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Article| August 01 2017
Early Hearing Detection and Vocabulary of Children With Hearing Loss
Christine Yoshinaga-Itano, PhD;
Christine Yoshinaga-Itano, PhD
aInstitute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado;
Address correspondence to Christine Yoshinaga-Itano, PhD, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 594 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309. E-mail: christie.yoshi@colorado.edu
Allison L. Sedey, PhD;
Allison L. Sedey, PhD
bColorado School for the Deaf and the Blind, Colorado Springs, Colorado; and
Mallene Wiggin, PhD;
Mallene Wiggin, PhD
Winnie Chung, AuD
cNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.
Pediatrics (2017) 140 (2): e20162964.
CME Quiz Close Quiz
Christine Yoshinaga-Itano, Allison L. Sedey, Mallene Wiggin, Winnie Chung; Early Hearing Detection and Vocabulary of Children With Hearing Loss. Pediatrics August 2017; 140 (2): e20162964. 10.1542/peds.2016-2964
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
To date, no studies have examined vocabulary outcomes of children meeting all 3 components of the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) guidelines (hearing screening by 1 month, diagnosis of hearing loss by 3 months, and intervention by 6 months of age). The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of the current EHDI 1-3-6 policy on vocabulary outcomes across a wide geographic area. A secondary goal was to confirm the impact of other demographic variables previously reported to be related to language outcomes.
This was a cross-sectional study of 448 children with bilateral hearing loss between 8 and 39 months of age (mean = 25.3 months, SD = 7.5 months). The children lived in 12 different states and were participating in the National Early Childhood Assessment Project.
The combination of 6 factors in a regression analysis accounted for 41% of the variance in vocabulary outcomes. Vocabulary quotients were significantly higher for children who met the EHDI guidelines, were younger, had no additional disabilities, had mild to moderate hearing loss, had parents who were deaf or hard of hearing, and had mothers with higher levels of education.
Vocabulary learning may be enhanced with system improvements that increase the number of children meeting the current early identification and intervention guidelines. In addition, intervention efforts need to focus on preventing widening delays with chronological age, assisting mothers with lower levels of education, and incorporating adults who are deaf/hard-of-hearing in the intervention process.
Administration/Practice Management, Birth Defects, Fetus/Newborn Infant, System-Based Practice
childhood hearing impairment, disability, early hearing detection and intervention, hearing impaired persons, hearing loss, vocabulary, languages, early intervention (education)
What's Known on This Subject:
Previous research has supported the beneficial effects, within a restricted geographic area, of a single component of the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention system (ie, hearing screening, early identification, or early intervention).
What This Study Adds:
This multistate study demonstrates the significant, positive impact on vocabulary outcomes of meeting all 3 criteria of the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention guidelines (screening by 1 month, identification by 3 months, and early intervention by 6 months of age).
Significant delays in language acquisition are consistently reported for children who are deaf or hard of hearing.1,–3 Universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) and programs based on the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) guidelines were established in the United States to expedite diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss with the hope of mitigating these delays. The Joint Committee on Infant Hearing has recommended universal hearing screening by 1 month of age, diagnosis of hearing loss by 3 months of age, and enrollment in early intervention by 6 months of age.4 These recommendations are commonly referred to as the EHDI 1-3-6 guidelines.
Recent epidemiologic cohort studies conducted in England and Australia have reported better language outcomes for children born in areas of the country or during years in which UNHS had been implemented compared with cohorts of children born before UNHS,5,6 with long-term benefits in reading ability also reported.7 Comparing a group screened at birth with those who received a behavioral screen at 9 months of age, researchers in the Netherlands reported better scores on a quality-of-life measure for the UNHS group but no significant group differences in language outcomes.8 This may be because the UNHS group received amplification at the relatively late mean age of 15.7 months. In the United States, researchers have reported more favorable language outcomes for children whose hearing loss was identified earlier,9 who received hearing aids earlier,3 or who began intervention services at an earlier age.10,11 Collectively, the majority of previous research has supported the beneficial effects of early identification and intervention. However, many of these studies were conducted within a restricted geographic area and/or included an age of confirmation of hearing loss within the "early" group that was relatively late by today's standards, and in all studies, grouping was based on only a single component of the EHDI program (screening, identification, or intervention).
To date, no studies have reported vocabulary or other language outcomes of children meeting all 3 components of the EHDI guidelines. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the current EHDI 1-3-6 guidelines on vocabulary outcomes across a wide geographic area. A secondary goal was to confirm the impact of other demographic variables (chronological age, additional disabilities, degree of hearing loss, presence of an adult who is deaf or hard of hearing in the home, and mother's level of education) previously reported to be related to language outcomes.
This was a cross-sectional study of 448 children with bilateral, prelingual hearing loss between 8 and 39 months of age (mean = 25.3 months, SD = 7.5 months). All of the children were participating in the National Early Childhood Assessment Project (NECAP). This project, supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is a multistate effort to examine developmental outcomes of young children with hearing loss. Participants lived in 12 different states (see Table 1).
Number of Participants From Each NECAP State
State of Residence .
No. of Participants .
Participants included children with (18%) and without (82%) additional disabilities judged by their parents and/or early interventionists to interfere with speech and/or language development. Cognitive impairment was reported in 58% of those who had additional disabilities (see Table 2). The primary written language used in the home was English (88%) or Spanish (12%). The communication modes used with the children and additional demographic characteristics are summarized in Table 3.
Additional Disabilities and Percentage of Occurrence (Based on the 81 Children Who Were Reported to Have One or More Additional Disabilities Thought to Impact Speech and/or Language Development)
Disability .
Percentage of Participants .
Cognitive 58
Brain damage 12
Cleft lip and/or palate 12
Cerebral palsy 11
Sensorimotor integration 9
Emotional and/or behavioral 6
Autism spectrum disorder 4
Percentages total to more than 100% because some participants had more than 1 additional disability.
Participant and Family Characteristics
Characteristic .
Female 47
Non-Hispanic 68
Hispanic 32
Communication mode used with the child
Primarily spoken language 74
Spoken language only 30
Spoken language with occasional use of sign language 44
Sign language and spoken language 22
Sign language only 4
Hearing status of the parent
Both parents hearing 83
One or both parents deaf and/or hard of hearinga 17
Mother's highest educational degree
Less than bachelor's degree 71
Less than high school 13
Associate's 12
Bachelor's degree or higher 29
Bachelor's 22
Graduate 7
Of the parents who were deaf or hard of hearing, approximately half used sign language when communicating with their child.
Information regarding hearing loss (onset, degree, and amplification) is presented in Table 4. Preliminary analyses found that independent variable effects were significantly different for children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) compared with those without ANSD. The small number of children with ANSD (n = 26) prevented adequately exploring or controlling for these differences, so these children were not included in this study.
Characteristics of the Participants' Hearing Loss
Age of onset of hearing loss
Congenital 90
Late onset (before 2 y of age) 6
Degree of hearing loss
Mild to moderate 57
Mild (26–40 dB HL) 35
Moderate (41–55 dB HL) 22
Moderately severe to profound 43
Moderately severe (56–70 dB HL) 15
Severe (71–90 dB HL) 8
Profound (>90 dB HL) 20
Type of amplification
Hearing aids 68
Cochlear implant 13
Bone conduction hearing aid 5
Hearing aid and cochlear implant 3
The degree of hearing loss was determined by using the better-ear pure tone average, that is, the average of hearing thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. HL, hearing level.
The participants' hearing loss was confirmed through diagnostic audiologic testing at a mean age of 4.1 months. All children were enrolled in an early intervention program (mean age of enrollment = 7.0 months). Slightly over half of the participants (58%) met the 1-3-6 guidelines. Of the 258 children who met the 1-3-6 guidelines, 58% also met a stricter 1-2-3 criteria (screening by 1 month of age, identification by 2 months of age, and intervention by 3 months of age).
All of the children participating in the NECAP who met the participant criteria are included in the study. Although it is unknown to what extent the eligible population of each participating intervention program were invited and agreed to participate in the NECAP, the demographics of this sample are consistent with the Gallaudet Research Institute national survey of 37 828 students who are deaf or hard of hearing in terms of sex, ethnicity, primary language at home, degree of hearing loss, type of amplification, and communication mode used by the family.12 Compared with the Gallaudet results, this sample included a smaller percentage of children who were African American (5% vs 16%), a higher percentage of children who had a parent who was deaf and/or hard of hearing (17% vs 9%), and a smaller percentage of children with additional disabilities (18% vs 39%). This is not surprising because, initially, only children without additional disabilities were included in the current study. Additionally, the Gallaudet national survey included students through 12th grade, allowing more time for additional special needs to be identified.
This project was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Colorado Boulder. All families provided written informed consent.
The participants' expressive vocabulary was measured by using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories.13 This norm-referenced assessment has been extensively validated with typically developing children14,15 as well as those with a variety of different disabilities,16,17 including hearing loss.18,19 Families in which the language of the home was Spanish completed the Spanish version of this instrument.20 Expressive vocabulary ability was selected as the dependent variable because vocabulary size and rate of word learning are important predictors of later language and academic skills.21,22
In keeping with the administration instructions in the test manual for populations with language delays, the level of the inventory administered (Words and Gestures versus Words and Sentences) was determined on the basis of the interventionists' and/or caregivers' estimate of the child's vocabulary size rather than chronological age.13 For the participants in all but 1 state, the appropriate MacArthur-Bates inventory was given to the family by their early interventionist. In the remaining state, the inventory was mailed to the family's home. The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories list a variety of early-developing words arranged in different semantic categories. The child's primary caregiver was instructed to mark all of the words that his or her child produced spontaneously in spoken and/or sign language. The form was then reviewed by the child's early interventionist for completeness and accuracy and sent to the NECAP staff for scoring.
Scoring of all assessments was completed by 1 person and checked by a second person. Disagreements in scoring were corrected by consensus. Total raw scores were calculated by counting the number of words a child produced regardless of modality (spoken or signed). Raw scores were converted to vocabulary age scores by using the procedure described in the test manual. To examine each participant's expressive vocabulary age score relative to his or her chronological age, vocabulary quotients (VQs) were calculated by dividing the child's vocabulary age by his or her chronological age and multiplying by 100. A VQ of 100 indicated that a child's vocabulary age was commensurate with his or her chronological age.
All families and/or their interventionist completed a demographic form, which included information such as the caregivers' level of education. Audiologic records were used to determine the degree of hearing loss. For data analysis, the participants' demographic characteristics were categorized as detailed in Table 5.
Description of the Coding of the Independent Variables Included in the Regression Model
Independent Variable .
Coding of Variable .
Chronological age Treated as a continuous variable in 1 mo increments
Disability status 0 = no additional disabilities
1 = additional disabilities
Adherence to the 1-3-6 EHDI guidelines 0 = does not meet
1 = meets
Adult who is deaf or hard of hearing in the home 0 = not present
1 = present
Maternal level of education 0 = less than a bachelor's degree
1 = bachelor's degree and higher
Degree of hearing loss 0 = mild to moderate
1 = moderately severe to profound
The mean VQ for the 448 children was 74.4 (SD = 20.3). When considering the 367 children with no additional disabilities, the mean VQ was 77.6 (SD = 19.7). For the 81 participants with additional disabilities, the mean was 59.8 (SD = 15.6).
To explore the relationships between vocabulary ability and the demographic variables, Pearson product-moment correlations were computed. As detailed in Table 6, there was no significant relationship between VQ and sex or between VQ and language of the home (Spanish versus English). Significant correlations were obtained between VQs and the remaining demographic variables.
Correlations Between VQ and Demographic Variables
1. VQ — — — — — — — — —
2. Chronological age −0.50** — — — — — — — —
3. Disability status −0.34** 0.05 — — — — — — —
4. Meets EHDI 0.27** −0.17** −0.10* — — — — — —
5. Adult who is deaf or hard of hearing 0.21** −0.11* −0.15** 0.09 — — — — —
6. Level of educationa 0.14** 0.01 −0.02 0.08 0.02 — — — —
7. Degree of hearing lossb −0.11* 0.03 −0.02 0.04 0.06 0.05 — — —
8. Sex 0.02 −0.02 −0.05 −0.02 −0.09 0.003 −0.07 — —
9. Language of homec 0.01 0.07 −0.02 0.17** 0.13** 0.17** 0.01 −0.04 —
Level of education: below bachelor's degree versus bachelor's degree or higher.
Degree of hearing loss: mild to moderate versus moderately severe to profound.
Language of the home: English versus Spanish.
P < .05, 2-tailed.
Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of variance in the participants' VQs. Sex and language of the home were initially included in the model to confirm that they were not significantly related to VQs when controlling for other demographic factors. These variables remained nonsignificant and were removed from the final model. The primary independent variable was whether the child met all 3 components of the EHDI 1-3-6 guidelines. Five additional independent variables were entered into the regression equation to explore and control for other factors known from previous research to be related to vocabulary outcomes. The overall model was significant (F6,441 = 51.0, P < .0005) and explained 41% of the variance in the children's expressive vocabulary abilities (see Table 7). All 6 predictor variables made a significant, independent contribution to the model.
Multiple Regression Predicting MacArthur Expressive VQ
Participant Characteristics .
Standardized Coefficient .
Unstandardized Coefficient .
t test Value .
P .
Chronological age −0.44 −1.19 −11.80 <.0005
Disability status −0.29 −14.97 −7.65 <.0005
Meets EHDI guidelines 0.16 6.42 4.19 <.0005
Mother's level of education 0.12 5.50 3.37 .001
Degree of loss −0.12 −4.79 −3.19 .002
Adult who is deaf/hard of hearing 0.11 5.74 2.86 .004
On the basis of the results of the regression, and as shown in Fig 1, mean VQs were shown to decrease as chronological age increased. Although absolute vocabulary size increased with participant age, the gap between chronological and vocabulary age was greater for older children, resulting in lower VQs.
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VQs for participants as a function of chronological age.
Higher VQs were predicted by the absence of additional disabilities, higher maternal level of education, lesser degrees of hearing loss, and the presence of a parent who was deaf and/or hard of hearing in the home. Even when controlling for these factors, meeting EHDI 1-3-6 guidelines was a significant predictor of vocabulary outcomes. The standardized β weight of .16 indicates that meeting EHDI guidelines had a meaningful impact on vocabulary outcomes in addition to being statistically significant. In comparing the children who met the EHDI guidelines to those who did not, there was a 12-point difference in mean VQ. Mean VQ comparisons across all of the independent predictors are presented in Fig 2.
Mean VQs and SD bars of subgroups on the basis of significant independent variables from the regression analysis (all participants included). BA +, Bachelor's degree or higher; Mild-Mod, mild to moderate hearing loss; Mod/Sev-Prof, moderately severe to profound hearing loss; < BA, less than a Bachelor's degree.
To determine if the impact of meeting EHDI guidelines had a differential effect across various demographic subgroups, 5 interaction terms (meets EHDI × each of the remaining 5 independent variables) were created and evaluated within separate regression models that retained all 6 of the main effect variables. In all cases, the main effects remained significant, and the interaction term was not significant (P > .05). Thus, it appears that the benefits of meeting EHDI guidelines in terms of vocabulary outcomes are consistent across children with a wide range of demographic characteristics. Although there was no significant interaction between EHDI and disability status, to examine vocabulary performance in children with hearing loss without additional disabilities, mean comparisons across the different independent variables are presented for this no-additional-disabilities subgroup in Fig 3.
Mean VQs and SD bars of subgroups on the basis of significant independent variables from the regression analysis (only children without additional disabilities included). BA +, Bachelor's degree or higher; Mild-Mod, mild to moderate hearing loss; Mod/Sev-Prof, moderately severe to profound hearing loss; < BA, less than a Bachelor's degree.
To examine possible differences among children who did not meet the EHDI guidelines, participants were divided into 4 groups: (1) meets both the identification and intervention criteria, (2) meets identification by 3 months but not intervention by 6 months, (3) meets intervention by 6 months but not identification by 3 months, and (4) does not meet either criteria. A one-way analysis of variance was conducted with VQ as the dependent variable and EHDI category as the independent and/or grouping variable. The main effect was significant (F3,437 = 11.26, P < .0005). The results of Scheffe post hoc tests revealed the group that met all EHDI criteria performed significantly better than the other 3 groups (P < .05 across all comparisons). There was no significant difference in any of the post hoc pairwise comparisons among the remaining 3 groups (P = .94 to .99). See Table 8 for means and SDs of the 4 groups.
Mean VQs and SDs for 4 EHDI Groups
EHDI Group .
Mean .
SD .
Identified by 3 mo; intervention by 6 mo 79.2 20.3
Identified by 3 mo; intervention after 6 mo 66.7 16.7
Identified after 3 mo; intervention by 6 mo 68.7 20.3
Identified after 3 mo; intervention after 6 mo 68.9 18.8
This large, multistate study is the first to explore the benefits of meeting all 3 components of the EHDI 1-3-6 guidelines on the vocabulary outcomes of children with bilateral hearing loss. Higher VQs were associated with meeting EHDI guidelines even when controlling for a variety of other factors previously reported to impact language development. The lack of significant interactions indicated that the benefits of meeting the guidelines were consistent across a variety of demographic subgroups.
Despite the benefits for children who met the EHDI guidelines, the mean VQ of children without additional disabilities who met EHDI guidelines was 82, considerably less than the expected mean of 100. Particularly concerning is that 37% of this subgroup had VQs <75 (ie, below the 10th percentile). Although this percentage is substantially better than for those who did not meet EHDI guidelines (64% without additional disabilities had VQs <75), it points to the importance of identifying additional factors that may lead to improved vocabulary outcomes.
The percentage of children in the "meets EHDI" group who fell below the 10th percentile is similar to that reported by Vohr et al,10 who also used the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (43% of their early-identified 18- to 24-month-olds fell below the 10th percentile). Several studies have used the Child Development Inventory to measure the language skills of children with hearing loss.8,9,23 Direct comparisons with these studies cannot be drawn given that the Child Development Inventory yields substantially higher scores in children who are deaf or hard of hearing than the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (on average by 11 quotient points).24
The variables in this study associated with higher VQs are consistent with previous reports that found better vocabulary and other language outcomes to be related to the absence of additional disabilities,25 lesser degrees of hearing loss,3,10,26 the presence of a parent who is deaf or hard of hearing,26,27 and higher maternal education.28 The association of lower VQs with increasing chronological age complements previous findings that, even when early-identified, children with hearing loss fail to match the vocabulary acquisition trajectory of children who are hearing.10,29,30 This suggests that many children with hearing loss fail to keep pace with the exponentially increasing vocabulary growth demonstrated by hearing children as they move beyond 18 months of age (ie, from producing an average of 9 new words per month to 40 words per month).13
Comparing children without additional disabilities who were younger than and older than 24 months of age revealed a 19-point difference in their mean VQs (younger group = 88.9; older group = 69.9). This significant drop is important to consider when describing the vocabulary abilities of children between birth and 3 years of age. Specifically, mean scores may be misleading because they are likely to underrepresent the abilities of younger children and overrepresent the abilities of older children. The low mean VQ of older children is concerning. This mean is well below the 10th percentile, indicating a significant risk for continued, substantial language delays. Awareness of the magnitude of typical growth is critical when setting early intervention goals for young children with hearing loss, and studies exploring strategies to increase the effectiveness of early intervention are needed.
One such strategy that warrants further investigation is how to most effectively include adults who are deaf or hard of hearing in the intervention process. This strategy is supported by the finding that better vocabulary outcomes were apparent in children for whom one or both parents were deaf or hard of hearing. Although this finding may be due in part to a quicker emotional adjustment to having a child with hearing loss and, for those parents who used sign language, to a fluent command of the language, it is also likely that these parents (who included both those who did and did not use sign language) have firsthand knowledge of effective communication strategies that can maximize vocabulary acquisition.
Examining the contribution of parental communication mode to expressive vocabulary acquisition is an additional area that warrants future exploration. Given that families may change their communication approach over time and, if they choose to use sign language, are likely to vary in the extent and fluency with which sign language is used over time, this question is best explored in future research through a longitudinal design.
A limitation of this study is that only a single aspect of language was examined: expressive vocabulary. Future studies should consider additional components of language, including comprehension, syntax, and pragmatics. A second limitation is that disability status was determined by parent and/or interventionist report. It is likely that some children in the "no disability" group actually had an additional disability that was not yet apparent to their parent and/or interventionist. A further limitation is the potential for selection bias. Because of the nature of the data collection process, it was not possible to compare children and/or families who chose to participate in the study with those who declined. However, given the close correspondence between the characteristics of the present sample and the results of the Gallaudet Research Institute survey,12 this sample appears to be representative of the population of children living in the United States who are deaf or hard of hearing.
The results of this study underscore the importance of current efforts to decrease the age at which children are identified with hearing loss and enrolled in early intervention. Given that, across the participating states, only one-half to two-thirds of children met the EHDI 1-3-6 guidelines, much work still needs to be done to ensure that all children are screened by 1 month of age, diagnosed with hearing loss by 3 months of age, and enrolled in intervention by 6 months of age. This requires a team approach that includes newborn screening personnel, audiologists, early interventionists, and state-based EHDI surveillance programs that monitor and facilitate timely transition from screening to diagnosis to intervention. Pediatricians and other pediatric medical professionals are critical members of this team. Parents look to their child's primary care providers for advice, and these professionals have the ability to motivate families whose children have not passed a hearing screen to seek timely assessment of their child's hearing and prompt enrollment in intervention when hearing loss is confirmed.
The independent variables in the current study explained only 41% of the variance in vocabulary outcomes. Given that a substantial proportion of the children performed below the average range, understanding additional factors that influence vocabulary development is critical. Future studies should examine variables such as family involvement, parent–child interaction, compliance with amplification use, intensity of intervention services, and characteristics of early intervention providers and programs. In addition, examining factors that influence vocabulary acquisition rates within a longitudinal design may provide additional information that can support improved outcomes for children who are deaf or hard of hearing.
ANSD
auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
EHDI
Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
NECAP
National Early Childhood Assessment Project
UNHS
universal newborn hearing screening
vocabulary quotient
Dr Yoshinaga-Itano conceptualized and designed the study and drafted components of the initial and final manuscript; Dr Sedey participated in the conceptualization and design of the study, oversaw the collection of the data, conducted the statistical analysis, and had a major role in the written manuscript as submitted; Dr Wiggin participated in the review of the literature, assisted in data collection, drafted sections of the initial manuscript, and participated in editing of the final manuscript as submitted; Dr Chung conducted the initial literature review, supplied critical background material for the study, and critically reviewed the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
The views in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Disability Research and Dissemination Center or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
FUNDING: This study was funded by the Disability Research and Dissemination Center through its grant 5U01DD001007, FAIN U01DD001007 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
We express our appreciation to the families, early interventionists, and agencies that participated in this project. We also gratefully acknowledge Dr Craig Mason for his guidance on and review of the statistical methods used in this study.
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Rugby Union ist eine beliebte Sportart in England. Die Erfindung von Rugby wird William Webb Ellis zugeschrieben, der 1823 in der Stadt Rugby während eines Fußballspiels den Ball in seine Hände genommen und damit gerannt sein soll, um ein Tor zu erzielen. 1871 fand das erste Länderspiel statt, auswärts gegen Schottland.

Der bedeutendste Wettbewerb ist die Profiliga English Premiership, die als eine der finanzstärksten Ligen der Welt gilt. Die englische Nationalmannschaft nimmt am jährlich stattfinden Turnier Six Nations teil und war nach dem Finalsieg bei der Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft 2003 erster Weltmeister von der Nordhalbkugel. Sowohl bei der Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft 2007 als auch bei der Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft 2019 kam England zwar ins Finale, musste sich jedoch beide Male den Springboks aus Südafrika geschlagen geben. England war bereits Gastgeber wichtiger Turniere wie den Weltmeisterschaften 1991 und 1999 (zusammen mit den anderen damaligen Five Nations) und der Weltmeisterschaft 2015 (zusammen mit Wales).

Verantwortlicher Verband ist die 1871 gegründete Rugby Football Union (RFU), dem rund 1900 Vereine mit 2,11 Millionen registrierten Spielern angeschlossen sind.

Geschichte

Erfinder des Rugbysports soll William Webb Ellis sein, der 1823 an der Rugby School (einem renommierten Internat) "in feiner Missachtung der Regeln des Fußballs, wie er zu seiner Zeit gespielt wurde, als erster den Ball in seine Hände nahm, damit davonrannte und so das entscheidende Merkmal des Rugbyspiels begründete". Einer der ältesten Vereine, vielleicht sogar der erste überhaupt, soll der Guy's Hospital Football Club sein, der 1843 am Guy's Hospital in London gegründet wurde. Der Verein spielte eine frühe Variante des Rugby und bestand aus ehemaligen Schülern der Rugby School. In der Folge entstanden weitere Vereine.

Am 26. Oktober 1863 erfolgte in London die Gründung der Football Association, mit der Absicht, die am weitesten verbreiten Spielmerkmale in einem einheitlichen Regelwerk zu vereinen. Meinungsverschiedenheiten darüber, welche Elemente weggelassen werden sollten, führten zum Austritt des Blackheath RC aus dem Verband. Weitere Vereine folgten diesem Beispiel. 1870 lud der Richmond FC "all jene, die ein rugby-ähnliches Spiel betreiben" dazu ein, ein verbindliches Regelwerk festzulegen, "da die unterschiedliche Regelauslegung Begegnungen zwischen einzelnen Vereinen erschwert". Vertreter von 21 Vereinen trafen sich am 26. Januar 1871 im Londoner Pall Mall Restaurant und gründeten die Rugby Football Union (RFU).

Am 27. März 1871 fand am Raeburn Place in Edinburgh das erste Länderspiel statt, wobei Schottland gegen England gewann. 1886 beschloss die RFU, nicht dem von Irland, Schottland und Wales gegründeten International Rugby Football Board (heute World Rugby) beizutreten, da ihr aufgrund der größeren Anzahl Vereine eine bessere Vertretung im Verband zustünde. Weil die übrigen Länder daraufhin England in den Home Nations Championships (später Five Nations, Six Nations) boykottierten, trat die RFU vier Jahre später schließlich doch bei.

Ein weiterer Konfliktherd in den 1890er Jahren war die Frage, ob Spieler für den Verdienstausfall entschädigt werden sollten. Insbesondere Vereine im Norden Englands, wo der Anteil von Spielern aus der Arbeiterklasse bedeutend größer war als im Süden, kamen immer öfter in Konflikt mit den Regeln des Amateurismus und die RFU verhängte immer mehr Spielsperren gegen Vereine und einzelne Spieler aus dem Norden. 22 Vereine traten aus der RFU aus und gründeten am 29. August 1895 in Huddersfield einen eigenen Verband, die Northern Rugby Football Union. Dies gilt als Geburtsstunde von Rugby League.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1908, die in London stattfanden, wurde Großbritannien im Rugbyturnier von der Grafschaftsauswahl aus Cornwall vertreten, welche die Silbermedaille gewann. 1909 wurde das Twickenham Stadium eröffnet, das seither Austragungsort fast aller Länderspiele der Nationalmannschaft ist. Während und nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg, von 1915 bis 1920, fand das Five-Nations-Turnier nicht statt. Auch von 1940 bis 1946, während des Zweiten Weltkriegs, fiel das Turnier aus. Für die Dauer des Krieges hob die RFU die ansonsten strikte Sperre für Rugby-League-Spieler kurzzeitig auf. Der Verband erlaubte für wohltätige Zwecke auch die Durchführung von zwei Spielen "Rugby Union gegen Rugby League".

Lange Zeit hatte sich die RFU gegen Ligawettbewerbe ausgesprochen. Sie befürchtete, dass dadurch das Bezahlen von Spielern erleichtert würde. Aus diesem Grund waren die meisten Begegnungen zwischen verschiedenen Vereinen Freundschaftsspiele. Daneben existierten auch ein Pokal- und ein Ligawettbewerb für Auswahlmannschaften der Grafschaften. 1972 erlaubte die RFU erstmals die Austragung eines Pokalwettbewerbs für Vereinsmannschaften, dem heutigen Premiership Rugby Cup. 1987 wurde schließlich ein System mit Dutzenden nach Spielstärke gegliederten Ligen eingeführt, inklusive Auf- und Abstieg. Nachdem der Weltverband im Jahr 1995 Rugby Union auch für Profispieler geöffnet hatte, wandelte sich die oberste Liga zu einer reinen Profiliga.

Wettbewerbe
Oberste Rugby-Union-Liga in England ist die aus zwölf Mannschaften bestehende English Premiership. Sie besteht gänzlich aus Profispielern, allerdings gilt ein Salary Cap. Unterhalb der Premiership ist die RFU Championship mit professionellen und (meist) semiprofessionellen Mannschaften. Die drittoberste Liga, die National Division 1 umfasst Mannschaften mit Halbprofis und Amateuren. Darunter gibt es zahlreiche Amateurligen.

Der European Rugby Champions Cup ist der höhere der beiden europäischen Pokalwettbewerbe. Vertreten sind Mannschaften aus England, Frankreich, Irland, Wales, Schottland und Italien. Der zweite Europapokal ist der European Rugby Challenge Cup, an dem auch rumänische Mannschaften teilnehmen.

Der Pokalwettbewerb für Vereinsmannschaften, der Anglo-Welsh Cup, stand zunächst allen Mannschaften offen. Ab 2005 nahmen jedoch nur noch Mannschaften der Guinness Premiership und walisische Vertreter der Pro14 teil; 2018 zogen sich jedoch die walisischen Mannschaften zurück, woraufhin die RFU den Premiership Rugby Cup ins Leben rief. Der Pokalsieger ist automatisch für den Heineken Cup qualifiziert.

Nationalmannschaft

Die englische Nationalmannschaft ist eine der erfolgreichsten beim traditionsreichen Turnier Six Nations. Sie hat mehr Titel gewonnen und mehr Grand Slams erreicht als die meisten anderen Teilnehmer. Im Rahmen von Six Nations spielt die Mannschaft gegen Schottland um den Calcutta Cup und gegen Irland um die Millennium Trophy. Außerdem spielt England gegen Australien um den Cook Cup und gegen Neuseeland um den Hillary Shield.

England gewann 2003 die Weltmeisterschaft und erreichte 1991, 2007 und 2019 das Endspiel der Weltmeisterschaft. In der World-Rugby-Weltrangliste gehört England stets zu den besten Zehn der insgesamt über 100 Mannschaften. Die Heimspiele werden fast ausschließlich im Twickenham Stadium im Südwesten Londons ausgetragen. Ungefähr alle vier Jahre gehen die British and Irish Lions auf Tour – eine Mannschaft mit Spielern aus England, Irland, Schottland und Wales – um gegen die All Blacks aus Neuseeland, die Springboks aus Südafrika oder die Wallabies aus Australien anzutreten.

Beliebtheit
Historisch gesehen, war Rugby Union in England mehr ein Breitensport als ein Zuschauersport, Vereinsspiele waren nur spärlich besucht. Demgegenüber war der Zuschaueraufmarsch bei Länderspielen der Nationalmannschaft stets außerordentlich hoch. Seit dem Gewinn des Weltmeistertitels 2003 hat die Beliebtheit von Rugby Union jedoch stark zugenommen.

Gemessen an den Zuschauerzahlen ist die English Premiership die viertgrößte Sportliga hinter der Premier League, der EFL Championship (beide Fußball) und der Super League (Rugby League). Die durchschnittliche Zahl der Zuschauer pro Spiel beträgt rund 18.000 (Stand: 2016). Aufgrund der gestiegenen Nachfrage sind einige Mannschaften in größere Stadien umgezogen und bauen ihre bestehenden Stadien aus. Länderspiele werden im Free-TV übertragen, Meisterschaftsspiele meist im Pay-TV.

Siehe auch
 Sport im Vereinigten Königreich
 Rugby League in England

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website der Rugby Football Union (englisch)
 England auf Planet Rugby (englisch)
 Rugby-Nachrichten der BBC

Einzelnachweise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Fees and Enrolment
Learning and Wellbeing
Netball Program
My name is Gemma Rowe and I have been playing and coaching netball for 20 years. Netball is a wonderful game that has given me a great deal of satisfaction and pleasure. I love netball due to its simplicity but its wonderful ability to bring people together whilst playing a great game.
Some of netballs many advantages;
Students learn how to play in a team and develop good sportsmanship
Doesn't matter size/ability level there is a position on the court for everyone
Develops hand/eye coordination and reaction time
Teaches spacial awareness
Excellent for all forms of fitness
Develops adversity
Netball is played by more than 20 million people in more than 80 countries worldwide and is most popular in Commonwealth nations. In 1995 netball became a recognised sport by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Netball is the most popular women's sport in Australia with an estimated one million players nationwide. Although traditionally identified as a sport for women, Saint Spyridon College is breaking down these stereotypes and continually registering successful mixed teams.
Saint Spyridon Netball Program:
Thunder Cup is a participated based after-school competition run by Netball SA for students in 3-7. Held Thursday afternoons at Priceline Stadium. Thunder Cup provides primary school students the opportunity to enjoy netball in a safe environment, focusing on sportsmanship, participation and having fun!
Where: Outdoor, Priceline Stadium, 155 Rainway Tce, Mile End South
When: Thursday afternoons, 4:00pm – 5:00pm.
Training: Tuesday after school, 3:30pm-4:30pm, Unley Primary School
Dates: Term 2 and 3
Cost: $55 per term
Uniform: Supplied by school, must be returned at the end of the season.
Copyright © 2023 St Spyridon College – OnePress theme by FameThemes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Having an intimate experience with the coldness of the river flow beneath the earth with an extra wonderful and exotic view was a really unforgettable adventure.
Wading across the river that cuts across the karst slope on a floating tube will serve special sensation. The real adventure will begin when the stream enters the dark cave, so prepare yourself for this unforgettable exotic adventure.


text:
The Solomon Islands skink (Corucia zebrata), also known as prehensile-tailed skink, monkey-tailed skink, giant skink, zebra skink, and monkey skink, is an arboreal species of skink endemic to the Solomon Islands archipelago. It is the largest known extant species of skink.

The Solomon Islands skink is completely herbivorous, eating many different fruits and vegetables including the pothos plant. It is one of the few species of reptile known to function within a social group or circulus. Both male and female specimens are known to be territorial and often hostile towards members not a part of their family group.

Corucia is a monotypic genus, containing a single species.  However, in 1997 it was determined that there are two subspecies of the Solomon Islands skink: the common monkey-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata zebrata) and the northern monkey-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata alfredschmidti).  Among other variances, the northern skink is smaller and has darker eyes with a black sclera.

Extensive logging is a serious threat to the survival of this species.  Consumption for food by indigenous Solomon Islanders and excessive pet trade exports have affected wild populations.  Export of this species from the Solomon Islands is now restricted and the animal is protected under CITES appendix II.

Taxonomy and etymology
The Solomon Islands skink was first described by John Edward Gray in 1855 as Corucia zebrata.  The generic name Corucia derives from the Latin word  coruscus meaning "shimmering".  This is in reference to Gray's description of "a play of colors effect from the body scales".  Its specific name zebrata is a Latinized form of the word zebra, in reference to the animal's zebra-like stripes.  Some of its common names (prehensile-tailed skink, monkey-tailed skink, monkey skink) refer to its fully prehensile tail which the species uses as a fifth limb for climbing.

Although appearances of Solomon Island skinks vary from island to island, only one subspecies, from the western islands of the Solomons Archipelago, was described by Dr. Gunther Köhler in 1996 as C. z. alfredschmidti, the trinomial name of which is in honor of German amateur herpetologist Alfred A. Schmidt.

The closest living relatives of C. zebrata are the blue-tongued skinks  of the genus Tiliqua and skinks of the genus Egernia of Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia, all of which are also assigned to the subfamily Lygosominae.

Distribution and habitat

The Solomon Islands skink is native to Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands archipelago, a group of islands in the south-west Pacific Ocean. The common subspecies (C. z. zebrata) is found on the islands of Choiseul Island, New Georgia, Isabel, Guadalcanal, Ngela, Malaita, Makira (Solomon Islands), Ugi and Santa Ana. The northern subspecies (C. z. alfredschmidti) is known from the islands of Bougainville and Buka and the Shortland Island Group. Bougainville and Buka are geographically part of the Solomons Archipelago, though politically part of Papua New Guinea. Both subspecies of the Solomon Islands skink are strictly arboreal, usually inhabiting the upper canopy of forested areas throughout its range. The adults commonly establish a territory within the canopy of one tree. It commonly occurs in the strangler fig tree (Ficus sp.), provided the epiphytic growth of its several food plants are present. It occurs in trees in semi-cleared areas and cultivated food gardens, again provided its food plants occur there.

Biology

The Solomon Islands skink is the world's largest species of extant skink; adults can reach a total length (including tail) of  when fully grown, with the tail accounting for more than half this length.

The Solomon Islands skink has a long, slender body, strong, short legs, and a triangular shaped head with small round eyes.  The skink has a strong crushing jaw but the teeth are small and used for eating plant material.  Its prehensile tail helps it maneuver from branch to branch with ease and gives the skink its more common names: monkey-tailed skink, prehensile-tailed skink, or monkey skink. Male Solomon Islands skinks tend to have a broader head and a more slender body shape than do female skinks.  Males have a V-shaped pattern of scales just aft of the cloacal opening, which is not present in female skinks.

The scales of Solomon Islands skinks are a dark green but are often speckled with light brown or black. The scales on the underside vary from light yellow to different shades of green. The toes on all four legs have thick, curved nails used for climbing and gripping tree limbs.

As a crepuscular animal, it is most active during the dusk and dawn hours, feeding primarily at dusk.  it also is active and eats during the hours of dawn, though to a lesser extent.  It has quite good eyesight and relies upon it to identify threats, as well as potential food.  It relies heavily on its sense of smell and uses it to identify its territory and other members of its group, called a circulus. Like snakes, the skink "smells" by flicking its tongue to gather scents and when the tongue is retracted, it touches it to the opening of a Jacobson's organ at the roof of its mouth.

Subspecies
The common Solomon Islands skink (C. z. zebrata) has a white sclera with its eyes while the northern Solomon Islands skink (C. z. alfredschmidti) has a black sclera.  The iris of the northern Solomon Islands skink is a mix of green and yellow whereas the iris of the common Solomon Islands skink can vary from several different shades of green to orange to a dark black. According to Dr. Gunther Köhler, who described the northern subspecies, this subspecies possesses "larger dorsal and ventral scales" and has "seven instead of usually five parietal scales".

The northern Solomon Islands skink is the shorter of the two subspecies with males averaging  and females averaging   in total length. The common Solomon Islands skinks are slightly longer with the males averaging  and the females averaging  in total length. The common Solomon Islands skink, at , weighs more than the northern Solomon Islands skink, which weighs closer to .

Diet
Solomon Islands skinks are herbivores, feeding on the leaves, flowers, fruit, and growing shoots of several different species of plants.  This includes the somewhat toxic (due to high concentrations of calcium oxalate) Epipremnum pinnatum (cf. E. aureum) plant, which the lizard eats without ill-effect. Juvenile skinks often eat feces from adults in order to acquire the essential microflora to digest their food.  Newborn skinks have been observed consuming their placental sac after birth and will not feed on other food for the first two days. A study done in 2000 showed that this species still exhibits a feed response based on chemical cues from insects. It is believed that this is an ancestral trait that these skinks have retained, though it is not used in the wild.

Reproduction
The Solomon Islands skink is one of the few species of reptile that lives in a communal group known as a circulus.  The Solomon Islands skink reproduces by viviparous matrotrophy: the female provides a placenta for its young, which are born after a gestation period of six to eight months; this is a rare trait among reptiles.  The newborn skink is of a large size compared to its mother; the northern Solomon Islands skinks are approximately  in length and weigh , whereas the common Solomon Islands skinks are  and  when they are born.  This reduced size disparity led the former curator of reptiles at the Philadelphia Zoo, Dr. Kevin Wright, to compare it to "a human mother giving birth to a six year–old".  Almost all births are single babies, but occasionally twins will be born.  At least one instance of triplets has occurred according to herpetologist Bert Langerwerf.

The newborn skink will stay within its circulus for six to twelve months during which time it will be protected by not only its parents but other unrelated adult skinks within the group.  Around one year of age, sometimes earlier, the juvenile will move off to form a new family group.  Individuals have been documented to stay within the group for several births without being expelled, however. Females exhibit fierce protective behavior around the time of birth; this protectiveness of young is a rare occurrence in reptiles but is shorter in duration when compared to the protective behavior exhibited by a typical mammal.

Conservation

Threats
Extensive logging is a serious ongoing threat to the survival of this species, as is consumption for food by native people, and export demand for the pet trade.  Because of the large numbers of lizards that were being exported for the pet trade, the small region to which the skink is native, and its low reproductive rate, in 1992 Corucia zebrata was listed as a CITES Appendix II animal, which allows limits to be placed on the number of animals in commercial trade between countries.

Since there is no regulation on the rapid deforestation occurring in the Solomon Islands, limited export to recognized institutions may be needed to aid this species in genetic diversity for its survival via ex situ breeding programs.  According to herpetologists who study the Solomon Islands skink, such as Dr. David Kirkpatrick and the late  Dr. Kevin Wright, captive breeding alone is not practical as a sole method of species survival due to the limited number of offspring and long gestation periods.

In captivity

The Solomon Islands skink is represented in both public and private collections.  The Philadelphia Zoo has bred this species of skink over multiple generations for the past 40 years.  The keeping of the Solomon Islands skink in captivity is not without its challenges: as it is a large arboreal tropical animal.   It requires a large arboreal enclosure, with  a constant temperature between 75–80 degrees Fahrenheit (24–27 degrees Celsius), with heat being provided from above as well as below, allowing the skink to bask in the heat from above as it would during dusk, while providing a radiant heat from below to aid digestion.   The dynamics of the skink's circulus means that not all groups do well when new animals are introduced.  Despite successful breeding programs, its somewhat unusual nature of single births and slow growth has made these programs challenging.

Biologist Michael Balsai of Temple University has noted a significant number of breedings between skinks from different islands has resulted in non-productive unions.  Balsai's theory is that there are enough differences between animals from different islands that pairing of lizards from different locales will be unproductive, further frustrating many captive breeding attempts.

Footnotes

References

Further reading
Boulenger GA (1887). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume III.  ... Scincidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 575 pp. + Plates I-XL. (Corucia zebrata, p. 142).
Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. . (Corucia zebrata, p. 301).

Parker F (1983). "The prehensile-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata) on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea". pp. 435–440. In: Rhodin AGJ, Miyata K (editors) (1983). Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology: Essays in Honor of Ernest E. Williams. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. xix + 725 pp. .

External links

Honolulu Zoo Species Profile
Santa Barbara Zoo Species Profile
ISIS Abstract

Skinks
Coprophagous animals
Reptiles described in 1855
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Reptiles of the Solomon Islands
Endemic fauna of the Solomon Islands


text:
Przeworno – dawna gromada, czyli najmniejsza jednostka podziału terytorialnego Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej w latach 1954–1972.

Gromady, z gromadzkimi radami narodowymi (GRN) jako organami władzy najniższego stopnia na wsi, funkcjonowały od reformy reorganizującej administrację wiejską przeprowadzonej jesienią 1954 do momentu ich zniesienia z dniem 1 stycznia 1973, tym samym wypierając organizację gminną w latach 1954–1972.

Gromadę Przeworno z siedzibą GRN w Przewornie utworzono – jako jedną z 8759 gromad na obszarze Polski – w powiecie strzelińskim w woj. wrocławskim, na mocy uchwały nr 25/54 WRN we Wrocławiu z dnia 2 października 1954. W skład jednostki weszły obszary dotychczasowych gromad: Przeworno i Cierpice ze zniesionej gminy Przeworno, Strużyna ze zniesionej gminy Krzywina oraz Rożnów i Karnków ze zniesionej gminy Gnojna w tymże powiecie. Dla gromady ustalono 20 członków gromadzkiej rady narodowej.

1 stycznia 1960 do gromady Przeworno włączono Ostrężna i Dzierżkowa ze zniesionej gromady Ostrężna w tymże powiecie.

31 grudnia 1961 do gromady Przeworno włączono obszar zniesionej gromady Krzywina w tymże powiecie.

Gromada przetrwała do końca 1972 roku, czyli do kolejnej reformy gminnej. 1 stycznia 1973 w powiecie strzelińskim reaktywowano gminę Przeworno.

Przypisy

Przeworno


text:
Sarkozy to visit DR Congo
XINHUA - March 20, 2009
French President Nicolas Sarkozy will pay an official visit to the Democratic Republic of Congo next week, according to the French Embassy in the central African country.
At the invitation of Congolese President Joseph Kabila, Sarkozy will arrive on March 26 to promote the already good ties between Kinshasa and Paris, especially their political, economic and diplomatic relations, said French Ambassador Pierre Jacquemot.
Sarkozy's schedule includes talks with Congolese officials and a speech in the National Assembly (parliament), according to the ambassador.
The French leader vows to contribute to DR Congo's stability and reconstruction in its eastern region, where insurgency has been largely knocked out in the recent joint operations of DR Congo, Rwanda and Uganda.
"We are ready, we French, we Europeans and we members of the world Bank to contribute to the reconstruction in the East. It's a formidable bet for the peace" in DR Congo, as its situation affects the entire Great Lakes region, said the French diplomat.
Paris wants Kinshasa to take the opportunity to revive the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGEL), which brings together Burundi, Rwanda and DR Congo. But Sarkozy's recent remarks on the sharing of resources between DR Congo and Rwanda sparked a strong reaction from Congolese nationalists, who staged a protest in front of the French Embassy this week and threatened more during Sarkozy's upcoming visit.
• Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGEL)
• Nicolas Sarkozy
• World Bank


text:
Q: jQuery select elements with value between x and y

I'd like to be able to do that kind of selection:
$('input[value between 6 and 11]');

Which would give me the 9 and 10.
Is there a way to do that ?

A: You could use the filter function:
$('input').filter(function(index) {
    var value = parseInt($(this).val());
    return !isNaN(value) && value > 6 && value < 11;
});

A: You could use .filter():
$("input").filter(function(){
   var v = parseInt($(this).val());
   return (v > 9 && v < 11)
});

A: You can do this with .filter() like this:
$("input").filter(function() {
  return $(this).val() >= 6 && $(this).val() <= 11;
}).somethingHere();

If you need to use this often, you could make it a selector as well:
jQuery.expr[':'].between = function(a, b, c) {
   var args = c[3].split(',');
   var val = parseInt(jQuery(a).val());
   return val >= parseInt(args[0]) && val <= parseInt(args[1]);
};

Then you can select by:
$("input:between(6, 11)")

Just change the >= and <= if you don't want the range to be inclusive.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


5.6 / 10 by 4225 users Rate Now!
: During a space voyage, four scientists are altered by cosmic rays: Reed Richards gains the ability to stretch his body; Sue Storm can become invisible; Johnny Storm controls fire; and Ben Grimm is turned into a super-strong … thing. Together, these "Fantastic Four" must now thwart the evil plans of Dr. Doom and save the world from certain destruction.


Birding, Bird watching, whatever we call it, should the hobby of birding be on topic to TGO?
Edit: I removed link to the originating question, because I realize the quality (or lack thereof) of that particular question is muddying things.
I think this question is clearly on-topic.
The bigger question is whether animal-identification questions should be on-topic. If so, then this is a simple animal-ID question, within our scope. I don't see how one could argue that animal identification is off-topic, it's often quite important to be able to tell animals apart (and plants, for that matter) - "How do I tell a (relatively safe) king snake from a (deadly) coral snake?" "If I see bear dung, how do I tell whether it's a (fairly docile) black bear or (aggressive) grizzly/kodiak?", etc.
I also believe that animal, plant, fungi etc identification questions should be on topic. For me, knowing or learning about the nature that surrounds me is an integral part of being outdoors, not only for safety reasons (such as being able to tell dangerous and harmless animals apart), but out of curiosity, and something that for lack of better term I would call a thirst for knowledge. I do not see any good reason to restrict this site to just physical outdoors activity. I believe that "mental" activities such as animal or plant identification, that pretty much have to take place outdoors, should be allowed here (unlike questions like "what is the name if this fish that is in the fishtank in my friends living room" or "what kind of cactus do I have on my window sill" or "what are these little white worms in the bag of flour in my pantry", which clearly do not belong here).
Do we have experts that will be able to answer them? We have some people very knowledgeable in number of outdoors topics, but I am not sure how many botanists/zoologists/mycologist etc do we have here.
Are there any other sites that would be more suitable for such questions? There is a Botany proposal, there were already several Mycology related proposals that all died slow death from lack of interest (by the way, in the discussion for one of the recent Mushroom Hunting proposals, some people voiced an opinion that most of the questions that were proposed for that site should be on topic in Great Outdoors), there is a Biology site in public beta, however that is described as "site for biology researchers, academics, and students", so I am not sure if simple owl call identification would be on topic there.
As far as the question that prompted this discussion, I think it is a good one, since it does not actually ask about specific animal identification, it is basically asking "what resources are there to help identify an owl call", and I think answers to such question could be useful for many outdoors people, even though the actual recording of the call in this question was not made somewhere in deep woods or swamps.
Birding is definitely on topic here, and welcome. In June of 2015, this discussion about growing our user base, and attracting a wider variety of topics, specifically mentions birding. The few questions that came as a result of that were well received, so I agree the community as it stands now is supportive of bird-related questions.
Well unless there is a lesser, birdier, or higher out doors then yes. Anything not specifically organized as an outdoor 'sport' or interest should be TGO topic. compartmentalizing is a dangerous problem. Sailing should be a separate group as there are too many people that have seen videos and claim to be experts that are guiding people into a life threatening situation.
To me, "The Great Outdoors" means being in some way physically active outdoors. While I'm sure there is much to enable bird spotting that would come within this definition, e.g. being outdoors in wild places, bird spotting itself I would consider off-topic.
How do I tell a (relatively safe) king snake from a (deadly) coral snake?
If I see bear dung how do I tell whether it's a (fairly docile) black bear or (aggressive) grizzly/kodiak?
... however, the key difference in these examples is that animal identification has some use beyond just identifying the animal for the sake of identifying the animal. It is being used for the purposes of keeping safe in The Great Outdoors.
The original question that prompted this discussion seems to have no link to the Great Outdoors that I can descern other than the recording was made outside.


text:
MLB Proposes Replacing Arbitration With Salaries Based Off Player WAR Totals
Baseball	November 12, 2021	by
In August, Major League Baseball made its first core economics proposal to the MLB Players Association. That would've involved a radical restructuring of the game's economic system, first granting players free agency at age 29 1/2 (as opposed to after six years of MLB service) and replacing the current arbitration structure with a pool-based system attached to revenues.
This week, the league proposed an unexpected wrinkle in CBA talks. While the new proposal contains the same age threshold for free agency qualification, Evan Drellich, Ken Rosenthal and Eno Sarris of the Athletic report that this offer would tie pre-free agency pay directly to a player's Wins Above Replacement tally. Under this structure, a player's service time and career WAR marks (weighted to emphasize the most recent seasons more heavily) would set the player's salary. While multiple websites calculate WAR totals in different ways, MLB's proposal would base salaries on FanGraphs' WAR tabulations.
Earlier this afternoon, Ben Nicholson-Smith of Sportsnet reported (on Twitter) that MLB had offered to replace the arbitration system with salaries based on an algorithm. Nicholson-Smith added that the MLBPA was not enamored with that idea, and the Athletic trio quotes one player representative as saying that such an offer has "zero chance" of being approved.
That's not at all surprising. MLB's proposal to set free agency at 29 1/2 years has always looked to be a non-starter for the players. The league's top prospects typically reach the majors in their early-mid 20's. Those who live up to their promise will often pass six years of service and hit free agency in advance of their age-28 or age-29 seasons. Marketing as many prime-aged seasons as possible is what often allows players to land contracts that push free agency forward, and the league's proposal could tether that elite group to their original teams for longer than the current system does. (For example, neither of this offseason's top two free agents — Carlos Correa and Corey Seager — would be eligible for free agency were the age set at 29 1/2).
Certainly, the age threshold would impact some players positively as well. Players like Aaron Judge and Willson Contreras would've reached free agency this winter as opposed to going into their final year of arbitration. A late bloomer like Cubs third baseman Patrick Wisdom would've been on the open market instead of making the league minimum salary, and he'd have likely made a few million dollars in 2022 coming off a 28-homer showing over just 375 plate appearances. Overall, though, the union likely sees the 29 1/2 year age threshold as too old to be more desirable than the current service structure.
Fixing player salaries to a statistical formula comes with its own challenges. Past performance will, of course, always be relevant to player pay. The existing arbitration system awards players salaries based on their combination of service time and prior salaries of statistically-comparable players. There's a case to be made that MLB's proposal would modernize that process.
Arbitration can lean a little more heavily than most modern teams do on traditional box score statistics like pitcher wins, saves, and hitters' home runs and RBI totals. While arbitrators will also consider newer, WAR-like metrics, their comparative reliance on old-school stats has led to arb salaries for closers and defensively-limited sluggers tending to skew higher than teams have been willing to pay. On the other hand, arbitrators haven't generally placed as much value as clubs have on glove-first players and high-leverage setup relievers. Basing pre-free agency salaries off WAR would probably help to close that gap.
That said, the MLBPA seems likely to take issue with tying salaries to WAR directly. As the Athletic scribes write, using that metric is particularly challenging with regards to relievers. Both the free agent and arbitration markets have valued bullpen arms more highly than WAR totals typically do. Advanced defensive metrics — a key component in WAR calculations — can be unstable on a yearly basis. Over the long run, those metrics tend to align with general evaluations of a player's defensive acumen. Fixing salaries weighted heavily on single-season defensive metrics, though, seems suboptimal.
WAR naturally involves making imprecise adjustments for different parks, which could pose problems when teams adjust playing field dimensions. And WAR metrics differ on how to separate a pitcher's contributions from those of his defense; FanGraphs, upon which MLB's proposal would be based, evaluates pitchers essentially off their strikeout, walk and home run rates. That strips out ball in play luck but also creates some seemingly odd results. For instance, Aaron Nola — who threw 180 2/3 innings of 4.63 ERA/3.37 FIP ball — had a higher 2021 fWAR than Robbie Ray, who tossed 193 1/3 frames of 2.84 ERA/3.69 FIP pitching.
None of this is meant as an indictment of WAR models generally or of FanGraphs' choices specifically. Most or all MLB teams rely on similar calculations in making player evaluations. That's with good reason, since advanced metrics of that nature can offer insights into players not found by typical box score stats. Still, these limitations highlight the potential pitfalls of tying player salaries directly to this one statistic.
MLB's proposal looks unlikely to make much headway ultimately, and both sides will continue negotiations as we near the expiration of the current CBA on December 1. Nicholson-Smith reports that the two sides are scheduled to meet next on Monday.


Photograph from Little Hair Salon shoot ,Viman Nagar,Pune.
Honored as a Judge in a Talent Show.
Photograph from Politician Photoshoot for a hoarding .
Dazz Photography – Conducted Photography Workshop sponsered by Lokmat Media group for Kids in Kumar Pacific Mall ,Pune.
Corporate Shoot for Knight Frank India , Magarpatta City.


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Botswana, China sign MoUs to improve trade relations
Botswana and China on Monday signed two Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) to strengthen trade and investment ties.
The MoUs were signed in Gaborone, capital of Botswana, during the Botswana-China Business Forum, which was attended by a business delegation from China led by Jiang Zengwei, chairperson of the China Council for Promotion of International Trade ( CCPIT).
The signing was facilitated by the host Botswana Investment and Trade Centre (BITC), Business Botswana and the CCPIT.
Speaking at the meeting, China Ambassador to Botswana, Zhao Yanbo said the China-Botswana economic and trade cooperation was a win-win principle with a common goal of improving the people's livelihoods.
He said goods and services trade is continuing to grow in China and advised Botswana to seize the opportunity to invest in China.
Unity Dow, Botswana's Minister of International Affairs and Cooperation, said she expected the engagement to boost trade and investment linkage between Botswana and China.
She said Botswana was committed to attracting foreign direct investment with the aim of diversifying the economy and creating job opportunities.
Dow appealed to the China business delegation to consider setting up businesses in Botswana given the compelling investment climate.
Keletsositse Olebile, chief executive officer of BITC, said CCPIT, BITC and Business Botswana collaboration would provide a platform for mutually beneficial business partnerships between Botswana and Chinese companies.
The forum focuses on sectors including infrastructure development, manufacturing, financial services, energy, mining, agribusiness and Information Communications Technology (ICT).


Ken Foree, Dee Wallace, Danielle Harris and Leslie Easterbrook answer a question about how they prepare for roles.
Ken Foree talks Devils Rejects, Rob Zombie, & Michael Berryman.
Doug Bradley's (Pinhead) response to question about which character he most identifies with.
Ken Foree talks about re-writing the end of Dawn of the Dead with director George Romero. Sorry about the sound, which is pretty horrible as Ken was avoiding the microphone, but this is a very interesting story.
Clip five: Scream contest from the showroom floor.


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Review of A Sound Of Thunder by Ray Bradbury
Monday, June 9, 2003 Scott D. Audio Drama, Reviews
By Ray Bradbury; Performed by a full cast
1 Cassette – Approx. 70 minutes [RADIO DRAMA]
Publisher: Durkin Hayes Audio
Themes: / Science Fiction / Time Travel / Dinosaurs / Mars /
Ray Bradbury is another author who is dear to me in both print and in audio. There is an old Caedmon production of his story "Usher II" (read by Leonard Nimoy) which I just love. And I'm currently listening through a collection of old-time radio shows called The 60 All-Time Greatest Science Fiction Radio Shows, selected by Ray Bradbury.
And the books – The Martian Chronicles, Fahrenheit 451, Something Wicked This Way Comes… Bradbury is unique in my experience, and I really enjoy his stories.
There are two audio dramas on this single cassette program. The first is an excellent production called "A Sound of Thunder", in which a man pays big bucks to be taken back in time to hunt the biggest of prey – a Tyrannosaurus Rex. But when you go back in time, there are rules… In the second story, "Night Call, Collect", the last man in the universe receives… a phone call. A short interview of the author is also included.
The production quality – sound effects, music, the acting – is excellent, the scripts are wonderful. Highly recommended.
Both of the stories here ("A Sound of Thunder" and "Night Call, Collect") are part of a radio series called The Bradbury 13. Twelve of the thirteen shows were released through Durkin Hayes/DHAudio. Jesse has some of these shows in stock – contact him here about getting a copy. A summary of all thirteen of the Bradbury 13 can be found here.
posted by Scott D. Danielson
Radio Drama Revival: Bradbury 13: A Sound Of Thunder
BBCR4X: Bradbury 13
I, Mars by Ray Bradbury
Radio Drama Revival: Bradbury 13: The Veldt
Review of Something Wicked This Way Comes (with A Sound of Thunder) by Ray Bradbury
audio drama dinosaurs Durkin Hayes mars Ray Bradbury science fiction time travel
Scott D.
Reviews Editor, SFFaudio
Review of The Terminal Experiment by Robert J. Sawyer
Review of Time Bride by Gardner Dozois and Jack Dann


Registered Retirement Savings Plan – RRSP.ORG the original website that best describes everything you wanted to know about Canadian registered plans and schemes has taken a turn for the best. The information and knowledge base on RRSP.ORG is more than ready for change and a complete overhaul.
MONEY.CA the leading Canadian money and personal finance website has acquired the aging website for all the right reasons. RRSP is just one of many keyword subject sites that most of Canada wants and needs. For over 20 years this small and meaningful site providing news and information in the world of Registered plans for Canadians has now been taken over by people who know and care dearly about the subject matter and the benefits and advantages it brings to Canadian's, the government and the country as a whole.
Look forward to the changes and updates as Canadian financial consumers will learn how to make, save and preserve more of their hard earned wealth. The advisor channel is more than welcome to contribute news, information, stories and articles that make sense and pays dividends to the average Canadian.
Mutual Funds Newsletter is proud to join some of Canada's top investment and finance professionals as a regular writer for MUTUALFUND.CA and the electronic and industry trade publication called 'Mutual Fund Magazine' that is an RRSP Season favorite for mutual fund dealers, representatives and advisors.
Mutual Funds Newsletter is at the top positions of yahoo, google, bing and youtube. The monthly Canadian Mutual Funds Newsletter is available in part online and is primarily sent with CASL approved email newsletter systems. The Mutual Fund Newsletter is the one and only premium communique that is completely free of charge. MutualFund.ca the keyword website that best defines Mutual Funds and the mutual fund industry at large. The entire portal of mutual fund sites protects the interest and sentiment of mutual funds and capital markets in Canada with respect to investors, advisors and product manufacturers.
The Mutual Fund Industry is worth well over 1 trillion dollars of Canadians hard earned capital. A concentration of assets under management worth considering in general and investigating further your place in it. Enjoy the monthly Mutual Fund Review the entire mutual fund market at a glance with winners and losers by sector and by category.
Mutual fund companies, dealers, representatives, advisors and managers are welcome to participate with news, stories, information, data and more. Make the Mutual Fund Newsletter better with your love and support for the sake of Canadian Financial Literacy and the promotion of mutual fund education.
A correction is a beautiful thing, simply the flip side of a rally, big or small. Theoretically, even technically I'm told, corrections adjust equity prices to their actual value or "support levels". In reality, it's much easier than that.
Prices go down because of speculator reactions to expectations of news, speculator reactions to actual news, and investor profit taking. The two former "becauses" are more potent than ever before because there is more self-directed money out there than ever before. And therein lies the core of correctional beauty!
Mutual Fund unit holders rarely take profits but often take losses. Additionally, the new breed of Index Fund Speculators over-react to news of any kind because that's what speculators do. Thus, if any brief little market hiccup becomes considerably more serious, new investment opportunities will become abundant!
1. Your present Asset Allocation should be tuned in to your long-term goals and objectives. Resist the urge to decrease your Equity allocation because you expect a further fall in stock prices. That would be an attempt to time the market, which is (rather obviously) impossible. Asset Allocation decisions should have nothing to do with stock market expectations.
2. Take a look at the past. There has never been a correction that has not proven to be a buying opportunity, so start collecting a diverse group of high quality, dividend paying, NYSE companies as they move lower in price— Investment Grade Value Stocks. I start shopping at 20% below the 52-week high water mark— the bargain bins are filling.
3. Don't hoard that "smart cash" you accumulated during the last rally, and don't look back and get yourself agitated because you might buy some issues too soon. There are no crystal balls, and no place for hindsight in an investment strategy. Buying too soon, in the right portfolio percentage, is nearly as important to long-term investment success as selling too soon is during rallies.
4. Take a look at the future. Nope, you can't tell when the rally will resume or how long it will last. If you are buying quality equities now (as you certainly could be) you will be able to love the rally even more than you did the last time— as you take yet another round of profits. Smiles broaden with each new realized gain, especially when most Wall Streeters are still just scratchin' their heads.
5. As (or if) the correction continues, buy more slowly as opposed to more quickly, and establish new positions incompletely. Hope for a short and steep decline, but prepare for a long one. There's more to Shop at The Gap than meets the eye, and if you are doing it properly, you'll run out of cash well before the new rally begins.
6. Your understanding and use of the Smart Cash concept has proven the wisdom of The Investor's Creed (look it up). You should be out of cash while the market is still correcting— it gets less scary each time. As long your cash flow continues unabated, the change in market value is merely a perceptual issue.
7. Note that your Working Capital is still growing, in spite of falling prices, and examine your holdings for opportunities to average down on cost per share or to increase yield (on fixed income securities). Examine both fundamentals and price, lean hard on your experience, and don't force the issue.
9. Examine your portfolio's performance: with your asset allocation and investment objectives clearly in focus; in terms of market and interest rate cycles as opposed to calendar Quarters (never do that) and Years; and only with the use of the Working Capital Model (look this up also), because it is based upon your personal asset allocation. Remember, there is really no single index number to use for comparison purposes with a properly designed portfolio.
Unfortunately, only Self Directed 401k and IRA programs are able to use Market Cycle Investment Management.
10. So long as everything is down, there is nothing to worry about. Downgraded (or simply lazy) portfolio holdings should not be discarded during general or group specific weakness. Unless of course, you don't have the courage to get rid of them during rallies— also general or sector specifical (sic).
Corrections (of all types) will vary in depth and duration, and both characteristics are clearly visible only in institutional grade rear view mirrors. The short and deep ones are most lovable (kind of like men, I'm told); the long and slow ones are more difficult to deal with. Short ones (those that last a few days, weeks, or months) are nearly impossible to deal with using Mutual Funds.
So if you overthink the environment or overcook the research, you'll miss the party. Unlike many things in life, Stock Market realities need to be dealt with quickly, decisively, and with zero hindsight.
Think cycle instead of year, and smile more often.


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is a Japanese footballer who plays as a midfielder for Shimizu S-Pulse.

Career statistics

References

External links

2002 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japanese footballers
Japan youth international footballers
Association football midfielders
Shimizu S-Pulse players
SC Sagamihara players
J1 League players
J2 League players


It would be nice to have an analogous method to __toString() for arrays.. maybe __toArray() for customized array return.
Probably better bundled under request #52583 -- the RFC linked to there is specifically to deal with casting to scalar types, but the syntax suggested in the feature request is general enough to deal with arrays.
I found that request when researching this one. I read that as casting *to* an object not casting *from* an object.
Nevertheless, I'll reopen this for now.
@aharvey: Couldn't the patch in the RFC you mentioned be modified to support arrays, too? Or would the implementation for arrays be completely different to the one for arrays?
I've found that when I have an object I need to behave like an array in some contexts that it is worth the time to implement Iterator and Array in the object, which allows the object to behave like an array.  It takes more effort than implementing a theoretical magic __toArray() method, but its worth it.
I really think this is relevant.
PHP 5.4 introduced something similar with the JsonSerializable interface.
When you call json_encode on an object that implements it, it automatically calls the jsonSerialize() method that returns a string, an array, an integer, a float or a boolean.
When you implement the jsonSerialize() method, you generally want to have a json-friendly representation of your current object, and you normally return an associative array with the properties you want to output. That looks like a __toArray() method, doesn't it ?
Something that should be pointed out in the issue is that (array)$object is one of the most common object casts used out there. String casting are useful in templating, while array casting is useful for API returns, for instance... And there's currently no way to instinctively do this call in a protective way, as we can do with (string)$object.
Calling $object->toArray() is bulky and unreliable: if the developer knows the object will have that method (so they can call it), he already knows it needs further processing, just like string casts do.
Furthermore, implicit casts are always unreliable without a __toArray() magic method.
As an API developer for a couple of years, I've stumbled upon this API discrepancy between magic __toString() and explicit toArray() implementations. That's quite a bad smell for PHP's OO system.
It seems there's already an RFC with a patch to discuss that. How's this going?
sorry for warming this up one more time, but I think __toArray() isn't the perfect solution to the problem. Since PHP is already able to use an object as an array using the Iterator interface, why don't we just extend this?
I made my thoughts a bit clearer in request #72579, if anyone is interested.
Because e.g. array_chunk() won't accept an object even if it meticulously implements all the gazillion iteration and array access interfaces.


YAY! The official pictures from Saturday's Stand Up 5K came out today. Here I am crossing the finish line. Looks like I'm walking, but I wasn't. Especially with a time of 32:48. Not fast, but not slow either.
Today, I almost skipped the gym. Almost. I had a really hard time falling asleep last night. Went to bed and just laid there for over an hour, then a storm rolled in and there was all sorts of loud booming going on from the thunder. I put up with that for about another 20-30 minutes before I took some NyQuil. My alarm went off at the usual time and I was so tired from lack of sleep I reset the alarm for 10am and decided I would take today as a rest day from working out. I woke up at 9:45am, looked at the time, thought for a minute and said "forget this, I'm going to the gym! I've got time!" Ate breakfast, drank my coffee and right at 10am I was heading out the door for the gym. Got a really good workout in…legs and abs. However, during my first exercise (squats), I tweaked my lower back and now it hurts. I took a muscle relaxer and some ibuprofen and it feels a little better, but it still hurts. It'll take a few days before it feels 100% again, so I should be okay come Sunday when I'm running the 10K race. I'll have a 4 mile run on Friday to "test" it out at any rate. I'm sure it will be just fine, tho .


I look at my mom and can see how much she is aging these past few years. She has always seemed so young to me, because she's always been fiercely independent and had a silly, young spirit. The past couple of days, she seems to be undergoing a shift. The other day when I picked her up from respite care, she came running out crying how glad she was to see me, because it had been so long (she lives with me and I'd just dropped her off five hours earlier).
She did the same thing this morning when she got up and then cried, because she didn't remember who I was and thought it would hurt my feelings. And then, she got and we started getting ready and had a really nice day, where she knew I was her daughter and kept telling me she loved me and would never forget me. And I wonder how many more years we'll have of going on these little road trips together.
This life of walking someone through dementia and toward death is not something I'd wish on my worst enemy (not that I have any enemies), but it has taught me a lot. And one thing is that you never know what will happen. You don't know that you'll have time to do that thing you always wanted to do "tomorrow," because tomorrow is not guaranteed.
So, don't wait to be thinner, richer, less bald, less anything. Do what matters now. Hug people, tell them you love them, be vulnerable, go on vacation, take time for your kids, play with your dog, follow your dreams, be willing to make a fool out of yourself in service to them, and do all the things, because you do not know that you will be able to do them later.