In our last post, we took the opportunity to share with our readers the fact that if any Texas resident is in need of a payday or title loan, 2019 is the same as 2018 in the sense that you can get what you are looking for at Your Loan Depot. We offer affordable, trustworthy emergency cash, whether you are looking to bridge the gap between paychecks or you need to put your car up for collateral in order to make rent while paying off some unanticipated medical bills.
Yes, 2019 is firmly upon us. We, somehow, trudged our way through 2018 and have hopefully emerged refreshed after the holidays to embrace whatever 2019 has in store for us with open arms!
Does the above not describe how you are feeling about the new year? Hey, if you've made your way to our payday lender site, it's quite plausible that you won't be in the mood to reflect on the new year. In fact, the majority of people who come to us are in need of emergency cash. When getting your bills paid is the priority, everything else seems to pale in comparison. As we mentioned above, Your Loan Depot is a Texas payday lender that can help you understand the fine print of the repayment plan on your fast cash loan. Whether you are interested in a Texas payday loan or car title loan, we'll walk you through each step of the way so that you know exactly what you need to do in order to repay the loan and come out clean on the other side.
If, however, you made your way to this blog because you are looking to better manage your money so that you hopefully do not find yourself in a situation where you'll need emergency cash, then we think you'll enjoy today's post. As the title already gave away, we are exploring why budgeting is so darn difficult, along with what you can do to solve some of your budgeting shortcomings. If you are interested in enacting some self-improvement, whether it's your resolution to do so or otherwise, we've got you covered here at Your Loan Depot, so read on!
Before we go on, we'd just like to say that by no means are we implying that everyone who needs a payday loan is guilty of poor money management. Circumstances are almost always outside our control to one degree or another, and so we want to make sure our readers understand that we are here providing this advice in a judgement-free way.
That being said, we are firm believers in controlling the controllables. And we also like pithy quotes, which is why the phrase "failing to prepare is preparing to fail" rings true in this situation.
Now that we've established that fact, let's talk about why exactly it seems to be so difficult for us to effectively budget in today's day and age.
You have no idea where your money is going in the first place – One of the most common unhealthy mental habits people have is to avoid the problem — it's where the phrase, "Out of sight, out of mind!" comes from in the first place! But the fact of the matter is that your financial issues exist whether you take the time to look at your bank statements and credit card bills or not. So the first step in dealing with budgetary issues is to find out where you are at. Find out where your money is going and how much you are making each month after taxes. You don't have to be a certified accountant to do a little bit of addition and subtraction!
But wait, what if you don't know how to access your money? Let's not put the cart before the horse here. If you have a smartphone and a bank account, the odds are strong that you'll be able to download an app. You might need to recover your bank account number in order to make a profile. But after this step is completed, you'll be able to access your expenditures from your smartphone or computer without any trouble! If you have any issues with this, visit your local bank, as this is an essential step in the process of effective budgeting.
Once you have access to your bank account and have determined how much money comes in and out each month, it's time to find out where your money is going. Now, this might be a challenging experience for some of us, because we are rolling over the rock to find the ugly grubs we've been hiding from ourselves. Maybe you spend $200 a month on fancy coffee drinks, or maybe you go out to eat for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. You might be paying a weirdly high amount for your cable and internet bundle. You might be paying for five video streaming services every month — four of which you'd forgotten you signed up for at all!
It's time to make goals – If you let yourself get caught up in the ugliness of the harsh reality of unhealthy spending habits, it's enough to make your roll the rock back over and run to get a $5 iced coffee, fast food, cigarettes, and then sign up for Hulu again. That's why it's vital to focus on the positive — in this case by setting goals. In our next post, we'll discuss how you can make your goals achievable. So make sure you stay tuned!
You aren't sure how you should be saving. – Let's talk best-case-scenario — you are able to cut back on the habits that make your finances unsustainable. Your lifestyle change wasn't easy, but you were able to get it done by focusing on making little improvements every day. So, if you were able to do all this, what are you supposed to do with the extra money you have saved? The world of investing is a complicated place, so you don't want to do anything rash. Here's our advice: start by giving yourself a cushion of at least $5,000. You may not make much, if anything, on interest rates (due to inflation), but it's important to have this kind of money so you can prepare for a rainy day. That way, you won't even have to give Your Loan Depot a call! If, for whatever reason, you need to, we are available and ready to help you with your emergency cash needs.
Differentiate between the unexpected and emergencies – There are some things you will never be able to properly prepare for, like medical emergencies or an unexpected death in the family. There are other problems, however, that you can see coming, like changing your tires. So while you might not be able to stop a car accident from happening, you can prepare wisely by getting your tires changed and brakes checked every so often. Again, failing to prepare is preparing to fail!
Well there you have it. Because we only had time to focus on the reasons why budgeting is so difficult, we decided to make this post a two-part series so that we can be solution-oriented in part two! That being said, if you find yourself in need of a payday loan or a car title loan in Texas, we have payday lender locations in Texas communities that include Houston, Rosenberg, Conroe, Tomball, Mansfield, Airline, Humble, and beyond!
Don't hesitate to reach out to us if you have any questions about the repayment process, vehicular collateral, or anything else related to title and payday lending. We want to help get you back on your feet, so come see us soon!


text:
Tadschikistan [] (, amtliche Vollform Republik Tadschikistan, tadschikisch ) ist ein 143.100 km² großer Binnenstaat in Zentralasien mit 9,1 Millionen Einwohnern. Er grenzt im Norden an Kirgisistan, im Osten an China, im Süden an Afghanistan und im Westen an Usbekistan.

Die ehemalige Sowjetrepublik ist islamisch geprägt und wird autoritär regiert. Hauptstadt und mit rund 1,2 Millionen Einwohnern größte Stadt ist Duschanbe. Weitere wichtige Städte sind Chudschand, Kulob und Qurghonteppa.

Geographie

Landschaft
Tadschikistan ist ein Hochgebirgsland, das an Usbekistan, Kirgisistan, die Volksrepublik China und Afghanistan grenzt. Mehr als zwei Drittel der Fläche sind Hochgebirge. Fast die Hälfte des Staatsgebietes liegt auf einer Höhe von  und höher. Der Osten des Landes wird vom Pamir-Gebirge und dem größten Teil des Pamir-Hochlandes geprägt. Dort befindet sich auch der höchste Berg des Landes, der 7495 m hohe Pik Ismoil Somoni (früher Pik Kommunismus). Im Norden des Landes erstreckt sich die Gebirgskette des Alai. Südlich der Serafschankette liegt im Westen das Fan-Gebirge. Nur im äußersten Norden besitzt Tadschikistan mit einem Teil des Ferghanatals Tiefland, das durch den größten Fluss des Landes, den Syrdarja, bewässert wird und intensiv ackerbaulich genutzt werden kann. Im größten Teil des Landes ist wegen der Höhenlage und des Reliefs nur extensive Viehzucht möglich. Der größte See ist der Karakul (380 km²) im Osten des Landes; weitere große Seen sind der Saressee (≈ 80 km²) und der Zorkulsee (38,9 km²). Der größte Stausee ist der Kairakkum-Stausee (520 km²) am Syrdarja. Insgesamt verfügt Tadschikistan über mehr als 60 Prozent der zentralasiatischen Wasserressourcen in fester und flüssiger Form.

Klima

Tadschikistan befindet sich in der trockenen subtropischen Klimazone. Das Klima ist extrem kontinental mit kalten Wintern und heißen Sommern. Außer in den Tal- und Beckenländern, wo ein subtropisches feuchtes Klima herrscht, werden in den Sommermonaten Temperaturen von bis zu 45 °C erreicht. Es bestehen große Temperaturunterschiede zwischen den tiefer und den höher gelegenen Regionen des Landes. Die Jahresniederschlagsmengen sind relativ niedrig, so dass Steppenvegetation vorherrscht. Im Ferganabecken beträgt die Niederschlagsmenge gerade einmal 140 mm Niederschlag im Jahr. Nur die Südhänge des Hissargebirges sind mit 1700 mm im Jahr sehr niederschlagsreich.

Bevölkerung

Demografie und Ethnien

Tadschikistan hatte 2020 9,5 Millionen Einwohner. Das jährliche Bevölkerungswachstum betrug +2,3 %. Der Median des Alters der Bevölkerung lag im Jahr 2020 bei 22,4 Jahren. Die Anzahl der Geburten pro Frau lag 2020 statistisch bei 3,5. Tadschikistan hat eine der jüngsten und am schnellsten wachsenden Bevölkerungen in Asien.

Mit 84,3 % Bevölkerungsanteil (2010) bilden die Tadschiken, ein iranisches Volk, die Mehrheit. Etwa 13,8 % der Bevölkerung sind Usbeken und etwa 0,8 % Kirgisen. Weitere Minderheiten sind Russen (0,5 %), Tataren, Ukrainer, Deutsche und andere. Nach seinem Austritt aus der Sowjetunion und im Verlauf des anschließenden Bürgerkriegs haben viele Nicht-Tadschiken das Land verlassen. Lebten 1989 noch fast 400.000 Russen in Tadschikistan, so waren es 2005 noch knapp 140.000. Viele Bucharische Juden und Aschkenasen (1989 noch etwa 15.000 Menschen) verließen das Land, so dass sich die Gesamtzahl der Juden Tadschikistans auf rund 1000 reduzierte. Ein Teil der Auswanderer wurde 1992 in einer von der Allgemeinheit kaum beachteten so genannten Luftbrücke nach Israel ausgeflogen. Der Anteil der Tadschiken stieg von 62 % im Jahr 1989 auf fast 80 % im Jahr 2000.

Religionen
Die Einwohner Tadschikistans sind zu über 90 % Anhänger des Islam, vorwiegend sunnitisch. Lediglich im Osten gibt es einige Anhänger des schiitischen Islam, vor allem Ismailiten. Daneben leben auch ungefähr 230.000 (3,1 %) Christen im Land (Russisch-Orthodoxe, Evangeliumschristen-Baptisten, Tadschikische Katholiken, Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten, Koreanische Protestanten, Tadschikische Lutheraner sowie Zeugen Jehovas). Die Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten und vor allem die Baptisten zeichnen sich durch beständige Missionierung und durch Katastrophenhilfen aus. Außerdem leben in Tadschikistan noch Bahais, Zoroastrier, Anhänger von Hare Krishna und Juden (0,014 %), darunter vor allem Bucharische Juden.

Dass oppositionelle Islamisten die Errichtung eines islamischen Gottesstaates anstreben, dient der Regierung als Vorwand, um seit 2007 Moscheen zu schließen. Im selben Jahr verbot das Kulturministerium die Zeugen Jehovas wegen deren Wehrdienstverweigerung (es gibt in Tadschikistan keinen zivilen Ersatzdienst) und ihrer öffentlichen Missionstätigkeit.

2009 trat ein neues restriktives Religionsgesetz in Kraft. Gemäß diesem "Gesetz über die Gewissensfreiheit und religiöse Vereinigungen" ist jede religiöse Betätigung ohne staatliche Registrierung verboten. Alle bestehenden Religionsgemeinschaften mussten um neue Registrierung ansuchen. Mangels erfolgter Registrierung ist derzeit die Tätigkeit zahlreicher Moscheen, der einzigen Synagoge des Landes und einiger protestantischer Gruppen wie der Baptisten verboten; Gotteshäuser wurden vom Staat konfisziert.

2011 wurde ein neues Gesetz beschlossen, das Minderjährigen jegliche Teilnahme an Gottesdiensten, religiösen Veranstaltungen und Religionsunterricht nichtregistrierter Glaubensgemeinschaften verbietet. Eltern, die ihren Kindern trotzdem religiöse Werte und Überzeugungen zu vermitteln versuchen, werden mit mehrjährigen Haftstrafen bedroht.

Sprache
Vor allem in den Städten werden zwei oder mehr Sprachen gesprochen. Die primäre Amtssprache in Tadschikistan ist das Tadschikische, das als Dialekt der persischen Sprache klassifiziert wird. Die offizielle Bezeichnung lautet "Tādschīkī" (Tadschikisch), umgangssprachlich wird auch die Bezeichnung "Fārsī" (Persisch) verwendet. Das Tadschikische entspricht weitgehend dem in arabisch-persischer Schrift geschriebenen Dari der Tadschiken in Afghanistan. Im Unterschied zu der im Iran und Afghanistan verwendeten Standardvarietät verwendet das Tadschikische infolge der atheistisch geprägten sowjetischen Assmiliationspolitik seit den 1920er Jahren die kyrillische Schrift, die die Bevölkerung von persisch-arabischen islamischen Einflüssen entfremden sollte.

Eine weitere wichtige Umgangssprache ist Russisch, das in Tadschikistan als Sprache der internationalen Politik und Wirtschaft dient und Pflichtfach an vielen Schulen ist. Im Jahr 2011 erhielt Russisch wieder eine offizielle Stellung: Es wurde in der tadschikischen Verfassung offiziell als Sprache der "interethnischen Kommunikation" festgelegt. 25 % der Einwohner sprechen fließend Russisch, 60 % mäßig und 15 % kaum oder gar nicht. Eine gewisse Rolle spielt daneben die usbekische Sprache aufgrund der starken usbekischen Minderheit im Land. In den Seitentälern des Pjandsch und dem Pamir haben noch viele kleine iranische Sprachen, z. B. Jaghnobi, überlebt.

Die Zahl der Sprecher anderer Fremdsprachen (Deutsch, Türkisch, Französisch und Englisch) ist mit 1,5 bis 2 % sehr gering.

Deutsche Minderheit
In Tadschikistan lebt auch heute noch eine kleine Minderheit von Deutschstämmigen. Ihre Zahl ist jedoch stark zurückgegangen, insbesondere nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion.

Heute gehören deutschstämmige Menschen zur ärmsten Bevölkerungsschicht in Tadschikistan. Sie leben inzwischen weniger in eigenen Dörfern (z. B. Thälmann, nach Ernst Thälmann) in der Provinz Chatlon als vielmehr in der Hauptstadt Duschanbe. Ehemalige deutsche Siedlungen wie die in den 1940er Jahren von Deutschen in der Provinz Sughd gegründete Stadt Taboschar werden heute von Tadschiken bewohnt. Die deutsch-tadschikische Stiftung "Wiedergeburt" hat den Erhalt von deutschen Gotteshäusern und Friedhöfen zum Ziel. Vor einigen Jahren veranstaltete die deutsche Botschaft in Duschanbe eine Weihnachtsfeier für die deutschstämmige Bevölkerung.

Bildung
Öffentliche Bildungsausgaben lagen im Zeitraum 2002–2005 bei 3,5 % des BIP. Tadschikistan hat mehrere Universitäten, am bekanntesten ist die Tadschikische Nationaluniversität.

Gesundheit
Nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion brach das zuvor gut ausgebaute Gesundheitswesen zusammen, dies auch durch den Wegzug eines Teils der russischstämmigen Bevölkerung. Die Aus- und Fortbildung musste weniger spezialisiert neu aufgebaut werden.

Ärzte haben oft kaum ein Einkommen und gehen teils Nebenerwerben nach. Die Konsultation bei einem Dorfarzt in Tadschikistan ist im Prinzip zwar kostenlos, diese beinhaltet jedoch keinerlei Arzneimittel oder weitergehenden Untersuchungen, welche sich die Bewohner oft nicht leisten können. Die Infrastruktur entsprach im Jahr 2017 gemäß einem Schweizer Helfer jener in der Schweiz vor über 100 Jahren.

2004 betrugen die öffentlichen Gesundheitsausgaben 1 % des BIP. In den frühen 2000er Jahren waren etwa 200 Ärzte pro 100 000 Einwohner vorhanden. 2005 lag die Säuglingssterblichkeit bei 5,9 % der Lebendgeburten. 2017 lag sie bei 3,0 %.

2010 kam es zu einem vermehrten Auftreten von schlaffen Lähmungen (Kinderlähmung), bis Ende Juni 2010 wurden 643 Fälle gemeldet. In 334 Fällen konnte das Poliowildvirus Typ 1 (WPV Typ 1) nachgewiesen werden, darunter 14 Todesfälle. Es handelt sich hierbei um 75 % der Poliomyelitis-Fälle weltweit für 2010. Tadschikistan war bislang von der WHO als poliofrei deklariert. In Tadschikistan wurde eine großangelegte Impfaktion durchgeführt, auch in den benachbarten Ländern Afghanistan und Usbekistan wurden Impfkampagnen gestartet. Die Ernährungslage in Tadschikistan gilt als unsicher, und laut WHO sind 33,3 % der Bevölkerung unterernährt.

Die Lebenserwartung der Einwohner Tadschikistans ab der Geburt lag 2020 bei 71,3 Jahren (Frauen: 73,6, Männer: 69,1).

Quelle: UN

Geschichte

Das Gebiet des heutigen Tadschikistan war bereits seit dem Pleistozän besiedelt. Ein bedeutender Nachweis findet sich mit dem Löss-Paläolithikum am Obi-Mazar im Süden des Landes, das einen Zeitraum von vor 600.000 bis vor 100.000 Jahren abdeckt.

Für den Übergang von der Jungsteinzeit zur Bronzezeit und vom Nomadentum zu einer sesshaften Ackerbaukultur steht in Tadschikistan beispielhaft die proto-urbane Siedlung Sarasm, die von etwa 3500 v. Chr. bis 2000 v. Chr. existierte. In dieser Zeit entwickelte sich Sarasm zu einem der größten Zentren für die Verarbeitung von Zinn und Kupfer in Zentralasien und für den Fernhandel mit Metallen bis nach Mesopotamien und ins Indus-Tal.

Ab dem 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. war das Gebiet Tadschikistans abwechselnd unter der Herrschaft der Perser und Saken, ab etwa 330 v. Chr. gehörte es zum Reich Alexanders des Großen. Im 8. Jahrhundert erreichte der Islam die Region. Während des Mittelalters gehörte Tadschikistan zum Kaiserreich Persien. 1868 wurde Tadschikistan Kolonie Russlands, 1924 entstand die der Usbekischen SSR unterstellte Tadschikische ASSR, die 1929 – erweitert um die Region um Chodschent – zur Tadschikischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik erhoben wurde. 1924, unter sowjetischer Verwaltung, wurde das aktive und passive Frauenwahlrecht eingeführt.

1991 erklärte sich Tadschikistan für unabhängig. Das Frauenwahlrecht wurde bestätigt. Der Staat versank sofort im Tadschikischen Bürgerkrieg zwischen islamischen Fundamentalisten und der Regierung von Emomalij Rahmonow. Der Bürgerkrieg endete mit einer Regierungsbeteiligung der Fundamentalisten.

Zur Beilegung über Jahrhunderte andauernder Grenzstreitigkeiten mit China hat das tadschikische Parlament nach zwölf Jahren Verhandlungen am 12. Januar 2011 ein Gesetz zur Übergabe von 1100 km² unbewohntem Hochland im Pamir an das östliche Nachbarland ratifiziert. Dadurch soll die Stabilität und Sicherheit des Landes gewährleistet bleiben.

Nach dem Terroranschlag am 11. September 2001 in den USA wurden US-Truppen in Chorugh und Duschanbe sowie Soldaten Frankreichs in Duschanbe stationiert. Trotzdem spielt Russland nach wie vor durch seine Truppenpräsenz die Rolle einer wichtigen Ordnungsmacht der Region (die Grenzsicherung nach Afghanistan erfolgte bis zum Sommer 2005 durch russische Truppen).

Ende Oktober 2016 begann die tadschikische Regierung mit der Umsetzung des noch aus der Sowjetzeit stammenden weltweit größten Staudamm-Projekts am Fluss Wachsch, um mit einem Wasserkraftwerk die Energieknappheit des Landes zu lindern. Die Bauarbeiten am Rogun-Staudamm sollen Ende 2018 abgeschlossen werden. Das Vorhaben führte zu Verstimmungen insbesondere mit dem benachbarten Usbekistan, das ebenfalls unter Wasserknappheit leidet.

Politik

Überblick

Tadschikistan ist laut seiner Verfassung eine demokratische Präsidialrepublik. Nationalfeiertag ist der 9. September (Tag der Unabhängigkeit). Zu Tadschikistan gehört die Autonome Provinz Berg-Badachschan im Osten des Landes, die 44,5 % der Fläche des Landes umfasst.

Präsident Tadschikistans ist der seit 1994 amtierende und zuletzt 2020 wiedergewählte Emomalij Rahmon, der bei der Wahl am 11. Oktober 2020 90 % aller Stimmen bei rund 85 % Wahlbeteiligung auf sich vereinigen konnte. Vorausgegangen war 2016 eine Verfassungsänderung, welche die maximale Regierungsdauer des Präsidenten verlängerte. Das demokratische Zustandekommen des Ergebnisses wird wie auch in den vorangegangenen Jahren angezweifelt. Zwar gab es – anders als bei der letzten Wahl 2013 – formal vier Gegenkandidaten, aber auf Grund der mangelnden Meinungsfreiheit und der Unterdrückung der Opposition wurde die Wahl von westlichen Beobachtern weder als frei noch als fair eingestuft.

Ende April 2015 lief eine der zentralen Figuren des tadschikischen Sicherheitsapparats, der Kommandeur der tadschikischen OMON ("Mobiles Polizeikommando besonderer Bestimmung"), der 40-jährige Oberst Gulmurod Chalimow, zum Islamischen Staat über. Im September 2017 verkündete das Russische Verteidigungsministerium Chalimows Tod.

Am 4. September 2015 kam es nach Regierungsangaben in Duschanbe und in dem ca. 20 km östlich gelegenen Wachdat zu bewaffneten Überfällen auf eine Kaserne bzw. ein Polizeirevier. Dabei sollen acht Polizisten und neun Angreifer ums Leben gekommen sein. Das Innenministerium bezichtigte einige Stunden später den angeblich am Vortag entlassenen Vizeverteidigungsminister General Abduchalim Nasarsoda – im Tadschikischen Bürgerkrieg Kommandant der Vereinigten Tadschikischen Opposition (VTO) mit dem Kampfnamen Hadschi Halim –, hinter den als Umsturzversuch bezeichneten Vorfällen zu stehen und mit der "Islamischen Partei der Wiedergeburt Tadschikistans" (PIWT) verbunden zu sein, was dieser bestritt. In der Folge wurden Nasarsoda und ca. 60 seiner Anhänger im ca. 45 km nordöstlich Duschanbes gelegenen Romit-Tal nach 12-tägigen Kämpfen getötet. Alternative Quellen legen dagegen unter Verwendung von Zeugenaussagen andere Abläufe und Hintergründe nahe. Danach hätten Nasarsoda und weitere VTO-Anhänger Kenntnis von ihrer bevorstehenden Verhaftung erhalten und seien aus Furcht vor den Haftbedingungen kämpfend aus Duschanbe geflohen, was die Regierung zur endgültigen Zerschlagung der PIWT genutzt habe. Am 4. August 2016 teilte Generalstaatsanwalt Jussuf Rachmon mit, dass bereits 170 Beteiligte der Ereignisse verurteilt worden seien.

Siehe auch: Liste der Regierungschefs von Tadschikistan

Politische Indizes

Menschenrechte
Tadschikistan gilt als einer der repressivsten Staaten der Welt. Unter Präsident Emomali Rahmon hat sich ein autoritäres Regime herausgebildet. Amnesty International berichtet über zahlreiche und gravierende Menschenrechtsverstöße. Unter dem Vorwand der Gewährleistung nationaler Sicherheit und Terrorismusbekämpfung würden in Tadschikistan Jahr für Jahr demokratische Grundrechte massiv beschnitten und Oppositionelle gnadenlos verfolgt. 2016 sorgten etwa die drastischen Maßnahmen gegen die Mitglieder der Islamischen Partei der Wiedergeburt Tadschikistans für Schlagzeilen, wobei die Führungsriege der Partei in unfairen und von der Öffentlichkeit geheim gehaltenen Gerichtsprozessen zu langen Haftstrafen verurteilt wurde. Im Dezember 2017 wurde der Journalist und Leiter des Satirevereins KVN Khayrullo Mirsaidow, der zuvor als Medientrainer für die Deutsche Welle tätig war und als eine der letzten kritischen Stimmen in Tadschikistan gilt, unter dem Vorwurf der vermeintlichen Unterschlagung, des Aufrufs zum ethnisch-religiösen Hass und Falschaussagen gegenüber den Sicherheitsbehörden verhaftet.

Gemäß dem Ergebnis des Transformationsindex (BTI) 2018, den die Bertelsmann-Stiftung alle zwei Jahre veröffentlicht, gehört Tadschikistan in Sachen Demokratie, Menschenrechte und Leistungsfähigkeit des Staatsapparats neben Burundi zu den größten Verlierern, da sich die autokratischen Tendenzen in den letzten Jahren verstärkt hätten.

Bedrohung durch islamistischen Terrorismus
Seit der sowjetischen Invasion in Afghanistan im Jahr 1979 gab es immer wieder Befürchtungen, bewaffnete islamistische Gruppen könnten sich auch im benachbarten Tadschikistan niederlassen. Doch von regionalen Spannungen abgesehen, etwa im Isfara-Tal um Tschorkuh, gelang es dschihadistischen und islamistischen Gruppierungen seit dem Fall der Sowjetunion kaum, nennenswerten Einfluss auszuüben. Seit 2018 häufen sich jedoch die Schlagzeilen mit Bezug auf die Terrormiliz Islamischer Staat in Tadschikistan. Dies wird immer wieder mit einem neuen Vormarsch der Taliban im benachbarten Afghanistan in Verbindung gebracht. Allerdings ist unklar, inwieweit auch die harte Vorgehensweise des autoritären Regimes gegenüber jeglicher Form politischer Opposition zu Zulauf für dschihadistische Terrorgruppen führt. Laut dem im Oktober 2017 veröffentlichten Bericht des in New York ansässigen Soufan Center hätten sich 5000 Kämpfer aus zentralasiatischen Staaten den islamistischen Terrorgruppen im Nahen Osten angeschlossen. 1300 davon sollen aus Tadschikistan stammen.

Im April 2020 nahmen deutsche Sicherheitskräfte in Nordrhein-Westfalen vier Tadschiken mit mutmaßlichen Verbindungen zum Islamischen Staat fest. Die vier Verhafteten sowie ein bereits in Haft sitzender weiterer Tatverdächtiger sollen ursprünglich Aktionen gegen die Regierung in Tadschikistan geplant haben, dann jedoch auf Deutschland als Zielland ausgewichen sein. Im Juli 2020 begann der Anklageprozess gegen den ersten Verdächtigen, der bereits im März 2019 in Untersuchungshaft saß. Zu Geldbeschaffungszwecken für die Terrormiliz IS soll der Beschuldigte erfolglos versucht haben, einen Auftragsmord in Albanien durchzuführen.

Korruption in der Verwaltung
Das Land zählt zu den korruptesten Staaten der Welt. Die in Washington, D.C. ansässige UN-Nichtregierungsorganisation Freedom House charakterisierte Tadschikistan in ihrem Länderbericht 2019 als "Familien-Kleptokratie".

Parlament

Das Parlament, die Oberste Versammlung Tadschikistans, ist ein Zweikammerparlament, das sich aus der Repräsentantenversammlung und dem Nationalrat (Senat) zusammensetzt. Die Repräsentantenversammlung hat 63 Abgeordnete.

Diese verteilten sich 2010 auf die folgenden Parteien:
 Volksdemokratische Partei Tadschikistans 46 Sitze
 Kommunistische Partei Tadschikistans 2 Sitze
 Islamische Partei der Wiedergeburt Tadschikistans 2 Sitze
 Partei der Landwirte 2 Sitze
 Partei der Wirtschaftsreformen 2 Sitze
 Unabhängige 9 Sitze

Die Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa sah in der Wahl die Verletzung demokratischer Wahlstandards. Hierzu wurde die Verfolgung der Opposition, die Fehlerhaftigkeit der Wahlzettel und die Tatsache, dass einige Familienoberhäupter für alle Wahlberechtigten ihrer Familie abstimmten, angeführt.

Der Nationalrat hat 33 Mitglieder, von denen 25 durch lokale Parlamente gewählt und weitere acht vom Präsidenten ernannt werden.

Außenpolitik

Tadschikistan ist Mitglied der Shanghaier Organisation für Zusammenarbeit (SCO), der Organisation des Vertrags über kollektive Sicherheit (OVKS), der Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (GUS), der Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz (OIC) und der Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE).

Tadschikistan ist aufgrund seiner Binnenlage auf gute Beziehungen mit seinen Nachbarstaaten angewiesen. Wichtigste außenpolitische Partner sind Russland und die Volksrepublik China. Russland unterhält in dem Land eine Militärbasis auf der rund 7500 russische Soldaten stationiert sind. Der Vertrag über die Militärbasis wurde 2012 bis ins Jahr 2051 verlängert. Russland gilt als Schutzmacht und über eine Million Menschen tadschikischer Abstammung leben in Russland, was der Beziehung eine zusätzliche politische und kulturelle Bedeutung verleiht. Im Bürgerkrieg 1992–1997 unterstützte Russland die tadschikische Regierung gegen die islamistischen Rebellen.

China wurde in den letzten Jahren als Investor und Handelspartner immer wichtiger für Tadschikistan. Auch die tadschikisch-chinesische Zusammenarbeit auf den Gebieten von Politik und Sicherheit hat sich in den letzten Jahren vertieft. Im Jahr 2017 hat der östliche Nachbar Russland als größten handelswirtschaftlichen Partner Tadschikistans abgelöst. Beim offiziellen Besuch des Präsidenten Rahmon in Peking im August desselben Jahres ging es hauptsächlich um die Gewährleistung eines chinesischen Kredits in Höhe von 2,3 Milliarden Dollar. Neben Vorteilen warnen die Experten vor den Gefahren einer billigen Kreditpolitik Chinas, die zur verstärkten monetären Abhängigkeit Tadschikistans führen und seine Auslandsschulden erhöhen könne. Diese würde außerdem vor dem Hintergrund früherer territorialer Ansprüche Chinas gegenüber Tadschikistan die nationale Sicherheit des Landes auf das Spiel setzen.

Eine Sonderrolle nimmt zudem das Verhältnis zum Iran ein, mit dem sprachlich und kulturell eine enge Verbindung besteht.

Die Europäische Union formuliert ihre politischen Ziele gegenüber dem Land unter anderen durch ihre EU-Zentralasienstrategie.

Militär

Tadschikistan verfügt über 8000 Soldaten in Heer und Luftwaffe. Weiterhin gibt es Innere Truppen und eine Nationalgarde.

Russland hat in Duschanbe und in Kurgan-Tjube die 201. motorisierte Infanteriedivision stationiert.

Verwaltung

Politische Gliederung

Tadschikistan gliedert sich in zwei Provinzen (вилоятҳо/wilojatho bzw. ; in Klammern die Hauptstädte):
 Chatlon (Qurghonteppa)
 Sughd (Chudschand),
eine Autonome Provinz (вилояти мухтор/wilojati muchtor bzw. ):
 Berg-Badachschan (Chorugh),
einen direkt von der Zentralregierung verwalteten Distrikt (Ноҳияҳои тобеъи ҷумҳурӣ bzw. ):
 Nohijahoi tobei dschumhurij (Duschanbe) (dt. der Republik unterstellte Gebiete; ehemalige Provinz Karotegin (Kofarnihon))
sowie die Hauptstadt Duschanbe, die einen Sonderstatus (шаҳр/schahr bzw. , dt. "Stadt") besitzt.

Quelle: Statistisches Jahrbuch, Duschanbe, 2006 (Russisch)

Die Provinzen, die autonome Provinz und der von der Zentralregierung verwaltete Bezirk sind in insgesamt 58 Distrikte (Nohija) gegliedert, Duschanbe zudem in vier Stadtdistrikte.

Städte

Die sechs größten Städte (2016):
 Duschanbe 802.700 Einwohner
 Chudschand 175.400 Einwohner
 Qurghonteppa (russ. Kurgan-Tjube) 105.400 Einwohner
 Kulob (russ. Kuljab) 102.400 Einwohner
 Istarawschan (russ. Ura-Tjube) 61.200 Einwohner
 Tursunsoda 52.800 Einwohner

Wirtschaft

Überblick

Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) für 2017 wird auf 7,3 Milliarden US-Dollar geschätzt. In Kaufkraftparität beträgt das BIP 28,4 Milliarden US-Dollar oder 3200 US-Dollar je Einwohner. Damit gehört Tadschikistan zu den ärmsten Ländern der Erde und ist die ärmste der ehemaligen Sowjetrepubliken. Erschwerend für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung ist die Tatsache, dass Tadschikistan ein Binnen-Entwicklungsland (ohne Meereszugang) ist. Die Anteile der Industrie am BIP und an der Beschäftigung beliefen sich 2016 auf 15,1 % bzw. 10,6 %, die des Dienstleistungssektors auf 64,2 % bzw. 46,4 %.

Die Hauptindustrien in dem Land sind der Bergbau, die Metallverarbeitung und die Landwirtschaft. Tadschikistans Wirtschaft ist stark abhängig von den Rücküberweisungen der in Russland lebenden und arbeitenden knapp 1 Million zählenden Auslandstadschiken. Schätzungen zufolge machen ihre Überweisungen knapp 50 % der Wirtschaftsleistung aus. Durch die Auslandsüberweisung kann Tadschikistan sein hohes Handelsbilanzdefizit teilweise ausgleichen.

Kennzahlen
Alle BIP-Werte sind in US-Dollar (Kaufkraftparität) angegeben.

Landwirtschaft
Nach wie vor ist die Bedeutung der Landwirtschaft sehr groß. Sie trug 2016 mit 20,7 % zum BIP bei, während 43,0 % der Erwerbstätigen in der Landwirtschaft arbeiteten. Nur etwa 7 % des Landes sind landwirtschaftlich intensiv nutzbar. Einen Schwerpunkt bildet der Anbau von Baumwolle. Die Anpflanzung von Getreide, Gemüse, Obst und Tabak ist sekundär. Die extensive Bewässerung trägt dabei massiv zur Erosion, Bodenversalzung und zum Austrocknen des Flusses Pjandsch bei. Daneben werden Rinder, Schafe und Ziegen gehalten sowie Seidenraupen gezüchtet.

Bodenschätze und Industrie
Das Land verfügt über Reserven an Erdöl, Erdgas und Braunkohle. Wichtigstes Exportgut mit einem Anteil von 50 % an den Exporterlösen ist Aluminium aus der Aluminiumfabrik TALCO in Tursunsoda; 23 % werden durch den Export von Elektrizität, die durch Wasserkraft überwiegend am Nurek-Staudamm erzeugt wird, erzielt. Derzeit sind weitere Wasserkraftwerke unter anderem mit russischer und chinesischer Unterstützung in Bau oder in Planung.

Geplant ist ein internationales Hochspannungsnetz CASA 1000. Dieses Projekt soll die technische und infrastrukturelle Basis für den Energieexport Tadschikistans und Kirgisistans nach Afghanistan und Pakistan ermöglichen.

Zusätzlich kommen in Tadschikistan weitere Erze einschließlich Zinn, Blei, Antimon, Seltene Erden, Quecksilber, Silber, Gold und Uran vor, die zum Teil noch abgebaut und verhüttet werden.

Die Hinterlassenschaften des Uranbergbaus, der im Norden des Landes bis Anfang der 1990er Jahre stattfand, führen mit Abraumhalden, Absetzseen und technischen Einrichtungen zu einer möglichen Gefährdung der Bevölkerung, des Trinkwassers und der Umwelt in diesen Regionen durch radioaktive Stoffe.

Staatshaushalt
Der Staatshaushalt umfasste 2016 Ausgaben von umgerechnet 1,98 Mrd. US-Dollar, dem standen Einnahmen von umgerechnet 1,81 Mrd. US-Dollar gegenüber. Daraus ergibt sich ein Haushaltsdefizit in Höhe von 2,9 % des BIP.
Die Staatsverschuldung betrug 2016 35,3 % des BIP.

2015 betrug der Anteil der Staatsausgaben (in Prozent des BIP) folgender Bereiche:
 Gesundheit: 6,9 % (2014)
 Bildung: 5,2 % (2015)
 Militär: 3,9 % (2005)

Infrastruktur

Die Verkehrserschließung Tadschikistans ist aufgrund der Oberflächengestalt des Landes sehr schwierig.

Straßen
Der Verkehr stützt sich vor allem auf das nur mangelhaft ausgebaute ca. 28.000 Kilometer lange Straßennetz. Der Pamir Highway ist die einzige Fernstraße des Landes. Er durchquert das Land von Westen nach Osten bzw. Norden und ist die einzige Verbindungsstraße durch die osttadschikische Region Berg-Badachschan. Von Chorugh aus erfolgt über die Fernstraße die Anbindung an die kirgisische Stadt Osch.

Seit den 2000er Jahren wurden mehrere wichtige Ausbauprojekte im Straßennetz realisiert.

Im Zuge des Ausbaus der Fernstraße M34 wurden 2006 der Ansob-Tunnel und 2012 der Schahriston-Tunnel unter den Bergen der Turkestankette eröffnet. Damit entstand auch eine im Winter nutzbare Straßenverbindung zwischen der Hauptstadt Duschanbe und Chudschand, der zweitgrößten Stadt des Landes, sowie dem hier beginnenden Ferghanatal, einem kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Zentrum im Zentralasien.

Seit 2007 gibt es bei Pandschi Pojon (ehemals russisch Nischni Pjandsch) an der Grenze zwischen Afghanistan und Tadschikistan die Tadschikistan–Afghanistan-Brücke über den Grenzfluss Pandsch. Sie ist 670 Meter lang und wurde weitgehend von den USA finanziert. Die Brücke verkürzt die Transportwege in der Region erheblich. Seitdem können bei diesem Übergang um ein Vielfaches mehr Fahrzeuge den Fluss überqueren.

Eisenbahn
Das Land verfügt über Eisenbahnstrecken von insgesamt 510 Kilometern Länge. Die Hauptstadt Duschanbe ist durch die Transkaspische Eisenbahn an das internationale Eisenbahnnetz angeschlossen, mit der Verbindungen über Taschkent nach Moskau bestehen. Seit 2016 sind die bisher isolierten Netze von Duschanbe und Qurghonteppa in das usbekische Termiz durch eine neu gebaute Gebirgsstrecke zwischen Wahdat und Jovon direkt über tadschikisches Territorium miteinander verbunden. Der grenzüberschreitende Verkehr nach Termiz war jedoch wegen einer gesprengten Brücke seit November 2011 unterbrochen. Nach deren Reparatur konnte diese Verbindung entlang des Amudarja Anfang März 2018 wieder eröffnet werden.

2018 lag die baureife Planung einer grenzüberschreitenden Eisenbahnstrecke von Kolchosobod über Pandschi Pojon, den Grenzfluss Pandsch nach Schirchan Bandar in Afghanistan vor. Mit dem Bau sollte Ende 2018 begonnen werden. Darüber hinaus wird eine Verlängerung bis Kundus erwogen.

Kultur
Die Tadschiken sind sprachlich, kulturell und ethnisch eng mit den Persern verwandt und stellen auch im Nachbarland Afghanistan einen Bevölkerungsanteil von 30 Prozent. Zu den ältesten und wichtigsten Bräuchen des Landes gehört das traditionelle Neujahrsfest, Nouruz, das am Frühlingsanfang feierlich begangen wird. Das Wappen Tadschikistans ist eine Reinterpretation des Wappens aus der Zeit vor dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion 1991.

Die traditionellen Lehmhäuser in den Altstadtvierteln (Mahalla) und Dörfern (Kischlak) im Westen des Landes sind um einen Innenhof errichtet und von der Außenwelt durch eine hohe fensterlose Umfassungsmauer getrennt, durch die nur ein hölzernes Tor hineinführt. Die Wohnhäuser, Stallungen und Nebengebäude sind mit einem Flachdach aus Holzbalken und Lehm gedeckt, das von einem meist aus Wellblech bestehenden Satteldach überragt wird, unter dessen Schutz Winterfutter für die Tiere lagert. Im Sommer bildet der Innenhof den hauptsächlichen Lebensraum der Familie. Eine im Innenhof aufgestellte, quadratische hölzerne Plattform (Taptschan) dient als Schlafstätte, Ruhe- und Essplatz. Das Essen wird dort auf einem Tischtuch (Dastarchan) serviert.

Die tadschikische Musik wird in eine Kunstmusik mit Wurzeln hauptsächlich in der persischen Tradition, die in den Städten im Westen des Landes und im Ferghanatal gespielt wird, und in eine Volksmusik im Süden und in den ländlichen Regionen unterteilt. Der wichtigste Stil der im Emirat Buchara gepflegten Kunstmusik ist der Schaschmaqam. Die Gesangsstimme wird von verschiedenen gezupften Langhalslauten, der Streichlaute Ghichak und der Rahmentrommel Doira begleitet. Beliebte Vokalstile der Volksmusik heißen Falak und Katta Aschula. In der eigenen Musiktradition von Badachschan dient vor allem die Laute Rubab der Gesangsbegleitung. Seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts verbinden eine Reihe von tadschikischen Komponisten den Schaschmaqam und andere eigene Stile mit westlicher klassischer Musik.

Als wichtigster Autor und "nationaler Poet" Tadschikistans gilt Sadriddin Aini (1878–1954), der die tadschikische Sprache, die während des Emirats von Buchara unterdrückt war, in der Zeit der Sowjetunion wiederbelebte. (Bis in die 1920er Jahre war die Tschagataische Sprache Amtssprache des Emirats.) Auch Muhammadschon Schakurij (1925–2012) machte sich um den Erhalt der tadschikischen Sprache verdient.

Medien
Zu den Medien in Tadschikistan gehören 268 Zeitungen, 136 Zeitschriften (Publikum-, Fachzeitschriften usw.) und 8 Presseagenturen. Die Lage der Pressefreiheit in Tadschikistan wird von Reporter ohne Grenzen als "sehr ernst" eingestuft. In Tadschikistan saß 2018 ein Journalist in Haft.

Im Jahr 2017 nutzten 22 Prozent der Einwohner Tadschikistans das Internet.

Sport
Bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2008 in Peking gewann der Judoka Rassul Boqijew Bronze und damit die erste olympische Medaille für Tadschikistan überhaupt. Die erste Goldmedaille für Tadschikistan gewann der Hammerwerfer Dilschod Nasarow bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2016 in Rio de Janeiro.

Städtepartnerschaften
Duschanbe ist seit 1973 Partnerstadt der Kärntner Landeshauptstadt Klagenfurt sowie seit 1990 der baden-württembergischen Stadt Reutlingen.

Literatur
 Kamoludin Abdullaev, Shahram Akbarzaheh: Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan. 2. Aufl. Scarecrow Press, 2010.
 Paul Bergne: The birth of Tajikistan. National identity and the origins of the republic. London/New York 2007, ISBN 978-1-84511-283-7.
 Sonja Bill, Dagmar Schreiber: Tadschikistan: Zwischen Duschanbe, Pamir und Fan-Gebirge. Reiseführer, Trescher, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-89794-291-2.
 Renee Browning: Tajikistan. Including Its History, the Dushanbe Zoo, the Yagnob Valley, and More. Earth Eyes Travel Guides, 2012, ISBN 978-1-249-22252-1.
 Sophie Ibbotson, Max Lovell-Hoare: Tajikistan. Bradt Travel Guides, Bucks 2013, ISBN 978-1-84162-455-6.
 Botakoz Kassymbekova: Despite Cultures: Early Soviet Rule in Tajikistan, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0822964193
 Thomas Kunze: Zentralasien. Portrait einer Region. Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2018. ISBN 978-3-86153-995-7.
 Edward Lemon: Das politische System Tadschikistans. In: Jakob Lempp, Sebastian Mayer, Alexander Brand (Hrsg.): Die politischen Systeme Zentralasiens. Interner Wandel, externe Akteure, regionale Kooperation. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2020, ISBN 978-3-658-31633-4, S. 91–103.
 Elke Windisch: Zentralasien: Politische Reisereportagen. Dagyeli, J & D, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-935597-80-7.

Weblinks

 Die OSZE in Tadschikistan (englisch)
 Website der Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH (Inwent)
 Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats der Bundesregierung: Destabilisierungs und Konfliktpotential prognostizierter Umweltveränderungen in der Region Zentralasien bis 2020/2050 (PDF-Datei; 1,7 MB)
 Tadschikistan im CIA World Factbook (engl.)
 Offizielle Website des Komitees für Tourismus der Republik Tadschikistan
 Deutsch-Tadschikische Gesellschaft e. V.
 Tadschikistan, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

Einzelnachweise

Staat in Asien
Nachfolgestaat der Sowjetunion
Mitgliedstaat der Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten
Mitgliedstaat der Vereinten Nationen
Binnenstaat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Maker Faire Bay Area Announces Makers Exhibiting at 10th Anniversary Event
SAN FRANCISCO, CA--(Marketwired - April 23, 2015) - Maker Faire Bay Area 2015, the Greatest Show (and Tell) on Earth, will bring together over 1,200 Makers to share their projects, passions for making, and experiences playing an integral role in the Maker Movement. Exhibiting at the 10th anniversary of Maker Faire Bay Area will be Makers who have been involved from the beginning as well as new Makers -- over 25% of all exhibitors -- who are joining them as pacesetters of the Maker Movement. These new Makers have been inspired by a decade of Makers who are leading the Maker Movement and showing the world that we are all makers, changing the way we learn, create, and see the future. The inspiration that fuels the passion in these Makers in turn excites society as a whole and positively impacts our changing world.
"When we launched Maker Faire in 2006, we wanted to bring the community together to meet Makers, to share and celebrate their projects, successes, and failures, and to show the world that everyone is a Maker," said Sherry Huss, vice president of Maker Media and co-founder of Maker Faire. "Maker Faire has expanded in tandem with fast-growing movements such robotics, drones, computing, the DIY boom, wearables, IoT, 3D printing, space science, cars, sensors, mobile, and more. We've accomplished what we set out to do, and are thrilled to see the Faire, and the Maker Movement, grow and prosper around the world."
The event will continue to be curated in ways that give attendees the opportunity to unearth new projects and offerings from Makers, and better understand how the Maker Movement is impacting their own lives. The range of Makers included in this 10th anniversary event has broadened to include more young Makers, new groups of Makers, Makers representing more international communities, and more. Attendees will take in the amazing creations, products, inspiration, hobbies, innovations, and inventions covering an assortment of hot topics such 3D printing, kinetic sculptures, wearables, design, trends in food making, STEAM exposure for school-age kids, sustainability, microcontrollers, education, and much more.
The list of Makers exhibiting at Maker Faire Bay Area 2015 can be found here: http://makerfaire.com/bay-area-2015/meet-the-makers/[1]. Highlights from the exhibitor list include:
Aquatrope[2]: A self-powered and electric, pedal-assisted mobile art sculpture. Created by Maker Richard Wilks, Aquatrope explores how profoundly society is intertwined with a vital resource, water. It makes a powerful statement with its beauty and holistic message about how water is crucial to our human existence and to the health and survival of the natural world.
The CoasterDad Project[3]: Local Bay Area maker, Will Pemble, is bringing one of his world-famous, custom backyard roller coasters to the Faire. He'll be sharing with attendees his experience making the roller coaster and his love for physics, fun, and making.
Conductak[4]: An electrically conductive sticky tack that is used to prototype circuits and mount components practically anywhere. At the Faire, attendees can use Conductak to create their other simple projects and test the usability of Conductak.
EarthMover[5]: Made from excavators and excavator parts, EarthMover is a large sculpture of an ant, paying homage to the power and determination of ants. Several parts of the sculpture are kinetic and can be controlled by Faire goers.
FARMcurious[6]: Educating, inspiring, and equipping people with an interest in re-connecting with where their food comes from and making their own artisan food from scratch. At the Faire, attendees can learn about cheese-making, fermenting, meat curing, and much more from the FARMcurious team.
Gocupi[7]: A robot that draws on vertical surfaces. It's open-sourced, powered by a Raspberry Pi, has an Arduino-driven motor control board, uses the Go programming language, and produces beautifully detailed drawings on the fly.
InMoov[8]: The first open source, 3D printed, life-size robot that can be replicated on any home 3D printer with a 12cm area. InMoov was conceived as a development platform for all Makers.
Light Play[9]: An interactive hive of miniature delta robots made from 3D printed parts, which act as a mechanical prosthetic for enhancing self-expression.
Project Daffodil[10]: An electronic pop-up book featuring princess engineers and electrical dragons that's embedded with simple circuits, introducing young girls to the world of engineering and teaching the basics of circuitry.
Rhino Redemption[11]: Created by Reared in Steel, Rhino Redemption is a fire-breathing rhinoceros art car that stands 11 feet tall by almost 10 feet wide and is 28 feet long. It's fully equipped with hydraulic steering, a sound system, and LED lights.
Robot Resurrection[12]: A towering 28-foot tall, human piloted, articulating sculpture made from 95% airplane parts. Complete with lighting and laser effects, Robot Resurrection is a spectacular creation that attendees will get to see first-hand at the Faire.
Terabite[13]: The first one million-megapixel macro photograph and it can be viewed in person at the Faire. The Terabite was created from over 625,000 photographs and features an incredible mosaic.
Vidcode[14]: Teaching teen girls computer programming by enabling them to customize videos with
Smartrac Technology Group

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Trudeau thanks Ontario community as mosque re-opens after fire
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau helped officially reopen a mosque in Peterborough, Ont., on Sunday, two months after the place of worship was deliberately torched.
"As happy as I am to be here, at the same time I wish that an event like this wasn't needed," Trudeau said on Sunday.
According to police, vandals intentionally set the mosque ablaze on Nov. 15, 2015, one day after deadly terrorist attacks killed more than 100 people in Paris.
At the time, the Peterborough fire department estimated that the fire caused about $80,000 in damage. Though the mosque's exterior remained intact, the inside of the building was badly damaged.
As members of the local Muslim community found themselves without a place to worship, local churches stepped in, offering temporary spaces for prayer.
Community members also set up an online fundraiser, which quickly raised more than $100,000.
On Sunday, Trudeau praised these efforts and thanked the Kawartha Muslim Religious Association for its "exemplary Canadian-ness."
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Trudeau also took a moment to commemorate the six Canadians killed in what he called a "brutal act of violent terrorism" in Burkina Faso earlier this week.
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J. Nicholas Hoover
Pentagon Unveils Secure Mobile Device Plan
Military releases a new plan to accelerate the adoption of mobile devices and apps for both classified and unclassified use.
10 Great Mobile Government Apps
The Department of Defense on Tuesday released a plan to accelerate the adoption of commercial mobile devices and secure mobile applications in the military for use with both unclassified and classified information.
The plan, which follows up on a mobile device strategy released in June 2012, grows out of an increasing recognition by top military officials and in high-level military strategy documents that mobile technologies will play a key role on the battlefield and for broader U.S. military success via improved collaboration and information sharing.
"This is not simply about embracing the newest technology," DOD CIO Teri Takai said in a statement accompanying the plan. "It is about keeping the Department's workforce relevant in an era when information accessibility and cybersecurity play a critical role in mission success." Takai added that military personnel are increasingly reliant on mobile technology "as a key capability enabler for joint force combat operations."
The plan itself says that it aims to establish a "framework to equip users and managers with mobile solutions that leverage commercial off-the-shelf products, improve functionality, decrease cost and enable increased personal productivity."
[ What are Steven VanRoekel biggest government IT challenges? See Federal CIO Q&A: Security, Sequestration And More. ]
A calendar of deliverables is included in the plan, including developing enterprise mobile device management and app store platforms, rolling out mobile devices able to access secret and top secret information, and deploying thousands of centrally managed mobile devices.
Part of the plan will be a series of pilots, many of which are already underway. Those include the Army's Army App Store and Connecting Soldiers to Digital Applications program; the Navy's Digital Seabag and 4G/LTE Sea Trial; Special Operations Command's SECRET BlackBerry; the Marines' Trusted Handheld; DARPA's Secure iPad; and NSA's TIPSPIRAL.
As part of the plan, DOD will pursue a "unified MDM architecture" to ensure mobile security and ease of maintenance. It will also create a centralized mobile application store, a development platform with a code library and development and testing tools, a centralized app approval process, and a centralized governance process to establish mobile standards and policies for the entire military.
However, the strategy seems to leave room for significant flexibility. The strategy is intended to be device-agnostic, encourage cross-platform app interoperability and allow military services to buy devices themselves or from the Defense Information Systems Agency or General Services Administration. The military services similarly would be allowed to run their own app stores and mobile device management platforms or use centralized services and platforms provided by either DISA or GSA.
In part, DOD hopes that the strategy will help cut costs by leveraging the DOD's buying power as a huge institution. The military already has more than 600,000 mobile devices on its networks, including 470,000 BlackBerrys, 41,000 Apple iOS devices and 8,700 Android devices. As part of the plan, the DOD CIO will conduct a semi-annual audit on the total military-wide cost of mobility.
Still, it's unclear how across-the-board budget cuts as a result of sequestration could affect the execution of the military's plan. Takai's memo mentions in its introduction that the plan "is contingent on available funding."
mbenayed,
re: Pentagon Unveils Secure Mobile Device Plan
It is great to use mobile technology for combat operations...
Now... what happens if the enemy targets those devices, and does an Active Session Attack on them? i.e. yank those devices after the user logged in?
MDM provide a great management tool, however, they are vulnerable to device attack and active session attack.


text:
France set to toughen isolation measures for Covid contact cases
The French government has proposed a strict 10-day isolation period with police checks for people who come into contact with someone who has Covid-19, but vaccinated people can be released from quarantine early.
Published: 21 July 2021 14:15 CEST
Contact cases could soon be subjected to police visits. Photo: PHILIPPE DESMAZES / AFP.
As part of the bill being debated in parliament this week concerning the extension of France's health pass, the government wants to toughen measures for "contact cases" to isolate.
Currently if you have had contact with a person testing positive for Covid, you must take a test and self-isolate, but there are no police checks.
If you test positive, you must spent 10 days in isolation. If the test is negative, you must self-isolate for seven days and take another test. If the second test is negative, you can stop; if it's positive, you must remain in isolation for another ten days.
You may be contacted by the Assurance Maladie or via the TousAntiCovid app to inform you that you have been in contact with somebody who has Covid.
Stricter enforcement
The rules are already more strict for travellers arriving from "red list" countries where the virus is spreading quickly. They must quarantine for 10 days in a place of their choosing, subject to police checks, and are only authorised to leave between 10am and 12pm or in emergencies.
READ ALSO Brits in France left furious over UK travel rules for tourists
Now the government wants to apply this measure to people living in France, according to reports in the French media. Checks could take place between 8am and 10am, and from 12pm to 11pm, with fines of up to €1,500 for breaking the rules.
Readers of The Local who have travelled to France from red zone countries reported that police checks at home do often take place.
But Patrice Ribeiro, general secretary of the Synergie-Officiers police union told Le Parisien it would be "physically impossible" to check on thousands of contact cases if the measure is implemented on a domestic basis.
Exemptions for vaccinated people
Fully vaccinated people will still be considered contact cases and required to quarantine, unless their initial Covid test is negative, according to Le Parisien. Vaccinated people who test positive will have to obey the 10-day quarantine.
Health minister Olivier Véran told RTL on Tuesday that "the rules could change" regarding isolation.
"What could be taken into account is that, when you are completely vaccinated – but I am waiting for the opinion of scientists I've called upon to know whether the Delta variant changes things – you would no longer be considered a contact when you have been in contact with a sick person," he said.
He added that this would not apply to people living under the same roof, where the risk of infection is greater.
On June 15th, the Haut Conseil de la santé publique advistory body recommended dropping testing and quarantine measures for fully vaccinated people who have been in contact with somebody with Covid who does not live in the same household, because "the risk is very small".
Martin Greenacre [email protected] @martingreenacre
QUARANTINECOVID-19 RULES
Johanna - 22 July 2021 at 00:36 CEST
How much do you get fined if you refuse to switch bluetooth on?
Fully-vaccinated arrivals into England from France must still quarantine, says UK goverment
Unvaccinated travellers to France from UK must show 24-hour test from Sunday
Travel in Europe: UK to scrap all Covid travel rules
The UK is set to scrap all Covid-19 travel restrictions in what the government described as a "landmark moment".
Published: 15 March 2022 11:23 CET
Testing is no longer required for vaccinated travellers, but the UK government has announced that it will scrap all Covid-19 travel rules on Friday, March 18th.
"As one of the first major economies to remove all its remaining Covid-19 travel restrictions, this is a landmark moment for passengers and the travel and aviation sector," said the Government in a press release.
From 4am on March 18th:
Passengers going to the UK will no longer be required to fill out a Passenger Locator Form before travel;
Passengers who are not vaccinated will not be required to take a pre-departure Covid test, or a Day 2 test following arrival. Fully vaccinated travellers are already exempt from having to do this;
Hotel quarantine for travellers coming from 'red list' countries, of which there are currently none, will also be scrapped by the end of the month.
"We will continue monitoring and tracking potential new variants, and keep a reserve of measures which can be rapidly deployed if needed to keep us safe," said UK Health Minister Sajid Javid.
The UK has lifted all Covid-related rules including mask rules and mandatory self-isolation if you test positive for Covid.
Some European countries still have Covid restrictions in place for unvaccinated people coming from the UK.
Until March 18th
Until the new rules come into effect, all travellers are required to fill out a passenger locator form.
Unvaccinated travellers are also required to take pre-departure test and a test on or before Day 2 following their arrival.
The UK border officers will recognise proof of vaccination provided with an EU Covid Certificate.
For the UK "fully vaccinated" means 14 days after your final dose of a EMA/FDA or Swiss approved vaccine (Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson).
After a period of confusion, the UK government says that it will accept mixed doses administered in the EU (eg one dose of AstraZeneca and one of Pfizer).
However people who have only had a single dose after previously recovering from Covid – which is standard practice in some European countries – are not accepted as vaccinated by the UK.
The Local ([email protected])


text:
Kbb.com Reports: New-Car Shoppers Show Increased Interest in Audi, Ford, Hyundai
Latest Market Intelligence Shows Significant Year-over-Year Gains in Brand Consideration, kbb.com Traffic
IRVINE, Calif., Nov. 12 /PRNewswire/ -- According to the latest Kelley Blue Book www.kbb.com Market Intelligence Brand Watch study and Market Watch report, over the past year in-market new-car shoppers have shown increased interest in the Audi, Ford and Hyundai brands. According to the Q3 2009 Brand Watch study, significant year-over-year brand consideration gains were made by Audi in the luxury SUV/CUV segment, Ford in the non-luxury SUV/CUV and truck segments and Hyundai in the luxury sedan/coupe/hatchback segment. Kelley Blue Book Market Watch report data also reveals significant increased year-over-year traffic to new-car information on kbb.com for all three brands.
According to the latest Kelley Blue Book Market Watch report, all three of the aforementioned brands have seen traffic gains to their new-car pages on Kelley Blue Book's kbb.com when comparing October 2009 to October 2008. Audi saw a very significant year-over-year increase of 39 percent, while Ford climbed 30 percent and Hyundai climbed six percent.
When comparing Q3 2008 to Q3 2009 in the Brand Watch study, Audi consideration has more than doubled in the luxury SUV/CUV segment (from seven percent to 15 percent). Ford has made similar significant year-over-year consideration gains in the non-luxury SUV/CUV segment (from 28 to 40 percent), as well as the truck segment (from 53 percent to 62 percent). Hyundai also has shown a year-over-year brand consideration improvement in the luxury sedan/coupe/hatchback segment (from 13 percent to 18 percent).
"The latest Kelley Blue Book Market Intelligence data shows the tangible results that can be attained when a brand comes to market with products people like and back it up with strong marketing support," said James Bell, executive market analyst for Kelley Blue Book's kbb.com. "Audi has seen great success in the past year with its Q5 and Q7 utility vehicles. Ford has a strong line-up with its popular utility vehicles like the Edge, Escape, Flex and F-Series trucks, not to mention its new Taurus and Fusion sedans. At the same time, Hyundai has made significant gains in changing consumer perception of its brand, especially with its entry into the luxury market with the Genesis sedan and coupe."
Ford and Audi also were among the top five upward-moving brands in terms of share of market on Kelley Blue Book's kbb.com for the month of October 2009 when compared to October 2008. Ford's gains were led by significant interest in the Taurus, Fusion and F-150 SuperCrew Cab, and Audi's gains were driven by significant interest in the Q5.
The Q3 Kelley Blue Book Market Intelligence Brand Watch study was fielded to 3,018 in-market new-car shoppers on Kelley Blue Book's kbb.com from July 1 - September 28, 2009. Kelley Blue Book's Brand Watch is an ongoing study tracking and trending consumer perceptions, detailing strengths and weaknesses of makes within each segment. Kelley Blue Book's Market Watch is a comprehensive business intelligence tool that acts as a leading sales indicator by tracking and trending shopping behavior on Kelley Blue Book's kbb.com. For Market Intelligence sales inquiries on any vehicle, segment or brand, please contact Kelly Kim, director of market intelligence services for Kelley Blue Book and kbb.com, at 949-268-2756 or kkim@kbb.com.


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Once racially troubled, a district shrinks the achievement gap
OSSINING, N.Y.—On a spring morning at Ossining High School in suburban New York, a group of students gathered in a small classroom at the end of the school's science hallway. It was a day traditionally known to the senior class as "skip day," when most of the school's 12th graders play hooky and head to…
September 20, 2013 in Uncategorized.
Back to school in Mississippi- without books, basics
RICHTON, Miss. — When Superintendent Noal Cochran had an open teaching position in this quiet town, he looked for applicants at the bottom of the salary ladder—those with as little experience as possible. When he needed a new football coach, he wanted a rookie "straight out of college" who would accept a smaller stipend. And…
August 27, 2013 in Uncategorized.
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COLUMBUS, Miss. — At the end of his sophomore year, Damonta Morgan left Clarksdale High School as one of its top students. He transferred to The Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science, hoping for more challenging courses to prepare himself for college and a career as a biology professor. He soon learned how ill-prepared he…
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Do new exams produce better teachers? States act while educators debate
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California struggles to assess teacher training programs
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PAUL BOOTH - Presenting The Bansangu Orchestra
Saxophonist, Paul Booth has made quite a reputation, and a well deserved one at that, as one of the UK's leading tenor players. Versatile and conversant in just about any musical setting, Paul has played with a wide variety of artists from Steely Dan, Eric Clapton, Carlos Santana, Chaka Khan, Will Young, Petula Clark, Craig David, and is currently playing and touring in the Steve Winwood Band.
His jazz credentials are as equally impressive, playing with Geoffrey Keezer, Ingrid Jenson, Jane Monheit, as well as Michael Janisch's Paradigm Shift, Ryan Quigley Quintet with whom he recorded for Whirlwind Recordings. In addition he has recorded five solo albums and also runs his own label, Pathway Records.
If this wasn't enough, he has now formed the Bansangu Orchestra with fellow conspirators, Giorgio Serci and Kevin Robinson, so just where did this idea for the big band come about, and what about the name of the orchestra? "Well the story comes from the Brazilian guitarist José Neto with whom I've been touring with for the last 12 years in Steve Winwood's band" explains Paul. "José recounted a a story of when Airto Moreira would come off stage after a particularly great gig and tell everyone "'the band sounds good' expect with his strong accent it sounded more like 'ban san goo'. As soon as I heard it I was like 'that's a wicked name for a band' and the rest is history. "
For those who are not familiar with the history, the band was originally formed in 2014. Taking up the story, Paul says "This orchestra was born on the road, at least the idea was. Giorgio, Kevin and I were touring with the wonderful Polish singer Basia. Giorgio had a dream one night about a big band based in London but playing world music. He told me about it the next day and I'd actually been thinking about a similar project at the time so it was meant to be. Kevin had already been in projects of a similar nature and once we told him he was like 'yes I'm in'. From there we set about creating a list of people of extraordinary talent whom we thought would want to be part of this project from the beginning. Creative people that although are based in the jazz community, have interests and experience in playing and writing music from multiple genres. The result is what you hear on the album."
Continuing, Paul adds, "After being together for a while and putting a decent pad of music together we knew the next logical step was to make an album and get the music out there. The difficulty was getting the core members of the group together in one place. As you can see from the list of band members, it really is the who's who of the session musician scene in London, not only that but many of these amazing musicians are artists in their own right who record and tour their own music. I picked generally the quietest time of year for musicians, the first week of January and luckily enough i managed to get everyone together, including people like Alex Wilson who doesn't even live in the UK anymore. It was a joyous occasion, two days spent at Dean Street studios. Aside from the music it really is a collection of friends and I hope that can somehow be heard on the album. We chose music from the pad we felt best represented the band at this particular time but we have a lot more music to be heard, the live shows coming up will demonstrate this."
Between the inception of the band and the recording of the album, some four years have elapsed. Once again Paul explains this seemingly long delay, "Some artists and bands like to record first and then go looking for gigs but we really wanted to test the water first therefor a few rehearsals were the first step. The results were very exciting so we started to get word out there was a new big band in town. We managed to do some nice gigs including Spice of Life as part of the EFG London Jazz Festival, Canary Wharf Jazz Festival, The Hideaway and more. Once we started to get a sound and realised our listeners were responding favourably we knew we had something special. The next stage was to record the album and even though we recorded it live over two days, there were edits and some overdubs to add on later. This didn't take too long but the big problem was finding the time between touring and gigging, not just for me but for all the composers who had a big part to play in the creation of the album. But hey, we got there in the end and we are delighted with the very positive response we have been getting from the press and radio." Laughing he adds, "I promise the next album won't take this long to release!"
One of the most striking this about the Bansangu Orchestra is that on paper the orchestra looks like a conventional big band, but in reality sounds like anything but a traditional big band. So I ask the saxophonist if this was this a conscious decision, and is there a musical policy or agenda for the Orchestra? Pausing to consider his reply, Paul says "I'm glad you asked this question. We consciously steered clear of the traditional sound and tried to create something unique. A lot of that came from the compositions themselves and we specifically decided to not play any swing. We wanted to firstly explore our writing using rhythms from around the globe. Once these rhythms started to make their way into our compositions the next decision was timbre. Despite using the traditional big band horn format of four trumpets, four trombones, five saxes I think where we make a difference is in the rhythm section. We use a 5 piece rhythm section and where you start to see some timbre changes is in the use of tabla, udu, bata and some more folkloric percussion played by our regular percussionist Satin Singh and our guest percussionist Edwin Sanz on Alex Wilson's track Currulao Cool. Guitarist Giorgio Serci also played Oud and Nylon String on some the tracks. The final ingredient was adding our very special guests Seckou Keita on Kora and Jonathan Mayer on sitar. These masters transformed the sound and feel of the traditional big band."
Again what is immediately apparent when listening to the album is that while the compositions on the album come from a number of different writers from within the Orchestra, they all retain a flavour and sound that give the whole set a very cohesive feel. I guess that all the writers will arrange and write with the specific feel of the Orchestra in mind, or has this collective sound coalesced from playing together on a regular basis, I inquire? "It's good to hear that despite the difference in style from piece to piece that the listeners feel the album as a whole. I can't say this has happened from playing together on a regular basis but it's more a case of have seventeen people in a room of like mind. We share similar tastes in music and have the common goal of creating something together and with a certain collective energy. With this in mind I really feel as though the sound of the band was suddenly just there, despite the varying styles we were tackling."
So, is it difficult to maintain this collective sound and a stable personnel with many of the band members having busy careers and commitments away from the Orchestra? "This will always be a problem and there's no realistic way of having the same personnel on each gig when the members play with so many amazing artists and do their own projects", admits Paul. "However, the Bansangu is more a collective of people that reaches many more than seventeen names. We have an amazing pool of players that want to be involved and share the common goal of making new, fresh and exciting music."
As always with a such a large ensemble, the inevitable and ugly question of opportunities to play crops up. "Do we have many opportunities to play? The simple answer is 'No', Paul advises with a degree of resignation in his voice. "It's unfortunate but with such a large orchestra clubs and festivals don't always want to take on the risk of paying the fees for a band they like the sound of, but don't necessarily have a 'name' or following. This usually leads to us having two choices, not playing live or playing for very low fees. We decided to take some time out of playing live in order to make the album, that time out gave us the opportunity to not only complete the album but create a buzz around the album when it came out in August. Since the release we have had a significant amount of radio play and every single review has been amazing. Our patience is already paying off, as we have done two very nice gigs. First up was the Margate Jazz Weekend in September where we opened the festival. Our most recent and very exciting booking was headlining our own night at Ronnie Scott's on the 8th October. To make this event even more special we had two guests joining us, the incredible Claire Martin OBE and singer/songwriter Oli Rockberger, who featured on our album with his song 'My Old Life'. We have also decided to get cracking with our second album and aim to release this by the end of 2019.
For more information visit Paul Booth Music - Bansangu & Pathway Records
Click on the album cover to read our review