text:
Behind the design, into the mastermind
Rare beauty and out-of-this-world creations defined the almost two decades of creative collaboration between Mouawad and renowned American lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret. Over the years, some of the most famous names in the fashion modeling industry took to the runway in award-winning bejeweled creations known as Fantasy Bras. Each Mouawad Fantasy Bra was memorable in its own way, beginning in 2001, when Heidi Klum stepped out in the Heavenly Star Bra, a lingerie set decorated with more than 1,200 pink sapphires, and over 2,300 round and marquise white diamonds. The centerpiece was a staggering D-Internally Flawless emerald-cut diamond of 90 carat. The bar had been set high, but the following year Karolina Kurkova wowed the world as she modeled The Star of Victoria Fantasy Bra, featuring 1,150 awe-inspiring rubies (150 carat in total weight) and 1,600 vibrant emeralds (110 carat in total weight). At the center of the bra shimmered the 60.19 carat D-Internally Flawless pear-shaped Mouawad Mondera Diamond. In 2003, Heidi Klum took the honor again of ending the Victoria's Secret runway show in the Mouawad Very Sexy Fantasy Bra, which became famous for achieving the Guinness World Record for most expensive lingerie ever made. The highlight of this Fantasy Bra was the Mouawad Excelsior Diamond – a 69.68 carat diamond cut from the second largest diamond in the world. Joining the Mouawad Excelsior were 2,809 exquisitely cut white diamonds, yellow-orange sapphires, rhodolites, and amethysts, totaling 2,200 carat, while the matching panty glittered with 3,236 diamonds and colored gemstones, with a total weight of 200 carat. Each Mouawad Fantasy Bra continued to exalt high craftsmanship and spectacular gemstones in the years to come, always bringing a fresh creative flair to this time-honored tradition. In more recent years, the 2014 Dream Angels Fantasy Bras gave a new twist with the presentation of two Fantasy Bras worn by models Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio. The Dream Angels Fantasy Bras took 1,380 hours of artisanship to be thoroughly handset with a gleaming array of diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and multi-colored gemstones, strung together with 18-karat gold. The last Mouawad Fantasy Bra, the Champagne Nights Fantasy Bra, was no less spectacular, featuring nearly 6,000 white diamonds, yellow sapphires, and blue topazes totaling over 640 carat, all set in 18-karat yellow gold. Complementing the bedazzling lingerie suite was a matching bracelet and earrings, set with 75 carat of diamonds, sapphires, and topazes.


I had a great weekend with some of the men from this church at a men's retreat in Medford, NJ. I was able to share the MAD Live Event material and another message during the evening. The food and fellowship were wonderful as well. Then on Sunday I was blessed to preach the morning message in church.


text:
February 17, 2018 All About Wheels - Automotive (Cars, Car Clubs, SUV's, RV's etc) / Press releases
Volvo Cars named as one of the world's most ethical companies in 2018
Volvo Cars, the premium car maker, has been recognized by the Ethisphere Institute, a global leader in defining and advancing the standards of ethical business practices, as a 2018 World's Most Ethical Company®. This is the second consecutive year that Volvo Cars has received this recognition. 135 companies have been listed this year, with Volvo Cars being one of only three in the Automotive category.
"Responsible business is a fundamental part of Volvo Cars´ culture and way of operating, and something we continuously promote internally as well as with our business partners. An ethical approach to business is not only the right thing to do, but also brings financial value and helps attract and retain the best talent. We are proud that we have been recognized as one of the world's most ethical companies for the second consecutive year." says Håkan Samuelsson, President and CEO of Volvo Cars.
Maria Hemberg, Senior Vice President Group Legal, General Counsel and Chair of Volvo Cars' Sustainability Board, commented: "The World's Most Ethical Company assessment process has helped us drive the continuous improvement of our Compliance & Ethics program. To be named as one of the World's Most Ethical Companies for the second time is a welcome acknowledgement of our work to date in promoting ethical and responsible practices, both internally and externally."
Volvo Cars has established a Compliance & Ethics program to support its commitment to responsible business, as well as to prevent and mitigate a wide range of legal and ethical risks. As part of this program, the Code of Conduct and the Code of Conduct for Business Partners, both based on international conventions and standards, set out the principles which employees and business partners are expected to abide to when working for or doing business with Volvo Cars.
Finally, in line with its commitment to fostering an ethical culture, Volvo Cars has developed a broad range of training on ethical business practices for all employees, as well as specific training for managers focusing on behavior and role modelling.
AdventureAutomotiveBloggercarCarsCarSpottingcoolEngineHead of PRLuxuryLifestyleBloggerMarketingMediaMotoringperformancepetrolheadPRPress ReleaseRacingShereen ShabnamSpeedVolvo
First Ever UAE Race Car Fitted with Immensa 3D Printed Parts
Bentley Veneer Hunters: Sustainable, Unique, Exquisite

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Quality glass and glazing for every domestic application, from quality new double glazed windows & doors to a fast glass replacement service.
Full range of commercial glazing services, from installation of new windows and doors to repairs and emergency replacement.
View a gallery of our quality glazing works, with windows and doors for all applications from domestic to commercial property.
Kings Glazing has over 25 years experience in the glass and glazing industry with our wealth of knowledge built up over the years. From a single handle to a glass floor there is a solution to any glass problem that you may have.
We have completed many glazing jobs, large and small in and around London and the home counties. We can normally quote over the phone for double glazed units and single glazing locking systems for UPVC and aluminium windows and doors. All work will comply with current building regulations. So please call for friendly advice and quotes, or contact us online.
Please take a look at the website this will give you an idea of what Kings Glazing can do. Thank you for taking the time to browse our website.


The success of a person greatly depends on his will and determination to achieve it. If a man started to plan how to succeed during the early stage of his life, he is likely to achieve his goal. However, if a man put his future in abeyance, then obviously, he is putting his life at risk. Nobody really knows what lies ahead of us, however, we can have that assurance that everything will be alright if we only consider all the consequences of our every moves. Yes, we do not know what the future holds for us, but we can control the negative factors like failures if we plan our decisions carefully. Man's failure is sometimes equated to wrong decisions in life.
Learning from other's experience is among those factors that could influence us in making the right decisions. we just have to be observant in our surroundings. We must learn how to weigh things out, especially on those issues where we could sometimes compromise. For example, getting into a serious relationship at an early age. We all know that this could be a hindrance to our studies. Still, we sometimes rationalize that we need someone special to inspire us. But for me, it's not really necessary. The very reason why there are cases of teenage pregnancy is simply because of wrong connotations about love. So why take the risk? Another example is wrong choice of companion/friends. We might not admit it, but our wrong impressions about life is an influence we got from our so-called "friends".
Indeed, our success solely depends on us. The formula is very simple. We just have to live our life to the fullest wherein we can be an asset to our society instead of a liability. We should act to inspire others, especially our family. If we have a wrong decisions in the past-just move on and learn from it. Like others, I also believe in second chances- we all deserve second chances. After all, life is all about chances. All we need is faith and love from our loved ones in order to survive.
Have you been into a situation wherein you're given a task that is beyond your line of duty and it happened because they find you as the perfect fit for the job descriptions. Well, it's not really an issue. However, there are some people who treats you like a machine. They let you overworked by giVing you one task after the other. Honestly, I am flexible type of person. I am teachable and able to adjust well to any task that I'll be assigned to. However, this positive attitude sometimes leads me to the world of toxicity- that is, having the feeling of being exploited with the things that you're capable of. Another thing, I appreciate it when I'm corrected with my work because through that I'll be able to learn, but if your work is being corrected multiple times because after correcting your work based on their comment, another correction follows and so on and so forth- it's a real headache honestly. No human could stand their patience for long given that kind of situation?
Now, I realized, it's not at all times good to show to the people what you've got. You know why? You'll be misused, overused, exploited.
Being in a government agency where people are scrutinizing the way you behave and act on a certain issues is absolutely not an easy job. As for me, I have nothing against those who tried to help pursuing a positive change for our country, those who are in tune with what the President are trying to achieve. However, there are just some cases that the entrusted people of the President should take into consideration. Considering that the President have lots of critics, especially those from the opposing political lineage, they should be sensitive enough with all their actions because everything they do will affect the President.
With the hot issue right now about federalism, I am neither agree nor disagree with it. I trusted the President of all his wisdom about it. Helping him in promoting the issue is not bad at all as long as it will not defeat his ultimate purpose. However, with what goes viral right now in the social media regarding Mocha Uson's way of promoting federalism wherein his co-blogger, Drew Olivar did a just for fun choreographed dance with a double meaning lyrics of the song that goes along with it, it really stir up varied reactions from the viewers, not to mention the government leaders who found it to be disgusting enough to be published and viewed in the social media. Personally, I don't like it as well. Indeed, it's so disgusting, an unbecoming actions for a government official. Both of them responded to people's reaction claiming that they have done nothing wrong and it is just the people who tried to put malice on the lyrics. Well, they could made all the alibis that they have in mind but they cannot justify what they did because the truth is, people find it offending at all. Who could blame them, after all? They should have considered the consequences of their actions- they should have maintained moral decency especially that they have the social media as their main platform- and the greater population as their critics.
Finally I'm back here in Iligan MSU-IIT for the Research-Workshop Orientation. Glad to be back!
Decorating your child'a room is a wonderful way to bring them joy. What better way to do this than to turn their room into a magical world filled with all their favorite characters from TV along with everything they love. You can do this in three simple steps. They are easy to do, but the results are amazing.
You don't need any artistic skills to accomplish this. Your goal is to make the room look like the outdoors. Draw a wavy line two-thirds of the way up the wall. Paint from there down in green and everything above in sky blue. Paint the ceiling blue as well. By doing this, you have made a hillside landscape with a bright, clear sky overhead.
Draw images around the room of their favorite characters and places. This could be Winnie the Pooh and his tree or Elmo on Sesame Street. Don't set everything on top of the wavy line. Put plenty of things on the lower half of the room. Use brushes from quality artist brush manufacturers to color the images in. Don't forget to put planes, birds, and balloons in the sky with plenty of white clouds.
The finishing touches will complete the room. Make a valance out of heavy duty cardboard. Start with a large piece of cardboard, and draw a big sunshine with a cloud touching on each side. Cut it out, paint it, and hang it above the window with brackets. Keep bedding and curtains in solid colors so that they don't compete with your artworK.
Once you have finished, this will be a bedroom that they will love spending time in. The bright colors will stimulate their mind, the images will help them learn new words, and when it's bedtime, there will be nothing to be afraid of. Others will think you had it professionally decorated, but you will know it was truly a labor of love.


text:
Q: Discard message in Kstream Spring kafka application I created a kafka stream spring boot application.
Input :
Json format
Output :
AVRO format
When I am parsing a Json, if its found to be corrupt or not valid, I want to skip it.
But Instead when I try to return empty AVRO class,Stream API (automatically published to output channel) returns
Exception in thread "AutonomousStreamListener-process-applicationId-31990c75-5965-42b6-906a-92e13855e40c-StreamThread-1" org.apache.kafka.streams.errors.StreamsException: Exception caught in process. taskId=0_0, processor=KSTREAM-SOURCE-0000000000, topic=FAULT_MANAGEMENT, partition=0, offset=4, stacktrace=org.apache.kafka.common.errors.SerializationException: Error serializing Avro message
Caused by: java.lang.NullPointerException: null of string of com.fujitsu.fnc.fums.faultMgmt.avro.model.Fault
    at org.apache.avro.generic.GenericDatumWriter.npe(GenericDatumWriter.java:183)
    at org.apache.avro.generic.GenericDatumWriter.writeWithoutConversion(GenericDatumWriter.java:177)
    at org.apache.avro.generic.GenericDatumWriter.write(GenericDatumWriter.java:82)
    at org.apache.avro.generic.GenericDatumWriter.write(GenericDatumWriter.java:72)
    at io.confluent.kafka.serializers.AbstractKafkaAvroSerializer.serializeImpl(AbstractKafkaAvroSerializer.java:110)
    at io.confluent.kafka.serializers.KafkaAvroSerializer.serialize(KafkaAvroSerializer.java:59)
    at io.confluent.kafka.streams.serdes.avro.SpecificAvroSerializer.serialize(SpecificAvroSerializer.java:65)
    at io.confluent.kafka.streams.serdes.avro.SpecificAvroSerializer.serialize(SpecificAvroSerializer.java:38)
    at org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serializer.serialize(Serializer.java:62)
    at org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.RecordCollectorImpl.send(RecordCollectorImpl.java:176)
    at org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.RecordCollectorImpl.send(RecordCollectorImpl.java:111)
    at org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.SinkNode.process(SinkNode.java:92)
    at org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.ProcessorContextImpl.forward(ProcessorContextImpl.java:201)
    at org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.ProcessorContextImpl.forward(ProcessorContextImpl.java:180)
    at org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.ProcessorContextImpl.forward(ProcessorContextImpl.java:133)
    at org.apache.kafka.streams.kstream.internals.KStreamMap$KStreamMapProcessor.process(KStreamMap.java:42)

How to handle such scenario, It involves skipping a message in stream and not always return message.
Pseudo-ish code :
@StreamListener("Processor-input-channel")
    @SendTo("Processor-output-channel")
    public KStream<String, AVROClass> process(KStream<String, String> input){
        //parse input , map to fault and change received key to time stamp and send
        KStream<String, AVROClass> kStream = input
                .mapValues(v -> service.getAVROResponse(v))
                .map((k,v)->KeyValue.pair((Long.toString((System.currentTimeMillis()))), v));

        kStream.foreach((k, v) -> log.info(String.format("Key: %s, Value: %s", k, v)));

        return kStream;

    }

[EDIT]:
Also, Application seems to stop there and stream thread closes. No new messages are entertained by application.
Any help on AVRO streaming exception handling and a pseudo code is appreciated.

A: You can use filter operation to skip the message.
@StreamListener("Processor-input-channel")
@SendTo("Processor-output-channel")
public KStream<String, AVROClass> process(KStream<String, String> input){
    //parse input, map to fault and change received key to timestamp and send
    KStream<String, AVROClass> kStream = input
        .mapValues(v -> service.getAVROResponse(v))
        .map((k,v)->KeyValue.pair((Long.toString((System.currentTimeMillis()))), v))
        .filter((k, v) -> v != null) <<<< ADD YOUR CONDITION >>>>
        .peek((k, v) -> log.info(String.format("Key: %s, Value: %s", k, v)));
    return kStream;
}

Also you won't need forEach to print each messages. This can be easily done with peek.

Also, Application seems to stop there and stream thread closes. No new messages are entertained by application.

You can ignore the deserialisation exception by setting the deserialization-exception-handler property value to logandcontinue. But if there are any errors in the message processing on the service side, you can wrap it with try..catch block to handle it.

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text:
package uk.co.real_logic.sbe.generation.cpp11;

import uk.co.real_logic.sbe.PrimitiveType;
import uk.co.real_logic.sbe.ir.Token;

import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * Utilities for mapping between IR and the C++ language.
 */
public class Cpp11Util
{
    private static Map<PrimitiveType, String> typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap = new EnumMap<>(PrimitiveType.class);

    static
    {
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.CHAR,   "char");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.INT8,   "int8_t");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.INT16,  "int16_t");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.INT32,  "int32_t");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.INT64,  "int64_t");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.UINT8,  "uint8_t");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.UINT16, "uint16_t");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.UINT32, "uint32_t");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.UINT64, "uint64_t");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.FLOAT,  "float");
        typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.put(PrimitiveType.DOUBLE, "double");
    }

    /**
     * Map the name of a {@link uk.co.real_logic.sbe.PrimitiveType} to a C++11 primitive type name.
     *
     * @param token containing the primitive type to map.
     * @return the name of the Java primitive that most closely maps.
     */
    public static String cpp11TypeName(final Token token)
    {
        return cpp11TypeName(token.encoding().primitiveType(), token.arrayLength() > 1);
    }

    /**
     * Map the name of a {@link uk.co.real_logic.sbe.PrimitiveType} to a C++11 primitive type name.
     *
     * @param token containing the primitive type to map.
     * @param isConst if the value of this type is const
     * @return the name of the Java primitive that most closely maps.
     */
    public static String cpp11TypeName(final Token token, boolean isConst)
    {
        return cpp11TypeName(token.encoding().primitiveType(), token.arrayLength() > 1, isConst);
    }

    /**
     * Map the name of a {@link uk.co.real_logic.sbe.PrimitiveType} to a C++11 primitive type name.
     *
     * @param primitiveType to map.
     * @param isArray if the value of this type is an array
     * @return the name of the Java primitive that most closely maps.
     */
    public static String cpp11TypeName(final PrimitiveType primitiveType, boolean isArray)
    {
        return cpp11TypeName(primitiveType, isArray, false);
    }

    /**
     * Map the name of a {@link uk.co.real_logic.sbe.PrimitiveType} to a C++11 primitive type name.
     *
     * @param primitiveType to map.
     * @param isArray if the value of this type is an array
     * @param isConst if the value of this type is const
     * @return the name of the Java primitive that most closely maps.
     */
    public static String cpp11TypeName(final PrimitiveType primitiveType, boolean isArray, boolean isConst)
    {
        final String type = typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.get(primitiveType);

        // Non-const value
        if (!isConst)
        {
            return type + (isArray ? "*" : "");
        }

        // Const array value
        if (isArray)
        {
            return "const " + type + "*";
        }

        // Const non-array value
        return typeNameByPrimitiveTypeMap.get(primitiveType);
    }

    /**
     * Uppercase the first character of a given String.
     *
     * @param str to have the first character upper cased.
     * @return a new String with the first character in uppercase.
     */
    public static String toUpperFirstChar(final String str)
    {
        return Character.toUpperCase(str.charAt(0)) + str.substring(1);
    }

    /**
     * Lowercase the first character of a given String.
     *
     * @param str to have the first character upper cased.
     * @return a new String with the first character in uppercase.
     */
    public static String toLowerFirstChar(final String str)
    {
        return Character.toLowerCase(str.charAt(0)) + str.substring(1);
    }

    /**
     * Format a String as a property name.
     *
     * @param str to be formatted.
     * @return the string formatted as a property name.
     */
    public static String formatPropertyName(final String str)
    {
        return (str.length() > 1 && Character.isUpperCase(str.charAt(1)))
             ? str : toLowerFirstChar(str);
    }

    /**
     * Format a String as a class name.
     *
     * @param str to be formatted.
     * @return the string formatted as a class name.
     */
    public static String formatClassName(final String str)
    {
        return toUpperFirstChar(str);
    }

    /**
     * Return the Cpp11 formatted byte order encoding string to use for a given byte order and primitiveType
     *
     * @param byteOrder of the {@link uk.co.real_logic.sbe.ir.Token}
     * @param primitiveType of the {@link uk.co.real_logic.sbe.ir.Token}
     * @return the string formatted as the byte ordering encoding
     */
    public static String formatByteOrderEncoding(final ByteOrder byteOrder, final PrimitiveType primitiveType)
    {
        switch (primitiveType.size())
        {
            case 2:
                return "SBE_" + byteOrder + "_ENCODE_16";

            case 4:
                return "SBE_" + byteOrder + "_ENCODE_32";

            case 8:
                return "SBE_" + byteOrder + "_ENCODE_64";

            default:
                return "";
        }
    }

    public class Pair<L, R>
    {
        private L l;
        private R r;
        public Pair(L l, R r)
        {
            this.l = l;
            this.r = r;
        }
        public L    getL()
        {
            return l;
        }
        public R    getR()
        {
            return r;
        }
        public void setL(L l)
        {
            this.l = l;
        }
        public void setR(R r)
        {
            this.r = r;
        }
    }

    static enum FieldType
    {
        UNDEFINED, SIMPLE, COMPOSITE, ENUM, SET, GROUP, VAR_DATA
    }

    static class Node
    {
        public final FieldType      type;
        public final String         name;
        public final PrimitiveType  ctype;
        public final boolean        isArray;
        public final Token          token;

        public Node(Token token)
        {
            this(token.name(), token);
        }

        public Node(final String name, Token token)
        {
            switch (token.signal())
            {
                case ENCODING:        type = FieldType.SIMPLE;    break;
                case BEGIN_ENUM:      type = FieldType.ENUM;      break;
                case BEGIN_SET:       type = FieldType.SET;       break;
                case BEGIN_COMPOSITE: type = FieldType.COMPOSITE; break;
                case BEGIN_GROUP:     type = FieldType.GROUP;     break;
                case BEGIN_VAR_DATA:  type = FieldType.VAR_DATA;  break;
                default:              type = FieldType.UNDEFINED; break;
            }

            this.name    = name;
            this.ctype   = token.encoding().primitiveType();
            this.isArray = token.arrayLength() > 1;
            this.token   = token;
        }
    }

    static class NodeList extends ArrayList<Node>
    {
        public Node add(final String name, Token token)
        {
            Node node = new Node(name, token);
            super.add(node);
            return node;
        }
        public Node add(Token token)
        {
            return add(token.name(), token);
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Norm Writes
Who in the World
Where does the name "The Philippines" come from?
Where does the name "The Philippines" come from? Why the "The" before the name? And how many people who live here, expats and locals, know these answers?
I set out to discover just that for this weekly column.
First, I asked a few of my Filipino friends around town, "Where did the name 'Philippines' come from?"
The responses were entertaining, if not entirely accurate.
"It was named after the conquerer who loved pineapple."
"I think you told me the other day, and it was someone's name, but I forgot."
"From Spanish time I think. Filipino are slaves of Spaniards. And Filipinos are not tall people. "
"Is this for your newspaper?"
"OMG why not just Google it?"
And the quips from foreigners were even more nonsensical, as expected, like: "It's something the Spaniards said after first drinking tuba."
In fact, in my extremely unscientific survey, only about 10% of all Filipinos knew the origins of their own country's name. (And even fewer foreigners.) But a couple of my friends did nail it, spot-on.
So what's the right answer?
The etymology of "Philippines" comes from the name that honored King Philip II of Spain, who was actually still just the Prince of Asturias when he commissioned the exploration of the archipelago. It was Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, who sailed here in 1542, landing in Leyte and Samar and calling them "Felipinas" after his Prince/patron.
The then-Prince Philip did become King of Spain from 1554 to 1598, and by all accounts, he was a tyrant and a bumbling ruler who's decision to invade the British Islands with his Spanish Armada led to the gradual decline of Spanish world dominance.
(Side note: "Philip" comes from a Greek word meaning "Lover of Horses," although maybe it should mean "Lover of Lechon.")
That name soon evolved to Las Islas Filipinas, or "the Islands of Philip" in Spanish.
Interestingly, this name had nothing to do with Magellan (which was my guess), who first visited the islands in 1521 and called them "San Lázaro."
Las Islas Filipinas stuck throughout Spanish rule until the Spanish-American War of 1898. During the Treaty of Paris that ended that war and formalized Spanish defeat, the territory is listed as The Philippine Islands, an English version of the Spanish name.
But during the brief Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress wanted to call their to-be-sovereign state República Filipina. And in the native Tagalog language, it was referred to as Republika ng Pilipinas.
However, the name "Philippines Islands" stuck through American commonwealth rule and World War II, and then officially became The Republic of the Philippines.
So why the "The?" I learned that many conquered lands were labeled with "The" as property while they were under European colonial rule. But while many of these nations adopted new names when they became independent, The Philippines did not. To this day, it stands with The Gambia and The Netherlands as the only three similarly labeled countries on earth.
Former President Ferdinand Marcos wanted to call the nation "Maharlika" and its people "Maharlikans" after "respected and courteous calling to a noble man or women by our ancestors" – a term that may have formed from "mahal kita or mahal na nilikha." (Mahal meaning "love," of course.)
Over the decades, there has still been a call to change the name again from the current Colonial version to something in honor of national hero Dr. Jose P. Rizal. But that's fallen on deaf ears of late, as "Rizal-Land" or some variation just doesn't have the same ring to it.
In the immortal words of rapper Biggie Smalls, "And if you don't know, now ya know!"
Receive a digital postcard from Norm every month:
Yes, I want a postcard!
Don't miss Norm's new book,
The Queens of Dragon Town!
Norm Schriever
Norm Schriever is a best-selling author, expat, cultural mad scientist, and enemy of the comfort zone. He travels the globe, telling the stories of the people he finds, and hopes to make the world a little bit better place with his words.
Norm is a professional blogger, digital marketer for smart brands around the world, and writes for the Huffington Post, Hotels.com, and others.
Check out South of Normal his Amazon.com best-selling book about life as an expat in Tamarindo, Costa Rica.
Cambodia's School of Hope explores education and empowerment in impoverished Cambodia, with 100% of sales going to that school.
The Book Marketing Bible provides 99 essential strategies for authors and marketers.
Pushups in the Prayer Room, is a wild, irreverent memoir about a year backpacking around the world.
Follow Norm on Twitter @NormSchriever or email any time to say hi!
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Writing Forum
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Email: hi@NormSchriever.com


text:
An "occupier" is a person who has sufficient degree of control over the land, structure or premises. "Land, structure or premises" include places such as highways, private residences or commercial places such as shopping malls and factories.
Under the law, the occupier has a legal duty of care to take all reasonable precautions to ensure that their property is safe for visitors who are on the premises and for whoever may be on the premises. The standard of care differs depending on whether the individual who enters the property does so by virtue of a contract, has a business interest, is an invitee, enters the premises with express/implied permission of the occupiers or is a trespasser. In the event of injuries suffered by an individual whilst being on the premises lawfully, he can claim for damages from the occupier.
We provide legal representation and advisory services in terms of liabilities, rights and remedies in the law of tort under the principle of occupier's liability.
Advising individuals who have suffered injuries about their rights and remedies
Advising occupiers on their rights and remedies in situations where an accident has occurred resulting in individuals suffering injuries
Advised and represented individuals in their claims for personal injuries suffered whilst being on the occupier's premises
Advised and represented a company in defending an action for causing the death of its employee at the company premises
Advised and represented a child in a claim against the owner of a theme park for injuries suffered due to the failure of safety features in the entertainment ride
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text:
Не мешати са Ненадом Јовановићем, певачем народне музике.

Ненад Јовановић (Београд, 1973) српски је писац. Дипломирао је филмску и ТВ режију на Факултету драмских уметности у Београду, а магистрирао филмски сценарио на универзитету Јорк у Торонту. Живи у Торонту.

Добитник је Бранкове награде за књигу Фрезно, награде Бранко Миљковић за Живети на модеран и умрети на старински начин и награде Милош Црњански за Инсистирање. Један је од шесторице писаца (Саша Илић, Михајло Спасојевић, Боривоје Адашевић, Угљеша Шајтинац, Срђан В. Тешин) заступљених у зборнику Псећи век.

Књиге
 Фрезно (1993) - песме
 -{Welt-}- (1994) - песме
 -{XIX}- (1996) - песме
 Игњат (1997) - песме
 Бела имена (2000) - песме
 Пломбе (2001) - приче
 Болест вожње (2002) - песме
 Живети на модеран и умрети на старински начин (2004) - песме
 Инсистирање (2005) - роман
 Оглед о зиду (2006) - драме
 Лице места (2007) - песме
 Делфини (2014) - песме
 Низ гeлендер (2015) - приче
 Brechtian Cinemas: Montage and Theatricality in Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet, Peter Watkins, and Lars von Trier (2017) - студија
 Kлaсe (2018) - песме
Обичност (2020) - изабране песме

Референце

Рођени 1973.
Књижевници из Београда
Српски књижевници
Добитници Бранкове награде
Добитници награде Бранко Миљковић
Добитници награде Милош Црњански

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Modern Mom's Guide to Cloth Diapering
Ditching disposables is easier than you might think! If you're considering reusables, check out our guide to the different types of cloth diapers.
By Leslie Goldman and Berit Thorkelson
MissMessie/Flickr Creative Commons
If you're like most moms-to-be, you may have uttered the following words at some point: "I really want to try cloth diapers, but...it seems like too much work." Or: "It's a lot of money to spend up-front." Or: "I can't deal with scraping poop into a toilet." Or: "I heard they're just as bad for the environment as disposables."
RELATED: Cloth Diapers 101: The Basics
The fact is, cloth diapers do require more work than simply tossing a disposable into the trash, and they aren't the right choice for every family. But thanks to progress in modern tush-covering technology, they may make more sense for yours than you realize. Read our modern mom's primer for cloth diapering—you might just be inspired to give an old-fashioned choice a new look.
Fresh Options
Cloth diapers have come a looong way, baby. These days, there are nearly a dozen types of cloth diapers, from the more traditional flat and prefolded squares of absorbent material that lay inside a diaper cover to hybrid diapers with washable outer covers and disposable inserts.
"There are so many options—no matter your baby's body type or activity level, there's a style on the market that will work for him or her," says mom blogger Erin Odom, author of Confessions of a Cloth Diaper Convert: A Simple, Comprehensive Guide to Using Cloth Diapers.
Prefolds, so called because they've been folded and stitched with more layers in the middle to create a thicker center, are those cloth rectangles you picture when you think of old-school cotton diapers. They come in a variety of other fabrics, including bamboo and hemp, as well as varied sizes. At about $2 and up each, prefolds are the foundation of your least expensive cloth-diapering option.
You'll still need to get cloth diaper covers—the waterproof outer layer that contains the inner, absorbent prefold's wetness and mess. The most popular covers mimic the shape of disposables, wrapping around the prefold and closing at a baby's hips with either a series of snaps or Velcro, in place of sticky tabs. They're usually made of a poly-blend fabric with a waterproof laminated interior and come in all sorts of colors and prints. Price per cover starts at about $8, with the average landing at about $12.
When it's time for a diaper change, you can replace the soiled prefold with a fresh one and reuse the cover (after a quick wipe-off, if necessary), thus cutting down on laundry. To make sure the prefolds stay in place, you can use separate stretchy one-piece fasteners called Snappis, in addition to the snaps, or Velcro. At bedtime, many parents double up on prefolds, or add cloth inserts called soakers, to make it through the night without leaks.
Beyond prefolds, more modern options (i.e., no bulky, ugly plastic covers) include:
Hybrid Diapers. Designed to combine the benefits of cloth with the ease of disposables, hybrids consist of a waterproof outer cover and two inner absorbent-layer options: a cloth insert or a disposable insert. Cloth inserts are basically rectangular runners, made in a variety of fabrics including cotton, microfiber, hemp, and (sometimes) ultra-absorbent microfiber. Disposable inserts are single-use; you can buy rolls of 100 inserts for roughly $5. The idea is that, like disposables, they're convenient when you're on the go, but they generate less waste than their full-size cousins. They're usually low on chemicals, and some are even biodegradable.
All-in-Ones (AIOs). No stuffing inserts here: AIOs provide both an absorbent layer and a waterproof outer shell all in one piece, so you can diaper your baby as normal then toss the whole thing in the laundry when it gets soiled. As a result, AIOs are exceptionally daddy/daycare/babysitter/grandparent-friendly, Odom says. (She likes the GroVia One-Size All in One.) They fasten at the hips with either Velcro or a series of snaps, like prefold covers.
Pocket Diapers. Pocket diapers are similar to AIOs but feature a built-in interior pocket, made out of a wicking material, that you stuff with an absorbent, reusable insert. Both kinds are single-use diapers, for which diaper service is not an option, so laundry adds up! They're the cloth diaper of choice for Odom, because they dry quickly, aren't too bulky beneath clothes, are more affordable some other options, and you can control the absorbency by how you stuff them.
"I stuff the inserts into my pocket diapers right out of the dryer so they're ready to go, just like disposables," says Ellen Kucera of Warren, Vermont, mom of 2-year-old Tarin and 11-month-old Eli. "They're easy enough that babysitters, daycare, and grandparents don't need an in-depth tutorial." Both AIOs and pocket diapers start at around $18 apiece. Popular brands include bumGenius, Kawaii, and FuzziBunz.
One-Size. Believe it or not, there are "one-size" diapers that grow with your baby, "so you can potentially use the exact same diaper on your eight-pound newborn as you will when she is ready to potty train," Odom says. Snap or Velcro closures let you adjust for size, and progressively larger inserts accommodate changing absorbency needs. (A poplar one-size diaper: bumGenius One-size Cloth Diapers, which include a miniature insert for newborns and a larger insert for growing babies.)
One thing all of these options have in common: a wide array of bright colors and adorable designs, from punk rock skull-and-crossbones to fire trucks and mustaches. They're also, admittedly, on the pricier side, ranging from about $18-$30 for higher-end mainstream brands.
The best thing a cloth-diaper newbie can do is go to a store—whether it's a big chain like Buybuy Baby or a local baby boutique—and check out the options in person, says Bryana Guckin, owner of Diaper Junction in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and mother of three, who has sold cloth diapers in-store and online for nearly a decade. "There are so many choices, it can be overwhelming," she explains. "If you can see the diapers up close, they make a lot more sense."
RELATED: How to Use and Wash Cloth Diapers
Before you invest a big chunk of change in a particular brand, try a variety of different styles and types of cloth diapers to see what works best for your babe. A handful of online stores, including Diaper Junction, offer the option to test-drive certain diapers and return them within 30 days.
You could also borrow from friends, try consignment stores or online diaper-swap sites, or visit the Facebook and Twitter pages of various brands, as companies sometimes issue calls for testers. Or join a trial program, like Diaper Lab's $35, two-week "Experiment to Own" option, which is basically like leasing a car, only with nappies instead of a Nissan. Jillian's Drawers is another option. In the end, it all comes down to your (and your baby's) personal preference.
Once you're ready to build your stash, you'll need a two to three dozen diapers or diaper-plus-insert sets for a newborn, according to Shannon Griffith, owner of Green Diaper Babies cloth diaper service in Chicago. (You'll need fewer as your baby gets older.) Cloth diapering is easier if you invest in some accessories: a diaper pail for storing the dirties before washing, a waterproof "wet bag" for stashing soiled diapers when you're on the go, disposable diaper liners, and a diaper sprayer for rinsing solid waste off diapers and into the toilet.
Cloth diaper-safe detergent is a must, too: In order to help maintain the diaper's absorbency, you'll want to choose a product free from fabric softeners, stain guards, and oils.
Cloth vs. Disposable Diapers: Debunking Misconceptions
"But It Seems like Too Much Work"
Here's a little secret: You don't need to be a hardcore, all-or-nothing cloth diaper user. Some parents use disposables in the first few weeks after their child is born, then switch to cloth. Others use cloth at home but travel with disposables. Still others go the hybrid-diaper route, which combines the best of both worlds: a washable cover that never really comes in contact with any bodily fluids, save the occasional blowout, plus a flushable, biodegradable insert that won't hang around the planet for as long as a disposable diaper.
As for all that laundry, take a cue from San Clemente, California mom Kate Mudge, who simply ran a load at bedtime every night (or every other night as her kids grew), then moved the clean diapers to the dryer at midnight feedings. "I'd fold and stuff diapers while watching TV at night, so it never felt like a huge chore," she says, "and once they were waiting in the drawer, they were just as easy to use as disposables."
"But It's A Lot of Money Up-Front"
True, you can drop about $500-$600 to set your nursery up for cloth diapers, especially if you're buying brand-new pocket, one-size, or AIO styles. But Odom estimates the average cost of disposable diapers for two years at more than $1,400—and that figure is higher if your child potty trains later than age 2, or if you buy premium-priced, eco-friendly diapers.
Cloth diapers also have an excellent resale value. "You could realistically earn back much of the cost by selling your diapers after your child outgrows them or potty trains," Odom says.
Another way to save: Buy mint-condition used cloth diapers on Craigslist. Moms-to-be often stock up on one brand while pregnant, only to discover they prefer a different brand once baby arrives. Then there are moms who sell perfectly good diapers in order to upgrade to the newest designs. Save money by buying their cast-offs.
"But I Don't Want to Deal with Scraping Poop into a Toilet"
Who does, mama? But disposable liners, which come in a toilet paper-like roll and can be placed on the diaper next to your baby's skin, make that chore easier. Pop a liner in baby's diaper, then just gather up any solid mess and flush it before placing the diaper in the laundry. Easy-peasy!
"But I Heard They're Just as Bad for the Environment as Disposables"
Disposable diapers clog up landfills—nobody's arguing that they don't. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the average baby uses 8,000 diapers, creating a staggering (and stinky!) 3.6 million tons of municipal solid waste every year.
Cloth diapers aren't perfect, either: Laundering requires energy and water and introduces chemical detergents into the environment. And while cloth diaper services that pick up your dirties and drop off clean ones use less water than home washings by operating in bulk, they require gas-driven cars, contributing to air pollution. From an environmental perspective, neither option is perfect; go with the one that feels best to you.
Tips From Moms of the Cloth
"In nice weather, a clothesline helps dry our all-in-one diapers. They can take a long time in the dryer, and use a lot of energy. Plus, the sun is a fabulous natural stain remover."—Bethany Kohoutek; Des Moines, Iowa
"A diaper sprayer is a must. You can attach it easily to the toilet, and it allows you to get almost all the icky bits off without having to create a soak bucket."—Deborah Hudleston; Minneapolis, Minnesota
"I use prefolds and diaper covers on my 2-year-old. We haven't had any blowouts so far! It's a less expensive route, so I feel justified in using a diaper service, which helps a ton."—Sarah Grunner; Wheaton, Illinois
"When you're out and about with your cloth diapers, ditching a used diaper in the trash isn't an option. So I got a cute waterproof 'wet sack' and I keep dirty diapers in there for those times when we're on the go."—Ariel Meadow Stallings; Seattle, Washington
"I bought a variety of diapers, then resold the ones I didn't like. It's good to know that there's a big resale market, on Craigslist and international sites like diaperswappers.com, and cloth diapers retain their value."—Heather NcNamara, executive director of the Real Diaper Association; San Diego, California


A magical composition for a magical night. Ken Pak Photography shows how the simplest form of shadows and colours can convey the right mood and emotions equivalent to a portrait. Dangling lights became soft bokehs and the backlight illuminates the wedding couple, bringing this minimalist art to life.
Old stone walls and small doorways along a cobblestone street make a simply perfect setting for a beautifully classic couple such as these two. Fotographia Anais Gandiaga took this picture and we love the intimacy here.
Starry skies with a touch of vintage, this photo by Douglas Gama Fotografia brings dramatic feelings with its low wide angled lens. The couple's center composition coupled in with random positions of trees against the ultramarine skies of glittering beauty set this piece apart as a magical beauty.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Monograph of Cercospora 159 (1954)

#### Original name
Cercospora sonchi var. sonchi Chupp

### Remarks
null


text:
Home News Human Rights Regime still holding student protesters in prison
Regime still holding student protesters in prison
by Staff writer, SF
Some Iranian university students are still being held in prison without access to legal counsel, despite the Iranian Regime's claims that all of the people arrested in connection with the nationwide protests had been released.
A Tehran University student activist, who spoke on the condition of anonymity citing safety reasons, said: "It is not correct to say that all of them have been freed. At least five students are still in detention and they don't have a lawyer."
Shortly after the anonymous activist made this announcement, Zahra Rahimi and Vahid Lanjanzadeh from the University of Tehran, who the activist had cited as still detained, were released, according to human rights activist H. Taghipour's blog.
The student detainees that are still being held are F. Tajmiri and M. Rahmatabadi from the University of Hamadan's technical college, as well as P. Ramazanian, from the University of Tehran.
All five of them were arrested between January 5 and February 5, 2018.
Shahab Kazemi, head of the University of Hamadan's technical college, has previously denied that Majid Rahmatabadi was a student at his school, but the University Trade Unions' Council of Iran (UTUCI) has rejected this claim.
The anonymous student activist said: "When the authorities make these denials, the families get 10 times more worried because we are hearing a lot of reports about deaths and suicides in custody these days."
Arbitrary Arrests
At least 90 university students were arrested during the nationwide protests in Iran, but some of those arrested were had not even attended the protests. They were rounded up because the Regime thought they might join the protests and wanted to prevent that.
Tehran University Chancellor Mahmoud Nili Ahmadabadi announced, on February 8, that several students remained in prison "even though they were not involved in any political activities on campus".
He said: "We didn't have any problems with these students and they didn't have any problem with the university. We don't know why they have been detained. I have asked my colleagues to urgently follow up on the cases concerning these student detainees but the security officials are not providing us all the information."
Regime Lies
Still, the Regime wants you to believe that they have all been freed now, whether the evidence supports it or not.
Back in January, Gholamreza Ghaffari, the Science Ministry's deputy in charge of cultural and social affairs, said: "All students detained in the recent demonstrations have been freed and none remain in detention."
This begs the question of why they were still arresting students on February 5, doesn't it?


text:
Q: How to solve datatype conversions in sql server? I am having trouble inserting data into my database. I created a web api on visual studio with the following data model
public long ProductId { get; set; }
public string ProductName { get; set; }
public double Price { get; set; }
public string Url { get; set; }

I am testing using postman with the following post request
{
    "ProductID": null,
    "ProductName": "ProductA",
    "Price": 100.1,
    "Url":"https://productA.com"
}

And when debugging, I get error converting data type varchar to float. This can be seen in the image below. I do not know how to fix this i think the problem is in line 74

I created the database my running the following query
CREATE TABLE dbo.ProductInfo
(
    ProductID bigint IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
    ProductName varchar(1000),
    Price float,
    Url varchar (1000)
)

A: You're not using parameters. You're simply inserting variables into a string.
In your values, you're actually inserting it as a varchar, since you build the query through
... '" + prod.Price + "' ...

Which results in the actual query string to become
Values('ProductA', '100.1', 'https://productA.com')

So SQL Server now tries to convert these values for you, by casting the varchar to a float. Which it should still be capable of doing.
The error you're getting is that it can't do that. I notice you're also inserting the prod.Price, instead of the var Price variable. Are you certain prod.Price is properly formatted?
Because what it shows here on the screen is that the var price should work, due to auto casting. My guess could be that prod.Price perhaps is comma seperated decimal instead of point seperated. This would cause SQL Server to throw an error.
SQL Server side example showcasing the error:
DECLARE @floatVariable FLOAT = 100.1
/* Proper float value, so no problems */
SELECT @floatVariable

DECLARE @floatVariable2 FLOAT = '100.1'
/* A valid float, but as varchar so autocasted */
SELECT @floatVariable2

DECLARE @floatVariable3 FLOAT = '100,1'
/* A varchar with improper float values, autocasted but doesn't succeed */
SELECT @floatVariable3

Or simply use proper SQL Parameterisation for your queries. Instead of concatting everything together in a single string (always fun to get SQL injected like this).
Edit:
So having tested the in application conversion. In a simple C# console application, with a locale/culture that has comma seperated decimals as their convention, a double gets auto casted to comma seperated when 'adding' it to a string.
Example code:
static void Main(string[] args)
    {

        double a = 10.1;

        Console.WriteLine(@"Double value: " + a + " .");

        Console.ReadLine();
    }

Value Output:

Double value: 10,1 .


Roller shutters have become an absolute necessity these days. If you want shutter installation in Hayes, just give us a call. We assure you that no one else will do it better than us.
Installing a roller shutter has a multitude of advantages. While security still remains the main issue, people benefit from it in more than one ways. A definite shielding from the extreme weather conditions is one factor which is worth mentioning. They are the best bet for insulating you're domestic as well as commercial property. As the shutters are fitted tightly to the windows, the probability of weather conditions seeping into trouble you are minimum.
Roller shutter installation is our forte. But our post-sale service is also excellent. If you need any repair work done, contact us and we will be there in a trice. Roller shutter repair will be carried out as soon as possible if you are in Hayes, request for our services for Shutter repair in Hayes.
In fact, roller shutters are one of the best possible insulation systems. This leads to lowering the electricity bills to a great extent. Whether you spend it on cooling or heating. The financial gains, therefore, are great. With global warming on the rise, it is imperative that we opt for such a sturdy and secure insulation.
Everyone is aware that global warming is rising to unexpected levels and if it continues to rise like this, we all will need insulation from the extreme temperatures. This is where the significance of shutters increases.
If you are stationed near a busy street with lots of noise, shutters will act as a boon for you as they reduce sound levels by about 50 %. Whichever way you look at it, shutters are sure winners.


A 3D engine using Adobe Flash has been created for this fully interactive 3D pop-up book app that tells the story of Adam and Eve. This is one of the first 3D engines developed in Adobe Flash for the iOS platform. Although the making of the 3D engine had proved to be a challenge, this platform allows for the quick creation of new, interactive pop-up books without additional programming. Adobe Flash enables the developers to publish cross-platform onto a wide variety of systems like iOS, Android or BlackBerry OS.


glossary of hvac terms and definitions At DAL Air Conditioning& Heating, we believe it can be very helpful for our customers to understand the many terms and acronyms in the HVAC industry.
You may find that it is easier for you to communicate with a HVAC professional and explain your indoor comfort needs after learning these terms. DAIKIN ROOM AIR CONDITIONER OPERATION MANUAL English Franais Espaol MODELS CTXS07JVJU Inform customers that they should store this operation manual with the installation manual for future reference. Meanings of DANGER, WARNING, CAUTION, and NOTE Symbols: If the air conditioner is not cooling Q: How do I operate the manual air conditioning system?
If your car is equipped with a manual air conditioning system, it provides you with the means to keep the interior temperature at the right level for you and your passengers Our technical manuals cover the complete gamut of design, installation and maintenance for residential and light commercial HVAC systems.
Manual B (Balancing& Testing Air& Hydronics Systems) Purchase from ACCA: Manual Zr (Residential Zoning Systems) Air Conditioning Contractors of America Association, Inc. 2800 Dec 07, 2011 This Site Might Help You.
RE: What does manual air conditioning mean? Does this mean the car doesnt have air conditioning basically? BC that is kind of what I got from Google. View and Download Chigo Split FloorStanding Air Conditioner user manual online. Split FloorStanding Air Conditioner Air Conditioner pdf manual download. Use this HVAC glossary to brush up on heating and cooling resource terminology from American Standard. View and download Air conditioner manuals for free. Air Conditioner instructions manual.
Read our HVAC glossary and get to know the various technical terms used in heating and cooling systems. Contact a Lennox dealer today to learn more. Manuals and Brochures; AHRI is an abbreviation for the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute, a trade association that develops standards for measuring and Appliance manuals and free pdf instructions.
Find the user manual you need for your home appliance products and more at ManualsOnline. Manual J Load Calculation Service. Manual J is the ACCA (Air Conditioner Contractors of America) approved method of calculating roombyroom and whole house cooling loads. Replacing a 10 to 15yearold Heating& Air Conditioning System with a properly sized one can save you as much as 3040 on your Energy bill.


text:
import {Map as IMap} from 'immutable';
import {DB} from '../constants';

export function dbCache(state = IMap({}), action) {
    let {type, db} = action;
    switch (type) {
        case DB.ACTION_TYPES.FETCH_SUCCESS:
            return state.set(DB.DB_CONST, db);

        default:
            return state;
    }
}

export function dbState(state = IMap({}), action) {
    let {type, error} = action;
    switch (type) {
        case DB.ACTION_TYPES.PENDING:
            return state.set(DB.DB_CONST, DB.STATE.PENDING);

        case DB.ACTION_TYPES.FETCH_SUCCESS:
            return state.set(DB.DB_CONST, DB.STATE.LOADED);

        case DB.ACTION_TYPES.FETCH_FAIL:
            return state.set(DB.DB_CONST, {message: DB.STATE.ERROR, error});

        default:
            return state;
    }
}


text:
\section*{Abstract}
The development and application of models, which take the evolution of network dynamics into account are receiving increasing attention. We contribute to this field and focus on a profile likelihood approach to model time-stamped event data for a large-scale dynamic network. We investigate the collaboration of inventors using EU patent data. As event we consider the submission of a joint patent and we explore the driving forces for collaboration between inventors. We propose a flexible semiparametric model, which includes external and internal covariates, where the latter are built from the network history.

\textit{{\bf{Keywords:}} profile likelihood, network data, event data, patent data, penalized spline smoothing, social network analysis}
\newpage

\section{Introduction}
The analysis of network data has seen increasing interest in the recent years. Many network data thereby contain a dynamic structure, be it the development of network ties over time or observations of the network at different time points. Such data structures have led to numerous extensions of classical network models.
A first paper in this direction is \cite{Robins:2001} who propose temporal dependence in an Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM). The idea was generalized in \cite{Hanneke:2010} towards temporal Exponential Random Graph Models (tERGM). The principle idea behind the models is to include the network history as covariates in the model. This in turn forms a Markov Chain of networks. The model class has been extended and generalized in various ways. \cite{Leifeld:2018} focus on the implementation and added bootstrap methods for evaluating uncertainty. \cite{Krivitsky:2014} decomposed the network dynamics into the formation of new edges and the dissolution of existing edges leading to the separable temporal Exponential Random Graph Model (stERGM).

A different strand of dynamic network models arise if time is considered as continuous. \cite{HollandLeinhardt:1977} develop a dynamic model for social networks based on a time-continuous Markov process. \cite{Snijders:2005} and \cite{Snijders:2010} extend this towards so-called stochastic actor-oriented models. The latter model is based on the assumption that the evolution of the network occurs as the consequence of small changes induced by the actors. It is further assumed that the observed network is derived from a Markov process evolving in continuous time, though the network is observed only at discrete time points. \cite{Greenan:2015} combines the approach with hazard function estimation and Cox regression models for duration time models \citep{Cox:1972}. A closely related model has been proposed by \cite{Butts:2008} for time-stamped relational data, defined as Relational Event Model (REM), which has been used in multiple applications, see e.g. \cite{Vu:2015, Vu:2017}. We also refer to \cite{StadtfeldBlock:2017} for extensions of this model class.
For time-stamped relational data estimation can be carried out using a partial likelihood approach.
\cite{Perry:2013} estimate a Cox multiplicative intensity model for a directed e-mail network. \cite{Vu:2011} propose a continuous-time regression model for time-stamped network data. Estimation routines use an efficient partial likelihood approach focusing on large networks.
This is also pursued in this paper. Instead of partial likelihood approaches one can also make use of complete likelihood estimation, see e.g. \cite{Stadtfeld:2011} or \cite{Butts:2017}.
A general discussion and comparison of different approaches in dynamic network modelling is found e.g. \cite{Block:2018} or \cite{Fritz:2020}.
Our approach is in line with the Relational Event Models, but we extend the model class by including non-linear time dynamics.
In this paper, we propose a profile likelihood approach for modeling time-stamped event data for large-scale network data. The data describe the collaboration of inventors based on joint patents. The successful submission of a new patent is thereby considered as the relational event and the number of joint patents of two inventors provides network based count data.

In the cited papers above, all covariate effects are included linearly in the model. We propose a semiparametric approach for modeling the covariates in a more flexible way. We follow the idea of penalized spline smoothing as proposed in \cite{Ruppert-etal:2003} \cite[see also][]{Eilers:1996, Ruppert-etal:2009}. The basic idea is to replace linear functions by spline based functions and to achieve smoothness, penalized spline smoothing can be considered as the state-of-the-art smoothing technique. We refer to \cite{Wood:2017} for a general discussion in the framework of (generalized) regression models.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section \ref{sec:patent_data} we introduce the patent data with some basic ideas and descriptive statistics. In Section \ref{sec:poisson_process}, we give an introduction to the notation and motivate the construction of the covariates from the network history.
We take a closer look on inference and derive how the model can be fitted based on a profile likelihood approach. This is extended to penalized spline smoothing. We give a brief outlook on computational issues, before we apply the proposed model in Section \ref{sec:data_analysis} to the example data. Finally, we summarize the most important issues.

\section{Patent data}
\label{sec:patent_data}
We will first introduce the patent data in detail before describing the model in the next section. We consider all patent applications submitted to the European Patent Office (EPO) and the German Patent and Trademark Office (Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, DPMA), which listed at least one inventor with an address on German territory between 2000 and 2013. While this provides a comprehensive database of all inventions filed in patent applications by German inventors, we will restrict the subsequent analysis for the sake of space to two selected industrial areas, namely ``IT-methods'' as well as ``food chemistry''. Regarding the quality of the data we need to emphasize, that it is in principle possible that some inventors may have submitted applications directly to patent offices of other countries so that these are not in our database. In practice, however, such cases are extremely rare, since the invention would not enjoy patent protection in the inventors' home country. The data were extracted from the PATSTAT database of the European Patent Office (version October 2018). For each patent we have information about the submission day (= time stamp) and for the majority of submission the inventors geographic coordinates of their registered home address at the time of submission is also given in the data. Apparently, the registered address might not be the work address, but still we consider it as allocation proxy which will be included as covariate subsequently. To do so we assume that the inventor location stays the same until new information due to new patent submissions is given. \\
The data structure is apparently of bipartite type, with inventors being connected through patents. In the subsequent analysis we focus on the relational aspect of the data by defining a relational event if two or more inventors submit a joint patent. This implies that single inventor submissions do not count as relational event while multi-inventor patent submissions lead to multiple relational events, all at the same time-point when submitting the patent. To make this point more clear, note that a patent with just two inventors corresponds to a single relational event (= one joint patent), while for instance a patent with three inventors leads to three pairwise relational ties (= three inventor pairs with a joint patent). The effect that multiple inventor patents will lead to multiple relational ties will be taken into account by an increased intensity for ties. Overall we take the inventors' point of view and consider all bilateral joint patents as events. We also excluded four patents which had more than 20 inventors. By doing so we also guarantee that our results are not overly influenced by a few patents with a large number of inventors.

We focus on two technological areas -- \textit{IT-methods} (classification number 107) and \textit{food chemistry} (classification number 118) -- with different numbers of inventors, patents and therefore network densities.
\begin{table}[t]
\centering
{\footnotesize
\begin{tabular}{llcc}
\toprule
& &IT-methods & food chemistry \\
\midrule
\midrule
  number of \ldots && &\\
\midrule
  \;\;\; \;\; inventors && 3480 & 2993 \\
  \midrule
  \;\;\; \;\; patents &&  1701 & 2078 \\
  \midrule
  \;\;\; \;\; single owner-ship patents & & 192  & 427 \\
  \midrule
  \;\;\; \;\; realized unique inventor pairs && 5525 & 5412 \\
  \midrule
    & min & 1 & 1 \\
  \;\;\; \;\; patents per inventor  & mean & 1.35 & 1.86 \\
  & max & 16 & 36 \\
  \midrule
      & min & 1 & 1 \\
  \;\;\; \;\; inventors per patent & mean & 2.76 & 2.68 \\
  & max & 19 & 17 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Summary statistics of two technological areas for the time period of 14 years. The statistics are summarized and averaged over time. }
\label{tab:summary_stats}
}
\end{table}
Table \ref{tab:summary_stats} summarizes the selected inventor networks and Figure \ref{Fig:network_graph_time_slot} visualizes the network, separated for different time intervals.
Compared to \textit{food chemistry} the \textit{IT-methods} technological area has a higher number of inventors, but a lower number of joint patents and single owner-ship patents. The number of patents per inventor is slightly higher for  food chemistry,  while the number of inventors per patent is about the same in the two fields.
\begin{figure}[!ht]

	\begin{minipage}{0.55\textwidth}

		\subcaptionbox{IT-methods: \\ Time period 2 (years 2005 - 2007)}
		{\vspace{-1cm}\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{graph_of_patents_aggregated_over_time_107_61_96.pdf}}
	\end{minipage}
	\hspace{-1cm}
	\begin{minipage}{0.55\textwidth}

		\subcaptionbox{IT-methods: \\ Time period 4 (years 2011 - 2013)}
		{\vspace{-1cm}\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{graph_of_patents_aggregated_over_time_107_133_168.pdf}}
	\end{minipage}

	\begin{minipage}{0.55\textwidth}

		\subcaptionbox{food chemistry: \\ Time period 2 (years 2005 - 2007)}
		{\vspace{-1cm}\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{graph_of_patents_aggregated_over_time_118_61_96.pdf}}
	\end{minipage}
	\hspace{-1cm}
	\begin{minipage}{0.55\textwidth}

		\subcaptionbox{food chemistry: \\ Time period 4 (years 2011 - 2013)}
		{\vspace{-1cm}\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{graph_of_patents_aggregated_over_time_118_133_168.pdf}}
	\end{minipage}

	\caption{Visualization of two time periods of the inventor network for  \textit{IT-methods} (107) and \textit{food chemistry} (118). Vertex size represent nodal degree. Colouring is transparent to better examine the clusters. The layout uses maximal connected components and applies the layout separately.}
	\label{Fig:network_graph_time_slot}
\end{figure}

As time stamp we choose the earliest filing date, which is aggregated on a monthly basis. To adjust for incomplete data, we select only patents from the full years 2000 till the end of 2013, resulting in 168 months. We are interested in inventors that jointly apply for patents. Therefore, we only include inventors with at least one joint patent. Note, that there are of course single ownership patents in the data sets if the inventor also has joint patents.

Noticeable is that the number of observed inventor pairs applying for a patent is quite small compared to the possible number of pairs $(N(N-1)/2)$. In other words the networks exhibit a low density, which is not uncommon in large networks. We aim to restrict the analysis to active inventors. To do so we divide the data into four periods, each of three years length.
We will analyse each time interval separately and include as inventors only those who are active within the considered period. We visualize our approach in Figure \ref{Fig:time_slot}. We include only active inventors in the option set. An active inventor is thereby defined as a person with at least one patent within the observed time period of three years (e.g. inventor 4 or 7 in Figure \ref{Fig:time_slot}), or at least one patent within and one beyond the time period (e.g. inventor 6 or 8 in Figure \ref{Fig:time_slot}), or at least one patent before and one after the time period (e.g. inventor 5 in Figure \ref{Fig:time_slot}).
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth, page = 2]{time_slot.pdf}
\caption{Definition of active inventors. The time period from 2000 till the end of 2013 is divided in four periods ($2002-2004$, $2005-2007$, $2008-2010$ and $2011-2013$) of three years each. The data is aggregated on a monthly grid. The years 2000 and 2001 are used as a burn-in time.}
\label{Fig:time_slot}
\end{figure}
The first two years of data from 2000 to the end of 2001 are used as "burn-in" period.
We also point out, that the covariates are based on a five years retrospective interval, meaning that the inventors' history beyond the five years is ignored in the calculation of the covariates. Table \ref{tab:summary_stats_time_slot} gives descriptive numbers of the network and the resulting covariates, which will be introduced later.

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
{\footnotesize
\begin{tabular}{llcc}
\toprule
area && IT-methods  & food chemistry \\
\midrule
\midrule
no. of inventors  & & 767 - 900 & 753 - 949 \\
\midrule
no. of edges  &  & 993 - 1373 & 1188 - 1711 \\
\midrule
  density && 0.0033 - 0.004 & 0.0035 - 0.0042 \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\parbox{2.5cm}{``\textit{patents\_ij}''}}
& min & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\
& mean & 1.38 - 1.77 & 2.11 - 2.64 \\
& max & 16 - 26 & 27 - 45 \\
 \midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\parbox{2.5cm}{``\textit{joint\_patent}''}}
& min & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\
& mean & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\
&max & 3 - 7 & 7 - 13 \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\parbox{2.5cm}{``\textit{2-star}''}}
& min & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\
& mean & 3.06 - 3.85 & 4.11 - 4.93 \\
& max & 32 - 48 & 46 - 61 \\
\midrule
\multirow{3}{*}{\parbox{2.5cm}{``\textit{triangle}''}}
& min & 0 - 0 & 0 - 0 \\
& mean & 0.01 - 0.01 & 0.01 - 0.01 \\
& max & 12 - 17 & 14 - 20 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Summary statistics for the two technological areas.}
\label{tab:summary_stats_time_slot}
}
\end{table}

\section{Poisson process network model for count data}
\label{sec:poisson_process}
\subsection{Model description}
\label{sec:model_description}

We motivate the model by directly referring to our data example. Let $Z_r$ be a patent indexed with a running number $r = 1,...,R$. Each patent from one of the two considered technological areas can be defined through the following attributes:
\begin{itemize}
	\item $t_r$ = time point at which patent $r$ was successfully submitted
	\item $I_r$ = index list of inventors on patent $r$
	\item $z_r$ = additional covariates like geocoordinates of registered addresses of all inventors
\end{itemize}
For a set of actors (inventors) $A = \{1,...,N\}$ we define with $\boldsymbol{Y}(t) \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N}$ the matrix valued Poisson process counting the number of (joint) patents. To be specific, let
\begin{align*}
	Y_{ij}(t) &= \text{cumulated number of joint patents of inventor $i$ and $j$}  \\
	&= \# \{r : (i,j) \in I_r, t_r \leq t, r = 1,...,R\}
\end{align*}
for $i,j = 1, ..., N$, where $Y_{ii}(t)$ defines the number of patents of inventor $i$ including single ownership patents. For each of the considered time intervals we set $t=0$  to mark the beginning of the three years period.
For the network history we go back two years, that is we look at the process for $t \in [ -2, 3 ]$ measured in years, while the model is fitted to data for $t \in [0 , 3]$. We define with $Y_{ij,d} = Y_{ij} (t_{(d)})$ the evolving process, where $0\leq t_{(1)}, t_{(2)}, \ldots, t_{(m)} \leq 3 \mbox{ years}$ is the discretized version of time at which patents have been submitted. We model the intensity of the above process as
\begin{equation}
\lambda_0(t) \exp\left(x_{ij}(t) \beta\right)
\label{eq:intensity}
\end{equation}
where $\lambda_0(t)$ is the baseline intensity and $x_{ij}(t)$ is the covariate process, which will be defined in the following section.
We assume for simplicity that both, the baseline hazard as well as the covariate process are piecewise constant between the observed time points, that is
\begin{eqnarray*}
\lambda_0(t) =& \lambda_d &  \text{for} \;\; t \in ( t_{(d-1)}, t_{(d)}] \\
x_{ij}(t) =& x_{ij,d} & \text{for} \;\; t \in ( t_{(d-1)},  t_{(d)}].
\end{eqnarray*}
This leads to the log-likelihood function
\begin{align}
\label{eq:likeli_hazard}
l(\lambda_1, \ldots ,\lambda_m, \beta) = \hspace{9cm} \nonumber&\\
 \sum_{d=1}^{m} \left[ \sum_{(i,j) \in C_d} \left(\log \lambda_d + x_{ij, d} \beta \right)
 -\lambda_d\cdot \left( \sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} \exp \left( x_{i'j', d} \beta \right) \right) \right] &
\end{align}
where $C_d$ is the index set of events at time point $t_{(d)}$, $$ C_d = \{(i,j) : j > i; Y_{ij, d} > Y_{ij, d-1} \} $$  and $O_d$ is the ``option'' set, that is the set of inventor pairs that could submit a joint patent. This option set can be regarded as the set of inventors who are able to work together. In our application this restriction occurs from being in the same technological area and being an active inventor as defined above. Maximizing the above likelihood with respect to $\lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_m$ yields
\begin{equation}
\hat{\lambda}_d = \frac{|C_d|}{\sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} \exp \left(x_{i'j', d} \beta\right)}
\label{eq:baselinefit}
\end{equation}
and inserting this in \eqref{eq:likeli_hazard} provides the profile log-likelihood
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:profile_likeli}
l(\beta) = \sum_{d=1}^{m} \left[ \sum_{(i,j) \in C_d}  x_{ij, d} \beta - |C_d| \log \left( \sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} \exp (x_{i'j', d} \beta) \right) \right],
\end{equation}
omitting all constant terms. Looking at (\ref{eq:baselinefit}) we want to point out that the baseline intensity takes into account that patents with multiple inventors lead to multiple relational events. As discussed above, a joint patent with two inventors gives one relational event, while a joint patent with three inventors already gives 3 relational events. Apparently, this is mirrored in the size $|C_d|$, meaning that the numerator in the baseline estimate in (\ref{eq:baselinefit}) adjusts for the multiplicity of relational events resulting

In principle and based on the Poisson process we observe at each time point a single patent submission only, possibly with multiple authors. In our data, however, the time points are discretized so that at each discrete valued time point $t_{(d)}$ we may observe more than just one submitted patent.
Technically this is not a problem and does not require modifications, since in the case of multiple patent submissions the definition of the index set $C_d$ remains unchanged, but the index pairs in $C_d$ now refer to more than one patent submission.
Again, the baseline estimate (\ref{eq:baselinefit}) is increased, this time due to multiple patents submitted at the same (discrete) timepoint.

The above profile likelihood can also be motivated through  a partial likelihood approach, as shown subsequently.
Let ${\bm{Y}}_d = (Y_{ij,d})$ be the process network matrix. We now assume that the probability for a single change $Y_{ij, d} = y_{ij, d-1} +1$ is proportional to
$$ P(\bm{Y}_{d} = \bm{Y}_{d-1} + 1_{ij}) \propto \exp(x_{ij,d} \beta)$$
where $1_{ij}$ refers to an increment of $1$ in entry $Y_{ij,d}$ and  $x_{ij, d}$ is a vector of covariates calculated from the previous process matrix $\boldsymbol{Y}_{d-1}$. If $|C_d| = 1$, i.e. only a single patent with just two inventors was submitted by inventors $i$ and $j$ at time point $t_{(d)}$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:process_matrix_approx}
P(\bm{Y}_d|\bm{Y}_{d-1}) = \frac{\exp(x_{ij,d} \beta)}{\sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} \exp (x_{i'j', d} \beta)}.
\end{equation}
If $|C_d| > 1$ we approximate \eqref{eq:process_matrix_approx} with

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:process_matrix_approx2}
	P(\bm{Y}_d | \boldsymbol{Y}_{d-1}) = \frac{\prod_{(i,j) \in C_d} \exp (x_{ij,d} \beta)}{\left[ \sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} \exp (x_{i'j',d} \beta)  \right] ^{|C_d|}}.
\end{equation}
Taking the logarithm we end up with the profile log likelihood given in \eqref{eq:profile_likeli}. We can now easily derive the log-likelihood from equation \eqref{eq:profile_likeli} and obtain the score function

\begin{equation*}
s(\beta) = \sum_{d=1}^{m} \left[\sum_{(i,j) \in C_d} x_{ij, d}^T - |C_d| \quad \frac{\sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} x_{i'j',d}^T \exp (x_{i'j', d} \beta)}{\sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} \exp (x_{i'j',d} \beta)}\right].
\end{equation*}
Defining
\[
\pi_{i'j',d}= \frac{\exp (x_{i'j',d} \beta)}{\sum_{(k',l') \in O_d}\exp (x_{k'l',d} \beta)}
\]
allows to write the second order derivative
\begin{eqnarray*}
J(\beta) = - \sum_{d=1}^{m}|C_d| \left[ \sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} x_{i'j', d}^T x_{i'j',d} \pi_{i'j', d} \;- \hspace{4.5cm} \nonumber \right. \\  \left.  \left(\sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} x_{i'j', d}^T \pi_{i'j', d}\right)^T \left(\sum_{(i',j') \in O_d} x_{i'j', d}^T \pi_{i'j', d}\right) \right].
\end{eqnarray*}
In the survival model context, formula \eqref{eq:process_matrix_approx2} is also known as Breslow approximation \cite[see][]{Breslow:1974}.

\subsection{Covariates}
\label{sec:covariates}
The covariate vector $x_{ij,d}$ is built from the network history itself as well as additional covariates. We define network specific covariates as endogenous, while the additional covariates are exogenous. We first describe network related covariates, which are described below and visualized in Figure \ref{Fig:statistics_patent_data}. Simple descriptive analyses are listed in Table \ref{tab:summary_stats_time_slot}. First, we take the total number of patents of inventor $i$ and $j$ at time point $t_{(d-1)}.$ That is
\[x_{(1),ij,d} = Y_{ii,d-1} + Y_{jj,d-1}.\]
We refer to this quantity as ``\textit{patents\_ij}''.
Moreover, the number of previous ``\textit{joint\_patents}'' of inventor $i$ and $j$ is included as covariate, which is calculated through
\[x_{(2),ij,d} = Y_{ij,d-1}.\]
Furthermore, a so-called 2-star statistic (``\textit{2-star}'') is included, which expresses the number of inventors that hold a joint patent with inventor $i$ or $j$. This is obtained through
\[ x_{(3),ij,d} =
\sum_{\substack{k \neq i \\ k \neq j}} \mathbb{1}_{\{Y_{ik, d-1} > 0\}} + \sum_{\substack{k \neq j \\ k \neq i}} \mathbb{1}_{\{Y_{jk, d-1} > 0\}}.
\]
A common choice in network analysis are also ``\textit{triangle}'' statistics. This counts the number of inventors that jointly hold a patent with $i$ and $j$:
\[x_{(4),ij,d} =
\sum_{\substack{k \neq i \\ k \neq j}} \mathbb{1}_{\{Y_{ik, d-1} > 0\}} \cdot \mathbb{1}_{\{Y_{jk, d-1} > 0\}}.
\]
Note that the number of patents ($x_{(1)}$) as well as the number of joint patent holders ($x_{(2)}$) expresses the centrality of the inventors with respect to number of patents and number of collaborators, respectively. A summary of the distribution of the network related covariates is given in Table \ref{tab:summary_stats_time_slot}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\textsl{Toy network graph at time $t_{(d-1)}$}\par\medskip
\end{center}
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{statistics_patent_data.pdf}
\caption{Visualization of covariates from network history of a toy network graph:  Number of patents of inventor $i$ and $j$ with $x_{(1),ij,d} = 6 + 8$ (black edges), including self-loops (single ownership patents) and multiple patents (first panel). Number of joint patents of inventor $i$ and $j$ with $x_{(2),ij,d} = 2$ (black edges), counting the number of edges of $i$ and $j$ (second panel). Number of inventors that hold a joint patent with inventor $i$ or $j$ with $x_{(3),ij,d} = 3 + 5$ (black nodes in third panel). Number of inventors that jointly hold a patent with $i$ and $j$ with  $x_{(4),ij,d} = 2 $ (black nodes), counting $k$ twice because of a multi-patent (fourth panel).}
\label{Fig:statistics_patent_data}
\end{figure}

As exogenous covariates we include the inventor-pair-specific distance in kilometers, that is
\[
x_{(5),ij,d} = || s_{i,d} - s_{i,d}||
\]
where $s_{i,d}$ are the geocoordinates of the address of inventor $i$ and $s_{j,d}$ accordingly and $|| \cdot ||$ denotes the Euclidean distance. We assume that the inventors do not move until new location information on the basis of submitting a new patent becomes available.
To avoid leverage effects, we truncate distances over 1000 kilometers to 1000 kilometers.

\subsection{Semiparametric Estimation}
\label{sec:semiparametric_estimation}
We now extend the model towards penalized smoothing techniques to obtain more flexibility. We therefore replace the linear predictor $\eta_{ij,d} = x_{ij,d} \beta$ in \eqref{eq:profile_likeli} through the additive nonparametric setting
\begin{eqnarray*}
\eta_{ij,d} &=& m_{(1)}(x_{(1),ij,d}) + m_{(2)}(x_{(2),ij,d}) + \ldots.
\end{eqnarray*}
Here $m_{(q)}(\cdot)$ are smooth but otherwise unspecified functions. To achieve identifiability of the model we postulate $m_{(q)}(0) = 0$ for $q>0$, which needs to be taken into account in the estimation. To estimate the unknown functions we employ B-splines and replace $m_{(q)}$ by
\[
m_{(q)} = \sum_k B_{(q),k} u_{(q)},
\]
where $B_{(q),k}$ is a $K$ dimensional B-spline basis spanning the observed range of covariate $x_{(q)}$. \cite[see][]{deBoor:1978,Wood:2017}.

For simplicity of notation we now replace the index pair $(i,j)$ by a single index $l$ running from 1 to $n = \frac{N \cdot (N-1)}{2}$.
Consequently, we can rewrite
\begin{eqnarray*}
\eta_{l,d} &=& m_{(1)}(x_{(1),l,d}) + m_{(2)}(x_{(2),l,d}) + \ldots,
\end{eqnarray*}
which in matrix form leads to
\begin{eqnarray*}
\bm{\eta}_d &=&
B_{(1),d} u_{(1)} + B_{(2),d} u_{(2)} + \ldots =
\bm{B}_d \bm{u}
\end{eqnarray*}
where $B_{(q),d}$ is the B-spline basis for the $q$-th covariate built from rows $B_{(q)}(x_{(q),l,d})$ for  $l = 1, \ldots, n$. Setting $\bm{B}_d = (B_{(1),d}, B_{(2),d}, \ldots)$ and $\bm{u}^T = (u^T_{(1)}, u^T_{(2)}, \ldots)$ provides the final notation.

With this notation we can reformulate the profile likelihood in \eqref{eq:profile_likeli} as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\sum_{d=1}^{m} \left[(\bm{B}_d\bm{u})^T \cdot \mathds{1}_{C_d} - |C_d| \cdot \log\left[\exp(\bm{B}_d\bm{u})^T \cdot \mathds{1}_{\lbrack n \times 1 \rbrack} \right] \right],
\label{eq:likeli_smooth}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathds{1}_{C_d}$ is a vector defined as
\[
\mathds{1}_{C_d} =
  \begin{cases}
   1,        & \text{if } l = (i,j) \in C_d \\
   0,        & \text{otherwise},
  \end{cases}
\]
$\mathds{1}_{\lbrack n \times 1 \rbrack}$ is a vector of ones of length $n$.

Following \cite{Eilers:1996} we use high dimensional bases but regularize the estimation by introducing a roughness penalty \cite[see also][]{Ruppert-etal:2003, Ruppert-etal:2009}.
This leads to the penalized smooth log-likelihood
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:pen_smoooth_likeli}
l^{pen}(\bm{u},\lambda) = l(\bm{u}) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \bm{u}^T \bm{K}(\bm{\lambda)} \bm{u},
\end{equation}
where $\bm{K}(\bm{\lambda})$ is a second-order penalty matrix. The smoothing parameter vector $\bm{\lambda}$ penalizes large differences in adjacent basis coefficients and can be estimated from the data. Details are provided in the Appendix C.

\subsection{Computational issues}
\label{sec:computational_issues}
In principle, computation is straight forward, because we can derive the corresponding likelihood function and its derivatives. One should bear in mind, though, we have a huge option set of pairs of inventors for each time point. A data set with $N$ inventors results in $N(N-1)/2$ times $T$ time points and therefore in about 18 million data points for e.g. $N = 1000$ inventors and $T=36$ months. This implies that estimation is numerically demanding, though feasible.

For estimating the parameters, we need to maximize the penalized smooth log-likelihood \eqref{eq:pen_smoooth_likeli} with its likelihood component defined in (\ref{eq:profile_likeli}). To do so, we can make use of the flexible toolbox available in the package \texttt{mgcv} \cite[see][for further information]{Wood:2011} in the software \texttt{R} \citep{RCore:2017}. This becomes possible by considering the data and the likelihood as "survival" data and applying proportional hazard models combined with a penalized Cox Model, which in turn results through a Poisson likelhood \cite[see][]{Whitehead:1980}. Estimation can therefore be carried out with standard routines after applying some data reorganization \cite[see][]{Tutz:2016}. At each event time $t_{(d)}$ an artificial response variable $y_{ij,d}$ for every inventor pair from the option set is included with $y_{ij,d}=1$ if a patent was submitted at time $t_{(d)}$ or $y_{ij,d} = 0$ if not.

\section{Data analysis}
\label{sec:data_analysis}
We apply the proposed model to analyse the patent data described in Section \ref{sec:patent_data}. We start with a slightly simpler model than proposed and replace the smooth functions by simple linear functions. This easily allows to compare the effects for the two technology areas for the different time periods. All models include the above mentioned structural covariates ``\textit{patents\_ij}'', ``\textit{joint\_patent}'', ``\textit{2-star}'', and ``\textit{triangle}'', and the exogenous covariate ``\textit{distance [100 km]}''.
Figure \ref{Fig:estimate_covariates_areas_period} compares the estimates for the four considered time periods.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{estimate_covariates_areas_period.pdf}
\caption{Estimates for different covariates, technological areas and time periods. For each of the four areas and four covariates we have four estimates for the time periods with the corresponding errorbars (standard error $\times$ 2).}
\label{Fig:estimate_covariates_areas_period}
\end{figure}
The different technology areas show more or less the same behaviour. The biggest difference can be seen for the variable \textit{joint\_patent}. The more joint patents two inventors have, the more likely they collaborate in the future. The estimates for 2-star and triangle are quite small.
The distance in 100 kilometers has a negative effect on the patents meaning that inventors with regional proximity are collaborating more likely.

Next we explore the linearity and extend the model using smooth effects leading to semiparametric estimation with splines as proposed.
In Figure \ref{Fig:all_smooth_effects_61_96_107_118} we show exemplary for the second time period the fit of the model for the two technological areas. Estimates for the remaining time intervals can be found in the Appendix.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{all_smooth_effects_hist_61_96_107_118.pdf}
\caption{Estimated smooth effects for \textit{IT-methods} (left panels) and \textit{food chemistry} (right panels) area and second time period.}
\label{Fig:all_smooth_effects_61_96_107_118}
\end{figure}
Form Figure \ref{Fig:all_smooth_effects_61_96_107_118} we see that the sum of patents of inventor $i$ and $j$ has a negative effect, whereas the number of joint patents has a positive and strong effect. This means that if the inventors have already submitted several own patents (with other inventors or even single inventor patents) their affinity of being involved in new patents decrease. On the other hand, if the inventor pair has already joint patents in the past, they are more likely to work together in future. The effect is nearly linear and stronger for the {\sl IT industry} compared to {\sl food and chemistry}.
The effect of the structural statistics like the number of inventors that hold a joint patent with inventor $i$ or $j$ (\textsl{2 star}), respectively, does not show a significant tendency. The effect of the number of inventors that jointly hold a patent with $i$ and $j$(\textsl{triangle}) has a small positive bounded influence, even though not that strong than the number of joint patents. Moreover, the geodesic distance of two inventors plays an important rule. There is a larger positive effect for small distances, which decreases with increasing distance. For distances larger than 250 kilometres the effect is almost zero or negative. This means that if there is a certain distance between the inventors, it does not matter how many kilometers exactly.

Figure \ref{Fig:smooth_effect_joint_patent_118} visualizes the positive effects of \textit{``joint\_patent''} for the four time periods exemplary for the {\sl food chemistry} area.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{smooth_effect_joint_patent_118.pdf}
\caption{Estimated smooth effects for \textit{``joint\_patent''} of \textit{food chemistry} (118) area and different time periods.}
\label{Fig:smooth_effect_joint_patent_118}
\end{figure}
Each time period lasts 36 months. The tendency of the effects is about the same for all periods; there is a steep increase at the beginning, which then becomes bounded. In period three and four the effect decreases and increases, respectively, at the end of the observation period. This should not be interpreted too strictly as the frequency of more than 10 joint patents is quite low.
We can see similar behaviours for the other areas (see Appendix).

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:discussion}

In this paper we propose a flexible approach to model large-scale dynamic network data with structural and exogenous covariates. Our approach is based on a profile likelihood method exploiting well-established estimation routines. We apply this idea to a large data set of patents submitted jointly by inventors from Germany between 2000 and 2013. We show advantages of including covariates in a semiparametric and therefore flexible way. The results show the driving forces in collaboration of inventors and demonstrate their behaviour over time. The models can be fitted with standard software employing the link to the Cox model and therefore invite to be used in other data constellations as well.

\bibliographystyle{spbasic}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Scottish Crofting Federation (SCF) has provisionally welcomed a review of the Croft House Grant Scheme (CHGS) as long over-due but questions whether proposals go far enough to restore the scheme to its original efficacy.
SCF Chair Fiona Mandeville said, "We have been pressing for some years for the rates of grant to be reviewed as they have long since fallen well behind actual costs faced by crofters building new homes on their crofts. In the ten years since the current rates were introduced, they have not been raised in line with escalating material costs. This has made it very difficult for many crofters, particularly the younger ones whom we all want to encourage, to have a home on the croft. There also used to be a government loan available which facilitated building. Despite a parliamentary committee recommending the reinstatement of the loan element, Scottish Government has flatly refused to consider it."


text:
Nitish OK if Rahul Made Face of Opposition in 2024
Main StoriesNation
January 1, 20230
After Madhya Pradesh Congress chief Kamal Nath projected Rahul Gandhi as the opposition parties' Prime Ministerial candidate for the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar said on Saturday that he has no objections if the former Congress President is named the opposition PM face in 2024.
Nitish Kumar also reiterated that he is neither in the race to become the opposition's PM face, nor does he have any desire to become the Prime Minister.
"I have no desire to become the Prime Minister of India. If Rahul Gandhi becomes the Prime Minister of the country, what is wrong in that? We are just waiting to talk with all the parties and bring them to the opposition camp," Nitish Kumar said while interacting with mediapersons here.
"People are falsely claiming that I am in the race (for PM's post). I only want to see the country running on the path of development. We (opposition parties) have to sit together first, and then make a decision. I have no objection to Rahul Gandhi becoming the Prime Minister of the country," the Chief Minister said.
Deputy Chief Minister and RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav, who was accompanying the CM, did not give a direct answer on Rahul Gandhi as the opposition PM face.
"Nitish Kumar has already made it clear that he is making efforts to unite the opposition parties in the country. What will happen after that will be seen as and when that happens," Tejashwi Yadav said.
Earlier, the leaders of both JD-U and RJD had projected Nitish Kumar as the opposition's Prime Ministerial candidate in the run-up to the 2024 Lok Sabha elections. However, Nitish Kumar has never claimed the same.
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Allahabad HC Rules in Favour of Consenting Adults Living Together