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Gaming & Culture —
Microsoft: difference between cheat, exploit? None. Banned!
Microsoft has begun issuing temporary bans to players taking advantage of an …
Ben Kuchera - Dec 4, 2009 3:51 pm UTC
Stephen Toulouse is the Director of Policy and Enforcement of Xbox Live. When gamers need to be banned, his job is to find them and cut off Xbox Live access to their machines. The latest group to get his attention? Gamers using an exploit in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 to increase their kill counts.
First it was piracy leading to mass bannings, and now Microsoft is tasked with keeping the Modern Warfare 2 servers clean while Infinity Ward works on a patch. We're going to explore what gamers are doing, and why this is a somewhat unsettling precedent for consoles.
The issue in question is called the Javelin Exploit, and it allows players to detonate a grenade instantly upon death. Here's a video detailing the glitch, if you'd like to know exactly what's happening on the servers and what it looks like.
"While IW works on getting the MW2 glitch fixed, people we catch using it will recieve suspensions from LIVE. Play fair everyone," Toulouse said via Twitter. He also noted that this policy isn't anything new, and that it's in place for more games than just Modern Warfare 2. If you get caught taking advantage of the exploit, you'll be banned for 24 hours. If you're a particularly bad case, the banning could last up to two weeks.
The ban isn't for Modern Warfare 2, it's for the entirety of Xbox Live. If you're banned, no new content for you. No playing online... in anything. Major Nelson posted the details on his blog: "Keep in mind, this isn't just a ban on a particular game. This is a ban on the Xbox Live service as a whole, so you won't be able to go online at all during your ban. Initially, you may be banned for a day, a week, or depending on severity, permanently! Kiss that $50 goodbye," he wrote.
The troubling aspect about the case of Modern Warfare 2 is that no one is changing the code in the game and no rules are being broken. They're simply taking advantage of the behavior of two particular weapons when used in a certain way. From Microsoft's side of things, that's cutting the hair too fine: if you find a glitch and use it in the game, that's cheating.
Toulouse responded to criticism with a slightly tortured metaphor. "Wow, some of you think cheating a glitch is OK. Um. If I install my car stereo wrong and it disables my door locks, its not ok to STEAL MY CAR," he posted. Somehow I doubt cops are out there comparing car theft to grenade kills to Modern Warfare 2, but we'll let it slide. Using a glitch or a bug to gain advantage is against the Terms of Service, and defining glitches, bugs, and that advantage is solely up to Microsoft.
You're playing on their playground
In many ways, the Xbox 360 is Xbox Live. It's nearly impossible to separate the hardware from the service. Without Xbox Live there are no game patches, you can't grab demos of upcoming games, you can't play online. Banned consoles have begun to show up on sites like eBay and Craigslist, and there is a risk of unexpectedly picking one up when you buy used from retailers like GameStop. One pirate I spoke to told me he simply kept two systems: one for Xbox Live, and one for downloaded games. I told him that's an expensive set up, and he shrugged. It's cheaper than buying new games, he replied. When a system is banned, the hardware itself carries the stigma; you can't buy a new subscription, you can't swap out the hard drive. For most users, the system is basically dead.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation wrote about these bans, noting the power that Microsoft holds over gamers. If you break the Terms of Service, Microsoft can render your hardware unable to use its online service, which it has made nearly necessary for playing Xbox 360 games and taking advantage of the system's features. Bannings are the sole discretion of Microsoft, and there isn't much you can do about it once it has happened to you, short of buying a new piece of hardware.
"Of course, these 'absolute power to terminate' clauses are in no way unique to the Xbox Live TOS. While the mass ban provides a useful illustration of their danger, these terms can be found in nearly all TOS agreement for all kinds of services," EFF Adjunct Attorney Ed Bayley wrote. "There have been virtually no legal challenges to these kinds of arbitrary termination clauses, but we imagine this will be a growth area for lawyers."
Where does this leave us?
Sony stated that it won't be banning anyone over cheating in Modern Warfare 2, but with Infinity Ward controlling all the servers for the game on the PC side of things, bans have been handed down for cheating there, as well. With dedicated servers there was no way for a company to stop you from playing the game, but the closed nature of IWNet means the developer and publisher control your ability to play the game online.
No one is going to defend cheating, but glitches, exploits, and bugs have long found their way into strategy and helped to move gaming forward. Would rocket jumpers have been banned from Xbox Live? If Valve shut down dedicated servers and sought to control every aspect of their games, would there have been Counter Strike? The control Microsoft exerts over Xbox Live, and its ability to block your access to online play remotely, and without appeal, means that you'll be playing the games how they want.
In the meantime, Toulouse has some advice in his Twitter profile: "Be pure. Be vigilant. Behave!"
456 Reader Comments
senshikaze Smack-Fu Master, in training
and what's funny there are going to be at least a few xbox fans that will say this is how it should be.
Thank you Microsoft for, again, listening to your customers! Nice to know your customers come before anything else.
85 posts | registered Oct 16, 2009
Kani Ars Scholae Palatinae
This is why dedicated servers, self built community and PC gaming in general are important. Let admins decide if something is allowable on their server. I can remember many happy times exploiting games with friends for enjoyment on our own servers just as I can remember kicking or banning people for exploiting on public play servers. Even worse, what happens when the exploit becomes part of the game? (bunny hopping anyone?)
severusx Ars Scholae Palatinae
That's pretty much just like the Rocket/Sword glitch from Halo 2. Did they ban players for using that glitch? I can't really remember. Either way, it would be more palatable if they warned players before bringing down the banhammer.
Exordium01 Ars Praefectus
Originally posted by senshikaze:
It sounds like they are doing exactly that. If I had an xbox and an xbox live subscription, I'd want Microsoft kicking cheaters off the servers, whether the cheat is an exploit of a bug or a third-party hack. I'm sure most customers feel the same way.
3184 posts | registered Oct 9, 2007
Sanctusx2 Ars Scholae Palatinae
This doesn't really bother me at all. Each time Microsoft has exerted their control over the Live service has been justified. They keep a pretty close watch on the community and so far have been conservative enough in their use of bannings that it's all been for the greater good.
I also think the Counterstrike analogy is a stretch. The article is about Microsoft, but the line you're trying to draw is more apt to point in Infinity Ward's direction. Microsoft isn't controlling every aspect of all the Live games or removing dedicated servers, Inifinity Ward is. And they have every right to, it's their game. We own licenses to play it under their terms.
Edzo Ars Praefectus et Subscriptor
I really admire Mr. Toulouse for not letting power go to his head. There are plenty of petty, weak-willed, sad creatures who would relish using it as if they were the autocratic Generalissimo of Xbox Live...
I don't have a problem with people who use glitches being suspended from that game for a period of time, on the basis of it being "unsportsmanlike conduct". But there is no credible rationale for banning them from other games, or preventing them from playing once the glitch is fixed.
4329 posts | registered Jul 7, 2006
nhlkoho Ars Centurion
Good. Kick the cheaters off the game.
PetrifiedJello Ars Centurion
*chucks this up to reason #612 as to never, ever own an XBox.
This is pathetic, even from Microsoft's position. Maybe if they didn't run around rewarding players who play well, this wouldn't be an issue.
The phrase "it's just a game" apparently proves it isn't just a game.
Tip for Microsoft: INSTEAD OF BANNING users, RESET THEIR DAMN POINTS TO 0.
Seriously stupid decision, Microsoft.
Cax Wise, Aged Ars Veteran et Subscriptor
It's good to see that someone is doing something to prevent complete morons from ruining the game for the rest of us. For once, Microsoft does something sensible. Since Sony isn't doing anything, it means no playing MW2 for me for several days, until there is a patch. Thank you, #""%¤#"% &%¤# retarded %/&%¤%-holes.
Hed 64 Ars Tribunus Militum
Several exploits become the basis for fun; the Counter-Strike bunnyhop mod comes to mind. Of course to be able to build a fun time around it you'd have to be able to set up communities or mods.
dantesan Ars Praefectus
This is awesome. This is exactly why I pay for Live. Is there anyway we could vote to get their citizenship revoked and have them deported too? -- View image here: http://episteme.arstechnica.com/groupee_common/emoticons/icon_smile.gif --
(I am only half kidding)
RayKinStL Seniorius Lurkius
This article is assinine. It is obvious that the author does NOT play Modern Warfare 2 and does not, in any way, understand how this affects the game or the severity of it. He saw an opportunity to take a cheap shot at Microsoft, and to prey on anti-MS sentiment, and took it. Before questioning MS motives, play in a match where people are exploiting this unintended side effect (aka "glitch"). The match becomes unplayable. Guys run around like human bombs, and their reach is ridiculously far. It is almost impossible to play Headquarters, Domination, or Deathmatch when people use this glitch. Your only recourse is to quit out of matches when kids are doing it, and if it wasn't policed at all, you would find yourself quitting out of AT LEAST 50% of the matches you played in! Microsoft's main goal is to keep their evironment level and fair for all. This glitch is nothing something that a player learns. It was not intended. Everyone in a match does not know how to do it. Thus it is an exploit. This changes the game when it is being done, and renders a match virtually unplayable, and because of that, I believe MS is fully justified in the bannings! "Play fair everyone." It really is that simple.
To severusx, the point of these message from people like MajorNelson IS to get that information out and warn people so they stop doing it.
1 post | registered Dec 4, 2009
Killer Orca Wise, Aged Ars Veteran
"...Kiss that $50 goodbye," he wrote.
And MS can kiss my ass and any future money I would have spent on your consoles. I am going back to PC gaming, the only money they'll get from me is for a Windows license. Developers like IW won't be supported either by me if they are so PC-unfriendly too.
Not that I condone using the exploit, but being banned from all games? Come on.
rombuu Wise, Aged Ars Veteran
That's funny.. I don't find this troubling at all.
seanhsmith Ars Centurion
I don't see how any of you saying "Microsoft shouldn't be doing this" have a leg to stand on. I was playing Modern Warfare 2 just last night and couldn't figure out why everytime I knifed somebody who was carrying a Javelin they would simply explode and I would die immediately. This now explains it.
If you're using a bug or an exploit to gain a competitive advantage, YOU'RE CHEATING!! There is no argument to the contrary. Cheating is the act of gaining a competitive advantage through some means that was not intended to be an actual part of the game, whether that is a hack, a mod, or exploiting a glitch.
I think Microsoft should permanently ban these people. Chances are if they're using this, they're exploiting or cheating at every other game they play. Just like all the no-talent losers who play with modded controllers so they can turn their single shot weapons into fully automatic. They should detect and ban these people from the servers as well. The cheating/glitching has become so pervasive on Xbox Live that I really never go on it that much anymore and may eventually just cancel it.
328 posts | registered Jul 8, 2009
cervier Ars Scholae Palatinae et Subscriptor
Hmm this Toulouse guy sounds like a douche to me...
Tundro Walker Ars Praefectus
If you're using a bug or an exploit to gain a competitive advantage, YOU'RE CHEATING!!
An exploit is like someone taking advantage of a loophole in the system, like someone cutting you off in traffic. Anyone can do it if they want to...it's part of the system, but morally regulated most of the time.
But a cheat is like someone tearing up the contract and rewriting it all to their own advantage without you being able to do anything about it. Like someone driving a tank on the road and plowing over your car. It goes beyond just being a morale a-hole, and actively finding tools to perpetrate the crime.
I don't think folks should be perma-banned for being crafty and finding exploits. I think the dev's just need to hurry up and fix this.
It's hard to defend someone's freedom to be an asshole, though.
This comment was edited by Tundro Walker on December 04, 2009 16:31
4886 posts | registered Dec 3, 2008
Jack_o Ars Tribunus Militum
I was going to finally break down and get a console and MW2, had my eye set on the XBox. Going Sony now instead after reading this and forgetting MW2. Not because of cheating or using an exploit in a stupid video game, but because making a mistake in a game by simply switiching weapons not realizing you are accessing an exploit gets you banned. I didn't even know this exploit existed until this article. I frequently switch to different weapons in game. I can imagine having the Javelin and wanting to switch then changing my mind and switching back, its just the way I play using frequent swaps preparing for entering a room or engaging an enemy. If I do this while I have the Javelin I could end up banned. I want cheaters out of the game also, but I don't want to be a victim of an idiotic and stupid policy either and thus render an XBox investment useless just because I made a mistake by playing how I normally play. I was going out later today to pick up the XBox but not now. So, no XBox for me.
Thanks for the article, I would would have made a big mistake with out it.
2044 posts | registered May 20, 2008
Jack_o, I doubt if you "accidentally" stumbled onto this that you would be banned. The glitch isn't exploited by just switching weapons -- you have to do the precise steps to switch to the Javelin, start cooking a grenade by holding the RB button down, and then press the Y button to switch back to the Javelin while still holding RB down. That's a very specific sequence of events that I doubt many, if any, people would find "by accident." Now, if you are using it round after round after round then yeah, I'd say you deserve to be banned.
THX Ars Scholae Palatinae
This is why I love PC gaming w/dedicated servers
Frosty Grin Ars Legatus Legionis
Originally posted by Edzo:
The idea that Microsoft can ban anyone for, basically, anything is asinine. What's especially disgusting is the attitude:
"Kiss that $50 goodbye"
Seriously? -- View image here: http://episteme.arstechnica.com/groupee_common/emoticons/icon_rolleyes.gif -- Is that how you're supposed to treat your customers?
16786 posts | registered Apr 24, 2006
StarSeeker Ars Legatus Legionis et Subscriptor
Originally posted by Jack_o:
Being fearful that you are going to be banned because of accidentally taking advantage of this particular glitch makes as much sense as being fearful you're going to be banned from wow because you accidentally ran into a geometery bug that people were exploiting to get to a raid's final boss without having to do the rest of the raid.
IE it's painfully obvious who the cheats are and who accidentally run across the error.
47447 posts | registered May 13, 1999
Probably the only people who oppose this are the people who cheat and glitch to begin with. Too bad, so sad... maybe if you actually had talent...
John Savard Ars Tribunus Militum
Clearly, Microsoft needs to have a system in place where people who buy secondhand hardware can have it inspected, to determine if it still has the ability to play pirated games, so that it can be de-banned. Anything else would be a restraint of trade, since it would mitigate against the resale of second-hand XBox 360 consoles.
Happysin Moderator et Subscriptor
Originally posted by seanhsmith:
I've found glitches like that by accident. Remember, a large volume of players will find pretty much every button combo possible in a game, intentional or not.
That said, I don't have a problem with temp-banns for glitch abuse. There's a huge difference between accidentally triggering the glitch and repeatedly using it in an obviously abusive manner.
85572 posts | registered Jan 30, 2001
Nagumo Ars Praefectus
How exactly do you think this exploit was discovered? Here's a hint, it wasn't on purpose. The only people that should be chastised are Infinity Ward. They released a buggy game. I'm happier more than ever I didn't purchase MW2.
Teej Ars Legatus Legionis
"Cheaters!"
Boring, lame bullshitters you lots are. You're no better than the whinners who demands that we don't use the throw ability in Street Fighter II.
Intended or not, it is part of the game at this point.
11031 posts | registered Sep 6, 2001
kjak Smack-Fu Master, in training
Controversial...
When you pay a premium for a service, you expect certain standards from that service. Microsoft's view of their XBL service is that they will not tolerate cheating/glitches/et cetera. So everyone with a Gold subscription to XBL should be aware of these terms and do their best to avoid violations.
Microsoft has also been known to put a "Cheater" sticker on GamerTags when they are known to have been cheating in any game at any point.
Maybe they shouldn't ban these members, but limit them to only be able to play with other cheaters. Then it would be like a niche club to become a cheater. Maybe this would actually benefit Microsoft because those people could still purchase content from the Marketplace and would still be able to buy and play new games. At the same time it would keep the cheaters aware from the rest of the "legit" players.
I'm just glad to know that I don't have to deal with consumers and the media over these types of issues.
91 posts | registered Sep 16, 2009
RealmRPGer Ars Centurion
Just to be clear, they're banned from ALL XBox Live services. All other games, the marketplace, everything. It's not banned from the game, it's banned from the console.
The biggest thing that gets me here is that this isn't an obvious "cheat." It's a part of the gameplay, and many people who don't know better might think it was designed that way. As others have mentioned, there are similar exploits in Halo, yet I haven't heard of bannings from them. Microsoft being indiscriminate and inconsistent in their definition of "exploit" is one of the reasons to be concerned: What's normal in one game is a cheat worthy of lockout in another? Rough.
Teej: Give me a f*cking break. The throw is an INTENTIONALLY INCLUDED aspect of Street Fighter II. That is totally different than people taking advantage of an unintentional bug and abusing the sh*t out of it. It is NOT a part of the game as this article already made clear that Infinity Ward would be releasing a patch to make it disappear.
There are those of us who play fair (at games and life) and there are those who cheat to get ahead. Anybody remember high school when people would cut you in line at lunch because they thought they could? Those are the type of people who cheat at games... no talent, no respect losers who go nowhere and just suck at life and, apparently, games too.
Zaphod Ars Legatus Legionis
Kids today and their complete lack of ethics.
In group sports a foul that the referee doesn't see is still unsportsmanlike. Exploiting a software bug in multiplayer gaming is unsportsmanlike.
Yet another case of not getting that just because you can, that doesn't mean that you should.
There are many reasons to hate on Microsoft; this isn't really one for me.
16874 posts | registered Mar 26, 2001
Nitestorm Ars Tribunus Angusticlavius
Originally posted by Teej:
This is what I'm worried about - I regularly "exploit" the kara throw glitch in SF4, so does that mean I'm going to get banned from Live now?
Naame Ars Centurion
My main issue here is that exploits/cheats/mods/etc can sometimes be a lot of fun. At the same time, they can ruin a game experience. I would rather be given the choice to enter a game where exploits/cheats are allowed instead of that choice being forced upon me. There was a time in the online gaming world where that sort of choice was granted nearly everywhere.
359 posts | registered Aug 11, 2009
DogEars Ars Tribunus Angusticlavius
While the servers may be kept slightly cleaner for the efforts, the amount of control Microsoft holds over owners of their consoles, and the arbitrary way they are able to wield it, is troubling.
So you would rather people can just run rampant and ruin the fun for everyone else?
I have zero issues with a temporary for being an asshat. I think it should be accompanied with a message like "you were behaving like a douche, so we temporarily banned you, lamer".
Repeat offenders? Just permaban them from that title if they do it 5 times or something.
6525 posts | registered Sep 4, 2003
The biggest thing that gets me here is that this isn't an obvious "cheat."
I can't believe anybody is trying to suggest that.
veesofnaught Seniorius Lurkius
Originally posted by Cax:
I played last night on the PS3 for a good 2-1/2 hours. I didn't see one user using this glitch so I think you're pretty safe.
However, this could all have been avoided if IW had chosen to have a public beta before the game was released. I like to play my games the way they were meant to be played, but banning players who are exploiting a glitch in the game is taking it a little too far. The finger should be pointing at IW for not thoroughly testing their game before it was released. Too many companies are relying on patches these days, and release quality has gone down the toilet.
Also, I always laugh at the thought of releasing a demo of this game. If the demo was at least 30 minutes long, you could get through about 50% of the single player campain.
Taju Wise, Aged Ars Veteran
You know, I read about this exploit a few days ago and wondered how long it would be until some loser would kill me with it. Last night, I played MW2 on the 360 for 20 minutes and encountered a jackass using the exploit. He killed me 3 times in a row with it. Yeah, it pissed me off because he was taking out multiple people at a time. I reported his stupid ass.
I hope he does get banned for a bit - Do you find that troubling, Ben? That I'd report someone for such misconduct? Do you think this cheater just happened upon the exploit during his time playing the game? No, he didn't.. he read about it on the Internet and decided, "Hey, that would be a great way to up my kill/death ratio" because he can't depend on skill alone to help. Did he know he was cheating and irritating people? No, I'm sure he had NO idea. I'm sure he felt that EVERYONE loved being killed like that over and over... and over. BULLSHIT. People like him need to be banned, if for a week or so. Play the damn game in a sportsman-like manner. People who use exploits know it's wrong, and those of us who keep our "game Karma" in check, treating our fellow gamers the way we'd like to be treated, thoroughly despise such tactics. I've been an Xbox Live Gold subscriber for at least 5 years now. Think about that. I've never been banned. I don't talk to people like their pieces of trash. No one has to be worried about me calling them gay, or speaking ill of their race, or laying out details of things I'd like to do to their mother. What's funny, is when I hear such things said to me over Live, I tell that particular person how much I believe they'd never say such things to my face. Of course, they pull out the "macho", saying things like "Well, I'll tell you where I live, you can some to my house and I'll say the same thing right to you." No you won't, because your mouth would be stuffed with a sandwich. 2 slices of bread with a backhand between them.
Point is, there's already enough rampant ridiculousness going on across the Internet. I commend Microsoft for wanting to keep their corner of the world a little cleaner. This has nothing to do with anyone's rights, especially to exploit a game glitch. People know when they're doing something unfair, most of the time. It all comes down to whether or not they respect their fellow gamers enough to keep things balanced. Cheaters do NOT.
This comment was edited by Taju on December 04, 2009 16:52
Originally posted by Nagumo:
The only people that should be chastised are Infinity Ward.
Are they going to be banned from Xbox Live? -- View image here: http://episteme.arstechnica.com/groupee_common/emoticons/icon_smile.gif --
Hobo_Hot_Dog Ars Tribunus Militum
This is awesome. It's a glitch, it's being exploited, and it's ruining the game for everyone else NOT using the glitch. Hell, I've been doing my part, filing complaints against people abusing it.
I do think a TOTAL ban is a little extreme, but a nice one-week ban for these people would be nice.
"It's a part of the gameplay, and many people who don't know better might think it was designed that way."
Please stop.


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Last edited by Araran
Wednesday, November 11, 2020 | History
1 edition of Methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and rivers found in the catalog.
Methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and rivers
a contribution to the InternationalHydrological Programme
Published 1985 by Unesco in Paris .
Statement Stevan Bruk, rapporteur.
Contributions Bruk, Stevan., Unesco. International Hydrological Programme., Unesco.
Little orphan Annie
Intensive Cytoplasmapheresis and Endovascular Surgery in Hematological Practice, Part A
The Waif of the Cynthia
An historical, archæological and geological examination of Fingals Cave in the island of Staffa. Rewritten and enlarged from the original report made to the Smithsonian institution, in the year 1887.
GPS-based airport operations
Salmon Boy
Washington after the revolution
Report on the exploratory survey between Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay, Districts of Mackenzie and Keewatin
The recruiting serjeant
Hobbes and Rousseau
Adopting local laws
restatement of the A.L.A. plan for the promotion of research library service by cooperative methods.
The snare of the hunter
Notes for friends
Just in time and total quality management round table
Tour over the Alps and in Italy.
The Voyage of Qv66
Methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and rivers Download PDF EPUB FB2
Lake - Sediments and sedimentation | Britannica. Book Review. Methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs, UNESCO technical report, No of pages: Available from IHP secretariat, division of water sciences, Unesco, Author: D.
Walling. Get this from a library. Methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs: a contribution to the International Hydrological Programme, IHP - II Project A.
panel. [Stevan Bruk; International. Mohammadpour Reza Chan Ngai Weng "Stable channel analysis with sediment transport for rivers in Malaysia: A case study of the Muda, Kurau, and Langat rivers.
" International Journal of Sediment Research / Online publication date: March Pähtz Thomas Durán Orencio " Unification of Aeolian and Fluvial Sediment. In book: Encyclopedia of lakes and reservoirs. (pp) Publisher: Springer-Verlag methods to quantify sedimentation by accounting for the mean depths of the surface water compartment and Author: Lars Håkanson.
The terms of reference were "to review methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs and to prepare a report on recent developments." The report was to provide a summary of recent developments in the study of sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs and in practical computation methods.
Sediment Transport Great Lake Lake Basin Wind Wave Large Lake These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as. Lakes receive a wide assortment of suspended materials from rivers, precipitation, catchment erosion, shoreline erosion, pollution sources, and biological activities.
These materials are referred to as sediments and are a very important factor in the life of a lake. Lake - Lake - Sediments and sedimentation: Lake sediments are comprised mainly of clastic material (sediment of clay, silt, and sand sizes), organic debris, chemical precipitates, or combinations of these.
The relative abundance of each depends upon the nature of the local drainage basin, the climate, and the relative age of a lake. The sediments of a lake. rivers, suspended sediment (i.e. the mineral fraction) forms most of the transported load. Bedload is stony material, such as gravel and cobbles, that moves by rolling along the bed of a river because it is too heavy to be lifted into suspension by the current of the river.
The sea, rivers and lakes are the best depositors of sand and mud. Dinosaur fossils were found to be nearer to the sea, lakes or rivers. A land-slide, where mud and rock fall down a mountain of a hill can also lead to a type of sedimentation.
Lakes are very complex natural systems that interact with the climate and their catchment areas. The continuous sedimentation of minerals at the bottmon of lakes offer a great opportunity to study the recent climatic hystory of the earth.
The sedi-mentation rate is generally much higher than in oceans, and lake. Sediment samples can be collected in lake or river habitats to determine potential release of nutrients (e.g., phosphorus) back into the water column.
Bedload / Sediment Dynamics Prediction of sediment. This work has had led to: (1) improved understanding of how the flow and upstream sediment supply Methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and rivers book with channel geometry and bed-sediment grain size, (2) improved and new methods for accurately measuring sediment transport over long timescales, (3) improved methods for serving and visualizing river flow and sediment.
sediment; and (2) total lake sediment, consisting of the uncompacted sediment and deeper, compacted sediment (primarily clay and silt), deposited above the glacial till. Compaction of lake sediment may have occurred during dry periods when the lake bottom was exposed. All lake. " Journal - American Water Works Association /(ISSN) /jtbx Online publication date: May Huang Sui Liang "Effects of using different sediment transport formulae and methods of computing Manning's roughness coefficient on numerical modeling of sediment.
rivers, lakes and streams. Facts about Sediment The Environmental Protection Agency lists sediment as the most common pollutant in rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs.
While natural erosion produces nearly 30 percent of the total sediment. Estimating Suspended Sediment in Rivers Using Acoustic Doppler Meters; Techniques and Methods.
Sediment Acoustic Index Method for Computing Continuous Suspended-Sediment Concentrations Memos and Notes. SW - Creation of the Sediment Acoustic Leadership Team (SALT) Site studies sources.
Theory and Methods. These test methods cover the determination of sediment concentrations in water and wastewater samples collected from lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, and other water bodies. In lakes and other quiescent-water bodies, concentrations of sediment. Increased sediment in surface-water bodies (e.g., rivers, lakes, and reservoirs) may have an economic impact on public water systems that use them as a source of drinking water.
High turbidity not only is. Present-day sedimentation rates were determined at 10 offshore locations, representative of the depositional basins in Lake Superior. Sedimentation rates were calculated by averaging the weight of sediment. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water.
The goal is to produce water fit for specific purposes. Most water is. Dredging is an efficient, but a relatively costly technique to reduce an internal loading problem when the right equipment is used (cutterhead suction dredging is often efficient: Figure 2).It may also serve to deepen a lake that is gradually filling in.
Due to the potential content of toxic substances in the sediment a key problem of dredging is how to dispose of the sediment. Sediment dynamics were investigated in Lake Maggiore, Italy, with field observations from October to mid-December Three moorings were deployed in Pallanza Bay, a small embayment on the western side of the lake near the Toce River.
Bruk, S. Methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs. A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme, IHP-2 Project A A contribution to the International. Methods of Determining Lake Sedimentation Rates Lake sedimentation for this study is calculated using bathymetric data from sequential lake surveys.
The volume of the lake below a certain datum, usually the spillway elevation, is determined. The loss in volume between lake surveys at different dates is the sedimentation the lake.
Increased sediment and erosion in rivers, lakes and streams can also affect water quality and availability of drinking water sources. For example, increased sedimentation can affect the storage.
Sedimentation and River Hydraulics Group, Report No.: SRH Bank Stabilization Design Guidelines Report Prepared by: Drew C. Baird Ph.D, P.E.,Hydraulic Engineer Sedimentation and River Hydraulics Group, Technical Service Center Lisa Fotherby Ph.D., P.E.
Hydraulic Engineer Sedimentation and River. rivers, such as bank erosion, can. more accurately predict potential sediment impacts and provide critical information for species recovery and river restoration. projects, as well as other analyses. Principal Investigators.
ong Lai Hydraulic Engineer Sedimentation and River. Rivers and streams complete the hydrologic cycle by returning precipitation that falls on land to the oceans (Figure ).
Ultimately, gravity is the driving force, as water moves from mountainous. River - River - Distribution of rivers in nature: Obvious bases by which to compare the world's great rivers include the size of the drainage area, the length of the main stem, and the mean discharge. However, reliable comparative data, even for the world's greatest rivers, is often difficult to obtain.
It is possible that well over of the greatest rivers. We investigated the concentrations of 10 heavy metals in Potamogeton malaianus, Nymphoides peltata, Eichhornia crassipes, and Hydrilla verticillata to evaluate their potential to bioaccumulate heavy metals and related influencing factors in Taihu Lake.
Enrichment factor (EF) values of Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Co, Pb, and V were aboveindicating moderate to significant contamination in sediment. Dale M. Robertson, Laura E. Hubbard, David L. Lorenz, Daniel J. Sullivan, A surrogate regression approach for computing continuous loads for the tributary nutrient and sediment monitoring program on the Great Lakes, Journal of Great Lakes.
Books Advanced Search New Releases Best Sellers & More Children's Books Textbooks Textbook Rentals Sell Us Your Books Best Books of the Month of over 6, results for Books: "sediment.
sediment discharge, or length). • Rivers have a wide range of water discharge and an even wider range of sediment discharge, as a function of time. • Rivers are curvy; they are seldom straight for a long distance.
• Rivers. Within two years of its construction, severe sedimentation problems were evident at Sanmenxia reservoir on China's Yellow River. During Prof. Fan performed studies related to sediment management at Sanmenxia reservoir, which became the pioneering site for sediment.
Beach sands and river channel deposits are examples of fluvial transport and deposition, though sediment also often settles out of slow-moving or standing water in lakes and oceans.
There are many lakes and reservoirs in Oklahoma; most are man-made, created by damming streams for flood control, water supply, rec-reation, fish, wildlife, and hydroelectric power. Lakes on the Arkansas and Verdigris Rivers aid in navigation along the McClellan-Kerr Navi-gation System.
Major lakes. Logging is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for may include skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars.
Logging is the. Sediment sampling. Sediments were collected in August at Großer Kelpinsee, a mesotrophic lake with negligible anthropogenic influence, surrounded by forest vegetation and located in Brandenburg.
The purpose of this technical guide is to present several methods which can be applied in computing degradation of a stream channel occurring because of changes in flow regimen or reduced sediment .Search for the book on E-ZBorrow. E-ZBorrow is the easiest and fastest way to get the book you want (ebooks unavailable).
Use ILLiad for articles and chapter scans. Make an ILLIAD request. If your book .Sediment yield deals with delivery to a point in the landscape (e.g. point in the river network, lake, wetland, ), and is therefore suitable for analysis of lake or pond deposits.
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Make films with an impact. Spike Lee didn't just direct his award-winning 1986 feature debut, She's Gotta Have It. He was also the writer, star, truck driver, location scout, electrician, and caterer—because that's what it took to get his film made.... Each summer evening, our harbourside venue transforms into a festival of film, food, drinks and summer in the city. As night falls an unrivaled cinematic experience unfolds, as our giant screen rises from Sydney Harbour to stand three storeys tall before an eagerly awaiting audience, in front of one of the world's prettiest backdrop.
Film shows how Sixers are trying to get best out of Butler on offense Get to know Sixers rookie Haywood Highsmith Wizards return favor, crushing lifeless Sixers... Getting Started Taking the first steps with Neo4j? These introductory tutorials and developer guides were written to guide you through much of your initial learning for Neo4j and give you resources to continue your education.
Triple By Minka Aire. Just as impressive is Triple as it serves as a modern industrial design that features turbine-like three bladed functionality to offer a contemporary edge to liven up the atmosphere of a home.... Triple By Minka Aire. Just as impressive is Triple as it serves as a modern industrial design that features turbine-like three bladed functionality to offer a contemporary edge to liven up the atmosphere of a home.
Critics Consensus: A thoroughly unfunny misfire, Just Getting Started manages the incredible feat of wasting more than a century of combined acting experience from its three talented leads.
One class can change everything . Whatever your level or passion, we'll help you take big leaps, fast. These all-time favorites are a great place to start.


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Elskavon & John Hayes
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Cold Is Not So Cold
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Chris Bartels (appearing here under his instrumental moniker Elskavon) and pianist John Hayes found their way to one another through a common interest in ambient-classical composition, and shared influences spanning Chopin to Eno, both in genre and chronology. On their debut collaborative LP Du Nord, the pair work in a modern framework draped in classical textures, adding up to a moving and tranquil outcome that sonically describes their mutually beloved home state Minnesota, particularly as it is during its overlong winter months. Using cassette tape, and both in and out-of-the-box effects processing, to wring every last drop of sincerity out of a small array of acoustic timbres, Hayes and Bartels manage to lure electronic composition away from its oft-accused sterility into a deeply human, empathic realm.
Du Nord makes a gregarious introduction with "Vermillion" wherein a deep four-on-the-floor kick drum anchors a plucked violin leading to one of the album's most extroverted cuts. But from here the heavy percussion recedes into the blizzard, and the focus shifts to subtler, more microscopic emotional detail. On album centerpiece "Closer," like so much of Du Nord, closeup pianos carry the whispers of their felt and wood viscera, while reverberant strings and synths echo from the pews in solidarity. Tracks like "Cold is Not So Cold" and "L'etoile" eschew rhythmic cohesion altogether, mimicking the quiet cacophony of icicles melting, their drops striking the ground in a near-unison that never attains lockstep. The latter song's name, as well as the album's title track form the two halves of Minnesota's motto "l'etoile du nord" meaning "the star of the north." Echoing the state's distinctive seasonal changes, "Du Nord" is a brisk, gale-force drone that contrasts the relative gentleness of its aforementioned companion piece. Other moments of the album act as humanizing fourth-wall breaks. The brief "Sibley" bears a tape-recorded electric piano motif truncated by an errant groan from Hayes before breaking into the full fidelity of "Sougan" in which artifacts jut in and out of the sonic strata, like EVP in the recordings of some benevolent ghost hunt. Similarly, the epilogue "Lobby" spotlights a lonely, cornered piano, captured from across the room on a cassette tape that reveals its age in hisses, warps, and flutters. It's the product of two minds working with such synergy that their sonic thumbprints blend together entirely, becoming one.
The pair met out of the unique brand of kismet that can only be found in local music scenes, and their shared geography is integral to the aim of Du Nord, both practically and thematically. The two lifelong residents of the Twin Cities were introduced through a mutual friend in their city's burgeoning ambient scene, and the exchange of ideas developed naturally from there. In Bartels' own words "We first got together to write a song at John's former apartment, in around the fall of 2018, something like that. Pursuit of a collaborative single turned into a 4-song EP, which eventually turned into this full-length. We've just let things naturally develop. For some songs, John improvised on the piano, sent them to me, and I did some chopping and processing, and added some of the more textural layers. But the majority of the album was written together, in the same room at the same time... these were the most creatively exciting times for us."
John Hayes & Elskavon prove that even though "magic" may be an overused descriptor, there is a healthy amount of it to be found in the distinctive seasons of the Midwest, particularly its winters. In the colder months there, Earth pretends to be a different planet: Woods become more walkable, their underbrush suppressed by snowfall; days get shorter as once-busy locales dress themselves in motionless sheets of ice; a sun that shone gold in the spring and summer now beams a faint purple light from behind cloud cover that only shows mercy at dawn and dusk. Yet, winter has a counterintuitive consequence. Though the season is bereft of warmth, the absence of heat compels us to seek it out, and makes us hyper-conscious of its necessity and sensation. It spurs a deeper appreciation of spring and summer, the other side where the grass is literally greener. It is in this way that Hayes and Elskavon are able to divine such deep affect and intimacy from the starker phases of their environment. While the Great Indoors is something we've all come to know regardless of our respective climes, these Minnesotans have always been in touch with the lonesomeness of such disconnection; theirs brought on by lingering, secluding winters.


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New IFI 'She Can be Anything!' Workshops!
Learn about the fantastic workshops IFI have coming up this Spring!
Everyday Heroines – Portraits of Ourselves is a new Women's Development and Creativity programme, as part of The Glens Centre's Across the Lines programme. The over-arching aim is to support skills development and personal development of women through creativity. The course will bring women together, empower women as image makers, and to support women play an active part in the community through creativity.


Now you may be thinking, 'How did they pay their fuel bills if they were never entered into the system?' Here's a clue: A week later the Feds were in the building auditing the jobber's books. This resulted in the Feds taking over the business. Back then you paid your fuel taxes in arrears and the Feds pretty mush trusted you to report your liabilities promptly. I don't remember how long it had been since he last remitted his taxes, and I never understood how he got away with it for so long. All I know for sure is shoddy bookkeeping can result in serious trouble.
Everyone feels the pressure, but the warhorse gets the brunt of it. They stay late, they take it home, they come in on Saturday's and Sunday's to catch up. They neglect their husbands, their children, their grandchildren and their parents. You'd be doing them a favor by getting them some help, but before you choose that route, make it clear why you are doing it. A few may get mad and quit. In some cases it's the best option. I know these warhorses. They'll run until their hearts burst inside their chests, if that's what they think you expect of them.
I got a call from an elderly jobber I'd called on for several years who asked me to come by and talk about selling him a computer system. He had a duck camp way out in the woods. I met him at his office and we rode out to the camp together in his truck. Not long after we got there, he cooked a mess of catfish and his two sons joined us for dinner. It was a "Deliverance" kind of meeting if you get my drift.
As we sat down to eat it was apparent the two boys, who were serving as the bobtail drivers for the company, were dead set against getting a computer of any kind; but the old man insisted. He said he would retire pretty quick and he wanted to leave his dear sons with a system that would see them through the years to come. An argument ensued and they got up and went away mad. I was already beginning to look for a back door, but there I was, out in the middle of nowhere without a paddle. I have to confess, I stayed awake most of the night listening to the old man snore.
The next morning he drove me back to the office and started introducing me to his other employees. There was an elderly woman doing the books and I had her sized up from the get go. I was certain she wouldn't have anything to do with computers, as I had long been educated in this kind of situation.
My mind wandered back to the two sons… the Neanderthals that were driving the bobtails, and I immediately pictured my swollen body bumping along the rapids and sailing down the river behind the duck camp. I quickly announced proudly, it was my opinion a computer wasn't needed in this environment, excused myself, and refused to answer any of the old boy's phone calls.
Another scary incident occurred when a warhorse's husband stopped by the office with a gun to shoot a co-worker of mine. But, that's another story.


Dayton Ohio's Coppice Halifax brings us two long-form projects to ease us into the coming summer. Springthaw is a unique and robust project, utilizing live recordings and improvisation to create vivid soundscapes. With all 4 tracks from the 2 EP's played back to back, it results in nearly 2 hours of dense sonic exploration, reaching into the dark corners or ambience, electronics and dub tendencies.
Both EP's are available via bandcamp either as Digital Downloads or Compact Discs.
Initially conceived as a more open-ended project, Springthaw manifested itself as four near-half-hour pieces that herald the arrival of Spring. This second volume contains the third and fourth pieces recorded for the project – Dark Room and Wind Hues – both bubbling over with organic textures and floral hiss. Deep dub techno basslines and rhythms anchor a drifting pastoral landscape of melting ice, blossoming color and bounding green hills.
Springthaw was improvised and captured live in the White Pillar Workshop, using a Gemini PDT-6000 turntable to select sides of heavily processed vinyl (solo piano pieces and chamber music) which set an atmospheric tone above/below a Korg ER-1 drum machine, Yamaha QY-70 sequencer, Grass S10CTCMA and a Unisonic "Chippendale" 8-track receiver (channeling local AM radio stations), augmented by FX units including three Moogerfoogers, Alesis Quadraverb, Pioneer spring reverb box, Boss RV-3, SL-20 & RC-20 and a Behringer US600. Everything was mixed on a Peavey FX24 hybrid mixer, and resident collaborator John-Paul Kramer (Coal, Casio Commander) assisted with pitch and modulation of the vinyl sides during three of the four performances.
Springthaw is (at present) a two-volume set, much like the previous Earthworks, Autochromata and the as-yet-unpublished Cedar Mastodon. Time, and seasonal change, will tell whether or not there will be further installments next year. The two volumes make a solid companion/postscript to the recently reinstated 24xCD-R set Dripping Earth, which also venerates Spring in its own way.
W/P by Brian Grainger. Recorded live at White Pillar Workshop, March 2017. Assisted by John-Paul Kramer on "Dark Room". Mastered by The Analog Botanist, April 2017. Photograph by Brian, Dayton 2017. This is Milieu Music number ABX63.


My international experiences during my undergraduate years at Georgia Tech have been critical in my success as a student and future professional. As a Civil Engineering major, I completed a language-intensive program in Mexico and Ecuador to advance my Spanish-speaking and business skills. My work in water resources with the County Medical Officer of Health in Tobago and a private engineering firm in Chile have exceptionally distinguished my candidacy when speaking with recruiters. Also, my participation with a hands-on water and sanitation research in Bolivia has further opened up countless professional networking opportunities and research resources.


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14 works online
Allan Kaprow (August 23, 1927 – April 5, 2006) was an American painter, assemblagist and a pioneer in establishing the concepts of performance art. He helped to develop the "Environment" and "Happening" in the late 1950s and 1960s, as well as their theory. His Happenings — some 200 of them — evolved over the years. Eventually Kaprow shifted his practice into what he called "Activities", intimately scaled pieces for one or several players, devoted to the study of normal human activity in a way congruent to ordinary life. Fluxus, performance art, and installation art were, in turn, influenced by his work.
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Kaprow began his career as an Abstract Expressionist, creating "action collages" which used materials such as newspaper and straw. However, after studying musical composition under John Cage at the New School for Social Research, he focused his attention on "Happenings", and what he termed "Environments", which were sculptural installations (ie: "Yard" of 1961, which was a space filled with car tires that a viewer could walk over). In 1968, Kaprow began using the term "Activity" instead of Happening, and his work became more concerned with physical activities that could be performed by all, such as his work "The Perfect Bed", where participants took their favorite bed and moved it outdoors.
Artist, Installation Artist, Painter, Performance Artist, Sculptor, Video Artist
Allan Kaprow, Alan Kaprow
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Information from Getty's Union List of Artist Names ® (ULAN), made available under the ODC Attribution License
Judson Dance Theater: The Work Is Never Done
September 16, 2018–February 3, 2019
Robert Rauschenberg: Among Friends
May 21–September 17, 2017
There Will Never Be Silence: Scoring John Cage's 4′33″
October 12, 2013–June 22, 2014
Thing/Thought: Fluxus Editions, 1962–1978
September 21, 2011–January 16, 2012
Book/Shelf
March 26–July 7, 2008
Allan Kaprow has
Various Artists, Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Enrico Baj, Alan Davie, Jim Dine, Öyvind Fahlström, Sam Francis, Robert Indiana, Alfred Jensen, Asger Jorn, Allan Kaprow, Kiki (Kiki O. K.) Kogelnik, Alfred Leslie, Roy Lichtenstein, Joan Mitchell, Claes Oldenburg, Mel Ramos, Robert Rauschenberg, Jean-Paul Riopelle, James Rosenquist, Antonio Saura, Kimber Smith, K.R.H. Sonderborg, Walasse Ting, Bram van Velde, Andy Warhol, Tom Wesselmann 1¢ Life 1964
Various Artists, George Brecht, Allan D'Arcangelo, Jim Dine, Stephen Durkee, Lette Eisenhauer, Stanley Fisher, Sam Goodman, Red Grooms, Robert Indiana, Allan Kaprow, Roy Lichtenstein, Boris Lurie, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, George Segal, Richard Stankiewicz, Wayne Thiebaud, Andy Warhol, Robert Watts, Robert Whitman The International Anthology of Contemporary Engraving: The International Avant-Garde, Volume 5: America Discovered (Anthologia internazionale dell'incisione contemporanea: L'Avanguardia internazionale: Volume 5: Scoperta dell'America) 1962–64, published 1964
Allan Kaprow Untitled (plate 10) from The International Anthology of Contemporary Engraving: The International Avant-Garde, Volume 5: America Discovered (Anthologia internazionale dell'incisione contemporanea: L'Avanguardia internazionale: Volume 5: Scoperta dell'America) 1964
Allan Kaprow Untitled (Calling) (1965)
Allan Kaprow Untitled (Tree) (1965)
Various Artists, Eric Andersen, Ay-O, George Brecht, Giuseppe Chiari, Congo (a Chimpanzee), Willem de Ridder, Anna Halprin, Dick Higgins, Allan Kaprow, Alison Knowles, Jirí Kolár, Arthur Köpcke, Jackson Mac Low, George Maciunas, Nam June Paik, Benjamin Patterson, Tomas Schmit, Mieko Shiomi, Ben Vautier, Robert Watts, Emmett Williams, La Monte Young Construction of European Mail-order Warehouse/Fluxshop 1984 construction after 1964-65 photograph
Allan Kaprow Prototype for Calling 1966
Various Artists, Joseph Beuys, René Block, Claus Bremer, Henning Christiansen, Hans Joachim Dietrich, Ludwig Gosewitz, Dick Higgins, Bernhard Höke, Allan Kaprow, Franz Mon, Benjamin Patterson, Eckart Rahn, Gerhard Rühm, Vagelis Tsakiridis, Ben Vautier, Wolf Vostell, ZAJ dé-coll/age, no. 5 1966
Allan Kaprow How to Make a Happening 1966
Allan Kaprow Cocktail Table 1967
Various Artists, G. Altorjay, Mary Bauermeister, Peter O. Chotjewitz, Al Hansen, Dick Higgins, Bernhard Höke, Allan Kaprow, Milan Knížák, Alison Knowles, Kurt Kren, Jean-Jacques Lebel, Marshall McLuhan, Gustav Metzger, Franz Mon, Peter Moore, Nam June Paik, Helmut Rywelski, Dieter Roth, Daniel Spoerri, Jean Tinguely, Ben Vautier, Wolf Vostell, Stefan Wewerka, Bill Wilson dé-coll/age, no. 6 1967
Allan Kaprow Pose, March 22, 1969 Continued 1970 – from Artists & Photographs 1969–70, published 1970
Various Artists, Mel Bochner, Christo, Jan Dibbets, Tom Gormley, Dan Graham, Douglas Huebler, Allan Kaprow, Michael Kirby, Joseph Kosuth, Sol LeWitt, Richard Long, Robert Morris, Bruce Nauman, Dennis Oppenheim, Robert Rauschenberg, Edward Ruscha, Robert Smithson, Bernar Venet, Andy Warhol Artists & Photographs 1965–70, published 1970
Various Artists, Ay-O, George Brecht, Congo (a Chimpanzee), Robert Filliou, Anna Halprin, Hi Red Center, Takehisa Kosugi, Joe Jones, Allan Kaprow, Alison Knowles, Shigeko Kubota, György Sándor Ligeti, George Maciunas, Jackson Mac Low, Yoko Ono, Benjamin Patterson, Tomas Schmit, Mieko Shiomi, Ben Vautier, Robert Watts, Emmett Williams, La Monte Young Fluxus 1 c. 1976
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If you would like to reproduce text from a MoMA publication or moma.org, please email text_permissions@moma.org. If you would like to publish text from MoMA's archival materials, please fill out this permission form and send to archives@moma.org.


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package cbo.vizr.charts;

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Andrew Feldstein
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Home Videos General Family Law Involving Non-parties in Family Law Litigation
Involving Non-parties in Family Law Litigation
Today, we will be talking about who may be involved in family law litigation, including people who are non-parties in your case, but who have an interest in your case.
Hi, my name is Nick Slinko and I am a lawyer with the Feldstein Family Law Group. Today I am going to be speaking about who may be involved in family law litigation. Typically, the parties to litigation include the person who makes a claim in a matter, who is called the Applicant, and the person against whom the claim is being made, who is called the Respondent.
But you can name other people who are non-parties in your case, but who have an interest in your case such as your former in-laws. In fact, when commencing a Court action, as outlined in Rule 7(3) of the Family Law Rules, the person starting a case, the Applicant, must name every person who they are making a claim against.
A court is not permitted to make orders against any third party who is not named accordingly in the action. That said, Rule 7 (5) of the Family Law Rules permits a party to be added to the family law litigation after it has already been commenced, by a court order. This section allows a Court to add a third party to the family law proceeding if it is determined that this added person will contribute to obtaining information, that will secure obligations for support or equalization.
For example, if two people separate one or both of them may transfer money to another person's bank account in order to defeat a potential claim, making that outsider's banking information relevant. That relevant information therefore should be disclosed as the added party may be accountable for an equalization payment, for example. Adding this person as a party to your case would become necessary in order to seek recourse from the Court to get access to that money.
It is important to remember that section 7(5) is highly discretionary, and a Court will not make an order to add a party to a proceeding unless the person requesting recourse from the court can meet the high threshold of proving that the added party may be held accountable for support or an equalization payment. According to the case law, unless an order could be made in favour of, or against the individual in question, the court should not make an Order to add the individual.
Although this high threshold may seem unfair, Rule 7(5) is meant to protect potential third parties from the involvement in family law proceedings. If this were not in place, there would be the possibility that many individuals may want to include their in-laws or their spouse's new partner as part of the proceedings without valid reasons. Such an action would undoubtedly be a waste of the Court's time and the time of the third party, and you can bring a third party motion for disclosure against a non-party where disclosure is the issue.
If you would like to learn more about family law litigation and adding the correct parties to a case, please visit our website. If you need legal advice about your own situation, please call us at (905) 581-7222 to schedule an initial consultation. Thanks for watching.
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Home » Coronavirus inspired global recession or is it depression for Africa?
Coronavirus inspired global recession or is it depression for Africa?
By Kimani Chege on March 13, 2020 Health, Industry and Trade
Photo source Lutheran World Relief
Economists define a recession as a subdued growth that lasts at least six months and goes for another 18 months while depression can last up to a decade. The global economy was already heading to a recession even before the outbreak and spread of COVID-19.
What has followed is global market players and governments pumping millions of dollars to contain the spread of the virus that has Wuhan city and its epicenter. The US and Europe have already announced setting up of special kitty to treat, contain and mitigate the effects of the virus both as a disease as well as the economic heat that comes with the disease.
China, the second-largest economy in the world and Italy- Europe's third-largest economy and 8th globally- have been severely affected by cities like Rome remaining ghost-towns as economic and commercial activities come to a halt. There is a growing fear that the world is slowing coming to a halt.
Writing for the UK Independent.co.uk, Omar Hassan is an economic development specialist and co-founder of UK:MENA Hub says Coronavirus will bankrupt more people than it will infect. This, he argues is led by a cocktail of issues including the global oil market but most importantly, the effects of Coronavirus on the global economies.
The US stock market has now wiped out the entire $11.5 trillion of value it gained since Trump's 2016 election victory according to US market intelligence group Bespoke Investment Group. Since stocks are a piece of ownership in a company, the stock market is basically a vote of confidence in the future of all these companies and, as such, in the U.S.
Read also: Africa's China-led common-man economy in turmoil as it awaits Coronavirus landfall
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York is responding to this through a $1.5 trillion capital injections to combat coronavirus fallout and 'highly unusual disruptions'.
Africa stands a great chance of being hit by the global recession more than anywhere else. The super dependence on factory goods from exterior markets as well as dependent on sectors like tourism will hurt African economies for a longer time as expected.
Kenya tourism ministry has already revised its projected revenue from tourists' arrival, a major revenue earner for most African countries. The Kenyan government has set up a kitty to tackle Coronavirus ripple effects especially on its sensitive tourism industry. The Ministry of Tourism has set aside Sh 500 million ($5 million) for its post Coronavirus (Covid-19) recovery plan.
"Part of this money will be used to restore destination confidence to ensure that Kenya remains as a preferred travel destination globally while the rest will be used for the post Coronavirus recovery strategy in all our key source market" Najib Balala, the Cabinet Secretary in charge of Tourism was quoted by the local media.
Photo source: South China Morning Post
67 million tourists visited Africa in 2018 and contributed 8.5% (or $194.2bn) of the continent's gross domestic product. The number has been steadily rising until the outbreak of Coronavirus and any gained might be wiped, in an instant.
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) says up to 50 million jobs could be lost because of the pandemic and the sector could shrink by up to 25% in 2020.
While Africa has fought hard battles especially with diseases such as HIV, Malaria or similar pandemics like Ebola, it has always received significant financial buffer from the established markets mainly in Europe and America. During the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the disease brought the economies of the region to its knees. The overall impact of the Ebola crisis on Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone were estimated by the World Bank to have hit $2.8 billion ($600 million for Guinea, $300 million for Liberia, and $1.9 billion for Sierra Leone). This included the shocks in 2014 and 2015, and 2016 as the economic impact is outlasting the epidemiological impact.
Read also: Coronavirus could cost African airlines $40 million
This was quickly taken up by the west who shielded the countries of total shutdown. However, for the Coronavirus outbreak, its 'big brothers' are badly affected and Africa might be secondary to their needs.
Already, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has released a warning noting that the outbreak could cause global foreign direct investment (FDI) to shrink by 5%-15%. This is likely to be the lowest level since the 2008-2009 financial crisis, should the epidemic continue throughout the year.
"The ripple effect could cause a major setback to efforts of government around the globe to attract the private investment needed to achieve sustainable development objectives," UNCTAD Secretary-General Mukhisa Kituyi said. "Such a setback could deepen inequality and worsen vulnerability of many countries."
Once a sector is affected in one country, the other African countries will fall like dominos and it will be a matter of time before the entire region is affected, hence the fear of a widespread recession.
Africa's economic growth stabilized at 3.4 percent in 2019 and was expected to pick up to 3.9 percent in 2020 and 4.1 percent in 2021 according to Africa Development Bank (AFDB). The biggest economies have registered at least a case with Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria, South Africa, and Kenya registering losses due to the disease. South Africa's economy has been facing recession and this new outbreak might wreck any gains achieved by the Rhamaphosa administration.
An empty supermarket shows the extent of sales after Covid-19
The sectors to be greatly affected include aviation, health, tourism, manufacturing and basic commerce as Africa is dependent on basic commodities from European and Asian markets.
"We're going to see a hike of the price of some commodities, two or three times than what we are paying for," Karanja said. "The reason we go to China is because of the cost, the value for our money. So, you can have several goods for the same price, not compromising the quality but at very good rates. We are not going to find this anywhere in the world." Samuel Karanja the chairperson of Importers and Small Traders Association of Kenya recently told VOA.
Production declines in China have been quickly felt by businesses around the world, given China's key role in
global supply chains as a producer of intermediate goods, particularly in computers, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and transport equipment, and as the primary source of demand for many commodities
Patricia Geli, Senior Economist, Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice at the World Bank writing a blog at the Brookings Institution notes that there is need to reinvigorate the Africa CDC to be more than the establishment of a central office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia but also to build up Africa CDC's five "regional collaborating centers" (in Egypt, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, and Zambia), and expand the continent's network of National Public Health Institutes that currently exist with varying functionality in some 20 countries.
Read also: Coronavirus epidemic threatens global trade as China's PMI falls
Africa CDC Chuina Coronavirus COVID-19 Depression Italy Kenya Nigeria OECD recession South Acrica UNCTAD WHO


The manufacture of pulp and paper is an energy intensive process configured of several unit processes that shape a network of flows of wood chips, chemical pulp, mechanical pulp, paperboard, steam and other important components. Improved energy efficiency supports sustainability of the process and the products. With the purpose of monitoring and controlling, information from multiple process and quality variables is continuously collected in the process data system. This data may be of time-varying nature and the variability might potentially span from seasonal to time-wise shorter variations and there are in some cases a need for predicting certain properties.
By applying models based on process data there is a potential to increase the knowledge of the process characteristics, investigate the applicability of predictive models and identify optimization opportunities. Based on data from an evaporation and a CTMP plant, process models have been developed with the aim of improving the energy efficiency and studying process variability.
Store Enso Pulp & Paper Asia AB, Karlstad Res Ctr, POB 9090, SE-65009 Karlstad, Sweden..
The primary objective of this study was to quantify the amount of excess energy that is present in the evaporation system of an integrated pulp and paper-board mill and to analyze a number of energy recovery cases. These focus on improving the energy efficiency in the evaporation plant and are mainly based on the process data of performance tests from the full-scale production site. A computer script was developed in order to analyze the process streams and can be used to construct the Grand Composite Curve (GCC) of the evaporation system. In addition, the study identified seasonal variations in the potential excess of energy (higher in warmer weather and lower, or even non-existent, in colder) and suggestions are made as to how this energy may be used in a thermodynamically optimal way. In the case studies, the thermodynamically optimal method of recovering heat involved a combination of sensible heat and flash evaporation, indicating the maximum reduction in steam consumption. For the case of only utilizing sensible heat outside the evaporator system to pre-heat one of the liquor flows, the results indicated a lower reduction in steam but also a lower capital cost.


She began the sport at age six in Elektrostal, Russian Federation.
A diving coach came to the kindergarten she was in and suggested she should try the sport. Her parents agreed because they wanted her to learn how to swim because she was afraid of water.


Let these video lessons show you how using public health principles benefits our communities. Learn about health literacy, disease control and health policy.
This set of video lessons looks at public health, starting with a definition of the term and an overview of how our lives are impacted by public health principles. Our instructors discuss types of diseases, how disease spreads and chronic diseases. You will also get an overview of socioeconomic issues that impact community health.
Our brief video lessons make learning about public health fun. Professional instructors guide you through the topics, and you can contact them if you have questions. Written transcripts of each lesson are available, and self-assessment quizzes let you gauge what you've learned.
Have you ever wondered how you can help improve the health of the entire community? In this lesson, you will learn about public health. As opposed to helping people one-by-one, public health policies and practices help large numbers of people become healthier.
In this lesson you will learn about health literacy and its health implications. You will also learn why health literacy it is important and how to improve it. You will be introduced to the various tools available for measuring health literacy.
5. What Are the Types of Diseases?
This lesson will focus on the different types of diseases that a person may develop or contract. We'll discuss the differences between acute, chronic, primary, secondary, local, and systemic diseases.
This lesson will provide a definition for chronic illnesses. Also, it will describe the effects of chronic illnesses and ways in which to properly manage these illnesses to live a better quality of life. A short quiz will follow.
Within the field of epidemiology, there are two major classifications of disease: communicable and non-communicable. Today you will learn the differences between these classifications, as well as some examples of each.
This lessons examines some of the fundamental differences of socioeconomic status, as well as how these issues interact with a person's health and their chronic conditions.
Do we really need the government telling us what to do when it comes to our health? Why or why not? The answer may surprise you as we'll go over how health policy affect community health in more than one way.
This lesson will teach you about the immune system, what immune deficiency means, why that's dangerous, and about the important causes of such a problem, including HIV/AIDS, SCID, CVID, and more.


David Nail is mourning the loss of his grandmother today. The 'Kiss You Tonight' singer shared the news with fans on social media Thursday afternoon (Aug. 14) after asking for prayers on Wednesday night.
"My heart is broken. RIP Mimmaw," Nail writes.
The message comes just hours after the singer tweeted: "My thoughts are everywhere tonight, prayers too... Prayers needed in suburban St. Louis as well. Just a sad, sad week!"
No further details about the cause of death are available. In 2011, Nail credited his grandmother with steering him toward country music. He told the Southeast Missourian she loved Alan Jackson, Garth Brooks and Vince Gill.