text:
Velasco Ibarra, José María (1893–1979)
José María Velasco Ibarra (b. 19 March 1893; d. 30 March 1979), president of Ecuador (1934–1935, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, 1968–1972). Trained in law at the Central University in Quito, Velasco began his long and remarkable political career at an early age. He was elected to Congress in 1932, became president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1933, and replaced the president of the republic a year later. He attained the presidency five times but was forcibly removed on four occasions. Only his third presidency (1952–1956) was completed in accordance with constitutional provisions.
A spellbinding orator and charismatic figure of the first order, Velasco dominated national politics for nearly five decades. When out of office he was busily planning a return to power, and few prominent public figures were not associated with him at one time or another. A lifelong critic of political parties, Velasco won power through a personal electoral machine, which was dismantled once he left office. Unable to delegate authority, Velasco was a disastrous administrator whose authoritarian proclivities encouraged political unrest.
A widely read intellectual, Velasco had minimal comprehension of economic issues and was inclined toward short-term opportunistic policies. By nature a conservative, Velasco nonetheless put forward a populist image throughout his career. During his 1960 presidential campaign his views were avowedly leftist in character, reflecting the impact of the Cuban Revolution.
Velasco's fifth and final term, after a narrow victory in 1968, was characteristic of his earlier terms in office. The constitution was eventually suspended, and ultimately the military intervened. Velasco went into exile, returning in 1979 to bury his wife; he died a month later. With his demise, the remaining Velasquista forces disintegrated.
See alsoArosemena Monroy, Carlos Julio .
George I. Blanksten, Ecuador: Constitutions and Caudillos (1951).
Agustín Cueva, The Process of Political Domination in Ecuador, translated by Danielle Salti (1982).
Osvaldo Hurtado, Political Power in Ecuador, translated by Nick D. Mills, Jr. (1980).
John D. Martz, Ecuador: Conflicting Political Culture and the Quest for Progress (1972).
Additional Bibliography
Jaramillo Palacio, José María. Velasco Ibarra: Presidente idealista: medio siglo de historia en el Ecuador, 1930–1980. Quito, Ecuador: Delta, 1995.
Norris, Robert E., and Carlos de la Torre. El gran ausente: Biografía de Velasco Ibarra. Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones Libri Mundi/Enrique Grosse-Luemern, 2004.
Torre, Carlos de la. Populist Seduction in Latin America: The Ecuadorian Experience. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 2000.
John D. Martz
Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
"Velasco Ibarra, José María (1893–1979) ." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Velasco Ibarra, José María (1893–1979) ." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/velasco-ibarra-jose-maria-1893-1979
"Velasco Ibarra, José María (1893–1979) ." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/velasco-ibarra-jose-maria-1893-1979
Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra , The Ecuadorian lawyer and statesman José María Velasco Ibarra (1893-1979) was five times president of the republic and Ecuador's outstanding politica… Gabriel Terra , Gabriel Terra (1873-1942) was a Uruguayan politician. President by election, he overthrew his government by a coup d'etat in 1933 and headed a mildly… Presidency , PRESIDENCY The presidency is the most powerful formal political institution in post-communist Russia. Except for the ceremonial title given to the he… Victor Raul Haya De La Torre , Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1895-1979) was the founder and leader of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), principal theorist of Apri… Jose Batlle Y Ordonez , José Batlle y Ordóñez José Batlle y Ordóñez José Batlle y Ordóñez (1856-1929) was a Uruguayan statesman and newspaperman. The dominant political figu… Joao Goulart , João Goulart João Goulart João Goulart (1918-1976) was a highly popular president of Brazil for a brief but turbulent two-and-a-half years. He was re…
Ibáñez del Campo, Carlos (1877–1960)
Arteaga, Rosalía (1956–)
Sánchez Cerro, Luis Manuel (1889–1933)
Andueza Palacio, Raimundo (1843–1900)
National Alliance of Peru (AN)
Bucaram, Abdalá (1952–)
Cuestas, Juan Lindolfo (1837–1905)
Velasco Alvarado, Juan (1910–1977)
velarium
Velardo, Joseph Thomas
Velarde, Pablita 1918-
Velarde, Pablita (1918—)
Velarde, Giles 1935-
velamen
Vel Non
Veksler, Vladimir Iosifovich
Veksler, Vladimir
Vekhi
Vejvanovský, Pavel Josef
Vejjajiva, Jane 1963–
Vejjajiva, Jane 1963-
Vejjabul, Pierra (b. 1909)
Vejar, Michael 1943- (Mike Vejar)
Veith, Johann Emanuel
veitchberry
Veitch diagram
Veit, Philipp
Veit, Moritz
Veit Wenzel Heinrich (actually, Václav Jinarich)
Velasco, José María
Velasco, José María (1840–1912)
Velasco, José Miguel de (1795–1859)
Velasco, Juan de (1727–1792)
Velasco, Luis de ("The Younger") (1538–1617)
Velasco, Luis de (c. 1511–1564)
Velasco, Pedro de
Velásquez (-Treviño), Gloria (Louise) 1949-
Velásquez, Diego de (c. 1465–1524)
Velasquez, Eric
Velasquez, Gloria (Louise)
Velásquez, José Antonio (1906–1983)
Velásquez, Loreta (1842–1897)
Velasquez, Loreta Janeta
Velãsquez, Lucila (1928–)
Velasquez, Patricia 1971–
Velayat-E Faqih
Velázquez Cárdenas de León, Joaquín (1732–1786)
Velázquez Sánchez, Fidel (1900–1997)
Velazquez, Consuelo (1916–2005)
Velázquez, Diego
Velázquez, Diego (Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez; 1599–1660)
Velázquez, Nydia: 1953
Velcade


Do you need a little Christmas? Right this very minute? Try Grubstake, an urban diner that's decorated to the hilt for the holidays. They make their own pumpkin pie. What a charm! They call it "house-made" and for $4.25 the pie is pretty damn good.


text:
La dinastia XXVI, també anomenada dinastia saïta pel fet de tenir la seva capital a Sais, va ser l'última dinastia nativa que va governar Egipte abans de la conquesta persa. El seu període de govern transcorre del 664 al 525 aC i es considera l'inici del període tardà d'Egipte (configuren aquest període les dinasties XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, XXX i XXXI).

Història
Té els seus orígens en la dinastia XXIV. Psamètic I era el besnet de Bakenrenef, i en continuar la invasió assíria durant els regnats de Taharqa i Tanutamon, va ser reconegut com a únic rei de tot Egipte.

Mentre els governants de l'Imperi Assiri estaven ocupats en rebel·lions i guerres civils per mantenir el tron, Psamètic formalitzà una aliança amb Giges, rei de Lídia, i va allistar mercenaris de Cària i Grècia per repel·lir els atacs assiris.

Amb el saqueig de Nínive a 612 aC i la caiguda de l'Imperi Assiri, Psamètic II i els seus successors van intentar aconseguir el domini egipci a les regions de l'Orient Pròxim, però van ser rebutjats pels babilonis sota Nabucodonosor II. Amb l'ajuda de mercenaris grecs, Apries va ser capaç de contenir les temptatives babilòniques de conquesta, però els perses van prendre Egipte, i el seu rei Cambises II va dur Psamètic III encadenat a Susa.

Faraons de la dinastia XXVI d'Egipte

La dinastia XXVI en els textos antics
Segons Manethó, en la versió de Jordi Sincel·le: " La dinastia XXVI va consistir en nou reis de Sais  ...  Necó va prendre Jerusalem i va portar captiu el rei Joahaz a Egipte  ...  Quan Jerusalem va ser presa pels assiris, els jueus supervivents es van refugiar al costat d'Uafris  "

Transcripció dels noms dels governants saítes en els epítoms de Manetó:

Cronologia de la dinastia XXVI
Cronologia estimada:
 Primer faraó: Psamètic I, c. 664-610 aC
 Darrer faraó: Psamètic III, c. 526-525 aC

Cronograma

Referències

Bibliografia
 Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004
 Kenneth Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C. (Book & Supplement) Aris & Phillips. 1986
 Karl Jansen-Winkeln, Bild und Charakter der ägyptischen 26. Dynastie, Altorientalische Forschungen, 28 (2001), 165-182.

Enllaços externs

 www.germanicus.com.ar
 Genealogia, Reis i Regnes: Dinastia XXVI d'Egipte
 http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk//Welcome.html
 http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html
 http://www.narmer.pl/indexen.htm
 http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/pharaohs.html
 http://www.eglyphica.de/egpharaonen
 http://2terres.hautesavoie.net/cegypte/texte/chronolo.htm

Baix Imperi d'Egipte
26

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
4 August 2019 / SF News / Matt Charnock
Sunday Links: Two Mass Shootings in Less Than 24 Hours
A shooting inside an El Paso Walmart left at least 20 dead, another 20-plus injured. The 21-year-old college student—who has posted white supremacy-related postings on social media—opened fire, using a semi-automatic weapon, in a crowded Walmart store in the majority-Hispanic border city. [NYT]
Less than a day later, another mass shooting took place within a bustling Dayton, Ohio nightclub, Ned Poppers, leaving 10 dead, including the gunman, and another 26-plus injured. The shooter's identity has yet to be released, but, just as in El Paso a single day prior, a "young white male" was responsible for the bloodshed, per Senator Sherrod Brown. [CNN]
Frederick Brennan, the wheelchair-dependent former angry young man who founded the site 8chan, tells the New York Times it ought to be shut down. Brennan sold the site in 2015, and he now regrets its role in amplifying the messages of mass shooters, including the El Paso gunman. [New York Times]
A fatal collision involving a box truck and a fire engine on 101 in Palo Alto shut down the freeway through this morning. The collision occurred around 4:30 a.m. in the southbound slow lane. [Bay City News]
The Oakland A's have officially signed one contestant from their public speed pitch challenge to the team—no joke. Nathan Patterson—the Nashvillian who decided to, on a whim, try the speed pitch challenge at the Sounds game he attended with friends almost exactly a year ago, throwing a 96 miles-per-hour fastball—has officially signed with the Oakland-based baseball team; Patterson hadn't played competitive baseball since high school and starts practice with the A's this coming Friday. [WTKR]
The Oakland Raiders sign league-veteran running back Mack Brown, completing their roster. [ClutchPoints]
San Francisco city officials are keen on making you only drink from reusable cups, but they're facing more than a few roadblocks. [Chronicle]
Permanent housing intiatives for otherwise homeless women, children, and other vulnerable populations are increasing in SF. [ABC 7]
To the surprise of no one driving in-and-around the downtowns of SF and OAK, construction jobs in the two metros are on the rise. [KTVU FOX 2]
Here's where you can sip the city's best malts and shakes, putting the proverbial cherry on top your Sunday-Funday. [Eater]
Photo: Courtesy of AJ Colores, courtesy of Unsplash
Protesters Continue Flocking to SF's ICE Headquarters as Part of the 'Month of Momentum'
30 days of non-stop protesting, called the "Month of Momentum," officially began August 1st at 630 Sansome Street, ICE's SF HQ.
The Tenderloin Museum Puts Neighborhood-favorite Drag Bar, Aunt Charlie's Lounge, Under a Spotlight
2019 and early-2020 will see the Tenderloin Museum putting on a months-long series of exhibitions and happenings centered around Aunt Charlie's Lounge.
Matt Charnock

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Doorhangers. They do get your attention. We used to make them for church in advance of the first service of the church "year" in September and go around in the neighborhood hanging them on front doors. I'm not sure it was the most effective advertising but it was inexpensive.
They died out for awhile, but have seen a resurgence of late. I get now, on the average, one a week. It's also a job for people to walk the streets leaving this bit of paper and a plastic bag affixed to the front door.
I came home last night to find another one. This was different however.
Huh? Well, this is something new.
I seem to remember "Bandz" from years ago. Do kids still collect these? It must not have cost a lot of money to include these in a plastic bag that has a better than average chance of being chucked immediately in the waste bin. I'm not like most people. I separated the component parts, recycled the paper flyer, put the plastic bag in recycled bags and set the "Charmz" aside. I think I'll just toss this in the give away bag unless one of my readers really, seriously, declares a lust for it. Ten words or less, "Why I should send this to you." Extra points if you write that in poetry. Next two weeks, until November 20th.


text:
import sys

from sdcclient import SdcClient

#
# Parse arguments
#
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
    print(('usage: %s <sysdig-token>' % sys.argv[0]))
    print('You can find your token at https://app.sysdigcloud.com/#/settings/user')
    sys.exit(1)

sdc_token = sys.argv[1]

sdclient = SdcClient(sdc_token)

#
# List of metrics to export. Imagine a SQL data table, with key columns and value columns
# You just need to specify the ID for keys, and ID with aggregation for values.
#
metrics = [
    # {"id": "container.id"},
    # {"id": "agent.tag.env", "aggregations": {"time": "concat", "group": "concat"}},
    {"id": "cpu.used.percent", "aggregations": {"time": "timeAvg", "group": "avg"}}
]

#
# Data filter or None if you want to see "everything"
#
filter = None

#
# Time window:
#   - for "from A to B": start is equal to A, end is equal to B (expressed in seconds)
#   - for "last X seconds": start is equal to -X, end is equal to 0
#
start = -600
end = 0

#
# Sampling time:
#   - for time series: sampling is equal to the "width" of each data point (expressed in seconds)
#   - for aggregated data (similar to bar charts, pie charts, tables, etc.): sampling is equal to 0
#
sampling = 60

#
# Load data
#
ok, res = sdclient.get_data(metrics, start, end, sampling, filter=filter)

#
# Show the result
#
if ok:
    #
    # Read response. The JSON looks like this:
    #
    # {
    #     start: timestamp,
    #     end: timestamp,
    #     data: [
    #         {
    #             t: timestamp,
    #             d: [ value1, value2, value3, ... ]
    #         },
    #         ...
    #     ]
    # }
    #
    colLen = 25

    #
    # Print summary (what, when)
    #
    start = res['start']
    end = res['end']
    data = res['data']

    print(('Data for %s from %d to %d' % (filter if filter else 'everything', start, end)))
    print('')

    #
    # Print table headers
    #
    dataToPrint = ' '.join(
        [str(x['id']).ljust(colLen) if len(str(x['id'])) < colLen else str(x['id'])[:(colLen - 3)].ljust(
            colLen - 3) + '...' for x in metrics])
    print(('%s %s' % ('timestamp'.ljust(colLen), dataToPrint) if sampling > 0 else dataToPrint))
    print('')

    #
    # Print table body
    #
    for d in data:
        timestamp = d['t'] if sampling > 0 else start
        values = d['d']

        dataToPrint = ' '.join(
            [str(x).ljust(colLen) if len(str(x)) < colLen else str(x)[:(colLen - 3)].ljust(colLen - 3) + '...' for x in
             values])

        print(('%s %s' % (('<t: %d>' % (timestamp)).ljust(colLen), dataToPrint) if sampling > 0 else dataToPrint))

else:
    print(res)
    sys.exit(1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I just caught the setting sun as it hit the small gap between the low cloud and the horizon. Under these circumstances, you have to work fast as you know you only have a few minutes at most, before the sun is lost below the horizon. And they say photography is meant to be relaxing!
You're right – and I've noticed the more I want to photograph the sun in one spot – the faster it moves – it must be some law of physics that relates to photographers!


Topics: Shop Now, Offers, Offers, Shop, and Requirements.
It is hosted by Edgecast Networks Inc. California, using nginx web server. A-niche.co.uk's server IP number is 72.21.92.29. b.dns.gandi.net, c.dns.gandi.net, and a.dns.gandi.net are its DNS Nameservers.
A time of 11.9 ms, is recorded in a ping test.


A sterile cartridge containing 12 tiny micro-points is attached to the Eclipse MicroPen®. Your skin-care professional will apply sterile saline to your skin and select the appropriate pen position based on your unique needs. Next, in a single motion, the pen will be gently pressed against the skin while simultaneouslygliding in one direction until the entire treatment areahas been covered.


This is a placeholder page for Cindy Burkett, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Cindy Burkett.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Cindy Burkett. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Cindy Burkett. We created this page automatically in hopes Cindy Burkett would find it. If you are not Cindy Burkett, but are an alumni of Johnston High School Johnston, IA, register on this site for free now.


Paula's high intellect and above average grasp of linguistic structure, along with her highly intuitive mind, make her work as a hypnotherapist uniquely effective. She is able to quickly understand and articulate personalized suggestions that hit to the heart of your issue. Her suggestion therapy surprised me with the depth of insight into my own needs and desires. I experienced transformative solutions and felt I was in caring and capable hands while working with Paula.
Copyright 2017-2018 Insight Hypnotherapy, LLC. All rights reserved. Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy in Albuquerque, NM.


text:
Alabama crosses 2,000 coronavirus hospitalizations for first time
Updated: Dec. 07, 2020, 3:14 p.m. | Published: Dec. 07, 2020, 2:34 p.m.
By Ramsey Archibald | rarchibald@al.com
The Alabama Department of Public Health reported 2,079 coronavirus patients were being treating in the state's hospitals as of Monday, the first time that number has risen past 2,000 since the pandemic began.
It's a continuation of a surge in virus hospitalizations in Alabama that started in October. Hospitalizations more than doubled in just one month.
The 7-day rolling average for hospitalizations rose to 1,865 Monday, a new record. That's around 300 more virus inpatients throughout the state than the average from earlier peaks in July and August.
[Can't see the chart? Click here.]
The surge in hospitalizations coincides with a surge in cases - the state is now averaging a record 3,244 new virus cases per day. That means hospitalizations could continue to go up, since new hospitalizations tend to lag behind new cases.
Do you have an idea for a data story about Alabama? Email Ramsey Archibald at rarchibald@al.com, and follow him on Twitter @RamseyArchibald. Read more Alabama data stories here.


The event showcases a fantastic range of Ford vehicles, with over 400 motors taking part each year, giving the public a fantastic opportunity to browse through many years of the Ford product and also offers a fabulous family day out for everyone.
With plenty of kids entertainment, rest assured that your little ones will be kept entertained! Our Kids area is filled with Bouncy Castles, Face Painting, Obstacle Courses, Balloon Modelling and much more.
Our designated Food Village will offer you a wide range of local cuisine to choose from. From light Deli choices, Burgers and Chips, Ice Cream, Crepes and Ice Cream … you won't be disappointed with the selection!
Our trade village has became an important part of the attraction, offering Ford products and car-related merchandise.
TrustFord, the event's main sponsors, will also be onsite to welcome you to the event. With a wide range of new product on display, the sales team will be able to show you the newest Ford vehicles with the most advanced technology, you may even be lucky enough to get a sneak peak at some never before seen vehicles.
Have a look through our gallery of photographs from our previous events to give you a taste of what to expect!
We look forward to welcoming you to the 15th annual Ford Fair!


For Bosch kitchen machine MUM4.
With foam lining inserts. 1-pack.
For Coline rice cooker 34-7336 and 18-4020.
1.8 L glass jug for the Wilfa CBBL-1200B blender. Lid and blades included.
Suitable older model up to catalog 2004.
For teapot Bodum Bistro Nouveau.


the perfect balance between tradition, taste and quality.
Passion and good ingredients - the real recipe for quality.
Fresh durum wheat pasta stuffed with meat in a creamy sauce.
Ravioli with a wavy edge approximately 35 mm in size. A subtly flavoured fresh pasta with the perfect bite (because we only use durum wheat). A subtle filling with delicious cured ham.
Big ravioli with a wavy edge approximately 45 mm in size. A subtly flavoured fresh pasta with the perfect bite (because we only use durum wheat). A subtle filling with delicious truffle.
Tortellini with a wavy edge approximately 25 mm in size. A subtly flavoured fresh pasta with the perfect bite (because we only use durum wheat). A delicious meat filling.
Cooked durum wheat pasta in a bolognese sauce.
Fresh durum wheat pasta stuffed with ricotta and spinach in a tomato sauce.


Reporting or speaking out about online bullying can be scary. But we're here to help. Take a look at our ways to cope, or speak to a counsellor to get some support with what's been happening.
We can help support you if you're experiencing online bullying.
You can talk to us about anything, whether you think it's big or small. Talk to one of our counsellors via 1-2-1 chat. Creating an account is easy, we won't ask for your email and you don't need to give us any of your details.
We've also got advice to help you report Snapchat bullying. Childline is confidential, find out more about what that means.
Childline is always looking to improve our service for children and young people. If you talk to a counsellor via 1-2-1 chat, we'll send a survey to your Childline account to help us improve our site for other young people.
If you send someone a sexual photo or video of yourself, you can lose control over what's done with it. The photo might be shared with other people, or be used to blackmail you. Sometimes someone might try to groom you to get a photo or video.
We can also help you to report images that have been shared without your consent or that you might have seen online.
So much to say but don't know where to start?
Find out about emailing a counsellor.
Grooming is different to bullying. Online grooming is when someone uses the internet to trick, force or pressure you into doing something sexual - like sending a naked video or image. This is always wrong.
Anyone can groom someone, and a 'groomer' will tell lies and make an emotional connection with you to try and make you do things.
If you think you might have been groomed, or you're being bullied or threatened because of a sexual image, we can help. You can speak to a Childline counsellor about anything that might be happening or get help to have a picture taken down if it's been posted online.
If you're not yet ready to speak to a counsellor, we'd love to hear what you think of our website and if this page was helpful for you.
Find out more about online safety, including tips for how you can stay safe online.
Chat to other young people about cyberbullying and online safety on our message boards.


text:
Faculty Bibliographies
eJournals and eBooks
Exams Database
California Ballot Measures
Resources for Alumni
Resources for Faculty
Emily R. Murphy
Paved with Good Intentions: Sentencing Alternatives from Neuroscience and the Policy of Problem-Solving Courts, 37 Law & Psychol. Rev. 100 (2013). FULLTEXT SSRN
Impulsive Behaviour Induced by Both Nmda Receptor Antagonism and Gabaa Receptor Activation in Rat Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex., 219 Psychopharmacology 401 (2012) (with Anushka BP Fernando, Gonzalo P. Urcelay, Emma SJ Robinson, Adam C. Mar, David EH Theobald, Jeffrey W. Dalley, & Trevor W. Robbins.). FULLTEXT
Neuroimages as Evidence in a Mens Rea Defense: No Impact, 17 Psychol. Pub. Pol'y & L. 357 (2011) (with N. J. Schweitzer, Michael J. Saks, Adina L. Roskies, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong & Lyn M. Gaudet). SSRN
Misuse Made Plain: Evaluating Concerns About Neuroscience in National Security, 1 AJOB Neuroscience 15 (April-June 2010) (with Kelly Lowenberg, Brenda M. Simon, Amy Burns, Libby Greismann, Jennifer M. Halbleib, Govind Persad, David L.M. Preston, & Harker Rhodes). FULLTEXT
Through a Scanner Darkly: Functional Neuroimaging as Evidence of a Criminal Defendant's Past Mental States, 62 Stan. L. Rev. 1119 (2010) (with Teneille Brown). FULLTEXT SSRN
Behavioural Characterisation of High Impulsivity on the 5-choice Serial Reaction Time Task: Specific Deficits in 'waiting' Versus 'stopping', 196 Behav. Brain Res. 310 (2009) (with E.S.J. Robinson, D.M. Eagle, D. Economidou, D.E.H. Theobald, A.C. Mar, T.W. Robbins & J.W. Dalley). URL
When Scientific Data Become Legal Evidence, 324 Sci. 335 (2009) (with Harvey S. Frey, Teneille Brown, Emily R. Murphy, Mark Gerstein, & Dov Greenbaum).
Brain Images as Legal Evidence, 5 Episteme 359 (2008) (with Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Adina Roskies, & Teneille Brown). FULLTEXT
Contrasting Effects of Selective Lesions of Nucleus Accumbens Core or Shell on Inhibitory Control and Amphetamine-induced Impulsive Behaviour, 28 Eur. J. Neuroscience 353 (2008) (with E.S.J. Robinson, D.E.H. Theobald, A.C. Mar, T.W. Robbins & J.W. Dalley). FULLTEXT
Neuroethics of Neuromarketing, 7 J. Consumer Beh. 293 (2008) (with Judy Illes & Peter B. Reiner). FULLTEXT
Neuroimaging and Disorders of Consciousness: Envisioning an Ethical Research Agenda, 8 Amer. J. Bioethics 3 (2008) (with Joseph J. Fins, Judy Illes, James L. Bernat, Joy Hirsch, and Steven Laureys). FULLTEXT
Nucleus Accumbens D2/3 Receptors Predict Trait Impulsivity and Cocaine Reinforcement., 315 Sci. 1267 (2007) (with J. W. Dalley, T.D. Fryer, L. Brichard, E. S. J. Robinson, D. E. H. Theobald, K. Lääne, Y. Peña, Y. Shah, K. Probst, I. Abakumova, F. I. Aigbirhio, H. K. Richards, Y. Hong, J-C Baron, B. J. Everitt & T.W. Robbins). URL
What Will Be the Limits of Neuroscience-based Mindreading in the Law?, in Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics 635 (Judy Illes & Barbara J. Sahakian eds., Oxford University Press. 2011) (with H. T. Greely). URL
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Saltcake's clients are among the top in the industry, internationally or domestically, they trust us and have been working with us for a long time. So, what are you waiting for?
Our clients are everywhere. Some are regional, some are global, but all are well known and reaching their customers with engaging conversations.
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Windsor® Radius™ Manual Sweeper - 28"
Fast and efficient, push sweepers are an easy way to clean paths, halls, sidewalks and warehouses quickly and conveniently.
Main roller brush is driven by both wheels so that it sweeps equally well in either left or right turns.
A very rugged metal pinion drive for long life.
Height of roller brush can be easily adjusted in 5 stages by a knob on the handle.
Ergonomic, easily adjustable handle for operator comfort.
Side brush arm is swivel mounted and can be disengaged. Adjusts by turning knob.
The main brush sweeps the dirt forward into the container. The advantages are reduced physical effort, easy to handle, less dust is generated, greater use of main broom.
Warranty: Windsor 10/3/3 protection plan. See full warranty for details.


.red DR1/060-032-025 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 60 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 µm, Natural - Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b.
.red DR1/060-053-300 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 60 m x 0.53 mm x 3 µm, Natural - Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Composition 100 percent methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm.
.red DR1/060-053-025 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 60 m x 0.53 mm x 0.25 µm, Natural - Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm.
.red DR1/050-032-150 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.32 mm x 1.5 µm, Natural - Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime.
.red DR1/060-053-100 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 60 m x 0.53 mm x 1 µm, Natural - Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents.
.red DR1/050-025-015 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.25 mm x 0.15 µm, Natural - Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents.
.red DR1/030-053-015 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 30 m x 0.53 mm x 0.15 µm, Natural - Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents.
.red DR1/060-032-500 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 60 m x 0.32 mm x 5 µm, Natural - Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents.
.red DR1/050-032-045 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.32 mm x 0.45 µm, Natural - Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime.
.red DR1/050-032-025 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.32 mm x 0.25 µm, Natural - Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime.
.red DR1/060-032-300 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 60 m x 0.32 mm x 3 µm, Natural - Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Composition 100 percent methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm.
.red DR1/060-025-150 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 60 m x 0.25 mm x 1.5 µm, Natural - Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b.
.red DR1/030-053-500 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 30 m x 0.53 mm x 5 µm, Natural - Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents.
.red DR1/060-053-500 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 60 m x 0.53 mm x 5 µm, Natural - Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b.
.red DR1/050-053-100 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.53 mm x 1 µm, Natural - Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Composition 100 percent methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime.
.red DR1/050-053-300 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.53 mm x 3 µm, Natural - Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm.
.red DR1/050-053-500 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.53 mm x 5 µm, Natural - Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Composition 100 percent methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm.
.red DR1/050-025-150 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.25 mm x 1.5 µm, Natural - Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Composition 100 percent methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm.
.red DR1/050-053-045 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.53 mm x 0.45 µm, Natural - Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b.
.red DR1/030-053-150 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 30 m x 0.53 mm x 1.5 µm, Natural - Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime.
.red DR1/050-025-045 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.25 mm x 0.45 µm, Natural - Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Composition 100% methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime.
.red DR1/050-032-100 Gas Chromatography Column, DR-1, 50 m x 0.32 mm x 1 µm, Natural - Applications include ketones, drugs of abuse, basic drugs, cannabinoids, phthalates esters (epa method 606), phenols, hydrocarbons, pesticides, butter triglycerides, solvents. Equivalent to 007-1, at-1, bp-1, cp sil 5 cb, db-1, ov-1, hp-1, rtx-1, spb-1, zb-1. Composition 100 percent methyl polysiloxane with a polarity index (0-100) of 5 non-polar available in most dimensions from 005mm through to 053mm id including 015, 018 02, 025 and 032mm. Usp classification g1, g2, g9, g38 epa methods / normative epa 5041, 505, 551, 606, 612, 8141a/b. Cross linked phase improving baseline stability, lowering bleed levels and lengthening lifetime.


text:
El castillo Visconteo de Pavía () fue construido entre 1360-1366 por orden de Galeazzo II Visconti —entonces señor de Milán (r. 1349-1378) junto con sus hermanos Mateo II y Bernabé—, quien trasladó allí su corte después de la conquista de Pavía por los milaneses. Luego el edificio fue la sede de la corte tanto de Gian Galeazzo (r. 1378-1402), primer duque de Milán desde 1395, como, hasta 1413, de su hijo Filippo Maria (r. 1412-1447). Los Visconti también quisieron disponer de un grandioso parque de caza (parque Visconti), que originalmente se extendía una decena de kilómetros, hasta donde hoy está la Cartuja de Pavía; parte de ese territorio de caza se conserva como parque de la Vernavola, pero ya no está conectado con el castillo.

Como muchos otros castillos de los Visconti, el de Pavía tiene un diseño cuadrado (150 metros por lado) con torres de esquina cuadradas y subdivisión de los edificios en tramos cuadrados. La parte norte del castillo fue destruida por la artillería francesa durante el asedio de 1527, y en su lugar ahora se encuentra una sección de la muralla construida por los españoles a mediados del siglo XVI.
Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el castillo también alberga los Museos Cívicos de Pavía. Los espacios expositivos se dividen según el período histórico vinculado a las exposiciones expuestas. Los museos alojados en el castillo son el «museo arqueológico y sala lombarda», el «museo románico y renacentista», la «Pinacoteca Malaspina», el «museo del '600 del' 700», la «pinacoteca del '800» , el «museo del Risorgimento» y el «museo de arte moderno y escayolas».

Historia

La construcción de una «ciudadela» fortificada al oeste de la ciudad, en el área adyacente al monasterio de S. Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, permitió desarrollar los aspectos residenciales más que los militares: de hecho, más que una fortaleza, el castillo de Pavía fue sobre todo la espléndida sede de una corte refinada, como todavía se puede adivinar por las grandes biforas exteriores, por el airoso pórtico del patio y los frescos de las estancias interiores, elementos que reflejan el gusto por el gótico internacional. En la segunda mitad del siglo XIV y en el XV el señorío/ducado fue un importante centro de producción artística. De particular belleza es la decoración con impresas Visconti sobre el cielo estrellado de la sala azzurra, las figuras del Cristo muerto y de los Santos en la capilla original de la planta baja, los motivos de los tapices y las imágenes femeninas sobre un fondo de rosas.

Galeazzo II conquistó Pavía en 1359 después de un largo asedio, tan pronto como tomó la ciudad, el señor decidió, quizás por desacuerdos con su hermano Bernabò, trasladar su corte desde Milán a Pavía, la antigua capital del reino lombardo (568-774) primero y luego del reino itálico (962-1801) hasta 1024, vinculando simbólicamente su poder al de las antiguas monarquías. En 1360, después de haber demolido las casas e iglesias que se encontraban en la zona escogida para el castillo, comenzaron las obras de construcción. Los trabajos, quizás coordinados por Bernardo da Venezia, que en Pavía también diseñó la iglesia del Carmine, procedieron rápidamente, también porque Galeazzo II ordenó a sus súbditos que enviaran artesanos y trabajadores; a modo de ejemplo, la comunidad de Novara tuvo que enviar albañiles, mientras que los piacentinos se vieron obligados a cavar el foso. En tan solo cinco años se completó el edificio, tanto que en 1366 el señor escribió a los Gonzaga pidiéndoles que le enviaran pintores para pintar al fresco el castillo. El complejo, aunque manteniendo las formas del castillo, era en realidad un palacio suntuoso, rico en sol, como los del lado norte (lamentablemente destruido por los franceses en 1527) pintados al fresco por Pisanello con animales fatti d'oro, mientras que otras estancias, además de albergar al señor y su corte, estaban destinadas a la capilla, la biblioteca y la armería, tanto que en el siglo XV, Pier Candido Decembrio, humanista y secretario de Filippo Maria Visconti, describió el castillo de Pavía: «una residencia que no tiene igual en Italia».

Al norte del castillo se encontraba el gran parque Visconti, iniciado por Galeazzo II y terminado por su hijo Gian Galeazzo, un vasto espacio, rodeado de murallas y torres, que no sólo incorporaba la antigua calzada romana que unía Pavía con Milán, si no también un tramo de la Vernavola que era destinado a las cacerías del señor. En el interior del parque, que con Gian Galeazzo alcanzó la extensión de 22 km², se encontraba el castillo de Mirabello, sede del capitán del parque, bosques (principalmente robles, olmos y castaños) zonas agrícolas y estaba poblada por una riquísima fauna, que aún en época de los Sforza contaba con más de 5000 ejemplares entre corzos, gamos y ciervos, algunos osos y especies exóticas, como avestruces. Para completar el complejo, en 1396, Gian Galeazzo fundó, en el extremo septentrional del parque, la Certosa, que en las intenciones del primer duque de Milán se convertiría en el panteón de la dinastía y donde él mismo sería enterrado. (En el siglo XVI, con la caída de la dinastía de los Sforza y la llegada de los franceses primero y de los españoles después, el parque, en cuyo interior se libró la famosa batalla de Pavía de 1525, fue abandonado y poco a pococayó en el abandono, tanto ahora que solo se conserva una pequeña parte del bosque original en el actual parque de la Vernavola.)

El castillo también estaba conectado con la ciudad de Milán por un canal navegable, el actual Navigliaccio, excavado por Galeazzo II a partir de 1359. El castillo fue la sede de la corte de Galeazzo II, de Gian Galeazzo y, hasta 1413, de Filippo Maria, más tarde la corte ducal volvió a Milán, pero muy a menudo los señores de Milán volvían a Pavía para cazar, para recibir a embajadores e invitados de rango. En el castillo permanecían la  biblioteca ducal (donde se guardaba el Astrario de Giovanni Dondi), el archivo, la colección de reliquias (trasladada a la catedral de Pavía en 1499) y la armería. En 1469 el duque Galeazzo Maria, coincidiendo con su matrimonio con Bona de Saboya, promovió importantes intervenciones en el aparato decorativo del castillo, encargando a Bonifacio Bembo tanto la renovación de las pinturas de algunas estancias, como la realización de nuevos frescos con un gusto cortés.
El 17 de enero de 1491, en la capilla ducal del castillo, Ludovico il Moro se casó con Beatriz de Este, hija de Hércules I de Este, duque de Ferrara. En el mismo año, Ludovico el Moro hizo trasladar al castillo pavés a Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza y a su esposa Isabel de Aragón, que vivieron en él hasta 1495, año de la supuesta muerte de Gian Galeazzo Maria, y donde crearon una brillante corte. En el suroeste del castillo se encontraba la gran biblioteca privada de los duques de Milán, que, en 1499, reunía más de 900 códices miniados. Después de la caída de Ludovico el Moro, en 1500 la biblioteca fue trasladada a Francia por Luis XII; en la Bibliothèque nationale de France aún se conservan unos 400 de esos volúmenes, mientras que otros acabaron en bibliotecas italianas, europeas y estadounidenses.

El castillo fue escenario de la célebre batalla de Pavía que se libró en el parque en 1525, mutilado en el lado norte por la artillería francesa en 1527 durante el sacco de la ciudad, el castillo siguió siendo residencia de los castellanos y el general español Antonio de Leyva fijó su residencia en la parte oriental del edificio, donde hizo su testamento en 1535. El emperador Carlos V y su hijo Felipe II de España se alojaron ocasionalmente en el castillo en 1548 y 1551. Sin embargo, posteriormente, el castillo se utilizó como cuartel y permaneció así hasta la década de 1920. Los largos siglos en los que el castillo acogió a los militares resultaron especialmente perjudiciales para el edificio, que sufrió muchas alteraciones (la mayoría de las arcadas y logias fueron cegadas), pero, sobre todo, desaparecieron la mayoría de los ciclos pictóricos que decoraban tanto las arcadas como las habitaciones interiores.

Entre los siglos XVI y XVII se creó en el interior del castillo una fundición para fabricar cañones; una de esas piezas de fuego se conserva en Lisboa y data de 1572. Durante la revuelta de Pavía de 1796, la pequeña guarnición francesa de la ciudad se encerró en el interior del castillo, que fue asediado y tomado por los alborotadores. En la época napoleónica se reabrió y amplió la fundición y el castillo pasó a ser el arsenal de artillería del Reino Itálico, función que mantuvo hasta 1814, cuando se cerró definitivamente la fundición.

El castillo de Pavía fue adquirido por el Municipio, restaurado en los años 1920-1930 y, a partir de la segunda posguerra, se convirtió en sede de los Musei Civici y de la cívica Pinacoteca Malaspina.

En el interior del castillo se organizan diversas exposiciones y, durante el verano, también conciertos dentro del patio.

Descripción

Las fachadas y el patio interior

Como muchos otros castillos de los Visconti, el de Pavía tiene planta cuadrada (de 150 metros de lado) con torres también cuadradas en las esquinas y subdivisión de los cuerpos de fábrica en tramos cuadrados. Desgraciadamente, como ya se mencionó, la parte septentrional del castillo fue destruida por la artillería francesa durante el sitio de 1527, y en su lugar ahora se encuentra un tramo de la muralla baluarte levantada por los españoles a mediados del siglo XVI. El castillo estaba defendido por un profundo foso inundado, y se conservan tres de las entradas originales, antes equipadas con revellines provistos con puentes levadizos.en particular, el que da a la ciudad presenta en la pequeña puerta una lápida que representa la Anunciación.
Externamente el edificio se caracteriza por una gran uniformidad, influido en su diseño por la arquitectura militar. Las tres fachadas que se conservan se caracterizan por un profundo basamento con escarpes, sobre el que se levanta una compacta cortina muraria de ladrillo, coronada por almenas sostenidas por canecillos de granito. Las fachadas son refinadas, como en una residencia, u cuentan con elegantes biforas  apuntados decoradas con arquivoltas radiales.

Internamente, el castillo tiene un gran pórtico con arcos apuntados, que se abre al patio cuadrado, sostenido por poderosas columnas en piedra de  Angera y de Ornavasso  en la planta baja con capiteles a gancio obra de maestros de Campione. En el pórtico hay vestigios de la primera decoración de compás y cielo estrellado en las bóvedas, ordenada por Galeazzo II para todo el castillo en 1366 y con la convocatoria, a través de la corte de Gonzaga, de todos los pintores disponibles en Mantua. La pintura geométrica, sin embargo, tuvo que dejar espacio también para las escenas figurativas en las paredes. Los restos de frescos que representan la  Veduta di Pavia (ala sur, tercer hueco) y Cavalieri (ala oeste, sexto y octavo vanos) probablemente pertenecieron a un ciclo narrativo dedicado a las hazañas bélicas de Galeazzo II  que data de la década de 1470 y que recientemente ha sido atribuida a  Giusto de' Menabuoi. Algunas puertas que dan al pórtico aún conservan la inscripción en caracteres góticos que identificaba la entrada a las salas destinadas a oficinas, incluida la destinada a la contabilidad de la duquesa Catalina. Las arcadas servían también como refugio de armas, como la gran bombarda denominada "Galeazesca" mencionada en 1476.
En el primer piso hay una logieta formada, en el lado meridional, por grandes cuadríforas con arcos trilobulados y rosetones calados con diseños de estrellas o geométricos, mientras que en el lado oriental las cuadríforas fueron reemplazadas por Gian Galeazzo con monoforas polilobulares y en la occidental con biforas en la primera mitad del siglo XV. La logia permitía el uso del entorno incluso durante la mala temporada.

Las salas interiores

Muchas salas conservan rastros de decoraciones al fresco "a compassi", a menudo enriquecidas con escudos de armas y empresas viscontinas, resultado de las campañas decorativas promovidas tanto por Galeazzo II como por Gian Galeazzo y, a partir de 1469, por las intervenciones apoyadas por Galeazzo Maria; pero estos no son los únicos frescos que se conservan en el castillo.
En la planta baja de la torre suroeste (Sala II del museo arqueológico) se encuentra la "sala azzurra", resultado de las intervenciones pictóricas de 1469, particularmente suntuosa por la preciosidad de las técnicas y materiales utilizados. La decoración está formada por recuadrados con marcos en relieve y dorados, que subdividen las paredes, siempre en relieve y recubiertos con láminas de oro son los motivos heráldicos (lirios de Francia y emblemas de los Sforza) y estrellas, sobre fondos alternativamente azules y verdes. En la planta baja, inmediatamente a la derecha de la entrada sur, se encuentra la capilla, de planta rectangular y bóvedas de crucería, sobre el portal de la capilla hay una sinopia que representa la Piedad, de Michelino da Besozzo, mientras que en el interior hay frescos, como la Geometria o Il Cristo benedicente, del boloñés Andrea de' Bartoli. También en la capilla, los dos santos Stefano e Leonardo, pintados dentro de los recuadrados, uno frente al otro, en los pilares del arco que divide la sala en dos tramos, fueron ejecutados en época posterior, pero en el último cuarto del Trecento, y son obra de un maestro lombardo.

También en la planta baja se encuentra la "sala delle colombine" [sala de las palomas, sala XII del museo arqueológico) donde sobre un fondo rojizo y sobre un zócalo de rayas en zigzag, se alterna la impresa viscontina de la paloma con el lema "à bon droit", adoptada pora Gian Galeazzo y el de la montaña con las tres piñas y el lema "mit Zeit", también estos frescos, como los de la "sala azzurra", datan de las intervenciones de 1469.

En el primer piso —el piso principal, donde se encuentra los apartamentos ducales, la biblioteca (en la torre del ángulo suroeste) y la cancillería (torre sureste), de la que aún se conserva la inscripción sobre la puerta—, en la primera sala de la Pinacoteca Malaspina, se encuentra la sala delle damigelle [sala de las damas de honor] donde, en el séquino de la ventana del tercer vano, se conservan dos frescos que representan a damas de tamaño natural frente a un seto de rosas que se remontan a las intervenciones pictóricas promovidas por Gian Galeazzo en 1393 y que recientemente han sido atribuidas a Gentile da Fabriano, que en esos años trabajaba en Pavía. La misma sala también conserva restos de la decoración precedente (que data de la época de Galeazzo II) a compassi y (en el sotoarco de la ventana) del emblema con los signos, en caracteres góticos «G Z» del señor (Galeazzo II Visconti). Completamente diferente es la decoración del primer y segundo vano de la Pinacoteca Malaspina, que en las últimas décadas del siglo XVI sirvieron como vivienda del castellano Rodrigo de Toledo. Las dos estancias, originalmente separadas por un tabique, conservan frescos de estilo manierista datados de la década de 1580 y representan Le fatiche di Ercole (Los trabajos de Hércules ) y la Allegoria dei quattro elementi della natura (Alegoría de los cuatro elementos de la naturaleza), mientras que en el centro de una de las bóvedas destaca el escudo de armas de Rodrigo de Toledo. También en la primera planta, en el muro de cierre construido tras la destrucción del lado septentrional del castillo en 1527 que cierra el lado occidental de la logia, están pintados los escudos de Felipe II de España, con la orden del Toisón de Oro y de Fernando Gonsalvo de Córdoba, gobernador de Milán de 1558 a 1560. La decoración pudo haber sido realizada con motivo de la segunda estancia de Felipe II de España en Pavía en 1551.

Los museos cívicos

Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el castillo también alberga los Museos Cívicos de Pavía (Musei civici di Pavia). Estos espacios expositivos se dividen según el período histórico vinculado a las piezas expuestas. Los museos que alberga el castillo son el "museo archeologico e sala longobarda" [museo arqueológico y sala lombarda], el "museo romanico e rinascimentale" [museo románico y renacentista], la Pinacoteca Malaspina, el "museo del '600 del '700" [museo del 1600 y del 1700], la "quadreria dell''800" [Cuadreria del 1800], el "museo del Risorgimento" [museo del Risorgimento] y el "museo di arte moderna e gipsoteca" [museo de arte moderno y yesoteca].

El museo del Risorgimento
En particular, el Museo Pavese del Risorgimento fue fundado en 1885 gracias sobre todo a donaciones de particulares. Las exposiciones de este museo comprenden objetos de diversa índole, documentos, libros y fotografías. La datación de las cosas memorables comienza desde el reino Lombardo-Véneto hasta la Primera Guerra Mundial con especial atención a los hallazgos relacionados con el territorio. También hay una sección dedicada a Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Véase también
 Galeazzo II Visconti
 Gótico en Pavía

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Carlo Cairati, Pavia viscontea. La capitale regia nel rinnovamento della cultura figurativa lombarda. Vol. 1: castello tra Galeazzo II e Gian Galeazzo (1359-1402), Milano, Scalpendi Editore, 2021.
 Daniela Vicini, Dentro il castello, en Itinerari del castello visconteo, Pavía, 2006.
 Maria Teresa Mazzilli Savini, L'architettura gotica pavese, en Banca Regionale Europea (a cura di), Storia di Pavia. L'arte dall'XI al XVI secolo, III (tomo III), Milano, Industrie Grafiche P. M., 1996.
 Maria Grazia Albertini Ottolenghi, La decorazione del Castello di Pavia dal 1366 alla fine del Quattrocento, in Banca Regionale Europea (a cura di), Storia di Pavia. L'arte dall'XI al XVI secolo, III (tomo III), Milano, Industrie Grafiche P. M., 1996.

Enlaces externos

Pavía
Castillos construidos en el siglo XIV
Pavia
Edificios y estructuras de Pavía
Museos de Pavía
Monumentos nacionales de Italia
Arquitectura de 1366


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Tedeschi Trucks Band Tickets
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If you love great jam rock and you live in the Washington, DC area, then you won't want to miss out on the Tedeschi Trucks Band's performance at the Warner Theatre on February 14th, 15th, 21st & 22nd, 2020! Led by husband and wife duo Derek Trucks and Susan Tedeschi, the group can trace its roots to the seminal '70s jam band the Allman Brothers Band, and they've inherited that legendary group's virtuosity and stage presence, too — and because great tickets are still available for the Tedeschi Trucks Band Washington concert, you can experience that for yourself.
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I collect some miscellaneous links here. When I get enough links for a single topic, I can split them to new topic-specific page under Links tag.
Some products I find interesting. I havn't used these myself (yet), so I can't tell if these are actually useful, or even work.


We love working with shows that encourage communication, information and empowerment, especially when it comes to health and education about women's health and infertility. We will continue to collaborate with organizations that are committed to getting valuable health and medical information to the public, and welcome any questions you may have about health, fertility and family building.
Please check www.thedoctorstv.com for your local listings, set your DVRs, and enjoy!


The public may be unaware of the falling price of solar panels, as cost is cited as the main reason not to install them.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are well-established amongst environmental circles as one of a number of technologies that can help to mitigate climate change and improve the sustainability of energy provision. But with changes to government policy, that have removed much of the financial investment in solar technology, the industry needs to find new ways to increase uptake.
With this in mind, YES Energy Solutions has undertaken research to better understand the main consumer barriers, asking a range of homeowners why they haven't invested in solar PV.
The survey found that 55% of respondents were put off by cost.
But could this suggest that people are unaware of how solar panels have significantly decreased in price over the past few years?
Why don't you use solar panels at home?
Cost came out as the main factor, despite the fact that solar panels are actually rapidly decreasing in price. The average cost of a domestic solar PV system has fallen by around 70%, and 80% since 2011. In 2010 the average price for a 1kw to 4kW array was around £15,000. In 2017 the same system costs just £6,000.
The results of our survey may suggest that the cost of solar panels are overestimated by the average householder, raising the question of whether the news of the reduced cost has actually reached homeowners.
Historically, one of the major motivations for investing in solar PV has been the Government's Feed-in-Tariff (FiTs) programme. Through the scheme, electricity providers pay homeowners per kWh of electricity that is generated by their solar panels.
But the scheme has been scaled back in recent years which has had a damaging effect on the solar industry. Where homeowners were once offered £0.41p per kWh, the latest tariff now provides around £0.4p.
However, the ever decreasing installation price means that homeowners can still get a good return-on their investment. That coupled with the amount of money residents could save on their energy bills shows that there is still a market for solar PV.
The other findings from our survey suggest an educational and reputational gap that needs to be closed.
The availability of solar panels is not necessarily dependent on the area in which you live, and homeowners can easily purchase solar panels independently as long as their home is suitable.
This could suggest that solar products have a reputation for being part of public schemes rather than products that are freely available across the country. Or that since the Feed-in-Tariff was scaled back a number of solar firms have since ceased trading.
Combatting the perceived unattractiveness of solar panels is essentially down to marketing and familiarity: as solar panels on homes become more familiar, their aesthetic appeal is likely to change. What's more, solar companies can undertake marketing exercises to improve public perceptions.
Though the actual functioning of solar PV panels was not a main issue for most respondents, the age of those who chose this option is of interest. Over 45% of those who picked "functionality" were 45 to 64 years old. Most homeowners fall within this age category, possibly indicating that more work needs to be done to showcase the benefits of solar PV systems and their capacity to this generation.
Considerable benefits are on offer. The average 4kW solar PV system could save approximately 1.5 tonnes of CO2 emissions per year. Alongside this, the actual value of a home can rise. A study undertaken by mortgage provider ING Direct indicated that solar panels are the most desired extra feature on a home for four in ten people. A report previously released by Government stated that energy saving measures such as solar panels could increase house prices by up to 14%.
Understanding these benefits, alongside the financial incentive of the Feed-in-Tariff will ensure that solar energy becomes a leading alternative fuel source favoured by thousands of UK homeowners. The industry now needs to highlight these benefits in a creative and compelling way to convince the most sceptical consumers.


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text:
A Single P450 Allele Associated with Insecticide Resistance in Drosophila
P. J. Daborn1,
J. L. Yen1,
M. R. Bogwitz2,
G. Le Goff1,
E. Feil1,
S. Jeffers3,
N. Tijet4,
T. Perry2,
D. Heckel2,
P. Batterham2,
R. Feyereisen5,
T. G. Wilson3,
R. H. ffrench-Constant1,*
1 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
2 Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR), Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
3 Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
4 Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
5 INRA Centre de Recherches d'Antibes, 1382 Route de Biot, 06560, Valbonne, France.
P. J. Daborn
J. L. Yen
M. R. Bogwitz
G. Le Goff
E. Feil
S. Jeffers
N. Tijet
T. Perry
D. Heckel
P. Batterham
R. Feyereisen
T. G. Wilson
R. H. ffrench-Constant
Insecticide resistance is one of the most widespread genetic changes caused by human activity, but we still understand little about the origins and spread of resistant alleles in global populations of insects. Here, via microarray analysis of all P450s in Drosophila melanogaster, we show that DDT-R, a gene conferring resistance to DDT, is associated with overtranscription of a single cytochrome P450 gene, Cyp6g1. Transgenic analysis ofCyp6g1 shows that overtranscription of this gene alone is both necessary and sufficient for resistance. Resistance and up-regulation in Drosophila populations are associated with a single Cyp6g1 allele that has spread globally. This allele is characterized by the insertion of an Accord transposable element into the 5′ end of the Cyp6g1 gene.
Insecticide resistance represents an important example of natural selection. Resistance can be mediated either by changes in the sensitivity of insecticide targets in the nervous system or by metabolism of insecticides before they reach these targets (1). Insecticide resistance associated with target site insensitivity is well documented within thepara-encoded voltage-gated sodium channel, theRdl-encoded ligand-gated chloride channel, and theAce-encoded acetylcholinesterase (1). However, the up-regulation of metabolic enzymes associated with resistance, such as the cytochrome P450s and glutathione S-transferases, remains less well understood (2–7). We are using Drosophila melanogaster as a model insect in which to dissect the genetic basis of metabolic insecticide resistance (8, 9), particularly at the DDT-Rlocus. This locus not only represents insect resistance to DDT (10), a compound largely withdrawn but still used in the control of disease vectors (11), but also confers cross-resistance to a wide range of other existing and novel insecticides (12–15). DDT-R is a dominant gene that maps to the right arm of chromosome II at 64.5 cM (16, 17). Recently, we have shown thatDDT-R is associated with overtranscription of the P450 geneCyp6g1 in three D. melanogaster strains (18). In this study, we were interested in answering three questions. First, is Cyp6g1 overtranscribed in all P450-mediated DDT-resistant D. melanogaster strains? Second, if so, is resistance globally associated with a single resistance allele? Third, is overtranscription of Cyp6g1 alone both necessary and sufficient for resistance?
The genes for the cytochrome P450s are a large family involved in a wide variety of metabolic functions. In insects, these enzymes play roles in key processes ranging from host plant utilization to xenobiotic resistance (3). Within the complete genome sequence of D. melanogaster, some 90 individual P450 genes have been identified (19). To determine the breadth of the correlation between Cyp6g1 overtranscription and DDT resistance in D. melanogaster, we challenged a microarray carrying polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from all identified P450 open reading frames in the genome. Array analysis of Hikone-R (20), a resistant strain established from field collections in the early 1960s (16, 21), shows that onlyCyp6g1 is overtranscribed relative to Canton-S, a susceptible reference strain (Fig. 1A). Similar array analysis of a second DDT-resistant strain, WC2, which was recently collected in the field (U.S.A.), revealed the same result, with only Cyp6g1 being overtranscribed relative to P450 gene expression in the susceptible standard (Fig. 1B). To measure the level of overtranscription associated with resistance, we performed quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR on mRNA from a range of resistant and susceptible strains (22), relative to the standard RP49 (23). This analysis confirms the relative overtranscription of Cyp6g1 in a range of strains and shows 10 to 100 times as much mRNA in resistant strains as in a range of susceptible strains (Fig. 1C). To examine a range of insecticides to which DDT-R confers cross-resistance, we mapped resistance to a chlorinated hydrocarbon (DDT), two neonicotinoid nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists (imidacloprid and nitenpyram), and a novel insect growth regulator (lufenuron). We measured recombination rates against visible genetic markers,P-element insertions of known location, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Resistance to all three different insecticides maps within the same genetic region encompassing the Cyp6g1 locus (Fig. 2A), which suggests that a single P450 may be capable of metabolizing a wide range of insecticide structures.
A single P450 gene, Cyp6g1, is overtranscribed in insecticide-resistant Drosophila. (A and B) Microarray analysis of D. melanogaster cytochrome P450 genes in two different DDT-resistant strains, Hikone-R (A) and WC2 (B). The relative hybridization ratio of resistant (Hikone-R or WC2) versus susceptible (Canton-S) mRNA to an array containing PCR-derived products of P450 gene open reading frames is shown against absolute intensity (relative transcript abundance) for each gene. Note that Cyp6g1 is overtranscribed in both resistant strains. (C) Measurement of Cyp6g1transcription, relative to the standard RP49.
Resistance to DDT and several novel insecticides maps to the region encompassing the Cyp6g1locus. (A) Recombinational mapping against both visible mutants (cn, cinnabar eyes, and vg,vestigial wings), P-element insertions of known genomic location, and RFLPs show that resistance to DDT and the novel insecticides imidacloprid (IMI), nitenpyram (NIT), and lufenuron (LUF) maps to a region encompassing Cyp6g1. Map estimates for each compound are given (solid bars represent confidence intervals) alongside the predicted cytological regions encompassed (in parentheses). (B) Map of the genomic structure of theCyp6g1 locus showing the intron-exon organization of the gene and the location of the Accord element insertion in the resistant (Hikone-R) allele (GenBank AY131284). Note the location of the PCR primers used in the diagnostic for the presence of theAccord element (22).
To examine the population genetics of DDT-R in global populations of D. melanogaster, we completely sequenced two different resistant alleles, Hikone-R and WC2. These alleles have an identical nucleotide sequence, and both carry an insertion in the 5′ end of Cyp6g1 that shows homology to the terminal direct repeat of an Accord transposable element (Fig. 2B). To further examine the similarity of DDT-R resistance alleles, we screened with DDT field-collected strains available fromDrosophila stock centers. We did not find DDT resistance in strains established in the laboratory in the 1930s (Oregon-R-C, Swedish-C, and Canton-S) and collected before DDT usage, but did find resistance in 28 of 75 strains established from different locations across the globe in the 1960s and later (table S1). Although this high frequency (37%) of resistant strains does not strictly represent the past or current frequency of resistance in global populations, as resistance alleles may have been lost by chance in subculturing, it does support two hypotheses. First, resistance to DDT was widespread, as expected, and second, resistance can persist in laboratory strains in the absence of pesticide selection, which suggests that little or no fitness cost is associated with this mechanism. To examine the apparent correlation between the presence of the transposon and resistance, we surveyed resistant and susceptible strains for the presence or absence of the Accord element. We also sequenced the first intron of the Cyp6g1 gene in the same resistant and susceptible strains to determine the relatedness of the DDT-R alleles. A diagnostic, using PCR to detect the presence of the transposon and based on the length of the product generated, showed the insertion to be present in all 20 resistant alleles examined (Fig. 3A). The similarity of all the resistant alleles is also supported by a phylogeny of DNA sequences (fig. S1) derived from the first intron of the Cyp6g1 gene. This shows that the susceptible alleles belong to several different clades of diverse geographic origin. In contrast, the resistant alleles all belong to a single well-supported clade (Fig. 3B), also containing a single susceptible genotype. This genotype, which does not carry theAccord transposable element, is therefore the putative susceptible progenitor into which the transposable element inserted, thus forming the resistant allele. This allele has spread globally, under the combined influences of insecticide selection and migration (24). The observation that the nucleotide sequence around the first intron in Cyp6g1 (291 bp away from the site of the insertion) is identical in all the resistant alleles supports the concept of this global spread and suggests strong linkage disequilibrium or "hitchhiking" of nucleotide variation with the spread of DDT resistance.
All resistant Cyp6g1 alleles carry the Accord insertion and show identical nucleotide sequence within the first intron, supporting a single global origin ofDDT-R. (A) Survey of a range of susceptible (S1-20) and resistant (R1-20) fly strains (see table S1 for strain origins) with a PCR-based diagnostic to detect the presence or absence of the Accord element in the 5′ end of the Cyp6g1 gene. Note the perfect correlation between the presence of the element (larger, Accord associated 243-bp PCR product) and resistance. The relative positions of PCR primers used in the diagnostic are described in Fig. 2B. (B) Phylogeny of a global collection of susceptible (S1-20) and resistant (R1-20) DDT-R alleles. Note that the susceptible alleles form seven groups or "clades" and that the eighth clade contains all the resistant alleles and a single susceptible allele found in two different susceptible strains.
Finally, to verify that overtranscription of Cyp6g1alone is responsible for DDT resistance, we produced resistance in transgenic flies carrying an inserted copy of Cyp6g1 driven by the GAL4/UAS system (25). After germline transformation mediated by P-element transposition of constructs containing UAS-Cyp6g1, we were able to overtranscribe the inserted copy of the gene using heat shock–based GAL4 drivers. We again quantified the level of overtranscription from the Cyp6g1 transgene via quantitative RT-PCR relative toRP49 transcription (Fig. 4A). These results show that transgenic overtranscription leads to an overabundance of Cyp6g1 transcript of about 100 times that in susceptible nontransgenic fly strains. Heat-shocked flies were also resistant to a discriminating dose of 10 μg of DDT per vial, whereas controls lacking the GAL4 drivers, and thus lacking overtranscription of the inserted copy of the gene, were susceptible (Fig. 4B). These transgenic experiments demonstrate that overtranscription ofCyp6g1 alone is both necessary and sufficient for P450-mediated DDT resistance.
Heat shock–mediated overtranscription ofCyp6g1 is both necessary and sufficient for DDT resistance. (A) An inserted transgenic copy of Cyp6g1, under the control of GAL4/UAS with a heat-shock driver, can be overtranscribed after heat shock. Ten 20-min heat shock (37°C) treatments (with a 20-min 25°C recovery period between heat shocks) of two different transgenic fly lines (GAL4/UAS-Cyp6g1X andGAL4/UAS-Cyp6g12 , on the X and 2nd chromosome, respectively) up-regulated the Cyp6g1 transcript about 100 times in both strains. (B) Heat shock–induced overtranscription of Cyp6g1 allows the transgenic strains to survive a discriminating dose of 10 μg of DDT per vial. Adult flies were exposed to DDT applied to the inside of 20-ml glass scintillation vials as described previously (18).
Although several studies have implicated the overexpression or alteration of individual P450s in insecticide resistance (3,5, 7), our results raise several important new conclusions for the molecular basis and origins of metabolic resistance. First, given the number of P450 genes present inD. melanogaster (19) and the potential complexity of their interactions (3), it was not expected that a single allele of a single gene could be associated with such widespread insecticide resistance. Second, it was also not expected that resistance alleles mapping to the same region as DDT-Rshould show cross-resistance to such a wide range of compounds, including organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, neonicotinoid, and insect growth regulator insecticides. Such broad cross-resistance would make a pest insect difficult to control with available insecticides and, although we have not formally demonstrated that this cross-resistance is strictly correlated with Cyp6g1overtranscription, this is now our working hypothesis. In this respect, we note that the insect CYP6 P450 family is phylogenetically related to the mammalian CYP3 family of which CYP3A4, expressed in the human liver, is also noted for its broad substrate specificity (26). Third, the possibility that insecticide resistance might involve transposable elements has been raised previously (27). However, a previous putative association of a transposable element with a P450 gene thought to be associated with resistance (28) was subsequently disproved (29). In the current study, although linkage between resistance and the Accord element is complete, the causal relation between the element and overtranscription remains to be proven. Fourth, and finally, earlier work on amplified esterase genes in mosquitoes suggested that a single global spread of one specific amplicon accounted for insecticide resistance in global populations ofCulex pipiens mosquitoes (30). Further analysis of mosquito populations, however, showed that numerous different mutational events and their resulting amplicons make up the extant global population of resistance alleles in mosquitoes (24,31). Our description of an identical resistant allele in 20 DDT-resistant strains of D. melanogaster of diverse geographic origin represents the global spread of a single insecticide-resistance allele.
Fig. S1
↵* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bssrfc{at}bath.ac.uk
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Supported by grants from the Royal Society (Merit Award) to R. H. ff-C., the National Science Foundation to T.W., and the National Institutes of Health to R.F. We thank L. Hurst and S. Reynolds for advice and I. Roberts, D. Gubb, and M. Pal for help with Drosophila transformation.
You are going to email the following A Single P450 Allele Associated with Insecticide Resistance in Drosophila
By P. J. Daborn, J. L. Yen, M. R. Bogwitz, G. Le Goff, E. Feil, S. Jeffers, N. Tijet, T. Perry, D. Heckel, P. Batterham, R. Feyereisen, T. G. Wilson, R. H. ffrench-Constant


"I should be askin ya the same Vyse-kun....there's no reason to set this place on fire....^__^"
sorry about that I got a little hot under the collar,please forgive me.
Karla contiuned too eat her cheesecake while watching them talk, the fork entering and exiting her mouth ever two second noises of happiness and pleasurement escaping her. "mmm...."
*smiles * enjoying the cake karla?
Karla nodds and smiles as she put another last fork full in her mouth. she eat it and wiped her mouth standing up and begining to walk to her room.
Karla smiled and waved to byakuran and walked up stairs past vyse and to her room.
Karla stepped into her room a shiver raced across her spine as the door slammed behind her the window was open and the room was pitch black she stepped foward reaching for the light switch.
She stopped reaching for the light and took her clothes off and climbed into the bed and lay there.