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Design Directory > Urban Design > Companies > SWA
Established in 1957, SWA is an international landscape architecture, planning and urban design firm renowned for the creativity, responsiveness, and resilience of its work.
swagroup.com
category Urban Design Companies
2200 Bridgeway
Sausalito, California 94965-1750
Last updated Dec 27, 2019 Write a Review Suggest an Edit
News About SWA
SWA/Balsley to Design Highline Plaza at Philadelphia's Schuylkill Yards
SWA/Balsley is designing Highline Plaza at Schuylkill Yards, a major mixed-use redevelopment adjacent to Philadelphia's 30th Street Station.
SWA Group Designs Pacific Plaza Park in Downtown Dallas
SWA Group has designed Pacific Plaza, the first of an ambitious four-park initiative spearheaded by Parks for Downtown Dallas in a public-private partnership with the City of Dallas.
SWA Completes Xiqu Center
SWA Group recently completed the public realm of Xiqu Center, the new home for Chinese opera and a prestigious world-class performance venue.
SWA Designs Landscape & Public Realm for Chase Center
SWA's San Francisco studio has designed the landscape for Chase Center, the new waterfront home of the Golden State Warriors.
Field Guide to Life in Urban Plazas: A Study in New York City
SWA Group recently released 'Field Guide to Life in Urban Plazas: A Study in New York City,' a comprehensive survey that studies human behavior in ten recently completed urban sites.
Mentions of SWA
Laguarda.Low Architects Awarded First Prize in Master Plan Competition for OCT Bao'an Waterfront Development
Laguarda.Low Architects was awarded first prize in OCT Group's international competition for the design of OCT Bao'an, a new large-scale planned waterfront development in Shenzhen's Bao'an district in China.


Erin Chack was born and raised in New Jersey, where she formed strong opinions about bagels. As a senior writer at BuzzFeed, her posts have received over 250 million views to date. She lives in Astoria, Queens, with plants that are definitely still alive and not dead. THIS IS REALLY HAPPENING is her first book.
By turns hysterically funny and heartbreakingly poignant, BuzzFeed senior writer Erin Chack recounts everything from meeting her soulmate at age 14 to her first chemotherapy session at age 19 to what really goes on behind the scenes at a major Internet media company. She authentically captures the agony and the ecstasy of the millennial experience, whether it's her first kiss or her struggles with anxiety. Yet Erin also offers a fresh perspective on universal themes of resilience and love as she writes about surviving cancer --- including learning of her mother's own cancer diagnosis within the same year and her attempts to hide the diagnosis from friends to avoid "un-normaling" everything.


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You Can Take A Picture: Meeting Alan Ball and TV as (bad) influence
Alan Ball (writer, director, Academy Award winner) and Keith Gow (fan)
It used to be cringe-worthy to say I was inspired to become a writer by the television I watched. I was a voracious reader as a child and I was exposed to theatre and was a film buff as a teenager, but the lasting narratives in my life were television serials. Often soap operas. But TV was a constant with me as a child. It's where my lasting love of continuing stories comes from.
It's no coincidence then that one TV show I could point to as a great influence on me - when I was studying writing and had to articulate what made me love long-form television narratives - was Twin Peaks. It was soap opera and detective series and Gothic melodrama of the highest order. And it was one of the very early examples of feature film auteurs putting their stamp on the small screen.
I used to say Twin Peaks was my favourite television series. And certainly in the context of TV shows that changed the face of TV - and my opinion of the medium, David Lynch and Mark Frost's cult television series remains a great influence. It made me see what TV could do. Unfortunately, it took television a long time to catch up and prove it could keep doing it.
At some point, I started thinking of Buffy the Vampire Slayer as my favourite TV series - mostly because it combined the high school drama with vampires, werewolves and never forgot the heart of the human drama. When I saw Joss Whedon speak in Melbourne (and got his autograph), I was almost struck speechless - though I did thank him for Buffy and asked him his favourite Sondheim musical.
Tonight, I saw Alan Ball speak about his career. I was enamoured with American Beauty after its release and captivated by Six Feet Under from its premiere episode to its very final episode five years later. Later, his series about the Fisher family and their funeral business became my favourite television series of all time - and now I've met its creator, too.
He talked of growing up in a small country town, of writing plays in New York, taking a job on Grace Under Fire so he could start a proper writing career, moving onto Cybill - and finding himself feeling like he was on the assembly line of a factory. No wonder American Beauty is about a writer trying to find passion in his life again.
After winning the Academy Award for best original screenplay, he was taken more seriously as a writer by other people (though he insists his views on his own abilities never changed) and this led to his creating Six Feet Under - a show for whom HBO had a single note on the pilot: can you make it more fucked up? He was up to the challenge!
The Q&A with Alan Brough was illuminating and the talkback section beckoned me, though I remained shyly in my seat. Luckily, someone else asked about the final montage of Six Feet Under and Alan talked about writing the script, then choosing the song ("Breath Me" by Sia) and then shooting with the song in mind.
Afterwards, he was signing DVDs - but all I wanted was a photograph. And I got one. And I got to thank him for Six Feet Under - one of the most profound and moving television shows I've ever watched. He seemed quite appreciative of the comment. And for the rest of the night, I was floating on air.
Television is in a golden age right now. Six Feet Under helped to usher it in. Mad Men has probably taken up its mantle as my favourite show on air. But Six Feet Under remains my favourite television series of all time. Meeting Alan Ball can't make me love that show any more than I already do, but maybe I might try watching True Blood again?
Or do my other favourites-of-all-time - Twin Peaks and Buffy - cover the supernatural melodrama genres well enough?
alan ball melbourne tv:buffy the vampire slayer tv:six feet under tv:twin peaks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/**
 * Created by coen on 30-1-17.
 */
import 'rxjs/add/operator/catch';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/map';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Response } from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Rx';

import { Association } from '../association';
import { VoetbalRepository } from '../repository';

@Injectable()
export class AssociationRepository extends VoetbalRepository {

    private url: string;
    private objects: Association[];

    constructor(private http: HttpClient) {
        super();
        this.url = super.getApiUrl() + 'voetbal/' + this.getUrlpostfix();
    }

    getUrlpostfix(): string {
        return 'associations';
    }

    getObjects(): Observable<Association[]> {
        if (this.objects !== undefined) {
            return Observable.create(observer => {
                observer.next(this.objects);
                observer.complete();
            });
        }

        return this.http.get(this.url, { headers: super.getHeaders() })
            .map((res) => {
                const objects = this.jsonArrayToObject(res);
                this.objects = objects;
                return this.objects;
            })
            .catch(this.handleError);
    }

    jsonArrayToObject(jsonArray: any): Association[] {
        const objects: Association[] = [];
        for (const json of jsonArray) {
            const object = this.jsonToObjectHelper(json);
            objects.push(object);
        }
        return objects;
    }

    getObject(id: number): Observable<Association> {
        const url = this.url + '/' + id;
        return this.http.get(url)
            // ...and calling .json() on the response to return data
            .map((res: IAssociation) => this.jsonToObjectHelper(res))
            .catch((error: any) => Observable.throw(error.message || 'Server error'));
    }

    createObject(jsonObject: IAssociation): Observable<Association> {
        return this.http
            .post(this.url, jsonObject, { headers: super.getHeaders() })
            // ...and calling .json() on the response to return data
            .map((res: IAssociation) => this.jsonToObjectHelper(res))
            .catch(this.handleError);
    }

    jsonToObjectHelper(json: IAssociation): Association {
        if (this.objects !== undefined) {
            const foundObjects = this.objects.filter(
                objectIt => objectIt.getId() === json.id
            );
            if (foundObjects.length === 1) {
                return foundObjects.shift();
            }
        }

        const association = new Association(json.name);
        association.setId(json.id);
        return association;
    }

    objectToJsonHelper(object: Association): any {
        const json = {
            id: object.getId(),
            name: object.getName()
        };
        return json;
    }

    editObject(object: Association): Observable<Association> {
        const url = this.url + '/' + object.getId();
        return this.http
            .put(url, JSON.stringify(object), { headers: super.getHeaders() })
            // ...and calling .json() on the response to return data
            .map((res: IAssociation) => this.jsonToObjectHelper(res))
            .catch(this.handleError);
    }

    removeObject(object: Association): Observable<void> {
        const url = this.url + '/' + object.getId();
        return this.http
            .delete(url, { headers: super.getHeaders() })
            // ...and calling .json() on the response to return data
            .map((res: Response) => res)
            .catch(this.handleError);
    }
}

export interface IAssociation {
    id?: number;
    name: string;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Wallis Day (born 20 September 1994) is an English actress and former model. She is known for playing Holly Cunningham in the soap opera Hollyoaks, Nyssa-Vex in the TV series Krypton, and Kate Kane in the second season of the TV series Batwoman.

Early life
Wallis Day was born on 20 September 1994 in London, England and raised in Ilford. Her father was educated in the University of Oxford, and her mother at the University of Cambridge. Day has stated that she came from "a very normal family with very normal jobs" as none of her family had ties to the entertainment industry. When five years old, she became passionate about acting after being taken to see ballets by her father, and joined Stagecoach Theatre Arts at the same age. During her formative years, Day and her family frequently moved house; in 12 years, Day studied in 11 different schools. Day attended the Sylvia Young Theatre School, and later the Arts Educational Schools (ArtsEd).

Career
Day signed on to the modelling agency Models 1 at the age of 13, and was the youngest in the agency for three years. She has stated that she started modelling "to save up to go to drama school". During her tenure as a model, Day modelled for Garnier, Superdry and Nike among others. At 16, she quit modelling to pursue a career in acting. One of her earliest screen appearances was in a commercial for Nintendo 3DS, where she is seen playing Super Mario 3D Land. When she was 19, she landed her first film role as Lucy in Between Two Worlds in 2016. Day's first television role was Holly Cunningham in the British soap opera Hollyoaks from 2012 to 2013.

In 2014, Day appeared in a YouTube prank video where she masquerades as the girlfriend of Caspar Lee, and flirts with his roommate Joe Sugg. The video gained over 23 million views. In the same year, she appeared in the music videos for Lea Michele's "On My Way", Arctic Monkeys' "Arabella" and 5 Seconds of Summer's "She Looks So Perfect", and in the seventh episode of the fourth series of Sky One's Trollied. In 2015, Day appeared as Angelica in the television film Casanova, and played Olalla Jekyll/Hyde in the ITV series Jekyll and Hyde. After Jekyll and Hyde, she took a hiatus to study at ArtsEd.

In 2016, Day appeared in the Instagram original series Shield 5 as Amy Williams, and joined The Royals in the recurring role of Angie which she played till 2018. In 2017, she appeared as Cressida Deveraux in the TNT series Will. From 2018 to 2019, Day portrayed the series regular role of Nyssa-Vex, Superman's grandmother, in the Syfy series Krypton. She appeared as Agent Shin in the science fiction film Infinite, released in 2021.

In March 2021, Day was cast to recur in the second season of the CW series Batwoman to take over the role of Kate Kane from Ruby Rose. She debuted in the episode "Initiate Self-Destruct", where the character's facial change is explained. Day also portrayed Circe Sionis. In February 2022, she joined the second season of Netflix's Sex/Life in a recurring role as Gigi, and in August, joined Red Sonja in the role of the title character's half-sister Annisia.

Personal life
Day dislikes playing stock characters such as "the girlfriend of the main character or the girl next door"; she has cited her preference for roles requiring more action, including femmes fatales. An aspiring writer, she wrote a psychological thriller novel in the mid-2010s and hopes to convert it into a screenplay. Day is trained in Mixed martial arts, boxing and Muay Thai. She is also a trained swimmer, and began preparing to participate in the 2012 Summer Olympics, but decided to leave swimming to focus on her acting career. Day declared herself vegan in 2017. She has chosen not to comment on her sexuality, stating in 2017, "Being straight, bisexual or gay is NOT a choice. All I'll say on that matter."

Filmography

Television

Film

Music videos

References

External links

1994 births
21st-century English actresses
English female mixed martial artists
English female models
English Muay Thai practitioners
Living people
Models from London

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Great shopping experience. Sales associates were super friendly and helpful. My daughter found the dress online and we decided to go to the Superstore. They had the dress, but not in her size. She tried on in a different color and we ordered the dress. It was delivered within a week and fit perfectly!! I would reccomend Prom Girl for any formal occasion!
Taylor was an amazing sales person and he found the perfect dress for my daughter! We came in looking for one sweet 16 dress, and we left with 2 dresses because they were irresistible, stunning, and absolutely perfect. I highly recommend Sassymyprom (and Taylor, the sales person extraordinaire!) to anyone who is looking for a dress!


text:
HomeSeptember-October 2014Picky vs. Problem Eater: A Closer Look at Sensory Processing Disorder
Picky vs. Problem Eater: A Closer Look at Sensory Processing Disorder
August 26, 2014 Kathleen Zelman
When her second child was born, Jenna knew something was amiss; even as a baby, Alexa was hard to soothe. Today, she is a 3-year-old picky eater who is easily frustrated and melts down over anything from wearing shoes to taking a bath. Alexa was recently diagnosed with sensory processing disorder.
Formerly called sensory integration dysfunction, SPD occurs when the brain has trouble processing information through the senses. SPD exists on a spectrum, affecting one or more of the senses and usually with a combination of over- and under-sensitivities. It affects up to 16 percent of school-age children in the United States. "SPD is common in children who have autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but it also affects a surprising number of other young children," says Brian
Udell, MD, who practices behavioral pediatrics in Davie, Fla., and blogs at TheAutismDoctor.com.
Although no two children with SPD are the same — some are sensitive to things like a tag on a shirt or the sound of a vacuum cleaner, while others may be uncoordinated, hard to engage in play or in constant motion — most are picky eaters and orally defensive when dealing with taste, smell, sound and textures of foods.
How do you distinguish between a finicky child and a problem eater? "Eating fewer than 10 foods and really struggling to try new foods is beyond being picky and a red flag for a problem eater," says Denver-based pediatric dietitian Jessica Crandall, RDN. Children with SPD may be obese, underweight or even normal weight, yet most suffer from nutritional deficiencies because of their limited food choices.
"I start with the three-day diet record to determine patterns and uncover nutritional inadequacies," says Crandall. "Food first" is ideal, but supplements are essential to help fill nutritional gaps in many of the limited-variety diets, which typically have low levels of vitamin D, calcium, zinc and iron.
"Eating is the most complicated human behavior there is and involves all areas of human development," says Kay Toomey, PhD, psychologist and clinical director of SOS Feeding Solutions in Denver. "Research shows from birth to 8 years, 20 percent of all kids struggle with feeding challenges."
Many symptoms appear to be ordinary issues — after all, parents struggle daily trying to get picky eaters to eat meals and a wider variety of nutritious foods — but the frequency, intensity and disruption of everyday life may lead parents to seek medical evaluation.
Choose a registered dietitian nutritionist with training and experience for your child's specific needs, suggests sensory science specialist Annette Hottenstein, MS, RD.
Treatment plans are individualized and focus on multisensory activities designed to help children cope where they struggle and get used to food and textures. Exercising patience and persistence without being forceful is key. Structured routines, eating at the same times and locations and with the same utensils can help create comfort and a primer for mealtime. Parents and siblings should serve as role models and praise children for taking a "no-thank-you" bite. Foods served should be easy for kids to manage — cut into small, chewable bites or thin strips to hold. Present a child with a total of three foods on their plate, roughly 1 tablespoon per each year of age for each food. Encourage the child to play with their food and explore it. And getting children into the kitchen so they may participate in meal preparation, setting the table, passing food family-style and cleaning up also can be beneficial.
"Start where they are and advance slowly, because change is hard for these kids," says Sally Hara, MS, RD, owner of ProActive Nutrition, specializing in autism spectrum disorders, adding that it can take up to 20 presentations and a lot of positive reinforcement to get kids to try new foods.
The exact cause of SPD is unknown. One recent study looked at the brain activity of SPD children and found abnormal brain structure showing a biological basis differentiating it from other neurodevelopmental disorders. Another study of twins found that hypersensitivity to light and sound may have a genetic component.
However real it may be for affected parents, SPD is not recognized by the American Academy of Pediatrics. A 2012 policy statement by AAP discourages pediatricians from using SPD as a diagnosis because of insufficient evidence as an independent disorder. And last year, SPD was not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed. (AAP 2013).
When a condition is not recognized, research funding and insurance coverage are harder to come by. Children in school are eligible for early intervention assessment, which may offer school-based services; however, Toomey suggests getting a complete evaluation from a medical team consisting of an occupational therapist, speech therapist, registered dietitian nutritionist, developmental pediatrician and a psychologist.
Kathleen Zelman
Kathleen Zelman, MPH, RDN, is the nutrition director of WebMD.


text:
Suekichi Aono (japonais ;  - ) est un théoricien marxiste de littérature et critique littéraire japonais.

Aono exerce une influence considérable sur la littérature prolétarienne des années 1920 et 1930 au Japon. Bien que marxiste, il conserve toujours des différences avec le parti communiste japonais. Dans les années 1930, il s'éloigne de plus en plus des positions marxistes orthodoxes.

En tant que critique littéraire, Aono travaille pour le magazine prolétarien Bungei Sensen. En 1923, il publie une étude sur les œuvres de Lénine. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est président de l'union des écrivains Nihon Bungeika Kyōkei. En 1949, il est lauréat du prix Yomiuri de littérature pour Gendai-bungaku-ron, puis du prix Mainichi de la culture en 1955 pour ses travaux théoriques de littérature Gendai bungakuron taikei, en 1958 pour Bungaku gojūnen et en 1964 pour le journal Aono Suekichi nikki.

Références
Michael Bourdaghs: The dawn that never comes: Shimazaki Tōson and Japanese nationalism. Columbia University Press, 2003, , S. 178 f.

Source de la traduction

Naissance à Sado
Naissance en février 1890
Décès en juin 1961
Critique littéraire japonais
Théoricien de la littérature
Écrivain japonais du XXe siècle
Personnalité du groupe Rōnō
Décès à 71 ans


Why Does a Person Join His Hands When Praying?
About the religious tradition of joining your hands together while praying, origins of this act.
Why Does a Person Join His Hands When Praying? The joining of hands during prayer does not have a religious derivation. It is not even mentioned in the Bible, nor did it become part of the Christian tradition until the 9th century. Until that time, in both Hebrew and Christian worship, the most common posture of prayer involved the spreading of arms and hands toward heaven.
The joining of hands "leads back to men's early desire to subjugate each other and developed out of the shackling of hands of prisoners!
"Though the handcuffs eventually disappeared, the joining of hands remained as a symbol of man's servitude and submission and his inability (or even lack of inclination) to grasp a weapon."
Christianity adopted "the gesture representing shackled hands as a sign of man's total obedience to divine power."
You Are Here: Trivia-Library Home » R. Brasc's 9 Best Oddities and Fun Trivia » Why Does a Person Join His Hands When Praying?


text:
Q: Eureka preferIpAddress: true is not working with spring boot 2.1.3 'Greenwich.RELEASE' ' Due to some reasons, I want microservices clients to be registered into Eureka with their IP address, instead of host name.
This is not working even after setting eureka: instance: preferIpAddress: true [yaml given below].
Still eureka display only host names. Anyone faced this type of issue and possible remedy would be really helpful.
Springbootversion : 2.1.3 , Spring cloud - Greenwich Release
application.yml of microservice instance Please note the preferIpAddress: true
spring:
  profiles: default
  application:
    name: booking
  cloud:
    config:
      uri: http://localhost:8888,http://localhost:8889

eureka:
  client:
    registerWithEureka: true
    fetchRegistry: true
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka
    healthcheck:
      enabled: false
  instance:
    leaseRenewalIntervalInSeconds: 1
    leaseExpirationDurationInSeconds: 2
    preferIpAddress: true

management:
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: "*"
  endpoint:
    health:
      show-details: ALWAYS
  security:
   enabled: false

application.yml of Eureka server
spring:
  profiles: localpeer1

eureka:
  server:
  client:
    register-with-eureka: false
    fetch-registry: false
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8762/eureka

server:
  port: 8761

management:
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: "*"
  endpoint:
    health:
      show-details: ALWAYS

---
spring:
  profiles: localpeer2
eureka:
  server:
  client:
    register-with-eureka: false
    fetch-registry: false
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka

server:
  port: 8762

management:
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: "*"
  endpoint:
    health:
      show-details: ALWAYS

Dashboard of Eureka still shows the hostname instead of IP address.
Thanks for the inputs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The moves include shuttering seven plants worldwide as the company responds to changing customer preferences and focuses on popular trucks and SUVs and increasingly on electric models.
The closures drew immediate criticism from the US labor union representing workers, which accused the company of shifting production overseas at the expense of American workers.
That would be a blow to President Donald Trump, whose harsh and confrontational trade policies included a renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement specifically designed to favor the US auto industry and protect jobs.
Instead, GM will shutter three North American auto assembly plants next year: the Oshawa plant in Ontario, Canada; Hamtramck in Detroit, Michigan and Lordstown in Warren, Ohio.
In addition, it will close two propulsion plants — which produce batteries and transmissions — in Baltimore, Maryland and Warren, Michigan, as well two unidentified plants outside of North America. GM already had announced plans to cease operations at its Gunsan, Korea plant.
"The actions we are taking today continue our transformation to be highly agile, resilient and profitable, while giving us the flexibility to invest in the future," GM CEO Mary Barra said in a statement.
According to reports, the five North American plants employ nearly 7,000, including 3,000 workers in Ontario.
Trading in GM shares was halted just before the announcement. Once it restarted 20 minutes later, prices jumped and continued rising, showing a gain of more than six percent to $37.99 around 1700 GMT.
Analysts were generally upbeat about the news.
"In contrast to times past, General Motors, under CEO Mary Barra, is trying to get ahead of a potential crisis by making cuts now," Michelle Krebs of Autotrader said in a client note.
In an investor call, Barra said some GM cars would no longer be available in North America.
"We're evaluating the Chevrolet Cruze for other markets but none would be shipped to the US," she said.
The restructuring follows a similar move by Ford to cut down on the number of models it manufactures but will face opposition from workers.
"The UAW and our members will confront this decision by GM through every legal, contractual and collective bargaining avenue open to our membership," the union said in a statement.
"This callous decision by GM to reduce or cease operations in American plants, while opening or increasing production in Mexico and China plants for sales to American consumers, is, in its implementation, profoundly damaging to our American workforce," said Terry Dittes, UAW vice president.
Dittes called the production decisions "a slap in the face" given employee concessions during the economic downturn and a taxpayer bailout from bankruptcy.
Workers at the Ontario plant staged a wildcat strike on Monday to protest the closure. Canada's Unifor labor union is due to hold a news conference later Monday.
"GM workers have been part of the heart and soul of Oshawa for generations — and we'll do everything we can to help the families affected by this news get back on their feet," Trudeau said on Twitter.


Thinking of relocating? The folks in Munising are proud that Munising was selected as one of the best communities for families. Below you will find realtor, pharmacy and utility information – even where to get your hair cut, rent a movie, and shop for groceries. Vist our our links page to find contact information for local resources and organizations.


text:
crucifixion, Easter, Shroud of Turin	crucifixion, Easter
MEDICAL-FORENSIC EXPLANATION OF THE SHROUD OF TURIN
by Geoff 22 December 2021 1 Comment
MEDICAL-FORENSIC EXPLANATION OF THE MAN OF THE SYNDONE
Juan Manuel Miñarro López
Google English translation of http://www.lahornacina.com/articulosminarro.htm
See also The Shroud of Turin
The following text, illustrated with drawings and photographs, represents the conclusion of six years of personal work and research on the Shroud of Turin (Italy) and the Holy Shroud of Oviedo (Spain), as a member of the EDICES (International Research Team of the Centro Español de Sindonología), but it also represents the most complete compilation of the most complete legal medical research that has ever been carried out on an object closely related to the Passion of Christ.
The work of eminent specialists in the field of legal and forensic medicine, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, has been fundamental to understanding the Shroud and the Shroud; but also thanks to the contribution of other specialists belonging to different fields of science, such as anthropologists, archaeologists, historians, physicists, chemists and artists.
Never has an ancient object brought together such a complete multidisciplinary team. Science does not currently have a satisfactory answer to explain the formation of the image of the Shroud, and no one for or against has been able to present science with definitive evidence that will withstand relevant scientific analysis.
REPRESENTATION OF THE MAN'S BODY OF THE HOLY SHEET
The body that we have represented, in its general and particular aspect, obeys the studies contributed by physical and forensic anthropology: the image or imprint present in the Shroud corresponds exactly to the appearance of a recent corpse, of about five or six hours , in a state of intense rigidity established instantaneously or very early, characteristic of cases due to violent deaths, extremely tiring, painful and accompanied by severe dehydration aggravated by a sustained state of fever.
In the anatomical areas of slopes, referring to the position of the body on the withers, and due to the action of gravity after death, hemostatic or cadaveric spots have been represented, with the tonality that can be expected in a corpse of a few hours. These spots are formed by the accumulation of blood due to gravity, so it is a clear indication of the position in which a body remains at the time of death.
The morphology of the trauma, color and texture of the blood, has been carried out thanks to the forensic advice of Dr. Alfonso Sánchez Hermosilla and by the medical analyst Dr. Antonio Petit Gancedo. Thanks to their contributions, I have been able to represent the hematic morphology according to the different types: venous, arterial and post-mortem hemorrhage. Likewise, fluids due to serum and fluids of origin in cadaveric pulmonary edema have been distinguished.
The somatic constitution, according to Judica Cordiglia, could be described as that of a tall man of stature (between 178 and 180 cm), keeping the lines of his trunk and extremities a harmony and sculptural proportion; balanced in both width and length. Reason why the man of the Shroud can be defined as a normotype; that is to say: it presents a completely peculiar somatic structure, being outside and above any type of ethnic classification.
Regarding the disposition and composition of the body, the head is slightly bent forward (approximately 40º angle) and the nape is elevated and tense, with marked cervical kyphosis; the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and inspiratory muscles appear stiff, as do the deltoids, and supinator muscles of the arms; the thorax is dilated, as in a forced inspiration; the pectoralis major muscles are contracted and protruding; the scapular muscles are also contracted and attached to the ribs; the sunken epigastrium; the prominent hypogastrium; the dorsal-lumbar muscles very tense, with accentuated lumbar lordosis; the belly is swollen, a characteristic symptom of a suffocating death; the legs are represented bent: the right at an angle of 64 degrees and the left at an angle of 77 degrees; the nail wound in the feet has been located according to Dr. Smith's theory, at the point of confluence of the calcaneus, talus, navicular and cuboid, a space that leads to the sinus tarsi; the left foot is flexed 90º and the right is hyperextended 155º, a position called by Palacio Carvajal "standing equine"; the arms are less rigid than the rest of the muscles of the body and are placed crossed over the pubis, but in such a way that a clearly forced pose results from the fact that they had to overcome the rigor mortis set by the cross position; the hands appear with the thumbs folded over the palms, due to a possible injury to the palmar nerve arch caused by the nails;
FACE AND HEAD: GAPS AND CROWN OF THORNS
The studies carried out reveal a swollen face, typical of a man who has been very mistreated and who at the same time received the placement of a lacerating object on his head, like a crown or helmet of thorns.
More than fifty puncture wounds are seen over the visible regions of the head. The crushing of the nose and the swelling of the eye and right cheekbone reveal the type of injuries that could have caused a blow from the stick; cylindrical object about 4.5 cm in diameter. You can also see the lack of hair in the beard, as if pieces had been deliberately pulled out.
By its appearance, the face reveals traces of an intense beating. Presents injuries caused by both direct and indirect blows, perhaps due to falls: swelling in the forehead area, region of both superciliary arches and mid-frontal area; tumescence continues in the arch of the right eyebrow, more pronounced in the outer part of the eye, which should condition its partial closure; abundant clots of vital blood on the forehead, temples, neck and scalp; profusion of arterial or venous hemorrhages, compatible with wounds caused by sharp objects, arranged peripherally on the skull ( cap of spines of ziziphus jujuba); large contusion under the right zygomatic region (right cheek) in the shape of a triangle, the most elongated vertex of which is directed towards the crest of the nose; at the level of the left vertex of the nasal dorsum, there is a bruised and bruised area caused by a blow that must have fractured the nasal cartilage, causing the nose to deviate to the left; the nose has a flattened and flattened left wing; the lips, mustache, chin and beard are impregnated with blood; abundant streams of blood mixed with saliva and fluid from pulmonary edema, coming out of the right corner of the mouth; very bruised chin, and abundant streams of blood coming out of the nostrils, forming two jets that cross the right side of the mouth and the center of the lower lip.
ROMAN FLAGELLATION FOOTPRINTS
Practically the entire body is covered with small wounds, equal to and similar to small dumbbells of about 3 cm in length. The marks, paired and pinpoint, are formed by small circles of about 12 mm in diameter, somewhat separated from each other but joined by a transverse line, in many cases visible. Some of these marks are not very visible on the Shroud with the naked eye, but are clearly revealed by ultraviolet light photographs. They are undoubtedly those that would be left by the Roman torture instrument, known by the name of "flagellum taxillatum", named for the balls or "taxilli" that finished off its three straps formed by nerves obtained from animals.
The representation of these lesions is located throughout the body: back, legs, chest, belly, gluteal area and, possibly, even on the genitals. Obviously, we think that the man must have been totally naked when he received this brutal and systematic punishment.
The study of the syndonic image reveals some characteristics that should be highlighted, and that have been applied in the realization of the body: the punishment was applied by two executioners or lictorsright-handed, located on each flank of the inmate, approximately 1 meter away, distributing the blows in a fan shape throughout the victim's body, systematically and viciously; the number of blows amounted to about 120, not counting those that we have not been able to study due to the lack of traces of a large part of the arms, an area of the image lost due to the 1532 fire in Chamberí (France), in addition to the no side or side image of the man's body in the Shroud (aspect not yet satisfactorily explained); During the flagellation, the posture of our man must have been hunched, which is deduced from the studies carried out by computer on ultraviolet photographs obtained from the Shroud, By means of which the cancellation of the blood and serum streams in the different parts of the body can be verified; in the stooped position, the spurs of the upper dorsal part fell to the sides with an angulation of 100º, 90º and 70º, during the application of the punishment, later, already in an upright position or sitting, the spurs fell downwards following the action due to gravity, something similar happened in the gluteal areas, and in the lower extremities the streaks are clear and are directed, almost always, downwards; The great clarity with which many of these trails are appreciated can be explained by the time that passed from the flogging until they were dressed again, the time necessary for them to dry and not be absorbed by the tunic, remaining in the body and then passing to the shroud through a process that cannot be explained only by contact; In the upper part of the back, the tracks and the marks of the "taxilli" have disappeared, being seen to be blurred and compact, in addition the area is very abraded, as if the wounded skin were scorched by friction against some type of rough surface (The patibulum?); Finally, the knees are also heavily injured: the right one presents numerous excoriations of different sizes at the level of the patella, and a loss of substance is sensed in the same place, while the left one presents less extensive wounds. The explanation for these injuries is obvious: on the way to the torture, the man must have fallen, and perhaps on several occasions.
FOOTPRINTS OF THE CRUCIFIXION
The first thing that catches our attention in the Shroud, when we look at the crossed arms (left over right), is the existing wound at the level of the left wrist (and not in the palm of the hand, as is always represented in sacred art) . Dr. Pier Barbet carried out experiments with recently amputated arms, still alive, and confirmed that the most suitable area to insert a nail was through the carpus, and not in the palms. In these areas the tissues do not have structures to support the weight of a body.
We calculated a weight of about 80 kg for the man from the Shroud, hanging in a vertical position and with the arms forming an angle of approximately 65 degrees. It is easy to deduce the weight that each arm would support depending on the mentioned angle, applying the following mathematical formula: 40 kg / cosine of 65º = 95 kg. The palms could not bear this weight; however, the wrists can withstand up to 200 kg of traction. Therefore, according to Barbet and many other specialists, the nail had to penetrate through a space between the carpal bones, called the "destot point", a space that Barbet, and later other syndonologists, had placed between the large bone and the lunate. . In turn, Barbet maintained that this injury caused the injury of the median nerve and the abduction of the thumbs. However, according to recent studies by Dr.
For Palacios Carvajal, a specialist in traumatology, there are two possible spaces in the carpal area, in this case absolutely certain, where the nail could penetrate. Although he also considers that Barbet's other theory about the supposed lesion of the median nerve, to explain the absence of traces of both thumbs in the syndonic image, does not seem true or plausible either, and maintains that the thumbs may not be seen because they are simply retracted, as is almost normal in every hand in an attitude of relaxation.
From all the above, what seems at least plausible is that the nail penetrated through the carpal area and not through the ulnar radial space. Although this is another anatomical area, it must also be considered feasible to achieve a stable suspension. Furthermore, it is relatively so close to the carpal region, difficult to see clearly enough in the Shroud, that we cannot at the moment make an absolute judgment.
The nail wound in the feet has been located according to Dr. Smith's theory: at the point of confluence of the calcaneus, talus, navicular and cuboid, the space that leads to the sinus tarsi.
In the dorsal image the feet appear somewhat crossed: converging toes and separate heels. The right foot presents all its marked sole, which indicates the most flexed disposition of the right knee. Of the left foot we only see the heel and the central part. The heel of the left foot, profusely stained with blood, has marks that appear to be caused by the fingers of one hand.
With complete security, the left foot was nailed on the right, pressing the wound on that side, in such a way that the blood that flowed was slowed by the pressure, forming a trapezoidal and irregular stain that extends to the left in a trail oblique. This would happen when the blood does not flow freely due to the pressure of the left foot already mentioned. However, the entry point of the nail is clearly visible on the left foot, as well as some free-flowing trails of blood.
LAUNCHED ON THE SIDE
The wound in the side is located between the fifth and sixth rib. It may be an evident proof of the practice of "exactus mortis", a mere verification of death effected with an accurate blow of the spear. We know that the crucified were normally practiced the "crurifagium", a violent blow with the mace with which their legs were broken to accelerate their death. We know from the Gospels that such a technique was not necessary for Jesus, since he died relatively quickly. It was only necessary, by order of the Roman attorney Pontius Pilate, to verify the reality of his death.
According to what we see in the Shroud, the wound on the side can be irrefutable proof of death, especially because of its appearance and morphology. Different forensic authors describe characteristics of a post-mortem hemorrhage, showing how the blood mass is already separated from the plasma or liquid medium in which the red blood cells float. In addition, the halos formed by serous liquids are clearly visible in the entire periphery of the clots, especially if we apply ultraviolet light. Also, the edges of the wound remain open: there is no retraction in the skin, there is no life.
On the other hand, these blood serum or serous fluids probably come from a severe pulmonary edema caused by the flogging and aggravated by the asphyctic death of the prisoner. This same effect and type of stain can be seen in the central part of the Shroud of Oviedo. In the case of the spear, these liquids were perhaps the cause of the phenomenon described to us by Saint John the Evangelist, a witness to the "exactus mortis", explaining it in the Gospel passage as an emanation of blood and water that gushed out from the side of Jesus.
The haemorrhage from the side continues on the back through compact, cadaveric-type streaks, which in this case are in a transverse direction with respect to the vertical, so it must have occurred when the body was no longer on the withers. In the Shroud we call it the "lumbar belt" and we think that it is blood from the wound on the side, caused when the corpse moved, which caused drainage of the inferior vena cava and traces of fluid from pulmonary edema, serum and pleural fluid.
Recent studies have discovered an exit hole for the spear on the left side of the back, below the scapula. If this is true, the prophetic phrase "look at the one they pierced" would be real and literal.
Reconstruction of the way he was shrouded in the linen sheet
Note from La Hornacina : this Reclining Syndicate by the Sevillian sculptor Juan Manuel Miñarro, carved in polychrome cedar wood (approximately 178 cm high), is the main axis of the traveling exhibition on the Shroud that has been seen this year in Malaga and next 2013 it will be seen in Seville (Sala Antiquarium), as well as in other Spanish cities such as Toledo, Zaragoza, Santiago de Compostela or Alcalá de Henares.
www.lahornacina.com
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Home | DNA clues | Our line | The French/ Minisink Connection | French @ HARDYSTON twp. Sussex NJ | A short history | MOSES French | Who is Dick French? | Hunterdon County | LINKS: MANIFEST DESTINY: A Brief Family History | We are probably from the New Jersey line | from about 1766 | Upper Heyford? | Thoughts, Theories & Photos | Family Members List Page. | Dr. R.V. French 2nd Yr. Med School | Family Members Page | Contact Me at 9dickfrench37@gmail.com9 (remove the 9's) | Grandmother Martha Rice's family | Martha Rice page 2
Richard French's family
A primer on French lines in America
Lines are:
Ms. Carol Willis of Newark, Ca. has very graciously provided me with a copy of Charles Newton French's compilation- Aaron French and his descendants.
Privately printed & copyrighted 1910, Chicago.
While I think a copyright is good for only 16 yr., I have abridged rather than copied the content.
Charles identifies 9 or 10 various French lines:
*William , b. Mar. 13/15 1603 Halsted England. Came on the "Defence" Lived
at Cambridge. moved to Billerica. in 1653. 10 children incl. sons Francis, John, Jacob & Samuel .These sons were from His first marriage; all 4 daughters are from the second .Daniel Chester French is from this line. Francis moved
to Darby, Conn.
(I consider it within the realm of the possible that Samuel - or any of his
brothers xcept Francis - may have moved west to New York.)
Other lines are
* Thomas: from England , in Boston 1631/2. came on the ship Lion with John Winthrop, son of the Gov.
Thomas d. before 1639.
*Edward, b. 1590. In 1640 moved to & d. 1674 at Salisbury Mass. Children are:
Joseph, John, Samuel and Hannah. All children married.
*Thomas was at Charlestown, Mass 1638; moved to Guilford, Conn >
1643-1650< Of many children, Only Ebenezer and John lived to middle age.
* John b.~1612 (prob. b. in Scotland) came to Dorchester, Mass. in 1639 .
Moved to Braintree 1640. 8 ch. incl. sons John, William & Samuel . His coat of Arms is like that of the French's of Thorndike and County Berwick.
*Phillip Settled in NYC. A sea Captain. Son Phillip bought land at New Brunswick NJ. Son Phillip , only Dau. Susanna m. NJ. Gov. Wm. Livingston.
(I do not think any living French's come from this line)
And now- our potential line(s):
*John French. Lived at Woodbridge NJ as early as 1670 d. 1713 Sons John and Richard. John lived at Middlesex; Rich'd at Springfield, Essex, now UNION Co.
A Mr. Elston Marsh French of Plainfield and "others" are noted to be desc. of Rich'd.
*Thomas- signer of the Concessions- establishing the Quaker 's in West Jersey- b. 1639 Northamptonshire, Eng. d. 1699 NJ. came in ship "Kent", settled near Burlington NJ.
Thos. Jr. b. 1667 d. 1745. Sons Joseph (oldest) married & lived at Shrewsbury; 2nd son Thomas Jr. m. Mary Allen.
{Writer believes Joseph who married Hannah Horn of Raritan Landing NJ ( and~owned a mill) and Francis were sons of Joseph.}
* Francis lived at New Gretna NJ. b.<1740 Momouth Co. All his family drowned ina boat accident in 1777 except Francis and son Thomas. Son Thomas 's children : William, Francis, Joseph, David, John , Thomas + Dau. Rachael, Ann, Mary, Sarah, Abigale & Eliza. Younger Francis had 12 children apparently all in the early to mid 1840/50's
* Aaron. b. Sept. 8 1739. Lived New Providence NJ as early as 1764. Moved to Pa. < 1790. d. Aug 31 1805.
(NOTE: This is apparently a different Aaron than the one with a wife from Walpack, Sussex NJ)
French continues-
(This is where the three brothers story started.)
"One went South." He believes this refers to Francis of New Gretna;
he thinks "South" merely means S. Jersey.
He thinks Joseph of Raritan Landing, Aaron of New Providence & Francis of
New Gretna are brothers, sons of Joseph of Shrewsbury.
However,he allows Aaron might be a son of descendants of John of Middlesex.
The booklet continues with a dissertation of Aaron's descendants.
I think our line is descended from John French, Mason.
(1) Kreger, John M., Township of Woodbridge, New Jersey, 1669-1781, Colonia, NJ: St. George Press, 1976, pp. 1-9:
INTRODUCTION - HOW WOODBRIDGE RECEIVED ITS NAME
No City, Township or Community of any size should feel more honored in this Bi-Centennial year of 1976 than the Township of Woodbridge, New Jersey.
Why do we make this statement? For the very true fact is that our Township had an active part in the Declaration of Independence and the Revolutionary War which severed the original thirteen Colonies from the control and domination of the British Crown.
As a matter of historical fact the Township of Woodbridge had its beginning over one hundred years prior to the Declaration of Independence.
It is believed that there is no spot in our nation no replete with historic lore than our town of Woodbridge.
The early history of New Jersey was closely tied to the rivalry for overseas possession between European nations during the so-called "Age of Exploration." In the seventeenth century, three powers, England, Sweden and Holland, established settlements in the Middle Atlantic area of what is now the united States.
England believed it had first claim to this territory. In 1498, only six years after Columbus discovered America, Cabot, an Italian explorer, in the employ of England had sailed along the Atlantic coast of North America, and claimed all of the land for his employer, England.
The English delayed over a century of time before taking any action to claim or settle any part of this land.
During the so-called "Age of Exploration" the English settled at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.
The Hollanders or Dutch opened a settlement or trading post in New Amsterdam, now New York City, in 1624.
The Swedes, encouraged by their brilliant King Augustus Adolphus, founded in 1638 a settlement near Wilmington, Delaware and purchased from the native Indians in 1640 vast tracts of land from the present Cape May northward toward New Salem, New Jersey.
In 1658, Governor Peter Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam sent an expedition southward and forced the surrender of the Swedes to the Dutch.
The English throne looked with more than intense disfavor upon this intrusion of a foreign power between the English settlements in Massachusetts and Virginia.
The result of the ensuing conflict resulted in the founding of the English Colonies in New York and New Jersey, since in 1664 a fleet of four English frigates sailed into New York Bay ready for action against the Dutch.
Old Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch Governor, pounded his wooden leg against the floor, thrust two pistols in his belt and with pleading, then anger, demanded a stalwart defense. His fellow Dutch council shuddered at the prospect of bloodshed and left the meeting dodging through narrow lanes and alleys, starting at every dog bark and mistaking lamp posts for British grenadiers. Stuyvesant shouted until veins bulged on his forehead. The Dutch citizens nailed up their doors and a awainted [sic] their inevitable conquest by English, surrendering without a blow or a tear.
A General Nicols, a leader of the English forces in this conquest took charge of the territory in New Jersey from 1664 until the coming of Governor Philip Carteret in the late summer of 1665.
In 1660, Charles II ascended the English throne as poor as a royal church mouse could be. He gradually paid off his creditors as best he could and was also, particularly generous to his brother, James, the Duke of York. He gave his brother the land in America bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Delaware River on the west and south. This land was called New Jersey.
New Jersey was divided into two sections--East Jersey and West Jersey. East Jersey was that part east of a line drawn from down near Little Egg Harbor on the east coast in a northwesterly direction up to the Delaware Water Gap.
The Duke of York gave East Jersey to his friend, Lord George Carteret and the western section to Baron John Berkeley.
Prior to the coming of Carteret to East Jersey transactions had already taken place involving land purchase.
An indenture or agreement was made in 1664 between certain Indian Chiefs of Staten Island of one part and John Bailey, Daniel Denton and Luke Watson of Jamaica, Long Island on the other part for the purchase of a "parcel of land bounded on the south by a river commonly called the Raritan, on the east by the Kil Van Kull, to run north up the Kill to the first river, the Passaic. and run west into the country twice the length as it is broad".
The price paid the Indians was twenty fathoms of trading cloth, (a fathom equals six feet in length), two tailored coats, two guns, two kettles, two bars of lead, twenty handfuls of powder, and one year following the entry of Bailey, Denton and Watson into the area an additional four hundred fathoms of white wampum (cylindrical beads made from shells, pierced and strung, used as money and for ornaments, by North American Indians).
Shortly after 1664, Denton and his associates "made over" their purchase to Governor Carteret and John Ogden.
Sir George Carteret to whom the Duke of York had given East Jersey had made a relative, Philip Carteret, the Governor.
Governor Carteret did not arrive at his government of East Jersey until the end of the summer of 1665 at which time, as stated previously the province was under the jurisdiction of General Nicols.
On Carteret's arrival he summoned a council, granted land and administered the government on the plan of General Concessions, and took up his residence at Elizabethtown.
With Carteret came about thirty people, some of them servants. They brought supplies of various kinds including goods proper for the planting of a new country. On December 11, 1868 Governor Carteret sold the tract on which Woodbridge was settled to Daniel Pierce and a group of associates from New England.
Governor Philip Carteret wanted settlers to come to Woodbridge. He journeyed to Long Island and sent representatives to Connecticut and Massachusetts endeavoring to get settlers from those areas to come to East Jersey. He much preferred to have families who already had experience in the hardship of settling a new, raw area, over inexperienced folks from across the seas. He was successful in his endeavors and pioneer families from New England, especially from Massachusetts came down.
The agreement entered into by Carteret in December of 1666 was confirmed by a deed dated December 3. 1667 and on the same day Daniel Pierce was commissioned as a deputy surveyor to run the boundary lines and lay out the lands to the different associates.
On June 1,1669 a charter was granted and "thankfully accepted", which erected the tract, called Woodbridge, said to contain six miles square, into a Township to comprise not less than sixty families and by a resolution adopted in that day, "this number was not to be exceeded unless by special order of this town."
It has been recorded that the Charter given Woodbridge "was one of the most liberal over given in America". . . .
Some of the landmarks by which the boundaries were designated are, of course, unknown but a general idea of Woodbridge may be obtained from the following:
The line began at the mouth of the Rahway River (called Rawack) and followed the stream as high as the tide flowed to a fresh-water brook running west, north-west, "where there stands a beech tree that is marked on the four sides of it." From this tree the line ran straight west through one large swamp and two small ones until it reached a walnut stake in an open field. This stake was marked with two notches and a cross. The distance from the beach tree to the stake was five and one-half miles. The line turned sharply to the south from this point, running through what was known as "Dismal Swamp" and striking the Raritan River at a distance of seven and one half miles from the walnut stake aforementioned. The line now comes within ten chains west of two red cliffs on the opposite side of the river. (a chain length is about seventy feet).
The Charter then gives the general bounds, with allowance for waste places and highways. The Township was to contain six miles square which amounts to 23,040 acres, English measure.
The proprietors reserved to themselves half of the gold and silver found in any New Jersey mines.
Freedom of religion was guaranteed by the Charter and land was set aside for the maintenance of a free school. In addition. land for building a church thereon; for use as a church yard; for the erection of a school house; for a market place; and other public places were donated to the Township and forever exempted from taxes. The creation of a township court was authorized. Sections in the articles in regard to free trade, war, election of deputies, liberty to sell and move from the place were all substantially adopted in this generous Charter.
Of the first group of New Englanders coming to their new home, the majority came from the vicinity of Newbury, Massachusetts. They named their new home Woodbridge in honor of Reverend John Woodbridge, the assistant pastor of their Congregational Church.
"An acknowledged author of early New Jersey history relates that Reverend John Woodbridge came to the then unnamed Woodbridge area accompanied by five men from Massachusetts in the year 1661, three years earlier than any other related incident pertaining to our Township."
"The men who accompanied Reverend Woodbridge were John Martin, Hopewell Hall, John Pike, John and Charles Gilman. They built five log cabins and a many sided log house to he used as a church meeting place. These houses were constructed in an area which several years later was known as the "Kirk Green". When the building activities were completed, the group returned to Massachusetts."
"ln 1663 they returned to this area bringing their wives end children. They sailed by boat to Elizabethtown and then set out on foot carrying bedding, furniture and household equipment. It was a difficult journey over very rough overgrown terrain. Darkness overcame them before their arrival and when they reached the log house, weary and worn they retired forfeiting an evening meal."
PUBLISHING OF FIRST LAWS
Governor Philip Carteret called together in 1668 a council and assembly for the purpose of publishing laws for the government of the province. John Bishop and Robert Dennis, both of the earliest Woodbridge settler group were members of the assembly. Some of the first laws as published were in substance:
That persons resisting authority should be punished at the discretion of the Court.
That men from sixteen to sixty years of age, should provide themselves with arms on penalty of one shilling for the first weeks neglect, and two shillings for each week after.
That for burglary or highway robbery, the first offense, burning in the hand, the second offense burning in the forehead, in both to make restitution, and for the third offense death.
For stealing, the first offense, treble restitution, and the same for the second and third offense: with such increase of punishment as the court saw cause, even to death, if the thief appeared to be incorrigible; but if not, and unable to make restitution they were to be sold for satisfaction or to receive corporal punishment.
That undutiful children smiting or cursing their parents except provoked thereunto for self preservation, upon complaint of, and proof from their parents or either one of them should be punished with death.
That for night walking and reveling after the hour of nine, the parties to be secured by the constable or other officers till morning and then not giving a satisfactory account to the magistrate, to be bound over to the next court, and then receive such punishment as should be inflicted.
That no son, daughter, maid or servant should marry without the consent of his or their parents, master or overseer without being three times published in some public meeting or kirk near the parties abode or notice being set up in writing at some public house near where they lived for fourteen days before, then to be solemnized by some approved minister, justice or chief officer: who, on penalty of twenty pounds, and to be put out of office were to marry one who had not followed those directions.
GRANTING OF LAND TO EARLY SETTLERS
Grants of land were made to the settlers--a grant of 100 acres was called a farm, a larger grant was known as a plantation.
We repeat the list of Freeholders of Woodbridge supposed to comprise actual settlers to whom patents were granted in 1670. or thereabouts, with the amount of land each man recieved [sic]. No doubt the land was laid out in plots and selection was made by the drawing of lots as was suggested in the Charter. Occupancy of a grant for seven years entitled the occupant to ownership.
Acres Acres
John Adams 97 John Smith, Millwright* 512
Ephraim Andrews 98 John Smith 176
Thomas Auger 167 Abraham Tappen 95½
Obadiah Ayres 171 Israel Thorne 96
Samuel Baker 170 John Watkins 92
Joshua Bradley 171 John Whitaker 91
John Bishop* 470 John Allen, Minister 97
John Bishop Jr. 77 Wm. Brugley 186
M. Bunn 165 Hugh Dun 92
Thomas Bloomfield 326 John French 15
Thos. Bloomfield Jr. 92 Daniel Grasse 164
John Bloomfield 90 Jonathan Haynes 97
John Conger 170 Henry Jaques* } 368
John Cromwell 173 Henry Jaques Jr.}
Wm. Compton 174 Henry Lessenby 88
Robert Dennis* 448 George Little 100
John Dennis 107 David Makany 168
Samuel Dennis 94 Matthew Moore 177
John Dilly 94 Elisha Parker 182
Jonathan Dunham 213 Daniel Pierce* 456
Rehobeth Garnett 448 Joshua Pierce* 30
Samuel Hale 167 Robert Rogers 91
Elisha Ilsey 172 Samuel Smith 103
Stephen Kent* 249 Isaac Tappen 172
Stephen Kent Jr. 104 John Taylor 92
Hugh Marsh* 320 Robert Vanquelin 175
Samuel Moore 356 Nathan Webster 93
Benj. Parker 105 Richard Worth 172
John Pike* 308 Capt. Philip Carteret 313
John Pike Jr. 91 John Ilsey 97
Daniel Robins 173 Jahn Martin, Sr. 255
John Trewman 97 For the Ministry 200
Lords Proprietors 1,000 Maintenance of Schools 100
*This asterisk denotes the nine original associates who were granted 240 acres of upland and 40 of meadow, in addition to the regular allotment.
Of the nine original associates families, five of the nine have burial plots in the White Church Cemetery that are still recognizable. They are as follows:
Kent--The Kents are descendants of Stephen Kent of Newbury, Massachusets, who came from Southampton, England in the ship "Confidence" in 1638 with his wife, Margery and four or five servants. The interments in the Kent plot date hack to 1761.
Marsh--Hugh Marsh, carpenter, came from Newbury, Massachusetts. Both Hugh and his son Geroge are mentioned in the town records as early as 1667. The name of Mary Marsh, a daughter of Hugh, is recorded in the marriage registry of March 27, 1691 when she became the wife of Isaac Tappen.
There are sixteen interments in the Marsh plot.
Pike--Captain John Pike of Newbury came to Woodbridge in 1665 and was one of its most prominent men. He was appointed a judge and was on Governor Carteret's staff for many years. He died in January 1688 or 1689. No monument marks his grave but the grave of his son, Judge John Pike who died in August 1714 is marked and well preserved as are those of six other members of the family interred in the Pike plot.
Major John Pike of Revolutionary War fame and General Zebulon Montgomery Pike, famed explorer and army officer were of this family. Pike's Peak in Colorado is named after General Zebulon Montgomery Pike since he discovered and mapped it in 1806. He was killed in 1813 while fighting against the British in the "War of 1812."
An interesting anecdote is on record regarding Captain John Pike. "He (Captain John Pike), filled several offices and was an active citizen in Newbury. On one occasion, in May 1688, it is recorded that "John Pike shall pay two shillings and six pence for departing from this (town) meeting without leave contemptiously."
These early settlers were a stern, disciplined, rules-abiding folks.
Jaques--The birth of several children to Henry Jaques was recorded between 1874 and 1679. Henry was probably the son of Henry Jaques, Sr. of Newbury who came there in 1640 [sic].
In passing, and for future records. it is of interest to note that a part of the tract on which the new Woodbridge Shopping Center between old Metuchen Avenue and Route 9 is built was for many years identified as the Jaques Farm, later as the Jaques Clay Bank and through the years up to about 1960 was the production source of millions of tons of sand and first quality fire clays.
There are twenty six interments in the Jaques plat in the White Church cemetery going back to 1722, and there are also additional members of this family interred in the Trinity Episcopal Churchyard.
Smith--It is difficult to determine whether the Smiths whose name are found in the records are all of the same family.
One of the earliest settlers was John Smith, Millwright. He was quite a prominent and active citizen. He acted as Moderator of the first town meetings which were held in his home and he was afterward Deputy of the Assembly and an Associate Judge. He was one of the original Associates and is named in the Agreement as "John Smith of Barnstable."
In 1643, John Married Susann Hinckley, whose brother Thomas later became Governor of New Jersey. Their children were Samuel born April 1644 and twelve others, born between 1644 and 1668, viz. Sarah, Ebenezer, Mary, Doreas, John, Shuball, John, Benjamin, Ichabod, Elizabeth, Thomas and Joseph. Samuel, Thomas and Ichabod Smith all had children whose births are recorded in the old Woodbridge records.
In 1677, after residing in Woodbridge for approximately twelve years, John returned to New England having exchanged his house and land here for a house and lot in Barnstable belonging to Nathaniel Fitz Randolph. Thus, a noted first settler left Woodbridge and another arrived which was to play an important role in the early town history.
(2) Dally, Joseph W., Woodbridge and Vicinity, New Brunswick, NJ: A.E. Gordon, 1873, p. 20:
Ancient Woodbridge seems to have been well supplied with mechanics. Among them we notice five carpenters, viz.: John Ilsly, Samuel Hale, John Bishop, Henry Jaquis, and Hugh March; one shoemaker, John Watkins; four blacksmiths, John Crandel, John Robinson, Daniel Pierce, and John Taylor; one mason, Benjamin Cromwell; two tanners, William Elston and John Mootry; and three weavers, Samuel Dennis, John Robeson, and Adam Hude. John French was a dealer in bricks, and was elected a Freeholder, on condition that he should furnish the Woodbridge men with bricks in preference to all others. He was a mason by trade, and no doubt plied his vocation. Good-natured John Smith was a millwright. There was another man bearing this name (as there always will be), and the neighbors tried to keep them unmixed by addressing the latter as John Smith, Scotchman. Benjamin Parker was a joiner. "Benony Blacklich," who came into the settlement in 1671, was a shoemaker. Elisha Parker is mentioned as a merchant. Two doctors of medicine prescribed for the ailing--George Lockhart and Peter Dessigny.
But why did our French get only 15 acres of the original grants????
French marriages in NJ (from Distant Cousin)
French, Benjamin ~ 1742 + Hall, Martha / (Bordentown) / 29-Jan 1742
French, Charles ~ 1783 (Gloucester County) + Stoakes, Sabella 27-May 1783
French, Hannah ~ 1792 Evans, Nathan / (Burlington County) 7-Mar 1792
French, Jackson Brown ~ 1790 (Burlington County) +Lawrence, Catherine
1-Oct 1790
French, James ~ 1779 (Burlington County) +Ferguson, Sarah 12-Oct 1779
French, Jemimah ~ 1790 +Borton, Jacob / (Burlington) / [N/A] 21-Apr 1790
French, Joseph ~ 1749 + Horn, Hannah / (Raritan Landing) 3-Jan 1749
French, Mary ~ 1751 + Farrell, James / (Freehold) / 11-Sep 1751
French, Mary ~ 1759 + Creighton, Hugh / (Gloucester) / 10-Aug 1759
French, Thomas ~ 1733 + Mason, Isabel / (Salem) / 13-Jul 1733
French, Thomas ~ 1746 + Elkenton, Jamimah (Burlington)8-May 1746
French, Thomas ~ 1774 Peasner, Hannah (Cape May) 14-Nov 1774
French, Uriah ~ 1771 + Ingersall, Rachel 29-Jun 1771
French, William ~ 1742 (Middlesex County) + Seabring, Antie / (Middlesex County) / 28-Dec 1742
French, William ~ 1748 + Taylor, Lydia / (Bordentown) 20-Sep 1748


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Home » Articles » Festival and Pooja Articles » Vikram Samvatsara Or Hindu New Year
Vikram Samvatsara Or Hindu New Year
Published On : March 27, 2020 | Author : Astrologer Pt Umesh Chandra Pant
Detail-Oriented Narratives Of Vikram Samvatsara
Vikram Samvatsara OR Vikrami Calendar, Hindu New Year
This is the most illustrious Vikram Samvatsara of Hindu Panchang or Hindu New Year in Indian subcontinent. It starts ever year from Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. The advent of this marks jubilant celebration all throughout India among enthusiastic Indians. It is celebrated by great pomp and shows akin to a festival. People send greetings to one another during the occasion. Celebration of this festival among people happens with great elation. The learned Astrologer in India and mathematicians of Panchang take the privilege of spreading awareness of various effects of Vikram Samvat on people. For this, they make a great deal of meticulous study of different aspects of Lord planet of Samvatsara, its dates and results thereof. Vikram Samvatsara is also known as correct narrative, in light of the fact that all incidents, natural or otherwise, such as rain, storms, tempest, winter, summer, crops production etc. are associated with it. And they impact people with grief and glee, both. For instance, it states when an individual will be caught up in the whirlwind of griefs, and when he is fated to receive happiness; when relationship will be harmonious and when the body will remain healthy. It also forecasts the chronological events of different incidents, like beauty of the body, strength of the soul, disease-health, life-death and so on. Vikram Samvatsara is an integral part of these forecasts. Also, Samvatsara holds its chief position as granted by Lord Brahman, the divine deity playing the role in creation and maintenance of the universe, to keep ceaseless mobility of celestial objects like Yagna, Sun, Moon, Planets, nakshatras, and etc.
Dawn of Samvatsara
According to the prehistoric calculations and Hindu customs, the methods used to calculate unforeseeable time and by which Samvatsara is created, to serve the purpose of astrological mathematics, are – Truti, lav, nimesh, kashtha, kala and vikala, ghati and pal, vipal, muhurta, and hora. Similarly, by the calculation of thirty muhurtas, the creation of one month constituting one day-night, numbers of 30 days-night, is done. Also, constituent of two months makes for creation of one season. And three seasons or combination of six months make one Ayan, thus one year or Samvatsara is made by the combination of two Ayans. Means to say is that Samvatsara begets out of unification of various calculating aspects. We get different opinions on the matter regarding Vikram Samvatsara in vogue. Some believe it to be of year 78, while some people believe it started since 544. Panchang was already formed during the reign of King Vikramaditya. Accountancy of works during his reign was managed in great simplicity, like substantiating different types of year-wise works, and to systematize the work order, for which Vikram Era as a New Year came into existence. It constitutes seven days in a week, twelve months in a year. Saptrishi Samvatsara erstwhile of 6676 BC is said to be the most ancient.
Story of Vikram Samvatsara
What is Vikram Samvatsara or Hindu New Year? How did it become the part of yearly calculation of Hindu calendar, and what is the story behind it? We have the details of the same in Skanda Purana. similarly, the story lies in the uterus of Bhavishya Purana also. the description as follows – After completion of 3000 years of Kaliyuga era, there came tyranny of Saka which was mounting up unbridled. then Lord Shiva, on the request of devotees, granted the boon of the birth of a very powerful and benevolent king on earth named Vikramaditya in order to protect the religions and proliferation of Arya religion. Because of the boon of Lord Shiva, the baby had the bearing of very effective and miraculous individuality. Obedient to his parents, staunch devotee of teacher and God, highly pious, faultlessly expert in principles, highly skilled performer in royal affairs, protector of religion, and very astute person he was. To test the mental acuity of baby Vikramaditya, deity Parvati invoked an imp named Betaal, who questioned Vikramaditya related to the story he told him, and king Vikramaditya made him (the imp) speechless with his witty answers. Those tales today are known as Vikram- Betaal. These tales are very inspirational in the fields related to politics and justice, etc. king Vikramaditya established religion on earth after having subdued the tyranny and injustice. Vikram Era came into existence as a tribute to this very victory, popularity of which is still unabated among the people today. Present Vikram Samvatsara is the era you get after total sum of adding 57 to a year. similarly, a generous king named Shalivahana was born in the era of 78 BC, after whom the prefix "Shalivahana' came into being. In addition, Samvatsara was in use, according to timeline, and as a tribute to some great souls and incarnations, as per the situations in a country or a state. For instance – Lord Shri Krishna Samvatsara, Kali Samvatsara, Lord Buddha Samvatsara, Hijri Samvatsara, Fasli Samvatsara, Nanakshahi Samvatsara, Khalsa Samvatsara, and so many other Samvatsara were in use. However, Christian Era is being used mostly among people today.
Importance of king and minister of Samvatsara
According to astrological policy and popular beliefs, new Samvatsara beginning and related worth for king and ministers, who to grace what portfolio, and its importance, all things related are determined by Pratipada of Chaitra Shukla. Point is, the day of Pratipada of Chaitra Shukla determines king of New Samvatsara. This year, new Samvatsara 2077 marks its beginning on Pratipada of Chaitra Shukla, viz. Wednesday, March 25, 2020. In other words, Samvatsara named Pramadi will be used in rituals on taking Sankalp. Lord moon will grace the minister portfolio during new Samvatsara 2077.
Results and Importance of Vikram Samvatsara
Vikram Samvatsara 2077 will be known as Pramadi Samvatsara. It indicates auspiciousness for all crops and corns production. People will reap harvests in amplitude. Means, harvests will remain available as required. People will remain happy because of that (healthy harvests). Good price on products will be earned. These are certain indications derived by new Vikram Samvat. Enmity and envy among politicians would unleash possibility of fearfulness among public. In addition, officers in this year are important. Lord Mercury is the effective ruler this year, which will prosper people. During the phase, chance of good rains to result in healthy harvests lingers. This also results in benevolence and kindness among people. According to other beliefs, treachery also lingers. Dominance of saints and sages is there. Moon is the minister this Samvat. This maintains peace and prosperity in the country. Opportune rains pave the chance of having healthy harvests. Peace and harmony remain due to exercising good conducts. On the one hand, wealth-giver Mars will is good indicator for healthy harvests, on the other hand, incidents like arson and looting will loom large. Cloudy Sun indicates lordship of Shri Surya for the rain. This means auspicious timing for great harvests. However, somewhere there is indication of less than enough rains. This happens due to Rashesh Saturn. Dull Jupiter results in higher value in edible stuffs. Effectual sun boosts fruits production while somewhere lower production of the same. Wealthy Mercury will boost wealth and piousness in people. This may be indicative of more yagnas and other rituals. commander in chief this time is Lord Sun. this would result in better works requiring courage. Indication of rulers working on their tasks with grit remains there.
Results and Importance of Samvatsara
New Samvat is important for astrological calculations. Also, Astrology simplifies doing of right prediction and time-wise correct estimation. Advent of new Vikram Era results in good or bad effects, thus affecting changes like rains on earth, production of harvests, and transitions in political and societal atmosphere. Comprehensive changes are also noticeable on public. Because Chaturmegha induces rains on earth, but this time, Avart megha will induce heavy dearth or starving-like situations in most areas. Thus, advent of Vikram Era in New Year indicates year-long incidents, assail of locusts and other types of narratives. Therefore, New Year Vikram Samvat holds great importance.
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Also Read: Makar Sankranti Uttarayani Festival and Navratri Festival Means Nav Durga Pujan and Raksha Bandhan
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Malcolm X Grassroots Movement: We Charge Genocide Again! New Curriculum on Every 28 Hours Report
New Curriculum, We Charge Genocide Again, notes the importance of Operation Ghetto Storm findings for younger generations
(Source: MXGM.org) Operation Ghetto Storm, a critical report released by the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement (MXGM) in April, calls for awareness of acts of genocide, commitment to struggle, and mobilization of the people. Crucial to all three of those tasks, is political education. The We Charge Genocide Again curriculum is a series of lesson plans generated from the Operation Ghetto Storm report that encourages the critical thinking that are necessary to stimulate and guide action against the genocidal dynamics and practices illustrated in the extrajudicial killing reports produced by the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement.
"This is about our future. We have to educate our youth and prepare them for struggle", says Tongo Eisen-Martin, author of We Charge Genocide of Again. "We designed this curriculum to be used by all who struggle, as struggle makes all of us educators."
"We have to make sure that this curriculum gets into every high school and college that serves Black and Latino people" says Tongo.
We Charge Genocide Again is part of an organizing toolkit produced by the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement to accompany the Operation Ghetto Storm report. The other major tool in this toolkit is Let Your Motto Be Resistance a handbook on organizing for self-defense released in March. Together these tools form a comprehensive guide for community organizers throughout the United States to challenge extrajudicial killing and repressive police tactics like "stop and frisk" that lead to the mass incarceration of Black and other oppressed people.
"The United States government is intent on creating more and more laws and practices that target Black, oppressed, and impoverished communities. The aim is social control to maintain the status quo, and they will go to whatever extent necessary, including extrajudicial killings and acts of genocide, to achieve this aim", says Kali Akuno, and organizer with the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement. "We Charge Genocide Again is a counter, one of many that we have to produce and put in the hands of our youth to give them a fighting chance to live lives free of oppression", says Kali.
We Charge Genocide Again is issued by the Every 28 Hours Campaign and the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement. The curriculum can be downloaded for free at www.MXGM.org
by Unknown at 12:34 PM


I got to see 'Religulous' recently and was reminded that I wanted to post those Danish cartoons that so pissed off those insecure little men that ultimately 50 people lost their lives.
I liked the movie and the ultimate message of the movie, that we atheists must come out of the closet and assert ourselves in society. I have long been open about my disbelief (and outright contempt) of religion and shall continue to be so. Writers such as Sam Harris and Richard Dawkins have espoused a rational view of life and for us to stop hiding in the shadows. One of the things that I like best about living in NYC is the large number of open atheists that I find here. I know it pisses some people off but I just can't pretend to respect someone's silly beliefs. And while I have a little bit of a bad reaction to people who post things just to be provocative I think that posting these cartoons is one small way of asserting that we should not let ourselves get bullied by the superstitious and that we must push back. I was so disappointed in the news organisations that refused to print these cartoons when this story broke out of fear of 'offending' Muslims. Since when do we care about offending people with the news? And where were the 'moderates' to step in and calm things down? They were either nowhere to be seen of they supported the anger of these mobs that were burning, threatening and killing in the name of Islam.


The Most Interesting Lesson I Received from a BOIL!
Home / The Most Interesting Lesson I Received from a BOIL!
For most of my professional career, I have been fascinated with the human body and how it works. Even before I started working as a chiropractor, I was intrigued by how we work and what we can do.
I have had various illnesses, food poisoning, aches and pains, a surgery, acne and more. I still have something pop up, pardon the pun, every now and then. Life does not come without the necessary feedback you require in order to grow and evolve. It can come in the form of physiological challenges but it can also come in other forms too. Some of these might include; relationship struggles, financial debt, the loss of loved ones, social isolation and so many others.
The point I am making is that you cannot grow without having markers, like these, to keep you on course.
This leads me to the reason for writing this. For the past week I have experienced my first boil. Some of you may know what that is. Some of you may have heard about boils from the bible. It was one of the ten plagues in Egypt. Those of you who haven't, allow me to illuminate you. If you have a weak stomach, this may push you over the edge but in order to serve the purpose of explaining the lesson, some depth of detail needs to be explored.
I've spent the past week researching this 'thing' I have. I have looked on Google, asked a friend, looked in a health book that I own and looked on Google again. I discovered that people who get boils are carriers of a type of staphylococcal bacteria. This was a slight blow to my ego, when I discovered this, as I wondered to myself – 'Is this just the beginning?' Will I be a boil creating person for the rest of my life?
After adjusting from my initial shock that I'm harbouring a harmful bacteria, I wanted to know exactly what was going on with my body. As you can probably tell, I'm quite curious. So, my exploration took me deeper into the cavernous realms of my little friend. It seems that this bacteria can travel down a hair follicle or enter into the skin through various other means and start wreaking havoc. Once it has invaded, an infection starts to develop. What that means is, I developed what some people refer to as a blind pimple. You know the ones that hurt like hell but you can't do anything about? The ones where you just have to grin and bare it? Well that's where it all began. Little did I know, that this blind pimple would become something else. A whole new adventure in my life.
You might be wondering, at this point, what the lesson is in all of this. Bare with me. I'm getting there.
After a couple of days of my research, finally figuring out what I have and grinning and baring it, I decided to take my first bit of action. Out of pure frustration and irritation with my body, and against my own moral code, I went to the pharmacy to buy some Dettol and Polysporin – the 'anti' bacterial avengers. I came home, ran a hot bath, poured in 4 capfuls of Dettol and let things come to head, so to speak. The Polysporin was there, just in case all hell broke lose and I needed to do clean up.
That wasn't as effective as I wanted it to be, so I then asked myself two very useful questions. How is this demon boil serving me and what would be the downsides be if it didn't take up residence on my arse? I thought to myself – "there is no way this thing is helping me. It's causing me pain and discomfort. How can something that creates so much irritation be helpful?" After about 2 hours, I managed to get through answering these questions. Magically, my emotional charge dissipated and I started feeling grateful for my new resident. It had taught me something that I'd be thinking about for a while, but hadn't taken action on yet. More on that soon.
Once I had completed this exercise I set for myself, I then ramped up the treatments. I had two more Dettol baths and, after some research and chatting to a genius healer, it was time for the next step. Just so you know, before I went down this path, I tried Chamomile tea bags and tomatoes.
I discovered that onions are one of the most amazing healers around so I grabbed one, chopped it until no more chopping could be done, added some salt to it, placed it on a wound pad and wrapped it on tight. The instructions were to leave it on for two hours. My wife wasn't too excited with this decision of mine. I stunk! For those of you out there who have ever thought of giving yourself some space from someone in your life, stick an onion on you and you'll be good to go.
The onion solution was tried and tested twice and it certainly started to bring things to a head. The lesson revealed itself on the second trial. I was lying on the couch, reading an inspiring book about becoming an entrepreneur, when I fell asleep and almost went into a meditative state. I lay there wondering what this boil represented about my life, symbolically, and what everything I was doing to reduce it, meant to me on my journey.
In life, when we're striving to achieve what we want, things can take time to come to a head. In fact, it often takes a lot longer than we expect it to. We sit there hating the process, feeling frustrated and irritated by the challenges we're faced with and all we want to do is rush things along. As most of you may know, pushing yourself further than you can handle tends to bring about unsightly results. We land up feeling even more discomfort than we did before, we get stopped in our tracks and are forced by some feedback system to slow down and take one step at a time.
My lesson had these elements embedded within it but it also indicated something else that we all go through. When we take the time to open ourselves up, go on our journey and share who we are with the world, we can sometimes get caught in a trap where we introvert again and hold ourselves back. Usually this happens when we feel guilty about something we're doing or have done or maybe because we're judging our actions and intentions. At this stage of my journey, I did that. As a consequence, I grew a new best friend to alert me.
The challenge with allowing myself to get to this point, is that the process of revealing who I am and sharing myself again has been a painful endeavor. Boils, like acne or many other skin challenges have an undertone of anger. Depending on how much you hold yourself back, will depend on how angry and aggressive your feedback will be. Mine was a Mount Vesuvius type of response. When you consciously hold yourself back, you will land up developing the A,B,C,D's of negativity. Anger and aggression, blame and betrayal, criticism and challenge and despondency, despair and depression.
So, the lesson of having a boil is – be who you are and don't hide yourself away, no matter what comes your way. Otherwise you'll create a new best friend just like I did.