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He suggested that three of us move in with. One of them actually did. Of course there was a power imbalance. He had the only source of income. I think my youth attracted him to me, and our common ground of high intelligence and education. He simply took beautiful ladies looking seduction Miami Florida into account and enjoyed it.
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He was divorced with two children who were 12 and 8 at the time. I was wtc my first semester of college and was a bartender at an American Legion, which is a pretty divey bar where I live. The relationship lasted off and on for five years. He is not George Clooney.
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God told Eve that she mam basically a breeding machine who would suffer agony in childbirth and Adam that he could, in effect, sign up to Tinder and have decades of stress-free fun. And so, all around us, we see the results: Ronnie Wood, at Rupert Murdoch, at Mick Jagger, at Look at me!
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IMT World Congress 2018: retying the knot of history
Between 24-29 July, 370 Marxists from more than 25 countries gathered in the Italian Alps for the 2018 congress of the International Marxist Tendency (IMT). In years to come we believe this congress will be remembered as a turning point in the effort to build a worldwide organisation capable of leading the working class in the struggle to overthrow capitalism.
This was by far the biggest world event the IMT has ever organised. Despite the enormous difficulties in organising such an event, there can be no doubt that it was a tremendous success. Over the course of six days the congress discussed the turbulent world situation; the Marxist approach in the fight against oppression; as well as special sessions on events in Italy and Pakistan; and a full international organisational report. The political discussions revealed a superb political level existing across the whole IMT and a unity of will.
It is on this solid foundation of Marxist theory – combined with a professional attitude – that the inspiring growth of the IMT in the past few years has been achieved.
Since the last IMT world congress many sections have experienced fast growth. A special mention should be made of the Canadian, Swedish, French and Pakistan sections, which have doubled in size; and the US section, which has grown by 50 percent, with many new branches being established across the country. All sections have strengthened their structures, publications and ability to intervene effectively in the movement. Comrade Marco La Grotta from Fightback, the Canadian section of the IMT, explained that there is no "magic formula" for this growth. Rather, it is down to the untiring education and training of a layer of professional revolutionaries who in turn become builders of the IMT.
370 Marxists from more than 25 countries attended the 2018 congress of the IMT: our largest ever! The congress collection also raised an incredible sum of over €100,000 / Image: Socialist Appeal
Today the IMT is intervening in 41 countries around the world. In spite of all the growth experienced over the past years however, the organisation is still too small and too lacking in resources to take advantage of all of the incredible opportunities which are opening up.
Rather than simply lament this fact however, the congress showed the determination that exists across the IMT to overcome all obstacles and to be ready for the tasks posed by the deepest crisis capitalism has experienced since the 1930s. This was most eloquently expressed in the congress' record collection. At last year's world event, €70,000 were raised at an already outstanding collection. But this year the congress collection raised an incredible sum of over €100,000.
World perspectives
The congress began by analysing the world situation. The year 2008 will be seen for years to come as a turning point in world history. Since that crisis nothing has been the same. Each attempt by the capitalists to restore the economic equilibrium of the system through austerity and attacks on the living standards of the working class have undermined the social and political stability of the system. 10 years after the beginning of the crisis the capitalists don't seem to have found any means by which to stabilise the situation. For the working class meanwhile, there has been no recovery of living standards.
Alan Woods introduced world perspectives, explaining the aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis / Image: Socialist Appeal
Whilst the leadership of the trade unions and the threat of unemployment may depress industrial action in much of the world, there is nevertheless a subterranean rage developing everywhere, which is capable of exploding without warning anywhere. The consciousness of hundreds-of-millions of workers has been indelibly changed by the events since 2008.
The explosive, even insurrectionary movement that unfolded in Haiti in the weeks before the congress illustrates this point quite vividly. For years the people of this nation have been pillaged, raped and brutalised in every way by the imperialist powers through the UN, NGOs, charities and the like. The straw that broke the camel's back was the attempt by the government to slash fuel subsidies: a measure that would plunge millions into utter desperation.
The United States in crisis
In the United States the crisis has expressed itself in the election of Donald Trump. This has resulted in cracks opening up between the president, and important sections of the ruling class and the state. The Republican Party has been utterly devastated by Trump's victory. In truth the other main pillar of American capitalism – the Democratic Party – is in little better shape.
The crisis of the current period is utterly exposing the limits of US imperialism. Nowhere else is this more clearly visible than in the sharp contradictions in the Middle East, in which the American ruling class has entangled itself. Whilst Trump and one wing of the ruling class are trying to extricate themselves from the mess they have created in Syria with Russia's assistance, another wing is determined to prevent any rapprochement.
In the United States the crisis has expressed itself in the election of Donald Trump / Image: Flickr, Gage Skidmore
Furthermore, an extremely deep schism has opened up in the American ruling class between the proponents of free trade and a protectionist wing. Far from being 'mad' or a 'Russian agent', Donald Trump represents an old trend in American capitalism: he is an isolationist.
Clearly some in the American ruling class would like to see tariffs imposed on America's competitors: particularly aimed at high-tech goods from China. Others though can see all too clearly that once a tit-for-tat trade war is set in motion, it won't be so easy to stop it. It was just such a trend towards protectionism that heavily contributed to throwing the world economy into a depression in the 1930s. Such a scenario threatens to repeat itself now on an altogether more gigantic scale.
While Trump is not the cause of the growing protectionist tendencies on a world scale, he is certainly accelerating them. However, the underlying cause of this crisis is the suffocation of the productive forces by the two main barriers to progress under capitalism: private property and the narrow boundaries of the nation state.
In the current period however, it is clear that the centre of the world revolution has shifted to Europe. In Greece, eight years of crisis and austerity have caused the economy to shrink by 25 percent. And yet despite all the cuts, the debt-to-GDP to ratio in Greece has increased from 159 percent to 180 percent. In France we have seen mass strikes against Macron's counter-reforms. In Spain we have seen Rajoy overturned. Even in Germany, the old parties are in crisis.
With the rise of the Five Star Movement-Lega government, a new period of even greater instability has opened in Italy / Image: public domain
But by far the biggest headache for the capitalists of Europe is the situation in Italy, which threatens to explode wide open. With €2.3tn of debt hanging around the neck of the state, Italy represents a crisis that is orders of magnitude greater than that in Greece. With the rise of the Five Star Movement-Lega government, a new period of even greater instability has opened in Italy.
Wherever we look around the world then we see the same pattern. Years of attacks on the working class have not fundamentally solved the underlying economic malaise. However, workers are reaching the end of their tethers. Political polarisation is destroying the so-called 'centre-ground'. Meanwhile, in one country after another splits are emerging in the ruling class. All of these symptoms augur a period of upheaval and revolution.
Our task is to build a Marxist tendency of such strength, both quantitative and qualitative, that can prepare the way for a revolutionary party able to lead the working class to the seizure of power and the socialist transformation of society.
Marxism versus identity politics
On the third day of the congress, Fred Weston introduced a discussion on the Marxist approach to the question of fighting against oppression, and for the the liberation of oppressed groups.
The defeats of the working class from the late 1970s until the 1980s caused a mood of pessimism to penetrate a layer of left intellectuals – particularly from the camp of Stalinism. In order to justify their own demoralisation they capitulated to the ideological counter-offensive that followed those defeats and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Fred Weston introduced a discussion on the Marxist approach to the question of fighting against oppression, and our opposition to the idealism of identity politics / Image: Socialist Appeal
The post-modernists who led the charge against Marxism rejected any notion of 'progress' and 'science', and they rejected with scoffing arrogance the possibility of achieving a revolutionary transformation of society. Through the conveyor belt of the university lecture theatre, they have sought, and partially succeeded, in infecting a new generation of left-wing youth with their own pessimism.
These reactionary ideas have had their offshoots in the proliferation of all forms of divisive identity politics: from intersectionality, to queer theory, to various strands of feminism.
At base, all of these forms of identity politics have in common an idealist conception of oppression. Rather than analysing the objective, material basis of oppression, their start and end point is the subjective experience of oppression. Rather than seeking a revolutionary overthrow of the capitalist system, they seek to 'liberate' the oppressed through changes in language or 'discourse', etc.
In so doing, they provide the highest service to the capitalist class. Instead of trying to unite the oppressed in a class struggle against capitalism, they end up dividing the movement into a privilege hierarchy with an infinite number of categories. Such ideas, however 'radical' the language employed, can only have the most reactionary consequences for the movement, pitting men against women, black people against white people, etc.
The discussion covered a range of experiences from across the world. Of particular interest were contributions from our Spanish comrades, who brought valuable experience from the "feminist strike" of 8 March this year. First-hand experience of the role played by advocates of identity politics was also given by comrades from Belgium, Canada, Britain and elsewhere.
In the end, the congress was unanimous in the need to defend Marxism against these divisive and pernicious ideas.
The crisis in Italy and the role of the Marxists
Throughout the week, one theme stood out: that the Marxists seem to be the only optimists in the world! The capitalist press, academia, the official labour movement leaders – all seem to be seeped in pessimism; the IMT appears to be alone in having a well-founded optimism.
No session illustrated this point better than the commision on the crisis of Italian capitalism.
Far from emerging from the crisis in 2008, things have gone from bad to worse in Italy. GDP-per-capita today remains below what it was at that time, and unemployment among the youth stands at 30 percent. Life is simply becoming unbearable for the majority of poor and working-class people.
Whilst many on the Italian left have lamented the fall of their traditional parties and the rise of Salvini's racist demagoguery and M5S, we as Marxists can see that these events are storing up a mighty social explosion for the near future / Image: European Parliament
Since 2008, 'technocratic', right-wing, and supposedly 'left-wing' governments have come and gone. All of them have carried out the same policy, however: one of brutal austerity cuts in the interests of international capitalism. However, this is still not enough for the ruling class. The result has been that all the main parties identified with the capitalist establishment – from Berlusconi's party to the Democratic Party (PD), have all seen a collapse in their support.
The PD, in particular, has seen its authority battered. Despite its 'left-wing' credentials it has represented over the last period the most reliable tool for carrying out the austerity policies demanded by the Italian capitalists and the EU.
When Renzi took office he attempted to carry out huge amounts of cuts and counter-reforms in a very short period of time. The main trade union, the CGIL, for its part did nothing to resist these attacks.
The result was not only a collapse in support for Renzi and his government – smashed in the constitutional reform referendum of 2016 and the general election of 4 March – but the collapse of all the parties standing to the left of the PD, which took part in class-collaborationist policies or else failed to present a credible alternative to austerity. This left the ground open for the rise of the Five Star Movement (M5S). The CGIL too has suffered a crisis, being challenged by smaller left-wing unions like the Unione Sindacale di Base (USB).
The anger in Italian society will inevitably burst onto the scene; and the Italian working class will rediscover its militant, revolutionary traditions. The Marxists in Italy, organised around the paper Rivoluzione, are preparing for this / Image: own work
Italy has now entered a unique situation for all the classes in society. The working class – which once boasted a two-million-strong Communist Party – is now deprived of any political representation. The Italian ruling class is also entering new territory. For the first time it is entering a period in which it has no 'reliable' party to rest upon.
Looking around for an alternative, millions of workers have put their hopes in new formations like the Five Star Movement. Despite loud, anti-establishment rhetoric however, this party too will be unable to make good on any of the promises it made before the elections.
Whilst many on the left have lamented the collapse of the so-called left parties in Italy, and see only a bleak landscape ahead, we as Marxists can see that these events are storing up a mighty social explosion for the near future.
It may take six months, it may take a year or two, but inevitably the M5S will break; the anger in Italian society will burst onto the scene; and the Italian working class will rediscover its militant, revolutionary traditions.
This is the perspective that the Marxists in Italy, organised around the paper Rivoluzione, are preparing for.
Session on Pakistan
An inspiring highlight of the congress was the session on Pakistan. The Pakistani comrades leading the discussion painted a graphic picture of the crisis through which Pakistan is heading.
Since 1947, Pakistan has been a pawn of US imperialism and the centre of reaction throughout the region. However, in recent years ties between US imperialism and Pakistan have reached a low ebb, with China increasingly intervening in the country. China has developed key strategic investments in the country through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project.
All other political trends in Pakistan, from left to right, have lauded these closening ties with China. Only our tendency has seriously analysed these new trends and dared to point out the imperialistic character of the growing interests of China in Pakistan.
The Pakistani comrades leading the discussion painted a graphic picture of the crisis through which Pakistan is heading / Image: Socialist Appeal
The deepening crisis of Pakistani capitalism is now becoming increasingly apparent. In the last seven months, the rupee has lost 20 percent of its value. Furthermore, unemployment is skyrocketing. As the crisis in the Gulf states has deepened, remittances too have dried up and thousands of workers have begun returning from Saudi Arabia.
Under these circumstances the Pakistani ruling class will have to go to the IMF on its knees, begging with bowl in hand, whilst the US is concerned that any bailout will be used to pay back Chinese lenders!
None of the political parties have a programme that can ameliorate the living hell that the ordinary people of Pakistan experience on a daily basis. As such, the masses have turned their backs on all of them. Whilst Imran Khan's PTI has come out on top in the recent elections, it too offers nothing for the masses.
However, despite the lack of organised political expression, it is clear that the workers and poor have reached the limit of what they can take. As such, we have seen mass movements of workers and students in recent years. Above all, there was the recent, massive movement of the oppressed Pashtun people, which shook the Pakistani ruling class to its foundations.
Our comrades have come under attack by the Pakistani state on a number of occasions, demonstrating a steel will and a courage that has been an inspiration for all comrades of the international / Image: Socialist Appeal
Our comrades intervened vigorously in this movement against the oppression that the Pashtun people have suffered. They argued in favour of linking up the struggle with that of all oppressed nationalities and groups. Above all, they called for the Pashtun movement to unite with the struggle of the working class to overthrow capitalism in Pakistan and across the subcontinent.
As we have previously reported, our comrades have come under attack by the Pakistani state on a number of occasions. Under these circumstances, the comrades demonstrated a steel will and a courage that has been an inspiration for all comrades of the international, and which electrified the congress.
Retying the knot of history
In the contributions given by comrades from one country after another, a pattern emerged. Throughout the world the leadership of the workers' movement, whether of the left or right-wing reformist variety, is being severely put to the test and their policies are being exposed. On the other hand, the attempts by the capitalist class to go on the offensive and carry out their austerity agenda are further destabilising capitalism and giving a greater impulse to the class struggle.
"With this congress we retie the knot of history. The real Fourth International is here!" / Image: Socialist Appeal
Since the post-war period, the forces of Marxism have been reduced to a small minority on an international scale and have therefore been unable to offer an alternative leadership. Referring to this isolation in the past period, Alan Woods remarked, "We have seen a number of occasions where the thread of history has been broken."
In the dark period of fascist and Stalinist reaction in the 1930s, only Trotsky and his followers in the Fourth International kept the untainted banner of Marxism aloft. After the death of Trotsky, the incompetent leadership of the Fourth International shipwrecked that organisation.
Onward to building the international! / Image: Socialist Appeal
Only a tiny handful of individuals in Britain around Ted Grant kept the genuine ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Trotsky alive. Their efforts are today vindicated in the successes of this international. To an electric mood, Alan Woods closed the Congress with the following words:
"Trotsky's final words as he lay on his deathbed, struck down by a Stalinist agent, were, 'I am confident in the victory of the Fourth International. Go forward.'
"With this congress we retie the knot of history. The real Fourth International is here, in this room!"
Source: IMT World Congress 2018: retying the knotof history

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text:
Lincoln Record Society
Final Concords of the County of Lincoln 1244-1272
Introduction: Antiquity, subject-matter and parties
Pages ix-xviii
Final Concords of the County of Lincoln 1244-1272. Originally published by Lincol Record Society, Horncastle, 1920.
I. FINAL CONCORDS
II. ANTIQUITY OF FINAL CONCORDS
III. THE COURT
IV. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF FINAL CONCORDS
V. THE PARTIES
VI. SEISIN
In the year 1896, the late reverend W. O. Massingberd, rector of South Ormsby, edited a volume of Abstracts of Final Concords, relating to the county of Lincoln, and covering the period from 5 Richard I (a.d. 1193) to 28 Henry III (a.d. 1244). The deciphering and translating of the original documents was undertaken by Mr. W. K. Boyd. The present work is a continuation of that volume to the end of Henry III's reign (a.d. 1272), with the addition of appendixes containing some earlier concords collected from various sources with a view to supplementing Mr. Massingberd's work. In some other respects also this volume will help the student in his use of Mr. Massingberd's book; and especially it is hoped that the attempt to identify the places mentioned in that volume, and their inclusion in the present index, will be found convenient.
It has been thought well, for the sake of uniformity, to retain the title Final Concords, which Mr. Massingberd adopted, instead of using the commoner name of Feet of Fines. The former title has the additional advantage of seeming a little less enigmatical than the latter to the reader who is inexperienced in legal technicalities, while the name Final Concords is quite unambiguous to the expert.
It may be useful in this introduction to give some account of the origin and nature of final concords, of the procedure which was adopted when they were levied, and of the advantages which they secured. It must be premised, however, that what follows is intended for the reader who, possessing but little knowledge of obsolete legal forms, nevertheless wishes to be in a position to make use of the text for historical or antiquarian purposes. Much will be left unsaid which would necessarily be included in a technical work; many exceptions to general rules will be omitted; and the changes that were made after the time of Henry III in the law relating to final concords will be left for the most part unnoticed. If it be thought that an explanation is needed to account for the more technical character of the section on procedure, it may be said that since the writer failed to find in print a satisfying account of the procedure of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, it seemed to him that the evidence which he had collected might be useful to others, and might perhaps induce a more competent hand to deal with the matter.
The late Professor Maitland observed:
There is something of mystic awe in the tone which already in Edward I's time lawyers and legislators assume when they speak of the 'fine,' or, to give it its full name, the final concord levied in the king's court. It is a sacred thing, and its sanctity is to be upheld at all cost. We may describe it briefly and roughly as being in substance a conveyance of land and in form a compromise of an action. Sometimes it puts an end to real litigation; but in the vast majority of cases the litigation has been begun merely in order that the pretended compromise may be made. (fn. 1)
The quotation just given points to the explanation of the name 'Fine.' A 'fine' (Latin finis) or final concord (Latin finalis concordia) was the end or finishing of litigation, real or feigned. It put an end not only to the particular suit which had been begun, but also to all other suits and controversies respecting the same matter. (fn. 2) To quote from the Rolls of Parliament of 19 Edward I:
Nec in regno isto [scil. Angliae] prouideatur, uel sit aliqua securitas maior seu solempnior per quam aliquis uel aliqua statum certiorem habere possit, uel ad statum suum verificand' aliquid solempnius testimonium producere, quam Finem in Cur' Domini Regis levatum; qui quidem Finis sic uocatur, eo quod Finis et Consummatio omnium Placitorum esse debet, et hac de causa prouidebatur. (fn. 3)
Or from a Year Book of 4 Edward II:
Il vous mettent fin en barre, q'est la plus solempne chose en la court le Roi. (fn. 4)
The document in which a final concord was recorded, opened with the words 'Haec est finalis concordia'; and towards its close came the formula 'Et pro hoc fine et concordia, etc.' The word 'feet' in the formula 'feet of fines' will be more conveniently explained a little later. (fn. 5)
The rolls of the Curia Regis of Richard I and the Assize rolls of John shew that, in many instances, a final concord has put an end to real litigation. In the earlier part of Henry III's reign also, such cases were fairly frequent; but by the end of the reign the suits seem to have been collusive in all but a few cases. On the other hand, in some of the earliest concords the litigation seems to be fictitious. The Edlington document, (fn. 6) dated 1176, is an instance in point, since Thomas Bardulf's charter (fn. 7) shews that the parties were in agreement a few months before the suit began.
The question whether final concords originated in fictitious suits or in real litigation is one which does not admit of a confident answer. It is possible only to guess at the steps which led to the institution of the final concord as we first meet with it in the earlier half of the reign of Henry II. When land was to be conveyed the all-important consideration was that the grantee should obtain security of tenure. We therefore find men trying by various means to strengthen the charters which served as evidence of the transfer of possession. They might call in a large number of witnesses, perhaps all the men of their vill, to attest the transaction (fn. 8); or perhaps they might make the charter in the court of the hundred or of the county, and even before the king's justices (fn. 9); or they might obtain a charter of confirmation from the king or other feudal superior; and sometimes the grantor might solemnly pledge the faith which he had received at the font in his baptism, and his hope of salvation, as a guarantee that he would observe the covenants of his grant.
Further, there was much litigation about rights in land, and the king was trying to draw much of this business into his court. It would be felt that no title was more secure than one which had been questioned and had, after litigation, been established by a judgment of the curia regis. Again, it was a well-established practice, when litigants wished to compromise their action, for the court to take the matter into its own hands and confirm the agreement. (fn. 10) Such a 'concord,' to use the technical term, was an official act, and no less a judgement of the court than was a decision pronounced in a case which had been fought to the bitter end.
These considerations—the desire for security of tenure, the advantage of publicity, the security given by a judgement of the king's court, and the practice of compromising actions—seem to have suggested to some ingenious lawyer, one of the king's justices it may be, the idea of obtaining security of tenure by a judgement of the court even when there was no dispute about the title. Why should not a dispute be feigned, a suit originated, the parties ask leave to agree, and the court sanction and confirm the compromise ?
Further, when once it had been allowed that an action might be brought, not for the purpose of settling a dispute, but solely with a view to securing evidence of title, it well might seem desirable that the compromise should be embodied in an official document. And as a matter of fact, shortly after 1160, there appeared such a document which soon came to be known as a chirograph, and which retained its form practically unchanged for nearly seven hundred years.
Again, the third quarter of the twelfth century was one of the great constructive periods in the history of English law. Henry II was instituting his famous assizes with the main object of giving security of possession in land. It was just such an age as would be favourable for taking the final step in the evolution of the final concord, and for providing thereby a form of conveyance which would give an indefeasible title and serve as a bar to further litigation. (fn. 11) At any rate we find a preclusive bar of this nature, probably in the earliest days of final concords, and certainly in the time of Richard I. A question thus settled could not be re-opened, except on a few special grounds, for had it not been determined by a final concord made by a chirograph in the king's court ?
The earliest known final concords in England belong to the second decade of Henry II's reign. They were of common occurrence by the time of Henry's death, for the Tractatus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglie, which is generally ascribed to Ranulf Glanvill, who died in 1190, devotes a section to them, (fn. 12) and as early as 1173–4 (fn. 13) there was already a writ de fine tenendo to enforce their observance. There are also references in rolls of the time of Richard I and John (fn. 14) and Henry III (fn. 15) to concords and chirographs in the reign of Henry II. Dr. J. H. Round has collected twelve examples belonging to the years 1175 to 1180, (fn. 16) and one still earlier concord which must, in his opinion, be previous to Henry's departure from England in the spring of 1172, and probably previous even to his departure in June, 1170. (fn. 17) He also refers in Feudal England (fn. 18) to the copy of a final concord which, as he thinks, should be assigned to 1163, or at least to 1163–1166, but which differs very much from the normal fine. Mr. L. F. Salzmann has found in the record of a plea of 1222, a final concord, apparently of the year 1163, which in form adheres very closely to the usual lines; and another example dated 1172 (fn. 19). Neither of these, however, deals with land in Lincolnshire. Three of Dr. Round's early examples relate to the county, and are printed in this volume:
(1) Edlington, 12 March, 1175–6 (p. 311).
(2) Barton, 7 July, 1179 (pp. 311–312).
(3) Branston, 9 December, 1180 (p. 313).
Dr. Round, following Mr. Eyton, points out that the second of these, the Barton concord, must belong to Henry's twenty-fifth year, as is proved by the names of the justices, and not to the twenty-second year, as is stated in the document itself. (fn. 20) The true date will therefore be 7 July, 1179, and not seven days earlier as stated by Dr. Round.
Two more concords prior to the year 1180, which the editor owes to the kindness of Professor F. M. Stenton, m.a., are printed here:
(4) Rowston, 12 November, 1177 (pp. 329–330).
(5) Keelby, 20 July, 1179 (pp. 334–335).
Another concord, undated, has an archaic flavour which suggests a date at least as early as the documents just mentioned—
(6) Kirkstead, [no date] (p. 314).
All these six documents appear to be true final concords, although there are some deviations from the almost invariable form which is found established in the last decade of the twelfth century, and which persisted until less than a hundred years ago. (fn. 21) Thus the opening words in no. 1 are, 'Hec est concordia facta'; in no. 3, 'Hic finis est et concordia que facta fuit'; in no. 6, 'Hec est finis et concordia facta.' In nos. 1, 3 and 5 the usual formula, 'in curia domini regis', immediately after the opening words, is omitted; but 'curia regis' occurs later in the phrase, 'unde [uel de qua] placitum fuit [uel erat] inter eos in curia domini regis'. In no. 6 'curia regis' does not occur at all, nor are the justices named, nor are the words unde placitum fuit' to be found there; but the distinctive formula, 'pro hac recognicione, fine, et concordia', is used. Of the later twelfth century concords printed here only one, dated 16 October, 1181, departs from the usual form, beginning with the words, 'Hic est finis et concordia que facta fuit.' (fn. 22)
In all these cases it is wise to hesitate before drawing conclusions, because the documents are at best second-hand evidence, being merely copies of the original chirographs. There is, however, no reason to doubt their genuineness, even though they may possibly in some instances be imperfect copies. If they are later forgeries, the work has been done very cleverly; for the names of the justices are almost always confirmed by the evidence of the Pipe rolls or other documents; and moreover their very departures from the common form tell in favour of their genuineness; for it is scarcely conceivable that a thirteenth century manipulator would have invented such variations.
The document given on pages 309–310 has been printed because it opens with the words, 'Hec est finalis concordia.' It is not, however, a true final concord, but rather a sealed instrument recording the terms of an award, made in pursuance of a promise given in the king's court, to settle a dispute by arbitration. For the same reason the composition between the townships of Cockerington and Somercotes has been included. (fn. 23)
A later document of unusual form, which has been noticed while these pages are passing through the press may be quoted here. It is recorded in the Cartulary of the Vicars Choral of Lincoln Cathedral, and internal evidence points to a date circa 1220. It opens like a final concord, then proceeds to give the substance of the agreement, and finally, as it seems, quotes the charter which led to the final concord. The corresponding foot of fine has not been found:
This is the final concord made in the court of the lord the king at Lincoln, between Alan son of Gilbert, by writ of right, demandant, and Wigot de Cadamo, tenant, of one bovate of land in the fields of Lincoln—Under this form of peace he [? Alan] received a fine, to wit, that the said Alan has for ever remised and abjured and quitclaimed for himself and his heirs that bovate of land to the aforesaid Wigot and his heirs or his assigns. And for this quitclaim the aforesaid Wigot has given and granted and by this present charter has confirmed to the said Alan and his heirs, or to whomsoever or whensoever he may will to assign them, two acres of land in one selion under the cliff in the fields of Lincoln on the north side of the lord the king's dike, which lie in breadth between the land of Walter son of Martin and the land of Ralph Cuning', and in length from the way which is called Stowegate unto Carholme: to hold and to have of me and my heirs to him and his heirs freely and quietly [and] peaceably in fee and inheritance; rendering therefor yearly to the aforesaid Wigot and his heirs for all service and exaction 4d., to wit, 2d. at Easter and 2d. at the feast of St. Michael. And I the aforesaid Wigot and my heirs will warrant the aforesaid two acres of land to the aforesaid Alan and his heirs or his assigns for the aforesaid service against all men for ever. In witness whereof the parties have set their seals to the present writing, made after the manner of a chirograph. Witnesses: John son of Osbert then mayor, Richard Cause and William Champennais then reeves, Peter de Ballio, John de Paris, William his brother, Giles son of Osbert, Robert son of Ywan, Martin his brother, Richard son of Peter, Robert son of Giles, William son of Robert de Gaiton', Robert and Roger sons of Guthred. (fn. 24)
The Curia Regis, the King's Court, was the tribunal before which final concords were levied. The court was not tied to one place. It might follow the king from place to place, or it might sit at Westminster, or be held at various places by the justices itinerant. Occasionally a concord was 'levied (fn. 25) ' (as the expression was) before the king himself, coram rege ipso (fn. 26); but generally it was levied before his justices and others of his barons and faithful men. The word barons in this connexion fell into disuse early in the thirteenth century. The names of the justices composing the court are always given in the record, but in the present volume they have been omitted in the case of the thirteenth century concords, since to print them for each county and in each document would involve needless trouble and expense. Lists of justices, largely taken from the final concords, were printed by Dugdale, in 1666, in his Origines Juridiciales. Joseph Hunter, in 1835, drew up a list of the persons before whom fines were levied from 28 Henry 11 to 15 John. (fn. 27) There is room, however, for a modern work of the same kind founded upon the wider evidence that is now available.
A statute, generally assigned to 18 Edward I (fn. 28) [a.d. 1290], enacts that final concords shall be levied before four justices at the least; and that this was the general practice before that date is proved by the evidence of the final concords of the reigns of Richard I and John, while there seem always to have been at least three justices in the time of Henry II.
There are a few instances of shire or seignorial courts following the example of the curia regis in the granting of final concords. The Pipe Roll of 20 Henry II [a.d. 1173–4] mentions an action in the curia regis to compel the observance of a fine made in the court of the bishop of Salisbury. (fn. 29) Dugdale has printed concords levied in the shire-moot of Nottingham in 1199, and in the court of Roger de Lacy, constable of Chester, in 1201. (fn. 30) A concord was levied in the court of the bishop of Durham in 1242. (fn. 31) Others are mentioned by Maitland. (fn. 32) A concord was levied in 1183, before the soke of Gayton-le-Wold (fn. 33); and another of the late twelfth century in the court of the earl of Chester at Greetham. (fn. 34) In the concord between the abbots of Thornton and Newhouse, (fn. 35) the words 'unde placitum fuit inter eos in curia domini' might seem at first sight to refer to a seignorial court, but Cabourn was a vill that had more than one lord; and it is possible that the word 'regis' may have been accidentally omitted after 'domini,' The document is sealed by the two abbots, and its form suggests that it is a charter embodying and confirming a final concord.
The Greetham and Gayton documents are peculiar in that they have witnesses like a charter of feoffment; and the Greetham document is also sealed. A final concord of 1208 in the muniment room of the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln has been confirmed by the seals of the parties and by the pledging of their faith. (fn. 36) In other respects it follows the normal form, except that it has not the usual indentation at one end as well as along the top edge. Perhaps it is a copy of the final concord, made at the time of the transaction, and sealed by the parties.
In a suit before the justices, in 1225, the defendant produced a certain writing without a seal in these words, 'This is the concord made between A and B touching one knight's fee in S [etc.], and thereupon there was a plea between them in the court of R [the chief lord], to wit [etc.]. And be it known that this concord was granted and assured and recorded at Westminster at the treasury, in such a term, to wit, at that time after Pope Alexander and the Emperor of the Germans (Alemann') were brought into agreement (concordati fuerunt) (fn. 37) before John bishop of Norwich and Richard de Lucy and Richard the treasurer.' (fn. 38)
The property that was dealt with in final concords was land, or some right or interest of a transferable nature connected with land. To use a modern expression, it was realty as contrasted with personalty: to adopt the language of an earlier time, it was lands and tenements as contrasted with goods and chattels. The commonest rights that were thus conveyed by early final concords were advowsons, commons, ways, offices, franchises, corrodies, annuities, rents, seigniories, customs, and services. Lawyers call these rights incorporeal things or incorporeal hereditaments: incorporeal because they are things that have no body, that can neither be seen nor handled, though they are connected with and represented by corporeal things, as for instance the incorporeal right of presenting a parson is connected with the visible parish church to which he is presented: hereditaments because, like land, they can be inherited by a man's heir-at-law. To the modern mind the incorporeality of these things or their connexion with land may in some cases seem remote and difficult to explain; and even lawyers, both medieval and modern, are sometimes at a loss as to where the line between corporeal and incorporeal things should be drawn. It must be sufficient, however, to add here that incorporeal things were treated very much as if they were pieces of land; livery of seisin and exploitation of their rights and privileges (fn. 39) were in some form or another generally necessary, as in the case of land, to give full and safe possession; and the actionsat-law which were brought in connexion with them were the same as, or of a like nature to, those relating to land. In the following pages the subject-matter of final concords will, for the sake of brevity, generally be spoken of as land.
There were two parties to a suit which led to a final concord. The active party brought the action to demand (Latin petere, French demander) or to complain (Latin queri, French se plaindre); and he was called either a demandant or a plaintiff as the case might be. The other party was either a tenant (Latin tenens), holding what the other demanded, or a deforciant (old French deforceant), deforcing him, keeping him out of possession, (fn. 40) or an impedient (Lat. impedire), hindering or obstructing him. Generally speaking, in an action founded upon a writ of right, or in an assize of mort d'ancestor or of juris utrum the parties were demandant (fn. 41) and tenant; in an assize of darrein presentment, or an action of covenant or of customs and services, they were querent or plaintiff and deforciant; in an action of warranty of charter, querent or plaintiff and impedient; and in an action of fine, querent or plaintiff and deforciant or impedient. (fn. 42)
Sometimes the parties were represented by attorneys who were specially appointed or 'attorned' to the business in hand. The attorney stood in the place of his principal for good or for ill, to win or lose: 'positum [uel attornatum (fn. 43) ] in loco suo ad lucrandum uel perdendum.' The litigant was obliged to appear before the court in his own person if he wished to put another in his place. Otherwise he could only appoint an attorney if he had obtained a writ of the king for the purpose; and for that writ he had to shew some good reason, such as sickness or infirmity, or that he was engaged in the king's business. A woman frequently appointed her husband to be her attorney; a bishop commonly appointed one of his clerks, and an abbot one of his monks to act for him. (fn. 44) When the court had granted a concord the parties frequently appointed attorneys to attend for the purpose of receiving the chirograph. (fn. 45)
There were few matters in early English law of greater importance than seisin. (fn. 46) Seisin means possession. The two words were equivalent and interchangeable in the time of Henry III, though they had become sharply distinguished by the end of the fifteenth century. A man in the earlier period might be seised of lands and tenements or of goods and chattels, of a carucate of land or of a plough. The man who was seised was the man in actual, physical, corporeal possession and enjoyment, he who, in the case of land, was set or sitting upon it. (fn. 47) We still speak of the sitting tenant. It was necessary moreover that he should be exploiting and enjoying it, taking the esplees (as the phrase was), reaping and gathering its crops.
There was a very clear distinction between possession or seisin on the one hand and ius or proprietary right on the other. The man who was seised was not necessarily the man who had the best right to be seised. He might be a usurper, an unjust possessor, with a thoroughly bad title. But if he was dispossessed 'unjustly and without a judgement,' iniuste et sine iudicio, that is without the authority of the court, he could recover possession, even against the rightful owner, by the assize of novel disseisin which Henry II instituted for the protection of possession. (fn. 48) The question as to which of the two had the greater right to the land was outside the scope of that assize. That question, if it was raised at all, could only be settled by the more expensive and less expeditious procedure of an action originated by writ of right. (fn. 49) The bias of early English law, it will be seen, was clearly and, at that time it would seem necessarily, on the side of the person in possession; indeed so pronounced was the bias that men came to think of possession as eleven points of the law.
A final concord, like an ancient charter of feoffment or a medieval will, but unlike a modern deed of conveyance or will, did not, at the time which we are considering, give seisin or possession; it did not actually convey land; it was not a dispositive instrument. No written document, no judgement of the king's court, however solemn, could transfer the possession of land from one person to another. It was necessary that there should be livery of seisin, that is delivery of possession, an actual ceremony performed on the land or within view of it, by which the grantor quitted, and the grantee took, possession. If it was a house that was to be conveyed, the grantor would perhaps put the hasp or the ring of the door into the grantee's hand; or, if it was land, he might deliver into his hand a sod or turf or a rod. Sometimes livery of seisin included a formal perambulation of the land, or even of the several pieces of which it consisted, made in the presence of witnesses, who could afterwards be called upon to testify to the fact of the transfer. The sod or turf, lifted up and solemnly delivered, was the land in miniature; and the rod was a very ancient symbol. They were sacramental signs, signa efficacia, which actually conveyed the land of which they were symbols. Already in the eighth century land was conveyed symbolically by turves in the south of England. It seems probable that on the continent, even before the Norman conquest, land could be conveyed by a written charter, which was lifted up from the earth in order that it might be solemnly delivered instead of a sod or other symbol. This process was called the lifting of the charter, leuatio cartae, and possibly the term to 'levy' (levare) a fine or final concord may be derived from that custom. It will be remembered that at the present day, when land may be conveyed by a deed, the deed is not only signed and sealed, but also 'delivered'.
Livery of seisin may be illustrated by the ceremony of induction to an ecclesiastical benefice. The bishop, after he has instituted a clergyman, by his mandate directs the archdeacon or other person to induct him. The inductor thereupon goes to the church and, taking the clergyman's hand, lays it upon the key or the ring of the church-door, and afterwards opens the door and puts the clergyman into the church, thus inducting him 'into the real, actual, and corporal possession of the church of A with all the rights, profits, and appurtenances thereto belonging'. The effect of induction is that the clergyman becomes fully seised of the temporalities of the church.
It was necessary that one of the two parties to a final concord should be seised of the land which was to be transferred; for how could A deliver possession to B unless he was himself in possession? and how could B receive possession if A had it not to give?
1. Hist. Eng. Law, ii, 94, 95.
2. Blackstone, ii, 349.
3. 'And may there not be provided in this kingdom [scil. of England], nor may there be, any security greater or more solemn by which any man or woman can have a surer estate, or can advance any evidence more solemn to verify his or her estate, than a fine levied in the king's court; and indeed it was thus named a fine because it ought to be the end and finishing of all pleas, and with this view it was provided' (Rotuli Parliamentorum, i, p. 67, col. 1).
4. 'In bar they produce a fine, which is the most solemn thing in the King's court.' (Selden Society, vol. xxii, p. 182).
5. See below, section VII (8).
6. See below, p. 311.
7. See below, section XI.
8. A charter, a.d. 1123–47, confirming a grant of the vill of Asgarby by Spilsby to the cathedral church of Lincoln, is witnessed by twenty-seven persons, 'et multis aliis militibus . . ., et multis de wapentagio de Bolingbrok' et clericis . . ., et multis aliis de Asgerby et de patria illa' (Registrum Antiquissimum, f. 17, no. 100). Several sales of land in Lincoln were made to the cathedral 'coram burgwermot ciuitatis Lincolnie' (Charters of the Dean and Chapter, Dij, 79/1, nos. 107, 127; 80/3, no. 5; etc.). Two grants to Kirkstead abbey of land in Scampton, dated 1273, are witnessed in the one case by nine, and in the other case by eight persons, and in either case it is added, 'et ceteris eiusdem ville vniuersis'. (British Museum, Harleian Charters, 52 E 16 and 52 F 24).
9. See a grant to Kirkstead abbey of land in Gayton le Wold, circa 1245: 'hiis testibus, dominis Rogero de Thurkelby, Jollano de Neuill, Gilberto de Preston', justiciis domini regis tunc existentibus in banco.' (British Museum, Harleian Charter, 52 B 13).
10. Such cases are found upon the earliest Pipe roll, a.d. 1130–1: 'pro concordia quam rex fecit inter eum [i.e., comes Rannulfus de Cestria] et matrem suam de dote sua' (Magnum Rotulum Scaccarii, 109); 'pro concordia terre quam fecit erga fratrem suum' (ibid., 112); 'pro concordia que facta fuit inter eum et Willelmum gocnatum [sic] suum' (ibid., 113). They also appear upon the rolls of Henry II earlier than the date of the first known final concord (Great Roll of the Pipe, 1155–8, 138,—a.d. 1157–8; Pipe Roll Soc., i, 65,—a.d. 1158–9; ibid., ii, 46,—a.d. 1159–60; ibid., iv, 33,—a.d. 1160–1.
11. See below, section x (3).
12. Book viii.
13. Pipe Roll Soc., xxi, 19. Cp. Glanvill, cap. 4; Rot. Cur. Reg., i, 40, 61, 68, 79.
14. Rot. Cur. Reg., i, 2, 39, 83, 90; Rolls of the King's Court, p. 27; Select Civil Pleas, no. 250. Cp. also F.C., i, 115, 223.
15. Bracton's Note Book, nos. 715, 1095.
16. Eng. Hist. Rev., xii, 293–296.
17. Ibid, 300–301.
18. Page 515.
19. Eng. Hist. Rev. xxv, 708–710.
20. Ibid., xii, 294.
21. For an example see Formulary, no 31.
22. See below, p. 311.
23. See below, pp. 333–4.
24. Folio xxxi.
25. Maitland points out that it is perhaps more accurate to say that a final concord levies between the litigants than that they levy a final concord (Hist. Eng. Law, ii, 98); but both forms are often found in the records.
27. Hunter, i, pp. xlix-lxvi.
28. Statutes, i, 214.
29. Pipe Roll Soc., xxi, 19.
30. Origines Juridiciales, 93.
31. Cartularium Prioratus de Gyseburne, Surtees Society, lxxxix, 333–334.
32. Hist. Eng. Law, ii, 96n.
33. P.R.O. Ancient Deeds, L, no. 2842.
34. Ibid., L, no. 2495. Professor F. M. Stenton is printing these two documents for the British Academy in a volume entitled Danelaw Charters.
37. A.D. 1177. Cp. below p. 329.
38. Bracton's Note Book, case no. 1095.
39. See below, pp. xvii, xviii.
40. Hist. Eng. Law, ii, 571.
41. The editor must plead guilty to having miscalled this party querent or plaintiff in the text. When the defending party is called tenant in this volume it may be concluded that the attacking party was a demandant.
42. For the different kinds of actions, see section VIII.
44. Hist. Eng. Law, i, 212, 213.
45. See below, section VII (6).
46. See Hist. Eng. Law, ii, 83–90, 103–106. Maitland, Collected Papers, i, 329–384, 407–457.
47. Cp. 'toftum in quo idem Henricus sedet' (British Museum, Harleian Charter, 56 1 13).
48. With reference to the writ of novel disseisin in relation to final concords, see below, p. xxi; also section VII (2). For the writ see Formulary, no. 4.
49. See below, section VIII (1).


text:
Q: Getting window url but i got error: LookupError: Find Control Timeout: {ControlType: EditControl} I'm trying to get the url of the current window using Python (in case having focus navegator), but I couldn't, it shows Error.
Could someone guide me please, i'm new in python (i'm Java developer).
import time
import win32gui
import uiautomation as auto

_active_window_name = None

while True:
    window = win32gui.GetForegroundWindow()
    chromeControl = auto.ControlFromHandle(window)
    edit = chromeControl.EditControl()

    #print(dir(chromeControl.EditControl()))
    print(edit.GetValuePattern().Value)

    time.sleep(5)

A: Try out this (don't actually need win32gui):
import uiautomation as auto

control = auto.GetFocusedControl()
controlList = []
while control:
    controlList.insert(0, control)
    control = control.GetParentControl()

control = controlList[0 if len(controlList) == 1 else 1]

address_control = auto.FindControl(control, lambda c, d:
                                            isinstance(c, auto.EditControl))

print('Current URL:')
print(address_control.GetValuePattern().Value)

you can also then set some new value for the OmniBox:
address_control.GetValuePattern().SetValue('http://some_url')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
You are at:Home»Comments»Prism hysteria
Prism hysteria
By Nikita Melashchenko on Giugno 13, 2013 Comments
TAGS: PRISM, privacy, usa
In the beginning of June, 2013 The Washington Post and The Guardian have published articles about PRISM secret surveillance program. Allegedly, FBI along with NSA are gathering audio and video files, photos, e-correspondence, documents as well as web logs. According to information provided by media special services have direct access to servers of 9 major American internet companies (Microsoft, Yahoo, Google, Facebook, AOL, Apple, Skype, YouTube и PalTalk).
Therefore, this netrock suddenly became a matter of national security of the Russian Federation. State Duma deputy Ilya Kostunov has raised a question about use of foreign e-gadgets and services by his colleagues. The official is convinced that transmission of proprietary and confidential information through American servers creates not only deputy's personal file but also helps foreign nation in its anti-State activities.
Mr. Kostunov addressed himself to deputy premier of Russian Government in charge of defense and space industry Dmitry Rogozin, chiefs of Ministry of Defence, Federal Security Service and Ministry of Communications and Mass Media with an entreaty to generate a manual on how to use foreign information technology. According to Mr. Kostunov a characteristic peculiarity of this situation is that after these instructions are ready any public official who uses, e.g. Gmail to send proprietary documents, can be brought to criminal liability for high treason. Article 275 of the Criminal Code of Russian Federation defines treason as "espionage, disclosure of state secrets, or any other assistance rendered to a foreign State, a foreign organization, or their representatives in hostile activities to the detriment of the external security of the Russian Federation, committed by a citizen of the Russian Federation." The sentence is deprivation of liberty for a term of 12 to 20 years along with a fine up to 500 000 RUB (15 500 USD) or at the rate of prisoners' salary not more than for 3 years.
At the same time, I should mention that there is a discussion between legal experts whether it is more appropriate to use legal mechanisms provided in articles 283 (Disclosure of a State Secret) and 284 (Loss of Documents Containing State Secrets) because the difference in sanctions is significant.
Furthermore, it is obviously a necessary move towards the protection of national security but I hope that its results will coincide with universally acknowledged principles of international law and democratic principles and values, although a lot will depend on the law enforcement system. Given manual's serious repercussions, consensus is needed on the general criteria governing it, which would enhance its legitimacy. An in-depth discussion of the issue would make it possible to find ways of guaranteeing effective instructions.
Nikita Melashchenko
Il Digital Single Market e l'Intelligenza Artificiale. Etica e Diritto nella transizione digitale
Gennaio 9, 2023 0
The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation – Many stakeholders, one goal
Il nuovo perimetro di liceità per la pubblicazione di immagini di un atleta senza il suo consenso


text:
Prominent Transylvania monument gets EUR 5 mln overhaul
Attila Szoó February 4, 2019
The most significant Transylvanian monument, the Vajdahunyad Castle (Hunedoara in Romanian and Eisenmarkt in German) is going to be renovated in the coming years. The local council asked for EUR 5 million ($5.72) from the EU funds to support the reconstruction works of the ancient home of the Hunyadis. Mayor Dan Bobouţanu signed the implementation contract with the representative of the constructor company a couple of days ago. The mayor highlighted in his statement that the renovation is not only important because the monument attracts some 350,000 tourists each year, but also because the Hungarian and the German community have emotional connections to this monument.
Vajdahunyad Castle watercolor from the XVIII. century (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest)
The reconstructions works will last more than two years, or 27 months to be precise. During this period several parts of the medieval castle will be reinforced and restored. The cracks found in the Nebojsza tower, the knight's hall, and the so called Legislature – where the negotiations took place during the ruling of János Hunyadi – are going to be restored.
Both exterior and interior restoration works will be done. The original vault and planking will be rebuilt, while the parts built out of cement during the previous renovations will be removed. After completion of these works more parts of the castle will be accessible to the public, like the White Barbican or some parts of the Bethlen-wing. 2% of the overall cost of the renovation will be covered from the town's own resources, while the vast majority of the RON 21,88 million (EUR 5 million) cost will be financed from EU funds. According to the plans the restoration process will be finished in 2021 but it is still unknown whether the castle will remain open during the renovation or not.
Left: the original Vajdahunyad Castle in Vajdahunyad. Right: Scaled replica of the Vajdahunyad Castle in the heart of Budapest in the Városliget (City Park), which was built for the Millennium Celebrations of 1896, when the 1000th anniversary of Hungary was celebrated.
The Vajdahunyad Castle is one of the most iconic buildings of Hungarian history both from an architectural and a historic perspective. It is invaluable because it never actually turned into a ruin, and it still has its original medieval parts standing. The Hunyadi domain was donated by Sigismund of Luxembourg to the father of János Hunyadi, to Vajk (Woyk) and the family even changed its name after this domain. Later, János Hunyadi lived here with his wife Erzsébet Szilágyi and their second son, who would become King Mátyás/Matthias. Mátyás wasn't born here (but in Kolozsvár/Cluj-Napoca in 1443) just because the castle was also under renovation at that time. More than four centuries later, this was also the place where the first ever state-financed Hungarian monument reconstruction started. After a huge fire in the castle in 1854, and after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the renovation started in 1868 and has been an ongoing project ever since.
Title image: Vajdahunyad Castle (photo: Rieger Bertrand)
Ethnic and economic inequities in Szeklerland
Early Music Festival in memory of a renaissance polymath
Romania to cut extra pensions, student travel to balance budget
Romanian PM replaces interior and foreign minister
Football manager hits coach after match


Holiday Home Řeporyje offers accommodations in Prague, 8 miles from Prague Castle. This vacation home also features a private pool and free WiFi. The vacation home has 4 bedrooms, a TV with cable channels and a fully equipped kitchen that provides guests with a dishwasher and an oven. There's a bathroom with a shower. St. Vitus Cathedral is 8 miles from the vacation home, while Prague Astronomical Clock is 8 miles from the property.


In order to take these moments of opportunity she's talking about, we often need to get away from the distractions and external influences. We need to give ourselves the time and space to truly see ourselves as we really are. And, no, I don't think this happens as some sort of epiphany or overnight moment when we escape alone into nature for a few days. It's a process that we are better able to grab hold of with practice and more alone time.
When you spend time alone you're able to get out of the routine of every day life. Most of the time we're running on auto-pilot. We live a majority of our days within the same routine, wherein, habits and patterns form that we may not even realize, causing us to merely exist as opposed to live, in control of our lives. By taking a week or a few days alone, you break the routine and can reflect back on your every day habits and patterns that you may or may not like. You can see them from a new perspective and decide what is beneficial and what isn't.
In addition to the physical habits, we may also be stuck in negative or destructive thought patterns. You might not even realize it day-to-day but you could be telling yourself that you hate the way you look, your body isn't working properly, you don't like how your nose looks – blah blah blah. We all have these types of thoughts but you might not know how pervasive they are until you step out of your routine for a while. When we spend time alone in nature we are better able to recognize these physical and mental patterns and break free from them.
I've learned a lot about the science of happiness in the last couple of months and I believe it comes from three different places. The first is from spaciousness in the mind. This is something I learned from Andy Puddicombe, the founder and the voice of the mindfulness app, Headspace.
Meditation is essentially a tool we can use to create more space in the mind. It's used to give our minds a break. Think about the last time you stopped for a few minutes to quiet your thoughts and let your mind rest. No phone, computer, no talking to a friend, no flipping through a magazine or people watching, no daydreaming. If you don't meditate then you probably don't remember the last time you did this. But it's essential for our minds to give them a rest every so often from the barrage of life that comes our way. We rest our muscles when we work out, and we are constantly working out our minds -don't you think they need a rest too?
By meditating we are literally creating space in our minds, free from all the thoughts and stimuli. This allows us to think more clearly, feel more at ease, relaxed, calm, and you guessed it, happy. When we spend time alone, away from everyone, technology, media and other distractions, we give our minds the space and rest they need. We're also probably going to get into meditative states throughout the day since we have nothing going on to distract us. Meditation was an important part of my week alone and it made it easier for me to connect with myself and learn some new things about yours truly.
The second factor in happiness is being in alignment with our true selves, something I learned from one of my new favorite bloggers and authors on the subject of happiness and success, Benjamin Hardy (his blog is awesome, you should all subscribe!). This means that our every day actions reflect our ultimate vision and that we are on the right path in life.
I feel like this begs the question "Well, how do we know if we're on the right path in life?" And I feel I should give the answer my moms gave me when once-upon-a-time I asked them "How do you know when you've found the one?" They said "When you know, you know." Ugh, I thought that was such a BS answer. That's not an answer at all! It wasn't until I met Matt that I understood why they had to say that – because it's true. You really don't know, until you know. I think this holds true for finding your "right path." You'll know when you're on it. Your only job then is to stay on it and get back on when you stray.
By spending time alone we're able to better connect with our true self and inner guide. Often we find ourselves living one life, the one that's expected of us or the life of least resistance, but there's an unfulfilled life within us that we wish we were on, our true self's life. As soon as I got back from my trip I started this blog and it felt right. I made choices and decisions that I never thought I would make after coming home from my time alone.
But don't get too caught up with finding your "right path." Just continue to explore and take action every day – you'll find alignment with your true self along the way. I don't believe we have just one "right path" so don't feel like you need to wait until the right moment or time to come along – that won't get you anywhere!
The last factor in happiness is choosing happiness in the present moment. True, lasting happiness can't come from external things like wealth or success, it comes from being at peace with the present, the now. Though obviously it's much easier to be at peace with the present when you're at a place in life that you enjoy which is why I think the other 2 factors are essential. This last factor is most important though because without being at peace with the present and having a healthy state of mind we'll never be truly happy, even if we're finding success in everyday life. Success and wealth often bring fleeting moments of happiness but what we want is long term, sustained happiness, right?
When we spend time alone we're able to focus on the present moment much easier. There are no distractions or people pulling us into the past memories or future plans. We can focus on where we are presently and enjoy each moment in peace and quiet, remembering that this moment, the now, is all we really ever have and being thankful for it.
OK, so who's ready for their solo retreat now? Have you been on one before? What did you think or experience? Sound off in the comments!
I 100% agree with everything you've said! This is an amazing article! Sharing with my friends now because they never believe me when I say how awesome my solo trips are! I am always trying to convince them they need to go on one themselves. Maybe this will help!
Sarah – so glad it resonated with you! Thanks for sharing and yes, I hope they find it useful and go for a trip themselves!!


i dont know why no one is writing here... but your last post was on 2013 (long time ago...). i used your planet tutorial and i converted it into XNA 4.0. but i got only a blue sphere (only the water) and no world protection. i spent few days but i cant solve it... maybe u have an idea whats wrong?
The planet shader assumes the planet is at 0,0,0.
This makes the maths much simpler.
You can place the object anywhere you want, but the world matrix you pass into the shader can only contain rotations.
This may be your problem.
The sphere is at 0,0,0.
I think the generating of the terrain as texture doesnt work right.
How did you generate the mercator map as a png ?
My guess is you have problems with your graphics device state.
If i try to save the mercator map as a png file, its empty.
So yes I think the same.
The graphic device state is not valid.
I made many changes and i already set the cullmode, VertexSamplerState, applying the CurrentTechnique and disabled the depth buffer.
Maybe you want publish the full code as one XNA 4.0 example for other readers of your awesome planet examples ?
Do you have a forum or is the blog the only way to communicate on your homepage?
I only really use this site for publishing stuff, dropped the blog in because it was easy, but never really use it.
ok so i thanks you again.
I will certainly get in touch again.
as you know,i´m trying to convert your XNA 3.1 examples into 4.0.
After your recent help, I also came very far.
But in the last chapters of cloud and atmosphere i have some problems and i hope you can give me some help again.
The clouds are there but they look pixilated and your clouds looks much more smoother as mine so maybe you have an idea what i made wrong?
As you can see in the Screenshot, the atmosphere isnt working right too. I made a new simple project to get it to work but i failed again.
For the atmosphere I can see you have the culling wrong. You want the INSIDE of the sphere.
For the clouds, just change the Nz value in the bump map generation to something you like.
I would also make sure you are using anisotropic filtering in the shaders rather than the point sampling you are using now.
The cloud generation is crap though, really should do a new version.
The culling fixed the atmosphere problem thx.
I use the point sampling because i had to change the XNA Framework from "Reach profile" to "HiDef profile" (XNA Framework Reach profile does not support pixel shader model 3.0.).
XNA Framework HiDef profile requires TextureFilter to be Point when using texture format Vector4.
i modified your XNA Planet example.
The Sun is now in the middle (0,0,0) and the planet is moving around.
All worked well but i´ve got a problem with the atmosphere effect.
"Pass in another matrix which does not include a translation and use this to calculate v3pos."
I don´t undestand why you say "does NOT include a translation" ?
if i modify the world matrix with the planetposition the atmosphere effect isn´t shown.
By the other effects (cloud, rings) i dont have this problem and all worked well.
Can you tell me, why this need to be be treated differently and how to get it to work?
i read your comment in your example again and now i understand it.
I have to seperate the World Matrix from the v3pos Matrix.
i am trying to connect the objects like the sun, planets and other with a orbitalgrid. I use a VertexPositionColor vertices array and give the objectposition as parameter but the connectionlines are drawed far away out of of the solarsystem... Have you an idea why the given objectposition is not matching if i use it for the connectionline?
Can't see anything wrong in that code, but it got truncated.
Well here the truncated code of the GridObjectConnector.cs.
By the way do you know a way to debug .fx code?
Debug support for shaders is very poor.
You can try pixwin, but it doesn't always work.
the projection matrix is set in the game1.cs draw method.
Hopefully you see this as my email to your stainless@orange... bounced back. I've been wanting to contact you for a long time as I run a Starflight website that tributes all the official games and fan games out there and I've been wanting to give your remake project a bigger tribute!
I also run the Starflight facebook group which was an attempt to preserve the community after the death and inactivity of all the old forums. Many guys from the older days that I'm sure you interacted with a lot over the years are there such as Brandon (Opie), Steven (Capi), Michael (Gamxin), Jon Harbor (from SF TLC), Aaron Diggins (from the early 2000s SF1 Remake that became revisited) and more I'm forgetting. It would be an honour to have a big name from the SF community like yourself join us too.
The group has become a great news service and gathering place for all things starflight related over the years. For example..
- 2 years ago the group was able to get Brandon to bring the starflight 3 site and forum back online and the project started up again with some new team members (however sadly it has since died again surprise surprise lol).
- We talked Jon Harbor into working again on his TLC upgrade/overhaul (am currently attempting to send him some helpers as we've got a few bored programmers in the group lol).
- A member recently discovered a new Sf1 remake project being built in unity by an ex-Bethesda employee, he'd already given up thinking no one cared, but we tracked him down, got him over to the group and he's back working on it again.
- And saving the best news till last, someone discovered and posted in the group that SF1&2 lead dev Greg Johnson is currently working on a new official Starflight 3 sequel that's got a private funding campaign happening atm here!
I believe Michael (Gamxin) spoke with you a few years ago and you gave him your copies of the SF3 source files and also your final SF1 remake alphas. To help me do a better tribute site he passed them on to me. Sadly neither he or I could figure out how to get those SF3 files compiled and working but your Sf1 remake alphas worked great. I was really blown away by just how complete your alpha 3 demo was, way more complete than any other remake out there. I'm currently working on using that to do a full page tribute on my website to your project as it's definitely one of the best! Are there any alien encounters or battles in your demo?


text:
Boston Consulting Group MD says women are just as ambitious as men
Anna Green, managing director at Boston Consulting Group, Sydney, claims women are no less ambitious than men in the workplace – it's just that the culture in the organisations they work for holds them back. Speaking to the Sydney Morning Herald, Green, who was made partner at the firm when she was eight months pregnant, and who had spent the previous six years working 3-4 days a week flexibly, said: "If you [organisations] get the engagement right and the work environment right, women can thrive and be successful as leaders." Green became partner in 2012, and returned to work full-time a year later. She is now a leader of the Women@BCG initiative in the Asia-Pacific region.
See : www.smh.com


text:
Q: Maven mojo not picking up configuration from pom I've written a Maven plugin and incorporated it as a goal in the package phase of another project with configuration given in that project's pom.xml. However, none of the fields set using the @parameter notation end up being populated so they just throw NullPointerExceptions when they get used.
My mojo:
/**
 * @goal wrap
 * @phase package
 */
public class MyMojo extends AbstractMojo {

    /**
     * @parameter expression="${project.build.directory}"
     */
    private String outputDirectory;

    /**
     * @parameter
     */
    private String dbDataName;

    private File dbFile;

    public MyMojo(){
        dbFile = new File(outputDirectory, dbDataName) // throws nullpointerexception
    }

    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException{
        // Do stuff
    }
}

Some of the mojo pom:
<groupId>com.mycompany.wrapper</groupId>
<artifactId>something-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>maven-plugin</packaging>

...

<build>
<plugins>
    <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-plugin-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>3.2</version>
        <configuration>
            <skipErrorNoDescriptorsFound>true</skipErrorNoDescriptorsFound>
        </configuration>
        <executions>
            <execution>
                <id>mojo-descriptor</id>
                <goals>
                    <goal>descriptor</goal>
                </goals>
            </execution>
        </executions>
    </plugin>
</plugins>
</build>

The relevant bit of my project pom:
<plugin>
    <groupId>com.mycompany.wrapper</groupId>
    <artifactId>something-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <phase>package</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>wrap</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
                <dbDataName>dcbTestData.sql</dbDataName>
            </configuration>
        </execution>
    </executions>
</plugin>

Can anyone see what I'm doing wrong here? Most likely it's some silly mistake that I'm just not seeing.

A: I've solved the problem. I had done a few things wrong but after changing and tinkering, I managed to work it out.
Incidentally, this process was made rather harder by the fact that the Maven docs and user guides are a bit inconsistent about whether they prefer the annotations or the javadocs styles, and in some places they recommend deprecated methods, such as the expression="${stuff}" form.
Anyway to get it working:

*

*I corrected the mistakes pointed out by khmarbaise in his first comment where I had slightly mangled the maven-plugin-plugin definition in my pom.

*I updated to the Java annotations based way of denoting Mojos and parameters (it might have worked if I had done step 3 without doing this step, but it still seemed a good idea to update)

*The main problem was that I was trying to access the parameter variables in the constructor to assign values to other variables but the mojo doesn't pick up the configuration details until the execute() method is run. So I just moved any variable assignments that used the parameters to the start of the execute() method and then they worked.

So here's what my mojo looks like now:
@Mojo(name = "wrap", defaultPhase = LifecyclePhase.PACKAGE)
public class MyMojo extends AbstractMojo {

    @Parameter(property="project.build.directory")
    private File outputDirectory;

    @Parameter(property="dbDataName")
    private String dbDataName;

    private File dbFile;

    public void execute()
        throws MojoExecutionException {
        dbFile = new File(outputDirectory, dbDataName);

        // Do other stuff
    }
}

A: You should change your code like the following:
/**
 * @parameter default-value="${project.build.directory}"
 */
private String outputDirectory;


Salt dough is one of my favorite mediums to use with young kids.
It creates a fabulous clay that can be dried and hardened in the sun.
It's taste safe, so if it does go into the mouth, it's not a 911 situation.
The recipe is also simple enough and forgiving enough that my three year old and four year old can complete most of the recipe steps themselves without risk of being unable to complete the project.
We recently made some fabulous dough ornaments using beans for adornment.
The kids loved making them.
The recipe, bean assortment and design suggestions were provided as an invitation to create by Mother Goose Time.
Provide beans, seeds, or other nature items that may have been collected into the center of the table.
Give each child some clay.
What designs would you like to create?
Invite children to press beans into the clay.
Would you like to create letters, shapes or numbers?
How can you use the nature items in your mosaic?
Step 1 – Mix flour and salt in a large bowl.
Step 2 – Stir in warm water.
Step 3 – Knead the mixture for about 5 minutes.
Step 4 – Press nature items. birdseed, rice, or beans into the clay to create a design.
(We used beans and a few flower petals).
Step 5 – Let the clay dry in the sun.
Ours took approximately 3 days to dry completely.
I recommend placing the ornaments to dry on wax paper so they don't stick and flipping them once to dry on the opposite side once they are solid enough to hold their shape.
If you wish to hang them as ornaments, I recommend using a pencil to put a hole approximately 1/4 inch away from the outside edge through which you can thread some string, ribbon, or embroidery floss for hanging.
My three year old is still very process art oriented.
He was all about mixing the dough.
He loved sifting together the dry ingredients, flour and salt.
He adored getting to pour in the water himself.
He wore out a little during the mixing phase and if water had not been limited, we would have had soup.
I helped him mix the dough to the point that it was appropriate to start using his hands to knead the mixture and he was officially a happy camper.
He played in the dough and only showed interest in making the ornaments after he saw his sister creating some using the measuring cup to create circles.
He then managed to find some drinking water and started all over again with much wetter dough.
In the few ornaments of his that did survive for the baking process you can easily see the water/speckled appearance.
My four year old is much more interested in creating a product.
She enjoys the process and is in favor of the project proceeding with minimal direction, but wants very much to walk away with something she can show others in the house or give as a gift.
This project was a great fit for her.
She was all about making shapes and letters.
By the end she made so many on each ornament, it was difficult to distinguish what those letters and shapes were, but she knew and was pleased with her results!
If you and your kids enjoyed this activity, I encourage you to check out some other wonderful projects we've completed a part of our partnership with Mother Goose Time!


text:
Harold L Turner
Rank Sergeant
Awards Medal of Honor
Battles/wars World War I
Battles and wars World War I
Name Harold Turner
Died March 12, 1938
Born May 5, 1898 Aurora, Missouri (1898-05-05)
Allegiance United States of America
Unit Company F, 425th Infantry, 142nd Infantry Regiment
Service/branch United States Army
Harold Leo Turner (May 5, 1898 – March 12, 1938) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor during World War I.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and Organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company F, 142d Infantry, 36th Division. Place and Date: Near St. Etienne, France, 8 October 1918. Entered Service At: Seminole, Okla. Born: 5 May 1898, Aurora, Mo. G. O. No.: 59, W.D., 1919.
After his platoon had started the attack Cpl. Turner assisted in organizing a platoon consisting of the battalion scouts, runners, and a detachment of Signal Corps. As second in command of this platoon he fearlessly led them forward through heavy enemy fire, continually encouraging the men. Later he encountered deadly machinegun fire which reduced the strength of his command to but 4 men, and these were obliged to take shelter. The enemy machinegun emplacement, 25 yards distant, kept up a continual fire from 4 machineguns. After the fire had shifted momentarily, Cpl. Turner rushed forward with fixed bayonet and charged the position alone capturing the strong point with a complement of 50 Germans and 1 machineguns. His remarkable display of courage and fearlessness was instrumental in destroying the strong point, the fire from which had blocked the advance of his company.
Harold L. Turner Wikipedia
The Blue Lagoon (1923 film)
Shashi Kant Sharma


text:
We're gonna miss this
Posted on May 24, 2016 by 40 Mile Commentator
Photo by Jamie Rieger- The grads perform a ceremonial cap toss to mark the end of the ceremony.
Redcliff RCMP saw a low call volume during the Christmas season
Food Bank staying busy during pandemic
Pahl signs National LOI to play at Minnesota school next year
Kilpatrick thought the town did well in 2020
Behave yourself on social media
Knock it off with the loud mufflers
Fire season has arrived
Spring has officially sprung...finally
Push-up challenge for PTSD
By Jamie Rieger
As the graduates from Senator Gershaw School move onto the next leg of their journey with eager anticipation, they will look back on their years with school friends, team mates, and mentors with fond memories.
"We're Gonna Miss This" was the theme for the 2016 Senator Gershaw graduation ceremony, held on Thursday evening.
Valedictorian, Chad Beck took time to thank the parents and teachers, who guided them through the last 12 years, but he also spoke of the competitiveness of the graduating class.
"Our class is kind of competitive, not only academically, but athletically too," he said. "You may think there might be some bad blood there, but the opposite is true. We always left the field as friends."
Beck went on to say that the grads are ready to tackle whatever comes next for them.
"This is just the beginning, the start of our lives, our future. We are ready to take life on."
The students have much to be proud of academically.The students accummulated 4,240 credits, averaging 140 per student. Only 100 are needed to graduate.
"That is a testament to all their hard work," said princiopal Derek Beck, adding that 83 percent of the students will be receiving Rutherford scholarships. "They have been very positive leaders for our school,"
Drew Barnes, MLA for Cypress-Medicine Hat sent regards from the province and encouraged the graduates to recognize how blessed they are as they move forward with their lives.
Mayor Gordon Reynolds in congratulating the grads, encouraged them to take the values they have learned in their homes and in their community with them as they embark on the next chapter in their lives."
Prairie Rose School Division chair Stuart Angle delivered words on behalf of the board of trustees.
"Life and learning is a journey, not a destination. This part of your journey is experience," said Angle."Learn more, adapt, and change. While you will miss the past, it is just that."
PRSD deputy superintendent, Cal Koch told the graduates that Senator Gershaw is a very good example of the school board's vision of "Learning together".
"Be proud of all your accomplishments over the last three years," said Koch. "Ultimately, we all look at high school graduation as completing the task. Every year, Alberta Education measures achievements throughout the province. For 2014-15, Senator Gershaw School was very, very impressive; the highest on every measure…The students of Bow Island are well-prepared for their next learning journey."
Olympian rower, Pauline Van Roessel gave the address to the graduates.
Van Roessel, a graduate of St. Michael's School, said, "When I graduated, at no point did I think I would be here giving a speech at a Senator Gershaw grad."
Van Roessel, who left Bow island at 17, told the graduates that no matter how much time passes there is a connection to her hometown.
"There is always a balance, a lifelong connection with the community. Go onto your next goal and be The Senator Gershaw graduating class of 2016 include: Cassidy Babe, Chad Beck, Poncho Bergen, Peter Dekker, Ike Entz, Vance Fode, John Giesbrecht, Emily Gross, Alexander Hirch, Ethan Hopkins, Nicole Keuper, Mackenzie Kielstra, Zane Knouse, Nick Kregel, Lane Lakevold, Jordan Liggett, Miya Nishi, Justin Olson, Bradley Pickett, Allison Reimer, Taryn Renzetti, Graham Schaufele, Anneke Schussler, Tristan Stensrud, Dallas Thacker, Mark Vanderwel, Aaron Van Es, Rowan Van Roessel, Robert Visser, and Megan Waldner.
Photo by Jamie Rieger- The Senator Gershaw graduating class listen to dignitaries who offer words of congratulation and encouragement at their graduation ceremony on Thursday evening.
Photo by Jamie Rieger- From left: Cassidy Babe, Emily Gross, and Anneke Schussler share a laugh before the ceremony starts.
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text:
Professor Winkler Publishes Article Examining Popular Discourse on Menstruation in Feminist Formations
"17 of the Wackiest Myths & Taboos About Menstruation You've Ever Heard"... This and many other examples of popular discourse address cultural and religious beliefs and practices related to menstruation. Many such articles lapse into sensationalized or patronizing accounts of menstrual beliefs and practices that disregard and ridicule cultural and religious traditions. Jointly with Prof. Bobel at UMass Boston, Prof. Winkler analyzes in "Bizarre" and "Backward" - Saviorism and Modernity in Representations of Menstrual Beliefs and Practices in the Popular Media how these articles reflect the neocolonial trinity of victim, savage, and savior. These discursive formulations metaphorically cast women and girls as passive victims of their "savage" culture in need of "saviors" who have the authority and the resources to alleviate their suffering. In doing so, the articles largely fail to understand the complex and diverse meanings of menstrual beliefs and practices and to acknowledge women's and girls' agency. While we appreciate the increased attention to menstruation, as global menstrual community we need to do better to understand the diverse meanings of menstrual practices in their sociocultural, religious, and historical contexts. The article can be accessed here: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/802382