text:
THE DISAPPEARED /
Length 70 , Israel\ Germany (2018) Director: Gilad Baram, Adam Kaplanשפה: Heb
Titled in Hebrew, Hane'elam (The Disappeared), the original film was intended to address a contentious subject in Israeli society and one of the military's absolute taboos - the rising number of soldier suicides. The ambitious production was of a scope rarely seen in the local film industry at the time and included hundreds of soldier-extras, an entire armored brigade, military helicopters and special operations personnel. With an estimated budget of one million USD and a cast of leading Israeli actors and actresses, shooting commenced in multiple locations around the country, among them also a top-secret missile base. Soon after editing began and preparations for its commercial, nationwide distribution were underway, The Disappeared disappeared. The Disappeared conjures up the story of a film that was denied the right of appearance and left to languish in the limbo of censorship. As such, the film in and of itself is available only via the recollections of the individuals who took ...


World Revival Church is a place of life, hope and transformation. We are normal, everyday folks who balance jobs, families and careers all while maintaining a strong desire to do extraordinary things for God.
We are a multi-cultural church family with people of all ages and from all walks of life. We love to gather together to worship God and to learn from the Bible how to become all we can be in God.
The first time you visit, you will find a warm welcome and helpful folks. You will be guided each step of the way – from the parking lot, to the Welcome Center in our church lobby, to our children's ministry areas and to the sanctuary. If you have more questions, feel free to ask at the Welcome Center.
The body of Christ is more effective when it's together. Our Wednesday and Friday night services start at 7 p.m. at our View High campus in Kansas City. We offer Sunday services at our View High campus starting at 10 a.m.
Our main campus is in the Kansas City metro area and is connected with churches around the globe through streaming services. World Revival Church is a great place to network with friendly believers, learn more about the promises of God, experience His presence and get equipped for successful victorious living.
Church should be the place where you meet God. We do everything we can to create an atmosphere where God will dwell. Where He is, life happens! He restores our lives, our relationships and our purpose for living.
Our desire is to provide a place where you can connect with God, make good friends and find fulfillment in your life. Join us and experience life!


Mailbox Monday was created by Marcia at A Girl and her Books, and is currently being hosted by Metro Reader for the month of February.
"A compelling and vibrant tale from an up-and-coming fresh voice with glowing reviews and strong sales in the UK. The Courtesan's Lover is a return to the fascinating, decadent world that Kimm fans will want to savor. Francesca Felizzi, former mistress of the Duke of Ferrara, longs to be one of the most prestigious of the courtesans. But a chance encounter reveals to Francesca that her sumptuous life is a gaudy facade, and soon an unexpected event plunges her and her two young daughters into a danger she has long dreaded."
"When Henry VIII dies, leaving behind his nine-year-old son as his heir, a deadly series of power struggles begins, transforming the lives of two women. Jane Dudley's husband, the Duke of Northumberland, becomes the most powerful man in England, while Frances Grey perches with her daughter Jane dangerously close to the throne. But when Mary Tudor asserts her own right to the crown, Frances and Jane Dudley find that the lives of their husbands and children are in mortal danger. The never-before-told story of the women behind the crowning of Jane Grey, this novel is an illuminating tale of ambition gone awry."


text:
import { endash, range } from "../../helpers"

describe("Text", () => {
  it("uses endash in ranges", () => {
    const usingHelper = range("10", "20")
    const usingEndash = `10 ${endash} 20`
    expect(usingHelper).toEqual(usingEndash)
    expect(usingHelper).toEqual("10 – 20") // endash
    expect(usingHelper).not.toEqual("10 - 20") // minus
  })
})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Бойо:

 Бойо — департамент в Северо-Западном регионе Камеруна.
 Бойо — имя, распространено в основном на территориях с преимущественно болгарским населением.
 Бойо — делосская поэтесса (пифия), написавшая гимн дельфийцам.
 Бойо — хижина из ветвей тростника и соломы без окон у индейских народов Колумбии.
 Бойо — озеро в Эфиопии.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
#[=======================================================================[.rst:
FindLibLZMA
-----------

Find LZMA compression algorithm headers and library.

Imported Targets
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. versionadded:: 3.14

This module defines :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED` target ``LibLZMA::LibLZMA``, if
liblzma has been found.

Result variables
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This module will set the following variables in your project:

``LIBLZMA_FOUND``
  True if liblzma headers and library were found.
``LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIRS``
  Directory where liblzma headers are located.
``LIBLZMA_LIBRARIES``
  Lzma libraries to link against.
``LIBLZMA_HAS_AUTO_DECODER``
  True if lzma_auto_decoder() is found (required).
``LIBLZMA_HAS_EASY_ENCODER``
  True if lzma_easy_encoder() is found (required).
``LIBLZMA_HAS_LZMA_PRESET``
  True if lzma_lzma_preset() is found (required).
``LIBLZMA_VERSION_MAJOR``
  The major version of lzma
``LIBLZMA_VERSION_MINOR``
  The minor version of lzma
``LIBLZMA_VERSION_PATCH``
  The patch version of lzma
``LIBLZMA_VERSION_STRING``
  version number as a string (ex: "5.0.3")
#]=======================================================================]

find_path(LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIR lzma.h )
if(NOT LIBLZMA_LIBRARY)
  find_library(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_RELEASE NAMES lzma liblzma NAMES_PER_DIR PATH_SUFFIXES lib)
  find_library(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_DEBUG NAMES lzmad liblzmad NAMES_PER_DIR PATH_SUFFIXES lib)
  include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/SelectLibraryConfigurations.cmake)
  select_library_configurations(LIBLZMA)
else()
  file(TO_CMAKE_PATH "${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY}" LIBLZMA_LIBRARY)
endif()

if(LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIR AND EXISTS "${LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIR}/lzma/version.h")
    file(STRINGS "${LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIR}/lzma/version.h" LIBLZMA_HEADER_CONTENTS REGEX "#define LZMA_VERSION_[A-Z]+ [0-9]+")

    string(REGEX REPLACE ".*#define LZMA_VERSION_MAJOR ([0-9]+).*" "\\1" LIBLZMA_VERSION_MAJOR "${LIBLZMA_HEADER_CONTENTS}")
    string(REGEX REPLACE ".*#define LZMA_VERSION_MINOR ([0-9]+).*" "\\1" LIBLZMA_VERSION_MINOR "${LIBLZMA_HEADER_CONTENTS}")
    string(REGEX REPLACE ".*#define LZMA_VERSION_PATCH ([0-9]+).*" "\\1" LIBLZMA_VERSION_PATCH "${LIBLZMA_HEADER_CONTENTS}")

    set(LIBLZMA_VERSION_STRING "${LIBLZMA_VERSION_MAJOR}.${LIBLZMA_VERSION_MINOR}.${LIBLZMA_VERSION_PATCH}")
    unset(LIBLZMA_HEADER_CONTENTS)
endif()

# We're using new code known now as XZ, even library still been called LZMA
# it can be found in http://tukaani.org/xz/
# Avoid using old codebase
if (LIBLZMA_LIBRARY)
  include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/CheckLibraryExists.cmake)
  set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_QUIET_SAVE ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_QUIET})
  set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_QUIET ${LibLZMA_FIND_QUIETLY})
  if(NOT LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_RELEASE AND NOT LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_DEBUG)
    set(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_check ${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY})
  elseif(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_RELEASE)
    set(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_check ${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_RELEASE})
  elseif(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_DEBUG)
    set(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_check ${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_DEBUG})
  endif()
  CHECK_LIBRARY_EXISTS(${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_check} lzma_auto_decoder "" LIBLZMA_HAS_AUTO_DECODER)
  CHECK_LIBRARY_EXISTS(${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_check} lzma_easy_encoder "" LIBLZMA_HAS_EASY_ENCODER)
  CHECK_LIBRARY_EXISTS(${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_check} lzma_lzma_preset "" LIBLZMA_HAS_LZMA_PRESET)
  unset(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_check)
  set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_QUIET ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_QUIET_SAVE})
endif ()

include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake)
find_package_handle_standard_args(LibLZMA  REQUIRED_VARS  LIBLZMA_LIBRARY
                                                          LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIR
                                                          LIBLZMA_HAS_AUTO_DECODER
                                                          LIBLZMA_HAS_EASY_ENCODER
                                                          LIBLZMA_HAS_LZMA_PRESET
                                           VERSION_VAR    LIBLZMA_VERSION_STRING
                                 )
mark_as_advanced( LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIR LIBLZMA_LIBRARY )

if (LIBLZMA_FOUND)
    set(LIBLZMA_LIBRARIES ${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY})
    set(LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIRS ${LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIR})
    if(NOT TARGET LibLZMA::LibLZMA)
        add_library(LibLZMA::LibLZMA UNKNOWN IMPORTED)
        set_target_properties(LibLZMA::LibLZMA PROPERTIES
                              INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES ${LIBLZMA_INCLUDE_DIR}
                              IMPORTED_LINK_INTERFACE_LANGUAGES C)

        if(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_RELEASE)
            set_property(TARGET LibLZMA::LibLZMA APPEND PROPERTY
                IMPORTED_CONFIGURATIONS RELEASE)
            set_target_properties(LibLZMA::LibLZMA PROPERTIES
                IMPORTED_LOCATION_RELEASE "${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_RELEASE}")
        endif()

        if(LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_DEBUG)
            set_property(TARGET LibLZMA::LibLZMA APPEND PROPERTY
                IMPORTED_CONFIGURATIONS DEBUG)
            set_target_properties(LibLZMA::LibLZMA PROPERTIES
                IMPORTED_LOCATION_DEBUG "${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_DEBUG}")
        endif()

        if(NOT LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_RELEASE AND NOT LIBLZMA_LIBRARY_DEBUG)
            set_target_properties(LibLZMA::LibLZMA PROPERTIES
                IMPORTED_LOCATION "${LIBLZMA_LIBRARY}")
        endif()
    endif()
endif ()


To apply, kindly email to careers@runwaybandits.com with the subject: Application for Retail Associate (Part-time).
To apply, kindly email your resume (with recent photo) and expected salary to careers@runwaybandits.com with the subject: Application for Senior Retail Associate (Full-time).
To apply, kindly email your resume (with recent photo) and expected salary to careers@runwaybandits.com with the subject: Application for Creative Intern.
To apply, kindly email to careers@runwaybandits.com with the subject: Application for Operations Assistant (Part-time).


text:
Project Lightning
Media centre Media centre
Gigabit Opportunity
Goals and performance
Slow internet revealed as small businesses' biggest time-waster
Research finds each small business employee loses 15 minutes every day to slow broadband connections
Virgin Media Business today launches 300Mbps – the UK's fastest, widely available broadband speed for small businesses
25th January 2016 – Slow internet speed has emerged as small businesses' biggest time-waster, according to a new study commissioned by Virgin Media Business. The findings also reveal that senior decision makers in small businesses believe the average employee loses 15 minutes a day to slow internet speeds, meaning that a business with eight employees could lose a full day of work each week, waiting for their connection to catch up*.
The online research, conducted by YouGov with 1,103 senior decision makers in UK small businesses, marks the launch of Virgin Media Business's new, ultrafast broadband packages including a 300Mbps product that's almost four times faster than its competitors.
The research shows 57% of small businesses believe that the internet is critical to their operation and that they wouldn't be able to function without it. However, poor connections are becoming detrimental to their daily operations.
Faster speeds can provide small businesses with a significant online boost – opening then up to new technologies and allowing greater productivity. Virgin Media Business' new ultrafast broadband packages can help businesses get more from their internet connection, offering speeds of 50Mbps, 100Mbps, 200Mbps and 300Mbps.
When small businesses were asked what they would do if they could complete their daily tasks more quickly, the top three responses were spending more quality time with family (40%), having dinner with their partner (30%) and going to the gym or playing sport (30%).
Other findings from the research include:
Slow internet speeds tied with customer service queries as the biggest distractions from senior decision makers' main tasks at work (33%)
Over a third of small and medium sized businesses (34%) think a faster internet connection would accelerate their growth overall
Online activities are high on the strategic agenda for 2016, with a quarter prioritising online advertising and 23% prioritising building their social media presence in order for their company to grow over the next 12 months
Peter Kelly, Managing Director, Virgin Media Business, said: "Small businesses are the lifeblood of the UK's economy but need the right tools and technology to thrive. Our ultrafast broadband speeds are setting a new benchmark for business broadband and enabling businesses to reach their full digital potential by doing more, faster."
In October, Virgin Media Business launched a report, 'The UK's Digital Opportunity', which revealed digital technologies could provide a £56 billion boost to small businesses, as well as creating over 920,000 new jobs.
Over the coming years Virgin Media is investing £3 billion in its infrastructure to bring the fastest broadband to nearly 17 million UK homes and businesses.
* A small business with eight employees used for illustrative purposes only. Eight people losing 15 minutes for five days equals 600 minutes, or ten hours of time, lost. According to the Department for Business, Innovation & Skills, businesses with 0-9 employees account for 96% of all UK businesses.
Recommended press releases
Virgin Media Business and Richard Branson search for the best businesses across the UK & Ireland
Virgin Media & Techstars reveal 10 start ups to join new London based accelerator
Virgin Media Business to power Met Office Super Computer
Birmingham small businesses to get ultrafast broadband boost
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This scholarship is awarded to full-time, degree-seeking international students with strong academic history and financial need. Scholarships are awarded as partial out-of-state tuition waivers (reduction in tuition). The recipients are recognized at the International Student Welcome. The scholarship will apply only to undergraduate and graduate degree-seeking students (does not apply to IELI, HSU Study California, or Semester at Humboldt tuition).
Open to: This award is open to new, incoming international students as well as current international students.
Amount: Approximately $1,000 - $2,000 as funds are available, applied to out-of-state tuition fees.
Submit a minimum of two recommendation letters.
Upload your application materials online with your application, or email them to the Center for International Programs (CIP) (international@humboldt.edu).
Humboldt State University does not provide Federal financial aid for international students. Only students who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents are eligible for Federal financial aid. As scholarship opportunities are limited, international students are encouraged to explore scholarships, loans and sponsorship possibilities within their home countries.
Students with either the student visa (F1) or scholar visa (J1) are allowed to work on campus on a part-time basis (20 hours/week or less) while school is in session and full-time (40 hours/week) during breaks, as long as they maintain their F1/J1 status. There are a wide variety of employment opportunities available on campus. Consult the Career Center to learn about available opportunities, and the Center for International Progams about how to obtain employment while you are studying.
If you want to be considered, please visit the HSU Athletics website, select the sport you are interested in, then fill out and submit the Prospective Athlete Questionnaire.
You can find information about other scholarships for international students in this PDF.
Click here for an ebook on Funding your study in the US.


The Committee at its twentieth session requested the Peruvian authorities to submit, by 15 September 1997, a full report on the state of conservation of Chan Chan, including proposals regarding the future conservation and management of the site in order to enable the Committee to decide if additional measures are required to conserve the property.
At the date of preparation of this document no full state of conservation report had been received by the Secretariat. The Secretariat was informed, however, about a programme of re-location of population and farmers who are living within the boundaries of the protected area. The Committee, at its seventeenth session, indeed expressed the need to address the issue of invasions and land occupation in order to rapidly and permanently reclaim and secure the site's intangible zone. This programme was reactivated by the Peruvian Government in 1997 and has met resistance by some of the population. The National Institute for Culture of Peru submitted a detailed report on the programme and reported that of the 207 persons, 46 had been relocated, that agreement on relocation had been reached with 91 and that 44 would be able to remain on lands that had been traditionally used for agriculture. An ICCROM expert confirmed the credibility of this report as well as the need to secure the protected area of Chan Chan. He also stresses emphatically the urgent need for a management plan for Chan Chan in the context of regional planning and expresses ICCROM's interest in a continued collaboration in the preservation of Chan Chan as a follow-up to the adobe training course which it co-organised in late 1996 at Chan Chan.
In July 1997, the Chairperson of the World Heritage Committee approved an amount of US$ 20,000 under technical co-operation for the preparation of a management plan for the site.
In September 1997, the Chairperson of the World Heritage Committee approved an amount of US$ 50,000 under emergency assistance for immediate measures to protect the most valuable and vulnerable parts of Chan Chan against the devastating impacts the up-coming 'El Nino' phenomenon might have on the site.
The Committee may wish to examine information that may be available at the time of its session and take appropriate action thereupon. Given the continuing threats to which the site is exposed, its continued inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger is justified.
The Secretariat informed the Committee that it had received, on 27 November 1997, a report from the Peruvian authorities on the actions and programmes implemented between 1985 and 1997 for the conservation and management of the site, as well as on tourism infrastructure and educational activities. It also informed the Committee of the recommendations of an ICOMOS expert mission regarding the need to establish a management plan, the importance of the Earthen Architecture Research Centre at Chan Chan and the need to carefully monitor the phenomenon El Nino and its impact on the site.
The Delegate of Peru stressed that all actions undertaken by his Government were performed in accordance to national law and the Government's commitments under Article 5.d. of the World Heritage Convention. With regard to recovery of the intangible zone, he reported that the re-location of illegal occupants was well underway. On the preventive emergency measures vis-à-vis the El Nino phenomenon , he informed that the Government of Peru had allocated a special fund of US$ 200,000 for this purpose. In this context, he thanked the Committee for the emergency assistance of US$ 50,000 that had been approved by the Chairperson as a contribution to these measures.
ICCROM stressed its interest in a continued collaboration with the Peruvian Government in the preservation and management of the site as a follow-up to the course on the conservation and management of earthen architectural and archaeological heritage that took place in Chan Chan in 1996 in co-operation with ICCROM, the Getty Conservation Institute, CRATerre and the National Institute for Culture, and which developed a new approach to the management of adobe sites.
The Committee took note of the information provided by the Secretariat and the Delegate of Peru. It expressed its concern about the possible impact that the El Nino phenomenon might have on this fragile site and commended and supported the efforts of the Peruvian Government to take the necessary emergency measures for its protection.
The Committee urged the Government of Peru to proceed with the preparation of a management plan for Chan Chan and to submit a progress report by 15 April 1998 for examination by the Bureau at its twenty-second session.
The Committee decided to retain the Chan Chan Archaeological Zone on the List of World Heritage in Danger.


Convert multimedia files, download video and audio, rip and burn DVDs and CDs.
Convert between 200 video formats, rip DVD, CD, and Blu-ray discs and transform to a variety of formats, including MP4, M4V, AVI, WMV, MOV, WMA, MP3, etc. Bypass DRM protection and burn videos to DVD discs. Cut, crop, split, merge your movies, add audio, effects, or watermark. Record videos and capture multimedia files from over a hundred sharing sites, such as YouTube.


Despite three Conservative party abstentions the Lib Dem amendment was passed adding these words: '….and Council asks the Scrutiny Committee to consider and propose what actions the Council, and potential partner organisations, might take to further this outcome'.
In the debate Councillor Ient said, "We are delighted to have the opportunity to debate this matter and will support the principle of the motion but we would like to go one stage further. We propose forming a consortium of local authority and specialist organisations with both business and engineering expertise to apply for funding under the government's Local Growth Fund scheme to reinstall the 9 miles of track required to link Uckfield to Lewes in the south coast rail network".
Cllr Sarah Osborne, Lib Dem Group Leader, said "As you will know, Norman Baker campaigned through the whole of his political career to get this line reopened. In fact, it was he who got the then Secretary of State, Patrick McLaughlin, to instruct Network Rail to investigate the viability of reopening the line. Finally, this year, the London and South Coast Rail Corridor study report was published and in it they stated that rail links from London to the Sussex coast should be a strategic priority. The study said there was a stronger strategic case for reopening the line if it relied on harnessing the economic growth agenda rather than simply traditional transport benefits and other interested parties, including local authorities and LEPs, to progress work to improve the viability of such schemes". Sarah added, "Well we have included new development in our local plan so I hope that the government takes note".
Councillor Ient continued, "In March 2017 the government gave us local authorities an open invitation to take the lead and commission a review showing the benefits of reinstating this short section of railway line. We should now get on with that review! If we will get our skates on it might even be possible to take advantage of EU regional funding before the doors are closed in 2019. Even if EU funding is not available to us we believe there is a strong environmental, transport and economic case for reinstalling the track.
"Lewes District Council resolves to positively continue its long-standing support for the much needed re-opening of the Uckfield to Lewes railway line and Council asks the Scrutiny Committee to consider and propose what actions the Council, and potential partner organisations, might take to further this outcome. This is something which hundreds of Lewes District residents have called for over many years, and it would be a strategic addition to the rail network for the Lewes District. This vital transport link, especially if electrified, would help Lewes District Council meet their sustainable transport aspirations. Other examples of successful projects along these lines include the Borders Railway line."
On 2 March 2017 the government published the long-awaited London and South Coast Rail Corridor Study report. The Department for Transport showed the way forward for reopening between Uckfield and Lewes, Whilst the study found that there was not a transport need to reopen Lewes - Uckfield, it recognised that it might be justified on the basis of economic growth. The study recommended that a new approach is required, starting with the LEP and local authorities commissioning a review of potential growth scenarios.


Tell us about yourself do you need a full time or part time income? Any life or job experience? Drive? Your Requirements, Other certifications or licenses? I'm a graduating student this coming march, taking up Nursing. I took computer engineering for 3 years then I shifted to nursing. I'm 23 y/o, 5'3" in height. I'm looking for a full time job. I have had certifications like Basic Life Support, seminars related to my course. Actually I'm looking for sponsor to go abroad and hoping to go abroad right after my graduation because I really need to work.
Hobbies, work, interests: I love playing softball, cooking and I love working with other people. As of now I don't have stable job because I'm a full time student but sometimes I go into business...."monkey Business". I love taking care of children and elderly.
Where would your preferred location be? Country, Area, State, Province, Parish, Clerk, Local, International, I would like to work in New Jersey, New York, San Diego, Arizona.
anything else: Thank You & God Bless!!!


Now available from McFarlane Aviation Products is "the best" DAM Window Cleaner, according to company officials.
In development and testing for more than a year, DAM Window Cleaner is a fast, streak-free liquid spray designed for acrylic and other surfaces.
It does not contain ammonia or alcohol that are harmful to plastic.
After years of frustration with lesser performing and overpriced window cleaners, Dave A. McFarlane worked diligently to develop his own DAM Window Cleaner. He notes that the cleaner is safe for all surfaces.
He recommends using cotton towels when cleaning your windows. Prepackaged T-shirt material (new, no seams or print) is also offered by McFarlane. The T-shirt material is economical and works wonders when cleaning up the bugs and protecting your windows from scratches during the cleaning process, McFarlane adds.
McFarlane offers the cleaner in cases of 14 1.5oz bottles, 12 16oz bottles, or a kit including one of each size bottle and five T-shirt towels.


The Velveteen Rabbit, or How Toys Become Real: Illustrated. A children's novel written by Margery Williams and illustrated by William Nicholson. It chronicles the story of a stuffed rabbit and his quest to become real through the love of his owner. The book was first published in 1922 and has been republished many times since. The Velveteen Rabbit was Williams' first children's book. It has been awarded the IRA/CBC Children's Choice award. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children." A stuffed rabbit sewn from velveteen is given as a present to a small boy, but is neglected for toys of higher quality or function, which shun him in response. The rabbit is informed of magically becoming Real by the wisest and oldest toy in the nursery as a result of extreme adoration and love from children, and he is awed by this concept; however, his chances of achieving this wish are slight.


text:
5 Hour ENERGY Flexes its Muscles-Again, and This Time It Got an Energy Shot
Published: November 16, 2012 Share
By Evan Garcia
The Sixth Circuit recently gave a boost to the "5-hour ENERGY mark.1 In deciding the degree of protection that the mark deserved, the court held that the term was suggestive rather than descriptive because, in isolation, it did not readily convey the qualities of the product.2 The focus of this post is whether the approach taken by the Sixth Circuit in answering this threshold issue was proper. In concluding that it was not, this post illustrates why the underlying rationale used by the Sixth Circuit to deem the mark suggestive was misguided.
Procedural Posture
The plaintiff and creator of the "5 Hour ENERGY" shot, Innovation Ventures LLC (doing business as Living Essentials, hereinafter "LE"), filed suit against N.V.E. Inc. ("NVE") for trademark infringement in violation of §1115(a) of the Lanham Act.3 N.V.E., the creator of "6 Hour POWER," counterclaimed that LE falsely advertised in violation of the Lanham Act and engaged in anti-competitive conduct in violation of the Sherman Act.4 The district court held for N.V.E. on the trademark infringement claim and for LE on defendant's counter-claims.5 After the District Court granted partial summary judgments to each party, the case was appealed to the Sixth Circuit.6
The Sixth Circuit affirmed the District Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of LE in regards to N.V.E.'s counter claims and remanded the trademark infringement issue.7 But in resolving the question of whether NVE infringed LE's mark, the Sixth Circuit was required to determine whether LE's mark was protectable. Analyzing the court's resolution of this threshold issue does not implicate either the court's discussion of the likelihood of confusion test or NVE's counterclaims. This post thus addresses only a limited portion of the Sixth Circuit's opinion relating to the threshold protectability issue.8
LE is the market leader in the energy shot business with a 90% share of the energy-shot market.9 NVE's approximately 5% is the next largest.10 Unsurprisingly, LE is not afraid to flex its muscles and has filed trademark infringement suits against a number of its competitors.11 One can simply add NVE to list. In this latest installment, however, it appears that the Sixth Circuit may have unintentionally given LE the motivation to continue flexing its muscles.
To prove trademark infringement in the Sixth Circuit, one must establish that the mark is protectable and then show a likelihood of confusion amongst consumers.12 In ruling on the threshold protectability issue, the Sixth Circuit Court held that "5 Hour ENERGY" is suggestive and thus protectable (suggestive marks are always protectable).13 This determination by the court bolsters LE's current case and also its future legal leverage with a new psychological advantage–Circuit Court precedent. Future competitors will now be less likely to challenge LV, both in court and in the marketplace. In reaching this conclusion, however, the Sixth Circuit misapplied trademark law. A closer examination follows.
NVE claimed that the mark "5 Hour ENERGY" was descriptive and lacked distinctiveness.14 Not surprisingly, LE argued that the mark was suggestive. The difference is important because descriptive marks can only be protected upon acquiring secondary meaning–that is, in the mind of consumers the descriptive mark also signifies the source of the product.15 Proving secondary meaning often requires conducting consumer-surveys, market research, and of course, time.16 All of which have a price tag. A suggestive mark, on the other hand, is protectable with no additional showing. The court therefore lifted a considerable burden from LE's shoulders–making this litigation easier and potentially influencing future challengers.
There is no doubt that the line between suggestive and descriptive marks is a hazy one.17 But there are guiding principles.18 In general, a descriptive mark is one that directly conveys the ingredients, qualities, or characteristics of the product.19 A mark is suggestive if it requires the observer to use imagination or perception to determine the nature of the goods.20 These general rules, however, are only useful if applied with the product in mind. For instance, the mark mint jelly for a condiment would likely be deemed descriptive as it conveys an ingredient in the product. But mint jelly for some sort of Bengay like pain cream, would likely be suggestive because it would require the observer to connect the mark with muscle relief. In determining the mark's status the language of the Sixth Circuit's opinion indicates that the court failed to consider the mark with the good.
The court began its analysis with:
The '5 Hour ENERGY' mark could be characterized as merely descriptive, in the sense that it simply describes a product that will give someone five hours of energy. But that is not the end of such an inquiry. The first question one would ask is how would the energy be transferred? Through food? Through drink? Through injections? Through pills? Through exercise? Also, one would ask what kind of energy is the mark referring to? Food energy (measured in Calories)? Electrical energy? Nuclear energy?
Then the court stated that the mark "shares a closer kinship" with suggestive marks and continued:
The connection between '5–hour' and 'ENERGY' is not so obvious that a consumer seeing [5–hour ENERGY] in isolation would know that the term refers to an energy shot rather than, for example, a battery for electronics, an exercise program, a backup generator, or a snack for endurance sports.
The problem with the Sixth Circuit's rationale is that a mark must be evaluated in connection with the goods upon which it is used and not in isolation.21 After the court correctly noted that the mark may be characterized as descriptive, the superfluous question the court posited of "how" would be readily answered by the reasonable consumer, with a tilt of the head and a big gulp. After all, the product is in fact a small bottle containing 2 oz. of liquid. To be clear, the analysis should have turned on whether or not the mark required an imaginative inference with respect to the product, not in isolation.
The Second Circuit, in Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc., illustrated this point.22 There, the term "Safari" as applied to men's and women's outer garments, was at issue.23 In a thoughtful opinion the court held inter alia that 1) as applied to certain types of clothing the term "Safari" had become generic, but 2) "Safari" had not become generic for boots or shoes.24 The fact that the court found "Safari" to have differing levels of protection in connection with different goods shows that the categorization of a mark depends on the good on which it is used. The Sixth Circuit's rationale for its categorization of the mark "5-Hour ENERGY" was, therefore, flawed because it failed to consider the good upon which the mark is used–a non-alcoholic drink and dietary supplement.25
Further, numerous marks with even more tenuous connections between the name and the product have been determined descriptive.26 These marks include: CHARTER (a bank); CHEAPER! (cigarettes); 5-MINUTE (glue); KING-SIZED (clothing) and; NO SPOT (a car washing system).27 Indeed, the connection between "5 Hour Energy" and the product is straightforward–the product provides hours of energy to the imbiber–and the mark should have been characterized as descriptive.
By holding 5 Hour Energy suggestive, the Sixth Circuit has unintentionally energized LE's policing efforts. In a sense, LE can now pursue litigation in the Sixth Circuit at a discount because of the precedential value of the court's determination. By no means will other litigants be collaterally estopped from challenging the mark's determination as suggestive28 but they will be deterred from picking that fight.
Ultimately, it is unclear whether the Sixth Circuit's ruling will affect LE's future litigation in a meaningful way. But one thing is clear: the Sixth Circuit's holding is LE's energy shot and this one lasts longer than 5 hours.
1Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., Inc., 694 F.3d 723 (6th Cir. Sept. 13, 2012).
2Id. at 730.
3Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., Inc., 694 F.3d 723, 727-28.
4Id.
5 Id.
6Id. at 2; See also Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., Inc., 747 F.Supp 2d 853 (E.D. Mich. 2010), aff'd in part rev'd in part and remanded.
7Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., Inc., 694 F.3d 723, 733, 742.
8Part III, A-C of the opinion.
9 Clare O'Connor, The Mystery Monk Making Billions with 5-Hour Energy, Forbes (Feb. 8, 2012, 1:22 PM), available at http://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/02/08/manoj-bhargava-the-mystery-monk-making-billions-with-5-hour-energy/
10Id.
11See e.g., Innovation Ventures LLC v. N2G Distrib., Inc., 779 F.Supp 2d 671 (E.D. Mich. 2011); Innovation Ventures LLC, v. Hoodiamax USA, CV 09-5426 AHM(Shx), 2010 WL 3171318 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2010).
12Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., Inc., 694 F.3d 723, 728.(citing Tumblebus Inc. v. Cranmer, 399 F.3d 754, 761 (6th Cir. 2005)).
13Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., Inc., 694 F.3d 723, 730. See Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 768 (1992).
14 Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., 694 F.3d 723, 729-30.
16See 2 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 15:30 (4th ed.).
17Innovation Ventures, LLC v. N.V.E., Inc., 694 F.3d 723, 730.
18See, e.g., Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc., 537 F.2d 4, 9-11 (2d Cir. 1976) (explaining how to identify the four different categories of marks and each category's level of trademark protection).
20Induct O Matic Corp. v. Inductotherm Corp., 747 F.2d 358, 362.
21 Douglas Laboratories Corp. v. Copper Tan, Inc., 210 F.2d 453, 456 (2d. Cir. 1954) (explaining that "coppertone" for sun tan lotion is a fanciful mark) (emphasis added).
22537 F.2d 4.
23 Id. at 7.
24 Id. at 11.
255-HOUR ENERGY, Registration No. 4104670.
26McCarthy on Trademarks & Unfair Competition, J. Thomas McCarthy § 11:24 (4th ed. 2012).
28 See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27 (1982).
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Serenity Base Fest is a 3-day sacred art, mindful movement, and music festival in Sandwich, IL. Serenity is a Mid-West model for a culture that understands the depth of our connectivity to each other, to the planet, and to our collective consciousness.
We respectfully present music from diverse global, national, and local traditions. We acknowledge conscious dance music as fitting into the broader context of sacred and healing music. Beyond a curated mix of world class music, we offer interactive art installations, live painting, local organic cuisine options, mindful and eco-friendly vendors, and educational programming—including workshops on yoga, healing, relationships, social and environmental justice, health and wellness, and the music and wisdom of ancient and modern cultures. Our mission is to dissolve the societal boundaries that isolate us through music, dance, and play. In the pursuit of our goals, we deepen our own connection to, and respect for, the earth and that we educate and inspire participants to do the same.
"The best way to capture moments is to pay attention. This is how we cultivate mindfulness. Mindfulness means being awake. It means knowing what you are doing."
~Jon Kabat-Zinn
The name Serenity Base is an important aspect of our vision with this festival. SBF's creator Blake, had an uncle who became the main inspiration for curating such an inspirational event. Michael Kandel, Tranquility Bass, began creating experimental electronic fusion music in the late 80s. When Blake was a child, Michael traveled the world and sent postcards from places he would visit: telling tales of the people he met and the music he played for them. Blake has had the opportunity to watch him sing live a handful of times, and will always have his albums to remember him by. Sadly, he passed away in May 2015. In memory of, and in tribute to him, the festival is named: Serenity Base.
Serenity Base Fest is all about facilitating positive vibes and energy throughout every attendee. We strive to create an atmosphere where clean eating, healthy living, sustainable mindset, energy conscious, creative and knowledgeable veterans of the community can thrive. Life in general is about creating moments and being a moment maker for those around you. We believe every person has a duty to be the best version of themselves and share their unique gifts to the people around them.
Interactive art installations
Communal art projects
Alcohol free environment
Camping grounds
Flow & movement based workshops
In the spirit of creating a wellness culture, there will be Yogis, Reiki masters, flow masters, and slackers who will run workshops during the day combined with cohesive and artistic vendors and artists who create intricate physical art installations.
Apply to Perform: PErform Here
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Teaching career
Philosophical views
Reformed epistemology
Modal ontological argument
Evolutionary argument against naturalism
View on naturalism and evolution
Selected works by Plantinga
Alvin Plantinga
American Christian philosopher
Alvin Carl Plantinga
(1932-11-15) November 15, 1932 (age 89)
Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.
God and Other Minds (1967)
Warranted Christian Belief (2000)
Kathleen De Boer
(m. 1955)
Rescher Prize (2012)
Templeton Prize (2017)
20th-century philosophy
Doctoral advisor
Paul Weiss
Main interests
modal logic
natural theology
Notable ideas
Free-will defense
Proper functionalism
Modal metaphysics
Divine nature and attributes
Internalism and externalism
John Locke[1]
Thomas Reid
Luis de Molina
William Harry Jellema
William Alston
Hilaire Belloc
Søren Kierkegaard
Nicholas Wolterstorff
Peter van Inwagen
Robin Collins
Keith DeRose
Robert Koons
Trenton Merricks
Michael Bergmann
Brian Davies
J. P. Moreland
John Frame
Alvin Carl Plantinga[a] (born November 15, 1932) is an American analytic philosopher who works primarily in the fields of philosophy of religion, epistemology (particularly on issues involving epistemic justification), and logic.
From 1963 to 1982, Plantinga taught at Calvin University before accepting an appointment as the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame.[3] He later returned to Calvin University to become the inaugural holder of the Jellema Chair in Philosophy.[4]
A prominent Christian philosopher, Plantinga served as president of the Society of Christian Philosophers from 1983 to 1986. He has delivered the Gifford Lectures two times and was described by Time magazine as "America's leading orthodox Protestant philosopher of God".[5] In 2014, Plantinga was the 30th most-cited contemporary author in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.[6] A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he was awarded the Templeton Prize in 2017.[7]
Some of Plantinga's most influential works include God and Other Minds (1967), The Nature of Necessity (1974), and a trilogy of books on epistemology, culminating in Warranted Christian Belief (2000) that was simplified in Knowledge and Christian Belief (2015).[citation needed]
Plantinga was born on November 15, 1932, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to Cornelius A. Plantinga (1908–1994) and Lettie G. Bossenbroek (1908–2007). Plantinga's father was a first-generation immigrant, born in the Netherlands.[8] His family is from the Dutch province of Friesland; they lived on a relatively low income until he secured a teaching job in Michigan in 1941.[9]
Plantinga's father earned a PhD in philosophy from Duke University and a master's degree in psychology, and taught several academic subjects at different colleges over the years.[10]
Plantinga married Kathleen De Boer in 1955.[11] They have four children: Carl, Jane, Harry, and Ann.[12][13] Both of his sons are professors at Calvin University, Carl in film studies[14] and Harry in computer science.[15] Harry is also the director of the college's Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Plantinga's older daughter, Jane Plantinga Pauw, is a pastor at Rainier Beach Presbyterian Church (PCUSA) in Seattle, Washington,[16] and his younger daughter, Ann Kapteyn, is a missionary in Cameroon working for Wycliffe Bible Translators.[17] One of Plantinga's brothers, Cornelius "Neal" Plantinga Jr., is a theologian and the former president of Calvin Theological Seminary. Another of his brothers, Leon, is an emeritus professor of musicology at Yale University.[10][18] His brother Terrell worked for CBS News.[19]
After Plantinga completed 11th grade, his father urged him to skip his last year of high school and immediately enroll in college. Plantinga reluctantly followed his father's advice and in 1949, a few months before his 17th birthday, he enrolled in Jamestown College, in Jamestown, North Dakota.[20][21] During that same year, his father accepted a teaching job at Calvin University, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In January 1950, Plantinga moved to Grand Rapids with his family and enrolled in Calvin University. During his first semester at Calvin, Plantinga was awarded a scholarship to attend Harvard University.[22]
Beginning in the fall of 1950, Plantinga spent two semesters at Harvard. In 1951, during Harvard's spring recess, Plantinga attended a few philosophy classes at Calvin University, and was so impressed with Calvin philosophy professor William Harry Jellema that he returned in 1951 to study philosophy under him.[23] In 1954, Plantinga began his graduate studies at the University of Michigan where he studied under William Alston, William Frankena, and Richard Cartwright, among others.[24] A year later, in 1955, he transferred to Yale University where he received his PhD in 1958.[25]
Plantinga at the University of Notre Dame in 2004
Plantinga began his career as an instructor in the philosophy department at Yale in 1957, and then in 1958, he became a professor of philosophy at Wayne State University during its heyday as a major center for analytic philosophy. In 1963, he accepted a teaching job at Calvin University, where he replaced the retiring Jellema.[26] He then spent the next 19 years at Calvin before moving to the University of Notre Dame in 1982. He retired from the University of Notre Dame in 2010 and returned to Calvin University, where he serves as the first holder of the William Harry Jellema Chair in Philosophy. He has trained many prominent philosophers working in metaphysics and epistemology including Michael Bergmann at Purdue and Michael Rea at Notre Dame, and Trenton Merricks working at University of Virginia.
Plantinga served as president of the American Philosophical Association, Western Division, from 1981 to 1982.[27] and as President of the Society of Christian Philosophers from 1983 to 1986.[21][28]
He has honorary degrees from Glasgow University (1982), Calvin University (1986), North Park College (1994), the Free University of Amsterdam (1995), Brigham Young University (1996), and Valparaiso University (1999).[28] He was a Guggenheim Fellow, 1971–72, and elected a Fellow in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975.[28]
In 2006, the University of Notre Dame's Center for Philosophy of Religion renamed its Distinguished Scholar Fellowship as the Alvin Plantinga Fellowship.[29] The fellowship includes an annual lecture by the current Plantinga Fellow.[30]
In 2012, the University of Pittsburgh's Philosophy Department, History and Philosophy of Science Department, and the Center for the History and Philosophy of Science co-awarded Plantinga the Nicholas Rescher Prize for Systematic Philosophy,[31] which he received with a talk titled, "Religion and Science: Where the Conflict Really Lies".
In 2017, Baylor University's Center for Christian Philosophy inaugurated the Alvin Plantinga Award for Excellence in Christian Philosophy. Awardees deliver a lecture at Baylor University and their name is put on a plaque with Plantinga's image in the Institute for Studies in Religion. He was named the first fellow of the center as well.[32]
He was awarded the 2017 Templeton Prize.
Plantinga has argued that some people can know that God exists as a basic belief, requiring no argument. He developed this argument in two different fashions: firstly, in God and Other Minds (1967), by drawing an equivalence between the teleological argument and the common sense view that people have of other minds existing by analogy with their own minds.[33][34] Plantinga has also developed a more comprehensive epistemological account of the nature of warrant which allows for the existence of God as a basic belief.[35]
Plantinga has also argued that there is no logical inconsistency between the existence of evil and the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wholly good God.[36]
Plantinga proposed a "free-will defense" in a volume edited by Max Black in 1965,[37] which attempts to refute the logical problem of evil, the argument that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, wholly good God.[38] Plantinga's argument (in a truncated form) states that "It is possible that God, even being omnipotent, could not create a world with free creatures who never choose evil. Furthermore, it is possible that God, even being omnibenevolent, would desire to create a world which contains evil if moral goodness requires free moral creatures."[39]
However, the argument's handling of natural evil has been disputed. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the argument also "conflicts with important theistic doctrines",[clarification needed] including the notion of heaven and the idea that God has free will.[40] J. L. Mackie sees Plantinga's free-will defense as incoherent.[41]
Plantinga's well-received book God, Freedom and Evil, written in 1974, gave his response to what he saw as the incomplete and uncritical view of theism's criticism of theodicy. Plantinga's contribution stated that when the issue of a comprehensive doctrine of freedom is added to the discussion of the goodness of God and the omnipotence of God then it is not possible to exclude the presence of evil in the world after introducing freedom into the discussion. Plantinga's own summary occurs in his discussion titled "Could God Have Created a World Containing Moral Good but No Moral Evil", where he states his conclusion that, "... the price for creating a world in which they produce moral good is creating one in which they also produce moral evil."[42]
Plantinga giving a lecture on science and religion in 2009
Plantinga's contributions to epistemology include an argument which he dubs "Reformed epistemology". According to Reformed epistemology, belief in God can be rational and justified even without arguments or evidence for the existence of God. More specifically, Plantinga argues that belief in God is properly basic, and due to a religious externalist epistemology, he claims belief in God could be justified independently of evidence. His externalist epistemology, called "proper functionalism", is a form of epistemological reliabilism.
Plantinga discusses his view of Reformed epistemology and proper functionalism in a three-volume series. In the first book of the trilogy, Warrant: The Current Debate, Plantinga introduces, analyzes, and criticizes 20th-century developments in analytic epistemology, particularly the works of Chisholm, BonJour, Alston, Goldman, and others.[43] In the book, Plantinga argues specifically that the theories of what he calls "warrant"-what many others have called justification (Plantinga draws out a difference: justification is a property of a person holding a belief while warrant is a property of a belief)—put forth by these epistemologists have systematically failed to capture in full what is required for knowledge.[44]
In the second book, Warrant and Proper Function, he introduces the notion of warrant as an alternative to justification and discusses topics like self-knowledge, memories, perception, and probability.[45] Plantinga's "proper function" account argues that as a necessary condition of having warrant, one's "belief-forming and belief-maintaining apparatus of powers" are functioning properly—"working the way it ought to work".[46] Plantinga explains his argument for proper function with reference to a "design plan", as well as an environment in which one's cognitive equipment is optimal for use. Plantinga asserts that the design plan does not require a designer: "it is perhaps possible that evolution (undirected by God or anyone else) has somehow furnished us with our design plans",[47] but the paradigm case of a design plan is like a technological product designed by a human being (like a radio or a wheel). Ultimately, Plantinga argues that epistemological naturalism- i.e. epistemology that holds that warrant is dependent on natural faculties—is best supported by supernaturalist metaphysics—in this case, the belief in a creator God or designer who has laid out a design plan that includes cognitive faculties conducive to attaining knowledge.[48]
According to Plantinga, a belief, B, is warranted if:
(1) the cognitive faculties involved in the production of B are functioning properly…; (2) your cognitive environment is sufficiently similar to the one for which your cognitive faculties are designed; (3) … the design plan governing the production of the belief in question involves, as purpose or function, the production of true beliefs…; and (4) the design plan is a good one: that is, there is a high statistical or objective probability that a belief produced in accordance with the relevant segment of the design plan in that sort of environment is true.[49]
Plantinga seeks to defend this view of proper function against alternative views of proper function proposed by other philosophers which he groups together as "naturalistic", including the "functional generalization" view of John Pollock, the evolutionary/etiological account provided by Ruth Millikan, and a dispositional view held by John Bigelow and Robert Pargetter.[50] Plantinga also discusses his evolutionary argument against naturalism in the later chapters of Warrant and Proper Function.[51]
In 2000, the third book of the trilogy, Warranted Christian Belief, was published. In this volume, Plantinga's warrant theory is the basis for his theological end: providing a philosophical basis for Christian belief, an argument for why Christian theistic belief can enjoy warrant. In the book, he develops two models for such beliefs, the "A/C" (Aquinas/Calvin) model, and the "Extended A/C" model. The former attempts to show that a belief in God can be justified, warranted and rational, while the Extended model tries to show that specifically Christian theological beliefs including the Trinity, the Incarnation, the resurrection of Christ, the atonement, salvation etc. Under this model, Christians are justified in their beliefs because of the work of the Holy Spirit in bringing those beliefs about in the believer.
James Beilby has argued that the purpose of Plantinga's Warrant trilogy, and specifically of his Warranted Christian Belief, is firstly to make a form of argument against religion impossible—namely, the argument that whether or not Christianity is true, it is irrational—so "the skeptic would have to shoulder the formidable task of demonstrating the falsity of Christian belief"[52] rather than simply dismiss it as irrational. In addition, Plantinga is attempting to provide a philosophical explanation of how Christians should think about their own Christian belief.
Plantinga has expressed a modal logic version of the ontological argument in which he uses modal logic to develop, in a more rigorous and formal way, Norman Malcolm's and Charles Hartshorne's modal ontological arguments.
Plantinga criticized Malcolm's and Hartshorne's arguments, and offered an alternative.[53] He argued that, if Malcolm does prove the necessary existence of the greatest possible being, it follows that there is a being which exists in all worlds whose greatness in some worlds is not surpassed. It does not, he argued, demonstrate that such a being has unsurpassed greatness in this world.[54]
In an attempt to resolve this problem, Plantinga differentiated between "greatness" and "excellence". A being's excellence in a particular world depends only on its properties in that world; a being's greatness depends on its properties in all worlds. Therefore, the greatest possible being must have maximal excellence in every possible world. Plantinga then restated Malcolm's argument, using the concept of "maximal greatness". He argued that it is possible for a being with maximal greatness to exist, so a being with maximal greatness exists in a possible world. If this is the case, then a being with maximal greatness exists in every world, and therefore in this world.[54]
The conclusion relies on a form of modal axiom S5, which states that if something is possibly true, then its possibility is necessary (it is possibly true in all worlds). Plantinga's version of S5 suggests that "To say that p is possibly necessarily true is to say that, with regard to one world, it is true at all worlds; but in that case it is true at all worlds, and so it is simply necessary."[55] A version of his argument is as follows:[56]
A being has maximal excellence in a given possible world W if and only if it is omnipotent, omniscient and wholly good in W; and
A being has maximal greatness if it has maximal excellence in every possible world.
It is possible that there is a being that has maximal greatness. (Premise)
Therefore, possibly, it is necessarily true that an omniscient, omnipotent, and perfectly good being exists.
Therefore, (by axiom S5) it is necessarily true that an omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good being exists.
Therefore, an omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good being exists.
Plantinga argued that, although the first premise is not rationally established, it is not contrary to reason. Michael Martin argued that, if certain components of perfection are contradictory, such as omnipotence and omniscience, then the first premise is contrary to reason. Martin also proposed parodies of the argument, suggesting that the existence of anything can be demonstrated with Plantinga's argument, provided it is defined as perfect or special in every possible world.[57]
Another Christian philosopher, William Lane Craig, characterizes Plantinga's argument in a slightly different way:
It is possible that a maximally great being exists.
If it is possible that a maximally great being exists, then a maximally great being exists in some possible world.
If a maximally great being exists in some possible world, then it exists in every possible world.
If a maximally great being exists in every possible world, then it exists in the actual world.
If a maximally great being exists in the actual world, then a maximally great being exists.
Therefore, a maximally great being exists.
According to Craig, premises (2)–(5) are relatively uncontroversial among philosophers, but "the epistemic entertainability of premise (1) (or its denial) does not guarantee its metaphysical possibility."[58] Furthermore, Richard M. Gale argued that premise three, the "possibility premise", begs the question. He stated that one only has the epistemic right to accept the premise if one understands the nested modal operators, and that if one understands them within the system S5—without which the argument fails—then one understands that "possibly necessarily" is in essence the same as "necessarily".[59] Thus the premise begs the question because the conclusion is embedded within it. On S5 systems in general, James Garson writes that "the words 'necessarily' and 'possibly', have many different uses. So the acceptability of axioms for modal logic depends on which of these uses we have in mind."[60]
In Plantinga's evolutionary argument against naturalism, he argues that if evolution is true, it undermines naturalism. His basic argument is that if evolution and naturalism are both true, human cognitive faculties evolved to produce beliefs that have survival value (maximizing one's success at the four Fs: "feeding, fleeing, fighting, and reproducing"), not necessarily to produce beliefs that are true. Thus, since human cognitive faculties are tuned to survival rather than truth in the naturalism-evolution model, there is reason to doubt the veracity of the products of those same faculties, including naturalism and evolution themselves. On the other hand, if God created man "in his image" by way of an evolutionary process (or any other means), then Plantinga argues our faculties would probably be reliable.
The argument does not assume any necessary correlation (or uncorrelation) between true beliefs and survival. Making the contrary assumption—that there is, in fact, a relatively strong correlation between truth and survival—if human belief-forming apparatus evolved giving a survival advantage, then it ought to yield truth since true beliefs confer a survival advantage. Plantinga counters that, while there may be overlap between true beliefs and beliefs that contribute to survival, the two kinds of beliefs are not the same, and he gives the following example with a man named Paul:
Perhaps Paul very much likes the idea of being eaten, but when he sees a tiger, always runs off looking for a better prospect, because he thinks it unlikely the tiger he sees will eat him. This will get his body parts in the right place so far as survival is concerned, without involving much by way of true belief... Or perhaps he thinks the tiger is a large, friendly, cuddly pussycat and wants to pet it; but he also believes that the best way to pet it is to run away from it... Clearly there are any number of belief-desire systems that equally fit a given bit of behaviour.[61]
The argument has received favorable notice from Thomas Nagel[62] and William Lane Craig,[63] but has also been criticized as seriously flawed, for example, by Elliott Sober.[64][65]
Even though Alvin Plantinga believes that God could have used Darwinian processes to create the world, he stands firm against philosophical naturalism. He said in an interview on the relationship between science and religion that:
Religion and science share more common ground than you might think, though science can't prove, it presupposes that there has been a past for example, science does not cover the whole of the knowledge enterprise.[66]
Plantinga participated of groups that support the Intelligent Design Movement, and was a member of the 'Ad Hoc Origins Committee'[67] that supported Philip E. Johnson's 1991 book Darwin on Trial, he also provided a back-cover endorsement of Johnson's book: "Shows how Darwinian evolution has become an idol."[68]
He was a Fellow of the (now defunct) pro-intelligent design International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design,[69] and has presented at a number of intelligent design conferences.[70] In a March 2010 article in The Chronicle of Higher Education, philosopher of science Michael Ruse labeled Plantinga as an "open enthusiast of intelligent design".[71] In a letter to the editor, Plantinga made the following response:
Like any Christian (and indeed any theist), I believe that the world has been created by God, and hence "intelligently designed". The hallmark of intelligent design, however, is the claim that this can be shown scientifically; I'm dubious about that.
...As far as I can see, God certainly could have used Darwinian processes to create the living world and direct it as he wanted to go; hence evolution as such does not imply that there is no direction in the history of life. What does have that implication is not evolutionary theory itself, but unguided evolution, the idea that neither God nor any other person has taken a hand in guiding, directing or orchestrating the course of evolution. But the scientific theory of evolution, sensibly enough, says nothing one way or the other about divine guidance. It doesn't say that evolution is divinely guided; it also doesn't say that it isn't. Like almost any theist, I reject unguided evolution; but the contemporary scientific theory of evolution just as such—apart from philosophical or theological add-ons—doesn't say that evolution is unguided. Like science in general, it makes no pronouncements on the existence or activity of God.[72]
The attitude that he proposes and elaborates upon in Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion and Naturalism is that there is no tension between religion and science, that the two go hand in hand, and that the actual conflict lies between naturalism and science.[73]
God and Other Minds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1967. rev. ed., 1990. ISBN 0-8014-9735-3
The Nature of Necessity. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1974. ISBN 0-19-824404-5
God, Freedom, and Evil. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 1974. ISBN 0-04-100040-4
Does God Have A Nature? Wisconsin: Marquette University Press. 1980. ISBN 0-87462-145-3
Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God (ed. with Nicholas Wolterstorff). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 1983. ISBN 0-268-00964-3
Warrant: The Current Debate. New York: Oxford University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-19-507861-6
Warrant and Proper Function. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-19-507863-2
Warranted Christian Belief. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-19-513192-4 online
Essays in the Metaphysics of Modality. Matthew Davidson (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-510376-9
Knowledge of God (with Michael Tooley). Oxford: Blackwell. 2008. ISBN 0-631-19364-2
Science and Religion (with Daniel Dennett). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010 ISBN 0-19-973842-4
Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 0-19-981209-8
Knowledge and Christian Belief. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 2015. ISBN 0802872042
Philosophy portal
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^ Pronounced /ˈplæntɪŋɡə/.[2]
^ Alvin Plantinga, Knowledge and Christian Belief (2015), p. 54.
^ Christian, Evolutionist, or Both? on YouTube
^ "Alvin Plantinga". veritas-ucsb.org.
^ "Plantinga Wins Prestigious Rescher Prize". calvin.edu.
^ "Emeritae and Emeriti // Department of Philosophy // University of Notre Dame". Archived from the original on 2013-08-31.
^ "The 267 Most-Cited Contemporary Authors in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2020-06-27.
^ "Templeton Prize – Current Winner". templetonprize.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
^ "Self-profile", p. 3.
^ "Alvin Plantinga". The Gifford Lectures. 2014-08-18.
^ a b "Self-profile", p. 6.
^ "Self-profile", p. 14.
^ "Introduction: Alvin Plantinga, God's Philosopher" in Alvin Plantinga; Deane-Peter Baker ed., (New York: Cambridge University Press), 2007, p. 5.
^ "Alvin Plantinga" Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, Well-Known Dutch-Americans at The New Netherland Institute website. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
^ "Faculty & Staff". Calvin University. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
^ "CCEL Questions and Answers". Archived from the original on 2008-07-25.
^ "Jane Plantinga Pauw". Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.
^ "REACHING OUT • Missions". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13.
^ "Welcome". Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ "Self-profile", pp. 7–8.
^ a b Deane-Peter Baker (2007). Alvin Plantinga. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–8. ISBN 978-0-521-85531-0. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
^ "Self-profile", pp. 9–16.
^ "Self-profile", pp. 21–22.
^ "APA Presidents". Archived from the original on April 26, 2012.
^ a b c "NNP, The Casino News Network". nnp.org. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008.
^ AgencyND : University of Notre Dame. "Events". Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ Agency ND : University of Notre Dame. "Center for Philosophy of Religion". Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ University of Pittsburgh University Marketing Communications Webteam. "Nicholas Rescher Prize for Systematic Philosophy". Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ "Philosophy department, Baylor ISR and major granting organization cooperate in opening Baylor Center for Christian Philosophy | Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion". www.baylorisr.org. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
^ Felder, D. W. (1971). "Disanalogies in Plantinga's Argument regarding the Rationality of Theism". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 10 (3): 200–207. doi:10.2307/1384479. JSTOR 1384479.
^ Friquegnon, M. L. (1979). "God and Other Programs". Religious Studies. 15 (1): 83–89. doi:10.1017/S0034412500011100.
^ Copan, P. (2001). "Warranted Christian Belief". The Review of Metaphysics. 54 (4): 939–941. JSTOR 20131647.
^ Quinn, Philip L. "Plantinga, Alvin" in Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1995.
^ "Free Will Defense", in Max Black (ed), Philosophy in America. Ithaca: Cornell UP / London: Allen & Unwin, 1965
^ Beebe 2005
^ Meister 2009, p. 133
^ "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved July 16, 2012.
^ J. L. Mackie wrote: "[H]ow could there be logically contingent states of affairs, prior to the creation and existence of any created beings with free will, which an omnipotent god would have to accept and put up with? This suggestion is simply incoherent. Indeed, by bringing in the notion of individual essences which determine—presumably non-causally—how Curly Smith, Satan, and the rest of us would choose freely or would act in each hypothetical situation, Plantinga has not rescued the free will defence but made its weaknesses all too clear". Mackie 1982, p. 174.
^ Plantinga, Alvin (1974). God, Freedom and Evil, p. 49.
^ Alvin Plantinga, Warrant: The Current Debate, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
^ Plantinga, Warrant: The Current Debate, 1993. 3.
^ Alvin Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
^ WPF, p. 4
^ WPF, p. 21
^ WPF, 237.
^ Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function, 1993. 194.
^ WPF, p. 199-211.
^ Fales, E. (1996). "Plantinga's Case against Naturalistic Epistemology". Philosophy of Science. 63 (3): 432–451. doi:10.1086/289920. S2CID 170510977.
^ Beilby, James (2007). "Plantinga's Model of Warranted Christian Belief". In Baker, Deane-Peter (ed.). Alvin Plantinga. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–165. ISBN 978-0-521-67143-9.
^ "Evolution, Shibboleths, and Philosophers". The Chronicle of Higher Education. April 11, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-28. Like any Christian (and indeed any theist), I believe that the world has been created by God, and hence "intelligently designed"
^ a b Plantinga, Alvin (1998). Sennett, James F. (ed.). The Analytic Theist: An Alvin Plantinga Reader. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 65–71. ISBN 978-0-8028-4229-9.
^ Marenbon, John (October 2, 2006). Medieval Philosophy: An Historical and Philosophical Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-46183-7 – via Google Books.
^ Oppy, Graham (8 February 1996). "Ontological Arguments". substantive revision 15 July 2011. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ Martin, Michael (2003). Philosophy of religion: an anthology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 282–293. ISBN 978-0-631-21471-7.
^ Craig, William Lane (2008). Reasonable faith. Crossway. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-4335-0115-9. Premises (2)–(5) of this argument are relatively uncontroversial. Most philosophers would agree that if God's existence is even possible, then he must exist. ... the epistemic entertainability of premise (1) (or its denial) does not guarantee its metaphysical possibility.
^ Gale, Richard (1993). On the Nature and Existence of God. Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN 0-521-45723-8.
^ Garson, James (February 29, 2000). "Modal Logic" – via plato.stanford.edu.
^ Plantinga, Alvin Warrant and Proper Function, (New York: Oxford University Press), 1993. pp. 225–226 (ISBN 978-0-19-507864-0).
^ Nagel, Thomas (27 September 2012). "A Philosopher Defends Religion". The New York Review of Books.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Oppy, Graham; Trakakis, N. N. (2014-09-11). Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Religion: The History of Western Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-54638-2.
^ Fitelson, Branden; Sober, Elliott (1998). "Plantinga's Probability Arguments Against Evolutionary Naturalism". Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. 79 (2): 115–129. doi:10.1111/1468-0114.00053.
^ "Exploring The Real 'Conflict': Science Vs. Naturalism".
^ "Notre Dame philosopher Alvin Plantinga has also signed this letter" – We're Not in Kansas Anymore, Nancy Pearcey, Christianity Today, May 22, 2000, cited in Forrest & Gross 2004, p. 18 "Alvin Plantinga was also a signatory to this letter, early evidence of his continuing support of the intelligent design movement" – Intelligent design creationism and its critics, Robert T. Pennock (ed), 2001, p44
^ Darwin on Trial back cover
^ ICSD list of Fellows Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine but note that this site appears not to have been updated since 2005
^ Forrest & Gross 2004, pp. 156, 191, 212, 269
^ "Philosophers Rip Darwin". The Chronicle of Higher Education. March 7, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
^ "Evolution, Shibboleths, and Philosophers". The Chronicle of Higher Education. April 11, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Where the Conflict Really Lies" – via YouTube.
"Self-profile" in Alvin Plantinga, James Tomberlin and Peter van Inwagen ed., (Dordrecht: D. Riedle Pub. Co.), 1985
Beebe, James R. (July 12, 2005). "Logical Problem of Evil". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
Forrest, Barbara; Gross, Paul R. (8 January 2004). Creationism's Trojan Horse. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515742-7.
Mackie, J.L (1982). The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and Against the Existence of God. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-824682-X.
Meister, Chad (2009). Introducing Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40327-6.
Peterson, Michael; Hasker, William; Reichenbach, Bruce; Basinger, David (1991). Reason and Religious Belief. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506155-1.
Schönecker, Dieter (ed.), Essays on "Warranted Christian Belief". With Replies by Alvin Plantinga. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2015.
Baker, Deane-Peter (ed), Alvin Plantinga (Contemporary Philosophy in Focus Series). New York: Cambridge University Press. 2007.
Mascrod, Keith, Alvin Plantinga and Christian Apologetics. Wipf & Stock. 2007.
Crisp, Thomas, Matthew Davidson, David Vander Laan (eds), Knowledge and Reality: Essays in Honor of Alvin Plantinga. Dordrecht: Springer. 2006.
Beilby, James, Epistemology as Theology: An Evaluation of Alvin Plantinga's Religious Epistemology. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2005
Beilby, James (ed), Naturalism Defeated? Essays on Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2002.
Sennet, James (ed), The Analytic Theist: An Alvin Plantinga Reader. Grand Rapids: Eeardman. 1998. ISBN 0-8028-4229-1
Kvanvig, Jonathan (ed), Warrant in Contemporary Epistemology: Essays in Honor of Plantinga's Theory of Knowledge. Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 1996.
McLeod, Mark S. Rationality and Theistic Belief: An Essay on Reformed Epistemology (Cornell Studies in the Philosophy of Religion). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1993.
Zagzebski, Linda (ed), Rational Faith. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 1993.
Sennett, James, Modality, Probability, and Rationality: A Critical Examination of Alvin Plantinga's Philosophy. New York: P. Lang. 1992.
Hoitenga, Dewey, From Plato to Plantinga: An Introduction to Reformed Epistemology. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1991.
Parsons, Keith, God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytic Defense of Theism. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1989.
Tomberlin, James and Peter van Inwagen (eds), Alvin Plantinga (Profiles V.5). Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 1985.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alvin Plantinga.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Plantinga's faculty page at the University of Notre Dame
Plantinga's Curriculum Vitae
Virtual Library of Christian Philosophy a collection of some of Plantinga's papers
Papers by Plantinga Extensive collection of online papers.
Interviews from the PBS program Closer to Truth
"The Dawkins Confusion", Plantinga's review of Richard Dawkins's The God Delusion from Books and Culture magazine
Alvin Plantinga's spiritual autobiography from Philosophers Who Believe. Clark, Kelly James (InterVarsity Press,1993)
Warrant: The Current Debate Plantinga's Gifford Lecture, and volume 1 of his Warrant trilogy.
Warrant and Proper Function Plantinga's Gifford Lecture, and volume 2 of his Warrant trilogy.
Warranted Christian Belief, full electronic text of volume 3 of his Warrant trilogy.
Daniel C. Dennett and Alvin Plantinga, Science and Religion: Are They Compatible? (Oxford University Press, 2011)
"Proper Functionalism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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One example of adaptation is what the Vietnam Red Cross (VNRC) has done. In Vietnam's northern coastal provinces, the VNRC has financed the planting of 12,000 hectares of mangrove trees to break the waves typically associated with tropical typhoons and to act as a buffer to 110 kilometers of sea dyke. While US$ 1.1 million was spent on the program, the benefits have proved to be greater than the costs as dyke maintenance have been reduced by US$ 7.3 million each year.12 While building better infrastructure to protect human settlements is necessary, it is impossible to protect all cities, coastlines and farm land with physical structures. Ultimately the best solution to climate change is to prevent it from happening in the first place.
I hope that you can also relate this to the topic of coastal protection - Soft engineering such as tree planting or mangrove conservation do help to complement hard engineering such as the building of dykes.
0 Response to "Climate change and importance of coastal protection"


text:
Meredith Jessup
Is Rand Paul Backing Away from Anti-Earmark Pledge?
"No — no more earmarks."
The modern-day tea party movement has prided itself on its conservative values and efforts to shrink government, cut wasteful spending and for ousting politicians who seemed to have neglected their values and sold-out to political interests in Washington. It came as a big surprise for many, then, when tea party-favorite Senator-elect Rand Paul, R-Ky., suggested over the weekend that he'd be vying for earmarks to bring home to his new Kentucky constituents.
During his hard-fought campaign for the Senate, Paul pledged to support a ban on earmarks. From his campaign website:
Rand Paul has made a ban on wasteful earmark spending in Washington D.C. one of the key points of his campaign. He has supported Sen. Jim DeMint's vocal support for an earmark ban and he supports news that House Democrats are even coming around on the idea of a partial ban.
But in an interview with the Wall Street Journal, seemed to backtrack on this promise:
In a bigger shift from his campaign pledge to end earmarks, he tells me that they are a bad "symbol" of easy spending but that he will fight for Kentucky's share of earmarks and federal pork, as long as it's doled out transparently at the committee level and not parachuted in in the dead of night. "I will advocate for Kentucky's interests," he says.
Conservatives and tea partiers are no wondering: is Rand Paul backing away from his anti-earmark pledge?
National Review's Veronique de Rugy asked Monday, "Is Rand Paul already selling out?"
I am fully aware that the issue of earmarks is a very symbolic one. Getting rid of earmarks won't save us from the current debt explosion, nor is it likely to end the spending; it will just leave the decision in the hands of the agencies rather than selected lawmakers. Still, I could imagine that when a legislator submits his earmark request, the appropriations committee, at least sometimes, increases the overall budget for the agency by the amount of the earmark.
So is Rand Paul changing his tune? Did he misspeak? Or did the Wall Street Journal misinterpret his comments? After all, Paul also told ABC News' Christiane Amanpour this past weekend, "No more earmarks."
PAUL: No — no more earmarks.
AMANPOUR: No more? Not even in your state?
PAUL: No. No. But I do tell people within Kentucky is I say, look, I will argue within the committee process for things that are good for Kentucky that they want and also within the context of a balanced budget. Here's what happens. You go to the Transportation Committee and they say, "What do you want?" But it should be, "How much do we have?" No one asks, "How much do we have?" So we just spend it. And then, at the end of the day, if we don't have it, we either print it or borrow it. Those are bad things. There is no restraint, but that's why you need rules.
What do you think? Is Rand Paul really abandoning is tea party anti-earmark roots?
Update: Appearing on CNN Tuesday afternoon, Paul reiterated his opposition to earmarking, saying he would not use them as a U.S. Senator.


text:
5 Signs of Age Discrimination
These signals may mean you're a target at work
by Bruce Horovitz, November 2015 Bulletin | Comments: 0
Feel like there is a target on your back? Here are five signs that your job might be in jeopardy.
En español | Age discrimination is becoming more common as a nation of working boomers grows older. Experts on career counseling and age discrimination picked five telltale signs to watch for.
1. Older workers are being fired or offered buyouts, and younger ones are being hired.
The most common term for this is "culture fit." But what it really means is that a company is bound and determined to hire younger, less expensive workers who are basically about the same age with the same mind-set, says Karen Southall Watts, a career coach in Vancouver, Canada. "When a company hires 30 versions of the same person over and over again, I find this a big red flag."
2. You are reassigned to unpleasant duties.
Job reassignment can be the clearest sign that they're trying to replace you or get you to quit, advises Suzanne Lucas, a human resources expert who blogs about the workplace at EvilHRLady.org. How to avoid this? "As you get older, what you need to be careful about is to be continually growing and improving on the job," she says.
3. You start hearing tacky comments about your age.
If your boss has recently asked you, even in a friendly way, "Say, when are you going to retire?" — that's a strong sign that it's on the boss's mind, says Laurie McCann, a senior attorney at AARP Foundation Litigation. Prepare a savvy response that protects you and your job, advises Jane Rasmussen, an employment law attorney in Fairfax, Va. Be clear that you have no plans to retire and that you intend to work there for a long time. If you can grab a friendly coworker to witness the conversation, that can be helpful in case the issue evolves into a lawsuit. Send an email to your boss that summarizes the conversation the two of you had about your "retirement" and remind the boss you have no such plans.
AARP's Susan Weinstock gives advice to a guest on the Dr. Phil show about facing age discrimination in a job search.
4. You stop getting raises.
This can be tricky, McCann says. If your younger coworker who had a stellar year gets a raise, but you had a so-so year and did not get a raise, that is not age discrimination, she says. But if you had a good year and still get coal in your stocking instead of a raise, that may well be age discrimination — unless you're already at the top of the pay scale.
5. Your performance reviews tank.
This is particularly common when a company gets a new CEO, or when you get a new (often younger) boss who decides it's time to get rid of the older, more expensive workers. "When you suddenly get 1s instead of 4s on your performance reviews, you are in serious trouble," warns Robin Ryan, a career counselor and author of Over 40 and You're Hired! Start compiling evidence early, and consider seeking help from an employment lawyer. "Courts are very suspicious of this kind of thing," McCann adds. "You don't suddenly become a bad employee."
Bruce Horovitz, a former USA Today reporter and Los Angeles Times marketing columnist, is a freelance writer.
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WORKS WITH: Foursevens Quark QK2L 16650 and other legacy Quark Click/Pro/Tactical (also other 4.2V two cell lights). Does NOT work with the Quark Smart.
If you have questions about whether a 4.2V Li-Ion battery will power a light that is NOT a Foursevens light you should contact the manufacturer.
This rechargeable 16650 battery has capacity equal to 2xCR123 cells and significantly more capacity than 2xRCR123 cells. The upcoming Quark QK2L 16650 will ship with this battery included, but we highly recommend using this battery in all of your two cell lights that are compatible with 4.2V.
Why? Because we believe that running a light with 2x(R)CR123 is dangerous. Using two cells in series creates a significant chance of catastrophic failure if the batteries become imbalanced. Imbalance can be caused by batteries of different age, manufacturing defect, or difference in charge state. For example, you accidentally put in a charged battery with a discharged battery. This imbalance can lead to fire or explosion in one of the cells.
This is not uncommon. Even if you think you are diligent, why take the risk when a much better option is available? This is also why we are no longer shipping any Foursevens lights with 2xCR123 cells.
PLEASE NOTE: Exceeding the maximum voltage of your flashlight can cause permanent damage to the flashlight. Before using these batteries please ensure that your flashlight is rated for up to 4.2V.
This battery is rated to 4.35V and 2500mAh, but most chargers only charge to 4.2V and that's why we have rated the battery at 2200mAH.


Alex John Groza (October 7, 1926 – January 21, 1995) was an American professional basketball player from Martins Ferry, Ohio who was banned from the NBA for life in 1951 for point shaving. This scandal was the CCNY point shaving scandal. He had an outstanding college career at the University of Kentucky and was a two-time All-Star for the Indianapolis Olympians before his career came to an abrupt end.


There is nothing like the experience of exploring new places with friends and family and just be one with the nature.
This short video clip below really takes us back to where it all started in Australia with our vision of developing the ultimate waterproof solutions for active people to be able to Share Your Passion.
Don't forget to live life to the fullest!


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