Has anyone towed into Rudall River NP? If so what condition was the track in?
Hi Merilyn - we towed into the Queen Desert Baths and it was well worth every scratch in the paint work. The track is tight in some places, rough in some places with many washouts. Any thing bigger than a topaz would have difficulty only due to some of the tight tree lined bends at the start of the track. We stayed for 4 days and loved it. Swimming in the waterholes and exploring up the gorge looking for aboriginal paintings.
We towed the tvan through the back of Parngurr (Cotten Creek) after getting permission from the traditional owners a couple of years ago. We came out onto well formed tracks near the graphite mines after breaking a track through heavy regrowth. We found the rest of the tracks well formed and in good nick but there have been some great wet seasons since which can change the situation significantly. It's that sort of country. Contact the park rangers as if they run a grader through it, it could be a highway!
This is a timely thread - we're hoping to make it out here in late May. The plan at the moment is to come in at the bottom from the west and go out the top via Telfer back to Marble Bar.
Thanks everyone. From what I've read it seems that traversing the track (we plan north to south) shouldn't be a problem. Anticipating to be there about the middle of June. So Peter_mcc if you remember it would be good to hear of your experience. Are you also travelling the Gary Junction Road?
So Peter_mcc if you remember it would be good to hear of your experience.
Happy to be reminded... if you drop a note here I'll get the notification.
Are you also travelling the Gary Junction Road?
Hoping to come in from Newman side via Talawara Track - we're coming from the Pilbara and heading to the Kimberley.
Happy to be reminded... if you drop a note here I'll get the notification.Hoping to come in from Newman side via Talawara Track - we're coming from the Pilbara and heading to the Kimberley.
We've just come from Newman to Broome via Rudall River NP. In via the south, out the north.
The road in was in good condition - high speed dirt from the tar turnoff to Balfour Downs to Talawana Track with few corrugations and washed out sections.
We looked at the first road in - cuts across from the Talawana Track to the main North/South road - it looked ok and had lots of tyre tracks but within 500m was a bit scratchy/narrow for our liking. So we went further along to the main north/south road into the park. It is in good condition with one sandy section (the track splits at one point - sandy road straight ahead, detour road to the left - take the left track. The sandy bit is ok but bumpy). The southern water pump doesn't exist any more - make sure people know!!
We looked at two of the pools to the east when hit the river (eastern one of the two was Kalkan Kalkan Soak). They both had water but weren't especially nice. We then crossed the Rudall River (a bit sandy but ok) went along a bit then turned left. This goes to No. 11 pool, Tjingkatjatjarra & Watrara Pools - Tjingkatjatjarra was by far the nicest and we camped there. It was deep enough to swim but we didn't.
The next day we drove to the Desert Queen Baths - easy to find the route. Once you turn off the north/south park road there is 3-4kms of scratchy track before it opens out. There was one tricky creek crossing but we towed our Tvan camper trailer through without a problem. It took around 1hr for the 18kms - slow.
The Desert Queen Baths have heaps of water at the moment. It's a lovely spot - my favourite of the trip so far.
We then drove out the northern exit of the park. The road is ok except from about 1km past the northern water pump where it crosses a river. There is about 1km of really soft sand in the crossing (it just goes on and on) then 1km of hard then more sand. The rest of the road out is ok except for another sandy patch (not as bad as the river).
We took a short cut, turning left just past Moses Chair - there is a road that goes via Nifty Mine then Woody Woody mine to the Skull Springs road. Most of it is in great condition (recently graded, little traffic) but there is about 20-30kms of sand in the middle. This was slow (60km/h instead of 80km/h for the rest) going but not boggy. Once you hit the Nifty mine it turns into a fantastic 4 lane dirt road. There were no signs saying we weren't allowed to be there - there are signs at the Woody Woody end saying no entry (ie if coming back the other way).
Eel Pool/Running Waters has heaps of water flowing into it. The water coming in is super clear and cold - there are thermal springs in the bottom of the pool so it has warm sections and cold bits. The road down to the river section is ok - there are muddly water puddles but they have a solid base and aren't very deep. I wouldn't recommend it for a big caravan but a camper trailer would be ok. If in doubt it's not hard to park at the top (where it enters the river valley) and walk down to check.
We then camped at De Grey River - great spot with more clear cold water. We then took the Boreline Track north to the highway. All the dirt roads were in good condition - we sat on 90 most of the time.
I was chatting to a Prado/Ultimate owner last week here in WA and he had travelled via Rudall River heading north. He said he spent 2 days getting through boggy sand. He was well travelled but his 150 Prado was stock standard and looked like it lacked clearance to me.
wow - I know it was sandy but didn't think it was that bad! I think our 4 x MaxTrax saved us - once I dug the car/Tvan out & lowered the tyre pressure (more) it allowed me to get up on top of the soft sand and build some momentum.


text:
Borough: Manhattan Creator: Press Illustrating Service (New York, N.Y.) Name: Old Men's Toy Shop (New York, N.Y.) Topic: Toy making
1. Old Men's Toy Shop Album -- Men Painting Wooden Toys
2. Old Men's Toy Shop Album -- Men Making Toy Animals
3. Old Men's Toy Shop Album--Painting Toys at Old Men's Toy Shop
Old Men's Toy Shop (New York, N.Y.) (3)[x]
Press Illustrating Service (New York, N.Y.) (3)[x]
Manhattan (3)[x]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kwanda Reality TV series set to change communities
Johannesburg - A new, fresh and exciting TV series, the Kwanda Reality show, is set to entertain and inspire people to make a difference in their communities.
Aired on SABC1 every Wednesday at 9pm, the Kwanda Reality TV series is the first community make-over show which helps to address some of the biggest challenges facing communities.
Kwanda, which means wealth and growth, will assist government to deal effectively with the scourge of poverty in the hard-hit rural areas of the country.
A few months ago, volunteer teams were recruited across five provinces - namely the Eastern Cape (Pefferville), KwaZulu-Natal (Umthwalume), Mpumalanga (Tjakastaad), Limpopo (Lephephane) and in the Free State (Kwakwatsi).
Since then, they have been trained to organise themselves and were filmed as they worked together in their communities.
The Kwanda teams have been helping orphans by reducing alcohol abuse and alcohol related violence, generating income, creating jobs and reducing new HIV and AIDS infections.
The series, which tracks their journey and support given to the communities, provide ideas for action, as well as relevant contact information to help people in their communities.
Launching the recent groundbreaking rural community development project, the Deputy Minister of Social Development Bathabile Dlamini called on communities in the country to emulate what Kwanda teams were doing in assisting their communities out of socio-economic ills.
"Kwanda is a fresh and new approach to sustainable livelihood and development of our people...it shows that we as South Africans still have the capacity to think out of the box and out of our institutions in our collective effort to develop our country," said Dlamini.
The project is a partnership between the Department of Social Development and the Soul City Institute.
Other partners involved in the funding of the project include the Department of Health, the South African Local Government Association, BP Southern Africa, MTN and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This public-private partnership between the institutions gives effect to President Jacob Zuma's call on communities to begin initiating job-creating projects on their own in an attempt to assist government in alleviating poverty in communities.
Similarly, it gives effect to the current government slogan, "Working Together we can do more".
Dept of Water and Sanitation welcomes new Director-General


Despite its shortcomings, Talen's provocation has merit. Empowered by ill-conceived policies, American urbanism could be read as a series of misguided development practices that left indelible imprints on the urban landscape: from the slum clearing projects of the 1950s to the housing bubble of the 2000s, our cities are chronicles of ostensibly scalable initiatives that failed to go beyond reductive paradigms, often at odds with the disadvantaged communities' interests.
This studio proposes to re-engage with "unoriginal things" that make up the urban landscape of weak market cities. We will look at both the traditional (housing, schools, shops, religious institutions, street, park, etc.) and non-traditional (vacant buildings and lots, informal paths, storefront churches, corner stores, etc.) components. Focusing on cases in Buffalo through typological analysis and ground research, we will investigate how these urban forms have adapted to conditions of poverty; and through mash up exercises and futuristic scenarios, we will speculate on their possible futures. We will pay particular attention to alternative development models, mediated environments, innovative public institutions, experimental habitational arrangements, platforms of economic cooperation, and grassroots organizations. Eschewing scale and scalability over intensity of experience and material specificity, we will look for spatial and procedural constructs enabling improved social scenarios that resist maldistribution, offer spaces of reprieve, and surpass the limitations of paradigmatic urbanisms.
Presented in the Urban Design GRG triad, the studio will collaborate with the parallel Intellectual Domain course. We will benefit from the help of several Buffalo neighborhood agencies, and travel to an urban design charette organized by the Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative (time and location TBD). Students will work individually.


text:
Q: NullPointerException but don't understand why I have a DialogFragment which is supposed to display a VideoView and some TextViews. However, VideoView is null, along with other controls, even though the layout has been inflated.
Here is the code where I retrieve the pointer to various controls:
@Override
public void onViewCreated (View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    controls = new MediaController(getActivity());

    title = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.title);
    date = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.date);
    description = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.description);
    video = (VideoView) view.findViewById(R.id.video);

    controls.setAnchorView(video);
    video.setMediaController(controls);
}

But, debugger says otherwise:

Why are they null?
I have inflated the layout in create view where they are defined.
StackTrace:
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758): FATAL EXCEPTION: main
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758): java.lang.NullPointerException
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at com.example.tqafragments.VideoDialog.showNewVideo(VideoDialog.java:61)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at com.example.tqafragments.MainActivity.feedItemSelected(MainActivity.java:36)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at com.example.tqafragments.FeedFragment$2.onItemClick(FeedFragment.java:73)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at android.widget.AdapterView.performItemClick(AdapterView.java:298)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at android.widget.AbsListView.performItemClick(AbsListView.java:1100)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at android.widget.AbsListView$PerformClick.run(AbsListView.java:2749)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at android.widget.AbsListView$1.run(AbsListView.java:3423)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:725)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:92)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:137)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5041)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:511)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:793)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:560)
08-04 06:19:07.804: E/AndroidRuntime(1758):     at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)

ShowNewVideo:
public void showNewVideo(Feed f){
                title.setText(f.getTitle());
                date.setText(f.getDate());
                description.setText(Html.fromHtml(f.getDescription()));
                video.setVideoURI(Uri.parse(f.getVideoURL())); // Line 61
                video.start();
        }

A: you need to some change
put your code
title = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.title);
date = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.date);
description = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.description);
video = (VideoView) view.findViewById(R.id.video);

from onViewCreated() to onCreateView() then bind data on onViewCreated() method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Revision for Year 9 History Exam: Summer Term 2014
Comments Off on Revision for Year 9 History Exam: Summer Term 2014 By: admin
YEAR 9 HISTORY EXAM
Section 1: World War 1
Key question: which countries were allies with Britain in WW1?
Questions 2 and 3
Key question: can you give three reasons for the outbreak of WW1?
To help you answer click the link and watch the video:
Causes of World War 1
Key question: how has the artist tried to persuade men to join the army?
Key question: what other forms of propaganda were used in WW1?
Click the link for information:
How Great was the Great War?
Key question: how were soldiers supposed to be protected in the British trenches?
Diagramme of a Trench in WW1
Click the link for more information:
Key question: what were soldiers able to write about in their letters home?
A letter from Lt Col John McDonnell from Louth to his wife Senta - in it he is concerned with how his farm at home is doing, and draws a lost key for her. He was killed by an enemy shell on 29 September 1918.
Section 2: The Suffragette Protest
Key question: what was expected of middle class women in the 1800s?
In the 1800s the 'separate spheres' ideology said that men, based on their biological make-up, as well as the will of God, inhabit the 'public sphere' – the world of politics, economy, commerce, and law. Women's 'private sphere', according to the ideology, is the place of domestic life, child-rearing, housekeeping, and religious education. The 'separate spheres' ideology said that women and men are inherently different and these differences were natural.
Key question: how did the Suffragettes campaign for the right to vote?
For more information click the link below:
The Suffragettes
Key question: why did the suffragette campaign end?
In August 1914, at the start of WW1, Admiral Fitzgerald founded the Order of the White Feather. The organisation aimed to shame men into enlisting in the British Army by persuading women to present them with a white feather if they were not wearing a uniform.
This was joined by prominent feminists and suffragettes of the time, such as Emmeline Pankhurst. They, in addition to handing out the feathers, also lobbied to institute an involuntary draft of men, including those who lacked votes due to being too young or not owning property.
Section 3: Prohibition
Key question: why did the US Government introduce prohibition?
In 1920, the 18th Amendment was passed making the manufacture and sale of alcohol illegal. But many people in this time of 'Prohibition' continued to drink and gangsters made enormous amounts of money from supplying illegal liquor.
Here are four reasons why Prohibition was introduced:
National mood - when America entered the war in 1917 the national mood also turned against drinking alcohol. The Anti-Saloon League argued that drinking alcohol was damaging American society.
Practical - a ban on alcohol would boost supplies of important grains such as barley.
Religious - the consumption of alcohol went against God's will.
Moral - many agreed that it was wrong for some Americans to enjoy alcohol while the country's young men were at war.
Carry Nation was one of the most colorful members of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was Carry Nation. Carry Nation is best remembered for using a hatchet to smash and destroy bars and their contents. She believed she was doing God's work and was highly intolerant of those who opposed her or her actions. Mrs Nation applauded the Assassination of President William McKinley because she believed that he secretly drank alcohol and that drinkers always got what they deserved.
Key question: what can we learn from this picture about the introduction of prohibition?
Key question: how did the Great Depression affect life in the USA and Germany?
Click below to access the PowerPoint which will give you a lot of information about the Great Depression:
Great Depression PowerPoint
Section 4: Historical Significance
HenryVIII
Key Question: choose a historical person and explain why they are remembered.
What did this person achieve in their life?
Who is most likely to remember them and why?
What else would you like to know about your historical person and why?
Section 5: Essay Skills
Please click on the link below for information on this topic:
Why Should we Remember 1912?
Treaty of Versailles
The Weimar republic was associated with failure in WWI since it had signed the Treaty of Versailles that had ended the war. Many nationalists believed the republic had sold Germany out to its enemies by ending the war too early. The treaty took territory from Germany and left the country facing crippling compensation claims.
The limitations it placed on Germany's armed forces, and especially the War Guilt Clause that blamed Germany and her allies for starting the war, left many Germans feeling humiliated.
For these reasons it was deeply unpopular.
Hitler's rise to Power
Bonus Question
Please prepare a newspaper front page based on a topic you have studies in Year 9.


I use v16 on Fire-TV and I want to suggest to move the playback controls to the top of the left menu. I use that menu a lot and I always have to click downwards to reach it.
kodi v16 is shipped with confluence. this skin is no longer part of kodi as it has been replaced by estuary.


text:
Organizing for Empowerment: Exploring the Impact of Unionization on Domestic Workers in India
Barua, Padmaja; Haukanes, Haldis
Accepted version (224.6Kb)
Barua P, Haukanes H. Organizing for Empowerment: Exploring the Impact of Unionization on Domestic Workers in India. Studies in comparative international development. 2020;55:27-47 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-019-09291-4
This article seeks to illuminate the impact of unionization on a group of domestic workers in the Indian metropolis of Mumbai. We argue that, as a result of being unionized, these domestic workers have been able to initiate a process of personal empowerment or "power within" which has, in turn, led to changes in how they perceive themselves and their place in the world. These changes which have led to an enhanced sense of self-worth and self-efficacy are related to changes that have occurred in the lives of the women at three levels: gaining formal recognition and social citizenship, experiencing changes in the cognitive domain and emotional habitus, and the development of collective solidarities. We demonstrate how these changes have unfolded in an iterative and mutually constitutive manner. We also argue that, while unionization and being part of collective movement has driven a process of personal empowerment for the domestic workers, this has not necessarily resulted in a willingness by these women to initiate and sustain collective acts of social action around self-defined concerns and priorities. As in many other parts of the world, domestic work in India is performed under precarious and informal working conditions outside the realm of labor regulation and social protection. Located at the confluence of the structural hierarchies of gender, caste, and class, paid domestic work is one the most stigmatized and lowest paid occupations in India (Gothoskar 2013; Neetha 2009). The development literature has shown that with the turn to neoliberal reforms in most parts of the world from the late 1980s onwards, there has been a concomitant increase in the global informal sector due to the policies of market liberalization (Agarwala 2013; Chun and Agarwala 2016). Similar continuities can be seen in India where since the launch of neoliberal reforms in the 1990s, informality has expanded and reproduced, contributing to the further immiseration and precarity of informal workers (Kerswell and Pratap 2016; Hensman 2011; Breman 2013). Domestic workers are difficult to organize and mobilize due to the structural barriers inherent in domestic service. They are often involved in casual, fragmented, and part-time activities which are conducted in physically dispersed and isolated private homes (Kabeer et al. 2013 b; Neetha and Palriwala 2011). Yet, in spite of these obvious challenges, domestic workers have been organizing and unionizing globally (see Blofield and Jokela 2018; Bonner 2010; Burja 2000; Boris and Nadasen 2008; Nadasen 2015). In this article, we analyze the impact that unionizing has had on a group of domestic workers in the Indian metropolis of Mumbai. Whereas scholars have shed some light on important aspects of precarious worker organizing in India (see Agarwala 2016; Hill 2010; Jhabvala 2013; Narayan and Chikarmane 2013; Gartenberg 2017), the literature in this field is still quite limited. This is even more so with respect to research on the mobilization of domestic workers in India, with a few honorable exceptions (see Devika et al. 2011; Eluri and Singh 2013; George 2013; Gothoskar 2005; Menon 2013; Moghe 2013). There has been scant focus on changes that occur at a micro-level in the lives of domestic workers—that is, in terms of workers' consciousness, subjectivities, and relationships with one another—as a result of unionization and the impact that these changes might have on the ability of women domestic workers to enhance their own capabilities and agency. In order to do precisely this, we turn, in this article, to conceptual resources from development studies, feminist theories on empowerment, and social movement studies to show how domestic workers within the context of unionization have been able to initiate a journey of transformation in their ability to experience an enhanced sense of self-worth and self-efficacy. We argue that the process of acquiring a greater sense of self-efficacy and personal empowerment is related to changes that have occurred in the lives of women post unionization at three levels: gaining formal recognition and social citizenship, experiencing changes in the cognitive and emotional domain, and the development of mutual solidarities. Yet, at the same time, we indicate that while unionization and being part of a collective movement has generated a process of individual or personal empowerment, this has not necessarily resulted in the development of collective action that is initiated and sustained by the domestic workers themselves.
Under embargo until: 2020-11-25
Copyright 2019 Springer


text:
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HomeBusinessTop 10 Ways to Make Money as a Musician - How To...
BusinessMake Money Online
Top 10 Ways to Make Money as a Musician – How To Sell Your Songs
By Yakubu
Ways to Make Money as a Musician
In this article we'll be looking at the Top 10 Ways To Make Money as a Musician, I know most musicians are very talented and it's everyone's dream to make money off their craft, up and coming musicians often face the challenges of been discouraged about the hustle, when you are not signed to a big label, and you don't have the money to push yourself out their, it become very tedious to even earn from the songs you make.
Out of hundreds of industries out there, entertainment industry happens to be one of the largest in the world after technology, health and agricultural industries.
But, the issue has always been how to commercialize or monetize this songs if you are not signed to any record label.
Don't be discouraged as there is a way you can make money with your songs both as an up and coming musician or an already blown musician.
Through Streaming Platforms
Through Distribution Deals
Through Facebook and Instagram Music
Through Paid Appearance
Through YouTube
Through Collaborations
Through Events Tickets Sales
Online Live Shows
Through Government Sponsored Events
Through Performance Royalties
The above mentions are the top 10 ways to make money as a musician that I will be talking about, though their are other ways you can still make money, but let's focus on these ones.
Make Money Through Streaming Platforms.
Since we are in a digital space with the availability of digital content. Musicians can now make money from their music through certain platforms like Spotify, Audiomack, and many more.
How it works is that the higher the number of streams, the higher profit you make.
Although for platforms like Apple Music, the algorithm behind it is that the higher the number of streams you get from a particular region, you earn more from that region.
The procedure to get started is by uploading the music to these platforms except for premium platforms you will need the help of distribution companies like Bandcamp, Distrokid, Tunecore, etc to upload your music.
Make Money Through Distribution Deals
This strategy puts you in charge as it bridges the gap between the artiste and the record label. It is more favourable to independent musicians to make money through this means you will either have a record label of your own or you let the distribution company take care of it.
Their are two ways to go about distribution deals:
You submit the digital or physical content of your music to a distribution company to help promote and market the music.
The second option is that you take care of the production, marketing, and distribution of the music. This option is risky and so I will advise you to opt for the first option.
Note: Distribution deals are different from record deals.
In record deals, the company takes charge of all your expenses from the moment you sign a contract with the record label.
All your expenses are being taken care of from the cost of recording, your events, marketing, promotion, and distribution of music.
Some even go to the extent of taking care of your basic needs like accommodation but it's not free as you think.
Now, the pattern of payment comes in two ways, which are:
Here, the artist is not entitled to have a part of the percentage of the profit that returns after a hit song. But rather the artiste is paid monthly which may be a loss to the artist. That is why most artists tend to run away from this option.
Percentage Payment
This is pretty fair and many musicians have made money through these options.
For instance, the likes of Tiwa Savage, Davido, Wizkid, and more have been made through this means.
Here, the percentage of the profit made after all expenses is been shared between the artist and record label.
Regardless, the distribution deals pay more than the record deals, and distribution companies like Bandcamp, and Reverbnation are always available to help with the distribution of music.
Make Money Through Facebook Music and Instagram Music.
For many that are not aware, you can monetize the music on your Facebook and Instagram.
How you may ask? Well, Facebook collaborates with certain record labels and distribution companies to monetize your music on Facebook which covers Instagram.
How this is done is that with the help of a record label or distributor, your music will be uploaded on Facebook's database for people to scan through and choose according to our preferences and it is being monitored and tracked to avoid people violating their policy or rules. The areas for the inclusion of music are:
Instagram and Facebook Stories: Aside from passing emojis and stickers. There is an available placement for music to be added according to your stories that family and friends can watch or share with others.
Live Videos: You can select music too if you want to go live on any of these platforms. And guess what? When you are living, your audience can see the artists of the music you are playing.
The beautiful thing about all these is that your music is being tracked and it is allowed to be shared by followers within and outside your region and at the end of the month, you get paid.
Note: The digital content that you will submit should be your content that you have the authority right to or a third party content you still have authorization to.
Through Paid Appearances
Although music industries are not making much from record sales.
Musicians have figured out another way they can make money which is through paid appearances.
Where you are invited to show up at clubs, events, and tours and still get paid for showing up.
This is one of the known means of making money from musicians.
Creating content on Youtube is pretty easy these days all thanks to advanced technology.
There are several means to make money through YouTube. Which are:
First, you can record a beat and create a cover page before uploading it to Youtube.
Second, you can get paid when your music is used as ads on YouTube. So ensure you create a YouTube today!
I have written a step by step guide on how to make money on YouTube go check it out. Read: Full Guide on How To Make Money From YouTube in Nigeria
The more you build an online brand for yourself and gradually climb the limelight, many brands and musicians will begin to take note of you.
Aside from the notice, if you happen to know your skills(music) very well.
You will begin to get recommendations not only from your producer but also from other musicians who might have listened to your song and loved it.
For instance, who could have imagined that Johnny Drille and Teni could feature as a duo to remix "Denge Pose". This is what happens with collaboration.
Yes, there is a possibility of making money from performance royalties.
There is no doubt that many musicians have made money from this means either by featuring them in a song or using their music to act in a movie or when their music is being interpolated or sampled.
What is music interpolation?
Music interpolation happens when a piece of existing music by an artist is being transformed with related sounds, patterns or melody, etc from the existing music.
While music sampling is when part of an existing song is being merged with a present song. So, for every song that is interpolated or sampled. The owner of the song gets royalties from the act.
For instance, the known song of Burna Boy Ye samples the late Fela Kuti.
He may have paid royalties to the family of the deceased before bringing it on air.
So, even if the owner of the music is alive or not when the song is used in a movie or it is interpolated or sampled.
There is a percentage of royalties that goes to the original owner of the music and it is a lifelong process for musicians to make money from music.
Being a musician is one thing and making money from music is another thing.
Yes, it might take a while but it is worth it. All you have to focus on is being consistent and keep adding value.
If you have other ways one can make money from music please feel free to share in the comment section below.
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Yakubuhttps://binoosmart.com
Yakubu Binuyaminu handles all technical work on AbujaBuzz, he is a problogger and a tech savvy, he is also a product designer, Web Developer, digital marketer and co-founder of AbujaBuzz.
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esconservancy@gmail.com
2019 ESBC Report
2019 Breed Report Executive Summary
"What is needed is for breeders to think in population terms… to look at each breed genetically as a population and each breeder involved with that particular population as a conservator of that breed in partnership with others." ~ J. Bragg
Our goal is to help English Shepherd breeders produce healthy dogs today and in the future. In this first report we examine breed health and compare current breeding practices to recommended conservation principles. Our goal is to assist breeders as they consider their breeding priorities and the needs of the breed. Below is a summary of key findings; you can view the full report online here at 2019 Breed Report
English Shepherd Population: Brief History
The English Shepherd (ES) breed was developed in the early 20th century from a large, diverse, group of founders. The generous population size that characterized ES in the early to mid-1900s was followed by a general decline in the latter part of the century. The population began rebounding again in the late 1990s. Growth in numbers is necessary to maintain a viable breed but population growth must be supported by healthy breeding practices in order to maintain genetic diversity and founder lines.
Key Findings OF the report, Including Breed Fitness indicators
Population Growth. Population growth has been steady over the past 12 years. Effective population size (breeding population) has more than doubled. The ratio of sires to dams has remained relatively constant at 3:4.
Reproductive Characteristics. Average litter size is 7.5 pups/litter and less than 1% of pups are stillborn. Only 15% of litters include a stillbirth and 94% of pups survive to weaning. Most breeding dogs produce only one or two litters in their lifetime; dogs producing 3 or more litters may have a disproportionately large impact on the next generation.
Founder balance and genetic diversity. Genetic diversity of a breed is determined by the size and diversity of the founding population and the number of descendants representing them. Population declines (genetic bottlenecks), like that experienced by ESs in the 1980s, may increase inbreeding and reduce genetic diversity through loss of founding lines.
Some sire and dam lines are hanging on by a thread. Data on sires, dams, and registered litters in the ESCR between 2013 and 2018 suggests that certain founders are in danger of disappearing from the gene pool:
For sire lines, the five most common founders are represented in 55% of the litters (399 litters) while the five least common are found in only 2.4% of the litters (17 litters).
For dam lines, the five most common founders are represented in 56% of the litters (403 litters) while the five least common are found in less than 1% of the litters (5 litters).
Increase in inbreeding. Pedigree-based coefficients of inbreeding (COI) have increased significantly in the last 10 years. Genetic COI, measured by DNA analysis, appear to be substantially higher than pedigree-based COI. The average level of inbreeding is increasing by either measure and the average COI currently exceeds recommended thresholds.
Generation time. Generation time is the interval between one generation and the next. Genetic loss occurs with every generation in purebred dogs. Genetic experts suggest that to retain genetic diversity, breeds should have an average generation time of 5+ years. Average generation time can be increased by breeding older (4–6 year old) pairs of dogs or by breeding younger dogs to older mates. In addition to preserving genetic diversity, longer generation times also improve selection for health and vitality.
Short generation time is currently reducing genetic diversity in ES.
Review of a random sample of 100 litters born between 2007 and 2017 showed 69% of ES litters have a generation time of less than 4 years.
Sibling contribution. The number of puppies from each litter (i.e., unique breeding cross) that go on to become breeding stock for the next generation influences genetic diversity. Lack of sibling contribution (few or no puppies per litter going on to be bred) appears to be an important factor in the reduction of genetic diversity in ESs. As of the end of 2018:
43% of the 2010-11 litters had NO puppies reproduce (0% of the next generation)
36% of the 2010-11 litters had ONE puppy that reproduced (36% of the next generation)
21% of the 2010-11 litters had TWO OR MORE puppies that reproduced (64% of the next generation)
Fewer males than females reproduced, reducing effective breeding population size.
In order to retain genetic diversity from one generation to the next, breeders should avoid repeat breedings and strive to ensure that at least two pups from every litter (barring obvious defects) contribute to the next generation.
Genetic Load. The "genetic load" of a breed consists of the genes within the population that can damage fitness of individual dogs. Genetic load cannot be eliminated, but breeders can monitor genetic defects, and avoid breeding combinations that decrease the likelihood that genetic disorders are expressed. Screening your breeding stock is recommended if you do not know the genotype of your dogs' parents. The following mutations are known to occur in ESs:
MDR-1 – results in sensitivity to certain medications
Collie Eye Anomaly – may result in thinning of the retina and vision problems
Progressive Retinal Atrophy-prcd – causes deterioration in the retina with age
Degenerative Myelopathy – associated with risk for neuromuscular disease
Dilated Cardiomyopathy – associated with risk for heart disease in some breeds
Hyperuricosemia – increases risk of developing urinary stones
In the past, ES breeders have had to make decisions without benefit of information on the population as a whole. The breed's unique history has resulted in a population that appears to experience relatively few genetic disorders. The diversity and vitality that has characterized the breed may be in danger, however, due to increased levels of inbreeding, dwindling numbers of founder lines, and failure to cultivate diversity in breeding stock. Fortunately, each of these problems has a solution and breeders can reverse the trends that threaten breed health.
Recommended Breeding Practices
The following list is excerpted from Jeff Bragg's article, "Population Genetics in Practice." You can (and should!) read the whole article online: https://www.seppalakennels.com/articles/population-genetics-in-practice.htm
Maintain balance of sires and dams
Avoid incestuous matings (e.g., closer than first cousins)
Understand and monitor coefficient of inbreeding (COI)
Pay attention to the trend in COI
Know the genetic load but don't obsess over it
Conserve sire and dam-line diversity
Maintain high generation time
Avoid repeat breedings
Ensure sibling contribution
Monitor fitness indicators (e.g., fertility and litter size)
Avoid unfit breeding stock
Monitor population growth
Attempt founder balancing (in coordination with other breeders)
The next steps in our research will involve studying the genetic relationship between dogs in the breed. Pedigree is a useful guide but genetic testing of a representative sample of the breed will give us more information. We need your help in order for this to be a success!
If you can help or would like to participate in the English Shepherd Genetic Diversity Study, please contact the English Shepherd Breed Conservancy at esconservancy@gmail.com.
Published by English Shepherd Breed Conservancy
References for further study:
2019 Breed Report
Canine Diversity Project
Institute for Canine Biology blog
Jeff Bragg's articles


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bankwatches
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City of Orange CA Library | Home Library
From September 1 – November 30 visit any of our participating businesses and show your Orange Public Library card for awesome perks! LEARN MORE. Labor as an Instrument. The …
Catalog — Orange Public Library
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Orange Beach Library Catalog | Daily Catalog
Orange County Library System waives all late fees on books …
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What can I do at the Orange Branch Library?
The Orange Branch Library has a drive-up book drop and drive-through pick-up window along with many other sustainable building features. The building also houses our Community & Family Outreach Services Department and the Imagination Garden.
How is OC Public Libraries celebrating its 100th year of service?
OC Public Libraries is recognizing a major milestone in 2021 as it reaches its 100th year of service. OC Public Libraries will offer a year full of programming and activities that celebrate its centennial including a commemorative library card and logo in addition to providing print audiovisual…
Are OC Public libraries open for in-person services?
OC Public Libraries are open for in-person services according to State and County guidelines. Online services continue to expand with eBook checkout and Virtual Programs which include virtual storytimes Zoom…
Is the Volusia County public library open on September 5th?
All branches of the Volusia County Public Library will be closed on Monday September 5th. Volusia County Public Library card required for remote access. DO NOT enter a PIN code or password if prompted.
Does the Orange Branch Library have a book drop?
The Orange Branch Library has a drive-up book drop and drive-through pick-up window along with many other sustainable building features. The building also houses our Community & Family Outreach Services Department and the Imagination Garden. My name is Dale Johnson.
What are the hours of the Orange Branch Library?
Monday – Thursday: 9 a.m. – 7 p.m. Friday – Saturday: 9 a.m. – 5 p.m. The Orange Branch Library has a drive-up book drop and drive-through pick-up window along with many other sustainable building features. The building also houses our Community & Family Outreach Services Department and the Imagination Garden. My name is Dale Johnson.
Where is the Orange County Public Library located?
Main Library is located at: 146 N. Madison Rd. in Orange VA 22960. Phone (540) 672-3811. The Wilderness Branch Library is Located at: 6421 Flat Run Rd. Locust Grove VA 22508. Phone (540) 854-5310. The Gordonsville Branch Library is located at: 319 N. Main St. Gordonsville VA 22942.
Where is the Orange Branch located?
The Orange Branch is located in Orange Township just north of the township s fire station park and pool. At 33 000 square feet this branch has a drive-up book drop and drive through pick-up window along with many other special green building features. The building also houses our Outreach Services Department and Imagination Garden.
How do I get a library card in Orange County?
Patrons of the Orange County Public Library system are entitled to check out materials from any of our 33 branches as well as from other libraries with reciprocal lending privileges.There is no fee to obtain a library card. Visit the Orange County Public Library web site for a list of library locations.
How many libraries are in the county of Orange?
The County of Orange operates 33 library branches. In addition to the traditional community locations a law library is located in the Santa Ana civic center area and an outlet in the Orangewood Children s Home.
What can you learn from OCPL's annual report?
As you read through the annual report you will see that each day OCPL employees created new ways of safely meeting our mission to empower and enrich our communities. OCPL employees… OC Public Libraries is recognizing a major milestone in 2021 as it reaches its 100th year of service.
What's the Book Club at Volusia County Public Library?
Volusia County Public Library has partnered with PBC Guru and Freading to create a virtual book club for patrons and the community. The book for August 5 – October 7 is Boy Swallows Universe by Trent Dalton. A lost father a mute brother a mother in jail a heroin dealer for a stepfather and a notorious felon for a babysitter.
When did the county library move to its current home?
The county hired a fanciful sculpture to be the focal point of the library's outdoor fountain when it relocated into its new 25, 000-square-foot location in 1996. From 1 to 5 p.m., the library is open. 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. on Sunday. Monday through Thursday, and Friday and Saturday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Where is the library in Port Orange Florida?
1005 City Center Circle, Port Orange Regional Library, Florida 386-322-5152 One of the busiest locations in the Volusia County Public Library system is the Port Orange Regional Library. It is a component of the Port Orange City Center, which also houses the city hall, a community center, a lake, and a walking route.
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All this success stems from big, bold choices. In 2012, after quitting her job, she set up Barefoot, a brand consultancy company for start-ups. She is also a founding member of non-profit platform Give Freely where individuals list their donations and NGOs their needs, in order to find a suitable match.
By any definition, Arpita is a role model for success. And since, in our survey, Indians revealed success as a key factor to living fully, we asked Arpita to share what are the mantras and practices we can internalise to start us on that journey to achievement?
Her main mantra for success, especially for Indian women, is to be firm and take charge of their lives.
Arpita says adaptation is the key to succeeding, especially as an entrepreneur starting something new.
In 2012, Arpita quit her job because she was positive about forging a new path. Scary? Yes. But she focused on the potential of her big decision, not her fears.
Arpita is a strong believer in working hard to build and maintain connections — and sometimes that means swapping serious frowns for a smile. There's always room for lightheartedness.
Harnessing a healthy mind-body connection is key to Arpita. She regularly practices yoga to help her stay in the zone and make the most of her 24 hours in a day.
Don't believe bodywork helps you focus? Just 20 minutes of yoga per day is believed to boost brain function and memory, according to a University of Illinois study.


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Community Gestalt Therapy (CGT) is an advanced training for mental health professionals who are engaged in community work and drawn to Gestalt Therapy. Participation in this program will provoke emotional courage, expand appreciation for the complexity of human experience, and sharpen critiques of political and economic discourses. The training consists of narrative, theory, live practice, and group process. All teaching will be grounded in practices that demonstrate a cutting-edge application of the Gestalt paradigm.
This training supports practitioners to identify and interrogate the social, political, and economic implications of the systems in which they work. It also highlights opportunities to experiment with new strategies congruent with ecological principles. The call to service comes in many forms. Often it is the plea we hear when others are in distress. Yet people in pain move us not only to comfort them, but also to take action. A community approach requires action that affects the larger context. When we witness a relentless stream of systemic conditions carving through communities, the required action is clear. The people swept up in that stream need us to pull them to shore and tend to their injuries. Still, more action is needed…action that compels us upstream.
The Community Gestalt Therapy advanced clinical training program invites practitioners upstream with the use of prevention and promotion strategies, in addition to therapeutic tools. We want to create health (rather than wait for illness). This takes a shift in culture. Fortunately, influencing culture is what Gestalt was born to do. Combined with some effective peer education tools, a culture-building approach can equip people to work together to change conditions, create more humane systems and promote the value of mutual care. To encourage culture shift, this program trains practitioners to use The Relational Center's key peer education tool… Stories of Connection.
The training schedule includes four 2-day intensives in which participants engage in theory discussion, live-supervised practice, personal development work, and group process. Peer group meetings are also available to offer participants an opportunity to build a sense of community.
pragmatism: what works, for real?


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Christian Lindner (Wuppertal, Renania del Norte-Westfalia, 7 de enero de 1979) es un político alemán, presidente del Partido Democrático Liberal (FDP). Asumió el cargo de ministro federal de Finanzas en el Gabinete Scholz en diciembre de 2021.

Biografía

Primeros años y educación
Lindner nació en Wuppertal, Alemania. Su padre Wolfgang Lindner es profesor de Matemáticas y Ciencias de la Computación en el Städtisches Gymnasium en Wermelskirchen. Después de graduarse del Gymnasium en 1998, estudió ciencias políticas en la Universidad de Bonn entre 1999 y 2006.

Carrera política
Lindner se unió al FDP en 1995. Ha sido miembro de la Junta Ejecutiva del FDP en el estado de Renania del Norte-Westfalia desde 1998 y se convirtió en Secretario General del partido en este estado federado en 2004, ocupando este cargo hasta febrero de 2010. En 2000, fue elegido diputado al Parlamento Regional de Renania del Norte-Westfalia, desempeñándose en este cargo hasta 2009. En 2007 también se convirtió en miembro de la Junta Ejecutiva del FDP a nivel federal. Desde 2009 hasta 2012 se desempeñó como miembro del Bundestag alemán. Desde diciembre de 2009 hasta su sorpresiva dimisión en diciembre de 2011, fue también secretario general del FDP a nivel federal.

Lindner fue elegido como candidato del FDP para las elecciones estatales de Renania del Norte-Westfalia de 2012. En las elecciones, el FDP recibió el 8,6% de los votos, superando todas las expectativas.

Linder fue elegido nuevo presidente del FDP en 2013, tras la dimisión del hasta entonces presidente Philipp Rösler después de las elecciones federales de 2013, en las que el FDP no pudo superar el obstáculo del 5% necesario para entrar en el Bundestag, por primera vez desde 1949.

Lindner fue el candidato principal del FDP para las Elecciones estatales de Renania del Norte-Westfalia de 2017 y las Elecciones federales de Alemania de 2017. En estas últimas, el FDP logró volver a entrar al Bundestag con más de un 10% de los votos, y Lindner fue elegido nuevamente como diputado.

Tras las elecciones federales de 2021 y la formación del Gabinete Scholz, Lindner asumió como Ministro Federal de Finanzas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Políticos de Alemania del siglo XXI
Alumnado de la Universidad de Bonn
Liberales de Alemania
Nacidos en Wuppertal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The countdown is on to today's NW 10k charity road race and walk.
Anything up to 3,000 people are expected to take part in the event around the streets of Letterkenny.
The race gets underway at 2.00 pm.
There are: Toilet and changing facilities; Car Parking in McGinley's Car Park ONLY; Water Stations en route; Free T-Shirts; Refreshments after the race.
Conwal Parish Church is the oldest building in Letterkenny with the tower, dating back to 1636, currently in the process of major restoration work, the estimated cost of which is in the region of €100,000. Conwal Parish has a strong community ethos with a lot of different clubs and organisations using the church and hall. Under the Heritage Act there is a duty of care to preserve this beautiful building for those that use it now but also to ensure that it will be kept in the condition it deserves for future generations to enjoy and treasure.
The Letterkenny Branch of the Dyslexia Association of Ireland provides learning support through the medium of reading, writing, phonics etc. for school going children from the ages of 8-18. For almost 20 years a class has been run each Monday night during the Academic School Year in the Letterkenny Institute of Technology. The funding will support lower income families to get their child physiologically assessed to get them resource help at school and also support their costs whilst attending the classes. We would also like to try and develop the possibility of using I-Pads in our classroom environment.


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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 124 › Lawther v. Hamilton
Lawther v. Hamilton, 124 U.S. 1 (1888)
Lawther v. Hamilton
Argued October 28, 31, 1887
Decided January 9, 1888
Letters patent No. 165,164, issued September 28, 1875, to Alfred B. Lawther for a new and improved process for treating oleaginous seeds was a patent for a process consisting of a series of acts to be done to the flaxseed and, construed in the light of that knowledge which existed in the art at the time of its date, it sufficiently describes the process to be followed; but it is limited by the terms of the specification, at least so far as the crushing of the seed is concerned, to the use of the kind of instrumentality therein described, namely, in the first part of the process, to the use of powerful revolving rollers for crushing the seed between them under pressure.
Moistening the flaxseed by a shower of spray in the mixing machine, produced by directing a jet of steam against a small stream of water, does in fact "moisten the seeds by direct subjection to steam," and thus comes within the clause of Lawther's patent.
A license from the plaintiff in error to the defendants in error cannot be implied from the facts proved in this case.
Bill in equity to restrain infringements of letters patent. Decree dismissing the bill. Complainant appealed. 21 F. 811. The case is stated in the opinion of the Court.
Page 124 U. S. 2
STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN
The appellant, Alfred B. Lawther, filed his bill in the court below against the appellees, alleging that they were infringing a patent granted to him on the twenty-eighth of September, 1875, for certain improvements in processes of treating oleaginous seeds, and praying for an account of profits and damages, and an injunction. The circuit court, being of opinion that the patent could not be sustained as a patent for a process (which it was claimed to be), dismissed the bill. We are called upon to revise this decision.
In the specification of the patent, the patentee states that the object of his invention is
"to improve the process of working flaxseed, linseed, and other oil seeds in such a manner that a greater yield of oil is obtained at a considerable saving of time and power in the running of the crushing, mixing, and pressing machines, while also a cake of superior texture is produced."
The specification proceeds as follows:
"Hitherto it has been the practice to crush the oil seeds between revolving rollers and completing the imperfect crushing by passing them under heavy stones known as 'edge-runners' or 'mullers,' under addition of a quantity of water, the crushed and moistened seed being then taken from the muller stones, and stirred in a heated steam-jacketed reservoir preparatory to being placed into the presses for extracting the oil. This process has been found imperfect in regard to many points, but mainly on account of the over-grinding of portions of the seed and the husks or bran when the seeds were exposed for too long a time to the action of the muller stones, so as to form a pasty mass and produce an absorption of oil by the fine particles of bran, while, on the other hand, the under-grinding, by too short an action of the stones, rendered the
presses incapable of extracting the full amount of oil from the seed."
"* * * *"
"My process is intended to remedy the defects of the one at present in use, and consists mainly in conveying the oil seeds through a vertical supply tube and feeding roller at such degree of pressure to powerful revolving rollers that each seed is individually acted upon, and the oil cells fully crushed and disintegrated. They are then passed directly, without the use of muller stones, to the mixing machine, to be stirred, moistened, and heated by the admission of small jets of water or steam to the mass, and then transferred to the presses."
"The oil seeds are by my new process first conveyed to a hopper and fluted seed roller at the top of an upright feed tube of the crushing machine, by which the seeds are fed, under suitable pressure, to revolving rollers of sufficient power, which run at a surface speed of about one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet per minute."
"The pressure on the seeds in the feed tube is necessary, as the oil seeds would otherwise not feed readily into rollers revolving under great pressure. The oil seeds are thereby compelled to pass evenly and steadily through the rollers, which have therefore a chance to act on all of them, and break the oil cells uniformly, without reducing any portion to a pasty condition. The bran is also left comparatively coarse, so that it shows the nature of the seed after pressing."
"The muller stones, and their over or under grinding of any portion of the seeds, are entirely done away with by this mode, which makes not only the machinery less expensive, but produces also a saving of power required in running the same. The crushed seeds are next placed in a steam-jacketed reservoir of the mixing machine, where they are stirred, moistened, and heated by perforated revolving stirrer arms, which throw jets of water or steam into the mass so as to thoroughly permeate and mix the same. The crushed and moistened mass is transferred to the presses for the extraction of the oil, which operation requires less power, on account of the uniformity of the mass, produces a greater yield of oil, and furnishes an
improved quality of oil cake, or residue, of open-grained, flaky nature, capable of being split in regular pieces at right angles to the direction of pressure."
Having thus described his invention, the patentee states his claim to be
"the process of crushing oleaginous seeds, and extracting the oil therefrom, consisting of the following successive steps, viz., the crushing of the seeds under pressure, the moistening of the seeds by direct subjection to steam, and finally the expression of the oil from the seed by suitable pressure, as and for the purpose set forth."
The purpose and effect of the invention claimed by the patentee as a new process, and the argument against the validity of the patent as a patent for a process, cannot be better or more clearly stated than is done in the opinion of the court below, pronounced by Judge Dyer, 21 F. 811. We quote therefrom as follows:
"The proofs show, and in fact it is undisputed, that formerly, in the process of extracting oil from flaxseed, the seed was subjected to the crushing and disintegrating action of the muller stones, which consisted of two large and very heavy stone wheels mounted on a short horizontal axis attached to a vertical shaft. By the rotation of this shaft, the stones were caused to move on their edges shortly around in a circular path upon a stone bed plate, with a peculiar rolling and grinding action, upon a layer of flaxseed placed on the bed plate. This was the usual mechanical appliance in connection with the operating movement of the muller stones. By this means, such portions of the seed as came in contact with the muller stones were reduced to a complete state of pulverization. To facilitate the disintegrating action of the muller stones, the seed was generally first more or less crushed by passing it through one or more pairs of rollers, thus better preparing it for the rubbing and grinding action of the muller stones. The further treatment of the seed required the application of heat and moisture, and this was accomplished in various ways. Sometimes the heat and moisture were applied by a steaming device before the seed was crushed by the muller stones. Sometimes the seed was moistened when it was under the action of the muller stones, by
sprinkling water upon the layer of seed beneath the stones, the heat being applied afterwards by a separate operation. At other times, both heat and moisture were applied after the seed had been run through the mullers and was in the form of meal in the heater. As the last step in the process, the seed thus crushed and disintegrated, and in moist and warm condition was usually placed in haircloth mats or bags and subjected to hydraulic pressure, by which means the oil was extracted. This was the state of the art, and this the usual process, when the complainant obtained his patent."
The court then states the process set out in the appellant's patent, and, after some observations thereon, proceeds to say:
"The crushing of oleaginous seed so that ultimately it may be in condition for the application of hydraulic pressure was always a step, and necessarily the first step, in the process of extracting the oil therefrom. As we have seen, that step was formerly accomplished by means of rollers and muller stones. The complainant ascertained by practice that in crushing the seed, the tearing, pulverizing action of the muller stones was injurious, and so he dispensed with that mechanical operation in the crushing step of the process, and employed the rollers alone. He thereby simply omitted one of the instrumentalities previously used in the first stage of treatment of the seed. This was undoubtedly a useful improvement, but it was not the invention or discovery of a new process. Each step in the process existed and was known before -- namely crushing the seed, beating and moistening it, and finally the application of hydraulic pressure. What the complainant accomplished was a change in mechanical appliances and operation by which an existing process, and each step thereof, were made more effective in its results. For this he may have been entitled to a mechanical patent. . . . He discovered that more advantageous results were attainable by dispensing with the use of muller stones, and that these results were also promoted by the improved construction of the rollers and other mechanical appliances for heating and moistening the seed is quite apparent. The discovery or invention was not of a new series of acts or
steps constituting a process, but only of certain mechanical changes in carrying into effect the well known old steps of the process."
The view thus taken by the court below seems to us open to some criticism. If, as that court says and we think rightly says, the omission of the muller stones is a real improvement in the process of obtaining the oil from the flaxseed, if it produces more oil and better oil cakes, and it is new, and was not used before, why is it not patentable discovery?, and why is not such new method of obtaining the oil and making the oil cakes a process? There is no new machinery. The rollers are an old instrument, the mixing machinery is old, the hydraulic press is old; the only thing that is new is the mode of using and applying these old instrumentalities. And what is that but a new process? This process consists of a series of acts done to the flaxseed. It is a mode of treatment. The first part of the process is to crush the seeds between rollers. Perhaps, as this is the only breaking and crushing of the seed which is done, the rollers are required to be stronger than before; but if so, it is no less a process.
The evidence shows that although the crushing of the seed by two horizontal rollers and then passing it, thus crushed, under the muller stones was the old method commonly used, yet that, for several years before Lawther took out his patent, a more thorough crushing had been effected by the employment of four or five strong and heavy rollers arranged on top of on another in a stack, still using the muller stones to grind und moisten the crushed seed after it was passed through the rollers. The invention of Lawther consisted in discarding the muller stones and passing the crushed seed directly into a mixing machine, to be stirred, moistened, and heated by jets of steam or water and then transferring the mass to the presses for the expression of the oil by hydraulic or other power.
The machinery and apparatus used by Lawther had all been used before. His only discovery was an improvement in the process. He found that by altogether omitting one of the steps of the former process -- the grinding and mixing under the muller stones -- and mixing in the mixing machine
by means of steam, a great improvement was effected in the result.
Why should it be doubted that such a discovery is patentable? It is highly useful, and it is shown by the evidence to have been the result of careful and long continued experiments and the application of much ingenuity. By the omission of the mullers, greater care may be necessary on the part of the workman in carrying on the operations, especially in watching the moistening and mixing process so as to produce the proper moisture and consistency of the mass before subjecting it to hydraulic pressure. But though it be true that the new process does require greater care, and even greater skill, on the part of the workman than was formerly required, this does not change its character as being that of a process, nor does it materially affect its utility.
The only question which in our view raises a doubt on the validity of the patent is whether it sufficiently describes the process to be followed in order to secure the beneficial results which it promises. The patentee, when on the witness stand, stated that the invention was perfected on the second day of June, 1874; that it was the result of a long series of experiments, which were not entirely successful until that date. His account of it is thus elicited, on his cross-examination:
"57. When did this invention, as you claim it, as you describe it in this patent, first take tangible and practical shape in your mind as a whole process?"
"A. Complete and perfect in 1874."
"58. What time?"
"A. Between the thirty-first of May and the second of June."
"59. What was the particular improvement that produced the change in results at that time?"
"A. It was the perfecting of all of the improvements, the harmonious working of all the changes, that we had made in the matter. Most of the changes had taught us something, and when we learned it all, we knew it."
"60. What particular thing brought about that change at that time?"
"A. I don't know that I could locate any particular thing of any importance or magnitude. "
"61. What did you do different on the first or second of June, or thereafter, from what you had done on the thirtieth of May, or theretofore?"
"A. I have answered that before, as near as I can. I only know it was the culmination of all previous efforts, our knowledge, and our apparatus."
"62. Was the change caused by anything more than your men's increased practical skill and experience in working seed in that new way?"
"A. Added to the apparatus, yes, sir, that was just it exactly. We couldn't have done it without the proper appliances, and with the proper appliances we couldn't have done it without the knowledge; the two things come together. The whole thing was a series of infinitely small steps."
"63. Wasn't the apparatus the same on the thirtieth of May and after the second of June?"
"A. I have no record of any experiment or change having been made during that time, nor do I recollect of any changes. It is possible that it was precisely similar."
"64. Isn't that your best recollection -- that it is similar?"
"A. I have no recollection about it one way or the other. One of our greatest difficulties was the uniform moistening of the seed. We changed the moistening apparatus in a great many different ways. Some of them involved the delay of a day, some of them an hour, some of them a few minutes. Some such changes as that might have been made in the time spoken of."
"65. No change was made in the rolls in that time, was there?"
"A. Not that I know of."
"66. Nor in the heater apparatus or in the presses at that time?"
"A. No, we didn't change the body of that heater; probably not the presses."
"67. On the thirtieth day of May, and sometime previously, didn't you crush the seed under rolls as the first step?"
"A. Yes."
"68. And then moisten it?"
"A. Yes. "
"69. And then heat it?"
"70. And then extract the oil by pressure in the presses?"
"A. Yes; some of it; all that we did extract."
"71. Are not those the same steps in the process of making oil that you used on the second of June and ever since?"
"A. That is the process today."
From this statement it is apparent that the beneficial result is due not only to a proper degree of crushing of the seed in the rolls, but to a proper and uniform moistening of the crushed material in the heating machine before it is subjected to pressure. The question is whether the patent sufficiently describes the operation to be performed in order to accomplish these results.
After a careful consideration of the specification of the patent, and in view of the principle of law that it is to be construed in the light of that knowledge which existed in the art at the time of its date, we are satisfied that it does sufficiently describe the process to be followed. Every step of this process was already understood, although not connected in the manner pointed out in the patent. The following things were known and used before the granting of the patent, to-wit
First, the crushing of the seed between powerful revolving rollers, fed thereto by a supply tube and feeding roller, so as to pass in a sheet of uniform thickness between the rollers
Secondly, the moistening, mixing, and heating of the crushed mass by means of steam and water in a mixing machine.
Thirdly, the pressure of the material thus prepared, in moulds, by means of hydraulic power. These several steps being well known in the art when the patent was applied for, required no particular explanation. The patentee had only to say to the oil manufacturers of the country what he did say, namely:
"Crush your seed evenly and sufficiently between powerful rollers as heretofore, and then, instead of passing it under the muller stones, as you have heretofore done, transfer it immediately to the well known steam mixing machine, and moisten and mix it equably and sufficiently for pressing."
Every oil manufacturer in the country would understand him. They
would also understand that it might require additional care and skill to make the new process work successfully. It is evident that they did understand him, and that the manufacture of linseed oil and oil cakes has ever since been greatly improved and facilitated by the invention.
But while we are satisfied that the invention is that of a process, it is nevertheless limited by the clear terms of the specification, at least so far as the crushing of the seed is concerned, to the use of the kind of instrumentality described -- namely, in the first part of the process, to the use of powerful revolving rollers for crushing the seed between them under pressure. The claim cannot have the broad generality which its terms, taken literally, might at first sight seem to imply; but, limited as suggested, it seems to us sustainable in law.
It is true that the description also calls for the use of a vertical supply tube and feeding roller. The latter is probably essential as a means of distributing the flow of the seed in a sheet of even thickness to the rolls. But the vertical supply tube is evidently an incidental arrangement, suited to one position of the rollers -- namely where a pair of rollers are set side by side. Where they form a pile, on top of one another, a vertical tube would be inapplicable. In such case, the equivalent would be a slanting tube or inclined plane. The vertical tube is clearly not an essential part of the instrumentality used, and constitutes no limitation of the process.
The appellees also contend that they do not (in the words of the claim) "moisten the seeds by direct subjection to steam." It is proven, however, that they do moisten the seeds by a shower of spray in the mixing machine, produced by directing a jet of steam against a small stream of water. This is within the claim of the patent. The specification describes the process of moistening the seeds as follows:
"They are then passed [after being crushed] directly, without the aid of muller stones, to the mixing machine, to be stirred, moistened, and heated by the admission of small jets of water or steam to the mass."
"The crushed seeds are next placed in a steam-jacketed reservoir of the mixing machine, where they are stirred, moistened, and heated by perforated revolving stirrer
arms, which throw jets of water or steam into the mass,"
etc. Then the claim is for three successive steps, viz., the crushing of the seeds under pressure, the moistening of the seeds by direct subjection to steam, and the expression of the oil by suitable pressure. These words are to be read in the light of the explanations in the descriptive part, and, thus read, it is apparent that the meaning of the claim is that the crushed seeds are to be moistened and heated by the use of steam, or steam and water, immediately after coming from the rollers, without any aid from muller stones. This is precisely what the appellees do.
One of the defenses set up is an implied license. It seems that Lawther has another patent for some improvement in the stack of rollers now commonly used for crushing the seed, and supplies them to order through a foundryman by the name of McDonald. The appellees purchased a set of these rollers from McDonald with the knowledge and consent of Lawther. These rollers were returned on account of some imperfection in the material, but the frame was retained, and the appellees procured similar rollers made elsewhere. They contend that by this transaction Lawther gave his consent to their use of this process. We do not think that there is sufficient evidence of any such consent. The use of the rollers did not necessarily involve the use of the process, and there is no proof that anything was said about the process.
Other points were raised which we do not deem it necessary to discuss. We cannot but think that Lawther discovered a new process of manufacturing oil from seeds, and that he was entitled to a patent therefor, and we are of opinion that the patent in suit, construed as we have suggested, is a good and valid patent. We are also of opinion that the appellees infringe the patent and that they have not shown any legal defense to the suit. It follows that the appellant is entitled to a decree for an injunction and an account of profits and damages, as prayed in the bill.
The decree of the circuit court is therefore reversed, and the cause remanded with instructions to enter a decree for the appellant and take such further proceedings as may be in conformity with this opinion.


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Assured Energy team member travels to Ukraine to deliver aid
A team member of our sister company Assured Energy has made a recent journey to Ukraine with his partner to deliver £2,500 worth of much needed aid, spurred on by messages and images received from a Ukraine-based friend he had made during a 2019 holiday to the region.
"We were motivated to deliver supplies because of what we were told about the black market in Ukraine. Toothbrushes and tampons are being sold for $50 a time. It is horrifying, but no more so than was the British black market during WW2," Matthew Boyden explains.
Having set out from their home in Italy, the couple travelled via Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and finally Romania, having been advised that it was safest to cross into the south of Ukraine from there (with Romania providing the most challenging of driving conditions!).
They purchased £2,500 worth of much needed sanitary products and some soft toys and crossed the border at Serit, Romania, where there was a large refugee camp of around 65,000 women, children, and elderly. Rows of tents had been assembled, by many different countries and agencies, with the majority providing just food and drink.
Matthew continues, "We were advised that the best place to head for In Ukraine was the country's primary refugee centre for the south of Ukraine, Chernivtsi – a large city, 50km north of the border, with a population of around 250,000. After having been cleared and with our 4×4 and its contents searched at length by border guards, we entered Ukraine at around 1pm. The journey was striking for several reasons."
"The road in was predictably empty – for around 45 minutes we did not see another car headed in our direction; the road towards Romania was lined for six miles with lorries, all of them stationary. Ukraine is extremely beautiful, and Chernivtsi is an 18th and 19th century 'middle' European city, untouched by the Soviets or modernity. Passage through the city has been made agonisingly deliberate by the large number of armed soldiers, and the creation of sand-bag defence structures on either side of the main roads; these have been installed to allow for shooting at street-level – by civilians as well as soldiers."
On arrival in Chernivtsi, the couple were directed to the Olympic stadium, where the entire site had been given over to collecting, managing, and sending out supplies and rations to the hundreds of thousands who needed it. The stadium was stocked mostly with food and water, but the most prized items are (as they were advised) sanitary products. There they were preparing white bags with 'day' rations for soldiers and drivers. Each bag lasts for 24 hours; when they are finished new supplies are sent out. The 600-mile journey to Kiev takes a day, and the drivers are seen as heroic.
Each driver takes a different route to the driver ahead and they spend all week on the road, sleeping only when in Kiev or Chernivtsi.
"We spent around four hours in the stadium, being shown around and treated with humbling grandeur. Even if we were able to provide only what we could cram into the car, we were made to understand that the act of driving 4,000km for our European 'brothers and sisters' was what mattered most. We were told we were only the second English people to make the trip to the stadium."
"What struck me most is that the Ukrainians are just like us. They read books, and watch movies, and moan about Netflix changing its fees policy. They celebrate diversity, complain about their government, and bemoan the state of their roads; they embrace their status as a modern people carving out a modern life in modern times. They are not asking for anything more than assistance – and certainly not anything more than unity. Just like the UK in 1940."
"I was informed by a ranking officer that the current estimate of civilian deaths is 17,000. I asked how many soldiers had died, and he responded without smiling 'it doesn't matter. Better that none survive than that we do not fight for those who live'."
Assured Energy made a £500 contribution towards the cost of products purchased. Total donations were £2,500 although Matthew spent £5,000 overall. Matthew still continues to fundraise for Ukraine relief.
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Rattan Chand Jaidka (23 November 1900 – 25 December 1985) played first-class cricket for Gloucestershire in 1927. He later lectured in engineering colleges in Burma and India.

Life and career
Born in Nakodar, Punjab Province, Jaidka studied engineering in Delhi and went to work in Malaya. He played twice for the Federated Malay States against the Straits Settlements in 1923 and 1924.

He studied Engineering at the University of Bristol between 1924 and 1927. In June 1927, he played two first-class matches for Gloucestershire, making his debut against Cambridge University before playing a County Championship match against Essex.

After completing his studies he took up a post as a lecturer at the Burmah Oil Company's engineering school in Rangoon, where he worked from 1930 to 1957, apart from a period during World War II when he taught at the Maclagan Engineering College in Lahore, where he coached the future Pakistan Test cricketer Fazal Mahmood. He returned to Burma after the war and became president of the Burma Cricket Club, organizing a tour by the Pakistan team.

He returned to India when the political climate in Burma changed, working first at Gwalior Engineering College then at Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology in Patiala from 1959, where he was principal when he retired in 1970. He moved to Chandigarh, where was a member of the Punjab Cricket Association and encouraged the development of coaching.

He and his wife Sita Walia married in the 1930s and had eight children.

References

External links

1900 births
1985 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Federated Malay States cricketers
Alumni of the University of Bristol


A special all-star panel joined the Mediaweek Podcast this week to talk about the power of radio advertising, especially around the time of elections in NSW and soon federally.
The discussion was set against the backdrop of good times for the sector. Radio ad revenue was up 3.4% YOY to $809m in 2018 because audiences have been growing – up 12% over the past five years and by 22% over the past decade.
Our guest panel was Ben Fordham (2GB drive), Philippa Noilea Tani (Wavemaker's Sydney trading director) and Brian Gallagher (Chief sales officer, Southern Cross Austereo).
Listen to the Media week podcast here or on iTunes.
Things got off to a nervous start when Fordham asked SCA's chief sales officer why people would possibly advertise on his FM stations when they could be advertising on 2GB.
"They could advertise on both Ben, if they are really smart," said Gallagher, being very diplomatic.
Stuck in the middle was Noilea Tani who asked both the media veterans to "play nice"!
Mediaweek also took the opportunity to ask Fordham if he had any update about contract negotiations underway at the station.
We also asked Fordham about his decision, several years ago now, to step back from TV to focus on his radio career.
One of the big revenue earners at 2GB and other stations around Australia, is live reads. Fordham immediately warmed to the subject.
Later in the podcast he detailed the live reads he was doing that day.
Gallagher said that live reads are also important to FM radio, "they are a major part of the way we go to market. Some advertisers are more comfortable with a live read and require them more often. Some of the big brand advertisers are fairly focused on their 30-second commercial module so they can run it ubiquitously across all the stations.
Noilea Tani said what you recommend to a client comes down to what you are trying to achieve with radio. "Some big brands have well-established products and established messages and it is just about frequency of messages. You might have other brands that have credibility challenges or trust issues and for us that is where live reads are so much more powerful.
Fordham asked the Sydney trading director if ads get a better reaction when run on FM radio.
Gallagher said he expected political parties would soon start ramping up their radio spend on ads prior to the federal election. He said there had been some recent significant activity ahead of the NSW vote this week.
She said because the ad market is so short term at present there hasn't been too much disruption so far.
When asked about the size of radio audiences around major events, Gallagher said: "I don't think there is a massive shift in consumer behaviour around the way people choose to listen to their favourite radio stations." He said they are able to track listening patterns in real time by looking at the consumer traffic for the SCA digital signals via listening on its apps.
Fordham noted some brands hold back a little with concerns consumers are careful to lock in major investments around the time of an election.