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Moses was a leader of the ancient Hebrews who brought them out of Egypt in the so-called Exodus (c.1250 BC), mediated the covenant between them and Yahweh at Sinai, and guided them through the desert to the borders of Canaan. The biblical tradition assigns him a life span of 120 years, but the reliability of this figure is questioned.
The books of Exodus through Deuteronomy in the Bible are the only available sources for details about Moses' life. No contemporary Egyptian documents yet found mention him, and the later traditions about him recorded in the work of Philo of Alexandria and in Josephus and rabbinic sources appear to be mere elaborations of the biblical story. Moreover, the biblical story is a composite of sources, the earliest of which postdates Moses by more than 200 years and allows ample time for legendary accretions. The story of the baby Moses in the reed basket on the Nile, for example, is a typical legend about a famous man's childhood. The same basic story is also told about Sargon, king of Akkad (c.2350 BC).
According to the biblical account, Moses grew up at the pharaoh's court but was forced to flee to Midian after killing an Egyptian whom he had seen strike an Israelite. Moses' presence at the pharaoh's court may be explained by the Egyptian practice of taking hostages from their Semitic vassals, giving them Egyptian training, and sending them back to lead their people with an ingrained Egyptian point of view. Such a background might also explain the story of Moses' adoption by the pharaoh's daughter.
In exile Moses married the daughter of the high priest of Midian. While he was keeping his father-in-law's flock, God spoke to him at a burning bush and commissioned him to lead Israel out of Egypt. After the Exodus, Moses met again with his father-in-law, who performed sacrifices and advised him regarding an improved judicial system. These traditions suggest that certain aspects of Moses' religious and legislative reforms, perhaps even God's new name, Yahweh, were derived from beliefs of the Midianites.
Moses returned to Egypt to confront the pharaoh with Yahweh's demand. After a long struggle involving ten plagues and culminating in the slaying of the first-born of the Egyptians, the pharaoh permitted Israel to leave. He then changed his mind, but God drowned the pursuing Egyptians in the Reed (traditionally, Red) Sea. The ancient poem in Exodus 15 celebrates this victory, but the actual event cannot be reconstructed from this poetic account.
After the Israelites experienced Yahweh's deliverance in the Exodus, Moses led them to the sacred mountain--named Sinai in one source, Horeb in another. There God appeared to them in a frightening display of thunder and lightning. Moses went up into the mountain and returned with God's instructions including the Ten Commandments. Thus Moses mediated the Covenant God made with the people of Israel. As covenant mediator Moses was a lawgiver, and his status became such that all of Israel's laws were attributed to him, even much later ones (see Torah).
Israel remained in the desert under Moses' leadership for a number of years, camping at Qadesh and other oases. The Old Testament tells of many conflicts between Moses and the people during this time. The most dramatic one concerned the Golden Calf set up by Moses' brother Aaron while Moses was on Mount Sinai (or Horeb).
Although this was a trying period, these stories of conflict were probably shaped in part by much later struggles, making it difficult to determine how much of the story belongs to the Mosaic age and how much was added later. Moses died before Israel crossed into Canaan.
J. J. M. Roberts
Beegle, D. M., Moses: The Servant of Yahweh (1972); Bright, John, A History of Israel, rev. ed. (1972); Buber, Martin, Moses: The Revelation and the Covenant, new ed. (1958; repr. 1987); Childs, Brevard, The Book of Exodus (1974); Daiches, David, Moses: The Man and His Vision (1975); Hermann, Siegfried, Israel in Egypt (1973); Maimonides, Moses, The Reason of the Laws of Moses, ed. by J. Townley (1827; repr. 1975); Noth, Martin, A History of Pentateuchal Traditions (1972); Wellek, Rene, ed., The Divine Legation of Moses Demonstrated, 4 vols., 2d ed. (1978); Zeligs, D. F., ed., Moses: A Psychodynamic Study (1986).
Moses is often called the founder of the religion of Israel; one of the most striking and important figures of the OT. The Pentateuch attests to his central role in the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt and in the giving of the law on Mount Sinai.
Although Moses is not mentioned in historical sources outside the Bible, the OT traditions form a rich tapestry of interpretation of his life and mission. His name (derived from the Egyptian ms, "to give birth" or "to bear"; cf. Thutmose, "Thoth is born") and the Egyptian provenance of the Exodus account are incontrovertible evidence of the historical basis of Moses' role; and the biblical tradition, while complex, focuses on Moses and no one else for this portion of sacred history.
Traditionally Moses' life has been divided into three forty-year stages (Acts 7:20-34). Moses was threatened at birth by Pharaoh's decree aimed at annihilation of the people of Israel; his mother's daring ploy to save him led to his adoption into the Egyptian royal family (Exod. 2:1-10). The young man Moses, now a man of two national identities, defended a Hebrew slave, killed an Egyptian officer, and fled into exile from Egypt. During the second period of his life Moses was adopted into the Midianite (Kenite) family of Jethro (or Reuel) as a "stranger in a strange land" (Exod. 2:11-22).
God, however, had not forgotten his covenant with the patriarchs and called Moses in the burning bush to be his spokesman before Pharaoh and agent of deliverance for Israel (Exod. 3:1-10). God revealed his sacred name (YHWH) to Moses and equipped him with miraculous powers (Exod. 3:11-7:13). After calling down God's judgment against Egypt in plagues and passover (Exod. 7:14-13:16), Moses led the people out of Egypt, and the Lord saved Israel by the miracle at the Red Sea (Exod. 14-15). Thus the people "believed in the Lord and in his servant Moses." Then at Mount Sinai the Lord revealed himself in a theophany and dictated the Decalogue (Exod. 19:16-20:17); however, the people demanded that Moses conclude God's covenant with them (Exod. 20:18-24). Moses prescribed the law of God (Torah) for Israel: its sanctuary and priesthood (Exod. 25-31; 35-40), its sacrifices and laws of purity (Leviticus), and a census of its tribes (Num. 1:1-10:10). Moses led the people in the wilderness for forty years (Num. 10:11-36) and uttered a final exhortation to obey the Torah as the people gathered on the verge of the promised land (Deuteronomy). Moses himself was not allowed to enter Canaan (cf. Num. 20:2-13; Deut. 1:37; 3:27; 4:21; Ps. 106:32-33) and was buried somewhere in Moab (Deut. 34).
Although Moses is mentioned remarkably infrequently elsewhere in the OT (Josh. 24:5; I Sam. 12:6, 8; Hos. 12:13; Mic. 6:4; Isa. 63:11; Pss. 77, 105-7), his preeminent status and foundational mission are assumed. No other OT figure can compare with Moses (cf. Joshua, Josh. 1:10-11; Elijah, I Kings 19; the prophets, Deut. 34:10). Indeed he is the type par excellence of OT expectation. He is the "servant of the Lord" (Num. 12:7-8; Deut. 34:5; Josh. 1:1). He alone spoke "mouth to mouth" with God; therefore, he is the first and greatest of the prophets (Exod. 33:7-23; Num. 12:6-8; Deut. 18:15-18). As lawgiver he dominates the Pentateuch, which can thus be called "the law of Moses" (I Kings 2:3; Neh. 8:1; Mal. 4:4). His voice is not only authoritative for the wilderness generation, but resounds throughout Israel's history (Deut. 6:20-25; 31:16-22).
Moses is a man zealous for the Lord (Num. 16-17); yet he is also described as "the meekest man on earth" (Num. 12:3). He intercedes on Israel's behalf when it sins, risking his own election for the sake of the people (Exod. 32:32; Num. 11:10-15). He even sets up the bronze serpent as a perpetual sign of God's saving mercy (Num. 21:4-9). Finally, Moses is the founder of the cultic system by which Israel was to seek reconciliation with God, and he and his brother Aaron functioned as priests before the tabernacle (Exod. 40:31-38).
In postbiblical Jewish tradition the role of Moses is extended to that of sage and founder of civilization. Moses is thought to have ascended directly into heaven. For the Jewish halakah Moses was giver of the oral law which authoritatively interprets the Pentateuch (cf. Jub; M. Aboth 1:1).
The NT assumes the role of Moses as mediator of the covenant (John 1:17; Gal. 3:19) and author of the Pentateuch (Luke 24:27). Numerous passages compare or allude to Moses and Jesus as type and antitype (e.g., Mark 9:2-10; John 3:14; I Cor. 10). Paul's typology emphasizes the inferiority of the revelation to Moses. At other times Paul likens his own apostleship to the mission of Moses (II Cor. 3:7-18; cf. Rom. 9:3). John likewise sees Jesus as the prophet like Moses (John 6:14); he also sees Moses (and Abraham) as the father of "the Jews" who reject Jesus' revelation (John 9:28). For the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Mosaic covenant is merely a shadow of the true reality, but Moses himself is a model of faith (Heb. 3:1-6; 11:24-28).
S F Noll
W. F. Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity; EJ, VII, 371-411; R. deVaux, The Early History of Israel; D. M. Beegle, Moses, The Servant of Yahweh; J. G. Griffiths, "The Egyptian Derivation of the Name Moses," JNES 12:225-31.
Moses, drawn (or Egypt. mesu, "son;" hence Rameses, royal son). On the invitation of Pharaoh (Gen. 45:17-25), Jacob and his sons went down into Egypt. This immigration took place probably about 350 years before the birth of Moses. Some centuries before Joseph, Egypt had been conquered by a pastoral Semitic race from Asia, the Hyksos, who brought into cruel subjection the native Egyptians, who were an African race. Jacob and his retinue were accustomed to a shepherd's life, and on their arrival in Egypt were received with favour by the king, who assigned them the "best of the land", the land of Goshen, to dwell in. The Hyksos or "shepherd" king who thus showed favour to Joseph and his family was in all probability the Pharaoh Apopi (or Apopis). Thus favoured, the Israelites began to "multiply exceedingly" (Gen. 47:27), and extended to the west and south. At length the supremacy of the Hyksos came to an end.
The descendants of Jacob were allowed to retain their possession of Goshen undisturbed, but after the death of Joseph their position was not so favourable. The Egyptians began to despise them, and the period of their "affliction" (Gen. 15:13) commenced. They were sorely oppressed. They continued, however, to increase in numbers, and "the land was filled with them" (Ex. 1:7). The native Egyptians regarded them with suspicion, so that they felt all the hardship of a struggle for existence. In process of time "a king [probably Seti I.] arose who knew not Joseph" (Ex. 1:8). The circumstances of the country were such that this king thought it necessary to weaken his Israelite subjects by oppressing them, and by degrees reducing their number.
They were accordingly made public slaves, and were employed in connection with his numerous buildings, especially in the erection of store-cities, temples, and palaces. The children of Israel were made to serve with rigour. Their lives were made bitter with hard bondage, and "all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour" (Ex. 1:13, 14). But this cruel oppression had not the result expected of reducing their number. On the contrary, "the more the Egyptians afflicted them, the more they multiplied and grew" (Ex. 1:12). The king next tried, through a compact secretly made with the guild of midwives, to bring about the destruction of all the Hebrew male children that be born. But the king's wish was not rigorously enforced; the male children were spared by the midwives, so that "the people multiplied" more than ever. Thus baffled, the king issued a public proclamation calling on the people to put to death all the Hebrew male children by casting them into the river (Ex. 1:22).
But neither by this edict was the king's purpose effected. One of the Hebrew households into which this cruel edict of the king brought great alarm was that of Amram, of the family of the Kohathites (Ex. 6:16-20), who with his wife Jochebed and two children, Miriam, a girl of perhaps fifteen years of age, and Aaron, a boy of three years, resided in or near Memphis, the capital city of that time. In this quiet home a male child was born (B.C. 1571). His mother concealed him in the house for three months from the knowledge of the civic authorities. But when the task of concealment became difficult, Jochebed contrived to bring her child under the notice of the daughter of the king by constructing for him an ark of bulrushes, which she laid among the flags which grew on the edge of the river at the spot where the princess was wont to come down and bathe. Her plan was successful. The king's daughter "saw the child; and behold the child wept." The princess (Pharaoh's daughter) sent Miriam, who was standing by, to fetch a nurse. She went and brought the mother of the child, to whom the princess said, "Take this child away, and nurse it for me, and I will give thee thy wages."
Thus Jochebed's child, whom the princess called "Moses", i.e., "Saved from the water" (Ex. 2:10), was ultimately restored to her. As soon as the natural time for weaning the child had come, he was transferred from the humble abode of his father to the royal palace, where he was brought up as the adopted son of the princess, his mother probably accompanying him and caring still for him. He grew up amid all the grandeur and excitement of the Egyptian court, maintaining, however, probably a constant fellowship with his mother, which was of the highest importance as to his religious belief and his interest in his "brethren." His education would doubtless be carefully attended to, and he would enjoy all the advantages of training both as to his body and his mind. He at length became "learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (Acts 7:22). Egypt had then two chief seats of learning, or universities, at one of which, probably that of Heliopolis, his education was completed. Moses, being now about twenty years of age, spent over twenty more before he came into prominence in Bible history.
These twenty years were probably spent in military service. There is a tradition recorded by Josephus that he took a lead in the war which was then waged between Egypt and Ethiopia, in which he gained renown as a skilful general, and became "mighty in deeds" (Acts 7:22). After the termination of the war in Ethiopia, Moses returned to the Egyptian court, where he might reasonably have expected to be loaded with honours and enriched with wealth. But "beneath the smooth current of his life hitherto, a life of alternate luxury at the court and comparative hardness in the camp and in the discharge of his military duties, there had lurked from childhood to youth, and from youth to manhood, a secret discontent, perhaps a secret ambition. Moses, amid all his Egyptian surroundings, had never forgotten, had never wished to forget, that he was a Hebrew." He now resolved to make himself acquainted with the condition of his countrymen, and "went out unto his brethren, and looked upon their burdens" (Ex. 2:11).
This tour of inspection revealed to him the cruel oppression and bondage under which they everywhere groaned, and could not fail to press on him the serious consideration of his duty regarding them. The time had arrived for his making common cause with them, that he might thereby help to break their yoke of bondage. He made his choice accordingly (Heb. 11:25-27), assured that God would bless his resolution for the welfare of his people. He now left the palace of the king and took up his abode, probably in his father's house, as one of the Hebrew people who had for forty years been suffering cruel wrong at the hands of the Egyptians. He could not remain indifferent to the state of things around him, and going out one day among the people, his indignation was roused against an Egyptian who was maltreating a Hebrew. He rashly lifted up his hand and slew the Egyptian, and hid his body in the sand. Next day he went out again and found two Hebrews striving together. He speedily found that the deed of the previous day was known.
It reached the ears of Pharaoh (the "great Rameses," Rameses II.), who "sought to slay Moses" (Ex. 2:15). Moved by fear, Moses fled from Egypt, and betook himself to the land of Midian, the southern part of the peninsula of Sinai, probably by much the same route as that by which, forty years afterwards, he led the Israelites to Sinai. He was providentially led to find a new home with the family of Reuel, where he remained for forty years (Acts 7:30), under training unconsciously for his great life's work. Suddenly the angel of the Lord appeared to him in the burning bush (Ex. 3), and commissioned him to go down to Egypt and "bring forth the children of Israel" out of bondage. He was at first unwilling to go, but at length he was obedient to the heavenly vision, and left the land of Midian (4:18-26). On the way he was met by Aaron (q.v.) and the elders of Israel (27-31). He and Aaron had a hard task before them; but the Lord was with them (ch. 7-12), and the ransomed host went forth in triumph. (See Exodus.) After an eventful journey to and fro in the wilderness, we see them at length encamped in the plains of Moab, ready to cross over the Jordan into the Promised Land.
There Moses addressed the assembled elders (Deut. 1:1-4; 5:1-26:19; 27:11-30: 20), and gives the people his last counsels, and then rehearses the great song (Deut. 32), clothing in fitting words the deep emotions of his heart at such a time, and in review of such a marvellous history as that in which he had acted so conspicious a part. Then, after blessing the tribes (33), he ascends to "the mountain of Nebo (q.v.), to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho" (34:1), and from thence he surveys the land. "Jehovah shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan, and all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea, and the south, and the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar" (Deut. 34:2-3), the magnificient inheritance of the tribes of whom he had been so long the leader; and there he died, being one hundred and twenty years old, according to the word of the Lord, and was buried by the Lord "in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Beth-peor" (34:6). The people mourned for him during thirty days. Thus died "Moses the man of God" (Deut. 33:1; Josh. 14:6).
He was distinguished for his meekness and patience and firmness, and "he endured as seeing him who is invisible." "There arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the Lord knew face to face, in all the signs and the wonders, which the Lord sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land, and in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel" (Deut. 34:10-12). The name of Moses occurs frequently in the Psalms and Prophets as the chief of the prophets. In the New Testament he is referred to as the representative of the law and as a type of Christ (John 1:17; 2 Cor. 3:13-18; Heb. 3:5, 6). Moses is the only character in the Old Testament to whom Christ likens himself (John 5:46; comp. Deut. 18:15, 18, 19; Acts 7:37). In Heb. 3: 1-19 this likeness to Moses is set forth in various particulars. In Jude 9 mention is made of a contention between Michael and the devil about the body of Moses. This dispute is supposed to have had reference to the concealment of the body of Moses so as to prevent idolatry.
Moses - The Close of His Life
From: Home Bible Study Commentary by James M. Gray
Deuteronomy Chapters 31:1-32:43
Deut. 31:1-8 The law has been rehearsed and Moses' exhortation is drawing to a conclusion. Several days may have been occupied in the review covered by Deuteronomy thus far. And now, Israel, by its leaders, having been gathered together at the place of meeting, Moses is apprising them of his departure. Though advanced in years (2), was he conscious of mental or physical decay (34:7)? Can you perceive a reason for the mention of this fact? Has it any bearing on the truth and virility of the divine messages Moses was chosen to communicate? What indicates that it was by revelation he knew of his approaching separation? Name three or four elements of the encouragement Moses gives Israel in verses 3-6.
Deut. vv. 9-13 What provision was made for the perpetuity of the law (9)? Note the allusion to the bearing of the ark by the priests, which they did on extraordinary occasions (Joshua 3:3-8; 1 Chron. 15:11, 12), although commonly it was borne by the Levites. While the people were to be instructed in the law in their homes, what public rehearsal of it was here provided for (10-11)? We appreciate how this guaranteed the preservation of the sacred oracles from generation to generation, and can thank God for remembering us in this obligation upon them.
Deut. vv. 14-30 In what language is the infidelity of Israel foretold (16)? What would cause this apostasy? What consequence would follow (17, 18)? When God says, "I will forsake them," "I will hide My face," etc., He refers to that withdrawal of His protection as symbolized by the cloud of glory, the shekinah. This never appeared in the second temple, i.e., after the Babylonian captivity, and, "its non-appearance was a prelude of 'all the evils that came upon them, because their God was not among them.'" Where was the book of the law placed (26). In the Revised Version "in" is "by." It is thought that it was deposited in a receptacle by the side of the ark which contained nothing but the tables of stone (1 Kings 8:9). But some, guided by Hebrews 9:4, believe it was placed within, and that this was the copy found in the time of Josiah (2 Kings 22:8).
32:1-43 In verse 19 of the preceding chapter Moses is commanded to write a song and teach it to Israel, and get them singing it as a witness for God against them in the day of their unfaithfulness. "National songs take deep hold of the memories and have a powerful influence in stirring the deepest feelings of a people," and because of this God causes this song to be composed, and is indeed Himself the composer of it. In the Revised Version the whole chapter down to verse 44 is arranged as poetry. (1) After the exordium (1), notice the comparison of the divine instruction to what gentle, useful and beautiful feature of nature (2)? What gives this instruction this character (3)? Point out the seven attributes of God indicated in the ascription of praise that follows (3, 4).
Notice that these attributes constitute the proclamation of His name. Preachers and Christian workers will find the outline of a rich discourse here. (2) After the exordium we come to an indictment of the people (5, 6). It is predictive as indicating what they would do in the future, and yet also a historic record of what they had already done. These verses, especially 5, are clearer in the Revised Version. (3) The indictment leads to a reminiscence of God's goodness to them, to deepen their repentence in that day as it shall quicken their gratitude (7-14). With verse 8, compare Acts 17:26, 27 in the light of chapter 2:5-9 of the present book, and Genesis 10:5, and observe that God has from the beginning reserved Palestine for this people, through whom He would show forth His wonders to the other nations. And admirably suited is the locality for the purpose.
In Ezekiel it is described as "the middle of the earth," and as from a common center the glad tidings were, and shall be, "wafted to every part of the globe." Notice the figure in verses 11 and 12. When the eaglets are sufficiently grown, the mother bird at first supports them on the tip of her wing, encouraging and aiding their feeble efforts to higher flight. (4) This reminiscence of God's goodness is followed by another indictment, fuller than the former, and showing the aggravation of the people's sin. "Jeshurun" is a poetic name for Israel. Notice the reference to "demons" of verse 17 (R. V.), and observe that such beings exist and are the real objects of the worship of false religions. (5) This second indictment is followed by an announcement of punishment (19-28).
Note the allusion to the calling out of the Gentiles into the Church in verse 21 (third clause). What are God's arrows (23)? See for answer the following verse, famine, pestilence, wild beasts, the sword, fear, captivity, etc. Why would He not altogether destroy such a faithless people (26,27)? (6) The announcement of punishment leads to a promise of forgiveness and restoration in the latter time (29-43). When will the Lord lift His hand from off His people (36)? How shall He afflict them who afflicted Israel (41)? What shows that the day of Israel's blessing will be that of the whole earth (43)? Compare Psalm 65.
Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian, lived in the thirteenth and early part of the twelfth century, B. C.
Moshéh (M. T.), Mouses, Moses. In Ex., ii, 10, a derivation from the Hebrew Mashah (to draw) is implied. Josephus and the Fathers assign the Coptic mo (water) and uses (saved) as the constituent parts of the name. Nowadays the view of Lepsius, tracing the name back to the Egyptian mesh (child), is widely patronized by Egyptologists, but nothing decisive can be established.
To deny or to doubt the historic personality of Moses, is to undermine and render unintelligible the subsequent history of the Israelites. Rabbinical literature teems with legends touching every event of his marvellous career: taken singly, these popular tales are purely imaginative, yet, considered in their cumulative force, they vouch for the reality of a grand and illustrious personage, of strong character, high purpose, and noble achievement, so deep, true, and efficient in his religious convictions as to thrill and subdue the minds of an entire race for centuries after his death. The Bible furnishes the chief authentic account of this luminous life.
Birth to Vocation (Exodus 2:1-22)
Of Levitic extraction, and born at a time when by kingly edict had been decreed the drowning of every new male offspring among the Israelites, the "goodly child" Moses, after three months' concealment, was exposed in a basket on the banks of the Nile. An elder brother (Exodus 7:7) and sister (Exodus 2:4), Aaron and Mary (AV and RV, Miriam), had already graced the union of Jochabed and Amram. The second of these kept watch by the river, and was instrumental in inducing Pharaoh's daughter, who rescued the child, to entrust him to a Hebrew nurse. The one she designedly summoned for the charge was Jochabed, who, when her "son had grown up", delivered him to the princess. In his new surroundings, he was schooled "in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (Acts 7:22). Moses next appears in the bloom of sturdy manhood, resolute with sympathies for his degraded brethren. Dauntlessly he hews down an Egyptian assailing one of them, and on the morrow tries to appease the wrath of two compatriots who were quarrelling. He is misunderstood, however, and, when upbraided with the murder of the previous day, he fears his life is in jeopardy. Pharaoh has heard the news and seeks to kill him. Moses flees to Madian. An act of rustic gallantry there secures for him a home with Raguel, the priest. Sephora, one of Raguel's seven daughters, eventually becomes his wife and Gersam his first-born. His second son, Eliezer, is named in commemoration of his successful flight from Pharaoh.
Vocation and Mission (Exodus 2:23-12:33)
After forty years of shepherd life, Moses speaks with God. To Horeb (Jebel Sherbal?) in the heart of the mountainous Sinaitic peninsula, he drives the flocks of Raguel for the last time. A bush there flaming unburned attracts him, but a miraculous voice forbids his approach and declares the ground so holy that to approach he must remove his shoes. The God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob designates him to deliver the Hebrews from the Egyptian yoke, and to conduct them into the "land of milk and honey", the region long since promised to the seed of Abraham, the Palestine of later years. Next, God reveals to him His name under a special form Yahweh as a "memorial unto all generations". He performs two miracles to convince his timorous listener, appoints Aaron as Moses's "prophet", and Moses, so to speak, as Aaron's God (Exodus 4:16). Diffidence at once gives way to faith and magnanimity. Moses bids adieu to Jethro (Raguel), and, with his family, starts for Egypt. He carries in his hand the "rod of God", a symbol of the fearlessness with which he is to act in performing signs and wonders in the presence of a hardened, threatening monarch. His confidence waxes strong, but he is uncircumcised, and God meets him on the way and fain would kill him. Sephora saves her "bloody spouse", and appeases God by circumcising a son. Aaron joins the party at Horeb. The first interview of the brothers with their compatriots is most encouraging, but not so with the despotic sovereign. Asked to allow the Hebrews three days' respite for sacrifices in the wilderness, the angry monarch not only refuses, but he ridicules their God, and then effectually embitters the Hebrews' minds against their new chiefs as well as against himself, by denying them the necessary straw for exorbitant daily exactions in brick making. A rupture is about to ensue with the two strange brothers, when, in a vision, Moses is divinely constituted "Pharaoh's God", and is commanded to use his newly imparted powers. He has now attained his eightieth year. The episode of Aaron's rod is a prelude to the plagues. Either personally or through Aaron, sometimes after warning Pharaoh or again quite suddenly, Moses causes a series of Divine manifestations described as ten in number in which he humiliates the sun and river gods, afflicts man and beast, and displays such unwonted control over the earth and heavens that even the magicians are forced to recognize in his prodigies "the finger of God". Pharaoh softens at times but never sufficiently to meet the demands of Moses without restrictions. He treasures too highly the Hebrew labour for his public works. A crisis arrives with the last plague. The Hebrews, forewarned by Moses, celebrate the first Pasch or Phase with their loins girt, their shoes on their feet, and staves in their hands, ready for rapid escape. Then God carries out his dreadful threat to pass through the land and kill every first-born of man and beast, thereby executing judgment on all the gods of Egypt. Pharaoh can resist no longer. He joins the stricken populace in begging the Hebrews to depart.
Exodus andd the Forty Years (Exodus 12:34 and after)
At the head of 600,000 men, besides women and children, and heavily laden with the spoils of the Egyptians, Moses follows a way through the desert, indicated by an advancing pillar of alternating cloud and fire, and gains the peninsula of Sinai by crossing the Red Sea. A dry passage, miraculously opened by him for this purpose at a point today unknown, afterwards proves a fatal trap for a body of Egyptian pursuers, organized by Pharaoh and possibly under his leadership. The event furnishes the theme of the thrilling canticle of Moses. For upwards of two months the long procession, much retarded by the flocks, the herds, and the difficulties inseparable from desert travel, wends its way towards Sinai. To move directly on Chanaan would be too hazardous because of the warlike Philistines, whose territory would have to be crossed; whereas, on the south-east, the less formidable Amalacites are the only inimical tribes and are easily overcome thanks to the intercession of Moses. For the line of march and topographical identifications along the route, see ISRAELITES, subsection The Exodus and the Wanderings. The miraculous water obtained from the rock Horeb, and the supply of the quails and manna, bespeak the marvellous faith of the great leader. The meeting with Jethro ends in an alliance with Madian, and the appointment of a corps of judges subordinate to Moses, to attend to minor decisions. At Sinai the Ten Commandments are promulgated, Moses is made mediator between God and the people, and, during two periods of forty days each, he remains in concealment on the mount, receiving from God the multifarious enactments, by the observance of which Israel is to be moulded into a theocratic nation (cf. MOSAIC LEGISLATION). On his first descent, he exhibits an all-consuming zeal for the purity of Divine worship, by causing to perish those who had indulged in the idolatrous orgies about the Golden Calf; on his second, he inspires the deepest awe because his face is emblazoned with luminous horns. After instituting the priesthood and erecting the Tabernacle, Moses orders a census which shows an army of 603,550 fighting men. These with the Levites, women, and children, duly celebrate the first anniversary of the Pasch, and, carrying the Ark of the Covenant, shortly enter on the second stage of their migration. They are accompanied by Hobab, Jethro's son, who acts as a guide. Two instances of general discontent follow, of which the first is punished by fire, which ceases as Moses prays, and the second by plague. When the manna is complained of, quails are provided as in the previous year. Seventy elders -- a conjectural origin of the Sanhedrin -- are then appointed to assist Moses. Next Aaron and Mary envy their brother, but God vindicates him and afflicts Mary temporarily with leprosy. From the desert of Pharan Moses sends spies into Chanaan, who, with the exceptions of Joshue and Caleb, bring back startling reports which throw the people into consternation and rebellion. The great leader prays and God intervenes, but only to condemn the present generation to die in the wilderness. The subsequent uprising of Core, Dathan, Abiron, and their adherents suggests that, during the thirty-eight years spent in the Badiet et-Tih., habitual discontent, so characteristic of nomads, continued. It is during this period that tradition places the composition of a large part of the Pentateuch. Towards its close, Moses is doomed never to enter the Promised Land, presumably because of a momentary lack of trust in God at the Water of Contradiction. When the old generation, including Mary, the prophet's sister, is no more, Moses inaugurates the onward march around Edom and Moab to the Arnon. After the death of Aaron and the victory over Arad, "fiery serpents" appear in the camp, a chastisement for renewed murmurings. Moses sets up the brazen serpent, "which when they that were bitten looked upon, they were healed". The victories over Sehon and Og, and the feeling of security animating the army even in the territory of the hostile Balac, led to presumptuous and scandalous intercourse with the idolatrous Moabites which results, at Moses's command, in the slaughter of 24,000 offenders. The census, however, shows that the army still numbers 601,730, excluding 23,000 Levites. Of these Moses allows the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasses to settle in the east-Jordan district, without, however, releasing them from service in the west-Jordan conquest.
Death and Posthumous Glory
As a worthy legacy to the people for whom he has endured unparalleled hardships, Moses in his last days pronounces the three memorable discourses preserved in Deuteronomy. his chief utterance relates to a future Prophet, like to himself, whom the people are to receive. He then bursts forth into a sublime song of praise to Jahweh and adds prophetic blessings for each of the twelve tribes. From Mount Nebo -- on "the top of Phasga" -- Moses views for the last time the Promised Land, and then dies at the age of 120 years. He is buried "in the valley of Moab over against Phogor", but no man "knows his sepulchre". His memory has ever been one of "isolated grandeur". He is the type of Hebrew holiness, so far outshining other models that twelve centuries after his death, the Christ Whom he foreshadowed seemed eclipsed by him in the minds of the learned. It was, humanly speaking, an indispensable providence that represented him in the Transfiguration, side by side with Elias, and quite inferior to the incomparable Antitype whose coming he had predicted.
Publication information Written by Thomas A K. Reilly. Transcribed by Sean Hyland. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X. Published 1911. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York
Orthodox Church Information
The glorious Prophet Moses, God-seer, is the pinnacle of the lovers of wisdom, the supremely wise lawgiver, the most ancient historian of all. His name means one who draws forth, or is drawn from, that is, from the water. His life is narrated in the Bible (Exodus 2 through Deuteronomy 34:12). The Orthodox Church celebrates his feast day on September 4.
The Burning Bush
Pharaoh and the Plagues of Egypt
Passover and the Parting of the Red Sea
Wandering in the Desert
The Ten Commandments and the Ark of the Covenant
Seeing the Promised Land
Theological considerations
Moses' role as a prophet is complex and diverse, but one of the predominant themes of relevance to the Early Church is prefigured in Deut 18:15. The Gospel writers make an effort at several points to highlight the role of Jesus as the "new Moses," the fulfillment of the prophecy.
The memory of Your prophet Moses,
We celebrate today, O Lord.
By his prayers, we beseech You,
O Christ God, save our souls!
Kontakion (Tone 2)
The company of the prophets rejoices with Moses and Aaron,
For their prophecy is fulfilled
As the Cross by which you have saved us shines forth.
Save our souls by their prayers, O Christ our God!
Apolytikion (Third Tone)
As we celebrate the memory of Thy Prophet Moses,
O Lord, through him we beseech Thee to save our souls.
Kontakion (Fourth Tone)
With the divine and righteous Moses and Aaron, the Prophets' choir today rejoiceth with gladness,
seeing their prophecy fulfilled now in our midst;
for Thy Cross, O Christ our God, whereby Thou hast redeemed us,
shineth in the sight of all as the end and fulfilment of that which they foretold in ancient times.
By their entreaties, have mercy upon us all.
Prophets Moses the Godseer and Aaron
Commemorated September 4
Prophet Moses-whose name means "one who draws forth", or "is drawn from", that is, from the water-was the pinnacle of the lovers of wisdom, the supremely wise lawgiver, the most ancient historian of all. He was of the tribe of Levi, the son of Amram and Jochabed (Numbers 26:59). He was born in Egypt in the seventeenth century before Christ. While yet a baby of three months, he was placed in a basket made of papyrus and covered with pitch, and cast into the streams of the Nile for fear of Pharaoh's decree to the mid-wives of the Hebrews, that all the male children of the Hebrews be put to death. He was taken up from the river by Pharaoh's daughter, became her adopted son, and was reared and dwelt in the King's palace for forty years. Afterward, when he was some 60 years old, he fled to Madian, where, on Mount Horeb, he saw the vision of the burning bush. Thus, he was ordained by God to lead Israel and bring it out of the land of Egypt. He led Israel through the Red Sea as it were dry land and governed the people for 40 years. He wrought many signs and wonders, and wrote the first five books of the Old Testament, which are called the Pentateuch. When he reached the land of Moab, he ascended Mount Nabau, on the peak called Phasga, and there, by divine command, he reposed in the sixteenth century before Christ, having lived for some 120 years. The first two Odes of the Old Testament, "Let us sing to the Lord" and "Attend, O heaven, and I will speak", were written by him. Of these hymns, the first was chanted by the shore of the Red Sea as soon as the Israelites had crossed it; the second, in the land of Moab, a few days before his repose. The Holy High Priest Aaron was the elder brother of the Holy Prophet Moses. He was appointed by God to serve as the spokesman of Moses before the people, and also before Pharaoh, in Egypt. Afterwards, in the wilderness, he was called to the ministry of the high priesthood, as narrated in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers in the Old Testament. The name Aaron means "enlightened".
Dismissal Hymn (Third Tone)
As we celebrate the memory of Your Prophets Moses and Aaron, O Lord, through them we beseech You to save our souls.
With the divine and righteous Moses and Aaron, the Prophets' choir today rejoices with gladness, seeing their prophecy fulfilled now in our midst; for Your Cross, O Christ our God, whereby You have redeem us, shine in the sight of all as the end and fulfilment of that which they foretold in ancient times. By their entreaties, have mercy upon us all.


This list of children's books (ages 3+) by Native American authors was created by a librarian at The Seattle Public Library in conjunction with Beyond the Frame, a community-wide initiative revisiting the photographs of Edward S. Curtis and sparking conversations on Native identity, race and resilience, art and culture. The Library will be presenting exhibits and related programming throughout 2018, beginning with Living Cultures.
A little boy plants an apple seed, and as soon as it sprouts the boy can see the apple tree it is meant to be. But the little apple tree isn't so sure. Young and impatient, the tree begins to doubt its calling, especially after apples fail to appear that first October. How can the little boy encourage the tree to give the seasons and years the time to work their magic?
"Silly kids, tricks are for rabbits! Chukfi Rabbit, that is. The laziest-and hungriest-trickster rabbit there is! Deep in Choctaw Country Chukfi Rabbit is figuring out some way to avoid work at all costs. When Bear, Turtle, Fox, and Beaver agree on an everybody-work-together day to build Ms. Possum a new house, Chukfi Rabbit says he's too busy to help. Until he hears there will be a feast to eat after the work is done: cornbread biscuits, grape dumplings, tanchi labona (a delicious Choctaw corn stew), and best of all, fresh, homemade butter! So while everyone else helps build the house, Chukfi helps himself to all that yummy butter! The furry fiend! But this greedy trickster will soon learn that being this lazy is hard work! A classic trickster tale in the Choctaw tradition.
An account of two boys who are sent by their people to the west to visit the Shiwana, the spirits of rain and snow, and bring back rain to relieve a drought.
The little girl in this story loves to visit Grandpa's farm where she and her cousins run through the fields, swing out the barn loft window and feed crab apples to the Appaloosa in the corral. They explore the root cellar and tiptoe into Grandpa's secret room to look at memories from the past.
A Choctaw boy tells the story of his tribe's removal from the only land its people had ever known, and how their journey to Oklahoma led him to become a ghost--one with the ability to help those he left behind.
"I like to eat, eat, eat," choruses young Johnny as he watches Grandma at work in the kitchen. Wild rice, fried potatoes, fruit salad, frosted sweet rolls -- what a feast! Johnny can hardly contain his excitement. In no time, he'll be digging in with everyone else, filling his belly with all this good food. But wait. First there is the long drive to the community center. And then an even longer Ojibwe prayer. And then -- well, young boys know to follow the rules: elders eat first, no matter how hungry the youngsters are. Johnny lingers with Grandma, worried that the tasty treats won't last. Seats at the tables fill and refill; platters are emptied and then replaced. Will it ever be their turn? And will there be enough?


text:
NOWCAST KETV NewsWatch 7 at 4:30am
Boxing Legend Talks Child Abuse In Omaha
Sugar Ray Leonard Tours Project Harmony
Updated: 5:28 AM CST Mar 7, 2012
A boxing legend stopped in Omaha to talk about child abuse.Sugar Ray Leonard knows it all too well, saying he was sexually abused as a child.Leonard toured Project Harmony on Wednesday. The facility is dedicated to investigating and preventing child abuse and neglect.In an autobiography, Leonard talks about the abuse he suffered as a child."I wish there was a Project Harmony when this happened to me. I didn't know where to turn," he said.Leonard said having a place to turn can make a life or death difference for young victims."It robs you of your life. If you don't get help like Project Harmony, eventually you die. You die inside, but then eventually, you die from those incidents," Leonard said.Leonard said he wants to use his celebrity status for good and be a voice for kids who may not otherwise have one."I just want those kids to know it's not their fault. They're not to blame," he said.Leonard was the featured speaker at Project Harmony's "Speaking of Children" event, which consisted of training sessions and an awards ceremony.
OMAHA, Neb. —
A boxing legend stopped in Omaha to talk about child abuse.
Sugar Ray Leonard knows it all too well, saying he was sexually abused as a child.
Leonard toured Project Harmony on Wednesday. The facility is dedicated to investigating and preventing child abuse and neglect.
In an autobiography, Leonard talks about the abuse he suffered as a child.
"I wish there was a Project Harmony when this happened to me. I didn't know where to turn," he said.
Leonard said having a place to turn can make a life or death difference for young victims.
"It robs you of your life. If you don't get help like Project Harmony, eventually you die. You die inside, but then eventually, you die from those incidents," Leonard said.
Leonard said he wants to use his celebrity status for good and be a voice for kids who may not otherwise have one.
"I just want those kids to know it's not their fault. They're not to blame," he said.
Leonard was the featured speaker at Project Harmony's "Speaking of Children" event, which consisted of training sessions and an awards ceremony.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
EP04 S03: How We Won A $2,000,000 Injury Settlement in a Motorcycle vs. Truck Crash ?
in Accident Injuries, Podcast
How We Won A $2,000,000 Injury Settlement in a Motorcycle vs. Truck Crash
Pick Your Favorite Channel: Apple Podcast | Google Podcasts | Spotify | Stitcher | RSS
Full Transcript:
Welcome to Trial Stories an informative discussion of civil justice with a focus on the human story. I'm your host. Arkady Frekhtman a New York City trial lawyer passionate about helping serious injury victims and their families.
Find out exactly how we were able to win nearly two million dollars for a young lady who was involved in a UPS truck versus motorcycle crash.
This young lady was a passenger on the back seat of a motorcycle. It was a three-wheeled motorcycle with two wheels in the front and one wheel in the back.
The driver of the motorcycle was proceeding straight when he said that he kind of lost control and the motorcycle veered to the right, and on the right of that roadway was a UPS truck and it was parked diagonally and far away from the curb and it was blocking traffic, and so the motorcycle just slammed right into the UPS truck, and because our client was a passenger on the back of that motorcycle, her foot was extended and it got crushed in between the motorcycle and the UPS truck and she sustained a really bad injury. She sustained a tibia and fibula fracture.
There were three possible avenues, three possible targets to get compensation, financial compensation.
Number one was the motorcycle. That was easy. We filed a lawsuit against the driver of the motorcycle, and that insurance policy just tendered, meaning they just said, "Yeah, we were at fault. Here's all the money we have on our insurance." That was $50,000.
The second avenue was against the UPS truck because we said, "Wait a minute. You guys are parked illegally. You're violating the Vehicle and Traffic Law. How come the UPS truck is parked at a diagonal and you're parked way far from the curb, you double-park, and you're blocking traffic?" We fought with them. I don't believe they ever offered us any money. What ended up happening is we had to go to the trial stage. I believe we lost at the trial stage and then we had to appeal it all the way to the appellate court, and then unfortunately the appellate court, which tends to be conservative sometimes, said, "We agree with the trial court and the UPS truck merely furnished the occasion or the condition for the accident, but it didn't cause the accident." Even though they violated all those rules, they were let out.
The third and most lucrative area of financial compensation was going after product liability or the manufacturer and the seller of this motorcycle. Product liability basically just means that either the wholesaler, the retailer, the distributor, the manufacturer, or someone else in the supply chain is putting out a product into the stream of commerce and selling it to consumers with either inaccurate labeling or inadequate labeling or there is a design defect or a flaw, a problem with the product.
What we learned, in this case, was that this particular motorcycle had an issue with the steering mechanism, and it was a known issue. Right? There were a lot of different players. There was the company that made the motorcycle, then there was a company I think in Germany that made a particular component, and then there was another company in Canada. So it was all over the world.
When we filed the lawsuit, we actually had to get process servers from all over the world, all these different countries. So it was very interesting and you learn about different parts of the law in different parts of the world and how they work.
It turned out though in discovery and we had to partner with other law firms because we do some product liability cases but we had to partner with lawyers who actually knew about this particular motorcycle company and they dealt with litigation and product liability for this particular type of case.
They learned in their discovery when they get information that this company, they actually knew that they needed these parts and the only place, because I think they needed it really quickly and they couldn't get it for whatever reason, and so they took a chance, they took a gamble and they used this small shop in China to make this particular part for this motorcycle.
They knew that it was risky that it wasn't ever tested, there was no safety testing, and who knows what this shop is going to provide. Right? It could be defective. They just said, "You know what? If we don't get the part, we can't sell any motorcycles." So they took the gamble. Because of that, we also asked for punitive damages, and those are damages that are meant to punish the company or exemplary damages because that's gross and negligent willful conduct where they're saying that our profits are more important than the safety of people we're going to sell the bike to.
The injury was pretty bad. There was intramedullary nailing. There was a fibular osteotomy, which means that there was the cutting of the bone. It was a fibular tibial fracture. There was external fixation and there were rods outside of the leg with a drain to suction out material. It was a pretty bad injury for a young, I think she was only 17 when it happened. It was a horrible injury.
We went to mediation and we negotiated the case for a while. In the end, when all was said and done, the settlement was $1,800,000, so it was almost $2 million and we felt it was a fair and reasonable settlement. That was with the products liability part of the case, and there was another 50,000 from the motorcycle. So altogether it was almost 1.85.
Yeah, I hope this has been helpful. Just going into all the different types. I think this is an interesting case because it really illustrates all of the different types of issues that you can come across, because when you file a lawsuit you come across medical issues, and this one had a lot of medicine where the client had to see a plastic surgeon, she had to see a psychologist, she needed orthopedic surgeons, and so we had to deal with a lot of the medicine, learning about the medicine and making sure we can prove all of the injuries.
We also had to deal a lot with issues of law, like the Vehicle and Traffic Law, codes and statutes that say you're not allowed to double-park, and so we dealt with that issue. And then, of course, because of those three avenues of potential financial compensation that we talked about and getting her a fair and adequate personal injury settlement because we had to deal with that, and to get the settlement it really dealt with a standard car crash, motorcycle crash against the motorcycle.
It dealt with liability for a parked vehicle against the UPS truck, a commercial vehicle, which as we talked about was not successful. And then, the third one was the product liability, the design defect in this motorcycle steering mechanism. We just veer off to the right or veer off to the left uncontrollably.
We found out that there was a recall, and so we pursued that entire avenue and we partnered up with other lawyers where we all get together and we work together on a case because there are specialists that are experts in this particular type of law. It was interesting. It was an interesting case and we were happy to be a part of it.
I'm very grateful for the opportunity. I hope this has been helpful and let us know if you have any questions. We'd be happy to answer and provide content that's valuable for you, to answer your questions, and to make sure that you get the information you're looking for.
Have a great day, and I'll see you in the next video. Bye-bye.
Video Version:
motorbikemotorcycle accidentpodcastproduct liabilitytrial storiestruck accidentups accidentups truck


Up until now, I haven't seen the need to be concerned about fungal diseases in the company garden, but with 90% plus humidity, 80 degree temperatures during the day and expected lows at night of 60 degrees over the next several days, this forecast tells me it's prevention time.
These are perfect conditions for powdery mildew, alternaria (early blight) and other fungal diseases. So even though the garden is looking pretty good and disease free I've decided tospray GreenCure preventatively.
I mixed GreenCure at 1 tablespoon per gallon of water. The 1 gallon solo pump sprayer fits perfectly under the rain barrel spout.
Powdery mildew is my biggest concern with the pumpkins, cucumbers and squash, so I sprayed both the tops and bottoms of the leaves. The long wand handle on the garden sprayer is ideal for spraying upward to get the bottom of the leaves.
At some point this season, I'm probably going to do some A / B testing, meaning I'll leave some plants untreated while preventatively spraying the others to see if I can get some PM to develop. At this point though, I want the plants to get bigger.
It is always best to spray in the early morning or late afternoon to avoid the hot sun and potential for burning. As everyone knows, even water sprayed on tomatoes for example during the bright midday sun can scald leaves. This is a perfect day to spray because it is cloudy and muggy so the solution will spread fully across the leaves and stems and slowly dry. This brings the active ingredient, potassium bicarbonate directly in contact with any spores that have landed on the plants and further creates a protective barrier for the spores yet to invade.
Getting Started: As a company project, we've decided to have a vegetable garden right here at work. The garden will serve as a place to grow a variety of plants and use and photograph GreenCure Fungicide "in action". Our building is located at the edge of a corporate park in Conklin, NY (upstate New York).
We get a lot of rain. Rumor has it that this is one of the cloudiest places in the country. Supposedly behind Seattle and right now we're having a torrential downpour and frequently nights can have a bit of a chill so our climate is an excellent breeding ground for powdery mildew, blights and other fungal diseases.


text:
India cites data privacy, bans Chinese apps as tensions rise
By William Smith
India has announced it is banning 118 more Chinese mobile apps, which it says are contrary to Indian interests...
India has announced it is banning 118 more Chinese mobile apps, which it says are contrary to Indian interests.
The full list includes the likes of video game PUBG Mobile and WeChat Work, as well as Alibaba's Alipay payment app and Taobao ecommerce platform.
In the press release, the Ministry of Electronics & IT gave its rationale for the ban saying: "This move will safeguard the interests of crores [tens of millions] of Indian mobile and internet users. This decision is a targeted move to ensure safety, security and sovereignty of Indian cyberspace."
Specific concerns included worries about data privacy, an issue also cited alongside other bans on Chinese technology, such as the ongoing TikTok saga in the US. The Ministry said: " Information posted, permissions sought, functionality embedded as well as data harvesting practices of above stated Apps raise serious concerns that these Apps collect and share data in surreptitious manner and compromise personal data and information of users that can have a severe threat to security of the State."
The move is part of a broader cooling of relations between the two countries, with border skirmishes in June leading to deaths.
The ban is the third wave of previous measures taken after that battle, which initially saw 59 Chinese apps banned, including video-sharing giant TikTok. In July, a further 47 were added to the ban list.
While China is undoubtedly a great power in terms of its technological output, as this ban demonstrates, India is no slouch either, with a number of unicorns (tech startups worth over $1bn) including ecommerce giant Paytm and education technology firm BYJU'S.
Elsewhere, Chinese technology has come under the spotlight in the West, with many countries, including the UK, banning Huawei technology from being used in 5G communications infrastructure.
More recently, TikTok has found itself at the centre of a political storm, with the United States' threat to ban the app leading to a race to acquire its American business. Potential buyers include the likes of Microsoft and Oracle.
ChinaDataIndiaTikTok
Data Innovation Summit 2023
Don't let developer toil affect your apps' business value
McLaren Racing, BBC,Bank of England & more join Big Data LDN
Vertiv: Supporting mobile, cloud and edge computing markets


text:
The 2018 Eddie Prize
The Education Writers Association is pleased to announce that it will again administer the Eddie Prize, the journalism prize from The Edwin Gould Foundation that recognizes the best work on the challenges low-income students face getting into and/or completing college. Finalists for the prize will be named by spring of 2019. The winner of the $7,500 cash prize will be announced during EWA's 72nd National Seminar in May of 2019. The winner will also receive a bowler hat, a tribute to the namesake of the foundation, Edwin Gould, who, in his lifetime, was often photographed wearing that iconic hat.
Works That Are Eligible
A panel of judges will consider submissions that were printed, aired or published by any independent news media during the 2018 calendar year. Series that started during the 2017-2018 academic year are also eligible. Consistent with EWA rules, works by non-journalists, or works originally published by organizations not deemed independent news media, are ineligible. Works submitted in previous years are also ineligible. (See "Eligibility" in the Rules page for more specifics.) Please limit your entry to no more than four items.
Judges will evaluate the entries for ingenuity of reporting and depth of analysis that uncovers, highlights or furthers the discussion about the challenges low-income students face, and problems or conditions related to their efforts to obtain a degree. Special attention will be paid to works that bring to life aspects of this issue that may not have previously come to the attention of the public.
Create an account on EWA's awards website. There is no entry fee for the Eddie. However, an Eddie application does not automatically enter your submission in any other EWA awards contest. For those, you must enter separately, and pay the appropriate fee.
For more information on the prize, contact EWA.
The Edwin Gould Foundation invests in programs that inspire young people to achieve their personal best while contributing to a stronger, more compassionate society. The Foundation's mission is to reduce the achievement gap by empowering motivated yet underserved students through support of programs that provide academic remediation, enrichment, and leadership life skills resulting in their entrance to and graduation from college.
The Eddie Prize
2018 EWA National Awards for Education Reporting
2018 Finalists for Reporting Awards
EWA is pleased to announce this year's finalists for the 2018 EWA National Awards for Education Reporting, as well as the Edwin Gould Foundation's Eddie Prize.
2018 Awards Frequently Asked Questions
Find answers about the Education Writers Association contest.
Most common questions about the awards are listed here.
2018 Award Rules
The deadline to enter the 2018 EWA Awards contest was Dec. 15, 2018. Finalists will be notified of their status in Spring 2019, and winners will be announced at EWA's 2019 National Seminar.


text:
Q: Prevent installation of BOTH PostgreSQL 9.1 and 9.2 In an attempt to automate the deployment of an Ubuntu 12.04 server (using Puppet) that contains Postgresql 9.2 and PostGIS 2.x, I end up with both PostgreSQL 9.1 and 9.2 installed and their services both started on ports 5432 and 5433.
Why does this happen even though I installed only postgresql-9.2? How can the problem be fixed?
Installation Procedure
apt-get install postgresql-9.2 postgresql-server-dev-9.2 postgresql-client-9.2 postgresql-contrib-9.2 postgis

apt-get install libxml2-dev, libjson0-dev, xsltproc, docbook-xsl, docbook-mathml, gettext, libgeos-3.2.2, libgeos-c1, libgeos-dev, proj, geos, pg_top

repo:
ppa:pitti/postgresql
ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-unstable

apt-cache show postgis
Package: postgis
Priority: optional
Section: misc
Installed-Size: 2917
Maintainer: Debian GIS Project <pkg-grass-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 2.0.1-2~precise3
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Description-en: Geographic objects support for PostgreSQL -- common files
 PostGIS adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational
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The Public Records Act, RCW 42.56, requires public agencies to make identifiable, non-exempt public records available for inspection and copying upon request and to publish rules of procedure to inform the public how access to public records will be accomplished. The purpose of these rules is to provide the public full and timely access to information concerning the conduct of government, mindful of individuals' privacy rights and the desirability of efficient administration of our City government. The Act and these Rules will be interpreted in favor of disclosure. In carrying out its responsibilities under the Act, the City shall abide by the provisions of the Act describing its purposes and interpretation.
a. Public record. A writing, regardless of physical form, containing information relating to the conduct of government or the performance of any governmental or proprietary function, prepared, owned, used or retained by the City, excluding records of volunteers that are not otherwise required to be retained by the agency and which are held by volunteers who do not serve in an administrative capacity; have not been appointed by the agency to an agency board, commission or internship; and do not have a supervisory role or delegated authority.
c. Identifiable record. An identifiable record is one in existence at the time the records request is made, and that City staff can reasonably locate. A request for all or substantially all records prepared, owned, used or retained by an agency is not a valid request for identifiable records, provided that a request for all records regarding a specific topic or containing a specific keyword or name shall not be considered a request for all an agency's records. A keyword must have some meaning that reduces a request from all or substantially all an agency's records. The request should include search terms that are for identifiable records sought by the requestor, which produce meaningful search results by the City.
d. Exempt record. All agency records are available for review by the public unless they are specifically exempted or prohibited from disclosure by state law, either directly in RCW 42.56 or in other statutes.
e. Counter document. A frequently requested document retained at City Hall or within departments that is known to be public information and may be released without need to file a written public disclosure request.
f. Email. Electronic mail is an informational transfer system which uses computers for sending and receiving messages. It is comprised of individual units of information divided into an "envelope" and the message contents. The envelope, or message header, contains the mailing address, routing instructions, transmission and receipt information, and other information the system needs to deliver the mail item correctly. Classification of emails as public records is dependent on the content of the message. Email messages are public records when they are created or received in the transaction of public business and retained as evidence of official actions.
The City of Mercer Island is a Municipal Corporation in the State of Washington that provides the full range of municipal services through its various departments. These functions include, but are not limited to, maintaining public records. The Public Records Officer shall maintain the process through which the public may obtain information from the City. The City of Mercer Island's City Hall is located 9611 SE 36th Street, Mercer Island, WA 98040. The City also has several departments at other locations throughout the City.
Any person wishing to request access to public records or seeking assistance in making a request should contact the City's Public Records Officer. The Paralegal has been designated by the City Manager as the City's Public Records Officer (see Appendix A). The Public Records Officer will oversee compliance with the Public Records Act but may designate other City staff members who may process requests for public records. The Public Records Officer or his/her designees shall provide the fullest assistance to requesters, ensure that public records are protected from damage or disorganization, and prevent fulfilling public records requests from causing excessive interference with the essential functions of the City. When using these Rules, references to the Public Records Officer should be interpreted to also include his/her designees.
The Municipal Court's regular business hours are: Monday through Thursday, 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, excluding legal holidays.
a. Hours for inspection. Public records are available for inspection during the City's regular business hours: Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., excluding legal holidays. City staff and the requester may make mutually agreeable arrangements for times of inspection and copying. However, the City shall have final say regarding hours for inspection.
b. Place of inspection. Records will typically be made available for inspection at City Hall. Records must be inspected at the City offices; however, City staff and the requester may make mutually agreeable arrangements for inspection if the specific records being sought are maintained at field offices of the City. A requester shall not take City records from City offices without the permission of the Public Records Officer.
c. Internet access to records. A variety of records are available on the City of Mercer Island web site at www.mercergov.org. Requesters are encouraged to use the search function and view documents available on the City's website. In addition, documents previously provided to other requesters can be searched, viewed and downloaded through the City's open public records portal, NextRequest, by clicking here: https://mercerisland.nextrequest.com/documents and searching by keyword.
d. Records index. The City has determined by formal order (see Appendix B) that maintaining a central index of City records is unduly burdensome, costly, and would interfere with City operations due to the number and complexity of records generated because of the wide range of City activities.
e. Organization of records. City departments will maintain records in a reasonably organized manner and the City will take reasonable actions to protect records from damage and disorganization.
a. Reasonable notice that the request is for public records. A requester must provide the City with reasonable notice that the request being made is for public records. If a request is contained in a larger document unrelated to a public records request, the requester should point out the public records request by labeling the front page of the document as containing a public records request or otherwise calling the request to the attention of the Public Records Officer to facilitate timely response to the request. A request should be for an identifiable record. A request for information is not subject to the Public Records Act.
b. Form. Any person who wants to inspect or copy identifiable public records of the City is encouraged to make the request using the City's online public records portal www.mercerisland.nextrequest.com. Written requests can be made by downloading and completing the public records request form. Public Records Requests are also accepted by mail, phone, fax, email or in person, and will be entered into the portal for processing.
c. Prioritization of records. The Public Records Officer may ask a requester to prioritize the records he or she is requesting so that the most important records may be provided first.
d. Copies. If the requester wishes to have copies of the records made, he or she should so indicate and make arrangements to make a deposit or pay for the copies, as further discussed in Section 10 below.
e. Oral Requests. While the City's Public Records Request portal is encouraged, the Public Records Officer shall accept requests for public records by telephone or in person. If an oral request is made, the Public Records Officer will record the substance of the request and enter it into the City's Public Records Portal, NextRequest.
f. Requests made directly to City departments. Requests for public records other than identified "counter documents" that are made directly to departments shall be delivered to the Public Records Officer immediately upon receipt for coordinated processing through NextRequest.
g. Purpose of request. A requester need not state the purpose of the request. However, to clarify or prioritize a request and provide responsive records, the Public Records Officer may inquire about the nature or scope of the request. If the request is for a list of individuals, the Public Records Officer may ask the requester if he/she intends to use the records for a commercial purpose. The City is not authorized to provide lists of individuals for commercial purposes. The Public Records Officer may also seek sufficient information to determine if another statute may prohibit disclosure.
h. Overbroad requests. The City may not deny a request for identifiable public records solely because the request is overbroad. However, the City may seek clarification, ask the requester to prioritize the request so that the most important records are provided first, and/or communicate with the requester to limit the size and complexity of the request. The City may also provide the responsive records in installments over time. When a request uses an inexact phrase such as "all records relating to", the Public Records Officer may interpret the request to be for records which directly and fairly address the topic. When the requester has found the records he or she is seeking, the requester should advise the Public Records Officer that the requested records have been provided and the remainder of the request may be cancelled.
i. Bot Requests. The City may deny a "bot" request that is one of multiple requests the City believes was automatically generated by a computer program or script.
a. Providing "fullest assistance." These rules and any related policies or procedures identify how the City will provide full access to public records, protect records from damage or disorganization, prevent excessive interference with other essential functions of the agency, provide fullest assistance to requesters and provide timely possible action on public records requests. All assistance necessary to help requesters locate responsive records shall be provided by the Public Records Officer, provided that the giving of such assistance does not unreasonably disrupt the daily operations of City Hall or other duties of any assisting employee(s) in other City departments.
b. Order for processing requests. The Public Records Officer will process requests in the order that allows the most requests to be processed in the most efficient manner.
Deny the request and provide the statutory authority for such denial.
d. Reasonable estimate of time to fully respond. If not able to respond within the five (5) business day period, the Public Records Officer must provide a reasonable estimate of the time it will take to fully respond to the request. Additional time may be needed to clarify the scope of the request, locate and assemble the records, redact confidential information, prepare a withholding index, notify third party persons or agencies affected by the request and/or consult with the City Attorney about whether the records are exempt from disclosure. The Public Records Officer should briefly explain the basis for the time estimated to respond. Should an extension of time be necessary to fulfill the request, the Public Records Officer will provide a revised estimate and explain the circumstances that make it necessary.
e. Notification that records are available. If the requester has sought to inspect the records, the Public Records Officer will notify him or her that the entire response or an installment is available for inspection and ask the requester to contact the City to arrange a mutually agreeable time for inspection. If the requester seeks copies, the Public Records Officer should notify him or her of the projected costs and whether a deposit is required before making the copies.
f. Delayed response from the City. If the City does not respond in writing within five business days of receipt of the request for disclosure, the requester should contact the Public Records Officer to determine the reason for the delay.
g. Consequences of requester's failure to clarify a request. If the requester does not respond to the City's request for clarification within 30 days of the City's request, the Public Records Officer may consider the request abandoned, send a letter closing the response to the requester, and re-file the records.
h. Good faith compliance with the Public Records Act. The City, and it officials or employees are not liable for loss or damage based on release of a public record if the City, official or employee acted in good faith in attempting to comply with the Public Records Act.
i. Searching for records. The City must conduct an objectively reasonable search for responsive records. The Public Records Officer will determine where responsive records are likely to be located and involve Records Coordinators in other departments, as needed, to assemble the records. After the records are located, the Public Records Officer should take reasonable steps to narrow down the number of records assembled to those that are responsive.
j. Preserving requested records. Upon receipt of a public records request the Public Records Officer will notify each department that may have records associated with the records request. If a requested record is scheduled shortly for destruction under the City's records retention schedule, the record cannot be destroyed until the public disclosure request has been resolved. Once a request has been closed, the Public Records Officer can destroy the record or will notify the department that the record can be destroyed in accordance with the retention schedule.
k. Inspection of records. To the extent possible due to other demands, the Public Records Officer shall promptly provide space to inspect public records at City Hall. The requester must claim or review the assembled records within thirty days of the Public Records Officer's notification that the records are available for inspection or copying. The Public Records Officer will notify the requester in writing of this requirement and suggest that he or she contact the agency to make arrangements to claim or review the records. If the requester or a representative of the requester fails to claim or review the records within the thirty-day period, or make other arrangements, the Public Records Officer may close the request and re-file the assembled records. Members of the public may not remove documents from the viewing area or disassemble or alter any document.
l. Providing copies of records. The requester shall indicate which documents he or she wishes to have copied using a mutually agreed upon non-permanent method of marking the desired records. After inspection is complete, the Public Records Officer will arrange for copying. Making a copy of an electronic record is considered copying and not creation of a new record.
m. Providing records in installments. When the request is for a large volume of records, the Public Records Officer will provide access for inspection and copying in installments if he or she reasonably determines that it would be practical to provide the records in that way. If the requester fails to inspect the entire set of records of one or more of the installments within 30 days, the Public Records Officer may stop searching for the remaining records and close the request. The Public Records Officer will provide the requester a description of what documents are included in each installment and notice when each installment is available.
n. Completion of inspection. When the inspection of the requested records is complete, and all requested copies are provided, the Public Records Officer will indicate that the City has completed a diligent search for the requested records and made any located non-exempt records available for inspection.
o. Closing withdrawn or abandoned requests. If the requester withdraws the request, fails to fulfill his or her obligations to inspect the records, or fails to pay the deposit or final payment for the requested copies, the Public Records Officer will close the request and indicate to the requester that the City has closed the request. The Public Records Officer will document closure of the request and the conditions that led to closure.
p. Later discovered documents. If, after the Public Records Officer has informed the requester that the City has provided all available records, the City becomes aware of additional responsive documents that existed on the date of the request, the Public Records Officer will promptly inform the requester of the additional documents and provide them on an expedited basis.
q. No duty to create records. The City is not obligated to create a new record to satisfy a records request; however, the City may, in its discretion, create such a new record to fulfill the request where it may be easier for the City to create a record responsive to the request than to collect and make available voluminous records that contain small pieces of information responsive to the request.
r. No duty to supplement responses. The City is not obligated to hold current records requests open to respond to requests for records that may be created in the future. If a public record is created or comes into the possession of the City after a request is received by the City, it is not responsive to the request and will not be provided. A new request must be made to obtain later-created public records.
Section 7. Processing requests for electronic records.
a. Format. When a requester requests records in an electronic format, the City will provide the nonexempt records or portions of such records that are reasonably locatable in an electronic format, or in a format that is reasonably translatable from the format in which the City keeps the record.
b. Electronic copy of record. The City may provide access to public records by providing links to the web site containing an electronic copy of the record, provide records on disk, or transmit the responsive record via e-mail. The Public Records Officer will work with the requester to determine the most appropriate method for providing electronic copies of responsive records.
Section 8. Retention of records.
The City will retain its records in accordance with retention schedules approved by the State Local Records Committee and any amendments to those schedules that the City of Mercer Island has made. Public records may not be destroyed per a retention schedule if a public records request or actual or anticipated litigation is pending.
a. Redactions. If only a portion of a record is exempt from disclosure, but the remainder is not exempt, the Public Records Officer will redact (strike out) the exempt portions, provide the nonexempt portions, and indicate to the requester why portions of the record are being redacted. For example, to prevent an unreasonable invasion of personal privacy, the Public Records Officer shall redact identifying details such as social security numbers when she makes available or publishes any public record. In each case, the justification for the deletion shall be explained in writing in a redaction log.
b. Exempt from disclosure. Some records are exempt from disclosure, in whole or in part. The City is not required to permit public inspection and/or copying of records for which public disclosure of the record is prohibited, restricted or limited by state or federal statute or regulation. If the City believes that a record is exempt from disclosure and should be withheld, the Public Records Officer will state the specific exemption and provide a brief explanation of why the record or a portion of the record is being withheld in an exemption log. If only a portion of the record is determined to be exempt, the Public Records Officer will redact the exempt portions and provide the non-exempt portions.
c. Commercial Purposes. Pursuant to RCW 42.56.070(9), the City of Mercer Island is prohibited from disclosing lists of individuals for commercial purposes.
d. List of Exemptions. The Public Records Act, RCW 42.56, provides that a number of document types and information are prohibited from being disclosed or are exempt from public inspection and copying (see WA State Attorney General's exemption list). In addition, there are other statutes not listed in Chapter 42.56 RCW which may exempt or prohibit disclosure of certain documents [see exemption list outside RCW 42.56 (Appendix C to "Public Records Act for Washington Cities, Counties, and Special Purpose Districts," Municipal Research and Services Center, March 2016, and as amended)].
e. Personal privacy. When a public record is exempt from disclosure under the Public Records Act, the exemption does not apply if the information that might violate personal privacy or vital government interests can be deleted from the records being sought.
f. Protecting rights of others. If the requested records contain information that may affect rights of others and may be exempt from disclosure, prior to providing the records the Public Records Officer may give notice to those whose rights may be affected by the disclosure. Generally, two weeks' notice will be given in order to make it possible to contact the requester and ask him or her to revise the request or, if necessary, allow affected individuals to seek an order from a court to prevent or limit the disclosure. The notice to the affected person(s) will include a copy of the request.
Per RCW 42.56, the City cannot charge for locating a public record or for making records available for review or inspection. The City may charge, however, for the actual costs of copying public records, including the staff time spent making copies. This provision includes responses to public records requests for electronic records.
b. Electronic records. When records are provided electronically on a CD, DVD, thumb drive, or other electronic device, the requester will be charged for the cost of the electronic storage device. The City may charge an actual-cost service charge for requests that require use of IT expertise to prepare data compilations or provide customized electronic access services when not used by the City for other purposes. A cost estimate and explanation will be provided to the requester before incurring the costs.
c. Certified copies. Where the request is for certified copies, an additional charge may be applied.
d. Faxing and mailing charges. The City may also charge actual costs of long distance facsimile transmission and/or mailing, including the cost of the shipping container.
e. Sales tax. The City will not charge sales tax on copies of records.
f. Use of other copying services. The City is not required to copy records at its own facilities and may determine to use a commercial copying center. The City may charge its actual out of pocket costs incurred to hire third parties for printing and/or copying records produced in response to a public records request. The City may request a deposit and will bill the requester for the amount charged by the vendor.
g. Deposit or payment by installments. Before beginning to copy records, the Public Records Officer may require a deposit of up to ten percent (10%) of the estimated costs of copying the records selected by a requester. The Public Records Officer may also require the payment of the remainder of the copying costs before providing all the records, or the payment of the costs of copying an installment before providing that installment.
h. Methods of payment. Requesters can pay for records online through the City's records portal NextRequest. Payments may also be made by cash, check, or money order to the City of Mercer Island.
i. Combination of charges authorized: As authorized by RCW 42.56.120(2)(c), and referenced in the Fee Schedule table above, the City may combine charges to the extent that more than one type of charge applies to copies produced in response to a specific request.
j. Waiver of copying charges. The Public Records Officer has the discretion to waive copying charges for small requests, or for individuals or government agencies doing business with the City if the Public Records Officer determines that this action is in the best interest of the City. The decision to assess fees for fulfilling a public records request shall be made on a consistent and equitable basis, dependent primarily upon the amount of staff time required for copying, scanning, shipping, uploading, and/or transmitting the records associated with fulfilling a request.
a. Petition for internal administrative review of denial of access. Any person who objects to the initial denial or partial denial of a records request may petition in writing (including by e-mail) to the Public Records Officer for a review of that decision. The petition shall include a copy of or reasonably identify the written statement by the Public Records Officer or designee denying the request.
b. Consideration of petition for review. The Public Records Officer shall promptly provide the petition and any other relevant information to the City Attorney or his or her designee to conduct the review. The City Attorney or his or her designee will promptly consider the petition and either affirm or reverse the denial within two business days following the City's receipt of the petition, or within such other time to which the City and the requester mutually agree.
c. Judicial review. Any person may obtain court review of denials of public records requests pursuant to RCW 42.56.550 at the end of two business days after the initial denial regardless of any internal administrative appeal.


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Past Exhibitions 2018
Elevator Music 35
Ephraim Asili: Jazz Salt
Installation view, Elevator Music 35: Ephraim Asili — Jazz Salt, Tang Teaching Museum, 2018
Collage work by Ephraim Asili, 2017, courtesy of the artist
Drawing by Ephraim Asili, 2017, courtesy of the artist
Jazz Salt, a multimedia installation by Ephraim Asili, features a newly recorded 30-minute cassette of sampled tracks, primarily from the 1960s through 1980s, that celebrate the music and poetry of black Americans while confronting 20th-century racial politics. The carefully combined and layered sounds of film, music, spoken word, and animal recordings further ask us to examine sampling as an art form unto itself and to question at what point a sound can—or should—be defined as original.
Both a limited-edition cassette of the elevator track and a limited-edition book featuring Asili's original drawings and collages are available by donation in the elevator. The book offers a visual, physical, and textual pathway to the sound, and the sound an aural pathway to the book. Donations will support Tang programming.
Asili is a filmmaker, multimedia artist, DJ, radio host, and educator. His films, which focus on his travels throughout the African diaspora, have been shown at festivals worldwide, including the New York Film Festival, Toronto Film Festival, Ann Arbor Film Festival (where he received the Most Promising Filmmaker Prize), Milano Film Festival, Trinidad and Tobago International Film Festival, Boston Museum of Fine Art, and elsewhere. Assistant Professor of Film and Electronic Arts at Bard College, Asili DJs on WGCX FM and at the semi-regular dance party Botanica.
Elevator Music 35 is organized by Mellon Collections Curator Rebecca McNamara in collaboration with the artist and is supported by the Friends of the Tang.
Exhibition Name
Exhibition Type
Elevator Music Series
Jan 13, 2018 - May 20, 2018
Elevator Music 35 is organized by Mellon Collections Curator Rebecca McNamara in collaboration with the artist.
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Q: Is there a way to include an error description string in a crash report? Is there a way to include an error description string in a crash report? I'm talking about crash reports that are sent via iTunes Connect. It would be nice if I could log the reason for a crash.
This question asks about including console output, but I'd be happy just to able to include an error description string, without resorting to a 3rd party library.
EDIT:
There are errors I can detect where it's unwise or impossible to attempt to recover, because the program is probably in a corrupt state. I'd rather not catch these exceptions so that I get automatic error reporting with a stack trace. Sometimes, there is extra information that I'd like to log (that cannot be deduced from the stack trace), such as the current state of a state machine.

A: How about a third party crash reporter? I've integrated QuincyKit, and even found a way to annotate them.
Also, when the app actively begs for the crash report to be sent to the support, you get much more of them. The things you learn...

A: I've searched and searched. There seems to no way to annotate a pending crash report. If someone comes up with an answer, I'll change the accepted answer.


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Category:National Register of Historic Places in Texas County, Missouri
Pages in category "National Register of Historic Places in Texas County, Missouri"
National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas County, Missouri
Bates-Geers House
Arthur W. and Chloe B. Cole House
Houston High School (Houston, Missouri)
Houston Ranger Station Historic District
White Rock Bluffs Archeological Pictograph Site
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Texas_County,_Missouri&oldid=726038789"
National Register of Historic Places in Missouri by county
Buildings and structures in Texas County, Missouri


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Old Swedes' Church may refer to:

Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes) in Wilmington, Delaware
Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
St. James Kingsessing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is often called "Old Swedes"
Trinity Church (Old Swedes' Church) in Swedesboro, New Jersey

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia