text:
Supreme Court Confirms 2A Applies to all Bearable Arms
By Dean Weingarten
Supreme Court Confirms 2A Applies to all Bearable Arms!
Arizona – -(Ammoland.com)- In a historic, but extremely short unanimous opinion, the United States Supreme Court has confirmed that the Second Amendment applies "to all instruments that constitute bearable arms,".
As this is an enormous class of nearly all weapons, the decision is properly applied to knives and clubs, and nearly all firearms that have been sold in the United States.
Nearly all types of firearms are more common than stun guns.
From nbcnews.com:
But in an unsigned opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court Monday vacated that ruling. It said the Massachusetts court improperly found that Second Amendment protection applies only to weapons that were in common use at the time of the nation's founding.
Referring to its landmark 2008 ruling on handguns in the home, the justices said the Second Amendment applies "to all instruments that constitute bearable arms," even those not in existence at the time of the founding.
The unsigned opinion is very short. It is sparse, as noted by justices Thomas and Alito. Alito writes a much longer and more forceful opinion in concurrence. It could, and should, have gone much further. None the less, it is an enormous win for Second Amendment supporters, and it extends far beyond stun guns and Massachusetts. Because the opinion is short, here is the unanimous opinion, without Justice Alito's concurrence, which is at the link.
14-10078 Caetano v. Massachusetts(pdf) :
Cite as: 577 U. S. ____ (2016)
ALITO, J., concurring in judgment
JAIME CAETANO v. MASSACHUSETTS
ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME
JUDICIAL COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS
No. 14–10078.Decided March 21, 2016
PER CURIAM.
The Court has held that "the Second Amendment extends, prima facie, to all instruments that constitute bearable arms, even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding," District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U. S. 570, 582 (2008), and that this "Second Amendment right is fully applicable to the States," McDonald v.Chicago, 561 U. S. 742, 750 (2010). In this case, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts upheld a Massachusetts law prohibiting the possession of stun guns after examining "whether a stun gun is the type of weapon contemplated by Congress in 1789 as being protected by the Second Amendment." 470 Mass. 774, 777, 26 N. E. 3d 688, 691 (2015).
The court offered three explanations to support its holding that the Second Amendment does not extend to stun guns. First, the court explained that stun guns are not protected because they "were not in common use at the time of the Second Amendment's enactment." Id., at 781, 26 N. E. 3d, at 693. This is inconsistent with Heller's clear statement that the Second Amendment "extends . . . to . . . arms . . . that were not in existence at the time of the founding." 554 U. S., at 582.
The court next asked whether stun guns are "dangerous per se at common law and unusual," 470 Mass., at 781, 26 N. E. 3d, at 694, in an attempt to apply one "important limitation on the right to keep and carry arms," Heller, 554 U. S., at 627; see ibid. (referring to "the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of 'dangerous and unusual weapons' "). In so doing, the court concluded that stun guns are "unusual" because they are "a thoroughly modern invention." 470 Mass., at 781, 26 N. E. 3d, at 693–694. By equating "unusual" with "in common use at the time of the Second Amendment's enactment," the court's second explanation is the same as the first; it is inconsistent with Heller for the same reason.
Finally, the court used "a contemporary lens" and found "nothing in the record to suggest that [stun guns] are readily adaptable to use in the military." 470 Mass., at 781, 26 N. E. 3d, at 694. But Heller rejected the proposition "that only those weapons useful in warfare are protected." 554 U. S., at 624–625.
For these three reasons, the explanation the Massachusetts court offered for upholding the law contradicts this Court's precedent. Consequently, the petition for a writ of certiorari and the motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis are granted. The judgment of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
There is strong language in this opinion. If 200,000 stun guns in the U.S. are "common", it is hard to believe that 5 million AR-15s and millions of other semi-automatic rifles are "unusual".
If stun guns are common and protected by the Second Amendment, then so are knives, clubs, and future weaponry.
The case lays to rest the idea that courts can simply say anything other than handguns are "uncommon" or "unusual" and are therefore exempt from Second Amendment protections.
This case will be cited far into the future.
©2016 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included. Link to Gun Watch
Filed under Free Speech, Gun Control, Heros
Flashback: It's Hillary Clinton & Democrats that deploy tanks that kill Americans | BUNKERVILLE | God, Guns and Guts Comrades!
Hillary Clinton and her fellow Democrats are offended at the sight of a tank? It was she it was reported that ordered tanks and poisonous gas turned onto her fellow citizens in a little town called Waco, Texas.
Her latest twitter:
@HillaryClinton
We need a strong national defense, but a president shouldn't need it next to him in a parade to show his patriotism.
On April 19, 1993, the F.B.I. finished off its siege of the Branch Davidians' home just outside Waco, Texas, by pumping poisonous and flammable C.S. gas into a room filled with women and children, driving a tank through the wall, throwing incendiary devices at the survivors.
Thank the Democrats and Bill and Hillary Clinton.
Kids murdered in the Waco slaughter
Surely there was a better way than to slaughter men, women and children- more than 80. And the Clinton's managed to get by without any MSM condemnation, blaming it all on his Attorney General who got by without a nick and later ran for Governor of Florida.
Waco and Ruby Ridge are what were the sentinel moments in our nation's conscience. A Government could turn on its people. The story of the shadowy figure called Hillary Clinton and her role in all of this is included.
The Waco siege was a siege of a compound belonging to the religious group Branch Davidians by American federal and Texas state law enforcement and military between February 28 and April 19, 1993.
The group was suspected of weapons violations and a search and arrest warrant was obtained by the ATF. The incident began when the ATF attempted to raid the ranch. An intense gun battle erupted, resulting in the deaths of four agents and six Branch Davidians.
Upon the ATF's failure to raid the compound, a siege was initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the standoff lasting 51 days. Eventually, the FBI launched an assault and initiated a tear gas attack in an attempt to force the Branch Davidians out. During the attack, a fire engulfed Mount Carmel Center and 76 people.
According to Linda Tripp, it was Hillary and not Bill Clinton who directed the final assault on Waco.
Mrs. Clinton grew more and more impatient as the Waco stand-off came to dominate the headlines during the early months of the Clinton administration, said Bell. It was she, according to Bell's sources, who pressured a reluctant Janet Reno to act.
"Give me a reason not to do this," Reno is said to have begged aides shortly before orders were issued for the final assault.
During an interview in early February 2001 the former White House aide alleged that Hillary Clinton pressured the late Vincent Foster to resolve the Waco standoff. As a result more than eighty men, women and children were killed. Appearing on CNN's "Larry King Live" Tripp suggested that Foster, at Mrs Clinton's direction, transmitted the order to move on the Branch Davidian's Waco compound, which culminated in a military style attack on the wooden building.
Her accusations lend weight to charges made previously by Special Forces expert and Waco investigator, Steve Barry. According to the former Special Forces member, Hillary set up a special "crises center" in the White House to deal with Waco.
Serving with her in the center was Vincent Foster who, according to his widow was subsequently: "fueled by horror at the carnage at Waco for which the White House had ultimately been responsible."
Foster himself was found dead, from a gun-shot wound to the head, in a Virginia park three months later. Could he have known too much about Waco?
Journalist Ambrose Evans-Pritchard maintains that Foster had been "drafting a letter involving Waco" on the very day of his death. Moreover Evans-Pritchard says that Foster kept a Waco file in a locked cabinet that was off limits to everyone, including his secretary.
Prior to Waco, Foster was "dignified, decent, caring, smart" says Linda Tripp; in its aftermath though, she said: "…Vince was falling apart."
She was with the former White House deputy counsel when the news about Waco broke on television. "A special bulletin came on showing the atrocity at Waco and the children. And his face, his whole body slumped, and his face turned white, and he was absolutely crushed – knowing the part he had played."
"And he had played the part at Mrs Clinton direction," said Tripp.
Moreover there was a marked contrast between Foster's heartfelt emotion at the Waco tragedy and Hillary Clinton's, Tripp insists: "Her reaction was heartless".
Her accusations give further weight to allegations first levelled in the 1999 documentary on the deadly confrontation, "Waco: A New Revelation." The film featured the account of former House Waco investigator T. March Bell.
"One of the interesting things that happens in an investigation is that you get anonymous phone calls," Bell explained in the film. "And we in fact received anonymous phone calls from Justice Department managers and attorneys who believe that pressure was placed on Janet Reno by Webb Hubbel, pressure that came from the first lady of the United States."
Mrs Clinton grew more and more impatient as the Waco stand-off came to dominate the headlines during the early months of the Clinton administration, said Bell. It was she, according to Bell's sources, who pressured a reluctant Janet Reno to act.
A good History and the meaning and aftermath of this can be found at: Little Alex in Wonderland
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It is time that we stop bashing Obama for his perceived lack of accomplishments
https://vermontloonwatch.wordpress.com/2019/02/25/political-speak-24/
It is time that we stop bashing Obama for his perceived lack of accomplishments. That he has none is a fallacy.
Here is a list of his impressive accomplishments:
All have been fact checked
1. First President to be photographed smoking a joint.
2. First President to apply for college aid as a foreign student, then deny he was a foreigner.
3. First President to have a social security number from a state he has never lived in.
4. First President to preside over a cut to the credit-rating of the United States.
5. First President to violate the War Powers Act.
6. First President to be held in contempt of court for illegally obstructing oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico.
7. First President to require all Americans to purchase a product from a third party.
8. First President to spend a trillion dollars on "shovel-ready" jobs when there was no such thing as "shovel-ready" jobs.
9. First President to abrogate bankruptcy law to turn over control of companies to his union supporters.
10. First President to by-pass Congress and implement the Dream Act through executive fiat.
11. First President to order a secret amnesty program that stopped the deportation of illegal immigrants across the U.S., including those with criminal convictions.
12. First President to demand a company hand-over $20 billion to one of his political appointees.
13. First President to tell a CEO of a major corporation (Rick Wagoner of GM) to resign.
14. First President to terminate America's ability to put a man in space.
15. First President to cancel the National Day of Prayer and to say that America is no longer a Christian nation.
16. First President to have a law signed by an auto-pen without being present.
17. First President to arbitrarily declare an existing law unconstitutional and refuse to enforce it.
18. First President to threaten insurance companies if they publicly spoke out on the reasons for their rate increases.
19. First President to tell a major manufacturing company in which state it is allowed to locate a factory.
20. First President to file lawsuits against the states he swore an oath to protect (AZ, WI, OH, IN).
21. First President to withdraw an existing coal permit that had been properly issued years ago.
22. First President to actively try to bankrupt an American industry (coal).
23. First President to fire an inspector general of AmeriCorps for catching one of his friends in a corruption case.
24. First President to appoint 45 czars to replace elected officials in his office.
25. First President to surround himself with radical left wing anarchists.
26. First President to go golfing more than 150 times in his eight years in office.
27. First President to hide his birth, medical, educational and travel records.
28. First President to win a Nobel Peace Prize for doing NOTHING to earn it.
29. First President to go on multiple "global apology tours" and concurrent "insult our friends" tours.
30. First President to go on over 17 lavish vacations, in addition to date nights and Wednesday evening White House parties for his friends paid for by the taxpayers.
31. First President to have personal servants (taxpayer funded) for his wife.
32. First President to keep a dog trainer on retainer for $102,000 a year at taxpayer expense.
33. First President to fly in a personal trainer from Chicago at least once a week at taxpayer expense.
34. First President to repeat the Quran and tell us the early morning call of the Azan (Islamic call to worship) is the most beautiful sound on earth.
35. First President to side with a foreign nation over one of the American 50 states (Mexico vs Arizona).
36. First President to tell the military men and women that they should pay for their own private insurance because they "volunteered to go to war and knew the consequences."
37. Then he was the First President to tell the members of the military that THEY were UNPATRIOTIC for balking at the last suggestion.
Quite impressive a list, is it not?
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The Second Amendment Has Always Been An Individual Right
John Paul Stevens is still wrong about District of Columbia v. Heller.
By David Harsanyi
In a recent interview with The New York Times regarding his upcoming memoir, former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens shares what he contends are the three worst court decisions to come down during his long tenure. His first choice, unsurprisingly, is District of Columbia v. Heller, the 2008 ruling that finally codified the Second Amendment as an individual right.
Stevens told the Times that he even took "an extraordinary step in trying to head off the decision," preemptively sending the other justices a probable dissent to convince them to change their positions. "The combination of its actual practical impact by increasing the use of guns in the country and also the legal reasoning, which I thought was totally unpersuasive," he says, "persuaded me that the case is just about as bad as any in my tenure."
Stevens doesn't even attempt to hide the political motivation behind his argument. Earlier this year, in fact, Stevens implored Americans to do what he couldn't while on the court, and repeal the Second Amendment. Stevens quotes former Chief Justice Burger, who in 1991 claimed that activists had perpetrated "one of the greatest pieces of fraud, I repeat the word fraud, on the American public by special interest groups that I have ever seen in my lifetime."
Both these justices rely on an expedient revisionist history to make their claims. This effort was spearheaded by left-wing historians who attempted to retroactively dismiss the ubiquitous presence of guns in American life and the role firearms played in the rise of a nation. It was taken up by anti-firearm activists and journalists who have used that revisionist history to dismiss the overwhelming evidence that the founding generation believed individual Americans had an inherent right to bear those arms.
All of these forces fostered a "collective right" theory regarding the Second Amendment that was normalized in legal and political circles for decades. Countless judges, like Stevens, latched onto this mythology in an attempt to disarm law-abiding individuals in the name of safety.
The singular purpose of the Second Amendment, they argued, was to arm militias, not individuals. For some reason, they contend, the Second Amendment, unlike most of the Bill of Rights, actually empowered the government rather than the individual. Any other interpretation was an antiquated and destructive reading of the past.
But history has never backed up this contention — not then, and not now. The notion of individual ownership of firearms was so unmistakable and so omnipresent in colonial days—and beyond—that Americans saw no more need to debate its existence than they did the right to drink water or breathe the air. Not a single Minuteman was asked to hand his musket over to the Continental Congress after chasing the British back to Boston. If they had been, the Revolution would have been short-lived, indeed.
The debate over the Second Amendment centered on who controlled the militias: the federal or state governments. Everyone understood that a militia consisted of free individuals who would almost always grab their own firearms—the ones they used in their everyday existence—to engage in a concerted effort to protect themselves, their community, or their country — sometimes from their own government. Many colonies enshrined an individual's right to bear arms in their constitutions before the Bill of Rights was even written, most of them in more explicit individualistic terms. Not a single Framer objected.
"The right of self defense is the first law of nature," wrote George Tucker in the 1803 Blackstone's Commentaries regarding the American Second Amendment. "In most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest possible limits . . . and [when] the right of the people to keep and bear arms is, under any color or pretext whatsoever, prohibited, liberty, if not already annihilated, is on the brink of destruction."
During the 19th century, there was still no need to debate whether the Second Amendment was an individual right. The right of an individual to bear arms had been so self-evident that on the rare occasions it was mentioned in any kind of political or legal context, it was brought up to compare American liberty with tyranny elsewhere.
In an 1823 letter to John Adams, William H. Sumner, a politician and general in the Massachusetts militia, noted that if the population of the United States, "like that of Europe, chiefly consisted of an unarmed peasantry," it would be conquerable. "Here," he went on, "every house is a castle, and every man a soldier. Arms are in every hand, confidence in every mind, and courage in every heart. It depends upon its own will, and not upon the force of the enemy, whether such a country shall ever be conquered."
Adams concurred with this thinking. An armed citizenry would not be susceptible to tyranny.
"The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered, as the palladium of the liberties of a republic; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpation and arbitrary power of rulers," wrote Joseph Story, an associate Supreme Court justice in the early 1800s, "and will generally, even if these are successful in the first instance, enable the people to resist and triumph over them."
Contemporary liberals often view this form of anti-government rhetoric and reasoning at best distasteful and at worst an endorsement of treason. Of course, despite our many political battles, there is no need for armed insurrection today. What contemporary critics fail to comprehend, however, is that the founding generation believed those who would undermine the universal and inalienable liberties of the people laid out in the Constitution—whether they were in the government or not—are the ones committing sedition.
The individual right to bear arms wasn't challenged during the Civil War era, when manufacturing capacity and industrialization of the Union—spurred in part by gun innovators like Sam Colt—not only helped create superior armaments and technology that helped defeat the Confederacy but also made guns more widespread than ever.
During the 1800s, firearm innovation permitted the common man to buy more powerful guns more cheaply. These were the guns Americans used to explore, tame, and ultimately populate the West. This project, with all its moral implications, both admirable and sometimes ugly, made the United States the most powerful economic power on earth. Never once did anyone contest the right of individual men (and plenty of women) to own guns.
It's true, a number of municipalities in the West enacted the occasional local gun ordinance in their red districts. Gun controllers love to cobble together these rare, narrow and tepid prohibitions to create the impression that there was widespread gun control. Not one of these regulations ever challenged the idea of a man's individual right to own a Remington, Colt, Winchester, or any other gun. Or as many guns as he liked.
When weapons were confiscated by authorities, it was typically in an effort to subjugate minorities — mostly blacks, Native Americans, and others who happen to get in the way of corrupt politicians. When one of the sponsors of the 14th Amendment made his argument for equal protection, it was no accident that he brought up vital "individual right" laid out in the Second Amendment. Not one person objected to say it was a collective right.
It wasn't until the rise of criminality in the 1930s that there was any federal gun law—and even then, no one made the legal or political argument for the collective theory. It wasn't until the late 1960s that the left adopted this imaginary understanding of a natural right.
"Putting all of these textual elements together," wrote Justice Antonin Scalia in his historical, philosophical, and legal exposition of the Second Amendment, "we find that they guarantee the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation. This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background of the Second Amendment. We look to this because it has always been widely understood that the Second Amendment, like the First and Fourth Amendments, codified a pre-existing right."
The fact that Stevens' messy, historically challenged dissent couldn't persuade Scalia, or anyone else, is unsurprising.
Stevens' feelings about guns or gun violence do not erase the fact that, both in English common law and in American life, the individual right to self-defense goes back farther than our right to a free press and to freedom of religion. Yet, the fact that the Heller, a decision that invalidated a federal law prohibiting law-abiding citizens from owning a handguns in some of the most crime-ridden neighborhoods in America, bothers Stevens more than any other tells us plenty about his legacy.
David Harsanyi is a Senior Editor at The Federalist. He is the author of the new book, First Freedom: A Ride Through America's Enduring History with the Gun, From the Revolution to Today.
Filed under Big Brother, Censorship, Class Warfare, Communism, Corruption, Defund UN, Dumbassery, Elitist, Free Speech, Gun Control, Illegal Government Acts, Left Wing Press, Liberals, Libtard Lies, Nanny State, Politics As Usual, Pseudo Intellectual, Scare Mongers, Socialism, Stupidity, Traitor, Unconstitutional Acts
Justice: Man Charged With Murdering Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry Extradited to U.S. From Mexico
Katie Pavlich @KatiePavlich Posted: Aug 01, 2018 7:02 AM
Mexican national Heraclio Osorio-Arellanes, who has been charged with the first-degree murder of Border Patrol agent Brian Terry, was extradited to the United States Tuesday night for prosecution by the Department of Justice. Osario-Arellanes was arrested by Mexican authorities in April 2017.
"The Department of Justice is pleased that the suspected killer of Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry has been successfully extradited to the United States and will now face justice for this terrible crime," said Attorney General Jeff Sessions. "We are grateful for the efforts of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Marshals Service and U.S. Customs and Border Protection as well as our law enforcement partners in Mexico. To anyone who would take the life of an American citizen, in particular an American law enforcement officer, this action sends a clear message: Working closely with our international partners, we will hunt you down, we will find you, and we will bring you to justice."
Agent Terry's sister, Kelly Terry-Willis, posted about the news on Facebook.
Agent Terry was murdered on December 14, 2010 patrolling Rico Valley, Arizona. While Osorio-Arellanes is suspected of pulling the trigger, six other men have also been charged with his death. Three have pleaded guilty and two were convicted by a jury. Jesus Rosario Favela Astorga, who has been charged, is waiting to be prosecuted.
According to DOJ, "the indictment charges the defendants with first-degree murder, second-degree murder, conspiracy to interfere with commerce by robbery, attempted interference with commerce by robbery, use and carrying a firearm during a crime of violence and assault on a federal officer." The men are also being charged with assaulting Border Patrol Agents William Castano, Gabriel Fragoza and Timothy Keller, who came under fire with Terry the night he was killed.
The men were part of a rip crew and used weapons to kill Terry that were purposely trafficked by the Obama Justice Department to Mexican drug cartels through Operation Fast and Furious.
"The arrest and extradition of Osorio-Arellanes reflects the steadfast commitment and tireless work of the United States and our law enforcement partners in Mexico, who shared the common goal of seeking justice for the murder of Agent Brian Terry," U.S. Attorney Adam Braverman said. "When an agent makes the ultimate sacrifice while serving his country, we must hold all the individuals who played a part in this tragic outcome accountable for their actions. This extradition moves that important goal forward."
Osario-Arellanes will be arraigned in U.S. District Court in Tucson, Arizona, Wednesday afternoon.
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Anti-Gunner Thinks Armed Women Will Get Hurt More
Regardless of what precipitates it, any gun debate will eventually fire up to encompass almost every aspect of firearms. This is just how it shakes out and how it will continue to shake out.
This time around, for example, a school shooting has sparked a debate about how women can use a firearm to defend themselves from danger.
Leave it to the anti-gunners, however, to try and argue that having a firearm makes them get hurt worse.
What these arguments neglect to mention is that when women—and particularly women of color—actually do try to defend themselves against their abusers, they are frequently the ones who end up getting punished.
First, some facts: Women are three and a half times more likely to be killed by a romantic partner than men are. Women are more than twice as likely to be killed by their husband or an intimate acquaintance than by a stranger. And, according to a Johns Hopkins School of Public Health study, "women living in homes with 1 or more guns were more than 3 times more likely to be killed in their homes."
Ah, this old chestnut that has been debunked time and time again. In particular, there's no adjustment for lawfully-owned firearms versus criminal behavior. Women who live in the home of a criminal or are a criminal themselves are far more likely to be murdered than other women, enough so that it may well skew the results.
But it continues.
You also can't look at the problem of domestic violence without acknowledging the even worse problem of domestic violence within the law enforcement community. Studies have found that police officers' partners and families experience domestic violence at a much higher rate than other families. And women who suffer abuse at the hands of police officers are often afraid to go to the police with their experience, fearing retaliation or simple inaction.
This is what I like to call the "Look! A squirrel!" argument.
No one is disputing that abuse happens. Regardless of where it happens, though, women have a right to self-defense, and there is no better tool for self-defense, particularly for a woman, than a firearm. Period.
The story follows up with a bunch of anecdotal stories of where the system failed, where women who supposedly defended themselves against abusive men were then prosecuted for it. The point, of course, is to show just how women get screwed.
Of course, the stories leave key things out. For example, the story brings up Bresha Meadows, a 14-year-old girl who shot and killed her reportedly abusive father. It talks all about how the system failed her.
Consider the case of Bresha Meadows. In 2016, the 14-year-old girl fatally shot her father—a man who she, her mother, and her siblings all described as abusive. Rather than being praised for her bravery in defending her mother and siblings, Meadows was arrested and charged with aggravated murder. Prosecutors originally considered trying Meadows as an adult, which would have carried a potential sentence of 20 years to life in prison. Meadows ultimately spent 10 months in a juvenile detention center in Ohio, and was released earlier this month.
However, that's not the whole story. You see, Bresha Meadows wasn't defending herself, according to the law as written. Oh no. What she did sure as hell looks like premeditated murder (emphasis mine).
And as Jonathan Meadows slept in his living room, his daughter pulled the trigger, ending his life and dividing a family, according to interviews and a police report. The relatives of Bresha's father called the shooting a calculated murder. Those of the girl's mother called it the end of a husband's nonstop pattern of emotional and physical abuse that raged on until a young girl exploded.
In other words, at that moment, Meadows was not in fear of her life. Sure, she may have been terrified that someday her father would kill her, but right then he was harmless. He was asleep. She was as safe from him at that moment as she ever would be. And she shot him.
Then there's this tidbit:
Consider the case of Marissa Alexander. In 2010, the Florida mother of three fired a "warning shot" toward her abusive ex-husband to prevent him from assaulting her. Despite the fact that she was a licensed gun owner and no one was harmed by her shot, Alexander was arrested and charged with three counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.
There were a couple of problems here. For one, Alexander's ex-husband was both unarmed and standing with her son when she fired at him, and there doesn't appear to be any claims that the boy was at risk from his father.
Second, the bullet from the gun doesn't look like a "warning shot" like Alexander claimed.
The fact of the matter is that, like anyone else in such a circumstance, Alexander had, and failed, to show she was in fear of her life at that moment. Past abuse doesn't justify lethal force, and thus her Stand Your Ground defense didn't hold up in court.
The same would have happened if the genders were reversed.
Despite these instances that are supposedly proof that women won't get a fair shake from the criminal justice system if they use a gun in self-defense, bear in mind that the estimates for the defensive use of a firearm range from 100,000 per year to as many as 2.5 million. There's no way those are all men defending themselves, either.
Instead, tens of thousands to millions of women successfully defend their lives with a firearm every year and do so without the criminal justice system hammering them.
The fact of the matter is that when a woman is in danger, a firearm is the best option for defending her life. Less lethal options aren't always effective, and hand-to-hand techniques give way too much of an advantage to the men due to weight and strength differences. Yet even the smallest of women can muster enough strength to pull a trigger.
If they want to avoid difficulties with the criminal justice system, however, they need follow the same rules the guys have to follow.
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text:
This Is Anfield • Liverpool FC News • Liverpool FC Transfer Rumours •
Rumour Mill: Liverpool "closing in" on Barcelona's Martin Montoya
Liverpool could be set to land highly rated Barcelona right-back Martin Montoya, according to reports on Thursday.
The Telegraph suggest the Reds are "closing in" on a deal the 24-year-old Spanish international, with his days at the Camp Nou thought to be numbered.
A new deal for Dani Alves and the arrival of Aleix Vidal from Sevilla has cast Montoya's future into doubt, with a £7 million bid expected to be enough to secure his signature from the Catalan giants.
Montoya wasn't named in Barcelona's matchday squad for their European Cup final victory over Juventus last Saturday, having made only eight appearances in La Liga all season.
Liverpool have long been linked with Montoya but this latest report could be a backup to the club's first-choice right-back signing of Nathaniel Clyne from Southampton.
Liverpool are expected to submit an improved offer for Clyne this week. The Saints are reportedly close to signing Sporting Lisbon right-back Cedric Soares as Clyne's replacement.
In a recent analysis of Montoya's credentials for Liverpool by This Is Anfield's Jack Lusby, our writer concluded "Montoya would make a solid acquisition for the Reds this summer, and no doubt Rodgers can count on the Barcelona man to produce consistent performances at right-back."
Montoya would be seen as a direct replacement for Glen Johnson, who's departure from Anfield was confirmed by the Premier League on Wednesday.
The 30-year-old is expected to agree a deal with Turkish giants Besiktas when his Liverpool contract formally comes to an end on July 1st.
Liverpool are also said to be close to agreeing a free transfer move for Bolton Wanderers goalkeeper Adam Bogdan. The 27-year-old impressed against the Reds in an FA Cup fourth round tie last season and is out of contract at the Macron Stadium.
Would you like to see Liverpool sign Montoya? Let us know your thoughts on the Barcelona right-back in the comments section below.
Tags Glen Johnson, Martin Montoya

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text:
Science, Tech, Math › Science
Guide to Phosphate Minerals
Types Of Rocks
Landforms and Geologic Features
Andrew Alden
Geology Expert
B.A., Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire
Andrew Alden is a geologist based in Oakland, California. He works as a research guide for the U.S. Geological Survey.
The element phosphorus is very important for many facets of life. Thus phosphate minerals in which phosphorus is oxidized in the phosphate group PO4 are part of a tight geochemical cycle that includes the biosphere, rather like the carbon cycle.
Reimphoto / Getty Images
Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) is a key part of the phosphorus cycle. It is widespread but uncommon in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Apatite is a family of minerals centered around fluorapatite, or calcium phosphate with a bit of fluorine, with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F. Other members of the apatite group have chlorine or hydroxyl that take the place of the fluorine; silicon, arsenic or vanadium replace the phosphorus (and carbonate replace the phosphate group); and strontium, lead, and other elements substitute for the calcium. The general formula for the apatite group is thus (Ca,Sr,Pb)5[(P,As,V,Si)O4]3(F,Cl,OH). Because fluorapatite makes up the framework of teeth and bones, we have a dietary need for fluorine, phosphorus, and calcium.
This element is usually green to blue, but its colors and crystal forms vary. Apatite can be mistaken for beryl, tourmaline, and other minerals (its name comes from the Greek "apate," or deceit). It is most noticeable in pegmatites, where large crystals of even rare minerals are found. The main test of apatite is by its hardness, which is a 5 on the Mohs scale. Apatite can be cut as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft.
Apatite also makes up sedimentary beds of phosphate rock. There it is a white or brownish earthy mass, and the mineral must be detected by chemical tests.
VvoeVale / Getty Images
Lazulite, MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2, is found in pegmatites, high-temperature veins, and metamorphic rocks.
The color of lazulite ranges from azure- to violet-blue and bluish-green. It's the magnesium end member of a series with the iron-bearing scorzalite, which is very dark blue. Crystals are rare and wedge-shaped; gemmy specimens are even rarer. Typically you'll see small bits without good crystal form. Its Mohs hardness rating is 5.5 to 6.
Lazulite can be confused with lazurite, but that mineral is associated with pyrite and occurs in metamorphosed limestones. It is the official gemstone of the Yukon.
Pyromorphite
MarcelC / Getty Images
Pyromorphite is a lead phosphate, Pb5(PO4)3Cl, found around the oxidized edges of lead deposits. It is occasionally an ore of lead.
Pyromorphite is part of the apatite group of minerals. It forms hexagonal crystals and ranges in color from white to gray through yellow and brown but is usually green. It is soft (Mohs hardness 3) and very dense, like most lead-bearing minerals.
Ron Evans / Getty Images
Turquoise is a hydrous copper-aluminum phosphate, CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O, that forms by near-surface alteration of igneous rocks rich in aluminum.
Turquoise (TUR-kwoyze) comes from the French word for Turkish, and it is also sometimes called Turkey stone. Its color ranges from yellowish green to sky blue. Blue turquoise is second only to jade in value among the nontransparent gemstones. This specimen displays the botryoidal habit that turquoise commonly has. Turquoise is the state gem of Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico, where the Native Americans revere it.
KrimKate / Getty Images
Variscite is a hydrous aluminum phosphate, Al(H2O)2(PO4), with a Mohs hardness of around 4.
It forms as a secondary mineral near the surface in places where clay minerals and phosphate minerals occur together. As these minerals break down, variscite forms in massive veins or crusts. Crystals are small and very rare. Variscite is a popular specimen in rock shops.
This variscite specimen comes from Utah, probably the Lucin locality. You might see it called lucinite or possibly utahlite. It looks like turquoise and is used the same way in jewelry, as cabochons or carved figures. It has what's called a porcelaneous luster, which is somewhere between waxy and vitreous.
Variscite has a sister mineral called strengite, which has iron where variscite has aluminum. You might expect there to be intermediate mixtures, but only one such locality is known, in Brazil. Usually strengite occurs in iron mines or in pegmatites, which are very different settings from the altered phosphate beds where variscite is found.
Alden, Andrew. "Guide to Phosphate Minerals." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-are-phosphate-minerals-4123032. Alden, Andrew. (2020, August 28). Guide to Phosphate Minerals. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-phosphate-minerals-4123032 Alden, Andrew. "Guide to Phosphate Minerals." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-phosphate-minerals-4123032 (accessed January 19, 2022).
A Few Rocks That Include Silicate Materials
Alphabetical List of Precious and Semiprecious Gemstones
Picture Guide to Common and Less-Common Minerals
The 12 Most Common Blue, Violet, and Purple Minerals
Sulfide Minerals
How to Distinguish Brown Minerals
How to Identify 10 Red and Pink Minerals
Discover Mica Minerals
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Quartz and Silica Minerals Gallery
How to Identify the 3 Major Types of Rocks
What Is Chemical Weathering?
Biotite Mineral Geology and Uses
Examples of Different Mineral Lusters
Types of Igneous Rocks


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Center for Basque Studies Bookstore
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Home › Books by Title › A Basque Patriot in New York: Jose Luis de la Lombana y Foncea and the Euskadi Delegation in the United States
A Basque Patriot in New York: Jose Luis de la Lombana y Foncea and the Euskadi Delegation in the United States
By Iñaki Anasagasti and Josu Erkoreka
A Basque Patriot in New York traces the incredible journey of a young jelkide (Basque Nationalist Party activist and patriot) from Vitoria-Gasteiz. Born to a nationalist family in the Araban capital, and a staunch nationalist from a very young age, the book follows Jose Luis de la Lombana through education in Madrid, resistance and incarceration in Vitoria-Gasteiz at the time of the military coup that turned into the Civil War of 1936, escape to France, activism in Barcelona—where he served as the editor of the Basque nationalist daily Euzkadi—in support of the Basque government-in-exile, and then exile. Among others, Lombana was chosen to attend the Second World Youth Congress, held in New York in 1938. During his time of activism in the United States, Lombana made many observations about US society and about Basque nationalism and its conflicts and struggles to reach and make inroads into US and US Basque and Basque-Catholic communities, which make his testimony and story an indispensable read for understanding of this extraordinarily complex and tumultuous period both in the United States and around the world. The book also focuses on efforts to support the Basque government in France and the United States and the subject of propaganda both in favor of Basque nationalism and pro-Franco, especially with regards to the US and world Catholic Communities. Altogether, through the story of this jelkide, a vivid portrait is painted of a time of great crisis, and of extraordinary deeds by many heretofore ordinary people. In the Appendix, the book presents Lombana's own report on his time in the United States.
© 2020 Center for Basque Studies Bookstore


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Bakwin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Harry Bakwin (1894–1973), American pediatrician
Ruth Morris Bakwin (1898–1985), American pediatrician and psychologist

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China International Industry Fair CIIF – which is the second largest industrial exhibition in the world, is the biggest exhibition platform in China dedicated to developing inter-state economic and trade relations.
In 2016 for the first time in 18 years the main Chinese exhibition CIIF acquired their first Partner Country – Russia was confirmed to be a Partner Country of CIIF.
Delegation from the Partner Country was headed by the Minister of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation Denis Manturov. The delegation consisted of directors of enterprises and federal and regional authorities.
The business program consisted of five events: plenary session of the Russian-Chinese business forum "Industrial Partnership: new opportunities and projects"; workshop "How to build a factory in Russia: legal and practical aspects"; investments projects from Russian regions, workshop "Industrial cyber risks – new discipline for the Board of Directors"; "Automatization and robotics in industry"; Opening ceremony with the participation of the head of Russian delegation and China Government leaders.
During the opening ceremony of the China International Industry Fair CIIF–2016 with the presence of Chinese government officials exhibitors were granted with awards for innovation developments, technologies, technology equipment and information technology products. The "Special Prize" was also for the first time granted to a Partner Country representative – Kaspersky Lab was awarded for developing new cybersecurity solutions.


is both time-consuming and heavy work.
Few vegetables and fruit will grow without adequate moisture. Many plants will grow in dry conditions, but they quickly bolt (run to seed) and tend to be tough and often taste bitter. A constant supply of water is necessary so that growth is steady and uninterrupted. Irregular supplies of water will lead to irregular growth and many vegetables and fruit, in particular, will split.
Throughout this book there is an emphasis on adding as much organic material as possible to the soil. Once again, this advice has to be repeated. Any free moisture in ordinary soil is likely to drain away or evaporate from the surface. However, fibrous material around the plant's roots will hold moisture in the same way as a cloth or a sponge. If there is excess moisture it will drain away, so that the plant is not standing in stagnant water, but enough will be retained to supply the plant's roots over a considerable time. Even if the water supply depends on irregular rain showers, the slow release will help to mitigate the dry periods.
digging, deep-bed system, add it as a top-dressing. Do this every year so that the water-retaining quality of the soil improves.
One way that moisture is lost from the soil is through evaporation from the surface. Hot sun and drying winds quickly take their toll on the soil and can dry it to a surprising depth, simply because more is drawn upwards to replace what has been lost nearer the surface. Covering the soil with a mulch helps to preserve this moisture.
Organic mulches are the best ones to use because they not only act as a barrier, but also eventually break down and are taken into the soil, much to its benefit. A mulch acts as a barrier partly because moisture does not evaporate from it quite as quickly as it does from ordinary soil, and partly because it acts as a thermal barrier, preventing the soil from getting too warm and thus speeding up the drying process.
Non-organic mulches – polythene (plastic), for example – prevent even greater loss as little moisture finds its way through, but, of course, it is not as easy for water to penetrate in the first place. Those to whom the aesthetic qualities of the kitchen garden are important may find that polythene looks ugly and will prefer to use an organic mulch.
It is important that the ground is thoroughly watered before any mulch is applied. If the ground is left dry the mulch will prevent it from getting wet unless a very large quantity of water is supplied.
Water is an expensive commodity – and becoming increasingly expensive in some areas – so you should use it only where and when it is really needed. Avoid, if possible, using sprinklers that waste large quantities of water on paths and other non-productive ground. If you have the time and strength use a watering can, supplying water to the base of individual plants. If you do this, you can be sure that the water goes where it is most needed. Sprinklers are especially useful when there is a large area of produce to cover or if watering by hand is difficult for physical reasons.
One efficient way of supplying water is to use a drip hose. This is a hosepipe (garden hose) with holes in it. It is laid along the line of plants and water constantly dribbles out. There is not enough water to flood the soil, but there is sufficient to provide a constant supply to the plants. If the ground is mulched, lay the pipe under the mulch. These hoses are best left on for several hours until the soil has taken up sufficient moisture, and then turned off, but there are gardens where they can be left on permanently. The system works best with permanent plantings, such as fruit bushes.
Whatever method you use, make certain that the ground is thoroughly soaked. A sprinkling of water on the surface will do little other than lay the dust. To be effective, a watering should supply at least the equivalent of 2.5cm/1in of rain.


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Sony PlayStation® Physical Gift Card
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Sony PlayStation® eGift Cards are available from $20 to $100
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Terms and Conditions Your use of this PSNSM code ("Code") constitutes your acceptance of these terms and any additional terms available at https://us.playstation.com/redemption. Activated Codes can only be redeemed through a Sony Entertainment Network (SEN) master account subject to prior acceptance of the SEN Terms of Service and User Agreement and applicable Privacy Policy available at https://us.playstation.com/redemption. PS4™, PS3™, PS Vita, and PSP® systems, personal computers, access to the internet, compatible hardware and software sold separately. Your account will only accept Codes from the country designated on your account. Code is not redeemable for cash, cannot be returned for cash or credit, and may not be used for any other purpose. Code will not be replaced if lost, destroyed, or stolen. Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC, its parent company, affiliated companies and licensors make no express or implied warranties with respect to Code, PSNSM or the availability of products or services. To the extent permitted by law, your sole and exclusive remedy is the replacement of Code. All rights are reserved. Terms of Code may change without notice. Void where prohibited or restricted by law. For assistance, contact https://us.playstation.com/Support. PlayStation, PSP and the "PS" Family Logo are registered trademarks, PS4 and PS3 are trademarks, and PSN and the PSN Logo are service marks of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
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text:
Our Roots as Rehabilitation Specialists
By Emma Goldberg, DPT, MPH Candidate
By Emma Goldberg, DPT, MPH Candidate, Emory University, Division of Physical Therapy
The First International Congress of the World Confederation of Physical Therapy. London, 1953. Wellcome Library.
"Merely defining the group in the present pales against the possibility of forming an identity based on a rich past."
– Peter Sterns1
The World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) 2017 Congress in Cape Town, South Africa provides an invaluable opportunity to reflect upon the history of physical therapists as movement experts and healthcare providers. A historical review of the roots of physical therapy (PT) can contextualize current rehabilitation practices and provide greater understanding of the evolution of therapist's professional identity and role in medicine. This brief overview of physical therapist's roots as rehabilitation specialists will also illustrate how the work of PT's forefathers and mothers, such as those who attended the first WCPT Congress, held in London in 1953, has enabled rehabilitation medicine and physical therapy in particular to develop into the robust profession we know today.
Though physical therapy is traditionally thought to have developed from the demands of the worldwide polio epidemic and the large numbers of injured soldiers returning from the wars of the 20th century,2,3,4 more recent research has been able to trace the roots of "mechanical medicine" as a systematic application to patient care back to 19th Europe.5, 6 The "Medical Gymnasts" in Sweden's Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) provided an important model of patient care that demonstrated the value of manual manipulation, movement analysis, and comprehensive therapist training for specific patient conditions.5, 6 This often overlooked narrative of rehabilitation medicine offers a glimpse at the origins of physical therapy practice and highlights the shared struggles and common goals of health care providers that have persisted over the centuries. By the time that the WCPT formed in 1951, national organizations of Physical Therapists existed in countries around the world. Video footage from the first WCPT congress shows that the profession already emphasized what we now call evidence -based practice and promoted collaborative professional development.7 Examining the rich past of physical therapy provides a foundation to claim a shared identity as rehabilitation specialists and contribute to the growth of PT as a valued health profession in countries around the world.
The modern use of physical manipulation, massage, and exercise as treatment for musculoskeletal conditions is commonly attributed to Dr. James Cyriax, often cited as the father of orthopedic medicine, who recognized of the need to test and categorize functional movements in 1929. 5, 6 However, the use of physical manipulation has been seen over the centuries in distinct cultures around the world. Early manipulation and what we might consider manual therapy can be traced to the "the Balinese of Indonesia, the Lomi-Lomi of Hawaii, in areas of Japan, China and India, by the shamans of Central Asia, by sabodors in Mexico," as well as by bone setters of Nepal, Russia, and Norway.4 Homer documented massage and tissue mobilization as early as 1000 BCE.5 Hippocrates, commonly referred to as the "father of medicine" documented the use of spinal manipulation as a treatment for scoliosis as early as 460 BCE.4 Avicenna, the prolific Persian philosopher, scientist, and doctor from the Islamic Golden Age (8th-13th centuries)8 recorded using Hippocrates' spinal manipulation techniques in his medical book "The Book of Healing."4 However, it wasn't until the 19th century in Sweden, that a systematic and documented application of manipulation to specific musculoskeletal conditions that so deeply informed the orthopedic medicine approach to clinical care, became evident.5, 6
The Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG), founded in Sweden in 1813 by P.H. Ling, instituted a scientifically-based educational approach to physical medicine that utilized active movement and passive manipulations to treat musculoskeletal conditions.5, 6 The RCIG was a patriarchal organization that drew on German military training techniques9 and Chinese manual practices to derive specific applications for health promotion.5, 8, 9 These medical gymnasts have been cited by scholars as the beginning of the modern profession of physical therapy.5,9,10 The RCIG was successful, in part, due to formal government support and a comprehensive pedagogical model that emphasized the structural impact of body movements and positioning on certain health conditions.5, 6 The RCIG was so influential that by 1864 physicians "could not open a [physical therapy]-clinic without an exam from the RCIG."5 This early image of the male physical therapist training and working closely with physicians provides a distinctly different perspective from the later understanding of physical therapy as an predominantly female profession that served as an adjunct to traditional medicine. The RCIG established a scientific basis for their educational and clinical methods by tracking patient outcomes related to standardized treatments,5 a process that continues to be essential to PT practice today.
Graduates of the RCIG were licensed by Sweden's National Board of Health and emigrated to countries all around Europe where they spread their teachings and practices.5, 11 Many influential physicians also graduated from RCIG including Jonas Henrik Kellgren and Edgar Cyriax Snr., James Cyriax's grandfather and father, respectively. By the time that James Cyriax came to prominence in London in the early 20th century, the collaborative relationship that had existed between therapists and physicians had eroded, in part due to his writings and professional posturing.5, 6 Scholars have suggested that the influence of physical therapists and their role in medicine was overlooked by physicians who claimed propriety over manual manipulation to further their own professionalization and to settle conflicts of scope of practice.6 The techniques that had been promoted by therapists at the RCIG were incorporated into orthopedic medicine6 and this portion of the history of PT was obscured until recent scholars reasserted the link between the RCIG and modern evidence-based physical therapy practices.4, 5, 6
As orthopedic medicine began to establish and differentiate itself, the female dominated narrative of physical therapy emerged through the work of nurses and health aides in Europe and the United States. Nurses in the mid to late 19th century began using rudimentary exercise and therapeutic massage in their work with injured veterans4 and in doing so began to establish a matriarchal model of rehabilitative care. In 1894, four nurses, Lucy Robinson, Rosalind Paget, Elizabeth Manley, and Margaret Palmer, founded the Society of Trained Masseuses in the United Kingdom in hopes of protecting and sustaining the practices that they had seen help soldiers recover after injury.4 This organization would later become known as the Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics in 1920, and finally the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy in 1944.4 Health and nursing students came from all over the world to seek training in the rehabilitation sciences4 as poliomyelitis reached epidemic levels in the 1940s and 50s and the world wars saw an increase in debilitating, but life sustaining, injuries in the boys and men who returned home. Much of the foundation of the modern practice of rehabilitation medicine and physical therapy can be seen in the training from these organizations that international students then brought back and spread within their home countries.
One of the students who studied at the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy was Mary McMillan, the American "Mother of Physical Therapy". McMillan was greatly influenced by orthopedic medicine3, 4, 6 and even cited P.H. Ling's gymnastic approach as a foundational concept to her model of physiotherapy in her book "Massage and Therapeutic Exercise."5 When she returned from her studies to the United States, McMillan was one of the civilian women who served as "reconstruction aides" during World War I. In this capacity, she was able to spread her approach of rehabilitation in the military hospitals where she worked. The services that reconstruction aides provided included hydrotherapy, electrotherapy, and mechanotherapy12 which are still practiced in some form today. By the late 1940s, the professional organization that had been started by this group of women volunteers, and led by McMillan, had adopted the name by which it continues to be known today, the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA).12 The APTA now boasts 95,000 members across the United States with 213 institutions offering advanced physical therapy education.12 In setting the educational, practice, and ethical standards for the profession of physical therapy in the United States, the APTA continues to build on the traditions established by McMillan, and promote a robust, collaborative and patient centered approach to clinical rehabilitation. Current physical therapy education can trace its roots through McMillan to the practices of the RCIG and European orthopedic medicine, suggesting that the modern approach to rehabilitation medicine, in the United States at least, is a culmination of shared knowledge and techniques from different countries around the world.
The World Confederation for Physical Therapy embodies the goals of the APTA while representing the shared history of PT through its mission to improve global health with international collaboration that promotes the advancement of physical therapy.13, 14 Originally made up of 11 member organizations, the WCPT is now comprised of 210 member organizations representing over 350,000 therapists from different countries around the world.13 A video recording of the first WCPT congress in 1953 documented the attendance of over 1000 therapists and medical professionals from 25 different countries for a week long event13 where participants shared the latest techniques and practices in physical therapy. In addition to capturing the nostalgia of a by-gone era, the video highlights the salience of PT's commitment to the highest quality of patient care. The endorsement from British Minister of Health at the time, Ian McCloud, who opens the congress by recognizing the long history of physical therapy with the objectives of "not just returning the patient to existence, but to a real full, happy, and useful life" 7 reflects the growing recognition of physical therapy at that time as a valued healthcare provider. Further examination of the footage reveals lessons that are applicable to rehabilitation medicine today, including the importance of patient- centered treatments, the role of evidence-based practice, and the power of pooling resources and knowledge to address complex health issues. Most importantly perhaps, the video illustrates how barriers to developing high standards of patient care within rehabilitation medicine can be overcome by establishing strong connections among healthcare professionals.
President of WCPT at the first congress in 1953, Mildred Elson, stated in the video that "In physical therapy, there are no barriers of language or communication. We have a common bond, a common interest, physical therapy for the patient."7 In reviewing a brief history of the origins of physical therapy and rehabilitation medicine, the common theme that underlies the diverging professional discourse is that of providing the best care to meet the needs of the patient. Interventions and techniques from medical gymnasts, orthopedic doctors, nurses, and reconstruction aides were all designed to address the common goal of promoting the health and rehabilitation of the patient, regardless professional biases. This continues to be the case today as physical therapists from countries around the world strive, as individuals and as a profession, to claim their identity as rehabilitation specialists with a rich history of growth and innovation. One last lesson that modern therapists may be able to take from their forefathers and mothers who attended the first WCPT Congress, is that many of the perceived barriers to providing high quality patient care may be overcome by returning to our foundation as collaborative, patient-centered, evidence-based health care providers.
E. Goldberg was a doctorate of physical therapy candidate, Emory University at the time this manuscript was written.
1. Stearns PN. Why study history. American Historical Association Web site. https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/why-study-history. Accessed March 7, 2017.
2. Nicholson S. The evolution of physical therapy. In: The Physical Therapist's Business Practice and Legal Guide. Jones and Bartlette Publishers; 2008. http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763740691/40691_CH01_FINAL.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2017.
3. Moffat M. Three quarters of a century of healing the generations. Phys Ther. 1996; 76: 1242-1252.
4. Pettman E. A history of manipulative therapy. J Man Manip Ther. 2007; 15(3): 165–174.
5. MacDonald C. Recognizing 200 years of international OMT practice. Talk presented at: AAOMPT 2013 Annual Conference; October 2013; Sweden. https://kpta.com/userfiles/files/200%20years%20OMPT%20CM.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2017.
6. Ottosson A. The manipulated history of manipulations of spines and joints? Rethinking orthopaedic medicine through the 19th century discourse of European mechanical medicine. Medicine Studies. 2011; 3 (2):83-116.
7. Macleod I, Elson M, United Motions Picture, Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. The first international congress of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy. Wellcome Library Web site. http://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b2870678x. Accessed March 7, 2017.
8.Wikipedia. Avicenna. Wikipedia Web site. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna. Updated March 21, 2017. Accessed March 24, 2017.
9. Leeworthy D. Training for battle and play: Swedish gymnastics in Britain, 1890-1914. History on the Dole, notes from the margins of the past Web site. https://historyonthedole.wordpress.com/2014/05/31/training-for-battle-and-play-swedish-gymnastics-in-britain-1890-1914/. Accessed March 24, 2017.
10.Low J. The reconstruction aides. Amer J Occup Ther.1992;46: 38-43. http://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=1876533. Accessed March 7, 2017.
11. Olson, K. Introduction. In: Manual Physical Therapy of the Spine. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2016.
12.American Physical Therapy Association. APTA History. APTA Web site. http://www.apta.org/History/. Accessed March 21, 2017.
13.World Confederation for Physical Therapy. WCPT in 2015: growing, unifying, moving physical therapy forward. http://www.wcpt.org/news/Videos-profile-WCPT-June15. Accessed March 7, 2017.
14. World Confederation of Physical Therapy. WCPT in 2015: meeting the needs of members. http://www.wcpt.org/news/Videos-profile-WCPT-June15. Accessed March 7, 2017.
By Emma Goldberg, DPT, MPH Candidate
Emma Goldberg is a dual degree DPT/MPH graduate student interested in developing best practices for navigating inter-professional relationships while using humanities and digital scholarship to inform clinical practice. Her interest in public health and physical therapy developed from the hope to combine patient-centered care with community-based wellness initiatives that promote health across the life span.
Healing Bodies with Diverse Minds
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec: Disability and Art in Fin-de-Siècle Paris
Matisse: Innovation in the Face of Physical Limitations
Recovery and Reflection: The Role of History in Nursing Education
By Kylie Smith, PhD
I should confess, I am not a nurse. I am an historian, and my area of research is the history of mental health nursing. I am interested in the ways in which nurses have negotiated psychiatric and psychological ideas in their practice, what theories they developed of their own, how they moved between the medicalized discourse of diagnosis and the reality of working with actual people. I am interested in the ways in which nurses have reconciled their own need to help, heal and cure with the sometimes hopeless reality of chronic mental illness. I am trying to unpick the ways that nurses developed their knowledge in the context of a society and culture obsessed with the need to define, categorise, normalise, rehabilitate and control. In my new role as the Mellon Faculty Fellow for Nursing and the Humanities at Emory, my work is focused on understanding the effects of these social contexts on nursing practice, and on using the humanities to continue to expand critical thinking, to facilitate empathic and compassionate care, and enhance ethical nursing practice. In this article, I aim to explore the significance of history for nursing practice, in particular in the area of mental health, which has shared many of the same evolutionary challenges as the broad field of rehabilitation. Psychiatric and mental health nursing has needed to carve out a space for itself in the hierarchies of medical and health sciences, which are often focused on acute care and the business of life saving. Before there were drugs, psychiatric nurses articulated a way of caring for patients that was intensely therapeutic and patient-centred, based on the belief that the role of the nurse was to facilitate a journey to a patient-defined recovery. This history, and its attendant struggles, continues to affect the profession in a myriad of ways. Embedding this history in the curriculum is an essential component of enabling empathic, critical and reflective practitioners.
For many nurses, mental health work is one of the most challenging areas of their practice. It is an area of practice fraught with ethical dilemmas: the difficulty of delivering person-centred outcomes in a health system concerned mainly with risk control; the challenge of maintaining patient and staff safety in the face of difficult behaviours; the questionable role of psychotropic pharmaceuticals and practices of seclusion and restraint often administered against the person's will; the continued clash between biomedical models now favoured by psychiatry versus the inherently therapeutic potential of the nursing relationship. All of this occurs in the context of a complex legal and policy environment, in an understaffed and under-resourced mental health system, where there is no real guarantee that 'helping people' will lead to recovery or rehabilitation, or anything other than jails, institutions or death. It is little wonder that mental health is one of the least popular specialisations in nursing, with some Schools of Nursing focusing so much on acute care in the biomedical model that they fail to offer mental health or psychiatric nursing as a distinct specialisation at all. This is despite the fact that National Institute of Health data conservatively indicates that at least 18% of the American population in 2014 was living with some form of mental illness.1 Almost 70 years ago the World Health Organisation defined health as "a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"2 yet this connection between mind, body and society remains in the background of current biomedical disease models of medicine and health. This divide has serious consequences for health practitioners who try to work in the grey areas, who see health as existing along a continuum, who recognise the role of the patient as a person who is the expert in their own illness journey, whose job it is to facilitate recovery and rehabilitation at the person's own pace, towards the person's own goals. The health practitioner most often in this role is the nurse, yet mental health nursing has become a practice once again closely tied to the increasingly biological and neuroscience focus of modern psychiatry, with its emphasis on pharmaceuticals as a cure for society's increasing ills.
I am often asked why history matters in the context of contemporary approaches to health. My response is always that nursing history matters because of nursing's history. More than any of the other health professions, nursing practice – the very work that nurses do – has been forged at the intersection of strong social forces over which nurses themselves sometimes had little control.3 Issues of gender, class and race were instrumental in forming not just the professional structures of nursing, but its educational content, the scope of nursing practice, the roles that nurses could have in modern health care systems, and popular and cultural images of what it means to be a nurse.4,5
The current ethical and practice dilemmas within mental health nursing are the legacy of a profession which carries with it the historical stigma associated with 'barbaric and inhumane madhouses', and the 'evil people' who worked there, often portrayed in popular culture through movies and tv programs like The Snake Pit (1948); One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (1975) and American Horror Story: Asylum (2012). The nature of the work itself has always been difficult, with many past psychiatric practices built on physical restraint and violent intervention. This use of force has made the profession more male-oriented, with 'attendants' being the main type of worker right up until the 1950s in the US. Formal graduate nurse training wasn't available in the US until after WWII and it took much negotiation on the part of nurses themselves to wrest control of this training away from the male-dominated psychiatry and psychology professions who saw nurses as unquestioning assistants to their often experimental methods, including psychosurgery, insulin coma, deep sleep and electro-convulsive therapies.* Nurses fought hard in the 40s and 50s to wrestle nurse education and practice away from the 'handmaiden' model, and innovative and influential theories, such as Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations in Nursing emerged in this period.6 This theory laid the groundwork for the development of modern mental health nursing, especially the concept of the 'therapeutic use of self' and Peplau is one of the most well known nursing theorists not just in the US but in the UK and Australia. Her theory was a masterful attempt at interweaving Freudian psychoanalysis with Harry Stack Sullivan's theory of interpersonal relations to articulate a framework by which nurses could develop independent and autonomous therapeutic practice. Peplau's theory is also interesting for the strong links it makes between social structures and mental health – indeed in 1958 she called mental illness "the number one social problem of our time".7 Like many psychiatrists in the post war/Cold War period, she argued that mental health was essential for social stability, that anxiety and stress caused by the threat of nuclear war and the Communist hysteria was problematic for individual and social functioning, and that the role of the nurse was to facilitate a patient's journey towards their own conception of 'health'.8 She also argued that this was as much a social function as it was an individual or clinical one, that the psychiatric nurse was in a unique position to help whole families and communities and that in doing so she could change the world.9 Interestingly, later in her writing she also argued that psychiatry's need to define and diagnose people was actually a problem, because it labelled as 'illness' that which was in fact merely difference, and that the whole concept of mental health was little more than an attempt to control behaviour that fell outside rigid social norms.10 In Peplau, we see one of the most well educated and theoretically informed psychiatric nurses turning a critical lens on the system of which she was in fact an integral part. Even while she continued to teach nurses to be therapists, she taught them to question both themselves and the systems within which they operated.
There is much to learn from a nurse like Peplau, but they are lessons contemporary nursing sometimes forgets. Peplau's ideas about the therapeutic role of the nurse were extraordinary and revolutionary and are a significant reason why mental health nursing still exists at all. To all extents and purposes however, her vision for the full therapeutic role of the nurse appears to have been largely subsumed into the biomedical approaches emerging so forcefully in the late 60s and 70s, the language of which has become almost unquestionable. Yet current practice builds on that which went before, and Peplau's influence lingers in sometimes taken for granted ways. Her way of thinking is so much a part of modern psychiatric nursing as to be almost invisible. Yet she was very much a product of her time. We cannot understand modern approaches to practice without understanding the politics and society within which that practice emerged, the context within which decisions about human health were made. This understanding, this historical perspective, alerts us to the contingency of all health, medical and scientific decisions. There is no objectivity here, the 'facts' do not emerge from the clouds like little gifts on butterfly wings. Rather, agendas are weighed, ideas prioritised, funding allocated, drugs designed or not designed, treatment options explored and discarded, all vulnerable to shifting ideologies and the lobbying of powerful interest groups. History, as a discipline, as a story, has the power to shed light on this 'human' side of health systems, and reminds all of us that no human institutions exist without the thinking of them. They are made by and for humans, and so the humanities are powerful tools by which to critically analyse and question the assumptions and narratives that underpin modern health care practices.
Fairman and D'Antonio11 have written persuasively about the importance of history in this vein for contemporary nursing practice, yet it is an often overlooked aspect of nurse education. Even as nursing tried to develop its own approaches to theory and practice, it was drawn inevitably into the dominant paradigm of modern medicine in the late twentieth century.12 While this has undoubtedly led to advances in disease management and health outcomes (often measured through a cost-benefit paradigm) and a flourishing body of work in clinical nursing research, including important nurse led interventions and the ability to attract large amounts of clinical research funding from national bodies, there are concerns that the emphasis on biomedical science is having detrimental effects on both the staff and students in modern schools of nursing and beyond.13
Partially in recognition of these problems, programs like the Mellon Foundation funding grant are explicitly intended to bring new perspectives to the health sciences through the humanities in an attempt to broaden the knowledge base of health professional education. These initiatives seek to expand the critical and creative thinking of a new generation of health leaders, and to draw new insights from history, art, film, music and literature about both the experience and significance of human health and illness. Rather than reflecting the biomedical rhetoric that lack of illness is a kind of personal morality, let alone responsibility, this approach recognises that illness is in fact an integral part of the human experience, and that there is no either/or dichotomy of health/illness. More accurately, these are both essential human conditions, which exist along a continuum, and people will move between them in the life-death cycle. The humanities are essential to understanding this critique of biomedicine: they give us the tools, the theory and the language with which to articulate that critique as well as to develop alternative approaches.
History in particular becomes an integral part of the humanities in health professional education because it sheds important critical light not just on the development of professions and practices, but on the social and cultural context of patients' lives.14 If we are to take concepts such as patient-centred care and social determinants of health seriously, then we need history to understand the complexities and the realities of the real life circumstances in which people manage their health, and how social determinants are produced and reproduced when health care practitioners do not seek to challenge them. Ethical and reflective health practice relies on the ability to leave personal judgements at the door, and recognise the real burden that people with long term illness must face as they seek to rebuild or refashion their lives. There is no easy fix, no single solution, only a deeper understanding of the grey areas.
This grey area of uncertainty is where the humanities become so important in building ethical health practitioners. As Rita Charon so compellingly argues, ethical practice begins by listening and honouring the stories of illness with which we are presented.14 These are stories that tell themselves in language, written and verbal, but also in art and literature. These are stories the point of which is in the telling, and the being heard. These are stories about ourselves as well. The hearing of our own narratives provides a means to put the self aside, letting go of the need to fix or heal or cure or be done with. It may mean putting aside the god-like hero complex so prevalent in the discourse of 'saving lives' and perhaps consider that sometimes, the point of health care is not to fix people but to go with them on their journey. This was the message Peplau tried to teach her nursing students when she talked about the 'privilege of thereness'15, that the therapy, the medicine, is in the listening, in the hearing, in the seeing.
History is also a story. It is a jigsaw puzzle, the piecing together of disparate elements to paint an interpretation. It is not the facts "as they actually happened"**, because who knows how they actually happened, and maybe it's not the happening that was important, but the way the happening was experienced. This is the strength of qualitative research in nursing as well, the history taking that nurses do when they meet a patient for the first time, the history they build as they walk with that person on their journey, wherever it may lead. This is life, as it is lived, in all its messy glory. This is what the humanities are for, to understand the human experience. Truly humanitarian and ethical health practice is not possible until health practitioners learn to look outside the clinic walls and understand the social, political and historical context of their practice.
* This process is the subject of a forthcoming monograph. The broader history of the struggle over ideas and philosophies in American psychiatry is well captured by Grob G. From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press; 1991.
** This is known as the Rankean approach to history, wherein Leopold Von Ranke argued that history could and should be objective, merely relating the facts as they actually happened. This is a position usually considered untenable by modern historians – see Carr E, Evans R. What is history? London: Penguin; 1961 for an early dismantling of this approach to history.
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/
WHO. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June 1946, and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
D'Antonio P. American Nursing: A History of Knowledge, Authority, and the Meaning of Work. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2010.
D'Antonio P, et al. eds. Nurses' Work: Issues across Time and Place. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2007.
D'Antonio P, Fairman J, Whelan J, eds. Routledge Handbook on the Global History of Nursing. New York: Routledge; 2013.
Peplau H. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing, New York: Putnam and Sons; 1952.
Peplau H. Current Concepts of Psychiatric Nursing, Speech presented at The American Nurses Association Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1958. Box 3, Hildegard E. Peplau Papers, Barbara Bates Centre for the Study of the History of Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania.
Peplau H. A Bold New Approach, Unpublished manuscript, 1965. Box 3, File 51: Hildegard E. Peplau Papers, Barbara Bates Centre for the Study of the History of Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania.
Peplau H. The nurse in the community mental health program. Nurs Outlook. 1965; 13(11):68-70.
Peplau H. Mental Health and the Public Pulse, Speech presented at New York University, Division of Nurse Education, Distinguished Speaker Series, 1972. Box 3, Folder 64: Hildegard E. Peplau Papers, Barbara Bates Centre for the Study of the History of Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania.
Fairman J, D'Antonio P. History counts: how history can shape our understanding of health policy. Nurs Outlook. 2013; 61(5):346-352.
Reverby S. Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing 1850-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987; Rafferty, AM. Politics of Nursing Knowledge. London: Routledge, 1996.
Smith K, Crookes P. Scholarship reconsidered: implications for reward and recognition of academic staff in schools of nursing and beyond. Journal of Nursing Management 2012; 20(2):144-151.
Charon R. Narrative Medicine: Honoring the Stories of Illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.
Peplau H. Talking with patients. Am J Nurs. 1960; 60(7):964-966.


Theres more than one way to wrap a moby. I made my own moby style wrap when my baby was new in 2009. Designed with versatility and comfort in mind a moby wrap adapts as baby grows offering several ways to keep your little one close enough to kiss.
Moby baby wrap instructions. Moby wrap will use the information you provide on this form to be in touch with you and to provide updates and marketing. Except for dealing with an obscene amount of fabric i believe it was 60 in wide and 5 yd long i cut it in thirds lengthwise it was easy. Not valid with any other offers or discounts 15 off welcome discount can only be used once.


I'd been a little under the weather recently and like most people, the one thing I want to eat when I feel ill is soup. There's something about being curled up in a blanket with a piping hot bowl of soup and some fresh crusty white bread.
So I ended up making this gorgeous green asparagus and spinach soup, which is full of vitamin C, vitamin A and iron, whilst being really low in fat and carbs. It really perked me right up and tasted fantastic. Even better, I made a nice big batch and froze the rest for the next time Matt and I were feeling unwell.
Place a large saucepan on a medium heat and add in half of the butter. Throw in the asparagus spears and fry for a couple of minutes, until they go a deep green, then remove and leave for later.
Add the rest of the butter to the saucepan and throw in the shallots, and fry for around 2 minutes, then add the garlic, leek, and asparagus and fry for a further 15 minutes, stirring regularly.
Add in the spinach and parsley and stir well until it has all wilted. Then add in the vegetable stock and bring to the boil, turn the heat down and simmer for around 5 minutes.
Next, blend the soup until smooth. Squeeze in the lemon juice and season to taste.
When serving into bowl, top with the asparagus spears that you fried up earlier.


You may also be interested in :: Kai's blog post written for Aviation Justice, A Former Airline Pilot Speaks Out or his blog post about the airline industry, Racing to the Bottom :: The Realities of Life as an Airline Pilot.
Nice podcast, very informative. A very real look at the airline career. Best of luck on your adventure!!!


text:
Q: Is there a way to list files before mounting a disk partition Suppose there are several partitions in my computer. I'm not sure where is the folder I have to access. Usually what I do is mount all the partitions first and then search one by one.
Is there a way to list the files/folders in a unmounted partition, so I can mount only the partition that I need to access?

A: The tool looking inside an unmounted partition would need to interprete the filesystem's sturctures itself.
Such tools exist for various filesystem (cpmtools, mtools, ...) and some filesystems have similar functionality primarily intended to be a debugging help (as example see debugfs).
But why do you think, looking into the filesystem first is neccessary?
If you are in doubt what's on the partition and you don't want to take a risc, mount it readonly first and look inside.
Or what may I am missing?

A: Try file -sL /dev/sdXY.  Will give you some limited information without mounting the filesystem.
$ file -sL /dev/sdc1
/dev/sdc1: Linux rev 1.0 ext2 filesystem data (mounted or unclean),
UUID=aa84c5a8-6418-4952-b577-578f2a67af86, volume name "music"
$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


How to Catch a Monster is about a boy who is going to play a Ninja Master in his school play. He's feeling so brave he takes his costume home to practice being a Hero. He wants to scare the monster living in his closet. When he opens the door and the two come face to face, it's unforgettable, and oh so humorous. The interaction between the young Ninja and his closet monster will have you laughing out loud.
Children's author Adam Wallace knows the way to a young reader's funny-bone, and he's proven it with each story in his How to Catch series. Wallace pairs his imagination, humor, and rhymes with Andy Elkerton's vibrant, unforgettable illustrations. These gentlemen are a match made in publishing heaven.
To Catch a Monster will catch you and your parents by surprise. Trust me when I say, it will have you in stitches.
Coming October 2017: Only You Can Save Christmas.


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As We Celebrate 25 Years of Liberation, Let's Embrace The Culture Of Peace
The Chronicles Editorial July 3, 2019
Tomorrow the country will celebrate 25 years of liberation. Looking back, there is a lot to celebrate despite some challenges.
Twenty-five years ago, for example, the country was liberated from a genocide regime that was intent on exterminating a section of Rwandans because of how they were born, and who they were.
Twenty-five years ago the country was liberated from a ruling class that believed in the genocide ideology and practiced the politics of ethnic exclusion, and sowing division among Rwandans.
Twenty-five years ago the country was also liberated from a dictatorship that had engaged in gross violation of human rights for years.
Twenty-Five years ago, the country was liberated from a political party, MRND, which denied some of the Rwandans in exile the right of return.
Due to these and more reasons, at The Chronicles, we thank the brave men and women of the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPA/F)─now Rwanda Defense Force (RDF) for restoring sanity and providing needed security that was critical for recovery and ensuring that the country embarked on a development path.
We also congratulate the leadership, officers, men and women of the RDF and their Commander-in-Chief upon this auspicious occasion.
As we celebrate 25 years of liberation however, it's important to refocus the country's priorities, energies and resources to addressing the most pertinent challenges facing the country today.
These challenges include biting poverty and unemployment amidst rising cost of living and food prices, the persistent of denial of genocide and the prevalence of genocide ideology among some Rwandans as well as the enduring culture of belief in armed violence exemplified by the existence of FDLR in the DRC and birth of "P5" that a UN Group of Experts said in a report released in December 2018 that it's led by the former Rwanda Chief of staff Kayumba Nyamwasa.
Investing in solving the problem of poverty and unemployment is not only good for the country's development, but also critical, to deny those who still believe in armed violence, a recruiting ground.
Above all, there is need to invest in the culture of peace to defeat the culture of armed violence once and for all. While doing this requires fighting and ending structure violence, including poverty, investing in peace education and undermining the glorification of armed violence, are a good start.
Yes, We Can Remember Our Loved Ones And Work At The Same Time
Songs Of Liberation: The Music That Kept RPA Rebels Warmed Up For Battle
A Free Media Anchors Democratic Governance And Never Again Genocide
25 Years After Liberation: No "Refugees", But 244,786 Rwandan "Asylum Seekers"


JEDWARD, Ireland's twin pop sensations John and Edward, are heading to Australia in November 2013 for 3 Special Concert appearances. They have generated a phenomenon of ironic popularity described as "the JEDWARD paradox" following their appearance on the British "X Factor". They have released three platinum-selling albums, represented Ireland at Eurovision Song Contest in 2011 and 2012, presented two high-rating children's television series: "JEDWARD's Big Adventure" (currently in its third season), "OMG! JEDWARD's Dream Factory" and numerous guest appearances on major television serials and talk shows worldwide. They were even voted more popular than The Beatles in a teenage poll, and when Yahoo launched the Best Boy Band of 2012 JEDWARD were outright winners over One Direction and The Wanted.
Following sell-out concerts in U.K, Ireland and Europe under their belt, JEDWARD are bringing their "pop superstar" status to Australia in November 2013.
JEDWARD are John and Edward Grimes, twins from Ireland. They have become hugely successful musicians, television personalities, actors, models and celebrities throughout Europe.
JEDWARD have released three Albums; "Planet Jedward" in 2010, "Victory" in 2011 and "Young Love" in 2012. Their first single "Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)" featuring Vanilla Ice, debuted at No.1 in Ireland and No.2 in the UK charts.
For two consecutive years JEDWARD were voted to represent Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest. They performed "Lipstick" in 2011 and "Waterline" in 2012. 'Lipstick" has become a world wide success, it remains a firm favourite to download on itunes. John and Edward had the honour of performing their hit single "Lipstick" for President Barrack Obama, when he visited Ireland in 2011.
Since February 2013, the twins have had an extremely busy schedule. Promoting their current album "Young Love", has brought them to Canada and Australia, where they have appeared on several national Radio and Television stations. Jedward were in LA for the month of May, where they were busy working on and producing their own music videos. John and Edward appeared at the highly publicised Canadian MMVAs in June 2013.
The twins have toured extensively, during the last three years, playing hundreds of Sold Out concerts across the UK, Ireland and Europe. They have just completed their latest Irish Tour and will be embarking on a UK tour at the end of September 2013.
In Yahoo's Best Boy Band Poll of 2012, JEDWARD beat One Direction and the Wanted to take First Place.
The London 2012 Olympic Games Committee personally asked JEDWARD to carry the Olympic torch through the streets of Dublin.
John and Edward have made their own reality series, 'JEDWARD Let Loose' which followed them as they prepared to release their first album in 2010.
In 2011, Edward and John took part in "Celebrity Big Brother UK" in 2011.
To date the twins have starred in two television series, "Jedward's Big Adventure" on BBC/CBBC in the UK and "Jedward's Dream Factory" on RTE in Ireland. Both series have completed two seasons with outstanding ratings in both the UK and Ireland. "Jedward's Dream Factory" has been nominated for two IFTAs (Irish Film and Television Awards). A third series of "Jedward's Big Adventure" starts. filming in September.
Since appearing on a number of prime time Australian TV channels, the boys are preparing for their first Australian tour in November 2013.
Jedward are John and Edward Grimes, twins from Ireland. They have become hugely successful musicians, television personalities, actors, models and celebrities throughout Europe and the World. This is not only through their live performances and TV appearances, but also through their You Tube videos which have been viewed by millions World Wide.
For two consecutive years Jedward were voted to represent Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest. They performed "Lipstick" in 2011 and "Waterline" in 2012. 'Lipstick" has become a worldwide success, it remains a firm favourite to download on iTunes. John and Edward had the honour of performing their hit single "Lipstick" for President Barrack Obama, when he visited Ireland in 2011.
Since February 2013, the twins have had an extremely busy schedule. Promoting their current album "Young Love", has brought them to Canada and Australia, where they have appeared on several national Radio and Television stations. Jedward were in LA for the month of May, where they were busy working on and producing their own music videos.
John and Edward appeared at the highly publicized Canadian MMVAs in June 2013.
To date the twins have starred in two television series, "Jedward's Big Adventure" on BBC/CBBC in the UK and "Jedward's Dream Factory" on RTE in Ireland. Both series have completed two seasons with outstanding ratings in both the UK and Ireland. "Jedward's Dream Factory" has been nominated for two IFTAs (Irish Film and Television Awards). A third series of "Jedward's Big Adventure" starts filming in September.