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How The CPTPP Could Widen Inequality
(L-R, first row) Brunei's Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs Erywan Dato Pehin, Chile's Foreign Minister Heraldo Munoz, Chile's President Michelle Bachelet, Australia's Trade Minister Steven Ciobo and Canada's International Trade Minister Francois-Phillippe Champagne, and (L-R, back row) Singapore's Minister for Trade and Industry Lim Hng Kiang, New Zealand's Minister for Trade and Export Growth David Parker, Malaysia's Minister for Trade and Industry Datuk J. Jayasiri, Japan's Minister of Economic Revitalization Toshimitsu Motegi, Mexico's Secretary of Economy Ildefonso Guajardo Villarreal, Peru's Minister of Foreign Trade and Tourism Eduardo Ferreyros Kuppers and Vietnam's Industry and Trade Minister Tran Tuan Anh, wave as they pose for the official picture before signing the rebranded 11-nation Pacific trade pact Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) in Santiago, on 8 March, 2018.
On 8 March 2018 in Santiago, Chile, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) was formally signed. The trade agreement was signed by 11 countries – Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam – making it the third largest free trade area in the world by gross domestic product (GDP) after the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and European Single Market. The CPTPP came into effect on 30 December 2018.
The CPTPP is actually the brainchild of former United States (US) President Barack Obama. Known then as the TPP, the trade agreement was Obama's key policy in his strategic pivot to Asia. However, after becoming president, Donald Trump decided to pull the US out of this trade deal. Despite the US' withdrawal from the deal, all the original signatories of the TPP decided to revive it, with some provisions from the initial deal removed.
The CPTPP is said to be a trade deal which would lower or remove barriers of trade between the signatory countries. It is said that the deal would remove tariffs on 95 percent of goods traded between CPTPP countries.
For Southeast Asian signatories, many argue the deal would provide them with new trade opportunities as it would give these countries improved access to foreign markets.
Despite the fact that the CPTPP is supposed to bring greater prosperity to many developing nations, it faced strong resistance when it was first mooted – particularly from civil society members, activists and non-governmental organisations. The argument they make is that the CPTPP may only benefit some members of society while leaving others worse off. In essence, it will only enrich developed countries and multinational corporations instead of the developing countries involved in the agreement.
One of the common arguments people make for the CPTPP is that it would improve exports for developing countries as they would have access to foreign markets. However, experts argue it cannot be assumed that higher exports alone would increase a county's income, as only exports with a relatively high content of domestic value-added can.
According to the Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women (ARROW), it is the developed countries that will see the largest increase in domestic value-added exports instead.
A look at the other free trade agreements such as NAFTA also reveals how free trade agreements could negatively impact less developed countries. Research shows that cheaper US imports reduced the price of higher quality products in Mexican cities but at the same time led to a significant increase in Mexican real income inequality due to differences in cost of living between rich and poor households. Ever since NAFTA went into effect, inequality in Mexico rose to levels at triple the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average, while about half of the population still remains in poverty.
The CPTPP could also affect the labour standards in developing countries in the deal. Developing countries have long opposed efforts by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and trade agreements such as the CPTPP in linking trade and labour standards. This is because a standard of protection that is appropriate in rich countries can impose an excessive burden on poorer ones.
The agreement says that all member countries are required to adopt and maintain the four principles of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work into their respective domestic laws. While such laws may be good, imposing such a standard and tying to trade could backfire. According to ARROW, the imposition of labour standards that are too high on a country that is not ready for them will push more workers out of the "formal" sector, which tries to abide by such labour standards, into the "informal" sector, which sits outside the reach of government regulation, effectively exacerbating rather than diminishing existing inequality. Also, previous free trade agreements have shown that attempts to impose labour standards have failed and have instead led to more labour rights violations.
These are just some of the ways that the CPTPP could harm developing countries. There are other clauses in the CPTPP which some experts claim could undermine a nation's sovereignty. Currently, while all members have signed the CPTPP, only seven out of the 11 nations have ratified the agreement in their respective countries. So far, Peru, Chile, Malaysia and Brunei have yet to ratify the agreement, nor should they be in any rush to do so.
How will the CPTPP pan out for ASEAN?
Regional trade deal to be concluded by November


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Page Two	           THE SKIDMORE NEWS	            April 25, 1963
As we prepare to break ground for Skidmore's new campus, it is good to take a long, hard look at the manifold ramifications of Skidmore's transfer to Woodlawn.
Glorious dreams of new buildings have seemingly obscured all plans of improving the facilities of the present campus. We realize all too well the amount of funds available to the administration. Still, we can not help feeling that, while physical improvements would admittedly be a non-essential expense, we can not be permitted to endanger the academic reputation of the College.
Each year, more and more of our students apply to graduate institutions. These universities are not interested in Woodlawn and its monstrously bright architecture. The Admissions Directors are looking for the solid academic accomplishments which are most clearly to be achieved with a highly skilled faculty, a complete library and a laboratory set-up adequate for today's needs.
There can be no reason for subjugating vital educational purposes to the iron law of an emerging blue print. Skidmore must be prepared to continue to augment the facilities necessary for the student in the academic sector.
If Skidmore is to take its rightful place among the fine, universally respected women's colleges, more than a change in location is required. Can a potential Blue Ribbon for building design compensate for the lack of a Phi Beta Kappa chapter? The answer is clear. In 1922, Skidmore became a College, a place for learning first, and social life and comfort second.
In the final analysis, it is not by spanking new campuses alone that students earn fellowships and grants, but by every new book in the Skidmore library and every new professor on the Skidmore faculty.
SOPHISTRY
Then it is this [law] that . . . the man of . . . virtue will have in view, when he applies to our souls the words that he speaks . . . with this thought always before his mind—how justice may be engendered in the souls of his fellow-citizens . . . how temperance may be bred in them.
(Plato's Gorgias)
In the recent, so-called "redefinition and restructuring" of the Skidmore Honor System, a profusion of impressive but, ultimately, superficial resolutions have evolved. Students have questioned — pondered — and searched for ways to make the Honor System at Skidmore effective in its implementation. Proposals have been made and voted upon.
This week, students were asked to vote on a "new" Honor System which excludes the "mutual responsibility" clause. Most people voted in favor of the proposed "new" system, not even realizing the utter absurdity of the vote.
The only actual change in the "new" Honor contract is the Board of Review; however, this is a procedural change. Have we actually re-defined the Honor System? Where are the substantive changes? Does the "new" system reveal, in its status-quo existence, a greater concern with the individual student's integrity? Is the Skidmore student held any more responsible for herself and her honor? Has not the Skidmore Honor System remained the same, substantively?
We must realize, as logically-thinking people, that the basis of an Honor System is the philosophical and ideological import of honor and integrity. We must not allow ourselves to be fooled into believing that our Honor System has changed. It is our souls (Platonically speaking) that are in question. We must not allow ourselves to be blinded by sophistic jibberish.
Now, let us seek to inquire into the nature of soul qua honor and- then- seek to structure our system upon our findings.
I would like to thank Mr. and Mrs. Heins for their sincere interest in the creative efforts of our student body. I have seen them attending a countless number of student activities and I have a feeling I speak for more than one when I say that such interest and support by "grown-ups" reaches much deeper than words can express. This is just a simple thank you. Sincerely,
Wendy Rouder '63
Congratulations . . .
Permit me to congratulate Miss Virginia Yans for her excellent statement "In Opposition" in your Point-Counter-point debate of Skidmore's honor system.
It is gratifying to find a student aware of the important issues in an honor system who has the courage to break the ignominious silence that has so far been displayed by the entire college community in this matter.
Kurt Opitz
Integrity ...
Either one believes in the basic honor and integrity of man, or one does not. Although Skidmore uses the former alternative as the basic premise of its honor system, the tenets of the honor system indicate the latter. A belief in the basic honor of man (and woman) would eliminate the need for any system since a basically honorable individual would naturally take the honorable action in a situation; however, Skidmore, by making rigid rules concerning every aspect of the student's life, leaving, as in the case of sign-out rules and early curfews, little or no room for the student's honorable discretion, asserts that not only rules, but many intricate rules are necessary. Furthermore, it leaves little room for a student to exercise honor in turning herself in after she has erred (if one considers that to be honor, even after the intentional dishonesty of the act has already been exercised) by not only surrounding her with goading fellow students, head residents, (and now even professors have been called into action) to force the student to turn herself in and in the case of her refusal encouraging them to turn her in themselves. Is it honorable to turn oneself in only because it will produce a lighter penalty than if someone else turned one in? It is done constantly. And is it really honorable to turn someone else in, especially if this is often done for vindictive reasons, or because you cannot bear to see someone get away with something when you could or have not? (Are the people who turn their friends in to the government for income tax evasion considered to be exercising honor? Are they not usually suspected of other less honorable motives?) If an honor system such as this one works, it might not be because of the basic honor of man, but because man thinks that with approximately 1,300 people watching him for any possible deviations, the odds are too strongly against man? Or maybe man has just become more discreet (and dishonorable) in his deviations.
Honor is a personal thing; it cannot be externally provoked. To quote Shakespeare, who is alleged to have understood much about the nature of man:
(Continued on page five)
No trespassers
[illustration]
Spotlight on Students
By KATHLEEN CONWELL
On the peaceful campus of Gammon Theological Seminary in Atlanta, Georgia, some 200 Northern and Southern students gathered over Easter week-end to attend the third Spring Conference of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. Students attended workshops and strategy sessions on the theme, "Emancipation Then—Freedom Now."
The conference was a witness to the Negro and white youth in America who were stirred by the witness of the "Sit-Ins" two years ago and have committed themselves to the task of integration. In the North this commitment led to the formation of the Northern Student Movement whose efforts at community mobilization are attempting to break down the "ghetto-styled" Northern approach to segregation. In the South this awakening crystallized in the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, presently concentrating its efforts in voter registration.
SNCC Provides Coordination
The Southern student movement began with a sit-in in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960—the first of a series of well-planned, but disconnected protest actions which swept through Southern college towns. The movement became so widespread that by April, 1960 the leaders of the protest centers were able to come together in Raleigh, North Carolina and establish an organizational center in Atlanta. There was to be one fulltime staff member and it was agreed that two representatives from each state would meet periodically to pool information and provide for maximum coordination without stifling the spontaneous nature of the movement. This body was called the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
Discrimination Is Attacked
In terms of structure there was a need to present a unified front to the South. If the move toward recognition of individual dignity was ever to assert itself forcefully in the face of the tradition of white supremacy, both the Negro and white communities must be made aware that this was not a desperate movement toward the securing of individual liberties in local areas, or a modification of certain segregation policies, but the reformation of every social institution that maintains the inferior position of one group of people.
In terms of program, an attempt must be made to attack those very institutions which had been adapted to the perpetuation of white supremacy, i.e., education,, employment and the vote. Segregation in public facilities is made possible by the existence of discrimination in those areas, and the lunch counter protest, while essential to the maintenance of a protest spirit and the continued sparking of a sense of dignity in the Negro community, is much too superficial.
Negro Still Lacks Franchise
Robert Moses, a Negro teacher at the Horace Mann School in New York, had already explored the possibilities of a voter registration program in Mississippi during the summer of 1960. Moses had come back the next summer and was ready to go to work if the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee would support his efforts. Complementing Moses' activity had been a series of informal meetings between the Committee and the Attorney General who had pressed voter registration as an area where students could be most effective in attacking the basis of the system itself.
Suppression and control of all areas of Negro public life is most severe in those locales where the Negro is restrained from exercising the power of the ballot. The U. S. Civil Rights Commission reports that in the three states where SNCC is working (Mississippi, Georgia and Alabama) there are twelve counties without any Negro registration and forty counties where less than 3% of the Negroes are registered. The reasons cited for this
(Continued on page six)
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Transcript Page Two	THE SKIDMORE NEWS	April 25, 1963 WOODLAWN As we prepare to break ground for Skidmore's new campus, it is good to take a long, hard look at the manifold ramifications of Skidmore's transfer to Woodlawn. Glorious dreams of new buildings have seemingly obscured all plans of improving the facilities of the present campus. We realize all too well the amount of funds available to the administration. Still, we can not help feeling that, while physical improvements would admittedly be a non-essential expense, we can not be permitted to endanger the academic reputation of the College. Each year, more and more of our students apply to graduate institutions. These universities are not interested in Woodlawn and its monstrously bright architecture. The Admissions Directors are looking for the solid academic accomplishments which are most clearly to be achieved with a highly skilled faculty, a complete library and a laboratory set-up adequate for today's needs. There can be no reason for subjugating vital educational purposes to the iron law of an emerging blue print. Skidmore must be prepared to continue to augment the facilities necessary for the student in the academic sector. If Skidmore is to take its rightful place among the fine, universally respected women's colleges, more than a change in location is required. Can a potential Blue Ribbon for building design compensate for the lack of a Phi Beta Kappa chapter? The answer is clear. In 1922, Skidmore became a College, a place for learning first, and social life and comfort second. In the final analysis, it is not by spanking new campuses alone that students earn fellowships and grants, but by every new book in the Skidmore library and every new professor on the Skidmore faculty.	L.S. SOPHISTRY Then it is this [law] that . . . the man of . . . virtue will have in view, when he applies to our souls the words that he speaks . . . with this thought always before his mind—how justice may be engendered in the souls of his fellow-citizens . . . how temperance may be bred in them. (Plato's Gorgias) In the recent, so-called "redefinition and restructuring" of the Skidmore Honor System, a profusion of impressive but, ultimately, superficial resolutions have evolved. Students have questioned — pondered — and searched for ways to make the Honor System at Skidmore effective in its implementation. Proposals have been made and voted upon. This week, students were asked to vote on a "new" Honor System which excludes the "mutual responsibility" clause. Most people voted in favor of the proposed "new" system, not even realizing the utter absurdity of the vote. The only actual change in the "new" Honor contract is the Board of Review; however, this is a procedural change. Have we actually re-defined the Honor System? Where are the substantive changes? Does the "new" system reveal, in its status-quo existence, a greater concern with the individual student's integrity? Is the Skidmore student held any more responsible for herself and her honor? Has not the Skidmore Honor System remained the same, substantively? We must realize, as logically-thinking people, that the basis of an Honor System is the philosophical and ideological import of honor and integrity. We must not allow ourselves to be fooled into believing that our Honor System has changed. It is our souls (Platonically speaking) that are in question. We must not allow ourselves to be blinded by sophistic jibberish. Now, let us seek to inquire into the nature of soul qua honor and- then- seek to structure our system upon our findings.	L.G. LETTERS To the Editor: I would like to thank Mr. and Mrs. Heins for their sincere interest in the creative efforts of our student body. I have seen them attending a countless number of student activities and I have a feeling I speak for more than one when I say that such interest and support by "grown-ups" reaches much deeper than words can express. This is just a simple thank you. Sincerely, Wendy Rouder '63 Congratulations . . . To the Editor: Permit me to congratulate Miss Virginia Yans for her excellent statement "In Opposition" in your Point-Counter-point debate of Skidmore's honor system. It is gratifying to find a student aware of the important issues in an honor system who has the courage to break the ignominious silence that has so far been displayed by the entire college community in this matter. Kurt Opitz Integrity ... To the Editor: Either one believes in the basic honor and integrity of man, or one does not. Although Skidmore uses the former alternative as the basic premise of its honor system, the tenets of the honor system indicate the latter. A belief in the basic honor of man (and woman) would eliminate the need for any system since a basically honorable individual would naturally take the honorable action in a situation; however, Skidmore, by making rigid rules concerning every aspect of the student's life, leaving, as in the case of sign-out rules and early curfews, little or no room for the student's honorable discretion, asserts that not only rules, but many intricate rules are necessary. Furthermore, it leaves little room for a student to exercise honor in turning herself in after she has erred (if one considers that to be honor, even after the intentional dishonesty of the act has already been exercised) by not only surrounding her with goading fellow students, head residents, (and now even professors have been called into action) to force the student to turn herself in and in the case of her refusal encouraging them to turn her in themselves. Is it honorable to turn oneself in only because it will produce a lighter penalty than if someone else turned one in? It is done constantly. And is it really honorable to turn someone else in, especially if this is often done for vindictive reasons, or because you cannot bear to see someone get away with something when you could or have not? (Are the people who turn their friends in to the government for income tax evasion considered to be exercising honor? Are they not usually suspected of other less honorable motives?) If an honor system such as this one works, it might not be because of the basic honor of man, but because man thinks that with approximately 1,300 people watching him for any possible deviations, the odds are too strongly against man? Or maybe man has just become more discreet (and dishonorable) in his deviations. Honor is a personal thing; it cannot be externally provoked. To quote Shakespeare, who is alleged to have understood much about the nature of man: (Continued on page five) U.S. Government No trespassers SC [illustration] CROSSFIRE Spotlight on Students By KATHLEEN CONWELL On the peaceful campus of Gammon Theological Seminary in Atlanta, Georgia, some 200 Northern and Southern students gathered over Easter week-end to attend the third Spring Conference of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. Students attended workshops and strategy sessions on the theme, "Emancipation Then—Freedom Now." The conference was a witness to the Negro and white youth in America who were stirred by the witness of the "Sit-Ins" two years ago and have committed themselves to the task of integration. In the North this commitment led to the formation of the Northern Student Movement whose efforts at community mobilization are attempting to break down the "ghetto-styled" Northern approach to segregation. In the South this awakening crystallized in the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, presently concentrating its efforts in voter registration. SNCC Provides Coordination The Southern student movement began with a sit-in in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960—the first of a series of well-planned, but disconnected protest actions which swept through Southern college towns. The movement became so widespread that by April, 1960 the leaders of the protest centers were able to come together in Raleigh, North Carolina and establish an organizational center in Atlanta. There was to be one fulltime staff member and it was agreed that two representatives from each state would meet periodically to pool information and provide for maximum coordination without stifling the spontaneous nature of the movement. This body was called the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. Discrimination Is Attacked In terms of structure there was a need to present a unified front to the South. If the move toward recognition of individual dignity was ever to assert itself forcefully in the face of the tradition of white supremacy, both the Negro and white communities must be made aware that this was not a desperate movement toward the securing of individual liberties in local areas, or a modification of certain segregation policies, but the reformation of every social institution that maintains the inferior position of one group of people. In terms of program, an attempt must be made to attack those very institutions which had been adapted to the perpetuation of white supremacy, i.e., education,, employment and the vote. Segregation in public facilities is made possible by the existence of discrimination in those areas, and the lunch counter protest, while essential to the maintenance of a protest spirit and the continued sparking of a sense of dignity in the Negro community, is much too superficial. Negro Still Lacks Franchise Robert Moses, a Negro teacher at the Horace Mann School in New York, had already explored the possibilities of a voter registration program in Mississippi during the summer of 1960. Moses had come back the next summer and was ready to go to work if the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee would support his efforts. Complementing Moses' activity had been a series of informal meetings between the Committee and the Attorney General who had pressed voter registration as an area where students could be most effective in attacking the basis of the system itself. Suppression and control of all areas of Negro public life is most severe in those locales where the Negro is restrained from exercising the power of the ballot. The U. S. Civil Rights Commission reports that in the three states where SNCC is working (Mississippi, Georgia and Alabama) there are twelve counties without any Negro registration and forty counties where less than 3% of the Negroes are registered. The reasons cited for this (Continued on page six) REPRESENTED FOR NATIONAL ADVERTISING BY National Advertising Service, Inc. College Publishers Representative 420 Madison Ave. New York. N.Y. Chicago • Boston • Los Angeles • San Francisco Published weekly, except during periods of examinations, by the students of Skidmore College, 28 Union Avenue, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. under Act of Congress, March 3, 1879. Typographical Union Label Saratoga Springs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Plantae Blog
What We're Reading: July 7
July 7, 2017 /0 Comments/in Blog, Research, Research Blog /by Mary Williams
This week's edition of What We're Reading is guest edited by K.K. Sabu. Sabu is educated in the field of Plant Sciences and has working experience in plant genetics and genomics since 1995. His research interests include response of plants against environmental changes, natural variations in plant genetic resources and incorporation of genomics tools for big data analysis. He is supervising students for their MSc, MPhil and PhD programme and carrying out externally funded research programmes.
Review: Exocytic trafficking pathways in plants
The membrane trafficking system plays an important role in transporting various substances, including proteins, lipids, and small molecules throughout cells. Secretory/exocytic trafficking pathways are involved in various biological functions, including development, plant–microbe interactions and cell-to-cell communications. This review by Kanazawa and Ueda describes plant-unique functions involving the exocytic pathways that may have resulted from their unique diversification during land plant evolution. New Phytol. 10.1111/nph.14613
Review: Ecology and genomic insights on plant endophytes ($)
Plants live in a microbe-rich world. Many microorganisms colonize the surfaces of plants, whereas endophytes live within plant tissues. Although some endophytes do not seem to have positive or negative effects on the host plant, others are mutualists (forming mutually beneficial relationship) or harmful pathogens. The nature of these interactions is not fixed, but depends a complex network that involves abiotic factors and the diversity and abundance of other microorganism. Brader et al. discuss the factors that underlie different plant-endophyte interactions in terms of host plant response, colonization strategy, genome content and abiotic and biotic factors. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035641
Review: The algal revolution ($)
Algae are eukaryotes and they are mostly photosynthetic. These life forms occupy multiple branches of the tree of life, and are vital for planet function and health, yet only about 10% of algal species have been described. Brodie et al. review new insights and applications, boosted by high-throughput –omics approaches, for this important group of organsisms. Special sections focus on the potential of algae in biotechnology for high-value industrial products and food supplements, the evolutionary origins of algae and algal mulitcelluarity, and the application of new tools in algal science. This review also looks sex determination in algae and how these studies inform our understanding of the evolution of sex chromosomes. Trends Plant Sci. 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.05.005
Perspective: Generating virtual crops using in silico modeling platform
"We are at a point in history where we have both the need and the capability to use information and models at multiple levels to model whole systems and to achieve greater insights into how whole plants and ecosystems will respond to genetic changes, as well as environmental challenges never before encountered," state Marshall-Colon et al., the authors of this persective. They describe how in silico multi-scale modelling tools that link gene networks, protein synthesis, metabolic pathways, physiology, and growth, integrated with ecosystem, weather, and climate models, help to predict how various interactions respond to environmental perturbations. These models have the ability to fill in missing mechanistic details and propose new hypotheses to prioritize directed engineering efforts resulting in the improvement of crop yield, sustainability, and increase future food security. The authors propose "the creation of a discovery platform called Crops in silico (Cis)" and lay out a framework to achieve these objectives. Front. Plant Sci. 10.3389/fpls.2017.00786
Day length−dependent regulation of rice flowering ($)
Flowering in rice (Oryza sativa) is regulated by photoperiodicity, with Heading date 1 (Hd1) having a pivotal role. It promotes flowering under short-day conditions (SD) and represses it under long-day conditions (LD), however, the molecular mechanism of how it works remains largely unknown. Du et al. show that the repression of flowering in LD by Hd1 is dependent on the transcription factor DAYS TO HEADING 8 (DTH8). Through biochemical and genetic approaches, the authors show that DTH8 works in concert with Hd1 to repress expression of another gene, Hd3a, through H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), thus revealing a new insight into photoperiodic control of flowering. Mol. Plant 10.1016/j.molp.2017.05.006
Diversity and distribution of seed physical dormancy
Physical dormancy (PY) as a consequence of an impermeable seed or fruit coat occurs only in several genera of 18 angiosperm families and plays an important role in seed germination. It has been speculated that PY is more prevalent in dry lands compared to moist vegetation zones. Using a data set of 13,792 species, Jaganathan et al. found that the number of species with PY in tropics (19%) is higher than the number of PY species in the temperate ecosystem (15%). However, in both tropic and temperate regions, PY is less common in moist and low-temperature vegetation zones compared with dry and high-temperature vegetation. The paper discusses the ecological adaptation of PY in the dry ecosystem and considers the mechanism of persistence and dormancy break in PY and physiological dormant (PD) species. Plant Science Today 10.14719/pst.2017.4.2.293
Abiotic and biotic stress adaptation in Arabidopsis ($)
Drought, salt or cold stress often decreases plant fitness. Ariga et al. show that the ability of plants to withstand the stress conditions is controlled by certain genes such as ACQUIRED OSMOTOLERANCE (ACQOS), which encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein. Natural variations at the ACQOS locus suggest that there are functional and non-functional ACQOS that are being maintained due to a trade-off between biotic and abiotic stress adaptation. Thus, it could be inferred that competing environmental stresses influence polymorphism in certain plant NLR genes. Nature Plants 10.1038/nplants.2017.72
What We're Reading: June 30th Celebrating women in STEM through @365womeninSTEM


Congratulations to our five nominees for the Sanlam Young Player of the Year 2018! Josh Adams (Worcester Warriors): "This is a big honour for me. I am extremely delighted and definitely didn't expect this recognition from my peers. It's been an amazing season and I have been working really hard to improve my game. A big thanks to everyone who voted for me, it means a huge amount." Jake Polledri (Gloucester Rugby): "It's an unbelievable feeling to be nominated for the Young Player of the Year. To be given an opportunity by Gloucester has been amazing and I'm very humbled, excited and thankful for the support shown by my peers." Sam Simmonds (Exeter Chiefs): "I am very thankful for the incredible support and recognition to be shortlisted for this award. Playing in the Premiership is a great privilege and I've enjoyed every moment this season and doing my best to perform week in, week out for Exeter." Marcus Smith (Harlequins): "It's an absolute honour to be nominated for this award, this season has been amazing for me and to be nominated by fellow players makes it even more special." Jack Willis (Wasps): "I'm so proud to be nominated for this award. I have been fortunate to have been given a lot of great opportunities with Wasps this season, it's been a big learning experience and something I am really looking forward to building on." The Sanlam Young Player of the Year Award recognises the outstanding young player of the domestic season, as voted by the players. Nominees must be 23 years or younger at the start of the season. The Young Player of the Year trophy is named after Harlequins and England scrum-half Nick Duncombe, who died tragically in 2003 from a rare form of blood poisoning, aged just 21. To book your place at the RPA Players' Awards 2018 in association with England Rugby on Wednesday 9th May at Battersea Evolution, London, please call 020 3053 6670 or email Martin Olima on molima@therpa.co.uk.


text:
Yushin Okami has sights set on October title shot ahead of ONE: 'For Honor'
By: Damon Martin | May 3, 2019 12:01 am
When Yushin Okami's most recent contract with the UFC came to an end, he immediately had an idea about where he wanted to fight next.
The 37-year old Japanese veteran had spent most of his career competing in American based promotions like the UFC and World Series of Fighting in recent years.
After reaching free agency, Okami had a specific place in mind where he had never been tested before and it seemed to be the right place for him to call home.
"After I was done with UFC contract, I requested my manager Shu Hirata to negotiate with ONE Championship," Okami said when speaking to AsianMMA.com in an exclusive interview.
"I felt I've done everything I can in terms of fighting in the North America, and also, as I get older its getting difficult to go through the weight cut. However, under the ONE weigh-in rules, fighters are not allowed to dehydrate, which is good for me, and also, in Japan, the fans would have more access to watch ONE Championship than UFC, therefore, I have decided to fight for ONE Championship."
A better fit
While he has fought as a light heavyweight, middleweight and welterweight at different points in his career, Okami felt like the divisions in ONE Championship would be best suited for him.
He makes his debut at welterweight when he faces Kiamrian Abbasov at ONE: 'For Honor' this Friday in Jakarta and that is expected to be his home at least until he has an opportunity to become champion.
"First, I am going to fight at welterweight," Okami explained.
"In ONE Championship, 83.9 kg is the limit for the welterweight so I can make that weight by just eating right foods. I don't have to dehydrate myself so I can keep a good condition without any stress, and this means, I can fight under the best condition. Those are the reasons why I have decided to fight at welterweight."
"I would like to get that welterweight title first, then I am thinking about going up to middleweight to go for the second title to become a champion at two different weight classes."
Okami's lofty aspirations aren't unrealistic considering the current ONE middleweight champion Aung La Nsang is also the reigning light heavyweight champion.
First things first, Okami has to get through the welterweight division where Swedish knockout artist Zebaztian Kadestam is currently champion.
Okami has faced a laundry list of legends during his career so there's little doubt he's ready for the competition in ONE Championship and from the sound of things, he's happy to face whomever they throw at him.
"I think lighter weight classes at ONE Championship has a pretty good depth. In terms of heavier weight classes my impression is those divisions are stacked with bunch of unique fighters," Okami said.
"In terms of the welterweight division, I am not interested in fighters I am only interested in taking the belt. And this means, I am willing to fight anyone."
Going strong
With a career that stretches back nearly 17 years with more than 40 professional fights on his resume, Okami is still going strong while many fighters with the same level of experience have already retired.
Signing with ONE Championship has once again reinvigorated the Japanese superstar and he promises there is still a lot of fight left in him.
"In order to maintain motivation, I think it's very important to face myself. Don't measure everything by just a result of the fight, keep desire to get better, and keep evolving. By doing this every day, I can maintain my motivations," Okami said.
"I live in the world of where people will be evaluated only based on the result of win or lose but if you just focus on the result then it's going to be very difficult to maintain motivations."
Strongest version
Okami has been around for a long time but believes he still has plenty more to offer,
"I think, what I have learned and felt from losing fights is nothing but a treasure. From losing a fight, I can discover what I need to work on, and that is going to become a beachhead to become stronger. By maintaining a desire to get stronger, I can evolve more. I know this from my experience so I never lose motivation to fight. I know I can evolve more and more and will be a stronger fighter. I've (been) fighting in North America for most of my career but at my age I am honored and very pleased to be able to fight in the new stage. In ONE Championship I will promise that I am going to show the strongest Yushin Okami."
If all goes well this weekend in his debut, Okami already has his sights set on an appearance at ONE: 'Century' in Tokyo where he hopes to challenge Kadestam for the title.
"I definitely want to fight in October at the Japan event," Okami said.
"I want to do a welterweight title fight there and I will definitely become a champion in my home country."
Namiki Kawahara replaces Hexigetu, faces Lito Adiwang at ONE: 'Unbreakable'
Full fight card for ONE: 'Unbreakable' released
By: News | January 7, 2021 3:47 pm
Captain Petchyindee very confident ahead of ONE: 'Unbreakable' title tilt
By: Rob Cox | January 17, 2021 6:23 pm


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This homeowner was intrigued by what she found in our project gallery when she was in the design phase of a kitchen renovation. She fell in love with our "Riptide" texture in thick fused glass for her kitchen island top. Her only decision was whether to use LED lights or draw color from the décor and use it as the substrate under the glass. The result is gorgeous in this bright kitchen.
1-1/2" Kiln Fused Low Iron Glass with "Riptide" texture and flat polished edges.


A war in my very own home, against my very own offspring, a messy house, and the chaos which is a result of it all.
See, Keith is very advanced for his age and likes to do things a little ahead of schedule. Right ahead of schedule he has begun his terrible twos.
Church has begun to be a real joy with a squirming swearing screaming child. Meal times have begun to be pretty lonely for me since toys are much more appealing than keeping alive eating.
And so, tactics had to be planned.
After a brief war council with Jeffrey over the phone, we decided the best weapons we have are our love and attention.
I unplugged the television, made sandwiches, packed up the car, and we left the messes behind. We went to a musem, but saddly, it had closed right when we got there. After stopping by a nearby arcade so Keith could pretend he was drivving we got back into the car and headed to a wet lands walk way. We walked it and enjoyed the river rushing by and the cool air and the birds all around. Eventually Keith got a little tired and wanted to go home and "Squish Daddy!" which is his way of asking to wrestle.
We rushed home, made grilled cheese sandwiches and then settled in for a fun night of FHE. Yes, that is tomato soup and dirt all over his face.
We lovingly walked around the park, chasing ducks and watching as he slid down dirt hills on his tummy. It was a lot of fun, and he got a lot of attention. Perfect!
When we got home we decided that our tactics are working beautifully. Already we have noticed less tantrums and less fussing. Beautiful.
When we got back from the park and got Keith to bed, Jeffrey being the studmuffin he is decided he was going to re-caulk the bathroom. What an awesome man I married! First his war tactics then fixing the bathroom... yup, he is basically the best ever.
What are some of your war tactics? Obviously we need a little help here.
How cute! Good luck with your war.
I wish I had some tactics, but maybe you can help me in a couple of years!
Time out's, screaming at the top of my lungs, threats, bribes, pleading...think that *about* covers it!
Nice war tactics! I'm a mean mom--my kids start bugging me and I lock them in the backyard!
Our kids all seem to go through the "terrible 18-month" stage and then it ends when they're about 2 1/2. So...we're in smack dab in the middle of it with Aaron who just turned two. Your war tactics are great--we've found that a little extra love and attention go a long way with cranky kids. Good luck!
Sounds to me like you've pretty much got your battle strategy under control!
Sounds like going outside was a great idea! I know my kids are always better behaved when we spend time outside.
You guys have a lot of energy! I am not a mom, just a probable future stepmom, so take this for what it's worth (not much) but it seems kids act up when they get bored. They're seeking attention, entertainment, etc. Keep them occupied and they're happy as can be. Of course, I don't have your energy which is probably why it would be a bad idea for me to become a full-time mommy at 38!


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Home Exhibitions Artists Stockroom About Subscribe
Stockroom
Mary-Louise Browne, Maria Colls, Claudia Jowitt, Kazu Nakagawa
Just the right white
Mary-Louise Browne
Claudia Jowitt
Kazu Nakagawa
Our first exhibition for 2016, Just the right white, takes its name from the neon artwork by Mary-Louise Browne, which wryly plays with the human quest for perfection.
Bringing together white works by four artists, Just the right white explores the seductive power of white. Both the absence of colour and a mix of all colour, white speaks to purity and emptiness, symbolism and formalism. Discussing his signature use of white, architect Richard Meier has said that whiteness allows ideas to be understood--"the difference between opacity and transparency, solid and void, structure and surface. These things are more perceptible in a white environment. They have a greater clarity".
Mary-Louise Browne is an established artist with an impressive history of exhibitions and permanent public art commissions in Auckland and Wellington. Working at the forefront of text-based conceptual practices in a broad range of media, she is a sculptor of words, exploring and having fun with the metaphoric, material and visual qualities of language.
Maria Colls is a self-taught artist from Wellington. She has been exhibiting regularly for the past two years. Her hand-cut paper works draw on geometric forms founds in both natural and man-made urban forms. Utilising layering to create a sense of depth and movement, the artist plays with the interaction of negative and positive space.
Claudia Jowitt completed her Master of Fine Arts at the Elam School of Fine Arts at the University of Auckland at the end of 2015. Like aerial views of a not quite recognisable landscape, her paintings explore texture, form and mark-making teasing notions of representation. A five-metre wide painting produced for her graduation exhibition in December was purchased for a public collection. She has also won the 2016 Tautai/Dunedin School of Art Residency which she will take up in April.
Kazu Nakagawa is a Tokyo-born artist, designer and furniture maker who has been living in New Zealand for almost 30 years. His drawings, paintings and sculptures invoke a meditative quietness.
Just the right white installation view
Kazu Nakagawa installation view
330 x 440 mm framed
Viscera I
Plane I
oak and mahogany, canvas, plaster, resin
2300 x 650 x 320 mm (approx. dependent on install)
Dresser (detail)
A Play, Scene 3, Act 2/Moon and Remnant
timber, canvas, plaster, resin
A Play, Scene 3, Act 2/Moon and Remnant (together)
to weigh the fall of words I
to weigh the fall of words I (top)
to weigh the fall of words II
Maria Colls
cut paper
765 x 1070 mm framed
Maria Colls paper cuts installed
to weigh the fall of words IV
to weigh the fall of words III
to weigh the fall of light III
Tell me what you see
Bartley & Company Art
Level 2, 22 Garrett Street,
www.bartleyandcompany.art


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The Fireman's Rule Under Virginia Law
By Josh Silverman on January 15, 2014
A basic doctrine in Virginia personal injury law is that if you assume the risk of injury you cannot recover damages. In a simple example, anyone who goes to ballpark assumes the risk of getting hit by a foul ball. Likewise if someone negligently starts a house fire and a firefighter gets injured while putting out the fire, the firefighter probably can't make a personal injury claim against the homeowner. As a matter of law, the firefighter assumes the risk of getting injured putting out fires.
The same principle applies to police officers. Let's say a police officer gets injured responding to a malfunctioning burglar alarm. The police officer probably would not be able to sue the homeowner for negligence.
Fortunately there are exceptions to these rules. Under Virginia law no one assumes the risk of an intentional injury or an injury due to "willful and wanton conduct." Willful and wanton conduct means a person is behaving so recklessly that he or she is consciously disregarding the safety of others. So back to the baseball park, if a player were to get upset at a fan and target the fan with a baseball, the fan could sue the player for intentionally harming him even though he assumes a risk of injury going to the ballpark.
Applied to police officers and firefighters, the Fireman's Rule would not apply in a case against a defendant who intentionally injures the officer or acts with willful and wanton conduct. This means that a firefighter could sue an arsonist and a police officer could sue a criminal that put him at risk due to his willful and wanton conduct. An example would be leading an officer on a high speed police chase.
These exceptions to the Fireman's Rule are critically important. Virginia police officers and firefighters put their lives on the line every day for our safety. They should have every right to recover damages for serious injuries due to the reckless or criminal acts of others.


Admiral Xi Larnia, Admiral Amanda Dallin-Vanbeeck and Commodore Rain were peacefully patrolling near Nassau when they were set upon by a band of dastardly pirates (Otho, Kaz and Silhenna.) The pirates pressed their attack hard but the Navy fought back desperately and in the end were victorious.
Is the Pirate Menace on the verge of a comeback or was this the last gasp before total victory the the forces of order on the high seas?


Nawadih (Jharkhand): Ever heard of paying Rs 5 to recharge a mobile phone battery? Welcome to Nawadih village, which falls under Jharkhand's Tamar constituency from where chief minister Shibu Soren was seeking to enter the state assembly—the locals here have to pay up each time their cell phones run out of charge.
"What can we do? This is our fate. As there is no electricity in the village, most of us use solar power for energy requirement, and some of us make a living by recharging cells (of mobile phones)," says D. Pramanik, a resident of Nawadih.
"We don't expect much from the political leaders. They come during polls only to make promises that remain unfulfilled," says an elderly woman in the village.
"The crowd you find now has come just to see the helicopter, and not to see the leaders," adds the woman showing her distrust of politicians' campaigning in the area.
It is not only the lack of electricity that has angered thevillagers, but also a canal going dry because of damage to the barrage on the Kanchi river, affecting irrigation in the area.
"The villagers depend on agriculture and with the canal going dry for a year, the farmers are depending on rainwater and wells," says a teacher of Nawadih high school, requesting not to be identified.


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What Can a Person Legally Do a...
Home Government & Politics Law Legal Ages
What Can a Person Legally Do at Age 21?
The most popular legal benefit that comes at age 21 is the ability to drink and buy alcoholic beverages in the United States. Twenty-one is also the legal age to gamble in most casinos, own a handgun, and obtain a concealed firearm license in most states.
The minimum drinking age in the United States is 21 years of age. Some states have considered lowering the drinking age, but it is still the highest minimum drinking age in the world.
In most states, gambling in casinos is restricted until the age of 21, although a majority of those states do allow 18-year-olds to play the lottery and bet on horse racing. Nevada and New Jersey, home to the huge casinos in Las Vegas and Atlantic City, both have a minimum age of 21 for casino gambling.
State law varies when it comes to gun ownership, but no state requires a purchaser to be more than 21 to buy a handgun, shotgun or rifle. Some states allow purchase and possession of firearms at the age of 18, while Vermont only requires a handgun purchaser to be a minimum of 16 years old.
The minimum age for obtaining a concealed weapons permit is 21 in nearly all states. Some states make exceptions for those who have served in the armed forces, allowing a veteran to get a permit if she is at least 18.
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Home › Essays › History › Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Its Impact on Business and Society
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Its Impact on Business and Society
The overarching motivation behind the adoption of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was to overhaul the deeply iniquitous social system in the United States. Indeed, discrimination of various kinds reigned supreme in the country at that time. However, in addition to its obvious social undertones, the 1964 Civil Rights Act had clear implications for business. Indeed, Title VII of the act forbade employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin, as well as established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Consequently, the adoption of the act heralded a new era both for employers and employees. The current paper seeks to ascertain the existing impact of the act on both society and business in the US. To set the tone for discussion of the main problem, the paper begins with the history of the act, focusing on a rationale for it and its implementation. After exploring influence of the act, it segues into the analysis of act's effectiveness from the vantage point of history, dwelling both on its strengths and weaknesses. Finally, based on the shortcomings of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the paper offers some recommendations for future policymakers that could potentially help to tackle business-related issues, which the discussed act has failed to tackle. Overall, this paper will argue that the major effect of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on business and society in the US was that it improved employment opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their color, race, sex, religion, and/or national origin.
History of the Act
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was adopted at the height of civil rights movement that engulfed the US in the mid-20th century, marking a triumphant culmination of that movement. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which sought to specifically forbid employment discrimination, was one of the centerpieces of the legislation. Its adoption marked a victory for minority members, who were denied of equal employment opportunities because of their "color, race, religion, sex, and/or national origin" ("Public Law 88-352", 1964). However, it is necessary to note at the outset of this discussion that historic roots of the problem reached deeper into history than the civil rights movement.
The abolition of slavery in 1865 lulled African Americans the main beneficiaries of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the main champions of its adoption into a false belief that their economic circumstances would improve. In a sense, their fate was improved, as former slaves received manumission. In essence, however, former slaves and other African Americans "found themselves relegated to an economic underclass" that confined them to perfunctory employment in agriculture and domestic service (Gregory, 2014, p. 3). In the subsequent decades, the government took conscious efforts to preserve precarious socioeconomic standing of African Americans. Gregory (2014) maintains that the Supreme Court's ruling that "equal protection of the laws clause of the Fourteenth Amendment allowed a state to provide a separate but equal facilities for the emancipated slave" effectively sanctioned the existence of the African American economic underclass (p. 3). Consecutive administrations perpetuated this deplorable state of affairs, preferring instead to settle into the policy of benign neglect to the issue. As a corollary of this, an estimated 90% of all working African Americans received skimpy pays, as compared to white workers, throughout the first half of the 20th century. In the early 1960s, nonwhite workers in the US received wages that were 60% lower than those of white Americans, while nonwhite females received even less (Gregory, 2014).
It is important to note in this context that not only nonwhite, but also white, women were discriminated in the US in terms of the existing employment opportunities. The exclusion of women from the labor market had quite a persistent character. Married women with children had the lowest chances of finding decent jobs. Even state statues and court decisions approved of women's exclusion from the labor market. For example, Gregory (2014) cites an 1872 Supreme Court decision, which upheld the earlier Illinoi's rejection of a woman's desire to practice law on evidently sexist grounds: "The natural and proper timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits women for many of the occupations of civil life" (p. 4). The Supreme Court continued affirming women's exclusion from the workplace throughout the first half of the 20th century. During and in the wake of World War II, as able-bodied men faced conscription, women increasingly entered the labor market (Gold, 2011). Nonetheless, women still encountered harsh discrimination in most economic sectors with the new barriers rising after veterans started returning from the battlegrounds in 1945.
White people of non-American origin fared somewhat better than African Americans and women in terms of employment opportunities. Nevertheless, it was not a rarity that American employers stated explicitly in their help wanted advertisements that some nationalities were not desired for the jobs they offered (Bringle, 2014). Gregory (2014) agrees with this statement, adding that able-bodied people of Irish descent had a difficult time finding decent employment, as job notices declared "No Irish Need Apply". Representatives of other nationalities, including Asians and Latinos, also commonly received lower pay and faced other discriminatory policies in the workplace, provided that they were lucky enough to find any employment.
While a person's religion in and of itself seldom played a crucial role in the ultimate decision whether to hire that person, it nonetheless was subject to discrimination. Gold (2011), for example, cites examples of people who were forced to attend the so-called business meetings at their companies, which started with religious homilies or prayers. Apparently, forced participation in such meetings at the risk of expulsion was discriminatory. By the same token, it was repugnant to the freedom of conscience of atheist employees and employees observing other religious creeds.
All of these discriminatory practices that had lasted for decades, if not centuries, raised the ire of the discriminated Americans. Either because they wanted to make semblance or because they really cared, consecutive administrations introduced some piecemeal reforms to end discriminatory practices in the first half of the 20th century. In 1941, for example, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, which forbade discrimination in the hiring practices of the defense industry (Bringle, 2014). On the one hand, Presidents Truman and Eisenhower followed the suit, churning out executive orders to prohibit discrimination in federal government and government contracting (Gregory, 2014). The private sector, on the other hand, saw little desegregation, as Congress failed to take any pertinent measures. Disenfranchised and disgruntled, African Americans, together with other discriminated Americans and their sympathizers from among the general population, have organized the civil rights movement in the early 1950s to pressure the government into tackling the ubiquitous discrimination. The time was ripe for the adoption of new comprehensive legislation that would end employment discrimination.
Implementation of the Act
Popular support for the adoption of comprehensive employment discrimination legislation was formidable in the US. But opposition to its adoption was also formidable. In the late 1950s-early 1960s, American legislators were primarily loath to bow to the demands of the civil rights movement. The 1957 Civil Rights Act and the 1960 Civil Rights Act, which purported to extend voting rights to the hitherto disenfranchised Americans, were both diluted or, to use the words of Loevy (n.d.), "badly watered down" (p. 1). Neither act brought about dramatic changes in the social standing of African Americans and their other discriminated compatriots; it neither addressed the problem of unequal employment opportunities.
It was not until 1963 that President Kennedy sent a strong message to both Congress and the general population about the immediate need for comprehensive civil rights legislation that would cover employment discrimination. Haranguing the nation, Kennedy declared:
This nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds and on the principle that all men are created equal, and that the rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened… It ought to be possible, in short, for every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color (cited in Gregory, 2014, p. 9).
President Kennedy did not live long enough to witness the adoption of the legislation he initiated. He exhorted that the legislation should be adopted by the end of the 88th Congress – that is, by January 1965. However, the strong Southern civil rights "veto" in Congress took conscientious efforts to kick the proposed bill into the long grass of Congress committees and reports. Indeed, Loevy (n.d.) explains that federal legislators from the South deftly exploited loopholes in the Congress bylaws. Loevy (n.d.) further adds that the House Rules Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee were both spearheaded by staunch opponents of civil rights. The then chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee alone defeated more than 100 civil rights bills during his career (Loevy, n.d.). Similarly, the strong anti-civil rights coalition in both chambers of Congress resorted to filibustering to oppose the adoption of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The president could only observe supinely the process, as he lacked sway on the Southern civil rights "veto". Interestingly, whereas some stratagems to defeat the bill worked as designed, others backfired for the benefit of the bill. For example, the word "sex" was included in the document by Howard Smith in an attempt to deep-six the bill ("Teaching with Documents," n.d.). By an odd twist of fate, however, the attempt failed, making the bill even more comprehensive.
Shortly before Kennedy's assassination back in November of 1963, "the compromise civil rights bill was reported out of the House Judiciary Committee", but it again encountered opposition of the avowed segregationists in the House Rules Committee (Loevy, n.d., p. 1). Although American society expected the Kennedy's replacement, Vice-President Johnson, would disavow Kennedy's fight for civil rights, Johnson, in fact, gave a powerful impetus to the would-be 1964 Civil Rights Act. Realizing that the support for Kennedy's causes after his assassination was even stronger, Johnson admonished Congress to pass the bill in memory of his predecessor: "We have talked long enough in this country about equal rights… It is time now to write the next chapter and to write it in the books of law" (Loevy, n.d., p. 1). In the ensuing months, Johnson would never remiss to raise public awareness about the bill and to admonish Congress members to adopt it.
With Johnson dedicated to the task, the Democratic leadership in Congress somehow managed to bypass the Senate Judiciary Committee in February 1964 and, ultimately, defeated the filibuster of the civil right opponents in the Senate by voting for cloture. As a result, the Senate adopted the bill in June 1964 and Lyndon Johnson signed it into law on 2 July 1964.
Barring its adoption, one of the main steps towards the implementation of the bill was the establishment of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, often shortened to EEOC. The commission is particularly concerned with the administration and enforcement of laws that prohibit discriminatory practices in hiring and firing based on color, race, religion, sex and national origin. Over the decades, the subsequent legislation has been adopted to broaden the powers of the EEOC ("Teaching with Documents," n.d.). Yet, because the 1964 Civil Rights gave birth to it, it should enjoy the credit for commission's success.
Impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on Business
The pre-1964 civil rights legislation blighted the employment opportunities for African Americans and many other discriminated tiers of population. Until the implementation of the act, equal employment opportunities were vaguely defended by the US Constitution's prohibition of denying equal protection. The 1964 Civil Rights Act – Title VII of the act, specifically – sought to address this issue. Conceived to introduce equality into the labor market and workplaces across the country, Title VII proclaims:
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin ("Public Law 88-352," 1964, p. 1).
Title VII is the longest and the most seminal and comprehensive in the entire document. It clearly outlines what is and what is not an "unlawful discriminatory practice", mainly focusing on the rights of both employees and employers. The greatest value of the act's Title VII is that it covers all private and government employers with a staff of no fewer than 25 permanent employees – something that the previous employment legislation had failed to do. Such employers, pursuant to the law, cannot discharge or terminate, refuse to hire, or refuse to compensate, deny advancement possibility or otherwise discriminate employees based on their demographics ("Public Law 88-352," 1964). Similarly, it prohibits retaliatory layoffs or other retaliatory measures against those who complain about unfair employment practices. While the act entitled employers to apply different conditions of employment and different standards of compensation "pursuant to a bona fide superiority or merit system" ("Public Law 88-352," 1964), it prohibited to do so on the grounds of employee's race, color, religion, sex and/or national origin.
Although Title VII does not entitle victims of employment discrimination to file suits, it has created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission with the goal of enforcing equal employment rights. The commission has consistently divulged guidelines for the private sector that assists business in determining which employment practices are not lawful. Likewise, the EEOC has taken legal charge against employers on behalf of victims of employment discrimination. Cihon and Castagnera (2016) explain that the EEOC can initiate action against employers even if the employer and the employee signed a pre-dispute arbitration clause.
Another major effect of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was that it accorded several meaningful remedies to victims of discrimination. Thus, the act enabled the EEOC to award back pay to victims of discrimination for any wages they lost, to issue injunctions so as to prevent the employer from continuing discrimination, to demand the reinstatement of dismissed or demoted employees to their previous positions, to demand the employee to compensate various damages incurred by victims of employment discrimination ("Public Law 88-352," 1964). The subsequent amendments to the act, including those in 1991, introduced punitive damages for especially reckless and severe cases of discrimination (Amar, 2007). In addition, the protections granted by the 1964 Civil Rights Act were subsequently extended to prohibit employment discrimination based on age, pregnancy, etc. Similarly, the act served as a springboard for the rise of the concepts of affirmative action, disparate treatment and disparate impact, each making its own contributions to the fight against employment discrimination.
Impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on Society
With the new laws and policies in place, the hitherto discriminated strata of American population faced brighter employment opportunities. Wright (2015) argues that the socioeconomic status of African Americans, in particular, "began to improve at an accelerated pace after passage of the Civil Rights Act" (p. 766). The improvement was most perceptible in the South, because racial segregation in the pre-1964 Civil Rights Act times was most persistent in this part of America. As an example, Wright (2015) adduces statistical data to show that the share of blacks in textile industry of the South increased abruptly from about 5% in 1963 to about 16% in 1970. The percentage of black females in the same industry rose commensurately, from about 1% in 1963 to over 12% in the early 1970s (Wright, 2015). The situation was similar across other industries in the South. Intimidated by injunctions and other measures by the EEOC, employers across the country became more enthusiastic about hiring nonwhites and women and about extending equal working conditions and standards of compensation to them. The median annual income of blacks, for example, rose from an estimated $6,000 in 1960 to about $15,000 in 1970 in 2005 dollar terms (Wright, 2015).
In addition to employment, the 1964 Civil Rights Act forbade discrimination on the basis of color, race, religion, or national origin in schools and other public places ("Public Law 88-352," 1964). The adoption of the act stimulated a series of court rulings that demanded affirmative actions for the desegregation of public accommodations, even those owned by the private sector. African Americans, women and other discriminated groups received the greater access to services that had been previously something of a taboo for them. The act also improved the situation around voting rights of the hitherto disenfranchised Americans. Willmar Minn (2014) of The Huffington Post avers that "voter registration of the eligible black population" swelled from less than 7% in 1965 to over 70% in 1967. Looking back at the impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act with the benefit of retrospective vision, it appears that the act did not end the discrimination of the target groups, but it clearly alleviated the plight of those individuals, entitling them to seek legal redress for any acts of discrimination and civil rights violations. Ultimately, the adoption of the 1964 Civil Rights Act contributed to the achievement of a sense of national coherence in the nation that was divided in many respects.
The adoption of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was a remarkable accomplishment in and of itself. Indeed, the act was the first truly comprehensive piece of legislation in the US that actually addressed the civil rights needs of the oppressed and vulnerable categories of American citizens. The act delivered a punishable blow to the oppressive Jim Crow laws in America's South and prohibited employment discrimination on the basis of sex, color, race, religion and/or national origin. Beyond employment, it prohibited the segregation in such public facilities as schools, universities, swimming pools, transportation, etc. Another major strength of the act was the creation of the EEOC to oversee its implementation. The fact that the EEOC was entrusted with a comparatively broad array of powers and legal means to confront any kind of discrimination proscribed by the act. The 1964 Civil Rights Act paved the way for equality of men and women, white and nonwhite Americans in all spheres of public and private life. In addition, the act served as an instrument to eradicate the ossified thinking of supremacist whites, avowed segregationists and simply nonchalant Americans, thereby precipitating the process of America's social unification.
Although hailed as a landmark document by the public and critics, the 1964 Civil Rights Act had considerable limitations. For example, Title VII of the act declared that employers preserved the rights to employ individuals on the basis of their race, color, sex, religion and/or national origin in those cases, where "religion, sex or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise" ("Public Law 88-352," 1964, p. 1). Similarly, the text of the act contained other disingenuous loopholes, such as the provision that employers could use "professionally developed ability tests" and "bona fide seniority or merit" systems, as long as employers could prove that the application of these tests and systems served the legitimate interests on their business ("Public Law 88-352," 1964, p. 1). However, these actually were just pitiful chicaneries that enabled the perpetuation of employment discrimination.
Another major weakness of the 1964 Civil Rights Act is that it has failed to completely eradicate employment discrimination on the basis of color, race, sex, religion and/or national origin. Discrimination has subsided substantially in some spheres of employment. Yet, quantitative studies indicate that employment decisions are still often made on race-based and gender-based lines. A study by Bertrand and Mullainathan (2004), for example, has shown that job applicants with white-sounding names received callbacks from companies about 50% more often that job applicants with black-sounding names. The fact that the researchers sent out 5,000 resumes allows one to make generalizations about the desirability of black and white workers in their companies.
In the wake of the 1964 Civil Rights Act's adoption, American legislators made many efforts to complement the act to reinforce its effectiveness. The 1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act, for example, forbade employment discrimination on the basis of age. Yet, even the subsequent legislation has not covered all spheres of employment legislation. For example, sexual orientation still does not qualify as a protected employment category, even though employment decisions are often based on employee's sexual orientation. Hence, regardless of what individuals think about homosexuality, employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation should be most certainly outlawed.
Likewise, it is essential that amendments should be made to tackle other weaknesses of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. For example, loopholes described in the previous section should be eliminated to reduce employment discrimination. Eliminating these loopholes would deprive employers of legal grounds for discrimination.
This paper has shown that the adoption of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was a much-anticipated event in the US. Women, African Americans and other discriminated groups were excluded not only from employment opportunities, but also from other spheres of public life. Whenever they were employed, they received lower wages and inadequate work benefits. The pre-1964 Civil Rights Act piecemeal actions failed to bring about equality. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, in its present form, was put forward by President Kennedy back in 1963. After a hectic period of legislative wrangling, the act was finally adopted, signaling a new era in the sphere of employment. Title VII of the act prohibited employment discrimination, based on race, color, sex, religion, and/or national gender. Most importantly, it established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and vested it with vast powers to confront employment discrimination. As a corollary of this, employment discrimination in the US began to recede. Likewise, it improved social standing of the hitherto discriminated Americans in other ways by increasing their access to public accommodations. Yet, despite all of the achievements, the act leaves some room for further improvements. Measures need to be taken to eliminate the glaring loopholes in the act and to extend its scope.
The Iran-Contra Affair The U.S and Cuba after the Cuban Revolution


Marketing's influence over business strategy is growing in correlation with data investment, according to a survey of senior Australian marketers by PwC. The survey also confirms a major shift toward owned media at the expense of paid media.
The majority of Australian marketing departments are moving their spending away from traditional advertising and towards 'owned' channels, according to PwC's Australian 'Entertainment and Media Outlook 2014-2018,' which was released today.
67% of senior marketers have seen a shift in budget allocation from 'paid' to 'owned' channels over the previous 12 months, according to the joint PwC-Australian Marketing Institute (AMI) survey of 162 senior practicing marketers.
These findings support data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) which show that Australian businesses are increasing their social media presence and increasing their use of digital technology. For example, nearly a third of Australian businesses received orders over the internet in 2012-13, with an increase in value of nearly $10 billion from the year before.
PwC's 'Australian Entertainment and Media Outlook 2014-2018′ provides a five-year forecast for advertising revenues across 11 industry sectors including newspapers, radio, music, free-to-air TV, subscription TV, consumer and educational books, out-of-home, magazines, internet, interactive games, and filmed entertainment.
"The reorientation of marketing spend will have the greatest impact on the media, entertainment, and advertising industries, with deteriorating spending on traditional platforms prompting greater urgency to embrace new revenue models," says Megan Brownlow, editor of the Outlook report.
"In response, established media companies are creating new income streams and building new distribution channels to supplement their threatened advertising revenues," she says.
The ability of brands to directly target audiences and access insights about their behaviour with digital technology has given the marketing function more influence over core business decisions, the report finds.
The joint PwC-AMI study shows a correlation between marketers who are investing in data and those who believe the function is moving from a departmental to a more strategic 'whole-of-business' approach. 84% of marketers who are investing in data are seeing this shift, compared to 74% who claim their expenditure on data will remain the same.
Total Australian entertainment and media spending grew by 4.5% in 2013, compared to growth of 5.2% globally and 7.1% in the Asia-Pacific region.
Consumer spending strengthened in 2013 to grow by 4.4%, in large part due to good performances in the interactive games sector, internet – especially mobile – and subscription television, including IPTV.
The advertising market also enjoyed better growth than the previous two years and grew by 4.8% on 2012. These revenues, however, are spread over more players and channels as the industry experiences ongoing fragmentation. Internet advertising again achieved the most growth, increasing by a rampant 20.3% on 2012.
Over the next five years Australia's total entertainment and media market is forecast to grow at a 3.4% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from $33.7 billion in 2013, to reach $39.8 billion in 2018. Consumer spending continues to dominate the entertainment and media market and is expected to grow to $25.4 billion by 2018, a CAGR of 3.5%.
The Outlook report forecasts interactive games to be the fastest growing consumer sector, with a 7.6% CAGR and internet access to remain the largest sector, reaching $12 billion by 2018.
Advertising spending is expected to reach $14.4 billion by 2018, a CAGR of 3.1%. By 2018, internet advertising is expected to be the largest advertising sector, reaching $5.7 billion.
The survey also confirmed what the industry has been talking about for some time: the use of content and data are progressing in their key roles.
Regarding content marketing, the report says that organisations are now 'doing it for themselves' by redirecting advertising budgets into consumer relationship management and shareable online editorial and video to build their presence. "We are seeing sports, telecommunications, and even finance brands becoming more like advertising and media companies in terms of the quality of the content they produce," Brownlow says.
On the data front, customer data is having a profound effect on the way marketing spend is allocated. According to the survey, three in four marketers are using more customer data, mainly because it allows for better targeting and tailoring of products and messages. The survey also showed that three in five marketers expect to increase their investment in data and data analytics over the next two years.
"Data analytics can also deliver 'real-time' customer insights, meaning companies can be much more responsive to their customer's needs and more agile in their strategic decision making," she says.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Anisostachya brevibracteata är en akantusväxtart som beskrevs av Raymond Benoist. Anisostachya brevibracteata ingår i släktet Anisostachya och familjen akantusväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Akantusväxter
brevibracteata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Pegus Digital is a team of specialized developers, who work in a collaborative and flexible environment. We're looking for talented people who share our vision: people who want to make a difference and who are eager to help businesses move forward. Besides outlining top-notch digital products, working at Pegus Digital also means being part of some unique and diverse team in a remote environment.
As a Senior Web/Hybrid App Developer, you will be responsible for the development of enterprise applications in a wide range of projects and will also function as a true evangelist, who helps to maintain the highest possible quality standard for web and hybrid app development within the company.
Send us your resume and written motivation by e-mail.
are pro-active in their communication.
At Pegus Digital, we believe that flexibility is key to building a trustworthy relationship, not only with our clients but also with our employees. Happy employees make happy customers. That's why flexible hours and telecommuting are a given. You can both work and attend meetings from the comfort of your own home.
We want to develop a long-term cooperation with our clients. Therefore, we aim for continuous growth for both our company, our clients and, of course, our employees. You will be challenged to deliver top-notch solutions by using cutting-edge technologies. The salary package includes a company car.


Exfoliation doesn't mean scrubbing or rough handling your skin. It's really just about giving the surface of your skin a rev, chasing off dead cells and getting deep into pores for a thorough cleaning. You can exfoliate by using something as simple as a muslin cloth. Effective exfoliation is a great way to control blackheads and clarify skin.
And 'scrubs' aren't the only way to do it. Powdered exfoliants have enjoyed a recent renaissance. These finely-milled enzymatic powders are very effective at scooping out debris from clogged pores. With our Papaya + Pineapple Sherbet Exfoliant you just have to add water, and you're there (it's a bit like a chemistry experiment at school).
TIP: Set aside one morning or night a week to do this, and make it a regular thing. eg. Sunday night or Saturday morning, or whenever you're most likely to remember.


text:
Health-Medical-Holistic
Survival Medicine Podcast
Gardening - Homesteading
» Monthly Archives
» Health-Medical-Holistic
» Survival Medicine Podcast
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May 2, 2014 | Joseph Alton MD
Joe Alton, MD
Joe Alton, M.D., aka Dr. Bones, and Amy Alton, A.R.N.P., aka Nurse Amy, are the two most popular speakers in the country with regards to crisis medicine. Their entire focus is preparing the average person to handle medical issues during or after a disaster, either short term or long term. Their #1 Amazon Bestseller in Survival Skills/First Aid/Safety "The Survival Medicine Handbook" is acknowledged as the standard medical reference book for the preparedness community, and their website, podcast, and videos provide hundreds of hours of entertaining and informative reading, listening, and viewing for their core audience. Their other books, including the Ebola Survival Handbook, The Zika Virus Handbook, and others has reached the NY and Amazon bestselling list. The Altons have been contributors to Backwoods Home, Survival Quarterly, Survivalist, Prepare, Self-Reliance Illustrated, and other leading magazines related to homesteading/survival/preparedness. They have also designed an entire line of medical kits meant for situations where modern medicine may not be readily available.
Amy Alton, ARNP
The Altons have been featured in the NY Times, Chicago Tribune, Huffington Post, Fortune Magazine, Fox News, Miami Herald, Tulsa World, Small Business Trendsetters, Mother Jones, and other news sites. They have been featured on Fox Business' "Kennedy", HLN, NewsMax TV, Canadian TV, TV Tokyo, and various ABC, CBS, and Fox affiliates, as well as over 100 local radio stations and podcasts. They are popular medical keynote speakers at survival and preparedness events throughout the country. They have been featured internationally on TV Tokyo and others. Their Survival Medicine Handbook is now also available in simplified Mandarin Chinese.
The Altons are the designers of a new survival board game, "Doom and Bloom's SURVIVAL!", which was completely funded on Kickstarter through the efforts of both the survival and board gaming community.
https://www.newswire.net/newsroom/pr/00081717-survival-board-game.html
To contact Joe Alton, M.D. and/or Amy Alton, A.R.N.P. for an interview, please email them at drbonespodcast@aol.com.
The Survival Medicine Handbook: Book Excellence Award Winner in Medicine
If you had to deal with an injury or illness in a disaster, would you know what to do?
CLICK HERE FOR THE LATEST EDITION
The Survival Medicine Handbook is a 670 page detailed guide for those who want to be medically prepared for any disaster where help is NOT on the way.
Video: Anemia
Survival Medicine Podcast: Viral News, Myths
Video: Ivermectin for COVID-19?
Survival Medicine Podcast: Ivermectin, Winter Depression
Ivermectin for COVID-19?
The Case For Fish Antibiotics
How Many Antibiotics?
The iTClamp(r)
All Rights Reserved 2018 | Doom & Bloom


text:
Eleanor Ray Bone's Biography (Photos)
Eleanor Ray Bone (Artemis) (1910-2001) "Matriarch of British Witchcraft" was one of Gerald Gardner's High Priestesses, and played an important part in the revival of contemporary Wicca/Witchcraft. She claimed to have been initiated into a hereditary coven in Cumbria, and later formed her own coven in South London. During the early 1960's and 70's she was responsible for initiating some of the early prominent leaders of the craft, including: Prudence Jones, Vivianne and Chris Crowley, Madge and Arthur Worthington and authors John and Kathy (Caitlen) Matthews.
Eleanor was the daughter of a Girls School Headmistress (name unknown, but died in 1942), and was born in London in 1911. From her mother she naturally received a good and varied education, but an experience in early childhood caused her to question her faith, Eleanor explained why in a later interview:
"I've held unorthodox views on religion since 8 when my cat died. I was very upset and cried when I asked the Vicar whether the creature had gone to heaven; he replied that animals did not go there. This comment did not sit well with me and I began to read the Golden Bough and became interested in folklore".
Nothing more about her early life is known at this time, until at the start of World War II in 1939, she went to work in Cumbria in the North of England and came under the care of an elderly couple. One evening after work, conversation fell to reincarnation and Eleanor mentioned her belief in it, at which the couple revealed themselves to be hereditary witches. Later in August 1941 the couple initiated Eleanor into their coven of Traditional Witchcraft. Over the next four years Eleanor practised and learned from them before returning to London at the end of the war in 1945.
After the war Eleanor married her husband Bill and settled into a house called the Towers in Streatham, South London. During the day Eleanor worked as a matron running a home for the elderly, while at night she ran a witches coven, as she explained in a later interview:
"My flat is a four-penny bus ride from the old folk's home in Streatham, in a house called The Towers. The cauldron inside my front door is no door-stop, it's part of my other life. I'm not only a witch, but one of Britain's three High Priestesses. By day I dress for my job as matron in a tweed suit, thick lisle stockings and brogues. By night I dance naked with only a garter on my left thigh. I've often wondered what my neighbours at the Towers think of the bumps in the night. I tell them it's me moving the furniture about.
My coven meets in the living room. I take everything out of the room, clear off the magic circle on the carpet, and setting up an altar is no easy task. I use a huge old chest on which I lay my ritual knives. Sacrifice? Never. People confuse witches like me with Black Magic. They say the red wine and small cakes I administer to my kneeling coven are a travesty of the Holy Communion. Piffle! They are symbolic of the harvest and we are simply giving thanks to the gods for the grapes and the grain.
It is true that we are always naked at our rituals, but the reason is our search for purity. We don't wear clothes because they bring foreign particles into our magic circle. Our magic circle is purified with salt water. It is a big ring drawn at the beginning of each ceremony. It is drawn symbolically with the witches' sword - but I've painted mine on the carpet to save time. Once the circle is made, the High Priestess - that's me - sprinkles salt water all over it. You might call it our equivalent of Holy Water. When the circle has been purified in this way no member of the coven can enter it unless they are naked, for a speck of dust from our everyday clothes might spoil our magic.
Please don't run away with the idea that we have a sexual orgy. My coven is made up of middle-aged men and women - the kind of people you see in any bus queue. There is nothing sexy about us with our clothes off. We take it all very seriously and a prospective member to the "craft" is watched closely for three months before his or her nomination is put to the vote. That's how choosy we are.
As high-priestess of the coven I've had my share of crank letters, but I've a stock answer for those kind of crackpots - I write and tell them it's a psychiatrist they need, not a witch".
Through the early to mid 1950's when Gerald Gardner was becoming prominent in the press, and Gardnerian covens began forming around the country, Eleanor was introduced to him and the two became good friends. Later she was initiated into one of his London covens, and in 1960 raised and appointed High Priestess of her own Gardnerian coven in Tooting Bec, London. Eleanor's craft name was Artemis, and among her early initiates were: Vivianne and Chris Crowley, John and Kathy (Caitlen) Matthews, Prudence Jones and Madge and Arthur Worthington. Madge and Arthur in decent from Eleanor founded the Whitecroft coven in south London, which ultimately was responsible for large numbers of initiations and ensuring the survival of the Gardnerian Tradition in the UK.


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Science of far-away planets and infant universe wins Nobel prize
Swiss scientist Didier Queloz poses for a picture at a news conference, following the announcement he wins the 2019 Nobel Prize for Physics, in London, Britain, October 8, 2019. REUTERS/Simon Dawson - Copyright Simon Dawson(Reuters)
By Niklas Pollard and Kate Kelland
STOCKHOLM/LONDON (Reuters) – Canadian-American cosmologist James Peebles and Swiss scientists Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz won the 2019 Nobel Prize for Physics on Tuesday for revealing the wonder of the evolution of the universe and discovering planets orbiting distant suns.
Peebles, of Princeton University in the United States, was awarded half of the 9-million-Swedish-crown ($910,000) prize while Mayor and Queloz, from Switzerland's University of Geneva and Britain's Cambridge University, shared the rest.
"This year's Nobel laureates have painted a picture of our universe far stranger and more wonderful than we could ever have imagined," Ulf Danielsson, a professor and member of the Nobel Committee for Physics, told reporters as the prize was announced.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the scientists' research had "transformed our ideas about the cosmos".
Mayor and his one-time doctoral student Queloz said it was "simply extraordinary" to be awarded a Nobel for what they described as "the most exciting discovery of our entire career".
The pair announced the first discovery of a planet outside our own solar system, a so-called "exoplanet", in 1995.
"The study of exoplanets is perhaps the most vibrant field of astronomy," Martin Rees, a Cambridge University professor and Astronomer Royal, said in a emailed comment.
"We now know that most stars are orbited by retinues of planets; there may be a billion planets in our galaxy resembling the Earth," Rees added.
Since their discovery, more than 4,000 exoplanets have been found in the Milky Way, many of them nothing like our own world. Indeed, the first planet they found, 51 Pegasi b, orbits a sun 50 light years away that heats its surface to more than 1,000 degrees centigrade, the award-giving academy said.
With numerous ongoing searches for more exoplanets, this science might eventually also "find an answer to the eternal question of whether other life is out there," it said.
At a news conference in London, Queloz said the focus of research had now shifted from finding more planets to finding out more about them – about their atmosphere, chemistry and formation. Queloz also fielded inevitable questions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
"I can't believe that we're the only living entities in the universe," he said when asked if he believes "aliens" exist. "The chemistry that led to life is everywhere, so I'm a strong believer that there must be life elsewhere."
DARKMATTER
Peebles thanked the Nobel committee for the award, although he said his advice to young people wishing to go into science would be not to be lured by the prospect of such prizes.
"The awards and prizes, well, they are charming and very much appreciated, but…you should enter science because you are fascinated by it. That's what I did," he told reporters by telephone after the award announcement.
Physics is the second Nobel to be awarded this week; William Kaelin, Gregg Semenza and Peter Ratcliffe shared the medicine prize on Monday for discoveries about how cells respond to oxygen levels.
The Nobel prizes were created in a bequest by Swedish dynamite inventor and businessman Alfred Nobel and have been awarded since 1901. This year's physics prize will be followed by the awards for chemistry on Wednesday, literature on Thursday and the peace prize on Friday.
Among the Nobels, physics has often taken centre stage with winners featuring some of the greatest names in the history of science such as Albert Einstein, Marie Curie and Niels Bohr, as well as inventors such as radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi.
Using theoretical tools and calculations, Peebles was able to interpret trace radiation from the infancy of the universe and discover new physical processes, the Nobel academy said.
He showed that matter readily seen around us, be it pebbles, mountains or stars, actually make up only 5%, with the rest made up of dark energy and dark matter.
(Reporting from Stockholm by Niklas Pollard, Simon Johnson, Anna Ringstrom, Johannes Hellstrom, Johan Ahlander, Helena Soderpalm and Colm Fulton, and from London by Kate Kelland; Writing by Kate Kelland; Editing by Mark Heinrich)
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