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Home / Publications / Pathways to Justice–Inquiry into the Incarceration Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (ALRC Report 133) / 12. Fines and Driver Licences / Driving when unlicensed
Pathways to Justice–Inquiry into the Incarceration Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (ALRC Report 133)
Disproportionate incarceration rate
The case for reform
Overview of the Report
The law reform process
1. Introduction to the Inquiry
The Inquiry
Approach to reform
History of contact with the criminal justice system
Social determinants of incarceration
Torres Strait Islander peoples
3. Incidence
Over-representation
Charges before the courts
Convictions and penalties imposed
Offences that lead to a sentence of imprisonment
Short sentences of imprisonment
Recidivism and prior record of imprisonment
Limitations of the data
Access to data on incarceration rates
4. Justice Reinvestment
What is justice reinvestment?
How does justice reinvestment work?
Justice reinvestment in action
A national justice reinvestment body
5. Bail
Existing mechanisms to consider issues that arise due to Aboriginality
Adopt s 3A in other states and territories
Legal frameworks to support adoption of s 3A
6. Sentencing and Aboriginality
Considerations to be taken into account when sentencing
Sentencing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander offenders
Sentencing Aboriginal offenders in Canada
Requirement to consider Aboriginality in Australian sentencing courts
Indigenous Experience Reports for Australian sentencing courts
Training and guidelines for use
7. Community-based Sentences
Availability and flexibility of community-based sentencing options
Breach of community-based sentences
Reducing breach
Appropriateness of alternative sentencing options
8. Mandatory Sentencing
Impact of mandatory sentencing
Repeal mandatory or presumptive sentencing provisions
Specific offence provisions
9. Prison Programs and Parole
Prison programs
Existing programs
Key gaps
Best practice characteristics of prison programs
Culturally appropriate programs
Transitioning into the community
10. Access to Justice
Access to interpreters
Legal services and other supports
Specialist Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander sentencing courts
Other specialist courts, lists and diversion programs
Fitness to stand trial regimes
11. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women
Drivers of incarceration for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women
Criminal Justice services, programs and responses
12. Fines and Driver Licences
Fines and infringement notices
Imprisonment terms that 'cut out' or result from fine debt
Increase the efficacy of fine regimes
Driving when unlicensed
Infringement notices for offensive language
Alcohol and offending
A focus on harm reduction
14. Police Accountability
Improving police practices and procedures
Complaints against police
Custody Notification Services
Improving police culture
15. Child Protection and Adult Incarceration
A national review of out-of-home care
Crossover out-of-home care into detention
16. Criminal Justice Targets and Aboriginal Justice Agreements
Criminal justice targets
Aboriginal Justice Agreements
Appendix 1. Consultations
Appendix 2. Submissions
Recommendation 12–3 State and territory governments should work with relevant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations and community organisations to identify areas without services relevant to driver licensing and to provide those services, particularly in regional and remote communities.
12.130 A person who is convicted of driving when unlicensed is likely to enter the fine enforcement system and may also have their licence disqualified, preventing them from becoming licensed in the near future. Persistent driving while unlicensed can result in a term of imprisonment.
12.131 Some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people can face particular obstacles to getting a driver licence. These include: limited access to registered vehicles and licensed drivers to supervise learners; the number of learner hours required to become licensed; difficulty in obtaining identity documentation (such as birth certificates);[217] financial constraints; and language or literacy issues and corresponding difficulty passing written tests.[218] The circumstances of some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have been said to equate to an 'endemic lack of licensing access for Aboriginal people'.[219]
12.132 The ACT Government submitted:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experience significant barriers to obtaining and sustaining a licence relating to low level literacy, low income, challenges navigating a mainstream system and limited access to both licensed drivers and registered vehicles for supervised practice. What starts as a social justice issue often becomes a criminal justice issue.[220]
12.133 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who live in regional and remote areas are likely to experience 'transport disadvantage',[221] that is, to live remotely without access to public transport. Austroads submitted that 87% of people in regional and remote areas travelled to work in a privately owned car.[222] In 2013, fewer than half of all eligible Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people held a driver licence compared with 70% of the non-Indigenous population.[223] As observed by ALSWA:[224]
The nature of living in a remote area means that people have a very real need to drive. It is impossible to compare driving in the city or a large town to driving in the regional and remote parts of Western Australia; the vast distances, harsh environment and lack of public transport means people must drive whether or not they hold a valid licence.[225]
12.134 ALSWA also noted that cultural requirements for law business, funerals, hunting and visiting family, as well as being obliged to follow Elders, can also result in unlicensed driving.[226]
12.135 The NSW Bar Association noted that driving offences that affect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living remotely 'demonstrate how metropolitan laws may operate unjustly in remote areas. Often Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander communities have longer distances to travel, minimal access to public transport and face administrative and financial obstacles to obtaining a driving licence'.[227]
12.136 Driving unlicensed can have dire consequences. The NSW Council of Social Service observed:
The consequences of driving without a licence can be serious and significant for Aboriginal people and the communities in which they live. Not being able to drive can mean not being able to access vital services, such as receiving medical treatment. Being caught driving without a licence can exacerbate financial hardship and result in loss of employment and potential imprisonment.[228]
Impact on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
12.137 The NSW Aboriginal Legal Services reported that, in 2010, of people charged with driving unlicensed in NSW, 21% were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.[229] BOCSAR data shows that in 2016, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people constituted 31% of all people imprisoned for driving while suspended or disqualified.[230] This is similar in other states and territories, and is particularly high in the NT.[231]
12.138 Nationally, 3% (270) of the total Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prison population in 2016 were imprisoned for traffic and vehicle regulatory offences (TVRO). This proportion was similar in the non-Indigenous prison population, at 2% (556).[232] However, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are over-represented in this prison population, constituting 33% of all prisoners imprisoned with traffic and vehicle regulatory offences nationally—and 100% in the NT.[233]
Table 12.2: Number and percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoners convicted of traffic and vehicle regulatory offences (TVRO) by state and territory (Dec 2016)
Number of prisoners convicted of TVRO
Percentage ofall prisoners convicted of TVRO who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
Percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoners convicted of TVRO
Source:Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia 2016, Cat No 4517.0 (2016) table 15.
12.139 TVRO include: driver licence offences; vehicle registration and roadworthiness offences; regulatory driving offences (such as speeding and parking offences); and pedestrian offences. They exclude: dangerous or negligent driving (including driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs and culpable driving); actually or potentially causing an injury; motor vehicle theft; and fraud related to motor vehicles.[234]
12.140 'Driver licence offences' include 'drive while licence suspended or disqualified', 'drive without licence' (where licence expired or unlicensed driving), and other driver licence offences including 'drive contrary to conditions of a restricted licence' and 'fail to produce licence on demand'.[235]
12.141 Stock prisoner figures are taken from census data. These data may hide the actual number of people—especially Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people—that driver licence offending affects. As discussed in Chapter 3, Prisoner census data limits our understanding of flow—the number of people imprisoned on short sentences which flow through the system over the period of a month, or six months or a year.[236] Austroads noted:
Traffic related offences, including the direct and indirect impact of imprisonment for unpaid fines, are often identified as a small component of the cause of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander incarceration. This is a contested issue in the literature … Nonetheless, the broader consequences of the disconnection and inequality resulting from reduced mobility are significant contributors to the underlying drivers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander imprisonment rates.[237]
The provision of driver licence programs and services
12.142 Most jurisdictions require that for a person to attain a provisional driver licence, they must: complete a computer based testing procedure to attain a learner driver licence; complete minimum time period on that licence whereby the person completes a minimum number of supervised driving hours; and pass a driving test. These requirements have been described as 'frequently insurmountable'[238] that 'inadvertently disadvantage' vulnerable groups in accessing a licence.[239]
12.143 Driving in the bush is often viewed differently to driving in urban areas. In some communities, bush driving without a driver licence is intergenerational and normalised.[240] In 2009, the North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency (NAAJA) suggested that community members in the NT should be able to drive unlicensed or in unregistered cars within communities and on Aboriginal land on bush tracks, especially for hunting purposes.[241]
12.144 There has been support for the introduction of driver permit schemes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in some regional and remote areas. For example, in 2010, the Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs recommended the introduction of 'special remote area' driver licences.[242] The recommendation was supported in a 2012 report to the NT Government, which suggested that the reform be 'carefully studied' as a way to increase employment opportunities for young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.[243]
12.145 Some stakeholders to this Inquiry supported the introduction of regional driver permits for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in remote communities.[244] The ALSWA, for example, submitted that a reduced driver permit should provide for a reduced number of hours and learner and probationary periods. It should require fewer identity documents, with drivers having to undergo a modified test more relevant to country driving. Low income earners should access it on a reduced fee basis. ALSWA also submitted that a regional driver permit could relate to a person's community, relevant native title determination or regional boundaries, with an option to expand the permit after a certain period without any traffic convictions.[245]
12.146 Kimberly Community Legal Services did not support the design and implementation of a regional driver licence scheme, advising that it would 'create a more confusing and elaborate process of licensing than already exists'. It suggested instead that further consideration needs to be given to decreasing costs associated with licensing.[246] The Legal Services Commission of SA advocated a 'return to the previous model of a single, practical driving test conducted by local police' for Aboriginal people living remotely.[247]
12.147 The NSW Government submission advised the ALRC of the Restricted Provisional P1 Licence (RP1), available in certain regional and remote areas. The RP1 requires fewer hours of on-road driving experience (50 compared with 120 hours). The licence permits drivers to drive for work, education or medical purposes only. Take up of the RP1 has been low, and research has suggested that system barriers such as literacy; access to proof of identity documents, vehicles, petrol, and supervised drivers; and unpaid fines are still preventing young people in these regional areas from achieving 50 hours of supervised driving. While the RP1 is still available in NSW, [248] focus has relocated to addressing barriers through the Driver Licensing Access Program and Safer Driver Court Disadvantaged Learner Initiative (see below).[249]
Driver licence programs and services
12.148 The ALRC is not opposed to these and the other options discussed above. There is value in local solutions developed with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Nonetheless, the ALRC recommends that state and territory governments work with relevant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations to identify gaps in servicing to remove the obstacles to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples getting fully licensed. VALS/IWG stated that, in regards to driver licences, the 'priority should be investing in significant additional resources to ensure that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in regional locations have better opportunities from a young age to obtain and keep a full drivers licence as opposed to a limited regional driver permit'.[250]
12.149 This is not a new proposal. The RCIADIC recommended that, in jurisdictions where motor vehicle offences are a significant cause of Aboriginal imprisonment, these causal factors should be identified and, in conjunction with Aboriginal community organisations, programs should be designed to reduce the incidence of offending.[251]
12.150 There are some driver licence schemes already operating, such as the Aboriginal Justice Project in WA, which provides travelling services to assist Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to pay fines, access birth certificates and apply for or reinstitute their driver licence. To this end, representatives from the Department of Transport, Centrelink, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, Fine Enforcement Registry, and the Aboriginal Justice Program attend 'open days' in identified priority locations.
12.151 In 2015–16 the Aboriginal Justice Project reported that it had:
conducted 73 open days, which 2,751 people attended;
converted over $300,000 worth of fines to time-to-pay schemes or stayed the fine;
provided for 33 people to enter time-to-pay schemes;
lifted 684 licence suspensions caused by fine default;
enabled 900 people to apply for a birth certificate; and
conducted 146 practical driving assessments and over 200 theory tests.
12.152 WA also has the Royalty for Regions program, which provides enhanced driver training and education in regional and remote communities;[252] the Remote Areas Licensing Program run by Department of Transport; and a community owned driving school in Roebourne (the Red Dirt Driving Academy), which also provides assistance with getting identification. There are also other community-led[253] and NGO programs available throughout WA, such as those provided in the Kimberley by Life without Barriers.[254]
12.153 The NT Government developed DriveSafe NT Remote, which provides free licensing services to Aboriginal clients in remote NT communities. It uses
verbal assessment methodology and unique educational resources to recognise the environmental and cultural attributes of Aboriginal learning styles and linguistically diverse population groups, many with low levels of English literacy with online versions available in English and three Aboriginal languages (Warlpiri, Yolgnu Matha and Kriol). In addition, driver education and licensing services are delivered in remote high schools and correctional institutions (prisons and work camps) through the Departments of Educational and Correctional Services.[255]
12.154 The program has provided for an increase in driver licensing rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in the NT.[256] The NT Government submitted that, since the program's inception in 2012, it has delivered 4,671 learner licences, 1,713 provisional licences, and issued over 1,500 birth certificates, describing the program as a 'sustainable solution to the complex, multi-causal and interdependent barriers to getting a driver licence for clients who reside in remote and regional areas of the NT'.[257] A program evaluation published in 2017 concluded that the program offered flexible delivery and community engagement and had filled a need within communities.[258]
12.155 There are similar driver licence programs in NSW, including Driving Change; and the Balunda-a program (for offenders). Birrang Enterprises provides community-led literacy and training to adult Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.[259] Programs also facilitate payment of fine default. An evaluation of the initial three pilot sites[260] forDriving Changewas published in 2016.[261] This evaluation found that the program increased access to driver licences for young Aboriginal people and delivered a 'sufficiently flexible' program that was able to respond to 'community and client identified need'. It reported that 22% of people who participated in the program sought help for fine and debt management, and 22% had sanctions lifted.[262] The program is to expand into a further nine communities in NSW.[263]
12.156 Driver training is also a key element of the Maranguka Justice Reinvestment Program in Bourke, NSW. In 2013, Bourke was identified to have the highest number of driver licences offences in the state. In response, the Maranguka Justice Reinvestment Project developed the driver licensing program, which commenced in late 2015. Under the project, a person can either volunteer, or be referred by police (as a diversion strategy) to take part in the program. The program provides:
access to registered cars, driver mentors and associated costs;
removal of barriers to identity documents;
case management of the services required by the individual; and
the opportunity to obtain a Certificate 1 in Automotive Mechanics.
12.157 From December 2015–September 2016, 58 licences were obtained; two people required assistance gaining documentation; and 53 required assistance with SDR, WDOs or Centrepay. Four people had secured employment due to having a driver licence. Similar statistics were provided by Just Reinvest NSW from October 2016 to June 2017.[264]
12.158 The NSW Government submission also outlined the Driver Licensing Access Program, which provides culturally appropriate support services including literacy, numeracy and computer skills, access to roadworthy vehicles, debt negotiation and management and learner driver mentoring and supervision.[265] The NSW Government submission further informed the ALRC of the Driving and Licences Offences Project, which provides support to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples appearing in court for driving or licensing offences in some regional and remote local courts. Through this project, driving offenders can be referred to services such as Births Deaths and Marriages for identification, SDR to put in place time-to-pay plans or referrals to WDOs to reduce fines and retain or regain licences.[266]
12.159 Similar programs are run in other jurisdictions. The Queensland Department of Transport and Mains Road Indigenous Driver Licensing Unit operate the Indigenous Driver Licensing Program, which provides licensing services to some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Far North Queensland.[267] Victoria has a Learner to Permit program, which is reportedly used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people.[268] The SA Government runs the 'On the Right Track Remote' driver licensing service. Under this program, some clients can be exempted from some aspects of the Graduated Licensing Scheme, specifically the number of hours of supervised driving and the length of time required on a learner permit.[269] A program for a driver licensing pilot for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the ACT is under development.[270] These types of programs were supported by stakeholders.[271]
12.160 The NSW Auditor-General's 2013 report, Improving Legal and Safe Driving among Aboriginal People, outlined characteristics of successful driver licence programs. These included using and building on community capacity; having program champions; and involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in program development and delivery.[272] In their submission to this Inquiry, Austroads advised the ALRC of its project, 'Improving Driver Licensing Programs for Indigenous Road Users and Transitioning Learnings to Other User Groups'. The project aims to provide national policy principles to guide further Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander program development; provide service-level solutions to licence barriers; and better link data sources and information sharing. The project is scheduled for completion in August 2018.[273]
12.161 Driving programs are necessarily limited by resources and geography. Other issues include the small scale and short lifespan of most programs; the practical constraints of insurance cover; volunteer driver reimbursements; and lack of ownership, funding and evaluations.[274] Driver licence programs require coordination between different government departments, such as Births, Deaths and Marriages, Attorneys-General, and Roads and Maritime Services. This happened under the Aboriginal Justice Program in WA, but lack of coordination can be a problem in other states and territories. The NSW Auditor-General identified coordination as a key gap in the steady provision of driving programs to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in NSW.[275]
12.162 ALSWA suggested that, to improve the delivery of driver licence programs to regional and remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, an increase in the frequency and geographic scope of current programs in WA was needed. It also suggested that school driver licence programs be run in all regional schools; that regional and remote communities receive reduced fees for all government resources and services related to driving tests for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and that the services produce culturally appropriate material; and that government uncouple the Department of Transport offices from law enforcement facilities, and employ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. [276]
12.163 Incorporating driver programs into the school curriculum was supported. Mission Australia advised that, in Victoria, this was provided by Changing Gears and Ignition programs in remote area schools.[277] In WA, the Department of Transport had partnered with schools to implement programs to assist students to obtain their learner permit and progress to a provisional driver licence.[278]
12.164 It was also suggested that school-age children receive information on getting a licence, and the consequences of driving without one.[279]
12.165 Other suggestions have included:
the expansion and better use of WDOs and legal solutions, such as court diversion programs to attain a driver licence;[280] and
requiring people who are detected driving while unlicensed to undergo training (including through alternative methods of testing competency which may not rely on literacy) for a licence rather than facing mandatory disqualification from becoming licensed.[281]
12.166 Under-licensing can result in serious consequences for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who choose, or need, to drive unlicensed. While work has been done to improve access to driver licences, there remains an imperative for state and territory governments to work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities to enhance and commit to current and new government driver education programs.[282]
Alice Barter, above n 147, 64; NSW Law Reform Commission, Sentencing, Report No 139 (2013) 406.
Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Parliament of Australia, Doing Time—Time for Doing: Indigenous Youth in the Criminal Justice System (2011) [6.119]–[6.123]; Legislative Assembly of New South Wales Committee on Law and Safety, Parliament of New South Wales, Driver Licence Disqualification Reform, Report 3/55 (2013) viii, [3.43]–[3.44].
Patricia Cullen et al, 'Challenges to Driver Licensing Participation for Aboriginal People in Australia: A Systematic Review of the Literature' 15(1) International Journal for Equity in Health 134, 134.
ACT Government, Submission 110.
Patricia Cullen et al, '"The Program Was the Solution to the Problem": Process Evaluation of a Multi-Site Driver Licensing Program in Remote Communities' (2017) 4 Journal of Transport & Health 81, 81; Austroads, Submission 13.
Austroads, Submission 13.
Audit Office of New South Wales, above n 148, 2, 21.
See also Alice Barter, above n 147, 66–67.
Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia Limited, Submission 74.
NSW Bar Association, Submission 88.
NSW Council of Social Service (NCOSS), Submission 45.
Legislative Assembly of New South Wales Committee on Law and Safety, Parliament of New South Wales, Driver Licence Disqualification Reform, Report 3/55 (2013) [3.39].
NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, New South Wales Criminal Courts Statistics 2016 (2017) tables 5, 14.
Thalia Anthony and Harry Blagg, 'Addressing the "crime Problem" of the Northern Territory Intervention: Alternate Paths to Regulating Minor Driving Offences in Remote Indigenous Communities' (Report, Criminology Research Advisory Council, June 2012).
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia, 2016, Cat No 4517.0 (2016) table 1.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification, Cat No 1234.0 (2011) div 14.
Ibid sub-div 141.
Lorana Bartels, 'Painting the Picture of Indigenous Women in Custody in Australia' (2012) 12(2) Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 2; Alex Avery and Stuart Kinner, 'A Robust Estimate of the Number and Characteristics of Persons Released from Prison in Australia' (2015) 39(4) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 315, 315–317.
Patricia Cullen et al, 'Challenges to Driver Licensing Participation for Aboriginal People in Australia: A Systematic Review of the Literature', above n 221, 142.
Ibid 135.
Alice Barter, above n 147, 66.
North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency, Aboriginal Communities and the Police's Taskforce Themis: Case Studies in Remote Aboriginal Community Policing in the Northern Territory (2009).
Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Parliament of Australia, above n 220, rec 21.
Anthony and Blagg, above n 233, rec 13.
The Law Society of Western Australia, Submission 111; The Law Council of Australia, Submission 108; Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia Limited, Submission 74; Legal Aid WA, Submission 33.
Kimberley Community Legal Services, Submission 80.
Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Submission 17.
NSW Bar Association, Submission 88 supported this type of measure.
NSW Government, Submission 85.
Joint Submission of the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service and the Infringements Working Group, Submission 42. See also Northern Territory Government, Submission 118.
Commonwealth, Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, National Report (1991) vol 5, rec 95.
Advice Correspondence, Stephen Cannon (15 May 2017).
See, Life without Barriers, David's Dream <http://www.lwb.org.au/about-us/news-and-events/davids-dream/>.
Northern Territory Government, Submission 118.
Patricia Cullen et al, '"The Program Was the Solution to the Problem": Process Evaluation of a Multi-Site Driver Licensing Program in Remote Communities', above n 223, 81.
Patricia Cullen et al, '"The Program Was the Solution to the Problem": Process Evaluation of a Multi-Site Driver Licensing Program in Remote Communities', above n 223, 84, 88.
See also Transport for NSW, 'NSW Aboriginal Road Safety Action Plan 2014–2017' (December 2014).
Redfern, Griffith and Shellharbour.
Patricia Cullen et al, 'Implementation of a Driver Licensing Support Program in Three Aboriginal Communities: A Brief Report from a Pilot Program' (2016) 27(2) Health Promotion Journal of Australia 167.
Ibid table 2.
Ibid abstract.
Just Reinvest NSW, Submission 82.
See also, Driver Licences, Freedom and opportunity, <http://roadsafety.transport.nsw.gov.au/aboutthecentre/aboriginalprojects/licensing.html>
See, Indigenous Driver Licensing Program, <https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Community-and-environment/Indigenous-programs/Indigenous-driver-licensing-program.aspx>
Mission Australia, Submission 53.
See, On the Right Track, Aboriginal Road Safety and Driver Licensing Program, <http://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/ontherighttrack>.
See, eg, NSW Council of Social Service (NCOSS), Submission 45; ACT Law Society, Submission 40. For a summary of available programs nationwide see Austroads, Submission 13.
Audit Office of New South Wales, above n 148, 4.
Ibid 4, 55.
The Law Society of Western Australia, Submission 111; Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia Limited, Submission 74; Joint Submission of the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service and the Infringements Working Group, Submission 42.
Kathleen Clapham et al, above n 149, 281.
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Difference between revisions of "Treatise on Obligations"
m (Lktesar moved page Treatise On Obligations to Treatise on Obligations without leaving a redirect)
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/Record/533247
|shorttitle=A Treatise on Obligations
|author=Roberty Joseph Pothier
|author=Robert Joseph Pothier
|trans=François Xavier Martin
|publoc=Newburn, N.C.
|publisher=Martin & Ogden
|set=2 volumes in 1
}}Robert Pothier (1699-1772) was a Professor of French Law at the University of Orleans and a judge of the petty court.<ref>Charles George Herbermann, "Robert Joseph Pothier" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: an International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, and History of the Catholic Church'', Special ed. (New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc., 1913), 267.</ref> Pothier wrote and re-edited ''Pandectae Justinianeae in Nuvum Ordinem Digestae'' which was an arrangement of the texts of the Roman Law.<ref>Ibid.</ref> After he published the first volume of ''Pandectae'', he was offered a professorship at the University of Orleans.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pothier is especially well known for a series of treatises he wrote on duties, sales, leases, and a variety of other topics.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pothier's treatises were published between 1761 and 1772.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Several other essays, which were left in manuscript form at the time of Pothier's death, were later published between 1776 and 1778.<ref>Ibid.</ref> These essays focused on civil and criminal procedures, successions, fiefs, and other topics.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

[[File:PothierTreatiseOnObligations1802Headpiece.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Headpiece, first page of text.]]
The jurists who edited the new French Civil Code took into account both the Roman and the common law during their construction of the new code.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pothier's writings were extremely useful for the purpose of codifying the new laws in France.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
There is no doubt that George Wythe owned the 1802 edition of Pothier's ''A Treatise on Obligations''. A copy at the Library of Congress includes manuscript notes in Wythe's hand.<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'' 2nd ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 2:312 (no.1990).</ref> Three of the [[George Wythe Collection|Wythe Collection]] sources ([[Dean Bibliography|Dean's Memo]]<ref>[[Dean Bibliography|Memorandum from Barbara C. Dean]], Colonial Williamsburg Found., to Mrs. Stiverson, Colonial Williamsburg Found. (June 16, 1975), 6 (on file at Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary).</ref>, Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> and [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe "Member: George Wythe"], accessed on March 20, 2014.</ref> on LibraryThing) list the Library of Congress copy as evidence for including ''A Treatise on Obligations'' in [[Wythe's Library]]. Brown also suggests that this is the title in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] noted as "[Law of] Obligations 8vo." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[Dabney Carr]]. LibraryThing identified that entry as Thomas Ashe's ''The Law of Obligations and Conditions'' and writes of Pothier's work "Presumably bequeathed by Wythe to Thomas Jefferson in 1806, but not included on the Wythe List." The Wolf Law Library moved a copy the 1802 edition of Pothier's ''A Treatise on Obligations'' from another rare book collection to the [[George Wythe Collection]]. The library continues to search for a copy of Ashe's ''The Law of Obligations and Conditions''.
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/533247 William & Mary's online catalog].
Rebound in period-style full calf with red and black spine labels.
==External Links==
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Read volume one of this book in [http://books.google.com/books?id=4twwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover Google Books.]

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===References===
[[Category:Contracts]]
[[Category:Known Surviving Wythe Volumes]]
A Treatise on Obligations: Considered in a Moral and Legal View
by Robert Joseph Pothier
A Treatise on Obligations
Title page from A Treatise on Obligations, George Wythe Collection, Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary.
Author Robert Joseph Pothier
Translator François Xavier Martin
Published Newburn, N.C.: Martin & Ogden
Volumes 2 volumes in 1 volume set
Robert Pothier (1699-1772) was a Professor of French Law at the University of Orleans and a judge of the petty court.[1] Pothier wrote and re-edited Pandectae Justinianeae in Nuvum Ordinem Digestae which was an arrangement of the texts of the Roman Law.[2] After he published the first volume of Pandectae, he was offered a professorship at the University of Orleans.[3] Pothier is especially well known for a series of treatises he wrote on duties, sales, leases, and a variety of other topics.[4] Pothier's treatises were published between 1761 and 1772.[5] Several other essays, which were left in manuscript form at the time of Pothier's death, were later published between 1776 and 1778.[6] These essays focused on civil and criminal procedures, successions, fiefs, and other topics.[7]
The jurists who edited the new French Civil Code took into account both the Roman and the common law during their construction of the new code.[8] Pothier's writings were extremely useful for the purpose of codifying the new laws in France.[9]
There is no doubt that George Wythe owned the 1802 edition of Pothier's A Treatise on Obligations. A copy at the Library of Congress includes manuscript notes in Wythe's hand.[10] Three of the Wythe Collection sources (Dean's Memo[11], Brown's Bibliography[12] and George Wythe's Library[13] on LibraryThing) list the Library of Congress copy as evidence for including A Treatise on Obligations in Wythe's Library. Brown also suggests that this is the title in the Jefferson Inventory noted as "[Law of] Obligations 8vo." and given by Thomas Jefferson to Dabney Carr. LibraryThing identified that entry as Thomas Ashe's The Law of Obligations and Conditions and writes of Pothier's work "Presumably bequeathed by Wythe to Thomas Jefferson in 1806, but not included on the Wythe List." The Wolf Law Library moved a copy the 1802 edition of Pothier's A Treatise on Obligations from another rare book collection to the George Wythe Collection. The library continues to search for a copy of Ashe's The Law of Obligations and Conditions.
↑ Charles George Herbermann, "Robert Joseph Pothier" in The Catholic Encyclopedia: an International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, and History of the Catholic Church, Special ed. (New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc., 1913), 267.
↑ E. Millicent Sowerby, Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson 2nd ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 2:312 (no.1990).
↑ LibraryThing, s. v. "Member: George Wythe", accessed on March 20, 2014.
Read volume one of this book in Google Books.
Read volume two of this book in Google Books.
Retrieved from "http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Obligations&oldid=23044"
Known Surviving Wythe Volumes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The TUNZE® Multicontroller 7095 is a digital control device for all Turbelle® pumps fitted with an electronic motor. It simulates the various maritime flow conditions within the aquarium, contains an LED moonlight with a 29-day moonphase, and is also able to control up to eight Turbelle® pumps. The clearly arranged operating panel with a waterproof membrane keypad and control buttons ensures a precise and practical operation. The output of the controlled pumps is shown by an LED display indicating from 30 to 100 per cent. All pump connections are located on the lower side of the unit.
In case of a power failure, the various settings remain saved; after the power interruption, the Multicontroller continues to operate with the program.
Delivery incl. four connecting cables 7092.300 and a photo-electric cell. It enables the near-natural flow control with up to four Turbelle® pumps, and respectively up to eight Turbelle® pumps using the Y adapter cable 7090.300.


They have a vision of a world where no one suffers from the painful genetic skin blistering condition, EB. They fund pioneering research to find effective treatments and, ultimately, a cure for EB. They provide care and support to improve the quality of life for individuals and families living with EB.


text:
bluewow.net
BLUE WOW
Blue Wow is a collection of essays written by author David Khan Johnson recalling his encounters with artists Airto Moriera, Allen Ginsberg, Andreas Vollenweider, Aston "Familyman" Barrett, Atari Teenage Riot, Bad Brains, Billie Joe Armstrong, Bob Dylan, Brian Wilson, Chaka Khan, Cheetah Chrome, Chuck Berry, Coil, Fun Lovin' Criminals, Genesis P. Orridge, George Harrison, Grace Slick, Ian MacKaye, Jaco Pastorious, Janis Joplin, Jason Pierce, Jimmy Buffett, Joe Stevens, Johnny Cash, Keith Richards, Lemmy Kilmister, Mike Watt, The Ohio Players, Peter Saville, Phil Collins, Pink Floyd, Placebo, Rob Halford, Robert and Michael Been, Roebuck "Pops" Staples, The Rolling Stones, Run-DMC, Russell Simmons, Sam Phillips, Scientist, Sean Lennon, Shel Silverstein, Sly and Robbie, Sublime, Ted Nugent, Tennessee Williams, Tony Bennett, Trent Reznor, Willie Dixon, Winston Wright, and Yanni.
Blue Wow includes fifty of Johnson's insightful and unsensational stories marking forty years of contemporary
culture. As a musician based in Key West and New York and later as a music journalist and entertainment merchandiser, Johnson often found himself in the enviable position of observing and interacting with many of the most interesting and innovative artists of our times.
To preview selections from Blue Wow, please visit the Preview section of this website. To see photos related to Blue Wow, please visit the Photos section of this website. To watch a video of author David Khan Johnson reading a selection from Blue Wow, please visit the Watch section of this website.
Blue Wow is available now for digital download. To purchase an eBook copy of Blue Wow, please click HERE.


text:
Outliers on Tour
February 20 by Kristina McMullin
Exhibition Dates: March 8 – April 19, 2019
Opening Reception: March 8, 6:00-8:00 pm
As part of the opening reception, there will be a performance by artist Michel Dumont.
There will be loud smashing noises as a part of this performance.
Opening Remarks will be livestreamed from 6:45 to 7:15 pm
Artist Talk: March 16, 2:00-4:00 pm
Second Saturday Social: April 13, 2:00-4:00 pm
Film Screening and Artist Talk with Michael Keshane in partnership with Images Festival: April 17, 12:00-1:30 pm
Location: Bachir/Yerex Presentation Space 401 Richmond St. W Toronto, ON, M5V 3A8
ABOUT OUTLIERS ON TOUR:
Outliers on Tour is bringing the outsiders in. Stemming from Tangled Art + Disability's Tangled on Tour program that ran from 2014 to 2017, this exhibition invites Disability-identified artists from across Ontario to consider how the city has been built and constructed as a concept by those on the periphery. Part of Myseum Intersections, Revisionist Toronto, Outliers on Tour is one of 17 exhibits revisiting and re-imagining the dominant narratives that shape our understanding of the city. Myseum Intersections is a festival of collaborative exhibits, events, workshops, and tours exploring intersectional perspectives of Toronto.
Featuring Christine Negus with VibraFusion Lab of London, Michel Dumont and Eugene LeFrancois of Thunder Bay, Chris 'Bucko' Binkowski of Ottawa, and Michael Keshane of Tangled Peterborough's programming, Outliers on Tour will present visual and tactile works in the gallery, an offsite film screening, and public engagements.
This multimedia and multisensorial group show centres the artists' perspectives as outliers in every sense of the word. Outliers on Tour draws a parallel between the movement of Disability Arts as an outlier to the contemporary art world, and cities outside the downtown core as outliers to the urban identities that shape our understanding of inclusive city futures.
ABOUT THE ARTISTS:
Chris 'Bucko' Binkowski
Chris 'Bucko' Binkowski currently lives and works in Ottawa, ON. Bucko is an emerging multidisciplinary artist working primarily in electronic music performance and abstract paintings. He performs improvised synth based music via iPhone. Bucko paints squares in acrylic medium and digitally creates atmospheric watercolour forms.
Christine Negus
Christine Negus is a multidisciplinary artist and writer who received the National Film Board of Canada's Best Emerging Canadian Video/Filmmaker award through Images Festival in 2008. Negus obtained her MFA in 2010 from Northwestern University in Chicago, IL and her BFA in 2008 from Western University in London, ON. Her work has been reviewed in numerous publications including; The Globe and Mail and Modern Painters. Additionally, an interview on Negus' video practice appeared in the Spring 2016 issue of BlackFlash Magazine.
Eugene Lefrancois
Eugene Lefrancois is a Métis woodland artist who identifies as an injured worker and not disabled. Noting that his injury while working caused the disability, Lefrancois believes society wants to lump the injured worker into a category of being disabled, which they are not. Lefrancois is a worker first and foremost, and will fight any label that is placed upon injured workers.
Michael Keshane
Michael Roderick Keshane is a First Nations independent filmmaker and artist from Keeseekoose First Nation, and the Coté First Nation Reserve. His work explores the sense of peace that First Nations people find through maintaining the cultural traditions of their ancestors in the face of uncertain futures and harsh realities.
Michel Dumont
Michel Dumont is a queer Métis two spirited artist who enjoys breathing new life into discarded vintage tile by making mosaic pieces. Working with shattered tile mirrors his daily life of dealing with a shattered back, which drives him to make something beautiful out of it. Making outfits for local and national drag communities allows him to work around his multiple chemical sensitivity using non toxic materials. He is a self-taught artist, and occasional teacher, whose mediums include fiber arts, ceramics and unconventional materials for wearable art. He creates art daily to deal with the effects of decades of PTSD. As a son of an Indian day school survivor, he tries to honour his culture in his work.
PROMOTIONAL TAKEAWAY:
Outliers on Tour Takeaway (web)
For a downloadable screen reader friendly PDF, click here
ACCESS INFORMATION:
Tangled Art Gallery is in a barrier-free location. Audio description will be available for the exhibit. We will have ASL interpreters and attendant care present during public engagements. Service animals are welcome. We request that you help us to make this a scent-free environment.
Tangled Art Gallery is located in studio 122 on the main floor on the 401 Richmond Building. The closest accessible subway station is at Osgoode Station. The closest accessible streetcar stop is the 510 Spadina Queen Street West Stop (going south from Spadina Station), and the 510 Spadina Richmond Street Stop (going north from Union Station).
Go back to Exhibits.
Tags:bucko, chris binkowski, christine negus, exhibits, Michael Keshane, Michel Dumont, myseum, myseum intersections, outliers on tour
Tangled Art + Disability Announces Bruce Horak's Through A Tired Eye
Tangled Art + Disability Announces Outliers on Tour, part of Myseum Intersections 2019
Written by Kristina McMullin
401 Richmond St (Suite S-122), Toronto, ON M5V 3A8, Canada
info@tangledarts.org
© 2020 All rights reserved by Tangled Art + Disability


Ravioli maker to 60 kg Longo e Paniz.
- Machine operated for 5 years.
- To produce 60 kilos of fresh dough ravioli.
- Machine year 1994, with retired gears and electrical part, was redone the painting.
With complete mechanical and electrical.
Voltage: 3 x 220 V - 60 Hz - 7.5 Kw.
Vertical Rotary gas furnace with rotary car by geared motor.
Heating (natural gas or LPG).
Planetary mixer with 5 speeds Hobart brand with capacity for approximately 80 litres with booster and removable pot.
Mixer/Blender with 2-axis planetary industrial manufacturer b. Perkins.
Planetary mixer Mark b. Perkins 2 track.
Dimensions: diameter 1000 mm x 450 mm.
Mixer 500 litres to Condor mark with pan in stainless steel, jacketed, steam, with 5 inch extraction valve.
Mixer mass 50 kg Planetaria.


Pregnancy can be a glorious time, but it can also be a confusing time, particularly when it comes to matters of beauty. Hormones throw your usual skin balance out of whack, and a glow on some complexions might be a greasy slick on others. Hair is simply different. And then there's the more pressing matter of whether the products in your medicine cabinet are safe to use; even seasoned beauty editors find themselves squinting at the complex lists of ingredients, trying to discern which formulas are fair game and which aren't. And products that may seem harmless on first impression—such as natural skin care—may actually be the opposite: Though it's less commonly known, some essential oils have potentially risky side effects.
Below, a doctor-approved cheat sheet on beauty ingredients, products, and services to avoid.
Retin-A, retinol, and retinyl palmitate: Though it also resides in FDA category C, which technically means risk to the fetus cannot be ruled out, Albert Sassoon, MD, an ob-gyn in Manhattan, says this family of products is to be avoided at all costs. While vitamin A is crucial to the proper development of the fetus, "getting too much can cause serious birth defects and liver toxicity," he says. Also, though Retin-A is usually associated with prescription medication and skin care, plenty of over-the-counter formulations contain vitamin A derivatives like retinol and retinyl palmitate, both of which should be banned from your pregnancy beauty kit.
Benzoyl peroxide: Though pregnancy can often cause hormonal acne, unfortunately, the typical zit-zappers found over the counter, like benzoyl peroxide, fall in category C. "That means there's some possible risk to the fetus, and a majority of ob-gyns I work with would say to avoid," says Dr. Alexiades-Armenakas.
Salicylic acid: Also in category C, this ingredient is a particularly pesky one to sidestep. "It's traditionally been used for acne, but now I see it in all kinds of exfoliating products, particularly cleansers," Dr. Alexiades-Armenakas says. "So much of what's out there right now are combination peels," adds Dr. Engelman. "When you're pregnant, you have to seek out the purer products—the ones that feature just one of the acids that are approved." She points out that glycolic, lactic, and mandelic acids are all considered safe and are good options for someone who still wants some sloughing action.
Hydroquinone: This powerful skin lightener may be tempting to use—particularly when pregnancy brings on dark spots or full-on melasma—but the ingredient is a no-no, says Dr. Alexiades-Armenakas, noting it falls into category C.
Tazorac, Accutane: Both are also vitamin A–derived formulations, but they're prescription only and reside in category X: known to cause birth defects.
Aluminum chloride hexahydrate: If you're pregnant, now is the time to switch to simple deodorants or natural alternatives. Found in antiperspirants, aluminum chloride hexahydrate affects the cells that produce sweat and is in FDA pregnancy category C, which means "to avoid," says Dr. Alexiades-Armenakas.
Formaldehyde: Though the chemical is not currently classified under the FDA categories, many ob-gyns and dermatologists will advise pregnant women to limit their exposure. Stick with nail polishes labeled "3-Free" or "5-Free," which exclude the chemical, says Dr. Engelman: "Gel manicures, in particular, tend to be higher in formaldehyde." The same goes for Japanese and Brazilian hair-straightening procedures, which use formaldehyde during processing, Dr. Engelman adds. Salon workers are at particular risk. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health states working with formaldehyde may increase the chances of fertility problems or miscarriage.


There is normally a number of Camron L-Shape Desk By Orren Ellis out there. Most of these goods can be obtained on the web. Selecting the products contains the ones from sizes, styles, and colors. You may find you could locate the right Camron L-Shape Desk By Orren Ellis to your condition with just a few useful tips.


text:
Harting Highlights Software and Single Pair Ethernet
Noting a shift in its approach to incorporate data communication related software, Harting also announces the formation of a network of companies committed to advancing the development and application of single pair Ethernet technology.
David Greenfield
Harting's Edgar-Peter Düning (left) and PerFact Innovation's Dr. Robert Rae at SPS 2019.
While hardware components and devices will always be a central part of the automation industry, it's clear that software now plays an equally important role. Among the primary reasons for this development is the growing use of Ethernet in both the discrete manufacturing and processing industries. The use of Ethernet, when compared to fieldbus networks, has eased the transmission of device and machine data not only to other machines and devices, but to other parts of the enterprise and to the cloud for analysis.
Evidence of software's increasing importance to automation applications of all types was very much in evidence at the SPS (Smart Production Solutions) 2019 event in Nuremberg. Nearly all the traditional component and device suppliers now spotlight their software alliances, cloud platforms, and Industry 4.0 strategies.
At the Harting exhibit at SPS, this transition was not only on display, it was a major part of the company's messaging. Considering the company's long history as a supplier of connectors, switches, and cable assemblies, this shift underscores a clear change in the industry.
Edgar-Peter Düning, Harting's managing director, said the trend toward the digitalization of industry "highlights for us that we can't just think about electrical and mechanical components on their own anymore. We have to think about getting the data we collect from our devices to the cloud and edge."
Düning noted that Harting's focus on connecting machines to the Internet is through its Mica edge computing platform and its partnership with and investment in PerFact Innovation around the digital twin on Harting's HAII4YOU Smart Factory. "Harting is the device and PerFact is the software for taking our device data to the cloud," he said, adding that PerFact's software is Harting's web-based cloud platform.
Dr. Robert Rae, CEO of PerFact, highlighted the fact that PerFact's software runs on Linux, which makes it license free and scalable for manufacturers to help ease the process of digitally transforming their operations.
Ethernet cabling and connector display in Harting's exhibit at SPS 2019. Note the ix Industrial and T1 displays, which Harting contends are the future of Ethernet connectors in the factory.Harting's principal announcement at the SPS event was the unveiling the SPE (Single Pair Ethernet) Industrial Partner Network. In addition to Harting, the six other founding members of this network include TE Connectivity, Hirose, Würth Elektronik, Leoni, Murrelektronik and Softing. Düning added that Molex, Igus, Amphenol, and Dehn will also be part of the network in addition to the seven founding members.
"Single Pair Ethernet is the infrastructure basis that makes the IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) and Industry 4.0 possible," said Philip Harting, Harting's board chairman. "This network is a strong partnership of industry leaders, who are united in their support of the T1 Industrial interface."
The company considers the T1 connector for SPE and ix Industrial connector for standard Ethernet as the future of Ethernet connectors in the factory, as both are smaller than the RJ45 connector, thereby enabling the reduction of device/component footprints.
According to Harting, SPE enables the transmission of data by Ethernet using only two wires and the simultaneous power supply for terminals via PoDL (Power over Data Line). Previously, two twin wires for 100 MB Ethernet or four twin wires for Gigabit Ethernet were required. SPE permits the connection of equipment, sensors, and actuators via end-to-end IP-based communications down to the field level.
SPE is recognized as a uniform Media Depended Interface (MDI) as defined by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 3 and TIA42. It has also been recognized by IEEE 802.3 and IEC SC46C for uniform transmission standards and copper data cables.
"Being able to integrate Ethernet interfaces onto simple sensors, cameras, reading/ID devices or similar equipment [with SPE], it becomes possible to implement integrated industry and IIoT," said Harting.
Harting, Inc.
How IO-Link Benefits OEMs and End Users
How Business Process Modeling can Prepare you for Digital Transformation
Bosch Rexroth and Siemens Collaborate with Qualcomm on 5G
The Drive as a Sensor


Which Building is in Front of the Other?
We have looked at this picture a number of times and are still not sure which building is in front of the other. Any idea?
The one on the left js obviously in the front cause if you notice that the grey shaded building has porches and window areas while the yellow one with the windows is cut off cause the grey one is covering it.
Actually both these buildings are built side by side. Both are in the same side of a same street. Since the photo was taken from the left, they appear to be one behind the other. Sunlight falls in between the buildings making it more confusing. If you could see the other side of building 1, u will see sunlight, thats why the photographer has cleverly edited it.
Right building appears to be in front because if right one had been at the back the left building must have casted shadow on it .
If you look carefully, they're actually side by side (the buildings).
If all floors of both buildings are the same height, the building to the left is closer. If you count the floors of both that you can see where they come together, there are sixteen floors that can be seen in the building to the left, while seventeen floors can be seen in the building to the right. Again, IF the floors are the same height, you would be able to see more of the one further away.


text:
Q: Read big train/validation/test datasets in tensorflow what's the right way to load more than one big datasets into tensor flow?
I have three big datasets(files), for train, validate and test respectively. I can successfully load training set thru tf.train.string_input_producer, and feeds it into a tf.train.shuffle_batch object. Then I can iteratively get batch of data to optimize my model.
But, I got stuck when trying to load my validation set by the same way, the program keeps saying "OutOfRange Error" even I didn't set num_epochs in string_input_producer.
Can anyone shed some lights on it? And besides this, I am also thinking what's the right approach to do training/validation in tensorflow? Actually, I didn't see any examples (I searched a lot) which have do both train and test on a big data set. It's so strange to me ...
Code snippet below.
def extract_validationset(filename, batch_size):
  with tf.device("/cpu:0"):
    queue = tf.train.string_input_producer([filename])
    reader = tf.TextLineReader()
    _, line = reader.read(queue)

    line = tf.decode_csv(...)
    label = line[0]
    feature = tf.pack(list(line[1:]))

    l, f = tf.train.batch([label, feature], batch_size=batch_size, num_threads=8)
    return l, f

def extract_trainset(train, batch_size):
  with tf.device("/cpu:0"):
    train_files = tf.train.string_input_producer([train])
    reader = tf.TextLineReader()
    _, train_line = reader.read(train_files)

    train_line = tf.decode_csv(...)

    l, f = tf.train.shuffle_batch(...,
  batch_size=batch_size, capacity=50000, min_after_dequeue=10000,  num_threads=8)
  return l, f

....

label_batch, feature_batch = extract_trainset("train", batch_size)
label_eval, feature_eval = extract_validationset("test", batch_size)

with tf.Session() as sess:
  tf.initialize_all_variables().run()
  coord = tf.train.Coordinator()
  threads = tf.train.start_queue_runners(coord=coord)

  # Loop through training steps.
  for step in xrange(int(num_epochs * train_size) // batch_size):
    feature, label = sess.run([feature_batch, label_batch])
    feed_dict = {train_data_node: feature, train_labels_node: label}

    _, l, predictions = sess.run([optimizer, loss, evaluation], feed_dict=feed_dict)

    # after EVAL_FREQUENCY steps, do evaluation on whole test set
    if step % EVAL_FREQUENCY == 0:
      for step in xrange(steps_per_epoch):
      f, l = sess.run([feature_eval, label_eval])
      true_count += sess.run(evaluation, feed_dict={train_data_node: f, train_labels_node: l})

    print('Precision @ 1: %0.04f' % true_count / num_examples)

<!---- ERROR ---->
tensorflow.python.framework.errors.OutOfRangeError: FIFOQueue '_5_batch/fifo_queue' is closed and has insufficient elements (requested 334, current size 0)
 [[Node: batch = QueueDequeueMany[component_types=[DT_FLOAT, DT_FLOAT], timeout_ms=-1, _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/cpu:0"](batch/fifo_queue, batch/n)]]

Caused by op u'batch', defined at:

A: This is maybe late but I had the same problem. In my case I was foolishly calling sess.run after I had closed shop with coord.request_stop(), coord.join_threads().
Maybe you have something like coord.request_stop() that is run in your "train" code, closing the queues for when you try to load your validation data.

A: I try set num_epochs=None, it worked.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Summer Sales | Theatrical Costumes ETC!
Summer is here and Theatrical Costumes is looking to part with some old stock! We ordered SO much for Halloween we cant possibly keep everything! Fill up a $5 or $20 grab bag and get everything from rave wear, Comic-Con gear, makeup, body paint, light up gear, masks, and still more! Whatever you can fit in the bag, you can have for $5 or $20! The fun doesn't stop there, all around the store are deals on other select items including SHRINE outfits! Select packaged costumes are also $10! New stuff is added every day and flying off the shelves so come see us TODAY if you're a raver, makeup or costume fanatic, or just love cool stuff!


text:
var View = require('../views/view');
var Uploads = require('../models/uploads');
var Upload = require('../models/upload');
var UploadView =  require('./upload');
var events = require('../lib/events');

module.exports = View.extend({
  name: 'uploads',
  tagName: 'li',
  className: 'uploads dropdown',
  template: require('./uploads.hbs'),
  events: {
    'click a.processing': 'handleProcessingClick'
  },

  initialize: function () {
    this.models = new Uploads();
    this.badgeCount = 0;

    events.on('track:upload', this.uploadTrack, this);
    this.models.on('add', this.onAdd, this);
    this.models.on('change:status', this.onComplete, this);

    // Fired from header-controls
    this.on('open', this.clearBadge, this);
  },

  uploadTrack: function (params) {
    var upload = new Upload(params);
    var uploadView = new UploadView({ upload: upload });

    upload.uploadFile();

    // If this is the first upload, overwrite the default
    // placeholder <li>
    this.$('ul')[this.models.length ? 'prepend' : 'html'](uploadView.render().el);

    this.models.push(upload);
  },

  clearBadge: function () {
    this.badgeCount = 0;
    this.updateBadge();
  },

  onComplete: function () {
    // Don't update the badge if the view is already showing
    if (!this.$el.closest('.uploads').hasClass('open')) {
      this.badgeCount++;
      this.updateBadge();
    }
    this.updateProcessing();
  },

  onAdd: function () { this.updateProcessing(); },

  updateBadge: function () {
    this.$('.badge').text(this.badgeCount || '');
  },

  updateProcessing: function () {
    var processing = this.models.pending();

    var $processBadge = this.$('.processing-icon');
    if (processing.length)
      $processBadge.addClass('processing');
    else
      $processBadge.removeClass('processing');
  },

  destroy: function () {
    events.off('track:upload', this.uploadTrack, this);
    this.models.off('add', this.onAdd, this);
    this.models.off('change:status', this.onComplete, this);
    this.off('open', this.clearBadge, this);
  }

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Taylor & Fraser, Other building installation, listed under "Other Building Installation" category, is located at Newtown House Cupar Fife, KY15 5LY, United Kingdom and can be reached by (01334) 828203 phone number. Taylor & Fraser has currently 0 reviews.
Browse all Other Building Installation in Cupar Fife.


text:
THE CIRCLE REPERTORY COMPANY
in order to escape all this mind-squashing tech stuff, I'm reading "The Circle Repertory Company: The First Fifteen Years" by Mary S. Ryzuk . I'm embarrassed to have discovered this book so late, because I went to undergrad school with half of the group of four who started this company, which is the kind of group one calls "seminal," because they can begin new gestations. (That's a metaphor, kids.)
The theatre department was a sub-group of the School of Speech at NU, the Class of 1961 was a sub-group of that, and Marshall Mason and Richard Thirkield were part of a tight elite related to Alvina Krause and her summer repertory at Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania. I was the cat. I mean, I made the cat's choice -- to sit and watch -- and no one paid much attention to me. I made costumes and stuff like that.
Wilson, Nelson, and Mason
At the time there seemed to be three possible contexts for theatre people: Hollywood, Broadway and Academia. Each attracted a different type and had quite different consequences. My closest friend in theatre was Stu Hagmann, who went to Hollywood, directed "The Strawberry Statement," and went on to direct "Mannix" and a lot of prize-winning commercials. As I become more socially radicalized, I have less in common with him, though he has always been very generous to me.
My very best friend was Bill Shaw, who also related to a little group that included Thirkield and Mason. They called him "Hume" because of his skeptical questions about human nature. He was not a theatre student. Shaw's father, a doctor, wanted him to follow suit, so he was in pre-med but dubious about it, thinking of psychiatry. Shaw died young from brain cancer, old enough to have established a family and a reputation for excellence as a professor. He and I used to sit in the back of the auditorium during acting classes taught by Krause, passing notes. Quite a few people did, including rival professors.
But I made a fourth choice, which was related to the Peace Corps movement at the time of our graduation in 1961. It had dawned on me that I didn't need to go to Africa -- I could go to a reservation on my own. In fact, I was thinking Navajo, but since at graduation my folks drove me home through the Blackfeet rez and there was a job, that's where I ended up. It has been part of my internal psyche ever since. As far as the theatre department was concerned, I disappeared into a void.
Browning, MT
Long before that, in high school, an archetype had emerged from Tennessee Williams' "Summer and Smoke." When I wrote a book report on it, my teacher asked, "Do you understand this play?" She meant sex, but I knew better. Alma (soul) was forever in tension with John (who could easily have been called "Dick" or "Peter"), the doctor's son, representing the body. Part of my relationship with the NU people was mediated through this play, this binary. Most of my classroom acting scenes were based on this play. Alma's idealism has been the battered and barely surviving part of my psyche, but it persists in spite of both ministry and teaching and, finally, Scriver. Montana and smoke.
Recently, there has been no counterpoint of a male representing the concerns of the body until the relationship with Cinematheque and the Smash Street Boys. These are young men whose bodies have been so misused that their psyches are hard to access. It took a person who was intensely physical and tortured to match that side of the Tennessee Williams script. The message is that the two sides -- idealism and self-exploitation -- cannot meet. Tim gets it. He lives it.
I doubt there are two or three people around here who know "Summer and Smoke" or even who Tennessee Williams is. When I told my English teacher (an old maid with a great puff of white hair) I understood the play, I wasn't talking about sex. I meant intensity, the meaning of life. Unfulfilled yearning. Painful life. In this play Alma takes drugs (opium) as an evasion of life, and I vowed never to do that. In fact, my determination rather interfered with my intention to write, since it is far more meaningful to really live the issues. And books have turned out to be more transient than anyone guessed, serious thought lost in triviality.
Marshall W. Mason explains the magic.
So, Marshall W. Mason and his group have not just been performing plays -- they have been shaping real lives. Theatre is only a needle-width from church, as Alma knew. Prostitution is very close to doctoring. Humans are always making little distinctions that will allow a bit of dignity and status. But they break down.
For instance, teaching is nothing like it was in a class with Alvina Krause. She was relentlessly focused on the goal she had in mind and you just had to figure out how to cope with that. I watched -- the cat's choice. I hoard my lives, though I'm down to the last one and it's getting shorter. Don't worry -- all of the other eight went to good use.
But this one has been a flowering, a song, though a sad one. The counterpoint now is between suffering and creation. Tim doesn't know how much time he has either. Nor do these boys. But we have all been part of communities of synergy, groups who shared goals and accomplished more than they ever could as individual "geniuses," which was the Fifties ideal. The Sixties broke that open; maybe in 1961 when Ernest Hemingway committed suicide. That year I graduated from college and came to the rez. Tim was eleven, fighting to survive his family. He can tell you himself. It's always so different than the movies.
Through the Sixties Mason and Thirkield were building the Circle Rep theatre company into a remarkable force off-off-Broadway. In those years I was absorbed into the Blackfeet world which, pre-contact, had structured itself in bands genetically related at the core, but then open to the inclinations of those who joined or left that fluid, moving world as it traveled over the prairie. The difference from the urban clusters of rep theatre was that onstage the genetics were ideology, and like -- genetics -- variation was the source of progress. The rest of the book (I assume, since I haven't read it all yet) traces the forces affecting the Circle Rep group.
Lanford Wilson, author of "Hot l Baltimore"
The only one of them who probably would understand my high prairie life was Sam Shepard, who never settled into any specific company for long. During the early years of Circle Rep, on the opposite coast Tim's parallel but transgressive SF world was smashed by a virus. Circle Rep ended in 1996 after 27 years. At that point I was back in Portland, all prospects ended. As soon as I could, I came back here to begin again from where I left off in 1973.
Marshall W. Mason, American Theatre Hall of Fame
The point is that humans are meant to be in small groups, fluid, permeable, sharing, and -- on both scales -- living out their gifts until the environment forecloses them. If they are terrified by change, they will freeze, which is a form of suicide, but if they can accept new ideas, they will survive. Not every revelation is comfortable. It is, after all, a kind of birth. Ask Justin Many Fingers.
Marshall tells me: "My new book, THE TRANSCENDENT YEARS, covers the same time-period, but I doubt we'll see it in print before January, 2017." He feels Ryzuk sometimes went off on a tangent.
Labels: Alvina Krause, Browning, Claris Nelson, Eagles Mere, Lanford Wilson, Marshall Mason, Mary Ryzuk, Richard Thirkield, Stu Hagmann, The Circle Repertory Co
THE END OF THE END
IN THE NIGHT CHILL
"BIG GIRL" GRAMMAR
DESIRE AMONG THE VECTORS
INTERNET PROTOCOLS VS. SORBS
IMMANENCE VS. TRANSCENDENCE
JUSTIN MANY FINGERS: KAINAI
RE ORGANIZING
LETTER TO A SISTER
THE EVOLUTION OF BRAINS
THE TREE AND THE BUCKET TRUCK
FELT MEANING
BEAUTIFUL DOWNTOWN VALIER
A TOWN MEETING IN DEADWOOD -- er, VALIER.
"THE TEN THOUSAND YEAR EXPLOSION"
"JUST BEFORE THE CURE"
MORE REFLECTION ON EPIPHANY
TWO ABODES JUXTAPOSED
A RANT ABOUT WRITING
FORMAT VS. CONTENT
EXAMINING CSI FRANCHISES FOR TRACE
REFLECTING ON EBOLA
"THE OVERNIGHTERS" Oh, my God.
GALEN ANTHONY UPHAM
HISTORY SUBDUCTION ZONE: one plate over another
TOTAL POETRY


text:
Полудито́н (лат. semiditonus) — в пифагоровом строе музыкальный интервал, составленный из целого тона и лиммы.

Интервальный коэффициент полудитона — 32/27:

 .

Исторический очерк
Термин «полудитон» появился гораздо позже исторических описаний и расчётов полудитона. В древнегреческой теории музыки (впервые у Аристоксена) этот интервал назывался «триполутоном» (), в древнеримской (например, у Боэция) «несоставным триполутоном» (). В обоих случаях описывался как интервал в тетрахорде хроматического рода мелоса. Латинский термин semiditonus впервые отмечается в различных музыкальных трактатах XI века, наиболее систематически — в учениях Гвидо Аретинского и Адальбольда Утрехтского.

Начиная с позднего Средневековья (примерно с XIII века) на смену термину «полудитон» пришёл термин «малая терция» (tertia minor), который используется в учении о гармонии вплоть до наших дней. В современных исследованиях (ретроспективно) полудитон иногда называют «пифагорейской малой терцией».

Примечания

См. также
 Дитон

Музыкальные интервалы
Музыкальные термины
Теория музыки

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