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Guanacaste Travel Guide
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For the majority of the Tico population, the Guanacaste Province, hemmed in by mountains to the east and the Pacific to the west, and bordered on the north by Nicaragua, is a land apart. Guanacastecos still sometimes refer to Valle Central inhabitants as "Cartagos", an archaic term dating back to the eighteenth century when Cartago was Costa Rica's capital. Though little tangible remains of the dance, music and folklore for which the region is distinct, there is undeniably something special about the place. Granted, much of the landscape has come about through the slaughter of tropical dry forest, but it's still some of the prettiest you'll see in the country, especially in the wet season, when wide-open spaces, stretching from the ocean across savannah grasses to the brooding humps of volcanoes, are awash in earth tones, blues, yellows and mauves.
Continue reading to find out more about...
Brief history of Guanacaste
Activities in Guanacaste
Weather in Guanacaste
Parque Nacional Palo Verde
Cordillera de Guanacaste
Northwestern Guanacaste
The leatherback turtle
Protection of the leatherback turtles
Conservation volunteering
Great places to visit in this region of Costa Rica
place Nicoya place Nosara and around
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Costa Rica Eco Adventure
Beaches and Volcanoes
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Due to significant excavations in the area and some contemporaneous Spanish accounts, Guanacaste's pre-Columbian history is better documented than in the rest of Costa Rica. Archaeologists have long been interested in the Chorotegas, considered to have been the most highly developed of all Costa Rica's scattered and isolated pre-Columbian peoples, but whose culture predictably went into swift decline after the Conquest. In archaeological terms, it belongs to the Greater Nicoya Sub-area, a pre-Columbian designation that includes some of western Nicaragua, and which continues to yield buried clues to the extent of communication between the Maya and Aztec cultures to the north and smaller groups inhabiting Mesoamerica from the fifth to the fifteenth centuries.
Following the Conquest, the region became part of the administrative entity known as the Capitanía General de Guatemala. Guanacaste was annexed by Nicaragua in 1787, but in 1812 the Spanish rulers about-turned and donated the province to Costa Rica, so that its territory became large enough for it to be officially represented in the Captaincy. When the modern-day Central American nations declared independence from Spain, and the Captaincy was dissolved in 1821, Guanacaste found itself in the sensitive position of being claimed by both Costa Rica and Nicaragua. In an 1824 vote the province's inhabitants made their allegiances clear: the Guanacastecos in the north, traditionally cattle ranchers with familial ties to Nicaragua, voted to join that country, while the inhabitants of the Nicoya Peninsula wished to maintain links with Costa Rica. The peninsular vote won out, by a slim margin.
As the nineteenth century progressed, cattle ranching began to dominate the landscape, providing the mainstay of the economy until well into the twentieth century. Despite the continuing presence of the cattle culture and the sabanero in Guanacaste, however, beef prices have been dropping in Costa Rica for some years now, after the boom years of the 1960s and 1970s when deforestation was rife. In contrast, as in the rest of the country, the tourist industry is becoming increasingly important to the local economy.
Pre-Columbian Guanacaste
Greater Nicoya (modern-day Guanacaste) was an archaeological and cultural buffer zone between the complex cultures of the Aztecs and the Maya to the north, and the simpler agrarian cultures to the south, who had more in common with the prehistoric peoples of the Amazon basin. Greater Nicoya was occupied from an indeterminate date by the Nicoyans, about whom little is known, but most of the historical and archaeological facts discovered about the region relate to the peoples known as the Chorotegas, who arrived in Nicoya in 800 AD, though some sources date their arrival as later, fleeing social and political upheavals far to the north.
The central Mexican empire of Teotihuacán, near the Mexico City of today, had fallen into disorganization by about 650 AD, and was abandoned about one hundred years later, at the same time that the Classic Maya civilizations of modern-day Yucatán and northern Guatemala also collapsed. New fragmented groups were created, some of whom forged migratory, militaristic bands. In the eighth century, harassed by their territorial enemies the Olmecs, groups of Maya and Aztecs migrated south. Among them were the people who would become known as Chorotegas. The word Chorotega derives from either their place of origin, Cholula, or from two words in the Chorotegan language: cholol (to run or escape) and teca (people) – "the people who escaped".
Evidence of immediate and long-term cultural upheaval in the area after 800 AD includes a significant increase in the number of Nicoyan burial sites found dating from around this time. The use of objects associated with elites – like ceremonial skulls, jades and elaborate metates – suddenly declined almost to the point of disappearing completely, and populations seem to have migrated from the interior toward the coasts. While this evidence could suggest a natural disaster (a volcanic eruption, perhaps) it also bears the hallmarks of what could be termed an invasion.
The Chorotegas' first contact with the Spanish was calamitous. The 1522 Spanish expedition from Panamá up the Pacific coast to Nicaragua brought smallpox, the plague and influenza to the indigenous people of Greater Nicoya. Imprisonment and slavery followed, with coastal peoples raided, branded and sold into slavery in Panamá and Peru. The demise of the Chorotegas from the sixteenth century was rapid and unreversed.
Excavations in Guanacaste and the Nicoya Peninsula reveal something of the Chorotegas' belief systems and social arrangements. Near Bahía Culebra, anthropologists unearthed pottery shards, utensils and the remains of hearths, along with a burial ground holding twenty females, children and infants. Chorotega villages were made up of longhouse-type structures – common to many indigenous cultures of the Americas – inhabited by entire extended families, and centred on a large square, site of religious ceremonies and meetings.
Like the Maya and Aztecs, the Chorotegas had a belief system built around blood-letting and the sacrifice of animals and humans. Although it is not known if beating hearts were ripped from chests, virgins were definitely thrown into volcano craters to appease their gods, about whom little is known. Chorotegas also believed in yulios, the spirit alter ego that escaped from their mouths at the moment of death to roam the world forever. Although pagan, Chorotega priests shared a number of duties and functions with the Catholic priests who worked to destroy their culture. Celibate, they may also have heard confessions and meted out punishments for sins.
Few Chorotega rituals are documented. One known practice was the formation of a kind of human maypole, consisting of voladores, or men suspended "flying" (actually roped) from a post, twirling themselves round and round while descending to the ground. Originating with the Aztecs, the ritual was dedicated to the Morning Star, considered to be a deity; the four voladores represented the cardinal points. While no longer displayed in Costa Rica, it is still performed in the Mexican state of Veracruz and in certain villages in Guatemala.
The Chorotega economy was based on maize (corn). They also cultivated tobacco, fruit, beans and cotton, using cacao beans as currency, and the marketplace was run by women. All land was held communally, as was everything that was cultivated and harvested, which was then distributed throughout the settlement. This plurality did not extend to social prestige, however. Three strata characterized Chorotega society: at the upper echelon were chieftains (caciques), warriors and priests; in the middle were the commoners, and at the bottom were the slaves and prisoners of war. The Chorotegas were the only indigenous peoples in Costa Rica to have a written language, comprising hieroglyphs similar to those used by the Maya. They were also skilled artisans, producing ornamental jewellery and jade, and colouring cotton fabrics with animal and vegetable dye. It was the Chorotegas who made the bulk of the distinctive ceramics so celebrated in the country today, many of which can be seen in San José's Museo Nacional.
The dry heat, relatively accessible terrain and panoramic views make Guanacaste the best place in the country for walking and horseriding, especially around the mud pots and stewing sulphur waters of the spectacular Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja and through the tropical dry forest cover of Parque Nacional Santa Rosa. Beyond Cañas, protected areas administered by the Area de Conservación Tempisque (ACT) encompass Parque Nacional Palo Verde, an important site for migratory birds, Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal, and the deep underground caves of Parque Nacional Barra Honda on the Nicoya Peninsula, just across the Río Tempisque.
For many travellers, however, Guanacaste means only one thing: beaches. Most are found where the Nicoya Peninsula joins the mainland. Roughly two-thirds of the mountainous peninsula is in Guanacaste, while the lower third belongs to the Puntarenas Province. Beaches range from simple hideaways such as quiet Nosara to large resorts aimed at the North American winter market. Several beaches are also nesting grounds for marine turtles – giant leatherbacks haul themselves up onto Playa Grande, near Tamarindo, while Parque Nacional Santa Rosa is the destination for olive ridley turtles. The only towns of any significance for travellers are the provincial capital of Liberia, and Nicoya, the main town on the peninsula. If you are overnighting on the way to Nicaragua, La Cruz makes a useful base.
Dance and music in Guanacaste
In their book A Year of Costa Rican Natural History, Amelia Smith Calvert and Philip Powell Calvert describe their month on Guanacaste's fiesta circuit in 1910, starting in January in Filadelfía, a small town between Liberia and Santa Cruz, and ending in Santa Cruz. They were fascinated by the formal nature of the functions they attended, observing: "The dances were all round dances, mostly of familiar figures, waltzes and polkas, but one, called 'el punto' was peculiar in that the partners do not hold one another but walk side by side, turn around each other and so on."
At Santa Cruz, "All the ladies sat in a row on one side of the room when not dancing, the men elsewhere. When a lady arrived somewhat late then the rest of the guests of the company, if seated, arose in recognition of her presence. The music was furnished by three fiddles and an accordion. The uninvited part of the community stood outside the house looking into the room through the open doors, which as usual were not separated from the street by any vestibule or passage." The Calverts were also delighted to come across La giganta, the figure of a woman about 4m high; actually a man on stilts "with a face rather crudely moulded and painted". What exactly La giganta represented isn't known, but she promenaded around the streets of Santa Cruz in her finery, long white lace trailing, while her scurrying minders frantically worked to keep her from keeling over. La giganta, along with other oversized personalities, still features in nearly every large village fiesta, usually held on the local saint's day.
Cowboy culture in Guanacaste
Much of Guanacaste has long been turned into pasture for cattle ranching, and a huge part of the region's appeal is its sabanero (cowboy) culture. As in the US, the sabanero has acquired a mythical aura – industrious, free-spirited, monosyllabic, and a skilful handler of animals and the environment – and his rough, tough body, clad in jeans with leather accoutrements symbolizes "authenticity" (women get assigned a somewhat less exciting role in this rural mythology: the cocinera, or cook). In reality, however, the life of the sabaneros is hard; they often work in their own smallholdings or as peones (farmworkers) on large haciendas owned by relatively well-off ranchers.
To witness the often extraordinary skills of the sabaneros, head for the smaller towns – particularly on the Nicoya Peninsula – where during the months of January and February weekend fiestas are held in the local redondel de toros (bullring). More a rodeo than a bullfight, unlike in Spain, no gory kills are made: the spectacle comes from amazing feats of bull riding and roping. You'll see cowboys riding their horses alongside the Interamericana highway, too, often towing two or three horses behind them as big transport trucks steamroll past on their way to Nicaragua. This dependence on cattle culture has its downside. Much of Guanacaste is degraded pastureland, abandoned either because of its exhaustion by grazing or as a result of continually poor domestic and foreign markets for Costa Rican meat. Although impressive efforts to regenerate former tropical dry forest are under way – at Parque Nacional Santa Rosa and Parque Nacional Guanacaste, for example – it is unlikely that this rare life-zone will recover its original profile.
The flowering trees of Guanacaste
Guanacaste's many flowering trees dot the landscape with pastel puffs of colour. Trees blossom in a strange way in the dry lands of Guanacaste, flowering literally overnight and then, just as suddenly, shedding their petals to the ground, covering it in a carpet of confetti colours. The corteza amarilla bursts into a wild Van Gogh-like blaze in March, April and May, and is all the more dramatic being set against a landscape of burnt siennas, muted mauves and sallow yellows. The guanacaste tree itself, also called the "elephant ear", is a majestic wide-canopied specimen and an emblem of the nation. Its cream-coloured flowers appear in May, and its curious seed pods feed the cattle and horses.
In November the deciduous guachipelín tree blooms, with its delicate fern-like leaves; in January it's time for the pastel-pink floss of the poui, followed in March by the equally pretty tabebuia rosea. By the end of the dry season the red flowers of the malinche explode into colour.
The Guanacaste beaches
The beaches of Guanacaste are scattered along the rocky coastline that runs from Bahía Culebra in the north near Liberia to Sámara on the west of the Nicoya Peninsula. Few of those in the north could truthfully be called beautiful, and most are quite small, located in coves or sheltered bays that makes them good for swimming, and relatively safe – though they lack the impressive expanse of Playas Flamingo and Tamarindo a bit further down the coast. The waters in the Bahía Culebra (marked on some maps as Playa Panamá) are some of the clearest and most sheltered in the country, with good snorkelling.
The landscape of the Nicoya Peninsula is changing rapidly and many of the northern beaches, such as Tamarindo and Playa Panamá, are being aggressively developed for mass tourism. The nearby airport in Liberia exists mainly to service the package and charter market along this coast. Sprawling across nearly the entire Bahía Culebra is the Papagayo Project, the country's largest tourist development consisting of hotels, condos, a mall and a golf course.
The signs of mass tourism lessen as you head further south towards Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, where droves of leatherback turtles come ashore to lay their eggs between October and February. The beaches here have drawn foreign expatriates in pursuit of paradise, and these cosmopolitan enclaves are in sharp contrast to the rest of the region, with resorty Tamarindo being the top spot for surfing. The beaches of the southern part of the Nicoya Peninsula are covered in the Central Pacific and Southern Nicoya chapter.
The signs of mass tourism lessen as you head further south towards Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, where droves of leatherback turtles come ashore to lay their eggs between October and February. The beaches here have drawn foreign expatriates in pursuit of paradise, and these cosmopolitan enclaves are in sharp contrast to the rest of the region, with resorty Tamarindo being the top spot for surfing.
La cocina Guanacasteca: corn cooking
Corn is still integral to the regional cuisine of Guanacaste, thanks to the Chorotegas, who cultivated maize (corn) to use in many inventive ways. One pre-Columbian corn concoction involved roasting and grinding the maize, and then combining the meal-like paste with water and chocolate to make the drink chicha. Although you can't find this version of chicha any more you can still get grain-based drinks in Guanacaste, such as horchata (made with rice or corn and spiced with cinnamon), or pinolillo (made with roasted corn), both milky and sweet, with an unmistakeably grainy texture.
Corn also shows up in traditional Guanacastecan snacks such as tanelas (like a cheese scone, but made with cornflour) and rosquillas, small rings of cornflour that taste like a combination between tortillas and doughnuts. You can buy these at roadside stalls and small shops in Liberia. Served throughout the country, chorreados crop up most often on menus in Guanacaste: they're a kind of pancake made (again) with cornflour and served with natilla, the local version of sour cream.
Highlands Ticos tend to describe Guanacaste as a virtual desert, liberally applying the words caliente (hot) and seco (dry). Certainly it is dry, in comparison to the rest of the country: parts of it receive only 500mm of rain a year, ten times less than the Caribbean coast. To some extent irrigation has helped, but in summer (Dec–April), Guanacaste still experiences some drought. This is when you'll see an eerie landscape of bare, silver-limbed trees glinting in the sun, as many shed their leaves in order to conserve water. The province is significantly greener, and prettier, in the wet season (May–Nov), which is generally agreed to be the best time to come, with the added benefit of fewer travellers and lighter rainfall than the rest of the country receives during these months.
These days, Guanacaste is changing fast. An enormous number of hotels, some all-inclusive resorts, are being built on the Pacific coast, and with the opening of the Liberia airport to international traffic, winter charter tourism has truly arrived. Inland, mass tourism is less evident, and, despite the presence of McDonald's in its dignified streets, Liberia itself remains one of the most charming towns in the country. There seems to be no getting away from "progress", however, and the province may become many tourists' first, and perhaps only, glimpse of the country.
Sleepy, arid Cañas, 168km northwest of San José, is the heart of agricultural commerce for the surrounding area. In town, activity is decidedly at a minimum; what there is of it mostly takes place within a few blocks of the unremarkable grassy and concrete central square. It's a pleasant town of single- and two-storey traditional buildings with only one real sight to speak of, the incongruous modernist church, on the east side of the square. The barn-like structure is replete with colourful, Gaudí-esque mosaics which reach a bright blue crescendo in the steeple, capped by an understated cross. Its interior is significantly more subdued, marked by a ceiling covered with stained wood blocks and a minimalist altar backed by a wall patterned with limestone rectangles.
About 30km west of Cañas on the northern bank of the Río Tempisque lies the Parque Nacional Palo Verde, created in 1982 to preserve the habitat of the migratory birds that nest in the estuary of the Tempisque and a large patch of relatively undisturbed lowland dry forest. With a distinctive topography featuring ridged limestone hills – unique to this part of the country, and attesting to the fact that certain parts of Guanacaste were once under water – the park shelters about fifteen separate ecological habitats. From December to May, Palo Verde can dry out into baked mud flats, while in the wet season, extensive flooding gives rise to saltwater and freshwater lakes and swamps. Following the wet season, the great floodplain drains slowly, creating marshes, mangroves and other habitats favoured by migratory birds. Little visited by tourists, the park is mainly of interest to serious birders, but what you see depends on the time of year – by far the best months are at the height of the dry season (Jan–March), when most of the 250 or so migratory species are in residence. In the wet season, flooding makes parts of the park inaccessible.
The park is home to one of the largest concentrations of waterfowl in Central America, both indigenous and migratory, with more than three hundred species of birds, among them the endangered Jabirú stork and black-crowned night heron. Further from the riverbank, in the tree cover along the bottom and ridges of the limestone hills, you may spot toucans, and perhaps even one of the increasingly rare scarlet macaws. At evening during the dry season, many birds and other species – monkeys, coatis and even deer – congregate around the few remaining waterholes; bring binoculars and a torch. Note, though, that you shouldn't swim in the Río Tempisque (or anywhere else), as it's home to particularly huge crocodiles – some, according to the park rangers, are as much as 5m long.
Beware the killer bees
In recent years swarms of Africanized bees – sometimes sensationally termed "killer bees" – have taken to colonizing Palo Verde. Africanized bees are aggressive, and may pursue – in packs – anyone who unwittingly disturbs one of their large, quite obvious, nests. They are known to attack dark colours, so if attacked remove all dark clothing and cover dark hair. The conventional technique is to cover your head and run in a zigzag pattern so that you can dodge the cloud of pursuing bees. Although, luckily, this occurs very rarely, you should take special care if you are sensitive to stings, and ask the rangers about the presence of nests on or around trails. Bees are also found in the Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal.
Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal
The Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal is an impressive, though small-scale, initiative about 20km west of Bagaces, just north of Parque Nacional Palo Verde. Home to some of the last vestiges of true tropical dry forest in the region, Lomas Barbudal means "bearded hills" and that's just what they look like, with relatively bare pates surrounded by sideburns of bushy deciduous trees. Stretches of savannah-like open grassland are punctuated by the thorny-looking shoemaker's tree and crisscrossed by rivers and the strips of deciduous woods that hug their banks. The reserve also features isolated examples of the majestic mahogany and rosewood trees, whose deep-blood-red timber is coveted as material for furniture.
Lomas Barbudal is also rich in wildlife. If you don't spot a howler monkey, you'll at least likely hear one. And, this is practically the only place in Guanacaste where you have a reasonable chance of seeing the scarlet macaw. Like Parque Nacional Santa Rosa to the north, Lomas Barbudal hosts an abundance of insects – some 200 to 300 bee species alone, around 25 percent of the species of bees in the entire world. Those allergic to stings or otherwise intolerant of insects might want to give Lomas Barbudal a miss; they're everywhere, including the aggressive Africanized bees.
True to its name, the spirited provincial capital of Liberia (from libertad, meaning liberty) is distinctively friendly and progressive, its wide, clean streets the legacy of the pioneering farmers and cattle ranchers who founded it. Known colloquially as the "Ciudad Blanca" (white city) due to its whitewashed houses, Liberia is the only town in Costa Rica that seems truly colonial in style and character. Many of the white houses still have their puerta del sol – corner doors that were used, ingeniously, to let the sun in during the morning and out in the late afternoon, thus heating and then cooling the interior throughout the day – an architectural feature left over from the colonial era and particular to this region.
At present, most travellers use Liberia simply as a jumping-off point for the national parks of Rincón de la Vieja and Santa Rosa, an overnight stop to or from the beaches of Guanacaste, or a break on the way to Nicaragua. However, Liberia is an appealing town, with everything you might need for a relaxing day or two – well-priced accommodation (although limited in choice) and a couple of nice places to eat and drink. The nearby international airport delivers busloads of visitors to the western beaches, but Liberia happily remains unchanged: it's still the epitome of dignified (if somewhat static) provincialism, with a strong identity and atmosphere all its own.
Liberia also boasts several lively local festivals, including the Fiestas Cívicas de Liberia in early March. The festival has its origins as an annual livestock fair and is now celebrated over ten days with parades, bands, fireworks and bulls wreaking havoc on daring but alcohol-addled young locals. Most of the action takes place in the fairgrounds in the northwest corner of town. On July 25, El Día de la Independencia celebrates Guanacaste's independence from Nicaragua with parades, horse shows, cattle auctions, rodeos, fiestas and roving marimba bands. If you want to attend, make bus and hotel reservations as far in advance as possible.
Parque Nacional Guanacaste
Located 36km north of Liberia on the Interamericana, much of Parque Nacional Guanacaste was not long ago nothing more than cattle pasture. Influential biologist D.H. Janzen, editor of the seminal Costa Rican Natural History, who had been involved in field study for many years in nearby Santa Rosa, was instrumental in creating the park virtually from scratch in 1991. Raising over $11 million, mainly from foreign sources, he envisioned creating a kind of biological corridor in which animals, mainly mammals, would have a large enough tract of undisturbed habitat in which to hunt and reproduce.
The Santa Rosa–Guanacaste (and, to an extent, Rincón de la Vieja) corridor is the result of his work, representing one of the most important efforts to conserve and regenerate tropical dry forest in the Americas. Containing tropical wet and dry forests and a smattering of cloudforest, Parque Nacional Guanacaste also protects the springwell of the Río Tempisque, as well as the ríos Ahogados and Colorado. More than three hundred species of birds, including the orange-fronted parakeet and the white-throated magpie jay, have been recorded, while mammals lurking behind the undergrowth include jaguar, puma, tapir, coati, armadillo, two-toed sloth and deer. It's also thought that there are about five thousand species of moths and butterflies, including the giant owl butterfly.
The park is devoted to research rather than tourism, and the administration staff at Santa Rosa discourage casual visitors. There are three main research stations, and it is sometimes possible to stay at them if you show enough interest and contact the Santa Rosa administration centre well in advance. Apart from the primary rainforest that exists at the upper elevations, the park's highlight is an astonishing collection of pre-Columbian petroglyphs at El Pedregal. A trail leads to the site from the Maritza field station.
Tropical dry forest
With its mainly deciduous cover, Guanacaste's tropical dry forest, created by the combination of a Pacific lowland topography and arid conditions, looks startlingly different depending upon the time of year. In the height of the dry season, almost no rain falls on lowland Guanacaste, the trees are bare, having shed their leaves in an effort to conserve water, and the landscape takes on a melancholy, burnt-sienna hue. In April or May, when the rains come, the whole of Guanacaste perks up and begins to look comparatively green, although the dry forest never takes on the lush look of the rainforest.
The story of the demise of the tropical dry forests in Mesoamerica is one of nearly wholesale destruction. In all, only about two percent of the region's pre-Columbian dry forest survives, and what was once a carpet stretching the length of the Pacific side of the isthmus from southern Mexico to Panamá now exists only in besieged pockets. Today, dry forests cover just 518 square kilometres of Costa Rica, almost all in Guanacaste, concentrated around the Río Tempisque and, more significantly, north in the Parque Nacional Santa Rosa. Due to deforestation and climatic change, tropical dry forests are considered a rare life-zone. Their relative dryness means they are easily overrun by field fires, which ranchers light in order to burn off old pasture. Hardy grasses spring up in their wake, such as the imported African jaragua, which gives much of Guanacaste its African savannah-like appearance.
Tree species
Along with the leafy trees, tropical dry forest features palms and even a few evergreens. At the very top of a good thick patch of dry forest you see the umbrella form of canopy trees, although these are much shorter than in the tropical rainforest. Dry forest is a far less complex ecosystem than the humid rainforest, which has about three or four layers of vegetation. Like temperate-zone deciduous forests, the tropical dry forest has only two strata. The ground shrub layer is fleshed out by thorn bushes and tree ferns, primitive plants that have been with us since the time of the dinosaurs. Unlike rainforest, dry forest has very few epiphytes (plants growing on the trees), except for bromeliads (the ones that look something like upside-down pineapple leaves). The most biologically diverse examples of tropical dry forest are in the lower elevations of Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, where the canopy trees are a good height, with many different species of deciduous trees. There are also some pockets of mangroves and even a few evergreens in the wetter parts of the park.
Tropical dry forests can support a large variety of mammal life, as in the Parque Nacional Santa Rosa–Parque Nacional Guanacaste corridor. Deer and smaller mammals, such as the coati and paca, are most common, along with large cats, from the jaguar to the ocelot, provided they have enough room to hunt. You may see the endangered scarlet macaw, which likes to feed on the seeds of the sandbox tree, in a few remaining pockets of Pacific dry forest, including Lomas Barbudal and, further south, around Río Tarcoles and Parque Nacional Carara, itself a transition zone between the dry forests of the north and the wetter tropical cover of the southern Pacific coast. In addition, the staggering number and diversity of insects are of great interest to biologists and entomologists: there are more than two hundred types of bee in Lomas Barbudal, for example, and a large number of butterflies and moths in Parque Nacional Santa Rosa.
La Cruz and the border
Set on a plateau north of Parque Nacional Guanacaste, overlooking Bahía Salinas and the Pacific Ocean to the west, the tiny, sleepy town of La Cruz is the last settlement of any size before the border, just 20km away, and makes a reasonable stopover if you're heading up to Nicaragua. The views at sunset are incredible, and there are a couple of good places to stay in town, although if you're spending any length of time in the area you'd do better at one of the nearby tourist lodges such as Finca Cañas Castilla, a Swiss-run ranch on 150 acres of land alongside the River Sapoa.
Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja
The beautifully dry landscape of Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja, about 30km northeast of Liberia, encompasses terrains varying from rock-strewn savannah to patches of tropical dry forest, culminating in the blasted-out vistas of the volcano crater itself. The land here is actually alive and breathing: Rincón de la Vieja's last major eruptions took place in 1995 and 1998, and were serious enough to evacuate local residents. The danger has always been to the northern side of the volcano, facing Nicaragua (the opposite side from the two entrance points), and the most pressing safety issue for tourists is to be aware that rivers of lava and hot mud still boil beneath the thin epidermis of ground. While danger areas are clearly marked with signs and fences, you still have to watch your step: walkers have been seriously burned from crashing through this crust and stepping into mud and water at above-boiling temperatures.
With the right amount of caution, however, this is an enchanting place: brewing mud pots (pilas de barro) bubble, and puffs of steam rise out of lush foliage, signalling sulphurous subterranean springs. This is great terrain for camping, riding and hiking, with a comfortable, fairly dry heat, though it can get damp and cloudy at the higher elevations around the crater. Birders, too, enjoy Rincón de la Vieja, as there are more than two hundred species in residence.
From the Las Pailas ranger station, you have several walking options, with trails leading west to the cataratas escondidas (hidden waterfalls) and east to the Santa María station, along an eight-kilometre path. The most popular and least demanding trail heads east on a very satisfying six-kilometre circuit past many of the highly unusual natural features with which the park abounds, including a mini-volcano and "Pilas de Barro" mud pots; listen out for strange bubbling sounds, like a large pot of water boiling over. Mud pots, which should be treated with respect, are formed when mud, thermally heated by subterranean rivers of magma, seeks vents in the ground, sometimes actually forcing itself out through the surface in great thick gloops. It's a surreal sight: grey-brown muck blurping out of the ground like slowly thickening gravy. Another feature is the geothermal hornillas (literally, "stoves"), mystical-looking holes in the ground exhaling elegant puffs of steam. You almost expect to stumble upon the witches of Macbeth, brewing spite over them. Make sure not to go nearer than a metre or so, or you'll be steamed in no time. The combined effect of all these boiling holes is to make the landscape a bit like brittle Swiss cheese – tread gingerly and look carefully where you're going to avoid the ground crumbling underneath you. Many hikers have been scalded by blithely strolling too close to the holes. The trail also takes you through forest with abundant fauna and flora and be prepared to ford a couple of streams.
Volcánes Miravalles and Tenorio
North of the Interamericana beyond Cañas – and clearly visible from the hot Guanacaste lowlands – loom Volcán Miravalles and Volcán Tenorio. Miravalles, at 2028m the highest volcano in Guanacaste, is home to an important forest reserve with abundant wildlife and birds, though it's not open to the public, while Tenorio forms the centrepiece of an increasingly popular national park.
From the Reserva Biológica Privada La Pacífica, 7km north of Cañas, turn north off the Interamericana onto the road to Upala, a paved and reasonably maintained fifty-eight-kilometre stretch that runs between the two volcanoes, and from which you can contemplate the spectacular colour changes and cloud shadows on their flanks. Located roughly equidistant between the two volcanoes is the small hamlet of Bijagua, an impressively enterprising community that is home to a number of ecotourism projects, including an ecology centre, organic farms and a collective of female artisans.
Parque Nacional Santa Rosa
Established in 1971 to protect a stretch of increasingly rare dry tropical forest, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, 35km north of Liberia, is Costa Rica's oldest national park. Today it's one of the most popular in the country, thanks to its good trails, great surfing (though poor swimming) and prolific turtle-spotting opportunities. It's also, given a few official restrictions, a great destination for campers, with a couple of sites on the beach.
Santa Rosa has an amazingly diverse topography for its size of 387 square kilometres, ranging from mangrove swamp to deciduous forest and savannah. Home to 115 species of mammals (half of them bats), 250 species of birds and 100 of amphibians and reptiles (not to mention 3800 species of moths), Santa Rosa is a rich biological repository, attracting researchers from all over the world. Jaguars and pumas prowl the park, though you're unlikely to see them; what you may spot – at least in the dry season – are coati, coyotes and peccaries, often snuffling around watering holes.
The appearance of the park changes drastically between the dry season, when the many streams and small lakes dry up, trees lose their leaves, and thirsty animals can be seen at known waterholes, and the wet months, which are greener, but afford fewer animal-viewing opportunities. From July to November however, you may be able to witness hundreds of olive ridley turtles (lloras) dragging themselves out of the surf and nesting on Playa Nancite by moonlight; September and October are the months on which you are most likely to see them. Turtles arrive singly or occasionally in arribadas, a phenomenon unique to this species where thousands of females arrive en masse to lay their eggs. In an attempt to avoid the disturbances caused by big tour groups which have been a problem at places like Tortuguero, a maximum of twenty visitors are allowed access to the nesting area each day; reserve your place or ask at the administration centre when you arrive. Though too rough for swimming, the picturesque beaches of Naranjo and Nancite, about 12km down a bad road from the administration centre, are popular with serious surfers. They're also great places to hang out for a while, or do a little camping and walking on the nearby trails.
La Casona
About 400m from the administration building is the formidable wooden and red-tiled homestead La Casona (Big House), one of Costa Rica's most famous historical sites. For many years it was the centre of a working hacienda until the land was expropriated for the national park in 1972. In 2001, it was burned down by poachers who were retaliating against arrests by park rangers. However, phoenix-like, it stands again after being lovingly (and painstakingly) reconstructed in less than a year – this time, with the addition of smoke alarms.
Information panels recount the various instances of derring-do which have occurred at La Casona, with resumés of the battles of March 20, 1856 (the confrontation between William Walker's filibusters and the Costa Rican forces), of 1919 (against the Nicaraguans), and of 1955, against another Nicaraguan, the dictator Anastasio Somoza García, who ruled the country from 1936 until his assassination in 1956. His hulk of a tank can still be seen, rusting and abandoned, along a signed road just beyond the entrance hut.
La Casona, set around a flowering courtyard, is full of rustic character. It's now entirely given over to exhibitions, and you are free to clamber up and down the steps and wander around the dark rooms, which have a significant population of resident bats. Many of the exhibits were destroyed in the fire, but there's some information on the life of the notorious William Walker and the great battle of 1856, remnants of dead animals and archaeological remains. At one side of La Casona, a stair path leads up to a viewpoint with a magnificent perspective of the twin volcanoes of Rincón de la Vieja National Park.
The great pretender: William Walker
Born in Tennessee in 1824, William Walker was something of a child prodigy. By the age of 14 he had a degree from the University of Nashville, notching up further degrees in law and medicine just five years later before setting off to study at various illustrious European universities. However, upon his return to the US, Walker failed in his chosen professions of doctor and lawyer and, somewhat at a loose end, landed up in California in 1849 at the height of the Gold Rush. Here he became involved with the pro-slavery organization Knights of the Golden Circle, who financed an expedition, in which Walker took part, to invade Baja California and Mexico to secure more land for the United States. Undeterred by the expedition's failure, Walker soon put his mind to another plan. Intending to make himself overlord of a Central American nation of five slave-owning states, and then to sell the territory to the US, Walker invaded Nicaragua in June 1855 with mercenary troops. The next logical step was to secure territory for the planned eleven-kilometre canal between Lago de Nicaragua and the Pacific. Gaining much of his financial backing from Nicaraguan get-rich-quick militarists and North American capitalists who promptly saw the benefits of a waterway along the Río San Juan from the Pacific to the Atlantic, in 1856 William Walker, and several hundred mercenary troops, invaded Costa Rica from the north.
Meanwhile, Costa Rican president Juan Rafael Mora had been watching Walker's progress with increasing alarm and, in February 1856, declared war on the usurper. Lacking military hardware, Costa Rica was ill-prepared for battle, and Mora's rapidly gathered army of nine thousand men was a largely peasant-and-bourgeois band, armed with machetes, farm tools and the occasional rusty rifle. Marching them out of San José through the Valle Central, over the Cordillera de Tilarán and on to the hot plains of Guanacaste, Mora got wind that Walker and his band of three hundred buccaneers were entrenched at the Santa Rosa Casona, the largest and best-fortified edifice in the area. Although by now Mora's force was reduced to only 2500 (we can only guess that, in the two weeks that it took them to march from San José, heat exhaustion had left many scattered by the wayside), on March 20, 1856 they routed the filibusters, fighting with their campesino tools. Mora then followed Walker and his men on their retreat, engaging them in battle again in Nicaraguan territory, at Rivas, some 15km north of the border, where Walker's troops eventually barricaded themselves in another wooden casona. It was here – and not, as is commonly thought, at Santa Rosa – that Juan Santamaría, a nineteen-year-old drummer boy, volunteered to set fire to the building in which Walker and his men were barricaded, flushing them out, and dying in the process. Walker, however, survived the fire, and carried on filibustering, until in 1857 a US warship was dispatched to put an end to his antics which were increasingly embarrassing for the US government, who had covertly backed him. Undeterred after a three-year spell in a Nicaraguan jail, he continued his adventuring until he was shot dead by the Honduran authorities in September 1860.
Later, Mora, no devotee of democracy himself, rigged the 1859 Costa Rican presidential election so that he could serve a second term – despite his military victories against Walker, there was strong popular opposition to his domestic policies – but he was deposed later that year. He attempted a coup d'état, but was subsequently shot in 1860, the same year that his former adversary met his Waterloo in Honduras.
Leatherback turtles (in Spanish, baulas) are giant creatures. Often described as a relic from the age of the dinosaurs, they're also one of the oldest animals on earth, having existed largely unchanged for 120 million years. The leatherback's most arresting characteristic is its sheer size, reaching a length of about 2.4m and a weight of 500kg. Its front flippers are similarly huge – as much as 2.7m long – and it's these which propel the leatherback on its long-distance migrations (they're known to breed off the West Indies, Florida, the northeastern coast of South America, Senegal, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Malaysia). Leatherbacks are also unique among turtles in having a skeleton that is not firmly attached to a shell, but which consists of a carapace made up of hundreds of irregular bony plates, covered with a leathery skin. It's also the only turtle that can regulate its own body temperature, maintaining a constant 18°C even in the freezing ocean depths, and withstanding immense pressures of over 1500 pounds per square inch as it dives to depths of up to 1200m.
Since the 1973 Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species, it is illegal to harvest green, hawksbill, leatherback and loggerhead turtles. Unlike olive ridleys or hawksbills, leatherbacks are not hunted by humans for food – their flesh has an unpleasantly oily taste – though poachers still steal eggs for their alleged aphrodisiac powers. Even so, leatherbacks still face many human-created hazards. They can choke on discarded plastic bags left floating in the ocean (which they mistake for jellyfish, on which they feed), and often get caught in longline fishing nets or wounded by boat propellers – all added to a loss of nesting habitats caused by beachfront development and the fact that, even in normal conditions, only one in every 2500 leatherback hatchlings makes it to maturity.
The number of nesting females at Las Baulas alone dropped from 1646 in 1988 to 215 in 1997, although numbers have since increased to over 800. At Las Baulas, authorities have established a hatchling "farm" to allow hatchlings to be born and make their trip to the ocean under less perilous conditions than would normally prevail, though this will not affect adult mortality, which is believed to be the root cause of the drop in leatherback numbers. While the population is healthier than it was fifteen years ago, it continues to be plagued by longline fishing, large-scale rubbish dumping, ocean contamination and other factors contributing to fertility problems.
If you're interested in volunteering, Earthwatch have run conservation holidays on Playas Grande and Langosta for a number of years, documenting numbers of nesting turtles and their activity patterns.
Discover more places related to Costa Rica
Limón Province and the Caribbean coast
The Central Pacific
The Valle Central and the highlands
The Zona Norte
The Zona Sur
The Rough Guide to Costa Rica and related travel guides
Find even more inspiration for Costa Rica here
The top 20 volcanoes around the world
The world's strangest hotels
Things not to miss
The best hikes in Costa Rica
From surf's up to chill out – the best beaches in Costa Rica
The best waterfalls in Costa Rica
20 elusive animals to spot around the world
written by Rough Guides Editors
5 19 February 2020
I have been using the books for a long time for planning and preparing our trips, but I did not realize until now that they offer planning services online. ...
Read all reviews ⤍
The Rough Guide to Costa Rica
Your travel guide to Costa Rica
Costa Rica?


text:
Q: iOS Localize/Internationalize Stopwatch or Timer Label In my iOS app, I have a UILabel representing a stopwatch (ie the label reads 0:00 when it's reset, 0:01 a second after that, 1:01 a minute after that, etc.). I manually format the label so it reads as HH:MM:SS. But, I'm not sure if this format is extensible to all internationalizations; for example, in right-to-left layouts I'm assuming the correct layout would be SS:MM:HH.
I was able to find Apple's internationalization guidelines here and a guide to formatting dates and times here, but neither of those guides say anything about the format of a stopwatch/timer (only the format of a clock time). Are there any specific guidelines (or better yet, APIs) for internationalizing the format of a stopwatch/timer in iOS?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


10 nationalities. 16 languages. One brand.
Freespee is a team of 60 people, located in London, Paris, Düsseldorf, Barcelona and Uppsala, Sweden. We're an honest bunch, speaking our minds with integrity. We concentrate on what is best for our customers and our teammates, collectively celebrating successes and facing challenges with positivity. All the while, having fun!
We have a few simple values that are core to the way we work together – be genuine, stay focused, engage others and, most importantly, be humble.
If these values resonate with you, why not take a look at our open positions.
We're always looking for the greatest talent.
These are the roles we're looking for at the moment.
Great perks for everyone working at Freespee!
Great coffee, healthy snacks, and breakfast make it easy to stay energised at work.
I really love working at Freespee… it was actually the only place that I applied for a job. The team feels like family and I really like that I have a range of different tasks - like working with both cloud communications and software engineering. We love what we do and that's why we try to do everything to the best of our abilities.


EASY TO USE: Place bamboo inserts inside reusable cloth diaper cover and snap on the baby, it's that simple!
Reusable cloth diaper covers with prefolds make a great nighttime cloth diaper starter kit or gift set for baby girls and boys. Add vibrant and gender neutral colors to your baby shower registry.
Adjust rise setting on the diaper cover and attach Snap-in Charcoal Bamboo Insert to the shell – this should be enough for light day time use. Trifold Bamboo Cotton Prefold and use it as a doubler under snap-in insert for extra absorbency at night. Diaper shell can be re-used 3-4 times if not soiled, just wipe clean and air dry between uses. Additional fleece liners and prefolded cloth diapers are available from EcoAble.
Infant cloth diaper covers are available in One Size and recommended for babies from 15 to 30 pounds (*Suggested weight limits are approximate). Diaper shell is designed to truly grow with your child from newborn to toddler.


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Claritas Rupes es el nombre de una falla geológica sobre la superficie de Marte. Avernus Rupes está localizada con el sistema de coordenadas centrados en -25.04 grados de latitud Norte y 254.74° de longitud Este. Claritas Rupes forma el límite oriental de la región de Tharsis. Esta región contiene algunos de los volcanes más grandes del sistema solar, incluido el famoso Monte Olimpo, que se eleva unas tres veces la altura del Monte Everest. Claritas Rupes se extiende hacia el sur desde el borde occidental de Noctis Labyrinthus y divide los flujos volcánicos de Deadalia Planum y Solis Planum.

El nombre fue aprobado por la Unión Astronómica Internacional en 1991 y hace referencia a la palabra latina para brillo o esplendor.

Características
Las grietas y líneas que forman las fallas del escarpe de Claritas Rupes consisten en una red de 950 km de acantilados profundos y afloramientos inclinados. Este sistema de acantilados se encuentra dentro de un área geológica más grande llamado Claritas Fossae, una red entrelazada de grabens, un término alemán que significa zanja o trinchera, que se extiende por unos . Se cree que los numerosos abismos, fracturas y grietas en esta región fueron causados por el estrés sobre la corteza del planeta al estirarse y separarse, provocado por la formación de un montículo elevado cercano conocido como Tharsis Bulge.

Véase también
Anexo:Lista de Rupes de Marte

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Rupes de Marte
Características superficiales del cuadrángulo MC-17 (Phoenicis Lacus)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Help Site Projects continue to bring great public art to New Haven and Donate Today!
Site Projects presented our 2013 public art commission: Night Rainbow | Global Rainbow New Haven, a laser light sculpture by American artist Yvette Mattern, to kick-off citywide celebrations of the 375th Anniversary of New Haven. The exhibition ran for four consecutive nights, beginning April 24th, 2013.
The artwork utilizes specially-designed lasers to project a large-scale abstraction of the natural rainbow. Originating from the top of East Rock Park, the beams crossed above the Green, Interstate Highway 95, West Haven and finally diminished to a colorful glow over Long Island Sound.
During the four-night projection, people were drawn from one neighborhood to the next, investigating the changes in the cityscape below as well as in the form itself. Although the Rainbow was visible from many locations in and around the City, the form changed depending on where the viewer stood. For a community perspective on the Rainbow, visit our Facebook page.
Global Rainbow was initially created for one-night projection with limited technology in New York City on MLK Day in 2009. The artwork has since been exhibited in: Berlin (From One to Many); Toulouse and Nantes, France and Utrecht, Netherlands. Global Rainbow launched the London 2012 Cultural Olympiad in three regions in the UK: the Northeast, Northwest and Northern Ireland. Recently, the artwork was shown in Metz, France and months later, in New York City in collaboration with the Art Production Fund (Global Rainbow: After the Storm).
Stay Informed: Like us on Facebook!
I am looking for a connection to schools, education and curriculum ideas.
Here's a link to the new educational area of our site. Go here! You should be able to find everything there.
Has an environmental impact study been done? The end of April is the start of the spring migration for birds, East Rock and the New Haven Coast are right in the middle of the flyway…the birds migrate at night , will this art disorient the birds?
Site Projects is sincere in our efforts to bring public art to New Haven to enrich the community and inspire thought.
From earliest conversations with the artist, Yvette Mattern and the laser production company, Site Projects has sought information related to the use of high specification lasers and harm to wildlife, including birds.
Site Projects contacted several of the commissioning agencies in Europe and New York to see if harm to fauna had been a problem. All responded that concerns were raised prior to the exhibition but no harm to birds or other wildlife was discovered after any of the exhibitions.
We have taken further steps to research nocturnal migrating songbirds and have had several conversations with ornithologists that have allowed us to move forward with confidence. Switched on at dusk, the lasers will operate at an altitude lower than 500' (below the flying altitude of migrating birds). The exhibit will be turned off at 1am (during the time migrating birds tend to descend).
The questions and concerns raised about migrating birds are all valid, and we believe we have considered them thoroughly. It is in our best interest as an organization, not only to enrich the culture of New Haven, but to do it in a way that will cause no harm.
My name is Ralph and I am one of the ecological & wildlife officers for the City of New Haven. The wavelengths for the rainbow light show have been specifically selected so that our friendly migrating birds will not be affected by this week's art show. Thank you for your concern for our friendly avian community!
REALLY!? Isn't it enough that our night skies are already polluted with ambient light? Why are you sending the message that the entire public sky is someone's canvas? The natural sky is far more beautiful, perhaps you should teach that, and how we've ruined it already without this irresponsible spectacle. Shining lasers at airplanes, and there is a lot of air traffic in this area, is a federal offense. Now you be encouraging that as well. And how will the lights adversely affect night-time migrating birds, many of whom use East Rock Park as a major respite? I strongly object to this "art".
I am sure that no one has considered the potential effects of this laser light show on the migrating bird population. Late April and early May are prime migration time and East Rock Park as well as the shore areas of New Haven are a resting place along the route for hundreds of thousands of migrating Warblers. These birds migrate during the night and strong lights on buildings and bridges have been shown to interfere with their internal compasses, causing alarming mortality rates when the birds either strike objects in the dark or in confusion circle the lights until they die of exhaustion. These songbirds are already being decimated by loss of habitat and other human hazards. Couldn't this event have been scheduled at another time when the danger to wildlife would not have been so great? I believe that during late April the laser shows might also effect the nesting populations of some of our endangered shorebird species. Once again the wildlife loses.
I saw it last night, awesome! How many watts (milliwatts) are the lasers? How do you keep them from overheating?
The lasers are many hundreds of watts. Where one watt is 1000mW, we are using hundreds of thousands of millwatts.
Older lasers, ion lasers, were water cooled. This technology used a very hungry power supply to sustain a several-hundred-volt DC arc down the length of a tube that is filled with a mixture of noble gases (Argon, Krypton, etc) to generate the needed colors. Much as LED's have revolutionized traditional lighting, a similar solid state laser device is allowing for the types of heat and power savings that other applications are enjoying with LEDs. So these solid state lasers are simply air cooled, but use thermoelectric elements to create a very specific temperature — usually very close to room temperature.
So I'm wondering how much this is costing the city, New Haven has a very high murder rate, and maybe we shouldn't be wasting money commissioning artist, and instead should allocate our resources to the Police, and Health departments.
Night Rainbow | Global Rainbow New Haven was commissioned by Site Projects Inc. .
Over 200 people visit our site daily.
Be featured here for a substantial donation.
Why Else Should I Donate?
A production of Site Projects Inc.


GLENDIVE (AP) – A January oil pipeline spill on the Yellowstone River continues to cause problems for the city of Glendive's drinking water.
The city on Saturday asked its 6,000 residents on the municipal water system to conserve water this weekend after an ice breakup on the river resulted in above normal oil residue levels at the water plant's intake.
The city says the plant had to be shut down to protect the water already treated and still in the system.
Besides the request to conserve water, the city is installing an aeration system to remove any oil residue traces and providing bottled water for residents.
The broken pipeline spewed about 30,000 gallons of crude into the Yellowstone River. But most of the spilled oil remains unrecovered because of ice and unsafe conditions.


We have just received the latest release of the TK Supra Society.
Grey Patent and Red Leather.
The long awaited Supra TK Society will drop in two colors this Sunday at noon.
Purple suede, and black preforated leather.


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Dragostunjë is a village in the Elbasan County, eastern Albania. Following the local government reform of 2015, Dragostunjë became a part of the municipality of Librazhd and is under the municipal unit of Qendër Librazhd

Demographic History
Dragostunjë is attested in the Ottoman defter of 1467 as a settlement in the vilayet of Çermeniça. The village had a total of nine households represented by the following household heads: Pop Jovani, Bogdan Primiqyri, Bogdan Berishi, Andrija Berishi, Gjergj Vasili, Kojo Prifti, Miri son of Todor, Todor son of Bogdan, and Dimitri Begoj.

References

Villages in Elbasan County
Populated places in Librazhd


Lindsay Stapleton creates beautiful illustrations that blend human anatomy with floral forms. From lungs that transform into lichens, to cabbage leaves softly turning into hands, her strong line-quality and clean sense of design truly breathe life into these hybrid creations.
"I am primarily a drawer – graphite, pen and ink, printmaking and gouache are some of my favorite mediums. I studied art at ArtCenter of Pasadena through high school programs and earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of California Santa Barbara.
Her current body of work is on display at Cafe Vita until September 5th.
I am basically the idea person. I am not physically involved in the production. I do not have the necessary abilities, so I go to the top people..


Language and cultural activist, Denver Breda. Pic: supplied.
As a language and cultural activist, what issues do you feel most passionately about in South Africa today?
I'm most passionate about ending the Kakapasa or denial that pervades the South African consciousness, about the people who were found here in the 1600s.
You have campaigned for Khoekhoegowab to be taught in South African schools. Why do you think this is an important move?
It's important to remind people that this land was not empty, that it indeed had many people who spoke the oldest languages and cultures that sadly were forced to adopt other names, create and speak other languages. Most of all, to show that we are still here and that the country as a whole has a responsibility to restore what was so violently taken.
Language is identity, it roots you, instils in you a set of values. This has but all been lost, especially with Coloured people who are often majority Khoe people. Language loss is actually found among First Nation communities all over the world, yet in South Africa it's not researched enough.
Every language has its own 'flavour' or beauty. What are some of your favourite sayings or expressions in Khoekhoegowab?
Some of my favourite words are 'Kawakawas' which in Khoekhoe means restoration, 'Kakapusa' which means to forget, 'Munanai' (which is what I called my company), means to imagine. Some of my favourite sayings are 'Ada Hoatsama gon' which means 'together we move'. Also 'Toa tama !khams ge' which is 'the struggle continues'. But also to tell people the original name of Cape town ||Hui !Gaeb which means 'where the clouds gather'.
How can we make sure that indigenous languages – and the cultures related to them – don't die out?
By first acknowledging that we indeed all have a responsibility towards South Africa's First Nations people and to learn at least one of the Khoe languages that remain, such as Khoekhoe. We can also put pressure on government and society to support the cause. People can also become what I call Xambassadors – a combination of the word Xam which means lion in the Khoekhoe language and ambassadors.
You have written short story collections, produced a play, self-published a story inspired by your mother's journey from Graaff-Reinet to the Cape, and you have a podcast, Draadloos virrie Raadloos. That's a lot of creative words! What inspires you to be so prolific?
Anger and desperation inspire me to help be one of the few voices for our Khoe issues because we are seldom, if ever, spoken about – not on TV, not in newspapers. We can wait to be written about, or we can write about ourselves and that is what I do.
Why is it important for people to share their stories, whether written or spoken?
I believe as Khoe – as Africans – when our stories die, we die. For me, writing stories has been hugely therapeutic. Writing about the Cape Flats, about my mother who had to leave her home in Graaff-Reinet at the age of 16 to work as a domestic worker, about a very dear trans friend of mine who I have known for almost two decades and who now lives on the street, it has allowed me to cope, to understand, to not be as angry, to look at solutions. I believe as a country our stories of pain, of hope can actually bring us together. The truth is that we are more of a family than we wish to consider.
The idea of mothering is something we have extended to language – mother tongue – and even space – motherland, mother city. Do you think there is a good time and place for all South Africans to reconnect – have a family reunion – with their land and their languages? Is it possible?
There is always a good time to connect. Not a specific time, but anytime. At the bus, at work, at schools, at your place of worship to reconnect first with self, which I believe to be more important than with others and with nature. In a way we have to become mothers to our hearts and our souls which carry so much hurt and pain. Learning one of South Africa's First Nation languages has certainly helped me to connect with myself, others and South Africa. I'm still learning, but something happens when you either connect – or khoennect – with your ancestors or to the first languages of this land. That is truly the start of the decolonisation process.
How can people who are interested learn more about indigenous languages like Khoekhoegowa?
There are a lot of resources on the internet – YouTube particularly – though not as much as I would like to have available. For those in Cape Town, come to our public talks on 9 September at Open Book Festival and hear what one of SA's oldest languages sound like.
Nal'ibali's annual multilingual storytelling competition is running this September or Literacy and Heritage Month. Aimed a reviving a love of storytelling amongst adults and children, and connecting South Africans to their rich and vibrant heritage, the theme of this year's contest is South African Heroes. Enter by telling the story of your favourite SA icon, your personal hero, or a fictional hero in your language, and you could be crowned this year's Story Bosso! To find out more about Nal'ibali and Story Bosso, visit www.nalibali.org, www.nalibli.mobi, or find them on Facebook and Twitter.
« Jozi Book Fair is here!


text:
Е-друштво је друштво које се састоји од једне или више виртуелних заједница укључених у области од е-владе, е-демократије и електронског пословања до образовне технологије и е-здравства које користе функције информационо-комуникационог система у циљу остваривања заједничких интереса и циљева. Прве области е-друштва које су се појавиле биле су образовне технологије и електронско пословање. Развој и изазови е-друштва зависе од употребе нове технологије и интернет ствари и подршке информационим услугама.

Историја
Развој е-друштва се ослања и зависи од развоја технологија виртуелне реалности које обезбеђују интеракцију између учесника е-друштва на прихватљивији и опипљивији начин. Развој виртуелне реалности, а самим тим и е-друштва, заснива се на унапређењу и балансирању метода интеракције учесника, хардвера неопходног за такву интеракцију, презентације садржаја и напора потребних за развој и одржавање.

Референце

Спољашње везе

Интернет култура
Виртуелна стварност
Друштвени софтвер


text:
« Paul English and Mickey Raphael
Watch Willie Nelson & Friends, "Outlaws and Angels"
Outlaws and Angels
WATCH ON QELLO HERE
Year: 2002 Runtime: 01:27:59 Share Tweet
Outlaws And Angels is a very special celebration of the music of Willie Nelson. The concert recorded at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles in early 2007. It follows on from the Stars And Guitars and Live And Kickin concerts of 2002 and 2003 but is the first to be released on film.
Hosted by actor James Caan, it features inspired performances of many of his best known tracks, such as Shotgun Willie, Midnight Rider, Pancho And Lefty and On The Road Again, with a truly extraordinary line up of guest artists including Joe Walsh, Merle Haggard, Bob Dylan, Shelby Lynne, Carole King, Rickie Lee Jones, Keith Richards and Jerry Lee Lewis among many others.
1. "Georgia on a Fast Train/Ramblin' Fever" with Toby Keith, Joe Walsh, & Merle Haggard
2. "You Win Again" with Bob Dylan
3. "Shotgun Willie/Shotgun Boy" with Kid Rock
4. "Funny How Time Slips Away" with Al Green
5. "Rainin' in My Heart" with Al Green
6. "On with the Sun" with Shelby Lynne
7. 'Stormy Weather" with Shelby Lynne
8. "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" with Carole King
9. "Still is Still Moving to Me" with Toots Hibbert
10. "Midnight Rider" with Ben Harper
11. "Pressure Drop" with Toots Hibbert & Ben Harper
12. "I'll Never be Free" with Lee Ann Womack
13. "Opportunity to Cry" with The Holmes Brothers
14. "Cisco Kid" with Los Lonely Boys
15. "Pancho and Lefty" with Toby Keith & Merle Haggard
16. "Overtime" with Lucinda Williams
17. "Mama Tried" with Merle Haggard
18. "Comes Love" with Rickie Lee Jones
19. "We Had It All" with Keith Richards
20. "Trouble in Mind" with Keith Richards, Merle Haggard, & Jerry Lee Lewis
21. "Whole Lot of Shakin' Goin' On" with Kid Rock & Jerry Lee Lewis
22. "I'll Fly Away/On the Road Again" ensemble
This entry was posted on Friday, March 27th, 2020 at 4:44 pm and is filed under Albums, You Tube, Vimeo. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I like this hotel location. near to JR lidabashi also near the subway, 5 mins walk to the Garden Koraku. no AC for hot weather. Staff was helpful.
Great bathing area ... too hot in sleeping area. Perfect location!
Great location. clean. No view from the window. good washroom.
Good location, clean, great place to stay for business travelers.


Reference to "FibreSpeed" in the following terms and conditions means FibreSpeed Networks Limited, registered in England and Wales under company number 6340164, with its registered office at Hutchison House, 5 Hester Road, London SW11 4AN and includes its 100% owned subsidiaries.
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It may look soft, delicate and even docile, but this wildflower is one of the most toxic – and fast acting – plants your dog can ingest (even in a small amount).
It's called Water Hemlock and is a member of the carrot family. It typically grows in wet areas like marshes and swamps, damp pastures and along riverbanks, ponds, streams, irrigation ditches, reservoirs and other water edges in both North America and parts of Europe.
Death from respiratory paralysis death (occurring between 15 minutes and 2 hours after the first initial signs of poisoning).
While the highest levels of its toxin is found in the roots, all parts of the water hemlock are poisonous and dog lovers should never let their dog get anywhere near it.
A side note, the water hemlock has a strong carrot-like odor which could attract curious dogs.
If you suspect your dog has come into contact with water hemlock, seek immediate emergency veterinary care.
"What are the Dangers of Water Hemlock to Dogs," by Kate Barrington.
Wow! Had no idea. I'll be on the lookout given that the first link was reported in my home state. We see a lot of lacy plants similarly looking on our daily walk-abouts and will avoid them totally.
🙂 So glad it helped; I learned a lot too and the fact that it gives off a strong carrot odor, makes me all the more vigilant! Have a great weekend!
Thanks, happy Autumn weekend right back atcha!
Thanks for this information I will keep my eyes open, are there other plants that look just like it, which are not dangerous?
Interesting question … here's some additional info, hope this helps!
Water hemlock bears a close resemblance to other members in the family Apiaceae and may be confused with a number of other edible and poisonous plants.
The Apiaceae family (or Umbelliferae), commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, are a family of mostly aromatic plants with hollow stems. The family, which is named after the type genus Apium, is large, with more than 3,700 species spread across 434 genera; it is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants. Included in this family are the well-known plants: angelica, anise, arracacha, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, Centella asiatica, chervil, cicely, coriander (cilantro), culantro, cumin, dill, fennel, hemlock, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip, cow parsnip, sea holly, giant hogweed and silphium (a plant whose identity is unclear and which may be extinct).
The common name hemlock may also be confused with poison hemlock (Conium maculatum).


Splintered Light Miniatures is proud to present our Treeman pack! This 15mm figure come as a single large figure. The mighty Treemen provide leadership and punch to any Woodland army. Sculpted by Faron Betchley, these are highly detailed and a must for any Woodland gamer!


text:
Gregory Giammittorio
Recognized by Best Lawyers® since 2012.
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 700 Washington, District of Columbia 20004
Firm: Potomac Law Group, PLLC
To edit your Lawyer Directory information, please login to your
Best Lawyers® Admin Account.
If you have any questions or need assistance, please contact us at info@bestlawyers.com or 803.648.0300.
Potomac Law Group, PLLC
Gregory Giammittorio represents private and publicly held companies in all stages of growth on a range of issues involving mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances, venture capital, and public and private securities offerings.
Mr. Giammittorio has recently worked on mergers and acquisitions for government services, telecommunications, energy, software, semiconductor, information technology, medical device, media, and life science companies. He has developed numerous acquisition programs for companies whose growth strategy involves a consistent mix of both organic growth and growth through acquisitions. Mr. Giammittorio has served as lead outside counsel on hundreds of M&A and investment transactions, leveraged buy-outs and management buyouts. In addition, he has provided counsel to leading companies in the region on a variety of strategic commercial relationships involving matters such as strategic alliances, joint ventures, teaming agreements, joint research and development agreements, intellectual property licensing arrangements, and OEM, reseller, service provider and distribution agreements.
Greg served as Chairman of the Middle Market and Small Business Committee of the American Bar Association from 2008-2011. He has also served as a member of the American Bar Association Mergers & Acquisitions Committee's Private Target Study Working Group. He is also active in the National Capital Chapter of the Association for Corporate Growth, serving as Co-Chair of its 2011 annual awards program gala honoring outstanding companies and deal professionals. Greg was recently appointed Chair of the Programs Committee for the chapter.
Greg has been named to 2014 U.S. News - Best Lawyers in America for Corporate Law and named Washington's Top Lawyer in Technology Transactions by the Washington Business Journal. He is also recommended as a leading lawyer by Chambers USA 2010-2014 and by PLC Which Lawyer? 2011-2012. He is a former co-chair of the firm's Mergers & Acquisitions Group and Private Equity Buyout Group and co-founder of the Morrison & Foerster's M&A University Program.
University of Virginia, BA
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 700
What is your relation to Gregory Giammittorio? Consulted Attorney Current Client Former Client Other


text:
2Repertoire and style
G. B. Grayson
American fiddle player and singer
G.B. Grayson
Gilliam Banmon Grayson
Ashe County, North Carolina, United States
Johnson County, Tennessee, United States
August 16, 1930(1930-08-16) (aged 42)
near Damascus, Virginia, United States
Old-time
Instrument(s)
Fiddle, vocals
Gennett, Victor
Gilliam Banmon Grayson (November 11, 1887 – August 16, 1930) was an American Old-time fiddle player and singer. Mostly blind from infancy, Grayson is chiefly remembered for a series of sides recorded with guitarist Henry Whitter between 1927 and 1930 that would later influence numerous country, bluegrass, and rock musicians. Grayson wrote much of his own material, but was also instrumental in adapting several traditional Appalachian ballads to fiddle and guitar formats. His music has been recorded or performed by musicians such as Bob Dylan, Doc Watson, Mick Jagger, the Kingston Trio, and dozens of bluegrass artists, including the Stanley Brothers and Mac Wiseman.[1]
G.B. Grayson was born in rural Ashe County, North Carolina in 1887 to Benjamin Carrol and Martha Jane Roark Grayson. According to his sister, when G.B. was six weeks old, his sight was damaged when he stared out the window at bright snow for several hours. While he was mostly blind his entire life, he could identify some people from their size and could tell time using a watch with large numbers. When G.B. was two years old, his family moved west to Johnson County, Tennessee, where he would live for the rest of his life.[2]
While G.B.'s family was poor, the Graysons were a fairly prominent family in the mountains along the northern Tennessee-North Carolina border. G.B.'s uncle, James Grayson (1833–1901), was a Union Army officer who helped organize an anti-Confederate uprising in Carter County, Tennessee at the outbreak of the American Civil War and later aided in the capture of legendary North Carolina fugitive Tom Dula.[3] G.B. and Henry Whitter were the first to record the folk song Tom Dooley— based on the capture of Dula— in 1929.[2]
G.B. learned to play music at a young age, and was an accomplished fiddler by his early teens. As he was unable to work due to his near-blindness, he began playing at various small venues and dances around Johnson County to make money. Banjoist Clarence Ashley— who also lived in Johnson County— recalled travelling with Grayson to the West Virginia coal mines as early as 1918 to collect money by playing outside coal company pay shacks.[2]
In 1927, Grayson met Whitter— who had already had some success as a recording artist— at a fiddler's convention in Mountain City, Tennessee.[4] [5] The two recorded eight sides for Gennett Records in October of that year, but their greatest success came with a subsequent Victor session which produced the double-sided "Train 45"/"Handsome Molly", which sold over 50,000 copies in five years.[1] A follow-up session in 1929 brought less success, but Grayson had saved up enough money to buy a new house. On August 16, 1930, Grayson was killed while riding on the running boards of a car outside Damascus, Virginia.[2]
He married Rhoda Frances "Fannie" Mahaffey (26 July 1887 - 8 August 1948). They had seven children, six of whom survived into adulthood. She and G.B. are buried in the Gentry Cemetery, near Laurel Bloomery, Tennessee.
Repertoire and style[edit]
Grayson played the fiddle in an "archaic" style, holding it against his shoulder rather than his chin. Most of the songs he wrote were based loosely on other well-known songs of the day. "Train 45" was derived from the banjo tune "Reuben," and "Joking Henry" was probably influenced by the folk song "Frankie and Johnnie." He wrote "Going Down the Lee Highway" as he and Whitter drove along U.S. Route 11 in Johnson County in 1929. He learned "Nine Pound Hammer" from fellow fiddler Charlie Bowman (who had picked it up from an African-American musician), and his version of "Short Life of Trouble" resembles Clarence Ashley's recording during the same period. Grayson and Whitter's traditional recordings include "Rose Connally" and "Ommie Wise."[2]
Although their partnership was short-lived, the recordings of Grayson and Whitter are among the most emulated and covered of early Old-time and country music. The Kingston Trio had a Number 1 hit with a version of "Tom Dooley" in 1958.[6] In the early 1960s, musicologist Ralph Rinzler played Grayson's recording of "Ommie Wise" at Clarence Ashley's house in Shouns to help convince Ashley, Doc Watson, and several of their bandmates to take up the more traditional style of music rather than the more modern electric music. "Train 45" and "Nine Pound Hammer" have become staples at Bluegrass festivals. "Handsome Molly" has been recorded by both Bob Dylan and Rolling Stones singer Mick Jagger.[1] Ralph Stanley has recorded Grayson's song "Little Maggie, with a dram glass in her hand" multiple times.[7]
^ a b c Barry McCloud (ed.), Definitive Country: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Country Music and its Performers (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995), pp. 340-341.
^ a b c d e Joe Wilson, Notes in The Recordings of Grayson and Whitter [CD liner notes]. County Records, 1998.
^ McKown, Harry (May 2008). "May 1868 - The Death of Tom Dooley". UNC University Libraries. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
^ Cox, Bob L. (2007). Fiddlin' Charlie Bowman: An East Tennessee Old-time Music Pioneer and his Musical Family. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-566-0.
^ A Fiddler's Convention in Mountain City Archived 2013-12-13 at the Wayback Machine, Tennessee, from "History of Johnson County 1986" by Thomas W. Gentry, accessed January 9, 2010 on Clarence Ashley website, maintained by Scott Moore.
^ Kergan, Jerry. "Kingston Trio Timeline". Kingston Trio Liner Notes. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
^ Murdock, David (2012-10-21). "The tale of Little Maggie and her dram glass (or gun)". The Gadsen Times. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Juneberry78s.com – Grayson and Whitter — mp3's of several Grayson and Whitter recordings
G. B. Grayson at Find a Grave
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._B._Grayson&oldid=1096222766"
Appalachian culture
Musicians from North Carolina
Musicians from Tennessee
American street performers
Music of East Tennessee
Music of Johnson County, Tennessee
People from Johnson County, Tennessee
People from Ashe County, North Carolina
Southern old-time fiddlers
Gennett Records artists
Musicians from Appalachia
Appalachian old-time fiddlers
Road incident deaths in Virginia
Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts


So grab the kids and the craft bin and enjoy an afternoon full of creating a few fun Popsicle stick crafts! Before kids even have a chance to say "I'm bored" this summer, stock up on those popsicle sticks and present them with these 14 summertime popsicle stick crafts for preschoolers. There are so many ways to craft and just generally have fun with them! Take a look at this collection of fabulous ideas and get started right away!


text:
RTX1JZCO
Bodyguards use umbrella to protect Serbia's Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic during unrest at a ceremony...
Potocari, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bodyguards use umbrella to protect Serbia's Prime Minister Vucic during unrest at a ceremony marking...
Bodyguards use umbrella to protect Serbia's Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic during unrest at a ceremony marking the 20th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre in Potocari, near Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina July 11, 2015. Serbian Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic was chased out of a ceremony marking the 20th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre on Saturday by a crowd throwing stones and bottles. It was not clear whether Vucic had left the site altogether, but his delegation was seen running for their cars on a hill above the cemetery. REUTERS/Stoyan Nenov
LR2EB7B0XNMHA
Stoyan Nenov
Potocari


text:
package com.google.inject.persist.jpa;

import static com.google.inject.matcher.Matchers.annotatedWith;
import static com.google.inject.matcher.Matchers.any;

import java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Properties;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;

import org.aopalliance.intercept.MethodInterceptor;
import org.aopalliance.intercept.MethodInvocation;
import org.apache.ambari.server.orm.AmbariJpaLocalTxnInterceptor;
import org.apache.ambari.server.orm.AmbariLocalSessionInterceptor;
import org.apache.ambari.server.orm.RequiresSession;

import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.google.inject.Inject;
import com.google.inject.Singleton;
import com.google.inject.persist.PersistModule;
import com.google.inject.persist.PersistService;
import com.google.inject.persist.UnitOfWork;
import com.google.inject.persist.finder.DynamicFinder;
import com.google.inject.persist.finder.Finder;
import com.google.inject.util.Providers;

/**
 * Copy of guice persist module for local modifications
 */
public class AmbariJpaPersistModule extends PersistModule {
  private final String jpaUnit;

  public AmbariJpaPersistModule(String jpaUnit) {
    if (null != jpaUnit && jpaUnit.length() > 0) {
      this.jpaUnit = jpaUnit;
    } else {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("jpaUnit should not be null");
    }
  }

  private Properties properties;
  private MethodInterceptor transactionInterceptor;

  @Override protected void configurePersistence() {
    bindConstant().annotatedWith(Jpa.class).to(jpaUnit);

    if (null != properties) {
      bind(Properties.class).annotatedWith(Jpa.class).toInstance(properties);
    } else {
      bind(Properties.class).annotatedWith(Jpa.class).toProvider(Providers.of(null));
    }

    bind(AmbariJpaPersistService.class).in(Singleton.class);

    bind(PersistService.class).to(AmbariJpaPersistService.class);
    bind(UnitOfWork.class).to(AmbariJpaPersistService.class);
    bind(EntityManager.class).toProvider(AmbariJpaPersistService.class);
    bind(EntityManagerFactory.class).toProvider(JpaPersistService.EntityManagerFactoryProvider.class);

    transactionInterceptor = new AmbariJpaLocalTxnInterceptor();
    requestInjection(transactionInterceptor);

    MethodInterceptor sessionInterceptor = new AmbariLocalSessionInterceptor();
    requestInjection(sessionInterceptor);

    // Bind dynamic finders.
    for (Class<?> finder : dynamicFinders) {
      bindFinder(finder);
    }

    bindInterceptor(annotatedWith(RequiresSession.class), any(), sessionInterceptor);
    bindInterceptor(any(), annotatedWith(RequiresSession.class), sessionInterceptor);
  }

  @Override protected MethodInterceptor getTransactionInterceptor() {
    return transactionInterceptor;
  }

  /**
   * Configures the JPA persistence provider with a set of properties.
   *
   * @param properties A set of name value pairs that configure a JPA persistence
   * provider as per the specification.
   */
  public AmbariJpaPersistModule properties(Properties properties) {
    this.properties = properties;
    return this;
  }

  private final List<Class<?>> dynamicFinders = Lists.newArrayList();

  /**
   * Adds an interface to this module to use as a dynamic finder.
   *
   * @param iface Any interface type whose methods are all dynamic finders.
   */
  public <T> AmbariJpaPersistModule addFinder(Class<T> iface) {
    dynamicFinders.add(iface);
    return this;
  }

  private <T> void bindFinder(Class<T> iface) {
    if (!isDynamicFinderValid(iface)) {
      return;
    }

    InvocationHandler finderInvoker = new InvocationHandler() {
      @Inject
      JpaFinderProxy finderProxy;

      @Override
      public Object invoke(final Object thisObject, final Method method, final Object[] args)
          throws Throwable {

        // Don't intercept non-finder methods like equals and hashcode.
        if (!method.isAnnotationPresent(Finder.class)) {
          // This is not ideal, we are using the invocation handler's equals
          // and hashcode as a proxy (!) for the proxy's equals and hashcode.
          return method.invoke(this, args);
        }

        return finderProxy.invoke(new MethodInvocation() {
          @Override
          public Method getMethod() {
            return method;
          }

          @Override
          public Object[] getArguments() {
            return null == args ? new Object[0] : args;
          }

          @Override
          public Object proceed() throws Throwable {
            return method.invoke(thisObject, args);
          }

          @Override
          public Object getThis() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Bottomless proxies don't expose a this.");
          }

          @Override
          public AccessibleObject getStaticPart() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
          }
        });
      }
    };
    requestInjection(finderInvoker);

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // Proxy must produce instance of type given.
        T proxy = (T) Proxy
        .newProxyInstance(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), new Class<?>[] { iface },
            finderInvoker);

    bind(iface).toInstance(proxy);
  }

  private boolean isDynamicFinderValid(Class<?> iface) {
    boolean valid = true;
    if (!iface.isInterface()) {
      addError(iface + " is not an interface. Dynamic Finders must be interfaces.");
      valid = false;
    }

    for (Method method : iface.getMethods()) {
      DynamicFinder finder = DynamicFinder.from(method);
      if (null == finder) {
        addError("Dynamic Finder methods must be annotated with @Finder, but " + iface
            + "." + method.getName() + " was not");
        valid = false;
      }
    }
    return valid;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub