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El descens crioscòpic és la disminució de la temperatura de congelació que experimenta una dissolució en comparació amb la temperatura de congelació del dissolvent pur.

Totes les dissolucions en què, en refredar-se, el dissolvent solidifica pur sense el solut, tenen una temperatura de congelació inferior a la del dissolvent pur. La magnitud del descens crioscòpic, , ve donada per la diferència de temperatures de congelació (o de fusió) del dissolvent pur i de la dissolució, , i , respectivament:

El descens crioscòpic és una de les propietats col·ligatives i, com la resta d'aquestes propietats, la magnitud del descens només depèn de la relació entre el nombre de partícules de solut i les de dissolvent. Per tant, per a un dissolvent determinat, molt freqüentment l'aigua, només depèn del nombre de partícules de solut dissolt i no de la seva naturalesa. Qualsevol solut, a igual molalitat, produeix el mateix efecte. Per exemple, el descens crioscòpic produït en afegir glucosa a una dissolució és equivalent al que s'aconsegueix en afegir igual massa de fructosa en lloc de glucosa, ja que al tractar-se de substàncies de massa molecular idèntica el nombre de partícules afegit a la dissolució seria exactament el mateix, malgrat ser sucres de naturalesa distina.

A la figura adjunta es representa el diagrama de fases d'una dissolució aquosa. Si una dissolució aquosa es troba en el punt  i es redueix la temperatura es congelarà parcialment en el punt , per sota de la temperatura de 0 °C, corresponent a l'aigua pura. S'observa que la temperatura de congelació de la dissolució disminueix a mesura que augmenta la molalitat, la concentració de la dissolució, seguint una corba descendent. La congelació serà parcial, ja que congela primer part de l'aigua, quedant-ne una altra sense congelar on es concentra el solut. Aquesta major concentració produeix un descens crioscòpic addicional en la part no congelada que, si la temperatura segueix baixant tornarà a congelarse parcialment, repetin-se aquest procés de congelació-parcial-concentració-descens crioscópic addicional al llarg de la corba b-c, fins a arribar al punt eutèctic de la mescla, representat com c, on l'increment de concentració del solut ja no produeix nou descens crioscòpic i solidifica el conjunt.

Les primeres investigacions sobre aquest fenomen es deuen al químic francès François Marie Raoult i daten del 1882. Raoult aconseguí una equació experimental que reprodueix bé les dades que s'obtenen a baixes concentracions on la corba s'aproxima a una recta. Altres científics, entre els quals destaquen Jacobus van' t Hoff, Wilhelm Ostwald i Ernst Otto Beckmann, ampliaren posteriorment els estudis sobre el descens crioscòpic.

L'aplicació del descens crioscòpic fou essencial per a l'estudi de les propietats de les substàncies, ja que permet la determinació de les seves masses moleculars de forma precisa. També fou fonamental per a la confirmació de la teoria de la dissociació electrolítica d'Arrhenius i per a la determinació de coeficients d'activitat.

El descens crioscòpic ha trobat aplicacions pràctiques fora dels laboratoris d'investigació, en l'ús d'anticongelants per evitar que els circuits de refrigeració dels motors dels vehicles o els combustibles mateixos es congelin quan les temperatures baixen durant els hiverns, per a la determinació de l'adulteració de la llet amb aigua, per a la preparació de dissolucions a la indústria farmacèutica, per a anàlisis clíniques de sang, orina, etc.

Història
El químic francès François Marie Raoult estudià les propietats de les dissolucions amb diversos dissolvents, com aigua, benzè i àcid acètic, i publicà els seus resultats el 1882. En aquest treball, explicà que els soluts disminueixen les temperatures de congelació de les solucions i que la variació de temperatura experimentada només és proporcional a la quantitat de solut dissolt, expressada en fracció molar, i no depèn de la seva naturalesa.

Amb aquestes investigacions, Raoult posà a l'abast dels químics un nou mètode analític de determinació de masses moleculars de substàncies dissoltes. Així la llei de Raoult del descens crioscòpic es convertí en el mètode més útil, després d'haver estat millorat per l'alemany Ernst Otto Beckmann, per a la determinació de masses moleculars de substàncies orgàniques. També els treballs de Raoult foren utilitzats per Jacobus van' t Hoff i Wilhelm Ostwald, entre altres químics, en suport de la hipòtesi de la dissociació electrolítica en les dissolucions i permeteren a Svante August Arrhenius disposar de proves experimentals per a la seva teoria de la dissociació electrolítica.

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff realitzà un estudi sistemàtic de les propietats col·ligatives de les dissolucions que publicà el 1885. En aquest treball observà que un extens grup de dissolucions no obeïen les lleis simples que havia descobert Raoult, ni tan sols a altes dilucions. Aquestes anomalies, que eren excepcionalment elevades en el cas de molts d'electròlits, conduïren a van't Hoff a introduir l'anomenat Factor de van't Hoff, un factor empíric que intenta corregir l'equació de Raoult per poder-la aplicar a electròlits.

Raoult també donà nom a aquesta nova tècnica analítica a la qual anomenà crioscòpia, a partir de les paraules gregues κρυóς (kryos, que significa fred) i σκοπέω (skopein, que significa mirar, examinar o observar).

El perquè del descens crioscòpic

El descens crioscòpic es pot explicar fàcilment si ens fixem en la variació d'entropia que es produeix durant el canvi de fase.

Per una banda, l'entropia és una mesura del desordre d'un sistema. Així, un sòlid pur està més ordenat que un líquid pur, i aquest té més entropia (més desordre). El desordre és a causa que les partícules (molècules, àtoms o ions) d'un sòlid ocupen una posició fixa i només vibren al voltant d'aquesta posició. Per contra, en un líquid les partícules estan en moviment i no tenen una posició determinada. Una dissolució líquida té més desordre que un líquid pur, ja que a la dissolució, a més de les partícules del dissolvent en moviment, també hi ha les partícules del solut en moviment, la qual cosa fa que el sistema sigui més desordenat. És evident que si anem a comprar fruita i trobem una caixa només amb peres i una altra amb peres i dues taronges, aquesta està més desordenada que la que conté exclusivament peres. Doncs a les dissolucions passa el mateix. Podem ordenar els sistemes de més a menys entropia:

La variació d'entropia que es produeix durant un canvi d'estat, de líquid a sòlid en el nostre cas, ve acompanyat d'una variació d'entropia (diferència d'entropia entre els estats final i inicial). En el cas d'un dissolvent pur la variació correspon a la diferència d'entropia entre el dissolvent sòlid i el dissolvent líquid i li direm , i en el cas d'una dissolució la variació d'entropia és la diferència entre l'entropia del dissolvent sòlid i la dissolució, i li podem dir . Aquesta última és superior a l'anterior perquè la dissolució té més entropia que el dissolvent líquid. Per tant:

Per una altra banda, la congelació és una transició de fase de primer ordre, és a dir, té lloc amb una variació brusca d'entropia de forma pràcticament reversible a la temperatura i pressió d'equilibri. Així, es pot relacionar la variació d'entropia que s'hi produeix amb l'entalpia de canvi de fase (calor latent), , i la temperatura, , segons l'equació:

Com que la variació d'entalpia, , és constant, tant en el pas del dissolvent líquid a sòlid com del dissolvent de la dissolució a sòlid, tenim que si la variació d'entropia és major en el cas de la dissolució, la temperatura de canvi de fase haurà de ser menor perquè el segon membre de la igualtat augmenti per igualar la major variació d'entropia de la congelació del dissolvent de la dissolució. Matemàticament es demostra fàcilment:

Per tant les temperatures de congelació de les dissolucions són sempre menors que les del dissolvent pur a causa que la dissolució té més entropia, més desordre, que el dissolvent líquid pur. I a major concentració de solut, major desordre, major entropia a la dissolució i, per tant, menor temperatura de congelació i major descens crioscòpic.

Equacions

Dissolucions diluïdes de no electròlits

Raoult, de forma experimental, arribà a la següent relació pel cas del descens crioscòpic de dissolucions diluïdes amb soluts que no es dissocien (no electròlits), que s'anomena Llei de Raoult del descens crioscòpic.

on:
  és la diferència entre la temperatura de congelació del dissolvent pur i la temperatura de congelació de la dissolució.
  és la constant crioscòpica, una constant que és característica del dissolvent.
 i  és la molalitat del solut, és a dir els mols de solut per quilogram de dissolvent. La concentració s'expressa en molalitat perquè és més pràctic a l'hora de realitzar mesures, encara que per a ser precisos s'hauria d'expressar en funció de la fracció molar com ho demostrà Raoult.

A la figura adjunta es representa el descens crioscòpic experimentat per una dissolució aquosa d'etanol en funció de la molalitat on s'observa la corba experimental en vermell i la recta que surt aplicant l'equació de Raoult (en blau) i que, pel cas de l'etanol, és vàlida fins a concentracions d'aproximadament 3 molal.

Dissolucions diluïdes d'electròlits

Les anomalies descobertes per Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, que eren excepcionalment elevades en el cas de molts d'electròlits, el conduïren a introduir l'anomenat Factor de van't Hoff. Un factor empíric simbolitzat per  i definit com el quocient entre el valor experimental de la propietat col·ligativa mitjana i el valor teòric que es dedueix amb les equacions de Raoult.

D'aquesta manera la nova equació pel descens crioscòpic prengué la forma:

El factor  fou explicat pel químic suec Svante August Arrhenius quan desenvolupà entre 1883 i 1887 la teoria de la dissociació electrolítica, segons la qual les molècules dels electròlits es dissocien en major o menor extensió en ions carregats elèctricament, capaços de transportar el corrent elèctric, i existint un equilibri entre les molècules no dissociades i els ions. Per tant, en dissolució hi ha més partícules que les que s'han dissolt, ja que aquestes es rompen, es dissocien, en parts més petites. L'ascens ebullioscòpic, com les altres propietats col·ligatives, depèn del nombre total de partícules en dissolució, de manera que en una dissolució d'electròlits tindrem més partícules que les dissoltes, les quals s'han de tenir en compte per a calcular la molalitat total. Per exemple, podem suposar un electròlit binari com el clorur de calci, , el qual assoleix l'equilibri de dissociació en aigua segons la següent equació:
CaCl2 <=> Ca^2+_{(aq)}{} + 2 Cl^{-}_{(aq)}

En dissolució, per tant, hi ha més partícules que les dissoltes inicialment perquè part d'aquestes s'han dissociat en ions. A la figura s'observa que les dades experimentals es desvien molt de la predicció de la Llei de Raoult.

Dissolucions reals

La fórmula de Raoult del descens crioscòpic només dona valors iguals als experimentals quan les dissolucions són molt diluïdes. Per aplicar-la a dissolucions reals, on la concentració és major, cal emprar una equació que s'obté en la demostració termodinàmica abans de simplificar-la i substituint en ella la fracció molar del dissolvent per l'activitat del dissolvent (o bé el producte del coeficient d'activitat per la fracció molar).:

La primera part és una integral directe i per resoldre la segona integral cal posar l'entalpia en funció de la temperatura. Amb aquesta equació s'obtenen corbes (en negre als gràfics d'aquest article) que coincideixen molt bé amb els valors experimentals (en vermell als gràfics d'aquest article).

Si es negligeix la dependència de l'entalpia amb la temperatura la integral resulta:

El descens crioscòpic a la natura

L'aigua dels oceans

L'aigua dels oceans àrtic i antàrtic durant els respectius hiverns arriba a baixar fins a temperatures de diversos graus sota zero, fins a un mínim de - 2 °C. L'aigua que està en contacte amb l'aire assoleix temperatures molt més baixes i es congela. L'aigua líquida que queda per sota no assoleix temperatures tan baixes, però si que està un o dos graus sota zero. La raó per la qual segueix estant en estat líquid és la concentració de sals dissoltes (uns 35 g de sals, majoritàriament clorur de sodi, per quilogram d'aigua) que disminueixen la temperatura de congelació de l'aigua de mar.

Podem fer un càlcul aproximat de fins a quina temperatura pot mantenir-se l'aigua de mar sense congelar-se. Suposant que totes les sals són clorur de sodi, NaCl, i que la concentració és de 35 g per quilogram de dissolvent, tindrem una molalitat de:

Com que el clorur de sodi és un electròlit fort suposarem que està completament dissociat i el coeficient de van't Hoff val 2 (en realitat el valor serà inferior, al voltant d'1,8). Sabent que la constant crioscòpica de l'aigua val 1,86 °C·kg/mol podem calcular ja el descens crioscòpic:

Per tant l'aigua de mar pot estar fins a 2,2 °C sota zero sense congelar-se.

Éssers vius amb anticongelants

Alguns animals eviten la congelació emprant anticongelants fisiològics. Es tracta de soluts elaborats o incorporats als líquids corporals durant les estacions fredes amb la qual cosa incrementen la concentració total de soluts i redueixen la temperatura de congelació. Molts insectes, per exemple, produeixen elevades concentracions de glicerol, sorbitol o manitol durant l'hivern. És el cas de les larves d'hivern de Bracon cephi que tenen temperatures de congelació de fins a -17 °C durant l'hivern, mentre que els individus d'estiu assoleixen -1 °C. Les concentracions de glicerol en els seus líquids corporals pot arribar a un valor d'entre 4 i 5 molal. També els ous d'hivern de l'eruga Malacosoma contenen glicerol en una quantitat de l'ordre del 35% del seu pes sec.

La granota de bosc, que viu a la meitat septentrional de Nord-amèrica fins a Alaska, és capaç de prosperar en un clima subàrtic. És capaç d'hivernar congelada, utilitzant urea acumulada als teixits i glucosa emmagatzemada al fetge per limitar la quantitat de gel que es forma en el seu cos i reduir la contracció osmòtica de les cèl·lules.

A l'oceà antàrtic viuen un centenar d'espècies del gènere Notothenioidea que sintetitzen un tipus de proteïnes anticongelants, que es dissolen dins la sang, i els permeten viure a temperatures de fins a -1,8 °C. Aquestes proteïnes tenen un mecanisme de funcionament diferent al del descens crioscòpic amb una efectivitat d'unes 500 vegades superior. Sembla que s'adhereixen als nuclis de cristal·lització del gel que es formen en un principi i n'impedeixen el seu posterior creixement.

Aplicacions

Científiques

L'equació del descens crioscòpic de Raoult resulta molt útil per a la determinació de masses moleculars de soluts. Conegudes les propietats del dissolvent, a partir del descens crioscòpic es dedueix la molalitat i, a partir d'aquesta, si es coneix la massa del solut dissolta per quilogram de dissolvent, es pot obtenir la massa molecular del solut. Aquesta tècnica s'anomena crioscòpia i només es requereix un termòmetre que permeti apreciar la centèssima de grau en la zona de la temperatura de congelació per aconseguir bons resultats. Les determinacions s'han de fer a diferents concentracions i extrapolar els resultats a dilució infinita, ja que només en aquestes condicions es compleix l'equació de Raoult

on el subíndex 1 correspon al dissolvent i el 2 al solut.  són el nombre de mols de solut,  és la massa del solut expressada en grams,  és la massa molecular del solut, i  és la massa del dissolvent en quilograms. Aïllant  queda:

Una altra aplicació científica de la crioscòpia és la determinació d'activitats de dissolvents i de soluts, tant no electròlits com electròlits. A partir de l'equació del descens crioscòpic per a dissolucions reals es pot obtenir directament l'activitat del dissolvent que es pot relacionar amb les activitats del solut emprant l'equació de Gibbs-Duhem.

Anticongelants

La disminució de la temperatura de congelació d'un dissolvent per la presència d'un solut s'empra per evitar la solidificació de l'aigua de refrigeració en els motors de combustió. En les regions fredes on la temperatura durant l'hivern baixa sota els 0 °C, s'afegeixen determinades substàncies a l'aigua de refrigeració per rebaixar-ne la seva temperatura de congelació i evitar que es congeli, ja que si això passa, l'augment de volum del gel pot rebentar el sistema refrigerador. Les sals molt solubles en aigua, com ara el clorur de calci, podrien ser apropiades, ja que una dissolució amb un 30,5% de CaCl₂ congela a -50 °C. Tanmateix no poden emprar-se perquè corroeixen els metalls. Com a anticongelants s'empren dissolucions d'etanol, d'etilenglicol o de glicerina, ja que les seves dissolucions al 36,5% en pes, 39% en volum i 44,4% en pes, respectivament, congelen a partir de -25 °C. Si es vol baixar més la temperatura de congelació s'empren dissolucions de glicerina al 58% que congelen a -50 °C. El més emprat és l'etilenglicol. En els circuits de refrigeració de panells d'energia solar l'anticongelant que s'empra actualment és el propilenglicol.

El descens crioscòpic també s'utilitza per eliminar capes de gel a les carreteres, autopistes i pistes d'aeroports. Cal només llançar damunt d'aquestes plaques clorur de sodi, NaCl, o clorur de calci, CaCl₂, amb la qual cosa es rebaixa la temperatura de congelació i les plaques de gel es fonen. Un avantatge del clorur de calci és que, quan es dissol, allibera gran quantitat de calor que ajuda a fondre més gel. També l'etilenglicol s'empra per eliminar capes de gel formades sobre els avions.

En el camp de la construcció, s'empren anticongelants amb els formigons en llocs on les temperatures són molt baixes i congelarien l'aigua. No se'n poden utilitzar grans quantitats perquè poden donar problemes de corrosió. Els anticongelants que es fan servir són sals, normalment el clorur de calci, CaCl₂, que en una proporció del 2% redueix la temperatura de congelació a -5 °C.

Control de qualitat industrial

El descens crioscòpic s'empra en la indústria per a determinar masses moleculars de productes químics fabricats, de la mateixa manera que es fa en les aplicacions científiques.

També s'utilitza per controlar la qualitat de líquids. La magnitud del descens crioscòpic és una mesura directa de la quantitat total d'impureses que pot tenir un producte: a major descens crioscòpic, més impureses conté la mostra analitzada.

En la indústria agroalimentària, s'aprofita per detectar adulteracions de la llet. La llet pot ser adulterada afegint quantitats d'aigua sense que s'observi a simple vista. Per detectar si s'ha afegit aigua, es realitza una determinació de la seva temperatura de congelació que, en general, varia molt poc i està al voltant dels -0,555 °C (entre 0,530 °C i 0,575 °C) per a la llet de vaca i 0,580 °C per a les llets de cabra i ovella. Les variacions depenen de l'estació (és menor durant l'hivern) i els continguts de sals en l'alimentació. Ja que les temperatures de congelació són característiques, dins d'un marge de valors molt estret, si s'afegeix aigua, es dilueix la llet, la concentració de soluts disminueix i la temperatura de congelació augmenta segons l'equació de Raoult, amb la qual cosa pot ser detectada l'adulteració mitjançant mesures del descens crioscòpic.

Anàlisis clíniques
Existeixen múltiples aplicacions analítiques del descens crioscòpic dels líquids corporals (sang, orina, llàgrimes, etc.). Per a realitzar aquestes determinacions s'empren uns aparells automatitzats que s'anomenen crioscops o osmòmetres de punt de congelació i permeten detectar en molt poc temps variacions de mil·lèsimes de descens crioscòpic.

La prova d'osmolalitat (concentració total de partícules) de l'orina es practica per mesurar la concentració de partícules de l'orina (urea i creatinina principalment). El resultat major dels valors normals pot indicar condicions tals com la malaltia d'Addison, insuficiència cardíaca congestiva i xoc. Les mesures inferiors als valors normals poden indicar aldosteronisme, diabetis insípida, excessiva ingesta de líquids, necrosi tubular renal o pielonefritis severa.

L'osmolalitat mesurada al sèrum sanguini depèn principalment del catió sodi, Na+, i en menor mesura de la glucosa i de la urea. El marge de valors normals és de 280-303 mOsm/kg. Si augmenta la glucosa sanguínea (hiperglucèmia present a la diabetis) o la urea (patologies del ronyó) el seu valor pot ser significatiu. Els tòxics com ara el metanol, l'isopropanol, l'etilenglicol, el propilenglicol i l'acetona, i fàrmacs com l'àcid acetilsalicílic poden afectar a l'osmolalitat. Aquest assaig permet determinar, quan els valors són superiors dels normals, deshidratació, diabetis insípida, hiperglucèmia, hipernatrèmia, consum de metanol, consum d'etilenglicol, necrosi tubular renal, accident cerebrovascular o traumatisme cranial que ocasiona deficiència de HAD (diabetis insípida) i urèmia. I quan els valors estan per sota dels normals: ingesta excessiva de líquids, hiponatrèmia, sobrehidratació, síndromes paraneoplàsiques associades amb el càncer pulmonar i la síndrome de secreció inadequada de HAD.

Deducció termodinàmica
A partir de consideracions termodinàmiques, es pot deduir l'equació de Raoult que ell va aconseguir experimentalment i s'obté, també, una expressió per calcular les constants crioscòpiques, , dels dissolvents que és:

on  és la massa molecular del dissolvent,  la temperatura de congelació del dissolvent pur,  la constant dels gasos i  l'entalpia de fusió.

{{caixa desplegable|align=left|títol=Deducció termodinàmica de la llei del descens crioscòpic|contingut=A la temperatura de congelació hi ha dues fases, sòlida i líquida, i el dissolvent es troba en ambdues. La condició d'equilibri indica que el potencial químic del dissolvent ha de ser igual a les dues fases, és a dir:

El potencial químic del dissolvent en dissolució es pot substituir per la seva relació amb el dissolvent líquid pur:

d'on es pot aïllar:

que relaciona la concentració (fracció molar) del dissolvent amb l'energia de Gibbs molar de fusió del dissolvent. Si derivam ambdós membres de l'equació amb respecte a la temperatura i emprant la relació de Gibbs-Helmholtz, tenim:

on  és l'entalpia molar de fusió del dissolvent pur. Per integrar farem una aproximació:

 Si suposem que l'entalpia molar de fusió del dissolvent pur és constant dins l'interval de temperatures que estudiem podem integrar l'equació anterior entre el límit de concentració zero, que correspon a  i , i el límit  que correspon a la temperatura de congelació de la dissolució,

Anomenant  al descens crioscòpic i fent l'aproximació , suposant una dissolució diluïda, queda:

Ara podem posar el logaritme en funció de la fracció molar del solut:

En aquest moment, seguirem fent aproximacions:

 Podem desenvolupar el {{mida|110%|ln (1 - x₂)}} amb una sèrie de Maclaurin i ens quedarem només amb el primer terme:

 Ara aproximarem la fracció molar del solut a la seva molalitat, , negligint els mols de solut en el denominador quan se sumen als mols de dissolvent:

on  és la massa molar del dissolvent expressada en kg/mol.

Substituint a l'anterior equació queda finalment que:

on  és la constant crioscòpica que és característica del dissolvent.

Podem posar l'expressió de la constant crioscòpica d'una forma més habitual emprant la massa molar del dissolvent expressada en g/mol:

}}

 Constants crioscòpiques

A la següent taula hi ha valors de temperatures de congelació i de constants crioscòpiques, , expressades en °C·kg·mol-1, de diferents dissolvents.

Els valors s'han d'analitzar emprant l'expressió obtinguda en la deducció termodinàmica de la constant crioscòpica'':

Les constants crioscòpiques seran elevades si ho són les temperatures de congelació i les masses molars, ja que són directament proporcionals. És el cas del fenol que té una temperatura de congelació de 40 °C que fa que la seva constant crioscòpica sigui elevada. L'aigua, per contra, té una massa molar baixa, la menor de tots els dissolvents de la taula, i això dona lloc a una constant crioscòpica baixa, la menor de la taula.

En canvi les constants crioscòpiques seran elevades si les entalpies de fusió són baixes. Aquest és el cas de dissolvents com el ciclohexà i el ciclohexanol que tenen entalpies de fusió baixes, la qual cosa dona valors molt elevats de les seves constants crioscòpiques. La dietanolamina té una entalpia de fusió molt alta que compensa els elevats valors de la massa molar i de la temperatura de congelació, i d'això resulta que la dietanolamina té un valor mitjà de la constant crioscòpica.

Comparació amb l'augment ebullioscòpic
Per a una mateixa dissolució la magnitud del descens crioscòpic és major que la de l'augment ebullioscòpic, la qual cosa fa que el primer sigui més emprat alhora de determinacions de masses moleculars o d'altres determinacions analítiques. La raó d'aquesta diferència la trobem a les diferències d'entalpies de fusió i de vaporització del dissolvent. Les entalpies de vaporització del dissolvent són sempre més elevades que les seves entalpies de fusió i, com que a les expressions de les constants crioscòpica i ebulloscòpica les entalpies estan en el denominador, s'obtenen valors de les constants menors per a entalpies majors. Les temperatures d'ebullició del dissolvent són sempre majors que les de congelació, però la seva influència, situades al numerador i al quadrat, no aconsegueix compensar la de les entalpies.

Per tant, si les entalpies de vaporització són majors que les de fusió, les constants ebullioscòpiques seran menors que les constants crioscòpiques per a un mateix dissolvent. Per això, per a una mateixa dissolució s'obtindran descensos crioscòpics majors que els augments ebullioscòpics perquè la constant crioscòpica és major que l'ebullioscòpica.

Vegeu també
 Pressió osmòtica
 Descens de la pressió de vapor

Referències

Bibliografia

Enllaços externs

Articles de qualitat de química i mineralogia
Calorimetria
Propietats col·ligatives


text:
Q: Prevent SQL injection in oracle firstly i tried using following code
strQuery = @"SELECT PASSWORD FROM IBK_USERS where upper(user_id) =upper('" + UserPrefix + "')";

try
{
    ocommand = new OracleCommand();
    if (db.GetConnection().State == ConnectionState.Open)
    {
        ocommand.CommandText = strQuery;
        ocommand.Connection = db.GetConnection();
        odatareader = ocommand.ExecuteReader();
        odatareader.Read();

and finally i converted above query to prevent sql injection like that
strQuery = @"SELECT PASSWORD FROM IBK_USERS where upper(user_id) =upper(:UserPrefix)";
try
{
    ocommand = new OracleCommand();
    if (db.GetConnection().State == ConnectionState.Open)
    {
        ocommand.CommandText = strQuery;
        ocommand.Connection = db.GetConnection();

        ocommand.Parameters.Add(":UserPrefix",OracleDbType.Varchar2,ParameterDirection.Input);
        ocommand.Parameters[":UserPrefix"].Value = UserPrefix;
        odatareader = ocommand.ExecuteReader();

but this is not working

A: Remove the colon in front of the parameter name. So instead of...
ocommand.Parameters.Add(":UserPrefix", ...);

...do this...
ocommand.Parameters.Add("UserPrefix", ...);

Ditto for setting parameter value.

Not directly related to your question: using upper(user_id) in the WHERE clause may require a function-based index to run efficiently. Also, does the user_id really need to be a string - can't you just make it integer?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Former Philly Cop Accused of Sexually Assaulting Mentally Ill Woman
An attorney for the alleged victim claims parts of the assault were captured by a security camera.
By Claire Sasko· 8/8/2017, 4:41 p.m.
A recently retired Philadelphia police officer has been accused in a lawsuit of sexually assaulting a woman suffering from mental illness.
The officer, Thomas J. O'Neill, retired in September 2016, about three months after the alleged victim first told police he had sexually assaulted her, according to FOX29. It's not clear whether O'Neill was ever arrested. He has not been charged with any crimes.
The woman, who is identified in the court documents as J.H., claims O'Neill "used his police authority while on duty to stalk and sexually assault" her, according to the lawsuit filed on Monday in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas. Gregg Zeff, her attorney, says O'Neill first came into contact with J.H. sometime during or around Memorial Day weekend in 2016, when O'Neill was allegedly called to her home for a minor issue that did not result in a citation or arrest.
According to Zeff, O'Neill returned to J.H.'s apartment complex, where she was riding a bike outside, on July 3, 2016. The lawsuit claims that O'Neill, who was wearing a full uniform and carrying a gun, told the plaintiff to get in the front seat of his vehicle and then made lewd, racist and violent comments as he drove her to a nearby school and sexually assaulted her in the parking lot. The plaintiff claims the assault lasted about 90 minutes and that O'Neill did not once send or receive communication through his police radio during that time.
Zeff says the school's security cameras caught parts of the sexual assault on camera and that the PPD's Internal Affairs Bureau reviewed the footage in its investigation of the accusations. A police spokesperson declined to comment due to the pending litigation.
Chief deputy city solicitor Armando Brigandi, who will defend O'Neill, declined to comment, as did a spokesperson for the Philly District Attorney's Office. The lawsuit also lists the city, Police Commissioner Richard Ross and former police commissioner Charles Ramsey as defendants.
The lawsuit claims that J.H. "has suffered and continues to suffer severe physical, mental and emotional anguish" as a result of the alleged assault. The plaintiff seeks at least $100,000 in compensation.
Follow @ClaireSasko on Twitter.
Philadelphia Police
Claire Sasko Staff Writer @ClaireSasko
csasko@phillymag.com
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We are looking for ....Photos, Morning Reports, After Action Reports and other documents including those of units that may have been near the coordinates LON: 8.531534, LAT: 49.339763 on the approximated dates of death 03/30/1945 - .


Get your Crocs, Campers or Converse ready. Santa's coming.
Iceland has 13 Santas. They live in the mountain with their half woman, half troll mother, Grýla, her third husband, Leppalúði, and the black Christmas cat. And each night from the 11th December one Santa at a time comes down from the mountain to the town and makes mischief.
One steals yoghurt (Skýrgamur), one slams doors (Hurðaskellir) and another peeps through windows (Gluggagægir).
The Santas also do something else. They turn into communication consultants.
Each evening Icelandic children put a shoe in their bedroom window and, thanks to a visiting Santa in the night, they either receive a treat or a potato.
Their behavior the previous day influences what they'll receive. So, if they've been good they get rewarded with a little gift and if they've been naughty they get a raw potato.
I think that's a pretty genius way of giving direct feedback to someone's behavior – and Icelandic parents love it as it helps keep their kids calmer during the exciting run up to Christmas.
Every day our behavior is shaped by communication in tiny ways we don't think about, with a look, or a nod.
We communicate internationally through technology and send off emails and comment online.
We pore over presentations before delivering them to audiences and we spend weeks writing a report.
And at meetings we put in our two cents, make group decisions and if it's a good meeting, have a laugh or two in the process.
What do you do to make sure that your communication is clear?
As 2016 closes, how would Santa rate your communication over the past year?
What would he leave in your shoe?


text:
Business Title
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A Publication of the National Golf Foundation
Get The Q
Rounds Played
NGF News & Reports
NGF Golf 100
Questions, Answers and Insights for Everyone Interested in the Business of Golf
NGF TOP 100 BUSINESSES IN GOLF
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Mitsubishi Chemical and Aldila are among the world's biggest manufacturers of carbon-based composite shafts and operate in the United States under the umbrella of MCA Golf, Inc.
In 2013, Aldila, Inc. was acquired by Mitsubishi Chemical and, today, both brands operate out of the same corporate headquarters in Carlsbad, California. Together, the brands share over 768 driver shaft wins on all major tours since 2004 and have supported more than 90% of major wins in the past three years.
MCA Golf spans both Mitsubishi Chemical and Aldila, two of the world's biggest composite shaft manufacturers. (Photo courtesy: MCA Golf)
MCA Golf is unique in that it is vertically integrated.
Shafts are made from scratch, creating all the core raw materials that make up the end product including the monomer, acrylic fiber, carbon fiber, resin, and prepeg. Indeed, Mitsubishi Chemical has developed over 1,000 different formulations of resin and over 100 types of fiber in the past 30 years for use in applications ranging from aero-space to premium golf shafts.
Mitsubishi Chemical's most popular models include Diamana, TENSEI, Kuro Kage, and Fubuki and are widely used on professional tours by the best players in the world. In late 2019, Mitsubishi Chemical introduced the patent-pending Metal Mesh Technology for use in their new MMT line of composite core, steel-reinforced iron shafts.
Originally founded in 1972 by the so-called "Thomas Edison of Golf," Jim Flood, Aldila now spans three primary end markets: carbon-based pre-impregnated composite fibers, graphite golf shafts, and archery products (Victory Archery).
Taking its name from an Italian song of the 1960s that translates roughly into "far beyond," the company continues to innovate for important OEM partners and expand in the custom-fit golf shaft aftermarket. Popular shaft offerings include the latest ROGUE 130 M.S.I. Series, NV & NVS, RIP, Quaranta, and Tour Series.
NGF Takeaways
Aldila's 2013 absorption by Mitsubishi Rayon was a significant move in the company's recent history. The numbers bear out Aldila's primacy on tour and the Victory acquisition adds a measure of diversification to the company's portfolio.
Additionally, existence under the Mitsubishi umbrella offers both the physical and capital resources of Mitsubishi Chemical and its shafts.
Aldila holds the noteworthy distinction of being the first graphite shaft brand to be offered as the stock option on a major OEM's driver: Callaway's 1991 "Big Bertha with Aldila."
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The world woke up to the news Monday morning that outspoken Greek finance minister Yanis Varoufakis had, at long lost, been dismissed by his prime minister, Alexis Tsipras.
Varoufakis (pictured above, right, behind Greece's new finance minister, Euclid Tsakalotos) had become, to say the least, a brake on negotiations with the Eurogroup, even though his widespread popularity and strident anti-austerity boosted Tsipras's government to a stunning victory in Sunday's debt negotiations referendum, whereby 61.31% of voters rejected a prior plan offered by Greece's European creditors.
European officials struggled to reach consensus with Varoufakis, who just last week, in the middle of the rushed referendum campaign, referred to his European ministerial colleagues as 'terrorists.' Tsakalotos, an Oxford-trained economist, is expected to take a more mild-mannered approach, and he already supplanted Varoufakis as Greece's chief negotiator back in April. That was, however, only to the extent anyone could supplant the motorbike-riding, free-wheeling Varoufakis, who gave his final press conference as finance minister Sunday night in a t-shirt.
Varoufakis's resignation, along with a pledge of national unity across Greece's mainstream domestic political spectrum, breathed new life into hopes for last-minute talks for a third bailout, allowing the country to reopen its illiquid and perhaps insolvent banks, lift (at least partially) capital controls that have limited daily cash withdrawals to €60, restore liquidity to ATMs that have run out of cash altogether, address Greece's €1.6 billion default on June 30 to the International Monetary Fund and meet a July 20 deadline to make a €3.5 billion payment to the European Central Bank.
For all the celebration that followed the resounding 'no' vote in Sunday's referendum, the coming Sunday could bring financial austerity far more severe than Greece has known in the past five years, marked by a nearly 30% drop in GDP growth and a 26% unemployment rate. Failure to reach a deal could result in a shortage of cash, food, medicine and so many other necessities to the extent that European leaders are whispering that Greece could require humanitarian aid.
Notwithstanding the dire consequences, a deal is not necessarily likely — or even possible. If they're lucky, the European Union has five days to prevent Grexit. Here are four reasons why it will be so difficult in the hours ahead.
Though photos from Tuesday's Eurogroup summit showed that Tsakalotos has scribbled 'no triumphalism' on his notes, the Greek government clearly expects that it can reach a deal with terms as good as those on offer before last week's referendum. That now seems unlikely, and the final offer from Greece's creditors might actually be even more restrictive than the terms of the deal that over 61% of last week's electorate rejected in the hastily arranged referendum.
It must certainly come as a shock to Europe's leaders that neither Tsakalotos nor Tsipras (pictured above during a somber, post-referendum address on Sunday) came, respectively to Tuesday's Eurogroup meeting and leader's summit, with a firm proposal for a new bailout. That must have been a particular disappointment to the dwindling handful of officials who still seem to want to help Greece — like French president François Hollande, Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi and France's representative to the European Commission, Pierre Moscovici, all of whom have argued that the eurozone needs more growth-oriented policies and who have hinted in recent days that debt relief for Greece might be possible.
German chancellor Angela Merkel since Sunday night has argued that debt relief is 'out of the question,' and she has wondered if there even exists a basis for future negotiations. Nevertheless, Tsipras and Varoufakis had been adamant that any new deal must include a restructuring for Greece's nearly €320 billion in debt. That's typically interpreted as a demand for a haircut from Greece's institutional creditors — the ECB, the Commission and the IMF. But it might also mean extending Greece's repayment period to 40 or 50 years or, potentially linking the country's debt service to GDP growth, thereby aligning incentives of both lender and borrower.
If Europe offers even tougher terms for a potential third bailout, it will be because Merkel (pictured above, left, with Hollande in Paris on Monday) and her allies have decided the risks of a disordered Greek plunge from of the eurozone (and all the power that such a precedent would set) are not as dire as the risks of angering German taxpayers. Germans are increasingly unhappy about the idea of throwing even more money — possibly up to €60 billion — at a country whose leaders are calling Merkel and her colleagues terrorists and nazis, especially after forking up nearly €90 billion, Germany's share of the €240 billion that constitutes Greece's first two bailouts.
Merkel knows that if she grants significant debt relief to the Greeks — and to the Tsipras government, in particular — she will face the wrath of conservatives within her own party, Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU, Christian Democratic Party), who favor Greece's exit from the single currency. That must now certainly include her own finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble, who seemed to delight in scorning Varoufakis, and virtually all of the members of the CDU's Bavarian sister party, the Christlich-Soziale Union (CSU, Christian Social Union). Making an example out of Greece, while attempting to limit the contagion to other sluggish eurozone members, would only boost her domestic political image.
Merkel, who is reported to have her eye on winning a fourth consecutive term in Germany's next elections, due before October 2017, has already moved far to the center in her bid to co-opt the center-left Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD, Social Democratic Party), ceding space on the right to the more eurosceptic Alternative für Deutschland (AfD, Alternative for Germany), which has won seats in five state elections in the past 12 months.
That might be why Sigmar Gabriel, the SPD leader, vice chancellor and economy minister, so forcefully argued after last Sunday's referendum that Tsipras had torn down the bridges between Greece and Europe. By outflanking Merkel herself, Gabriel could score some easy political points for a party that's now tethered in a grand coalition with the CDU and trailing by double digits, as it has for much of the Merkel era.
If Tsipras wins debt relief, it could empower the Spanish far-left party Podemos, whose popularity remains strong in advance of federal elections in December. The moral hazard argument rings somewhat hollow, though — it's hard to believe that Spain or any country would want to repeat what Greece has endured since 2010.
But it's not just German taxpayers who resent the Greek drama. European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker revealed Tuesday that the European Union had a 'detailed plan' for dealing with the looming 'Grexit,' and he all but announced, in a joint conference with European Council president Donald Tusk, that a planned Sunday summit of all 28 EU leaders would not be a down-to-the-wire plea to save Greece but instead a session to deal with Greece's eurozone exit. Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte said he was 'extremely somber' about the prospect of Sunday's summit, even as he doubted the seriousness of the Tsipras government. Jeroen Dijsselbloem, the Dutch official who heads the Eurogroup of eurozone finance ministers has been equally pessimistic.
Finland's new foreign minister, Timo Souni, the leader of the nationalist Perussuomalaiset (Finns Party), ran in spring national elections on a pledge that he would refuse to give any more Finnish money to Greece. Lithuania's president Dalia Grybauskaitė mocked the Greek government, snarking that for Tspiras, every day is mañana.
Though Varoufakis's resignation received far more attention, it's perhaps the resignation of former prime minister Antonis Samaras as the leader of Greece's largest opposition party, New Democracy (Νέα Δημοκρατία), that matters more to Greek domestic politics.
RELATED: What are the chances of snap elections again in Greece?
Samaras is widely despised for his role in the grinding austerity that Greeks suffered between 2012 and 2015, and any position of national unity between Samaras (pictured above) and Tspiras was impossible. The nephew of a long-time influential legislator, Samaras represents the cozy ties of the Greek elite of both the right and left. Samaras once shared a room at university with George Papandreou, the former center-left prime minister who accepted the terms of Greece's first bailout in 2010. Tsipras has welcomed talk of reforming the Greek economy to reduce the corruption and tax evasion that's benefited the country's wealthy — one of the policy areas where he and Varoufakis managed to convince reluctant Europeans that they were serious about reform.
For now, Tsipras can point to the landslide referendum victory as a mandate for the week ahead, no matter the outcome. But if he agrees to a deal with terms similar to (or worse than) those rejected in Sunday's vote, Tsipras could split his party, the governing SYRIZA (the Coalition of the Radical Left — Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς). It's almost certain that 30 or 40 SYRIZA legislators, who form the Left Platform (Αριστερή Πλάτφορμα) faction within the party, would oppose any deal that doesn't include debt relief. Many more may balk, arguing that a return to a devalued drachma would boost Greece's long-term economic horizon.
If Tsipras can't rely on his governing coalition, which also includes the nationalist, anti-austerity Independent Greeks (ANEL, Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες), he will have no option but to turn to three other parties — the center-right New Democracy, the atrophied center-left PASOK (Panhellenic Socialist Movement – Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα) and the relatively new To Potami (Το Ποτάμι), a centrist party. That might be easier with Samaras's resignation, but it's still not a step taken lightly.
The last time Tsipras had to choose between a deal with Greece's creditors or splitting his party, he struck out on a third path — calling a risky and arguably unconstitutional plebiscite. Facing the same choice by the end of this week, no one knows whether Tsipras commands enough support to push a new deal (especially one with tough conditions) through the Greek parliament. If not, there's a real risk that a new debt deal could bring down Tspiras's government — and force snap elections that might relegate him, just six months into office, forever out of power.


text:
Discover Sarajevo
Sarajevo surroundings
Enjoy Sarajevo
Sarajevo in Ottoman Empire
Sarajevo in Austro-Hungarian Empire
Sarajevo in Yugoslavia
Olympics Sarajevo
Sarajevo Under Siege
How to spend a weekend in Sarajevo
YOUTH HOTELS
HOTEL RESORTS & CAMP
Restaurants and Ascinice
Cevabdzinice
Buregdzinice
BiH Design
Running and hiking trails
Golf courts
Welness and spa centers
Sarajevo for children
Sarajevo for kids
Arriving to Sarajevo
Moving around town
Tourist info center
Phone internet
City of Sarajevo
Academic community
EYOF 2019 – The Olympic spirit is returning to Sarajevo
EYOF is a large sport event organized in partnership between the Olympic Sarajevo & East Sarajevo and scheduled to take place from 9th to 16th February 2019.
It has been 34 years since the Winter Olympic Games in B&H, in former Yugoslavia, took place, but people's memories are still lingering on as if so much time has not gone by because it was so impressive that the essential features of the games can still be felt at the place where they were held – in Sarajevo
It is time for EYOF
Large sport events have always built a positive image in people's minds of cities that happened to organize them, but people would then flock to an event in large numbers because of the special atmosphere and adrenaline, because you never know what might happen, who is going to have the best result and win one of the shiny medals.
Sarajevo, the B&H capital, together with the neighboring city of East Sarajevo, has the opportunity to offer its citizens and guests an unforgettable event, and preparations for it are in full swing. It is EYOF, European Olympic Youth Festival, the first European multi-sport event open for young athletes between the ages of 14 and 18, whose winter and summer edition takes place every other year. Belonging to the European Olympic Committees (EOC), EYOF does not just take place under the Olympic flag, it is also rich with other Olympic traditions such as the burning flame and the Olympic oath.
Over 1086 young athletes and 700 members of delegations, totaling at over 1800 participants, should be arriving at the European Youth Olympic Festival. This sport festival brings together young athletes from 46 European countries, teaches them the values referred to in the Olympic Charter, educates and motivates them to practise sport and lead a healthy lifestyle. The winter edition of the European Olympic Youth Festival in Sarajevo and East Sarajevo, promoting the same noble principles, will take place from 9th to 16th February 2019, whereas Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, will host the festival's summer edition.
European Sport City
There will be seven sports on the program for the 2019 Winter European Olympic Youth Festival, namely: alpine skiing, biathlon, cross country, figure skating, ice hockey, short track speed skating, and snowboarding.
Being the host, Sarajevo will have the opportunity to show that it is a European sport city which will promote and develop sport in the region. It will have the opportunity to present its tourist potentials, and reap economic and social benefits such as reinforcing the local identity and the feeling of pride in the community. But, that is not all. EYOF will also give Sarajevo a chance to make a contribution to promoting and developing values such as fair play, respect and friendship by playing a role in building a better world for future generations. This is exactly what all noble missions are about.
Locations of arenas
Arenas are spread out across a few different locations; Bjelašnica – snowboard and Alpine skiing (team parallel slalom), Jahorina – Alpine skiing (slalom and giant slalom), Sports and Business center Peki Pale – curling, Olympic Hall Juan Antonio Samaranch Zetra – hockey on ice, Skenderija – figure skating, Veliko Polje Igman – cross-country skiing, Dvorišta – biathlon, and Stadium Slavija – speed skating. The opening ceremony of the Festival will be held at stadium Asim Ferhatović Hase at Koševo in Sarajevo, while the closing ceremony will be held at the stadium of the Sports and Recreation center Slavija in East Sarajevo.
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Just like the whole continent, African cuisine is full of variety too. Depending on the region, the food is spicy or mild. Starting from quick snacks, like rolex in Uganda, chips mayai in Tanzania or biltong in South Africa, to North African specialties like Algerian couscous, to well-know to all of us, nyamachoma. All dishes look, and most importantly, taste fantastically.
While visiting Ghana, do not forget to start your day with waakye. For lunch… Why not try famous Nigerian ofada rice or Cameroonian ndole?
Jovago travel experts from across continent prepared a list of the most famous local dishes. Enjoy!


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Twitter. 2nd Edition. Digital Media and Society
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Twitter is a household name, discussed for its role in national elections, natural disasters, and political movements, as well as for what some malign as narcissistic chatter. The first edition of Murthy s balanced and incisive book pioneered the study of this medium as a serious platform worthy of scholarly attention. Much has changed since Twitter s infancy, although it is more relevant than ever to our social, political, and economic lives.
This timely second edition shows how Twitter has evolved and how it is used today. Murthy introduces some of the historical context that gave birth to the platform, while providing up–to–date examples such as the #blacklivesmatter movement, and Donald Trump s use of Twitter in the US election. The chapters on journalism and social movements have been thoroughly updated, and completely new to this edition is a chapter on celebrities and brands.
Seeking to answer challenging questions around the popular medium, the second edition of
Twitter is essential reading for students and scholars of digital media.
"Dhiraj Murthy is one of the foremost experts in social media and Twitter as a platform. His new edition of Twitter treats the platform as a firm, as a mode communication, and as a culture of technology use. Important political leaders use it, young people use it, and journalists use it, sometimes to the detriment of public life. Murthy takes us through the contagions and consequences of Twitter use."
Philip N. Howard, Oxford University and author of Castells and the Media
"Ten years after being introduced, Twitter has become an integral professional and civic tool. Now Dhiraj Murthy brings an updated version of his methodologically innovative and sociologically deep approach to this transformative social media platform."
Stephen D. Reese, University of Texas at Austin
Analyzing Social Media Networks with NodeXL. Edition No. 2
 Book
Social Media in Pharma
Social Media Companies In Silicon Valley - Some Monetize, Most Do Not
South African Social Media Landscape 2019
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Social Media. Chandos Publishing Social Media Series
Paperback The book (paperback) will be shipped to you. €87EUR$97USD£72GBP


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Terminally ill patients are getting the care they need faster at several hospital emergency departments, thanks to new procedures there.
Doctors and nurses at the emergency departments are now trained in basic palliative care skills and a specialist team is activated once patients who need complex end-of- life care arrive there.
In the past, the directive was to go all-out to resuscitate a patient, regardless of his condition, causing some to die surrounded by machines instead of their families.
Now, the focus is to make the patient comfortable by, for instance, getting painkillers to him quickly.
A palliative care procedure - or protocol - was first introduced at the National University Hospital (NUH) in June last year and since then, four more hospitals have followed suit.
Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) started using such a protocol in January. A palliative care team is alerted when a patient with advanced stage cancer or organ failure arrives at the emergency department.
The team is also notified if a patient is suffering from extreme pain, breathlessness and other symptoms associated with dying.
The aim is to shorten the wait for medicine, such as morphine which, under previous rules, was given only after the patient was warded - which could take 12 hours.
"We want to bring palliative care to the fore so that patients who require such care get it on time," said Dr Mervyn Koh, head of the palliative medicine department at TTSH.
The new procedures also ensure that patients' end-of-life wishes are fulfilled. In some cases, this means taking the patients to an "end-of-life care room" to spend their last moments with their families. No attempts to resuscitate are made there.
At the Singapore General Hospital (SGH), the Comfort Care Protocol was started in December last year.
The goal is to provide maximum comfort for the patient, said Dr Puneet Seth, a consultant at SGH's department of emergency medicine. This includes providing a fresh set of clothes if the patient's are soiled.
"We might not be able to prolong life but we can, at least, accord them comfort and dignity in their final moments," said Dr Seth.
A medical social worker is also called in to the emergency room when families need help with last rites or paperwork.
At Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, acute and emergency care centre (A&E) nurses are trained by palliative care specialists to assess and manage symptoms associated with dying, in a programme which was formalised in September last year. One of its A&E doctors was sent for a postgraduate diploma in palliative care this year.
Changi General Hospital introduced its end-of-life protocol in June. The newly opened Ng Teng Fong Hospital implements it on an ad hoc basis but has not formalised a procedure.
NUH, which pioneered the procedure, has since incorporated a module on palliative care into its emergency medicine residency training programme.
It is also coming up with a booklet which will provide families with information on the grieving and dying process. This will be made available in the emergency ward.
Some families who have received care for their loved ones said they appreciated the new procedures. They said the wait for pain relief medication has been shortened and information on hospice care and homecare is readily available.
One woman, who wanted to be known only by her first name - Patricia - said she and her family were able to spend the last few moments with their 91-year-old mother in a quiet room as the transfer from the emergency room was done quickly at TTSH.
"It meant a lot to us," she said.


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Calvin Woodward
Published: June 6, 2022, 6:03 AM
Updated: June 6, 2022, 9:02 AM
Tags: politics, Richard Nixon, Michael Pence, Howard Baker, Bennie Thompson, Adam Kinzinger, Donald Trump, Mark Meadows, Joe Biden, 9/11, Liz Cheney, Government
Meet February's 3 Degree Guarantee recipient: The Harrison Museum of African American Culture
Meet January's 3 Degree Guarantee recipient: Special Olympics
School closings, delays for Wednesday, Feb. 1, 2023
Tracking one more weak system before temperatures crash later this week
An infamous day. A search for answers. Will America tune in?
Published: June 6, 2022, 6:03 AM Updated: June 6, 2022, 9:02 AM
FILE - Violent insurrections loyal to President Donald Trump break through a police barrier at the Capitol in Washington. Over months,the House Select Committee investigating the Jan. 6 U.S. Capitol insurrection has issued more than 100 subpoenas, done more than 1,000 interviews and probed more than 100,000 documents to get to the bottom of the attack that day in 2021 by supporters of former President Donald Trump. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez, File)
WASHINGTON – Americans are processing the nightmare of the slaughter of children in Texas, the racist murders in Buffalo, New York, and the other numbingly repeated scenes of carnage in the United States.
They're contending with what feels like highway robbery at the gas pump, they're nagged by a virus that the world can't shake, and they're split into two hostile camps over politics and culture — the twin pillars of the nation's foundation.
They've already been through two set-piece dramas of presidential impeachment — indeed, through the wringer on all things Donald Trump.
Now, beginning in prime time on Thursday, the House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol is setting out to establish the historical record of an event damaging not only to a community or individual families but to the collective idea of democracy itself.
After more than 100 subpoenas, 1,000 interviews and 100,000 documents, the committee has a story to tell in hearings that open this week. A story for the ages, it's been said.
The open question: How much will the country care?
The committee's examination of the actions of Trump and all the president's men and women, more aggressive than any inquiry before it, has produced a multitude of plot lines that together will tell the tale of a violent uprising fueled by the venom and lies of a defeated president.
Many Republicans, even those who condemned Trump and the violence in the moment, have adopted a "nothing more to see here" posture since, even rejecting calls for an independent Sept. 11-style commission to investigate.
An entire disinformation ecosystem sprung up with utterly false claims about the nature and character of the attack. Rather than condemn the attack, Trump continues to insist his defeat by 7 million votes should be overturned, in effect validating the rioters' cause.
Dozens of the insurrectionists have been brought to justice, many of them being convicted or pleading guilty to serious crimes. But the committee's goal is larger: Who in a position of power should also be held to account?
There are endless ribbons of inquiry.
Did Vice President Mike Pence refuse to leave the besieged Capitol because he suspected the Secret Service, at the behest of Trump, was trying to take him away to stop him from certifying Democrat Joe Biden's victory? Did Trump flush incriminating papers down the White House toilet?
How to explain the gap of more than seven hours in White House telephone logs of Trump's calls during the insurrection? Will it stand in history alongside the infamous 18 1/2-minute hole in President Richard Nixon's secret White House recording system in 1972?
The Watergate affair, which exposed Nixon's cover-up of politically motivated criminal acts and destroyed his presidency, centered on a question posed by a Republican senator, Howard Baker, in a Tennessee drawl: "What did the president know, and when did he know it?"
For the Jan. 6 committee, the key question about Trump's involvement in the insurrection is: What did the president do, and when did he do it?
One aim is to establish whether Trump's acts are criminal, as one judge has mused they may be, and whether that would prompt a politically fraught Justice Department prosecution of an ex-president.
More broadly, the effort addresses who might be punished in the large circle of Trump enablers. Some of them are members of Congress who helped him plot how to try to overturn an honest election only to huddle in fear with everyone else in a Capitol hideout when the rioters — in service of that plot — swarmed the marbled corridors of power Jan. 6, 2021.
The prime-time setting for the committee hearing is a rarity and something of a throwback to an era when people gathered en masse at their televisions in the evening before video streaming atomized viewership.
Rep. Jamie Raskin, a Maryland Democrat on the committee, set expectations that may be hard to live up to as the committee tries to renew the interest of this short-attention-span country in machinations that are nearly 18 months in the rearview mirror.
The hazards in that mirror are closer than they appear, as committee members see it.
"The hearings will tell a story that will really blow the roof off the House," Raskin said in April. "Because it is a story of the most heinous and dastardly political offense ever organized by a president and his followers and his entourage in the history of the United States."
That offense? In short, he told a Washington forum, "an inside coup" coupled with a violent attack by "neo-fascists."
Trump is not expected at any of the hearings, but his words and actions will hang heavy over the proceedings as lawmakers look to place him at the center of the chaos. It seems highly plausible that he will find a way to rail against them that does not involve being under oath.
The committee almost certainly will look to draw a tight connection between Trump's vociferous rejections of the election results and his Jan. 6 rally outside the White House sending the angry crowd off to Capitol Hill.
Free from the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, committee members are likely to try to show that the riot that ravaged the Capitol was not a spontaneous gathering but part of a broader conspiracy and a natural outgrowth of weeks of denunciations of democratic processes.
Biden framed Jan. 6 and its aftermath in existential terms about the threat posed to democracy. It's a "battle for the soul of America," he said. But a president can only have one No. 1 priority at a time, and this isn't his. Time and again, he's said it's inflation.
Whatever revelations the hearings may produce, much is already known because the attack played out on screens large and small in real time, and Trump exhorted supporters to "fight like hell" in shouts for the world to hear.
"In quieter times, the hearings would have a stronger hold on public attention," said Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania and an authority on political communications. "But, as is, they will be competing for attention with topics with greater immediate relevance in our lives."
Hungry babies lacking formula. Soaring prices for gas and groceries. Rising COVID-19 hospitalization among the vaccinated. The scenes of destruction in Ukraine and the threat that the Russian invasion will escalate to include use of nuclear weapons. And there's monkeypox.
"To say nothing of summer vacation," Jamieson added.
"If the hearings are to do anything other than reinforce our existing political biases," she said, "they will have to reveal previously covered-up goings-on that threatened something that Democrats, independents and most Republicans can agree should be sacrosanct."
Some of the inquiry's juicy bits are out already. Text messages and emails, thought to be private when sent, have become public, including from chief of staff Mark Meadows.
But the committee has been sitting on much more information and will have tens of thousands of exhibits and hundreds of witnesses, said Democratic Rep. Bennie Thompson of Mississippi, the committee chairman.
Seven Democrats and two Republicans — both shunned by their party — make up the committee. Among them the stakes are surely highest for Rep. Liz Cheney, the deeply conservative but fiercely independent Wyoming lawmaker who is practically alone in the GOP in assailing Trump while also seeking reelection to Congress.
Daughter of a vice president and once an embodiment of the Republican establishment, she is now a renegade in a new order dominated by Trump, who wants her unseated in her primary in August.
That new order became ever clearer in February, when the Republican Party censured Cheney and the committee's other Republican, Illinois Rep. Adam Kinzinger, who's not seeking reelection, for taking part in the inquiry. The party adopted a resolution saying the witnesses summoned by the committee for their actions on and around Jan. 6 had only been engaging in "legitimate political discourse."
Matthew Delmont, a Dartmouth College history professor specializing in Black history, said Jan. 6 cast such an ominous shadow that he expects people in the United States, for all of their other pressing preoccupations, to be drawn to the inquiry.
"I think people will watch the Jan. 6 hearings because they want to understand how our democracy reached this precipice," he said. "I don't know how many people will be willing to hear the evidence that will be presented, but I think it is important for the findings to be shared openly so people today and in the future can appreciate what happened."
Jan. 6 shares certain distinctions with other past agonies. As with 9/11, you can shorthand the date, Jan. 6, and people know. Like Watergate, it speaks to corrupt acts in the highest office. As with the Challenger space shuttle explosion and 9/11 and more, the scene brought so much visceral shock that many people remember where they were and what they were doing when they saw it.
As far as the far right is concerned, the historical analogy is the Boston Tea Party, with liberals, Democrats and the Washington establishment as the redcoats.
Trump-friendly Republicans sanitized what happened that day, once the shock that nearly all felt on Jan. 6 subsided. In measurements of public opinion, Republican voters in the main said they believe the 2020 election was rigged, when by absolutely all measures — the courts, nonpartisan and even Republican state officials, and the Trump administration's own election monitors, including his attorney general — the election was purely fair.
A year later, the patently violent uprising was remembered as very or extremely violent by fewer than 4 in 10 Republicans polled, compared with almost 9 in 10 Democrats.
Even so, there were signs in the latest Republican primaries for the 2022 midterms that Trump's obsession about getting fired by the voters all those months ago is wearing thin even with them.
Trump won the 2016 election with a minority of voters, lost the House to the Democrats in 2018 and lost in 2020 by a decisive margin — not a glowing electoral record.
Still he holds sway over his party, thanks to supporters whose loyalty seems immovable. Unswayed by facts throughout the fight to discredit and upend Biden's election, they won't be easily dislodged by a congressional committee's revelations.
Through Trump's presidency, audacious falsehoods and elaborate exaggerations were the order of the day. But Trump, at times, had a knack for speaking a larger truth that penetrated his fog of hyperbole and misinformation.
So it was with his comment in Iowa in January 2016, en route to the Republican nomination. The comment foretells that even if the Jan. 6 committee manages to "blow the roof off the House," Trump may remain golden with millions who love him.
"I could stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody, and I wouldn't lose any voters, OK?" Trump said then. "It's, like, incredible."
Associated Press writer Eric Tucker contributed to this report.
This story has been corrected to show Trump lost the House, not the House and the Senate, in 2018.


Thanks Krystal! Got three more paintings on the go for Illuxcon. Getting down to the wire!
Wonderful work. Any idea how I could get a copy in Canada?
Oh heck yes! I love it. Awesome stuff.
I have the issue in my hands and the artwork looks wonderful, Wayne. Loving all of your IZ covers this year, in fact. Good job!
Cheers Steve! It's been a lot of fun and a great honour to have contributed to such a great sf publication. And your story was my first for the mag!


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About Tao
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Tao Porchon-Lynch Turns 101
Home » Timeline » Tao Porchon-Lynch Turns 101
Yoga Master Tao Porchon-Lynch Turns 101
August 14, 2019 – Historical icon, yoga master and award-winning author Tao Porchon-Lynch turned 101 on August 13, 2019 and as usual birthday calls and notes came in from around the world. Most notable was a surprise message from Emmy and Golden Globe-winning actress and icon Angie Dickinson wishing Tao "a very Happy 101st Birthday." Angie's most popular work included Rio Grande, Big Bad Mama, Police Woman and Dressed To Kill. At 87 years old, Angie remains an inspiration so it was a delight to get well wishes from her for Tao. It underscores the Law of Attraction: good energy attracts good energy!
Actress Angie Dickinson Wishes Tao Porchon-Lynch a Happy 101st Birthday
Half-Indian and Half-French, Tao grew up in Pondicherry, India and her uncle knew many outstanding people such as Swami Vivekananda, Sri Aurobindo and Mahatma Gandhi. In 1930, Tao marched with Gandhi in the famous Salt March, and then again a few years later. Tao discovered yoga when she was eight years old on the beaches of Pondicherry and has been teaching since the 1950s. When she was under contract at MGM as an actress, she taught a group of fellow actresses such as Kathryn Grayson and Leslie Caron. Later, in New York, fitness pioneer Jack LaLanne hired her to teach her first paid ambienonline yoga class. Tao founded the Yoga Teacher's Association in 1979 and the Westchester Institute of Yoga in 1982. In 1995, she participated in Yoga for Peace in Israel organized by another yoga legend Rama Jyoti Vernon.
In 2012, Tao was named Oldest Yoga Teacher by Guinness World Records. Most of the major yoga centers and ashrams have hosted her over the years. One of Tao's biggest passions is dance. In 2015, at 96 years old, she performed on America's Got Talent with her 26-year-old dance partner Vard Margaryan. In 2017, she was named Oldest Competitive Ballroom Dancer-Female both by Guinness World Records and the World Book of Records. Tao is also an accomplished businesswoman. As Vice President of Unitel, Tao helped lay the groundwork for TV in India in 1959, and brokered relationships in other places on behalf of Unitel. She became an early distributor of international films to the U.S. and American films to global markets. She distributed films such as The Face of the Sahara and The Face of India. Tao also distributed the wine newspaper, Beverage Communicator, for thirty years in forty-five countries.
Part of the Power Living Media efforts has been to expand Tao's brand identity beyond yoga so the world can understand her historical significance in various arenas. That positioning has enabled her appearances at places like the Newark Peace Education Summit with His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the United Nations for International Day of Yoga with spiritual leader Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, and the World Government Summit in Dubai. In 2016, Tao received an award for Women's Entrepreneurship Day (WED) at the United Nations. In 2019, Tao was awarded the prestigious Padma Shri Award, one of the highest civilian honors conferred by the Government of India.
Tao's co-biographers, Janie Sykes-Kennedy and Teresa Kay-Aba Kennedy, joined her to write two award-winning books together, both published by Power Living Media. In 2015, Dancing Light: The Spiritual Side of Being Through the Eyes of a Modern Yoga Master was released and won 10 international and national awards. In 2017, Shining Bright: Quotes and Images to Inspire Optimism, Gratitude & Belief In Your Limitless Potential was released and and won the prestigious IBPA Benjamin Franklin Award. An internationally-recognized change zabhealth.com agent and speaker/moderator, Teresa accompanied Tao on sixty-six events and moderated fifty-one talks including Conversation with a Master and The Gandhi Effect around the world including India, China, Dubai, Montenegro, Slovenia, Jamaica, the Bahamas and the U.K.
All at Power Living wish Tao an incredible 101st year! Keep Shining Bright Tao! We love you!
Contributed by Teresa Kay-Aba Kennedy of www.IAmPowerLiving.com and www.PowerLivingMedia.com. For more on Tao, go to www.thetaoexperience.com.
Image Sources: Tao Porchon-Lynch photo by Teresa Kay-Aba Kennedy. Angie Dickinson photo at 61st Academy Awards by Alan Light.
Contributed by Teresa Kay-Aba Kennedy of www.IAmPowerLiving.com and www.PowerLivingMedia.com. President of Power Living Enterprises, Inc., Terri is a Harvard Business School-trained Strategist, Certified Meditation & Yoga Teacher, and Master Coach recognized as a "Young Global Leader" by the World Economic Forum. Her mission is to raise the consciousness of the planet through transformative tools, experiences and content. As a coach, she specializes in helping people de-stress, realign and realize authentic success. After a corporate media & technology career, she founded the first yoga studio in Harlem and served six years on the Board of Yoga Alliance (including Chair and interim CEO). Called "smart with a heart," she has been featured in media around the world including the cover of Yoga Journal and in Oprah's book, Live Your Best Life! Along with her mother, Columbia University-trained journalist Janie Sykes-Kennedy, Terri is a co-author of Tao's award-winning autobiography, Dancing Light: The Spiritual Side of Being Through the Eyes of a Modern Yoga Master, and her latest book, Shining Bright: Quotes and Images to Inspire Optimism, Gratitude & Belief In Your Limitless Potential. A sought-after speaker and avid photographer/videographer with a love for storytelling, Terri accompanied Tao on 66 events and created/moderated Conversation with a Master events with her around the world.
Order an Autographed Hardcover Dancing Light Book
Walk in Tao's shoes, be enthralled by her stories and inspired by her insights in
Dancing Light: The Spiritual Side of Being Through the Eyes of a Modern Yoga Master.
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Tribute Video for Tao Porchon-Lynch
Tao Porchon-Lynch Receives Prestigious Padma Shri Award 2019
Happy 100th Birthday Tao!
Sedona Yoga Festival
Tao in Hong Kong and China
Brought to you by Power Living Media. Copyright 2014-2022 Power Living Enterprises, Inc. | All Rights Reserved.


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Rio 2016 Olympics: how, when, and where to watch
Get ready to dive in
By Sean O'Kane@sokane1 Aug 5, 2016, 2:54pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Rio 2016 Olympics: how, when, and where to watch
Laurence Griffiths/Getty Images
Three weeks of Olympic competition begin tomorrow in Rio, and there has never been more ways to tune in. That's a good thing, because NBC will be broadcasting 6,755 hours of the games. It all starts with the opening ceremony tonight — which, mind you, is going to be broadcast on a tape delay (but also in HDR!). No matter whether you're a cable subscriber, a cord-cutter, or prefer to follow along just on social media, we've got you covered.
Most people will watch the Olympics the way they have for years: television. In the United States, NBCUniversal paid the IOC billions of dollars for exclusive broadcast rights through 2032, so your coverage is going to come from that company's suite of channels. Most of the action will be anchored on the main NBC channel, which you can pick up over the air. But NBC is also showing events, replays, and more on all of the other channels it owns, like NBC Sports Network, CNBC, MSNBC, USA, and even Bravo. Telemundo will carry the broadcast in Spanish as well. You can see a full schedule here, and this splash page from NBC will give you a good idea of what the channels will focus on.
If you live outside of the United States, be sure to check the Olympics website, which has a massive list of how you can watch from almost any other country.
NBC will be providing 4K UHD broadcasts of some of the events — 83 hours to be exact. That's cool! What's not cool though, is that only one of these broadcasts will be available per day, and they will always be aired the day after they happen. The 4K UHD broadcasts will be limited to swimming, track / field, judo, basketball, men's soccer (just the final match), and the opening and closing ceremonies. The 4K UHD broadcasts won't be widely available, either. Comcast customers will find them on the Xfinity UHD app on Samsung 4K smart TVs, DirecTV customers will find them on channel #106, and DISH Network customers will have to flip to channel #146 or use the company's VOD service. For a full schedule of these broadcasts and more info on 4K UHD, click here. And if you live in Japan, you might even be able to watch it in 8K.
VOD / apps
Again, in the US, NBC controls the broadcast rights, so you're going to have to have a cable subscription with access to that network if you want to (legally) watch the Olympics on a mobile device or set-top box. The primary way of doing that will be the official NBC Sports app — you can find that on the App Store and the Google Play Store, but it's available on Windows Phone as well. It also works with all the major set top boxes: Apple TV, Roku, Chromecast, and Amazon Fire TV. NBCOlympics.com will also carry streams.
Internationally, you're going to want to head back to the Olympics' broadcast breakdown page. They've gone through and linked out, country by country, all the apps that will work so that you can watch the games on the go.
VR might be worth a shot — if you own a Samsung phone
It's 2016, so of course the Olympics is offering up some virtual reality viewing. NBC and the IOC are pushing out more than 100 hours of VR and 360-degree content in the next few weeks. Of course, it's 2016, so that means that there's a gigantic catch here: the VR content will only be available on Samsung's Gear VR. That means you have to own a Samsung phone, and it also means it's not going to be some crazy immersive or interactive experience. NBC has a good list of what content you can immerse yourself in and when, as well as some tips on how to get set up. Sure, it looks like we'll have to wait until the next Olympics before there's true virtual reality content, but look on the bright side — now we all have a few more years to save up for an Oculus or a Vive.
Pedro Vilela / Getty
No cable subscription? No problem
Cord-cutting Olympics fans are in luck this year, even on the legal side of things. First off, you can always use an HD antenna to pull in the main NBC signal. But if you want to expand your Olympics-watching habits without a cable subscription, you have to do a little leg work.
Your best two options are Playstation's Vue service and Sling TV. Sling offers a $25 package that covers most of NBCUniversal's channels — NBC, NBC Sports Network, USA, and Bravo — but it's restricted to major markets like New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles, so you're going to want to check before you click. Sling TV works on Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, Roku, Chromecast, iOS, Android, Xbox One, and more.
Free trials of Vue and Sling will get you a long way
Playstation Vue has all of the NBCU channels in its base package, which starts at $40. It's a little less device-friendly than Sling — you can get it on Amazon Fire TV, Roku, Chromecast, iOS, and Android.
Here's the real trick, though: both services offer 7-day free trials, so you can string the trials together to watch most of the Olympics. Just remember to axe those trials at the end of each run so that you don't get charged.
Of course, television broadcasts are no longer the only media people care about these days. Social media has become a major component of how we view, consume, and understand the events that unfold around the world. (And even if you don't care about social media, you'll likely wind up seeing news stories about athletes' posts on morning shows, the nightly news, or just about anywhere else.) There is an endless well of web and mobile destinations or accounts that can help you keep up with the games even if you're not watching.
Let's start with Google, since that's the place most people start (and maybe even how you got to this article in the first place). Google wants to be your hub for the Olympics. That involves letting you set up alerts for events and results, offering medal counts, serving up athlete bios, and more. A lot of this will live in the official Google app, but the company is also making the information available in response to any Olympics-related searches you do during the games. Bing is also trying to do this (bless you, Microsoft), with the added value of using its "Bing Predicts" engine to try to tell you which events will be more worth your time.
Facebook has a partnership with NBC to produce Olympics content, most of which will appear in the form of Facebook Live broadcasts. You'll also find a few dedicated hubs and pages where you can follow posts about the Olympics. Instagram also wants to be your Olympics hub, because Instagram wants to do what every other company is doing. Olympics content will show up in the Explore and Search tabs, and I wouldn't be surprised if a story or two popped up as well.
Over on Snapchat, you can expect a run of live stories (mixed with real highlights!) from the Olympic games to pop up in the coming weeks. Something to remember when viewing those: Snapchat rolled out something called "Story Explorer" a little less than a year ago that lets you view other snaps from the same event that weren't picked for the main Story feed. It's an oft forgotten about feature, but it really shines during big events like the Olympics. Brands on Snapchat Discover will likely push a ton of Olympics-related content over the next three weeks — in fact, BuzzFeed will be running an official Snapchat Discover channel for the games — but it's the live stories that always feel most exciting, offering behind-the-scenes views and the sense of actually being there.
Twitter's Moments feature might actually be the most useful Olympics tie-in
Twitter is usually the most popular destination for real-time chatter about world events, and that promises to remain the case during the Olympics. But the company recently tweaked how its Moments feature works in preparation for the games, and it actually looks like it will be really useful for once. You can subscribe to specific sports or events in the Moments tab of the Twitter app and receive updates throughout the games, which is pretty cool, and a bit of a departure from the more ephemeral way that Moments has worked up until now. This cuts down on the need to seek out specific accounts or hashtags and lets you see hyper-focused content about the things you actually care for, or receive the event-related tweets, Vines, and Periscopes in your feed alongside the typical bad jokes and snark.
And that actually brings us to the most interesting part (in my eyes) of the next three weeks. There are more ways to watch the Olympics (and what happens around the games) than ever before, and yet the IOC is ready to crack down on GIFs, Vines, and other unapproved usage of Olympics footage. But the immediate repurposing and recontextualization of the media that we're all paying attention to has basically become a crucial part of how we consume that media in the first place. Can that dam really be put into place, especially during an Olympics that is rife with controversy? Or will the memes break it open, dissolving the IOC's stern warnings in the process? Stay tuned, because the Olympics start tonight.
Disclosure: Comcast's NBCUniversal is a minority investor in Vox Media, which owns this website


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Cincinnati, U.S. Entertainment News, Music, Food, Events, Motion pictures
By Vie inmovies festival Tag cincinnati, entertainment, events, motion, music, pictures
The concept of house leisure and indoor recreational activities modified when residence electronics invaded our lives. For over 60 years, White mea-culpists have had a firm grip in all fields of cultural mind imprinting: education high and low; paper media, then electronic, then digital media; all types of leisure, the plastic arts and music high and low, and spiritual instruction and worship too.
In addition to the news coverage and updates by the hour, ARY News offers programming filled with insights on topics ranging from politics, enterprise and finance, fashion and leisure. Students at Southern College's Lab Faculty discovered Wednesday they're going to get to see the movie, Black Panther," for free and so they were quite excited about the surprise.
Briefly, the 4 new platforms will likely be prized venues for media firms and advertisers who need to connect with not solely Millennials but also with folks of all ages who consume media in increasingly frenetic and purposeful bursts. Not only motion pictures, this small marvel field started entertaining folks with an increasing number of new ideas, packages and methods.
The extra retailers require actionable knowledge, the extra they'll put their advertising and marketing dollars into the digital media that deliver it. The shift in priorities could come on the expense of newspapers. This simply goes to prove that the entertainment media will not be all about detrimental results on the health of males but it may also promote good healthy life-style.
The Musicians Hall of Fame gave News4 Entertainment Reporter Jimmy Carter an exclusive, behind-the-scenes look at what's in store, which incorporates an entire room devoted to Jimi Hendrix, an iconic musician with little-identified ties to Music City.
I'm not able to remember the story however there was a homicide within the serial and I keep in mind only two characters of the serial. I'm not capable of bear in mind complete story but I feel the wedding was towards her household They filmed some episodes as horror serial.
When Fb sells ads towards the content material contributed by the media corporations, each side will split the proceeds equally. You'll obtain free e-mail information updates every time a new story is revealed. These days, folks can have the same impact of a film theatre of their properties.… Read More...
The 13 Best Motion pictures In Theaters Right Now
By Vie inmovies festival Tag motion, pictures, right, theaters
Are you in the temper to Netflix and Chill with somebody special? The Netflix identify has meant many things during the company's relatively brief existence: a supply for DVDs by mail, a pioneer of online streaming, a network accountable for a few of the finest shows not on TELEVISION , as the first half of the phrase that ends and chill." It's never quite evolved, however, into what some have hoped it would, because the source for should see films, new and previous.
One other of Soderbergh's experiments you admire and respect more than you really get pleasure from watching, Bubble drew most of its headlines for its insane-for-2006 release strategy, opening in theaters and on DVD and on-demand concurrently A decade away from that, it's a reasonably attention-grabbing train — that word once more — that provides Soderbergh an opportunity to cobble together a narrative about the working class and the rage that lurks beneath, utilizing non-skilled actors and mostly improvised dialogue.
The result is just the kind of twisted love story that Anderson excels at, and as near a distillation of the filmmaker's obsessions as one can think about: Phantom Thread explores energy, unorthodox love, and how the weaving together of ego, psychology, and physicality can make us act, at times, against our own self-curiosity.
Properly, that point has come, however all we learn about The Predator is that it takes place someday in between Predator 2 and the underrated Predators, and that it stars Boyd Holbrook (Logan), Jacob Tremblay, Olivia Munn, Sterling K. Brown, Keegan-Michael Key, and Thomas Jane.
(The opposite two are Titanic and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.) The film's impressive box office haul isn't the one thing that is aged effectively; the consequences, too, nonetheless look remarkably life like, nearly a quarter-century later—the result of Spielberg insisting on using sensible results ( together with big animatronic puppets ) augmented by CGI.
Melbourne Street Art Tours
By Vie inmovies festival Tag melbourne, street, tours
Partnering with the Richmond Flying Squirrels, the RVA Street Art Pageant will flip Richmond's iconic baseball stadium into a canvas of mixed-media artwork – together with painted murals, projection lighting, landscape art, stairwell artwork, drone artwork, and other varieties yet to be recognized. Annoyed by the daily bombardment of advertising on the streets of New York City, artist Caroline Caldwell and writer RJ Rushmore determined to produce a mission that might dampen the sheer quantity of visible advertising strewn throughout their setting.
Their ability to think about these wonderful pieces also speaks to those artists' wild imaginations – where we see a vine and a brick wall or a railing, these artists see the opportunity to create one thing that may make us think or make us smile.
A work by a French avenue artist on the aspect of Playing cards Against Humanity's headquarters was blasted away as the town dramatically stepped up its graffiti cleanup close to some proposed sites for Amazon's HQ2 earlier than the corporate's go to to Chicago this week.
Many depict Roman or Grecian busts in our art work, reflecting Istanbul's past and sculptural heritage still discovered throughout fashionable-day Turkey." Leo himself typically incorporates motifs impressed by Ottoman tiles and architectural details, though his signature is a panda, many variations of which float across the city's partitions.
Road art is usually meant to disrupt its surroundings and to seize our consideration, but the artists on this listing practice a special approach that makes their artist much more eye-catching and playful – they tailor their art to its surroundings so that their (usually) 2ND work appear to work together with their 3D surroundings.
Beyond the Streets examines world road art movements, and brings together works of painting, pictures, sculpture, and movie by over 100 influential artists, together with Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring, Takashi Murakami, Jenny Holzer, and Martha Cooper.
An abundance of buildings slated for demolition provide blank canvases to a mess of artists, and the authorities cannot keep up with removing artists output. Road artwork is created in public areas, often executed exterior of the context of conventional art venues.… Read More...
E! Leisure Danas
By Vie inmovies festival Tag danas, leisure
Watch e entertainment tv on-line stream It options entertainment-related programming, actuality television, characteristic films and occasionally collection and specials unrelated to the entertainment trade.E! Had already been below the microscope because of its plan to allow Seacrest to host its Academy Awards pink-carpet show, regardless of claims by a former assistant that he had repeatedly harassed her. Long-term freelance place answerable for sustaining the content material of tv community's digital merchandise (website, cell apps, pill).
Sadler described how she out of the blue discovered herself within the surreal experience of, for the primary time, being on the center of entertainment's largest story of the second, somewhat than reporting on it. E leisure dwell stream on-line is greatest for entertainment lovers.
The previous host's assertion comes a day after producer Aileen Gram-Moreno told The New York Instances she was fired after a clip of Eva Longoria criticizing E! Maintaining Up With The Kardashians and its spinoffs Kourtney And Khloé Take Miami (renamed Kourtney And Kim Take Miami), Kourtney And Kim Take New York, Khloé And Lamar and Kourtney & Khloé Take The Hamptons.
Additionally featured might be rapper Tyler, the Creator, experimental pop guitarist St. Vincent, the breakout R&B singer SZA, sibling trio Haim and the wildly popular New York rapper Cardi B. E entertainment television features entertainment-related programming, reality television, characteristic films and occasionally sequence and specials unrelated to the entertainment industry.E!
Kim and Kourtney get a glimpse into Khloé's private life in Cleveland. Holly's World Holly Madison, Laura Croft, Josh Strickland Holly's World, originally titled Planet Holly, is an American actuality tv collection that debuted on E! On Tuesday, the community ordered Citizen Rose," a documentary sequence that may observe actress and filmmaker Rose McGowan, who within the wake of the Harvey Weinstein scandal has also turn into certainly one of Hollywood's most outspoken activists.
The community previously said in an announcement following Sadler's departure that it compensates staff pretty and appropriately based mostly on their roles, regardless of gender. To remain present on the newest in films, television, music, vogue and popular culture.
Entertainment Tv evaluations submitted anonymously by E! Hosting a stay, two-hour daytime show whereas also hosting E Information most nights. Catt Sadler slammed E! Information,' Catt Sadler, says her motivation to go away E! After discovering her male co-star Jason Kennedy was allegedly making nearly double her wage, advised Variety on Saturday it was disappointing" to see the entertainment network censor opinions.… Read More...