2015 pre-season, the deal will now continue into the coming Kingstone Press Championship season.
The agreement sees Nutrition X provide all of the club's nutritional products, as well as warm up and training t-shirts, and will include special benefits and discounts for both Season Ticket holders, Members and fans.
Mike Eccles, Head of Strength and Conditioning at the Broncos, highlighted the importance of nutrition for the players, particularly in terms of their recovery.
"We're thrilled that Nutrition X has continued their relationship with the club. Recovery of our players is paramount, and quality supplements are a key component in ensuring this takes place. Nutrition X provide outstanding supplements and most importantly a safe product. Their seal of approval from Informed Sport assures us we are getting the cleanest and purest products on the market."
Nutrition X Managing Director, James Markey, said the company had enjoyed their first season with the Broncos, and were only too happy to further the partnership.
"We are excited to announce a second season with the London Broncos and look forward to working closely with Strength & Conditioning Coach, Mike Eccles. We look forward to supporting the squad on match days and ensuring they get the best possible support throughout the 2016 season.
Commercial Manager of the Broncos, Tom Williams, said the decision reflects the direction in which the club is headed.
"It's great that we've had so many sponsors both continuing and stepping up their level of engagement with the club.
"Our focus has been on sponsors who are as committed to the future of the club as we are, and we've certainly been able to find this in all our sponsors to date."
Use the code BRONCOS20 for 20% off Nutrition X products.
London Broncos Rugby League
London Rugby League Ltd © 2019
Website design and hosting by Hawk IT Services Ltd


Owning a treadmill can be a great achievement, but this is only the start when it comes to enjoying the benefits that come with this exercise equipment. After you get the perfect treadmill, the next thing is to make sure that you maintain the equipment in proper working condition so that it serves you better.
The first part of owning a treadmill is to make sure you set it up properly so that it doesn't get spoilt easily. Once you have the treadmill set up the right way, you can avoid some of the issues that crop up.
You also need to choose the right treadmill from Treadmill Trends depending on your weight range. The heavier you are, the bigger the motor you need to handle your exercise.
Another way to prevent issues is to make sure that the moving parts on the treadmill are devoid of dust and dirt. You can achieve this by using a vacuum, or small wet cloth or brush. Remember that one of the causes of an overheating treadmill is a clogged motor. The motor can easily become clogged with dirt and dust.
Before you undertake any repairs, you need to unplug the treadmill power cable from the power source. Doing this prevents any injuries from happening.
When it comes to repairing or troubleshooting your treadmill, you need to have all the space you need to handle the procedure. Having enough space allows you to move around the treadmill effortlessly. It is also advisable to perform the task in a well-lit area.
Most times, the issue that will be plaguing the treadmill is a simple thing that you can handle with a screwdriver and pliers. However, you still need to understand the source of the issue so that you don't waste a lot of time. Knowing what the problem is making it possible to identify the underlying problem and handling it the right way.
At times repairs might not make the treadmill work as well as it did when you bought it, what you need to do in such a case is to replace the treadmill with a better one. Some of the reasons that make you replace the treadmill are when it is old and when the performances of the treadmill have gone down.


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Der Unicode-Standard beinhaltet verschiedene Algorithmen, die die Groß- und Kleinschreibung () betreffen, die Unicode-Casing-Algorithmen. Diese Algorithmen erlauben es, Texte in eine andere Schreibweise zu überführen (etwa alle Buchstaben in Kleinbuchstaben verwandeln), festzustellen, ob ein Text in einer bestimmten Schreibweise vorliegt (beispielsweise vollständig in Großschreibung), und zwei Texte unabhängig von ihrer Schreibweise auf Gleichheit zu überprüfen. Die Algorithmen erlauben teilweise eine Anpassung an die verwendete Sprache. So ist in den meisten Sprachen der zum kleinen i gehörende Großbuchstabe das gewöhnliche große I, im Türkischen dagegen das große İ mit übergesetztem Punkt.

Grundlagen
Es gibt drei verschiedene Schreibweisen, die einen speziellen Namen haben: Die Kleinschreibung, bei der alle Buchstaben als Kleinbuchstaben vorliegen, die Großschreibung, bei der alle Buchstaben als Großbuchstaben vorliegen, und die Titelschreibung, bei der jeweils der erste Buchstabe eines Wortes ein Großbuchstabe ist, während die folgenden Buchstaben Kleinbuchstaben sind. Zudem gibt es die sogenannte Casefold-Normalform.

Zu jedem Unicode-Zeichen definiert der Unicode-Standard eine Reihe von Eigenschaften, die bei den Algorithmen verwendet werden. Diese Eigenschaften geben an, ob ein Zeichen ein Klein- oder ein Großbuchstabe ist, und welches gegebenenfalls der zugehörige Groß- oder Kleinbuchstabe ist.

Die Zuordnungen von Klein- und Großbuchstaben können in drei Gruppen aufgeteilt werden:
 Bei den einfachen Abbildungen wird jedem Buchstaben nur ein einzelnes Zeichen zugeordnet, etwa a als Kleinbuchstabe zu A
 Bei den komplexen Abbildungen wird einem Buchstaben eine Zeichenkette aus mehreren Zeichen zugeordnet. So wird das ß beim Umwandeln in Großbuchstaben zu zwei Zeichen SS. Dies geschieht auch bei Umwandlungen von Buchstaben mit diakritischen Zeichen, die in nur einer Schreibweise kodiert wurden. Das kleine W mit übergesetztem Ring (ẘ, U+1E98) muss bei der Umwandlung in Großbuchstaben durch zwei Zeichen dargestellt werden: ein großes W und ein kombinierender übergesetzter Ring.
 Schließlich gibt es noch Umwandlungen, die von der Sprache oder von einem bestimmten Kontext abhängen. So wird das große griechische Sigma (Σ, U+03A3) bei der Umwandlung in Kleinschreibung zum gewöhnlichen kleinen Sigma (σ, U+03C3), außer es steht am Ende eines Wortes. In diesem Fall nimmt der Kleinbuchstabe die Schlussform (ς, U+03C2) an. Umfangreiche Regeln für verschiedene Sprachen stehen im Common Locale Data Repository zur Verfügung.

Änderung der Schreibweise
Um einen Text in Kleinschreibung zu überführen, wird jedes Zeichen durch den zugehörigen Kleinbuchstaben ersetzt. Dabei sind sowohl die einfachen als auch die komplexen Umwandlungen anzuwenden, sowie der Kontext zu beachten, in dem das Zeichen jeweils steht. Analog wird die Umwandlung in Großschreibung durchgeführt.

Für die Umwandlung in Titelschreibung werden zunächst die Wortgrenzen gemäß dem entsprechenden Unicode-Segmentierungsalgorithmus bestimmt. Für jedes Wort wird das erste Zeichen ermittelt, das in unterschiedlichen Schreibweisen vorliegen kann und dieses durch die zugehörige Titelschreibung ersetzt. Die restlichen Zeichen bis zur nächsten Wortgrenze werden in Kleinbuchstaben umgewandelt.

Mögliche Anpassungen dieser Algorithmen bestehen darin, andere Abbildungen für die einzelnen Zeichen zu verwenden, beispielsweise nur die einfachen Umwandlungen oder sprachspezifische Varianten. Auch könnte man das große ß als Großschreibung des "ß" verwenden.

Will man beispielsweise das Wort "Wikipedia" in Großschreibung umwandeln, so ersetzt man einfach jeden Buchstaben durch den zugehörigen Großbuchstaben und erhält "WIKIPEDIA". Überführt man dagegen das türkische Wort für Wikipedia "Vikipedi" in Großschreibung, so sollte man die entsprechenden Abbildungen für Türkisch verwenden, die als Großbuchstabe zum "i" das "İ" (U+0130) angeben, sodass sich hier "VİKİPEDİ" ergibt.

Möchte man "ΚΌΣΜΟΣ" in Kleinbuchstaben umwandeln, so steht das erste Sigma in der Wortmitte, wird also zu "σ", während das zweite Sigma am Wortende steht und in ein "ς" umgewandelt wird. Es ergibt sich also "κόσμος".

Schreibweisen-unabhängiger Vergleich
Um zwei Texte unabhängig von ihrer Schreibweise auf Gleichheit zu überprüfen, werden beide in eine spezielle Normalform überführt. Diese casefold genannte Normalform basiert im Wesentlichen auf der Kleinschreibung. Auch hier werden alle Zeichen einzeln durch ihre Case_Folding-Entsprechung ersetzt.

Anschließend sollten beide Texte in dieselbe Unicode-Normalform überführt werden, bevor sie verglichen werden. Tatsächlich ist es in einigen seltenen Fällen notwendig, die verschiedenen Normalisierungen mehrfach abwechselnd zu wiederholen.

Eine spezielle Variante ist für schreibweisen-unabhängige Bezeichner in Programmiersprachen gedacht: Hier werden zusätzlich alle Zeichen entfernt, die als Default_Ignorable gekennzeichnet sind (etwa Steuerzeichen zur Formatierung), und die Zeichenkette anschließend in die Normalform NFKC überführt. Zur Vereinfachung gibt es die Eigenschaft NFKC_Casefold, die eine einfache Umwandlung der einzelnen Zeichen erlaubt, sodass am Ende nur noch die Umordnung der kombinierenden Zeichen und die Überführung in die kombinierte Normalform separat erfolgen muss.

Will man beispielsweise prüfen, ob die beiden Wörter "MASSE" und "Maße" unabhängig von der Schreibweise übereinstimmen, so überführt man beide in die Casefold-Normalform, indem man für jeden Buchstaben die Case_Folding-Eigenschaft nachschlägt und die Buchstaben entsprechend ersetzt. Für das erste Wort ergibt sich "masse", da alle Großbuchstaben durch Kleinbuchstaben ersetzt werden. Auch das zweite Wort wird zu "masse" normalisiert, da für das ß die Normalisierung "ss" angegeben ist. Die beiden Wörter stimmen also bis auf die Schreibweise überein.

Feststellen der Schreibweise
Um festzustellen, ob ein Text in einer bestimmten Schreibweise vorliegt, wird er in diese umgewandelt. Ändert er sich dabei nicht, so lag er bereits in dieser Schreibweise vor. Zur Vereinfachung steht zu jeder Schreibweise einschließlich des casefold eine Eigenschaft zur Verfügung, die angibt, ob sich das Zeichen ändert oder nicht, sodass nur noch für jedes Zeichen diese Eigenschaft getestet werden muss. Genau dann liegt ein Text in einer bestimmten Schreibweise vor, wenn keines seiner Zeichen sich bei der Umwandlung ändern würde.

Texte, die nur aus Zeichen bestehen, die wie Ziffern keine unterschiedliche Groß- oder Kleinschreibung besitzen, liegen nach dieser Definition in jeder Schreibweise vor. Um also zu überprüfen, ob ein Text vollständig in Kleinbuchstaben vorliegt, ist es sinnvoll, nicht nur zu prüfen, ob er sich nach dieser Definition in Kleinschreibung befindet. Zusätzlich sollte getestet werden, ob es eine Schreibweise gibt, die nicht zutrifft.

So liegen sowohl "UNICODE" als auch "123" in Großschreibung vor, nicht aber "Unicode". Dies kann man entweder überprüfen, indem man die Umwandlungen vornimmt, oder indem man die Changes_When_Uppercased-Eigenschaft aller Zeichen betrachtet. Während bei den beiden ersten Zeichenketten diese für alle Zeichen falsch ist, hat die dritte Zeichenkette Buchstaben mit dieser Eigenschaft, nämlich das "n" und alle folgenden. "UNICODE" ist dabei eine echte Großschreibung, da das Wort nicht auch in Kleinschreibung vorliegt, diese wäre "unicode". "123" liegt dagegen in allen Schreibweisen vor, wie man durch die einzelnen Umwandlungen überprüfen kann, oder anhand der Changes_When_Casemapped-Eigenschaft. Diese gibt an, ob sich ein Zeichen bei irgendeiner Umwandlung ändert. Für die Ziffern ist sie also immer falsch, während sie bei lateinischen Buchstaben zutrifft.

Quellen
 Julie D. Allen et al.: The Unicode Standard. Version 6.2 – Core Specification. The Unicode Consortium, Mountain View, CA, 2012. ISBN 978-1-936213-07-8. (online, PDF)

Weblinks
 Demonstration verschiedener Umwandlungen (englisch)

Casingalgorithmus
Algorithmus