This chapter covers the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) requirements relating to the accounting for and reporting of foreign currencies acquired by accountable officers without purchase for dollars. Generally these currencies are acquired under the provisions of foreign assistance or foreign agricultural development programs. The requirements of this chapter are applicable to all military, United States, and certain Treasury Disbursing Offices (TDOs) and Non-Treasury Disbursing Offices (NTDOs) having this type of activity.
The procedures prescribed by this chapter are required pursuant to Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 281. Additional guidance can also be found at I TFM 2-1000.
Accountable Officer - This role is an U.S. Government official or employee who, on behalf of the United States, receives and maintains public funds, certifies vouchers, or maintains or draws checks on accounts of the United States, including those in depositary banks designated by the Secretary of the Treasury.
Disbursing Officer - This role is an employee of the Federal Government, a Treasury DO (TDO) or non-Treasury DO (NTDO), authorized to perform financial transactions (deposit collections, disburse checks, and transfer funds between agencies). NTDOs located overseas, also referred to as USDOs, are authorized to disburse funds in both U.S. dollars and in foreign currency.
Collections - This term includes all acquisition of foreign exchange except that acquired by the United States by purchase with dollars.
Country Use Currencies - Country use currencies are generally expended under government-to-government agreements for loans and grants within the country involved which are not controlled under the dollar appropriation process.
Foreign Currency Fund Account - Foreign currency fund accounts are established for recording foreign currencies which are acquired without payment of U.S. dollars abroad and which may be expended with or without charge to dollar appropriations.
Foreign Exchange - This term is synonymous with the term foreign currency.
United States Use Currencies - United States use currencies are usually expended through the dollar appropriation process to pay U.S. obligations abroad, pay for U.S. technical, scientific, and other programs, and to make sales for dollars to U.S. citizens as well as nonprofit organizations in selected countries.
Translate - This term is used to describe the act of determining U.S. dollar equivalents of foreign currency amounts.
This section establishes rules governing certain aspects of foreign currency reporting by agencies to achieve comparability and consistency between reports with similar coverage. These procedures are not intended to place prohibitive limitations on the content of agency reports. Modification of prescribed reporting formats is permitted by means of special columns, explanatory notes, or other devices, provided the integrity of the basic data is maintained and the nature, extent, and purpose of departures from the procedures are fully disclosed. However, any material modification should be cleared by Treasury (see Contacts page).
Foreign currency reports will be consistent with the amounts shown in official statements of accountability and transactions rendered by accountable officers. Foreign currency reports will also be consistent with regularly published Treasury foreign currency reports as to amounts stated in foreign currency units and United States dollar equivalents.
Statements of transactions and balances of foreign currencies held outside dollar accountability as recorded by the accountable officers will be submitted monthly. Amounts of foreign currencies will be stated in foreign currency units at the level of individual "FT" accounts. Transactions will be classified or coded to provide for separate identification of receipts, disbursements, sales for dollars, transfers, conversions to third country currency, and other transaction classes if needed. Ordinarily, a copy of the regular monthly statements prepared by accountable officers will meet this requirement. The statements will be transmitted as soon as possible after the close of the reporting month, but not later than 20 calendar days thereafter to Treasury (see Contacts page). For additional guidance, please see I TFM 4A-3000 and I TFM 4A-4000.
Consolidated quarterly reports stating the amounts (cumulative for the fiscal year through the end of the reporting quarter) of foreign currencies purchased with dollars from sources outside the U.S. Government will be submitted by accountable officers. The amounts reported will include acquisitions of currencies through accommodation exchange transactions as well as purchases from banks and other exchange dealers. The report will be in the form of a listing under the following headings: "Country of Currency," "Monetary Unit," "Number of Units Purchased," "Total Dollar Outlay," and "Memorandum Dollar Outlay for Accommodation Exchanges." The reports will be submitted to Treasury (see Contact page) within 45 calendar days after the close of each quarter.
Quarterly reports of the balances of foreign currencies on hand at the end of each quarter under the dollar accountability of accountable officers will be submitted to Treasury. The report will be in the form of a listing under the following headings: "Country of Currency," "Monetary Unit," "Number of Units," "Dollar Equivalent," and "Exchange Rate." This report will be submitted at the same time as the report on outside purchases required by the preceding paragraph and may be combined with that report. A copy will be submitted simultaneously to the Balance of Payments Division, Bureau of Economic Analysis, BE-58, Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230.
Quarterly reports of foreign exchange received by accountable officers and credited directly to miscellaneous receipt accounts of the Treasury will also be submitted. These currencies are received for such things as fees and services and are immediately purchased with appropriated funds for agencies' operating needs. Repayments to appropriations and receipts to foreign transaction (X7000) accounts are excluded. The report will be in the form of a listing under the following headings: "Country of Currency," "Monetary Unit," "Number of Units," "Dollar Equivalent," and "Exchange Rate." This report will be submitted at the same time as the report on outside purchases and balances of foreign currencies on hand required by the preceding paragraphs and may be combined with those reports.
Treasury will compile from its central accounts the semiannual report entitled "Foreign Currencies Held by the U.S. Government." This report shows foreign currency balances (in currency units and dollar equivalents) held by accountable officers for the report of agencies excluding currencies held under dollar accountability. Two copies of the statement, or segment thereof, will be furnished to each agency for which balances are held. Each agency will review the statement for agreement with its records. Discrepancies which appear to exist in the statement will be adjusted in cooperation with Treasury. One copy of the accepted or adjusted statement, which becomes the final report, will be returned to Treasury under cover of a letter referring to the fact that the statement has been reviewed. As adjusted, it is a complete statement of the foreign currency balances held by accountable officers for the report of the agency and agrees with the records and reports of the agency. The review and return should be accomplished within 10 working days following receipt from Treasury. This statement will be prepared as of March 31 and September 30 each fiscal year.
Each agency which administers the United States interest in foreign country owned "counterpart" funds will submit a semiannual report, as of September 30 and March 31, of the unexpended balances of such funds. The report will be stated in currency units and dollar equivalents and will be submitted on or before the date of return of the adjusted statement described in Section 3220.50.
Each agency which has overseas expenditures and foreign currency transactions will submit annually the "Report of Estimated Foreign Currency Collections and Expenditures" as shown in Appendix 1 covering the current fiscal year and the succeeding fiscal year. The U.S. dollar equivalents of the estimated foreign currency collections and expenditures will be computed at the Treasury reporting rates of exchange in effect on the last day of the fiscal year just ended. All amounts are to be rounded to the nearest thousand, e.g., $2,785,621.40 will be reported as $2,786. An original and two copies of each report will be submitted as soon as possible after the close of the fiscal year, but no later than November 15, to the Treasury (see Contacts page).
Foreign exchange collected by agencies will be delivered promptly into the custody of accountable officers for credit to accounts of the Treasury unless otherwise directed by the Secretary of the Treasury. The term "collections," for the purpose of these regulations, does not include foreign exchange acquired by the United States by purchase with dollars. The accountable officer will maintain records showing the collections, by source, and indicating the miscellaneous receipt accounts or other accounts in the Treasury to be credited with dollar proceeds from sale of the foreign exchange, and such further classifications as may be needed to indicate exchange which can be used only for restricted purposes. Accountable officers will be advised by the collecting agencies of the source of collections and any restrictions on the use of the foreign exchange in order that the foregoing records may be maintained.
These regulations are applicable to all foreign exchange acquired by the United States under guaranty provisions of Section 1011 of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended (22 U.S.C. 1442) except that receipts of such foreign exchange will be deposited in the foreign exchange accounts of the U.S. Treasury.
Except as provided in the following paragraph, foreign exchange which is held by accountable officers for account of the Treasury and foreign exchange acquired by accountable officers by purchase or otherwise, which is not immediately disbursed but is held by such officers for their own account or for the account of any agency, will be maintained only in depositaries designated by the Secretary of the Treasury. Unless otherwise directed by the Secretary, accountable officers are not required to have separate depositary accounts for foreign exchange held for the account of the Treasury. Accountable officers may carry foreign exchange as cash outside depositaries only pursuant to authority granted in accordance with I TFM 4A-3000.
Deposits in and withdrawals from foreign exchange accounts maintained with depositaries in the name of the U.S. Treasury will be made only as directed by the Secretary.
Foreign exchange will be withdrawn from accounts of the Treasury on the books of accountable officers or from the foreign exchange accounts carried with depositaries in the name of the U.S. Treasury, only for the purpose of (1) sale for dollars or (2) transfer to agencies for authorized purposes, without reimbursement to Treasury, as provided by or pursuant to law. Such transfers, as well as transfers between foreign exchange accounts of the Treasury and between foreign exchange accounts in the name of the U.S. Treasury, will be made only by direction of the Secretary. An agency requiring foreign exchange from Treasury will make request of the Secretary, indicating the amount of exchange required, in units of foreign currency, and the name and location of the accountable officer to receive the exchange. To the extent practicable and desirable, standing authorizations will be given for withdrawals from accounts of the Treasury.
When foreign exchange is to be obtained from Treasury without payment of dollars, the agency concerned will furnish written certification that the exchange may be used without reimbursement to Treasury, citing the relevant legal authority. In cases where international agreements or Office of Management and Budget allocations specify the programs for which foreign exchange may be used, Treasury may transfer foreign exchange to agencies without requiring a certification.
Foreign currency so allocated is part of the agency's fund balances maintained by Treasury, therefore, for total accountability, the foreign currency should be included in the financial statements as part of the Fund Balances and Investment of the U.S. Government, with an explanatory footnote as to the use and availability of the currency, e.g., "not available for the payment of general obligations."
If funds in Treasury nonrestricted sales accounts have been completely expended, the accountable officer should, prior to purchasing commercially, unfund agency foreign currency accounts which are not restricted by specific agreements (e.g., trust fund moneys where interest does not revert to the fund). Amounts which have been transferred by the unfunding procedure can at any time be reclaimed by the "unfunded" account if needed for payment of vouchers against the earmarked account.
If, subsequent to the unfunding, balances become available in Treasury sales accounts which are in excess of immediate needs, the unfunded amounts should be reduced by the balances in Treasury sales accounts (up to the amount unfunded) following the priority of sales.
The procedures prescribed herein apply to all foreign currencies in which the United States has an interest, including receivables and country owned "counterpart" funds, except currencies held under the dollar accountability of accountable officers. Foreign currencies held under dollar accountability will continue to be reported at the exchange rates prescribed for computing charges and credits to dollar receipt, appropriation, and fund accounts.
For reporting purposes, financial transactions and balances for which the basic value measure is foreign currency units will be translated to U.S. dollar equivalents at Treasury reporting rates (subsection 3230.20d). Unless otherwise provided, this rule applies to all types of transactions and balances including, for example, receipts and disbursements, accrued revenues and expenditures, authorizations, obligations, and receivables and payables. Refunds and similar reverse-transaction items shall be translated for reporting purposes at Treasury reporting rates prescribed for the period when the refunds occur without regard to the rates applied to the original transactions. Adjustments will be shown as necessary to record the effects of exchange rate fluctuations.
a. Uniform Exchange Rates. Translations of foreign currency units to U.S. dollar equivalents will be made at exchange rates which are uniform throughout the Government with respect to specified categories of accounts or transactions and with respect to given periods of time.
b. Agreement Rates. Agreement rates are the rates provided in international agreements regarding the number of units of foreign currency corresponding to a given dollar amount for the purpose of effecting collections of currencies. To the extent that such rates are not otherwise available to Treasury, collecting agencies will furnish the agreement rates promptly after the close of each month for purposes of translations.
c. Selling Rates on Withdrawals from Treasury Accounts. Concerning the sale of foreign exchange held in accounts of the Treasury, the payment in dollars will be calculated at the rate of exchange that would otherwise be available to the United States for the acquisition of the foreign exchange for its official disbursements unless otherwise determined by Treasury in consultation with the agencies concerned. When the rate that would otherwise be available to the United States is not readily ascertainable, Treasury will be consulted (see Contact page). The dollar proceeds realized from the sale of foreign exchange will be credited to the appropriate receipt, appropriation, or fund account on the books of Treasury. The dollar payment for foreign exchange purchased will not be charged as an appropriation expenditure until the foreign exchange is disbursed.
In the case of foreign currencies sold for dollars, the sales transactions will be stated at the prevailing rate of exchange on the day of sale; that is, the dollar equivalents of reported sales will equal the dollar proceeds of the sales.
d. Treasury Reporting Rates. Treasury reporting rates are the rates at which most foreign currencies are to be translated under provisions of these regulations. In general, the rates will be published by Treasury on the first working day of each quarter and will represent the latest available Treasury prevailing rate in each country. The rates published at the beginning of a quarter will be applicable to closing balances of the preceding quarter and to transactions and balances in the ensuing quarter, but not to balances at the close of such quarter. For example, the rates published on April 1 would be applicable to balances as of March 31, to transactions for April, May, and June, and to balances as of April 30 and May 31. The rates published on July 1 will govern the balances as of June 30. Balances as of the close of a month and opening balances of the succeeding month must always be in agreement. The published rates will usually be rounded to four significant digits. For countries where fluctuations in Treasury prevailing rates are minimal, par or mean rates may be prescribed. Amendments to the quarterly rates will be published during the quarter to reflect significant changes in the quarterly data such as rate changes of 10 percent or more or the establishment of new currencies.
These procedures are applicable to loans and to other receivables with original maturities of one year or more (hereinafter referred to as loans) which: (1) are denominated in currency units; or (2) are repayable exclusively in foreign currencies; or (3) are repayable optionally in foreign currencies if the option rests with the debtor.
For loans denominated in currency units or otherwise fixed as to the number of currency units receivable, the current value should equal the fixed number of units receivable translated at the Treasury reporting rate prescribed for the date of the balance. For loans denominated in dollars under a maintenance of value agreement, the current value should equal the outstanding dollar denominated amount multiplied by the ratio of the agreement rate to the Treasury reporting rate. Both rates will be as of the date of the balance; however, if the difference between the agreement rate and the Treasury reporting rate in a particular instance is not material, the dollar denominated amount may be stated as the current value.
In addition to current values, statements of loans outstanding will generally show historical values which relate the balances to the transactions which generated the loans. The differences between historical values and current values will be shown as valuation adjustments.
Reporting requirements for loans and certain other receivables are prescribed in I TFM 2-4500.
Treasury will maintain central reservation accounts for each country for the reservation of foreign currencies on an unfunded basis. Disbursing officers are not required to maintain records of reserved currencies. They will be permitted to utilize the currencies for any purpose for which they would otherwise be authorized to purchase currencies in the market.
To request the reservation of foreign currencies, agencies should submit letters to Treasury (subsection 3270) specifying the appropriation involved; the authority under which the request is made; the category of currencies authorized (e.g., currencies generated under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 Public Law 480, any excess currencies); the amount requested to be reserved stated in foreign currency units; and any other pertinent information. At least once each year agencies should review unexpended balances of reservations in order to ascertain their present need. Reductions should be offset against current requests, or shown separately in the letters of request if the offset method cannot be used.
Treasury must compile and report figures relative to reservation activity conducted on an "unfunded" basis. Therefore, each agency is requested to provide the annual data shown in Appendix 2 on or before November 15.
Treasury will issue FMS Form 6910 "Foreign Currency Reservation Certificates" either in response to letters requesting reservations, or automatically based on reservation plans for phasing out the excess designation of certain foreign currencies as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury. Such phase out plans are developed by the Department of State in conjunction with the concerned agencies and then approved by Treasury and the Office of Management and Budget. These certificates will establish control amounts of availability without actually transferring the currencies to a funded program account. Certificates will be issued within the limits of available receipts (actual collections of foreign currency) in each country. The portion of agency requests which exceeds current availability will be filled as currencies become available. Certificates will not be issued to reserve an excess currency if such action would affect the excess status of a country. Unresolved questions of priority among agencies will be referred for decision to the Office of Management and Budget.
To avoid double counting, the currencies reserved under the procedures prescribed herein may be considered as satisfying a limitation requiring the use of "Treasury owned currencies" only for the appropriation for which the currencies were reserved. Consequently, expenditures of reserved currencies for purposes other than that for which reserved (as a result of maintaining reservations on an unfunded basis) may not be applied to appropriation limitations until the currencies are later replaced and spent for the appropriation for which reserved.
FMS Form 6911 "Foreign Currency Conversion and Transfer Voucher" will be used by agencies for reporting the amount of foreign currencies (in Treasury X7000 accounts) available in excess and near excess currency countries for conversion to currencies of another country or to dollars. Conversions are limited to loan repayments under Title I of Public Law 480, under agreements stipulating two percent convertibility. Amounts available under these agreements, as well as any future agreements with convertibility provisions, should be submitted to Treasury on FMS Form 6911 each time the balance of convertible currencies in any excess or near excess currency country reaches the U.S. equivalent of approximately $10,000. When the FMS Form 6911 is received in Treasury and where the U.S. holdings of a particular currency warrant, Treasury will transmit the form to the disbursing officer for necessary action. The FMS Form 6911 will be submitted in an original and one copy to Treasury (see Contacts page). The forms should be numbered consecutively, prefixed by the agency code (e.g., 72-1, 72-2, and so forth).
Periodically, agencies will be asked to reconcile their accounts to Treasury's reservation accounts. Treasury will verify that amounts of reservations established in each country are within the limits of actual currency receipts from the available sources under the authority cited in agencies' letters of request. Agencies will be responsible for: (1) keeping expenditures within the limits of reservations established by Treasury in each country; (2) keeping conversion requests within the limits of amounts designated as available in accordance with international agreements; and (3) complying with any other limitations or restrictions imposed by law or by international agreement with respect to agency programs.
Foreign currency account symbols and titles will be assigned in accordance with guidance issued in I TFM 2-1500, Description of Accounts Relating to Financial Operations.
All accounts are identified with applicable fund groups and classified within fund groups through the assignment of alphanumeric symbols, the last three digits of which will be assigned within the blocks shown in the following table. For the purpose of this section, these three digits of the symbol will be referred to as the "main symbol." The symbol assigned to an account is determined after consideration of the Government's relationship to the source of the receipt and the availability of the currency for expenditure or other purposes. An "X" immediately preceding the main symbol is used to identify foreign currency funds which are handled outside the regular dollar accounts of the Government. A three-digit index number is assigned to identify the agency responsible for the account. This index number is included as the first three digits of the symbol assigned to an account by Treasury. When one agency administers all or part of a program on behalf of another agency, the account will show both agency index numbers. The first three index numbers designate the performing agency, and the next three index numbers designate the authorizing or parent agency.
a. Accounts established for nonrestricted currencies which are available for sale to any Government agency for official uses. The dollar expenditure equivalents of these currencies are charged to the appropriations and the resulting dollar proceeds are credited to receipt, appropriation, or fund accounts. These nonrestricted currencies are also available for accommodation exchange and for sales to U.S. citizens and nonprofit organizations for travel and other purposes in selected countries.
b. Program accounts (requiring appropriations) established for restricted currencies which are available for use only in connection with particular programs. The dollar expenditure equivalents of these currencies are charged to the appropriations and the resulting dollar proceeds are credited to receipt, appropriation, or fund accounts. These program accounts are further identified by the assignment of a three-digit suffix (e.g., 191) to the main symbol to designate the agency authorized to use the currencies.
Program accounts not requiring appropriations are established for restricted currencies which are available for use only in connection with particular programs. These currencies are authorized to be expended without charge to dollar appropriations of agencies. Within this group, symbols are assigned as follows: (1) main symbols from 500 through 599 are used primarily to designate United States use accounts; and (2) symbols from 700 through 899 are used primarily to distinguish country use accounts.
Holding accounts are used generally when the specific availability of currencies is not known at the point of collection. When the availability is determined, Treasury issues transfer authorizations moving the currencies from the holding account to one of the three categories of accounts described above.
This account (20X7900) is a special type sales account administered by Treasury for the purpose of making available all foreign currencies acquired, including currencies earmarked for specific programs (not requiring appropriations), by authorizing the use of these currencies for any program, subject to replacing such currencies when needed for the specific program.
The X7000 files will be used by disbursing officers to report their X7000 accountability and transactions.
Detailed instructions on the preparation and distribution of the X7000 file accountability are contained in Part IV of the Foreign Affairs Manual issued by the Department of State with the concurrence of the General Accounting Office and the Department of the Treasury. The DD Form 1363 is prepared by military disbursing officers monthly, and a copy must be forwarded to Treasury, no later than the twenty-fifth (25) calendar day following the close of the accounting month.
Report of Estimated Foreign Currency Collections and Expenditures Explanation of Items to be Reported on "Report of Estimated Foreign Currency Collections and Expenditures"
Annual Report on Unfunded Foreign Currency Reservation Accounts Explanation of Items to be Reported on "Annual Report on Unfunded Foreign Currency Reservation Accounts"
Explanation of Items to be Reported on "Report of Estimated Foreign Currency Collections and Expenditures"
Estimated Foreign Currency Collections. This report will show the estimated amounts (stated in U.S. dollar equivalents) of foreign currencies to be acquired without purchase with dollars, under agreements with foreign governments and from other sources, providing all or part of such currencies are to be available for making expenditures chargeable to appropriations or other dollar fund accounts. More specifically, the estimate should include: (1) collections of currencies for credit to foreign currency accounts of Treasury (20X symbol accounts), and (2) collections of currencies which are authorized to be purchased immediately by disbursing officers (consular fees, repayments, etc.) and credited directly to receipt, appropriation, or other dollar fund accounts without passing through Treasury X7000 accounts. However, currencies for credit to those Treasury X7000 accounts which are available exclusively for transfer to agency X7000 accounts, without reimbursement to Treasury, should not be reported.
Currencies which are restricted, by international agreement or otherwise, for sale to particular agencies, or for sale for particular purposes, will be identified separately and the nature of the restrictions explained by use of footnotes.
This report should be detailed by country and source of currency (provision of law or agreements with foreign governments). The source should be identified by X7000 account symbol for all accounts for which a symbol has been established in the Treasury publication "Receipt, Appropriation, and Other Fund Account Symbols and Titles" or by later official announcement. Collections of currencies which are authorized to be credited directly to dollar fund accounts may be reported in two columns one for estimated credits to miscellaneous receipt accounts, and one for credits to all other accounts.
Estimated Foreign Currency Expenditures. The report will show estimated U.S. expenditures to be made in foreign currencies for the succeeding fiscal years. Foreign currencies expended from "X7000" accounts should not be included in the amounts reported as estimated expenditures.
Since the reservation account system is based on U.S. holdings of foreign currencies, all amounts shown in this report are U.S. dollar equivalents based on actual foreign currency amounts and not actual U.S. dollars. Figures are developed for all columns of this report, except the exchange rate adjustment, by using the foreign currency figure and translating to U.S. equivalents using the appropriate exchange rates as described later in this Appendix.
Name of Currency. Column (1) will identify the type of foreign currency being utilized. If one type of currency is being used in more than one country, such as CFA franc - Senegal, CFA franc - Ivory Coast, etc., identify each usage by individual country.
Appropriation. Column (2) will show the dollar appropriation symbol being utilized to purchase the foreign currency. These appropriations are usually referred to as "Special Foreign Currency Program Appropriations." There are also a few regular agency dollar appropriations involved, such as 12-2900 and 19-1128. If more than one appropriation is being used for the same type of currency, identify each on separate lines.
Balance October 1, Column (3) will show the U.S. dollar equivalent of foreign currency units on hand as of the close of the preceding fiscal year.
Within Country. Column (4) will show the amount of receipts authorized for expenditure from which their availabilities were derived from within the same country.
Between Countries. Column (5) will show the amount of receipts authorized for transfer and conversion from one country to another for which FMS Form 6911 "Foreign Currency Conversion and Transfer Voucher" was processed.
Expenditures (net). Column (6) will show net U.S. dollar equivalent of foreign currency expenditures (disbursements less repayments) reported monthly by disbursing officers on their SF 1221 "Statement of Transactions."
Exchange Rate Adjustment. Column (7) will show the U.S. dollar equivalent of differences caused by: (1) rate fluctuations; (2) the conversion of one currency to another; (3) withdrawals of currencies by Government disbursing officers at rates which vary from collection rates; and (4) other adjustments. Positive figures indicate increases; negative figures indicate decreases.
Balance September 30, Columns (8) and (9) will show the U.S. dollar equivalent and the related units of foreign currency on hand as of the close of the fiscal year. It should be noted that generally the U.S. dollar equivalent will not necessarily agree with the dollar appropriation undisbursed amount at the close of the same period. This difference is caused by the valuation of foreign currency activity at varying rates of exchange during the period.
Reporting in dollars. Figures will be rounded to the nearest foreign currency and dollar unit, for example, 621.65 will be reported as 622.
Submission of reports. The report will be submitted as soon as possible after the close of the fiscal year, but no later than November 15, in an original and one copy, to Treasury (see Contacts page).


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5 things you should eat at Shreveport's Red River Revel
So much to do — and eat! — at the Red River Revel. Here's your guide to gluttony.
5 things you should eat at Shreveport's Red River Revel So much to do — and eat! — at the Red River Revel. Here's your guide to gluttony. Check out this story on shreveporttimes.com: https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2018/10/01/5-things-you-should-eat-shreveports-red-river-revel/1454552002/
Nick Wooten, Shreveport Times Published 5:31 a.m. CT Oct. 1, 2018 | Updated 11:08 a.m. CT Oct. 1, 2018
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Fried catfish is ready to go at the 2017 Red River Revel Festival held at Shreveport's Festival Plaza.(Photo: Stan Carpenter / The Times)Buy Photo
It's that time again. The 43rd annual Red River Revel began Saturday and ends Oct. 7.
And you know what that means. Opportunities aplenty to enjoy interesting festival foods.
Here are five items from the Revel menu that caught my eye. Prices for food items are expressed in the number of coupons required. One coupon equals $1.
Muffuletta Pizza Slice
Presented by St. Joseph School. Eight coupons.
Times reporter Tiana Kennell says the Muffuletta Pizza is a festival favorite. It's easy to see why.
It's a hybrid of two food inventions brought to America by Italian immigrants. The muffuletta was created in Louisiana, but south of Shreveport. The sandwich was created in 1906 at Central Grocery Co. on Decatur Street in New Orleans by the shop's owner Salvatore Lupo.
The muffuletta as usually served features round Sicilian bread and cold cuts, various cheeses and an olive salad mix that you either love or hate.
If you like the olive salad, this is certainly a must eat. You could get a whole pizza for 56 coupons.
More: Your guide to the 2018 Red River Revel Arts Festival
Large Chicken & Waffles on a Stick
Presented by Bracks Chapel. Eight coupons.
You can get a medium chicken and waffles on a stick for 5 coupons, but go big or go home, right? Who doesn't love crispy fried chicken and the syrupy, fluffy goodness of the waffle?
It's a salty, sweet treat that can hit the spot. Plus, it's on a stick. You can eat while walking around — although skill may be required so that nothing falls off and hits the ground.
Roast Beef "Sundae"
Presented by East Texas Corn Roasters. Eight coupons.
It's the savory cousin of the beloved ice cream dessert. The Roast Beef "Sundae" served up by the East Texas Corn Roasters features mashed potatoes covered with roast beef, gravy, shredded cheese and garlic bread.
Definitely not walking food. Make sure you find a nice seat to enjoy this one.
Combo Plate of Catfish (2), Hot Wings (2), & Fries
Presented by Shreveport Shrine Club. Eight coupons.
This is my value pick for the festival. You get two pieces of catfish, two hot wings and fries, all for eight coupons. There's a good bit of variety here for those who can't decide between fish or chicken.
My alternative value pick: any BBQ item from Beat the Streets.
Bread Pudding with Rum-Flavored Sauce in Waffle Cone
Presented by Volunteers for Youth Justice. Five coupons.
Sure, the funnel cake is a festival favorite. It deserves that recognition.
But what if you want something else? My pick: bread pudding in a waffle cone. It's sweet, crunchy and a change of pace from other, more traditional festival dessert offerings.
First day of the 43rd Annual Red River Revel
First day of the 43rd Annual Red River Revel in Festival Plaza Saturday afternoon. Henrietta Wildsmith/The Times
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Felipe de Francia, duque de Orleans (Philippe de France, en francés; Saint-Germain-en-Laye; 21 de septiembre de 1640-Saint Cloud; 19 de junio de 1701) fue un príncipe francés de la dinastía de Borbón, primer duque y fundador de la cuarta casa de Orleans. Era el segundo hijo de Luis XIII de Francia y Ana de Austria y Austria-Estiria, hermano menor de Luis XIV de Francia. Ostentó numerosos títulos, entre los que cabe destacar, además del de Orleans, el de duque de Anjou (1668), duque de Chartres (hasta el nacimiento de su hijo y heredero el futuro regente en 1674), duque de Valois, duque de Nemours, duque de Montpensier y príncipe de Joinville.

Fue heredero de su hermano desde el año 1643, mientras Luis XIV no tuvo descendencia, hasta que nació su sobrino, Luis, el Gran Delfín, en el año 1661.

Por nacimiento era «hijo de Francia», título de aquellos príncipes de nacimiento legítimo y que eran hijos del rey. En la corte se le daba el trato de «Monsieur», uso tradicional en la época para el hermano más próximo en edad al soberano reinante; y en las cuestiones oficiales, se le daba el de «Monsieur, frère unique du roi (hermano único del rey)». Para dirigirse a él cara a cara, se le llamaba también «Su Alteza» o bien, «Su Gracia».

Tras la muerte de su tío Gastón de Orleans, hermano de Luis XIII de Francia, se convirtió en el cabeza de la casa de Orleans al heredar el patrimonio de este, entre el que se encontraba el ducado que representó durante el resto de su vida, pasando a la historia como Felipe, duque de Orleans o Felipe I de Orleans. Actualmente, es un antepasado común entre la realeza y la aristocracia de Europa, apodado por Philippe Erlanger, uno de sus biógrafos, como «El abuelo de Europa». Al margen de su participación en algunas campañas militares, Felipe de Francia no desempeñó ningún papel político trascendente y pasó su vida a la sombra del ostracismo del poder al que lo sometió su hermano, Luis XIV.

Primeros años
Felipe era el segundo hijo del rey Luis XIII de Francia y de Navarra, y de su esposa la infanta Ana de Austria y Austria-Estiria. Titulado duque de Anjou al nacer, denominado Pequeño Monsieur, más tarde llamado realmente Monsieur, hermano del rey Luis XIV cuando este ascendió al trono. Fue presunto heredero del trono (1643-1661) hasta que nació su sobrino el Gran Delfín.

Ya en su infancia (casi toda transcurrida durante la insurrección de la Fronda) Felipe demostró su "originalidad", su juego preferido era ponerse cintas y maquillarse. Sus obvias tendencias homosexuales y su superficialidad fueron estimuladas porque un príncipe extravagante tenía menos oportunidad de hacer sombra a su hermano que, de esta forma, no corría peligro de que le disputara el poder. Exactamente, no quería que se reprodujera el caso de Gastón de Francia (hermano de Luis XIII) y sus intrigas con los grandes del reino contra el rey que habían dado lugar a la Fronda.

Vida privada
Felipe era conocido por su libertinaje y su homosexualidad, así como por sus costumbres extravagantes. Su primer amante favorito habría sido Julio Mancini Mazarino, sobrino del cardenal Mazarino y luego duque de Nevers, el primero en «corromperlo», según las memorias del duque de Saint-Simon. Más tarde ocupó su lugar Armand de Gramont, conde de Guiche, hijo del mariscal de Gramont, príncipe de Vidache y virrey vitalicio de Navarra. La relación de Guiche y Felipe de Orleans produjo más de una crisis en la familia real.

Paradójicamente, el ambicioso Guiche acabaría engañando a Felipe con su propia esposa, la princesa Enriqueta Ana Estuardo. Luis XIV terminó por alejarlo de la corte (tanto por la voluntad de su hermano, como por el escándalo que provocaban los avances de Guiche ante Enriqueta Ana, a su vez cortejada por el propio rey...).

Después de Guiche, Felipe de Orleans tuvo otros favoritos, como el marqués de Effiat, sobrino del marqués de Cinq-Mars, que había sido favorito del padre de Felipe, Luis XIII.

Felipe de Lorena
Sin embargo, el amor indiscutible desde la década de los 60 hasta el fin de la vida de Felipe de Orleans fue Felipe de Lorena, conocido como el Caballero de Lorena. El caballero de Lorena era uno de los hijos de Enrique de Lorena, conde de Harcourt, perteneciente a la estirpe principesca-ducal de Lorena.

El caballero de Lorena gobernó casi tiránicamente la Casa de Orleans, en detrimento de las dos duquesas de Orleans. La primera esposa, Enriqueta Ana, consiguió hacerlo exiliar a Roma durante un tiempo. Pero tras la muerte de esta, Luis XIV le permitió volver a la corte. Parece que tácitamente Luis XIV, que aborrecía el sexo anal probablemente a causa de un trauma infantil según las memorias de Charles de La Porte, consintió la influencia de Lorena sobre su hermano a fin de tener controlada a la Casa de Orleans. El caballero de Lorena gozaba de apartamentos inmediatamente contiguos a los de Felipe en todas sus residencias y más tarde llegó a ser gobernante del duque de Chartres, el futuro regente Felipe II de Orleans.

Tras la muerte de su tío Gastón en 1660, Felipe se había convertido en duque de Orleans. Gracias a este patrimonio era uno de los nobles más ricos del reino, lo que le permitió vivir con un fasto equivalente al de la corte y comportarse como un gran mecenas. Fue asimismo el responsable de la construcción del canal de Orleans, la cual financió, y la ampliación y embellecimiento del Palacio de Saint-Cloud (del que solo quedan los jardines) y del Palais-Royal.

Tuvo, asimismo, dos grandes residencias: en principio el Palacio Real, recibido como patrimonio, que decoró con grandes frescos y en el que organizaba grandes fiestas; después el palacio de Saint-Cloud, que le regaló Luis XIV en 1658 (se supone que con la esperanza de arruinarlo), en el que Felipe realizó numerosas reformas, en particular la construcción de grandes jardines a la francesa.

Papel en la corte
Pese a su innegable coraje en el combate, Luis XIV no le dejó ningún margen de maniobra ni le concedió poder alguno. Aunque Felipe consiguió unas victorias en la guerra franco-neerlandesa (batalla de Cassel en 1677) contra el príncipe de Orange, su hermano le quitó toda dirección militar. El Rey Sol lo mantuvo apartado del poder durante toda su vida.

El papel de Felipe de Orleans en su tiempo debe considerarse en un terreno que no era menos importante en la época, el del ceremonial y la etiqueta. El duque de Saint-Simon recoge el sentir de todos los memorialistas de la época cuando afirma en sus memorias que Monsieur era «doctor en etiqueta». Luis XIV le consultaba cuestiones protocolarias y le confió tácitamente velar por el esplendor y refinamiento del ceremonial francés y la etiqueta.

Por otro lado, Felipe, a diferencia de su hermano, gustaba de vivir en París. Siempre acudía al teatro y a la ópera, ofrecía grandiosas recepciones en el Palais Royal y se dejaba ver en los mercados y ferias. Se convirtió así en un personaje tremendamente popular en la capital y al mismo tiempo en una suerte de representante del rey en la vieja capital, al menos en el terreno social. Por último, Monsieur fue, como se ha dicho, un gran mecenas, no solo por su generosidad, sino por su gusto refinadísimo y experto.

Así pues, si bien es cierto que Luis XIV mantuvo a sus parientes —su hermano a la cabeza— prudentemente alejados del espacio de decisión política, no por ello dejó de depositar en ellos, y particularmente en Monsieur, un papel de preeminencia social y protocolario muy importante. Por último, si las relaciones entre Luis XIV y Felipe de Orleans resultaron a veces conflictivas, ambos se manifestaron siempre un tierno afecto, caso prácticamente único en la historia de la monarquía francesa (véase, si no, las envenenadas relaciones de los últimos reyes Valois, de Luis XIII con su hermano Gastón, y más tarde de los condes de Provenza y Artois con Luis XVI).

Matrimonio y descendencia

Primer matrimonio
Se casó dos veces. Su primer matrimonio, concertado por su hermano, Luis XIV, fue con su prima hermana la princesa británica Enriqueta Ana Estuardo, hija de su tía carnal Enriqueta María de Francia y su esposo el rey Carlos I de Inglaterra. Este matrimonio, celebrado el 31 de marzo de 1661, tuvo como objetivo estrechar los lazos entre ambos países y vincular a los Estuardo recién restaurados en el Trono de San Eduardo a la Monarquía francesa.

Enriqueta murió, misteriosamente, a los 26 años.

Segundo matrimonio
Felipe de Orleans se casó, al morir Enriqueta, por segunda vez con la princesa Isabel Carlota del Palatinado el 21 de diciembre de 1671. Tuvieron tres hijos. El mayor, Alejandro Luis, duque de Valois, murió antes de cumplir los tres años; después siguió Felipe, titulado en vida de su padre duque de Chartres, futuro Regente de Francia; y finalmente Isabel Carlota, futura esposa del duque Leopoldo I de Lorena.

Del matrimonio de Isabel Carlota con el duque de Lorena nació Francisco I del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, que se casó con la arquiduquesa María Teresa I de Austria, que se convertiría en soberana del patrimonio «archiducal», así como de Hungría y Bohemia. En 1748, Francisco Esteban fue elegido Sacro Emperador. De este modo la corona imperial (que no podía ceñirse una mujer) permanecía en la Casa de Austria (de hecho, a partir de María Teresa y Francisco Esteban el linaje de Lorena se introdujo en el trono vienés, pero por acuerdo recíproco se siguió guardando la denominación «Austria»).

Descendencia
Con su prima hermana Enriqueta Ana de Inglaterra tuvo tres hijas y un hijo:

 María Luisa de Orleans (27 de marzo de 1662-12 de febrero de 1689), reina de España al casarse con Carlos II de España. Murió muy joven, a los 26 años, sin haber tenido descendencia.
 Felipe Carlos de Orleans, duque de Valois (16 de julio de 1664-8 de diciembre de 1666).
 Una hija (9 de julio de 1665), fallecida a los pocos momentos de nacer.
 Ana María de Orleans (27 de agosto de 1669-26 de agosto de 1728), casada el 10 de abril de 1684 con Víctor Amadeo II de Saboya, convirtiéndose así en duquesa de Saboya y reina de Cerdeña. Heredó de su madre el derecho de la sucesión real británica (sucesión jacobita), que transmitió a su descendencia, la casa de Saboya.

Con la Princesa Palatina Isabel Carlota del Palatinado tuvo tres hijos:

 Alejandro Luis de Orleans, duque de Valois (1673-1676)
 Felipe de Orleans (2 de agosto de 1674-1723), primero duque de Chartres y, tras la muerte de su padre (1701), duque de Orleans y regente del reino a la muerte de Luis XIV y durante la minoría de Luis XV.
 Isabel Carlota de Borbón-Orleans (13 de septiembre de 1676-1744), duquesa de Lorena y de Bar al casarse con Leopoldo I. Fueron los padres de Francisco I, emperador del Sacro Imperio y, por tanto, abuelos paternos de la reina María Antonieta.

Ancestros

Títulos

Hijos de Francia del siglo XVII de la dinastía de los Borbones
Felipe 01
Felipe 01
Duques de Montpensier (casa de Orleans)
Duques de Orleans (casa de Orleans)
Felipe 01
Caballeros de la Orden del Toisón de Oro (Rama española)
Personas LGBT de Francia
Realeza LGBT
Sobrevivientes de viruela
Felipe 01
Historia LGBT de Francia
Duques de Chartres (casa de Orleans)
Nacidos en Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Fallecidos en Saint-Cloud

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The cryptocurrency Ethereum Classic (ETC) is a fork of the legacy Ethereum (ETH) network as the blockchain had split on July 30, 2015, due to contention over the hard fork that took place that day. ETC is just like ETH as it is open-source, a public blockchain and also has smart contract (scripting) functionality while providing a Turing-complete virtual machine. ETC is also the first high profile fork that created another coin and network before the August 1 Bitcoin Cash event. The fork that took place in the summer of 2015 was controversial because the Ethereum (ETH) developers planned to reverse the DOA hack a faulty decentralized application (Dapp) built on top of the network. Those who disagreed with this fork (roughly 15% percent of the ETH hashrate) chose to split that day before the reversal in order to remain immutable. The blockchain split took place at precisely block height 1920000 and everyone who owned ETH before this period received one ETC.
As mentioned above there are not that many differences between both networks functionality but as far as adoption, hashrate, and development ETH is by far larger. For instance, the inventor behind the original ETH protocol Vitalik Buterin is not involved with the ETC project. However, another co-founder of the ETH project and the well-known cryptographer Charles Hoskinson (also the inventor of Cardano ADA) had backed ETC development in 2016. Hoskinson even introduced the ETC platform to executives at Microsoft a tech giant who is very interested in blockchain technology.
Another staunch supporter of ETC is the founder of the venture capitalist firm Digital Currency Group (DCG) Barry Silbert. DCG's subsidiary Grayscale Investments the trustee of the first publicly tradable Bitcoin Trust has added ETC to their new line of exchange-traded fund subsets. Lastly, at this year's Consensus Conference Silbert's DCG, Digital Finance Group (DFG) and Jack Lee announced the incubator Ethereum Classic Labs. The incubator received $50Mn USD and its focus will be on developing the growing ETC infrastructure.
"Ethereum Classic Labs is sure to attract talented blockchain developers which can only strengthen the ETC ecosystem," Charles Hoskinson stated after the ETC Labs announcement was made.
Today ETC's market capitalization is around $1.5Bn USD and the cryptocurrency is the seventeenth highest valuation. ETC investors believe the coin is a good investment because it's like getting in on Ethereum before its immense price spike. At the time of publication ETC prices hover around $15.50 USD and has seen roughly $174Mn worth of 24-hour trade volume today. In May of last year, ETC was around $7.50 per coin so Ethereum Classic holders would have doubled their investment since last year which indicates ETC is a growing cryptocurrency ecosystem. Lastly, another good announcement for ETC that took place this week was when the financial market's operator for 10,000 U.S. and global securities, OTC Markets Group Inc. (OTCQX: OTCM), announced the launch of the Ethereum Classic Investment Trust (OTCQX: ETCG). This means retail and institutional investors have another open-ended trust that is invested exclusively in Ethereum Classic according to OTC Markets Group.
An Immutable Ethereum. ETC is considered the immutable Ethereum as it did not roll back the DAO incident in the summer of 2015.
Features. ETC has the same scripting and smart contract abilities like Ethereum.
Development. Charles Hoskinson is a very well respected cryptographer and developer who has backed ETC to some degree. ETC also has a faction of developers who've worked on the project since the fork on July 30, 2015. Additionally ETC further has the recently introduced Ethereum Classic Labs which will likely spur more development teams.
Coinmama chose Ethereum Classic because its a popular cryptocurrency investment and many digital asset proponents believe it has an ambitious development roadmap. ETC is available for Coinmama users today and can be purchased quickly and effortlessly with our package offerings.
Check out our ETC packages today priced in USD and EUR!


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text:
Blázquez y Delgado-Aguilera, Antonio
d'Eraines, Jean (L)
Jean d'Eraines was the author of the 1914 book, Le probleme des origines et des migrations[1056], in which, according to Sprague deCamp, he identified the Arctic as the home of Atlantis. The original French text is available online(a). I note that he was not mentioned in Joscelyn Godwin's Arktos and has also been accused of being pseudo-scientific(b).
(a) https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6571245x.r=.langES
(b) https://baal-ammon.livejournal.com/232554.html
Tagged Arctic, Arktos, Atlantis, Jean d'Eraines, Joscelyn Godwin, Sprague deCamp
Tilak, Bal Gangadar
Bal Gangadar Tilak (1856-1920) was India's first Independence Movement leader. He was greatly impressed by William Fairfield Warren's 1885 book, Paradise Found [078], which placed the cradle of humanity in the Arctic. So much so, that when Tilak wrote Arctic Home in the Vedas [1296], he chose the Arctic as the location of the Aryan homeland of 'Airyana Vaêjo'.
Rand & Rose Flem-Ath have suggested that Tilak's Airyana Vaêjo might have been a garbled version of the lost paradise of Kumari Kandam, which is traditionally located south of India. They then propose that since Antarctica is also south of India and covered with ice like Airyana Vaêjo, perhaps Tilak had chosen the wrong polar region and that the Aryan homeland had been Antarctica, which just happens to be the location of Atlantis according to the Flem-Aths!(a) ?
(a) https://web.archive.org/web/20080607014518/https://www.flem-ath.com:80/kumari.htm
Tagged Airyana Vaêjo, Antarctica, Arctic, Bal Gangadar Tilak, India, Kumari Kandam, Rand and Rose Flem-Ath, William Fairffield Warren
Italian Atlantology
Italian Atlantology can be traced back to the 16th century when Fracastoro, Garimberto and Ramusio, identified the Americas as Atlantis. In fact we should look to the 15th century when Ficino was the first to translate Plato's entire works into Latin giving medieval Europe its first access to the complete Atlantis texts. Not much happened until 1788 when Carli attributed the destruction of Atlantis to a close encounter with a comet. In 1840, Angelo Mazzoldi proposed Italy as the location of Atlantis and as the hyper-diffusionist mother culture of the great civilisations of the Eastern Mediterranean region. He was followed by others such as Giuseppe Brex(b).
Two years after Donnelly published his Atlantis in 1882 the Italian, D'Albertis followed him and opted for the Azores as the remains of Atlantis.
Not much developed in pre-war Italy apart from Russo's journal which ran from 1930 until 1932. After the war other Atlantis journals was established by Gianni Belli in 1956 and Bettini in 1963>and reportedly one in Trieste by Antonio Romain & Serge Robbia(c).<
After that, there was a wide range of theories advanced by Italian researchers. Spedicato located Atlantis in Hispaniola, Stecchini opted for São Tomé, Barbiero, who although Croatian by birth was an admiral in the Italian Navy nominated the Antarctic as the home of Atlantis before the Flem-Aths published their Antarctic ideas. Bulloni chose the Arctic, Pincherle identified the Mandaeans as the last of the Atlanteans and Monte links Thera with Tarshish.
In recent years the most widely reported Atlantis theory to emanate from Italy came from Sergio Frau who advocates Sardinia as the original Atlantis. However, this idea is not new having been promoted by Poddighe in 1982. Frau has subsequently been supported by other commentators such as Tozzi and Novo. I cannot help feeling that there might be a trace of nationalism underlying this theory, a suspicion that I have held regarding writers of other nationalities.
The latter end of the 20th century saw the development of the Internet which enabled the instant promotion of Atlantis theories, both silly and serious, to a global audience. Italy was no exception, where websites, such as Edicolaweb that are sympathetic to the exploration of historical mysteries emerged(a).
More recently, Marin, Minella & Schievenin had The Three Ages of Atlantis[0972] published in 2014. This is an English translation of their original 2010 work. In it they suggest that Atlantis had originally existed in Antarctica and after its destruction survivors established two other Atlantises in South America and the Mediterranean. Perhaps more credible is the theory of Capuchin friar, Antonio Moro who, in 2013, suggested that Atlantis had included Iberia, the south coast of France and the west coast of Italy![0974]
(a) https://web.archive.org/web/20140625081839/https://edicolaweb.net/cerca.htm
(b) https://www.simmetria.org/simmetrianew/contenuti/articoli/43-altri-articoli/705-giuseppe-brex-e-il-primato-italico-di-paolo-galiano.html (Italian)
>(c) Atlantis, Vol 16, No.2, April 1963.<
Tagged Angelo Mazzoldi, Antonio Moro, Antonio Romain, Arctic, Atlantology, Azores, Bettini, Bulloni, Diego Silvio Novo, D'Albertis, Edicolaweb, Emilio Spedicato, Flavio Barbiero, Gianni Belli, Giovanni Carli, Giuseppe Brex, Hispaniola, Ignatius Donnelly, Italy, Livio Stecchini, Marin, Marin Minella & Schievenin, Mario Tozzi, Marsilio Ficino, Nicola Russo, Paolo Valente Poddighe, Rand & Rose Flem-Ath, São Tomé, Serge Robbia, Sergio Frau, Tarshish, Thera, Trieste
Bennett, John Godolphin (L)
John Godolphin Bennett (1897-1974) is considered one of the leading British philosophers of the 20th century. An extensive biography is available on the Internet(a).
In 1925 was Bennett was a witness to low level volcanic activity on Santorini, which led him to investigate the possibility many historical events were triggered by volcanic eruptions.
Bennett published an interesting paper(c) in 1963, in which he argued cogently for the linking of the destruction of Minoan Crete, the Biblical Exodus, the Flood of Deucalion as well as the demise of Plato's Atlantis. A more controversial paper(d) was delivered the same year promoting the idea of a Hyperborean or Arctic origin for the Indo-European culture
(a) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Bennett
(c) https://www.systematics.org/journal/vol1-2/geophysics/systematics-vol1-no2-127-156.htm#3
(d) https://www.systematics.org/journal/vol1-2/geophysics/systematics-vol1-no3-203-232.htm
Tagged Arctic, Deucalion, Exodus, Hyperboreans, John Godolphin Bennett, Minoans, Santorini
Avalon (m)
Avalon is the legendary resting place of Britain's King Arthur. Tradition has it that it was also famous for its apples and this feature led some to link it with the legend of the Hesperides considered another name for Atlantis. This linkage of Avalon with Atlantis is extremely tenuous. The apple connection is also suggested by the Welsh for Avalon which is Ynys Afallon, posibly derived from afal, the Welsh for apple.
Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historiae (xxxvii.35) named Helgoland as 'insulam Abalum', which has been suggested as a variant of Avalon. Other locations such as Sicily and Avallon in Burgundy have been also been proposed. A series of YouTube clips(a) bravely links Avalon, Mt.Meru and Atlantis, which is supposedly situated in the Arctic!
*[The isle of Lundy in Britain's Bristol Channel has been speculatively identified as Avalon(b).]*
(a) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrSr594L70c
*[(b) https://www.lundyisleofavalon.co.uk/main.htm]*
Tagged apples, Arctic, Avalon, Helgoland, Hesperides, Isle of Lundy, King Arthur, Mt. Meru, Pliny the Elder
Hyperboreans
The Hyperboreans in Greek mythology lived to the far north of Greece in a land called Hyperborea, which means beyond the North Wind or Boreas, have been linked by a number of writers with the Atlanteans.
Researchers have variously identified this land of Hyperborea with Iceland, the British Isles and the North Sea. Like many classical references and later commentators there is no clear consensus on a precise location.*Hecataeus of Abdera, a 4th century BC Greek historian, noted that the Hyperboreans were located "in the lands of the Celts, in the ocean, (where) there is an island not smaller than Sicily."*
Diodorus Siculus described Hyperborea as a northern island with a temple to which the god returns every nineteen years. This was initially thought by many to be a reference to England's Stonehenge, but the renowned Aubrey Burl considered Stonehenge to be 500 miles too far south and instead proposed the Hebridean island of Lewis home to the famous Callanish megalithic site, which includes the ability to record the return of the stars to the same position every nineteen years(c).
Olof Rudbeck's over-enthusiastic nationalism not only brought him to associate Atlantis with Sweden, but also linked the writings of Homer and other classical writers with the prehistory of his homeland. This inevitably led hime to declare ancient Sweden as Hyperborea. David King outlines how Rudbeck came to this conclusion [530.71].
Jürgen Spanuth based his Atlantis theory[0015] on an unambiguous identification of the Atlanteans with the Hyperboreans of the Baltic region, specifically nominating Jutland, part of today's Denmark, as the land of the Hyperboreans [p.88].
The renowned Flemish cartographer, Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594), showed a large archipelago near the North Pole on one of his charts. This inclusion by him and other cartographers of the period stemmed from a now lost book by an English Franciscan friar entitled Inventio Fortunatae (The Discovery of the Fortunate Isle).
Based on ancient maps and the work of other researchers such as Emilio Spedicato, Stuart L. Harris has proposed(e) that Hyperborea was also known as Atland to the Frisians. He further suggests that this land disappeared in 2194 BC as noted in the controversial Oera Linda Book, and that today's Faroe Islands are its remnants.
It also appears that in the 18th century the Russian Empress Catherine II organised an expedition in an attempt to find Hyperborea in the vicinity of the North Pole, in a pathetic attempt to discover 'the elixir of eternal youth" allegedly invented by the Hyperboreans. She was apparently captivated by the descriptions of the classical writers who related that the Hyperboreans lived in total happiness for a thousand years.
J.G. Bennett has opted for a Hyperborean origin for the Indo-European culture, a claim that has resonances with the Nazi claim that Hyperborea has been the ancestral home of the 'master race'.
It was reported in 2006(a) that a Russian scientist, Valery Dyemin, inspired by the work of Jean-Sylvain Bailly and William Fairfield Warren was attempting to prove the reality of Hyperborea in the Arctic region. Another Russian, Sergey Teleguin has also attributed a North Pole origin for both the Maya and the Indo-Europeans(b).
An extensive internet article outlines the mythology associated with Hyperborea and recent efforts to determine its location(d).
(a) https://english.pravda.ru/science/mysteries/29-11-2006/85697-paradise-0/
(b) https://mayanarchaeology.tripod.com/id23.html
(c) https://humansarefree.com/2014/12/a-hyperborean-temple-stone-circles-of.html
(d) https://earth-chronicles.com/histori/mysterious-hyperborea.html
(e) https://www.academia.edu/36044603/Identification_of_Hyperborea_with_Atland_and_Frisland
*(f) History, 3a.264. F.7.5.*
Tagged Arctic, Atland, Aubrey Burl, Baltic, Callanish, David King, Diodorus Siculus, Emilio Spedicato, Empress Catherine II, Faroe Islands, Frisians, Hecateus of Abdera, Homer, Hyperborea, Iceland, Indo-Europeans, J. G. Bennett, Jean Sylvain Bailly, Jutland, Jürgen Spanuth, Maya, megaliths, Mercator, Nazi, North Sea, Oera Linda Book, Olof Rudbeck, Sergey Teleguin, Stonehenge, Stuart L. Harris, Valery Dyemin, William Fairfield Warren
Pagé, Jean-Louis (L)
Jean-Louis Pagé (1949- ) is the Canadian author of a 2001 bilingual, French/English; book, Atlantis Messages[501] that maintains that artefacts such as the Phaistos disk as well as Mayan and Aztec disks together with Egyptian frescos contain messages from Atlantean ancestors! He locates Atlantis in the Arctic and attributes its destruction to a rapid pole shift in 9792 BC. Some of this book would appear to be strongly influenced by the work of Albert Slosman.
Tagged Albert Slosman, Arctic, Jean Louis Page, Phaistos Disk
Ogygia
Ogygia is the home of Calypso, referred to by Homer in Book V of his Odyssey. It is accepted by some as an island in the Mediterranean that was destroyed by an earthquake before the Bronze Age. The Greek writers Euhemerus in the 4th century BC and Callimachus who flourished in the 3rd century BC, identified the Maltese archipelago as Ogygia. Others have more specifically named the Maltese island of Gozo as Ogygia. Anton Mifsud has pointed out[209] that Herodotus, Hesiod and Diodorus Siculus have all identified the Maltese Islands with Ogygia.
John Vella has added his support to the idea of a Maltese Ogygia in a paper published in the Athens Journal of History (Vol.3 Issue 1) in which he noted that "The conclusions that have emerged from this study are that Homer's Ogygia is not an imaginary but a reference to and a record of ancient Gozo-Malta."
Adding to the confusion, Aeschylus, the tragedian (523-456 BC) calls the Nile, Ogygian, and Eustathius, a Byzantine grammarian (1115-1195), claimed that Ogygia was the earliest name for Egypt(j).
Isaac Newton wrote a number of important works including The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended [1101], in which he discussed a range of mythological links to Atlantis, including a possible connection with Homer's Ogygia. There is now evidence that he concurred(c) with the idea of a Maltese Ogygia in The Original of Monarchies(d).
Strabo referred to "Eleusis and Athens on the Triton River [in Boiotia]. These cities, it is said, were founded by Kekrops (Cecrops), when he ruled over Boiotia (Boeotia), then called Ogygia, but were later wiped out by inundations."(i) However, Strabo also declared that Ogygia was to be found in the 'World Ocean' or Atlantic (j). To say the least, these two conflicting statements require explanation.
Richard Hennig opted for Madeira following the opinion of von Humboldt. Spanuth argued strongly against either Madeira or the Canaries[0017.149] and gave his support to the Azores as the most likely location of Calypso's Island.. Not unexpectedly the Azores, in the mid-Atlantic, have also been nominated as Ogygia by other 20th century researchers such as Sykes(e) and Mertz[397]. In a 2019 paper(f), Gerard Janssen also placed Ogygia in the Azores, specifically naming the island of Saõ Miguel, which Spanuth also did.
Homer in his Odyssey identifies Ogygia as the home of Calypso. The Roman poet Catullus writing in the 1st century BC linked Ogygia with Calypso in Malta(g). However, Gozo's claim is challenged by those supporting Gavdos in Crete(k). This opinion has been expounded more fully by Katerina Kopaka in a paper published in the journal Cretica Chronica(l), where her starting point is the claim that Gavdos had been previously known as Gozo!
Mifsud quotes another Roman of the same period, Albius Tibullus, who also identified Atlantis with Calypso. Other Maltese writers have seen all this as strong evidence for the existence of Atlantis in their region. Delisle de Sales considered Ogygia to be between Italy and Carthage, but opted for Sardinia as the remains of Calypso's island.
Other researchers such as Geoffrey Ashe and Andrew Collins have opted for the Caribbean as the home of Ogygia. Another site supports Mesoamerica as the location of Ogygia, which the author believes can be equated with Atlantis(h). An even more extreme suggestion by Ed Ziomek places Ogygia in the Pacific(b)!
>In the Calabria region of southern Italy lies Capo Collone (Cape of Columns). 18th century maps(m) show two or more islands off the cape with one named Ogygia offering echoes of Homer's tale. Respected atlases as late as 1860 continued to show a non-existent island there. It seems that these were added originally by Ortelius, inspired by Pseudo-Skylax and Pliny(n) . Additionally, there is a temple to Hera Lacinia at Capo Colonne, which is reputed to have been founded by Hercules!<
By way of complete contrast both Felice Vinci and John Esse Larsen have proposed that the Faeroe Islands included Ogygia. In the same region, Iceland was nominated by Gilbert Pillot as the location of Ogygia and Calypso's home[742]. Ilias D. Mariolakos, a Greek professor of Geology also makes a strong case(a) for identifying Iceland with Ogygia based primarily on the writings of Plutarch. He also supports the idea of Minoans in North America.
A more recent suggestion has come from Manolis Koutlis[1617] , who, after a forensic examination of various versions of Plutarch's work, in both Latin and Greek, also placed Ogygia in North America, specifically on what is now the tiny island of St. Paul at the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada, a gulf that has also been proposed as the location of Atlantis.
Jean-Silvain Bailly also used the writings of Plutarch to sustain his theory of Ogygia, which he equated with Atlantis having an Arctic location[0926.2.299], specifically identifying Iceland as Ogygia/Atlantis with the islands of Greenland, Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen as the three islands equally distant from it and each other.
However, Ireland has been linked with Ogygia by mainly Irish writers. In the 17th century historian, Roderick O'Flaherty(1629-1718), wrote a history of Ireland entitled Ogygia[0495], while in the 19th century, Margaret Anne Cusack (1832-1899) also wrote a history in which she claimed[1342] a more explicit connection. This was followed in 1911 by a book[1343] by Marion McMurrough Mulhall in which she also quotes Plutarch to support the linking of Ireland and Ogygia. More recently, in The Origin of Culture[0217] Thomas Dietrich promotes the same view, but offers little hard evidence to support it.
This matter would appear to be far from a resolution.
Other suggested locations are:
Lipsi (Greece) https://www.wiw.gr/english/lipsi_niriedes/
Mljet (Croatia) https://www.adriagate.com/en/croatia/national_parks.aspx?ID=4
Gavdos (Greece) https://gavdosgreece.page.tl/
(a) https://greeceandworld.blogspot.ie/2013_08_01_archive.html
(b) https://www.flickr.com/photos/10749411@N03/5284413003/
(c) See: Archive 3439
(d) http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/THEM00040
(e) 'Where Calypso may have Lived' (Atlantis, 5, 1953, pp 136-137)
(f) https://www.homerusodyssee.nl/id26.htm
(g) Lib. iv, Eleg. 1
(h) See: Archive 3439
(i) Strabo, Geography 9. 2. 18
(j) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogygia
(k) https://gavdosgreece.page.tl
(l) https://www.academia.edu/24851908/Kopaka_K._2011_Gozo_of_Malta_Gozo_of_Crete_Gavdos_._Thoughts_on_a_twinned_Mediterranean_micro-insular_toponymy_and_epic_tradition_???????_???????_??_13-32
>(m) https://nl.pinterest.com/pin/734438651719489108/
(n) See: Note 5 in Armin Wolf's http://www.ine-notebooks.org/index.php/te/article/viewPDFInterstitial/119/175<
Tagged Aeschylus, Albius Catullus, Alexander von Humboldt, Andrew Collins, Anton Mifsud, Arctic, Atlantic, Azores, BronzeAge, Calabria, Callimachus, Calypso, Canada, Carbbean, Catullus, Cecrops, Delisle de Sales, Diodorus Siculus, Ed Ziomek, Egerton Sykes, Euhemerus, Eustathius, Faeroe Islands, Felice Vinci, Gavdos, Geoffrey Ashe, Gerard Janssen, Gilbert Pillot, Gozo, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Henriette Mertz, Herodotus, Hesiod, Homer, Iceland, Ilias D. Mariolakos, Ireland, Isaac Newton, Jean Silvain Bailly, John Vella, Juergen Spanuth, Katerina Kopaka, Lipsi. Mljet, Madeira, Malta, Manolis Koutlis, Marion McMurrough Mulhall, Mesoamerica, Odyssey, Ogygia, Plutarch, Richard Hennig, Roderic O'Flaherty, Saõ Miguel, Strabo, Thomas Dietrich
Nationalism was clearly the motivation behind some of the Atlantis theories that have been proposed over recent centuries. Olaf Rudbeck audaciously promoted his native Sweden in the 17th century, just as the eccentric William Comyns Beaumont claimed that Britain was Atlantis in the early 20th century and some Albanians, Azoreans, Maltese and Sardinians make comparable claims today. However, the most sinister manifestation of Atlantis based nationalism was the attempt to hijack it as the original homeland of the Aryan predecessors of the Nazis, probably borrowing the idea from Blavatsky. This was partly to replace the Abrahamic cultural lineage claimed by so many western nations. Today elements of modern Russian nationalism also look to an Aryan ancestry based in the Arctic.
*The linking of nationalism with (pseudo)archaeology is exemplified by the Bosnian pyramid claims of Samir Osmanagich and the manner in which the local media and politicians have used them to boost national pride, in spite of the contrary views expressed by qualified geologists and archaeologists(b).*
Vanessa Ward gives a good overview of the Atlantis based nationalism of both Rudbeck and the Nazis(a).
(a) https://pseudoarchaeology.org/a10-ward.html
*(b) https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-mystery-of-bosnias-ancient-pyramids-148990462/*
Tagged Albanians, Arctic, Aryan, Azoreans, Blavatsky, Bosnia, Britain, Maltese, nationalism, Rudbeck, Russians, Samir Osmanagich, Sardinians, Sweden, William Comyns Beaumont
Warren, William Fairfield
Rev. Dr. William Fairfield Warren (1833-1929) was a professor of systematic theology and first president of Boston University and a member of a number of learned societies. In 1885 he published a work[078] in which he advanced the idea of the North Pole having held the cradle of the human race and that it was submerged in The Deluge. His book also touches on the possibility of a Pole Shift.
Warren's book can now be accessed on-line(a) , where a review of it, is also available(b) .
Incidentally, it is recorded that a Rev. W. F. Warren presided at the wedding of 'Wild Bill' Hickock to Agnes Lake between 1869 and 1872!
*Jason Colavito reviewed Warren's book over a century later, in which he also notes that the British Prime Minister and Homeric scholar, William Gladstone, already a fan of Ignatius Donnelly was supportive of some of Warren's ideas (c).*
Bal Gangadar Tilak, an Indian independence campaigner, was so impressed by Warren's ideas that in his own book, Arctic Home in the Vedas, he chose to locate the lost Paradise of Airyana Vaejo in the Arctic.
More recently, Professor Sergey Teleguin has again drawn attention to Tilak's work that identifies elements in the Mayan Popul Vuh that suggest that its origins were in the far north, in Ultima Thule. He concludes with the thought that perhaps the Indo-European and Mayan ancestors came from the true North Pole. Teleguin's article although originally in Russian, was published, in Spanish, on an Argentinian website.
Teleguin has written more extensively on a possible Arctic origin for civilisation in his 2011 book, Hyperborea – The Sacred Birthplace of Humanity: Scientific Reference Book (Russian).
(a) https://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/pf/index.htm
*(b) https://publicdomainreview.org/2012/09/06/the-last-great-explorer-william-f-warren-and-the-search-for-eden/
(c) https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/was-the-garden-of-eden-at-the-north-pole*
Tagged Arctic, Bal Gangadar Tilak, Deluge, Ignatius Donnelly, Jason Colavito, Maya, North Pole, Pole Shift, Popul Vuh, Sergey Teleguin, Thule, William Fairffield Warren, William Gladstone


text:
Zixiang Xiong received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1996 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. From 1995 to 1997, he was with Princeton University, first as a visiting student, then as a research associate. From 1997 to 1999, he was with the University of Hawaii. Since 1999, he has been with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University, where he is a professor and an associate department head. He spent his sabbatical leaves at Stanford University in spring 2010 and at Monash Univeristy, Australia during the 2017-2018 academic year.
He received an NSF Career Award in 1999, an ARO Young Investigator Award in 2000, and an ONR Young Investigator Award in 2001. He is co-recipient of the 2006 IEEE Signal Processing Magazine best paper award, top 10% paper awards at the 2011 and 2015 IEEE Multimedia Signal Processing Workshops, an IBM best student paper award at the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition, and the best demo paper award at the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. He served as associate editor for the IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (1999-2005), the IEEE Trans. on Image Processing (2002-2005), the IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing (2002-2006), the IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (part B) (2005-2009), the IEEE Trans. on Communications (2008-2013), and the IEEE Trans. on Multimedia (2017-2020). He is a fellow of the IEEE.
2018: Best demo paper award, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, San Diego, CA
2016: IBM best student paper award, IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Cancun, Mexico
2015: Top 10% paper award, IEEE Multimedia Signal Processing Workshop, Xiamen, China
2012: Patent Award, Office of Technology Commercialization, Texas A&M University
2011: Top 10% paper award, IEEE Multimedia Signal Processing Workshop, Hangzhou, China
2010: William Keeler Fellow Award, Texas A&M University
2006: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine best paper award
2006: Elevation to IEEE fellow
2003: Faculty Fellow Award, Texas A&M University
2002: Select Young Faculty Award, Texas A&M University
2001: Eugene Webb Faculty Fellow Award, Texas A&M University
2001: ONR Young Investigator Award
2000: ARO Young Investigator Award
1999: NSF Career Award
General co-chair, MMSP'17, London-Luton, UK, October 2017
General co-chair, SIDAS'16, Wuhan, China, April 2016
Awards chair, Globecom'14, Austin, TX, December 2014
Tutorial chair, ISIT'10, Austin, TX, June 2010
Technical program committee co-chair, ITW'07, Lake Tahoe, CA, September 2007
Publications chair, ICASSP'07, Honolulu, HI, April 2007
Publications chair, GENSIPS'06, College Station, TX, May 2006
Chair of video and image processing track, ICME'03, Baltimore, MD, July 2003
Distinguished lecturer, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, 2008-2009
Panelist, Distributed Video Coding: Trends and Challenges, PCS'07, Lisbon, Portugal, Nov. 8, 2007.
Guest editor, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing: Special Issue on MIMO-Optimized Transmission Systems for Delivering Data and Rich Content, April 2008
Guest editor, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine: Special Issue on Signal Processing for Multiterminal Communication Systems, September 2007
Guest editor, EURASIP Signal Processing: Special Issue on Distributed Source Coding, November 2006
Guest editor, EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing: Special Issue on Multimedia over IP and Wireless Networks, February 2004
Co-organizer of special session on "Distributed video coding," VCIP'08, San Jose, CA, January 2008
Co-organizer of a session on "Sensor networks," CTW'07, Sedona, AZ, May 2007
Co-organizer of a session on "Multiuser wireless networks," CTW'05, Park City, UT, June 2005
Co-organizer of special session on "Distributed source and joint source channel coding," ICASSP'05, Philadelphia, PA, March 2005
Co-organizer of special session on "Distributed source coding," ICIP'03, Barcelona, Spain, September 2003
Co-organizer of special session on "Networked video," ICME'03, Baltimore, MD, July 2003
Editor, EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, 2002-2003
Associate editor, Real-Time Imaging, 2000-2002
Associate editor, International Journal of Image and Graphics, 1999-2002