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inSPORTline, Tape strips...


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Meet the Woman Saving One College Football Superstar at a Time
Photo: Netflix / "Last Chance U"
By Faithwire Staff
If you haven't seen Netflix's hit show "Last Chance U" then you are missing out.
While the show is focused on top tier athletes who find themselves at junior college for one last crack at getting back into division I programs, which is definitely compelling, the humble and caring counselor who tries to keep them in line steals the show.
Brittany Wagner and her positive attitude, southern charm, and earnest concern for these youngsters as they deal with immense pressure and difficult life circumstances is impossible not to appreciate. Faithwire recently chatted with her to discuss her captivating role in the program, what her day to day life is like trying to help these struggling kids achieve their dreams.
We also inadvertently stumbled on some breaking news – Wagner revealed she has inked a deal and there is a feature film being made about her life that should be released within two years. If you would've told Wagner two years ago, prior to Netflix creating the hit show, if she'd be the subject of a major Hollywood film she would've told you that you were nuts.
She may have even chucked one of her infamous pencils at you.
Ok, probably not. She's too sweet and patient to have outbursts like that. But her rise from obscurity to national prominence is nothing short of surreal.
She's seen early on in the series, driving in to work and lamenting the fact that she's in the tiny town of Scooba, Mississippi after having big dreams for her career. The video montage at the beginning of the show provides insight to just how remote and small the town is. But instead of complaining, she decides she's going to make the best of it and impact lives where she's been planted.
And boy, did that ever pay off big time.
Not only is the feature film on the way – and she won't say which actress will portray her – but she has since (spoiler alert) left the job that made her famous in order to start her own company, 10 Thousand Pencils.
The name of the company comes from her running catch phrase on the program, "Do you have a pencil?" because she had to repeat it so often to players wandering into class empty-handed.
If you've seen the show, you already love her and will enjoy the below conversation. If you haven't, your going to instantly find out why her life's work and journey resonated with so many people.
The news about the feature film comes towards the end of the interview, at the 23:00 minute mark.
When mentioning that she had a strong resemblance to Sandra Bullock, Faithwire host Dan Andros asked Wagner if she had any movie offers in the works.
"I do, I do. That is something that is likely to happen within the next couple of years," she replied, without hesitation.
Wagner's contract did not allow her to reveal who was playing her in the movie, but she could confirm it was not Bullock. Andros then asked if Reece Witherspoon may be the one, Wagner simply laughed and didn't answer one way or the other to that inquiry.
A great interview of someone who remained humble and ended up being rewarded big time. Now, she's looking to give back to as many athletes as she possibly can.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Crediting Other Users' Content
Posted by Mike | 8 Feb 2019
The Instagram account fuckjerry, along with a few other high profile accounts like thefatjewish, have become notorious over the last few years for stealing other peoples' content.
It seems Elliot Tebele, founder of Fuckjerry, is finally starting to understand what copyright law is and has issued a statement via Medium:
I know I've made enemies over the years for using content and not giving proper credit and attribution to its creators. In the early days of FuckJerry, there were not well-established norms for reposting and crediting other users' content, especially in meme culture. Instagram was still a new medium at the time, and I simply didn't give any thought to the idea that reposting content could be damaging in any way.
In the past few years, I have made a concerted, proactive effort to properly credit creators for their work. We have also updated our policies to make sure we are responsive to creators whenever they have reached out to us about posts. It hasn't been a perfect system, but I do feel it was a significant improvement, as many of my peers have approached these issues in the same way.
Given the conversations over the past few days, and the issues that have come to light, it is clear however, that we need to do better.
Effective immediately, we will no longer post content when we cannot identify the creator, and will require the original creator's advanced consent before publishing their content to our followers. It is clear that attribution is no longer sufficient, so permission will become the new policy.
Comedic video editor Vic Berger posted a very Berger-y video making fun of Tebele that was pulled from Youtube but has reemerged on Vimeo.
Entertainment, Law
copyright / Elliot Tebele / fuckjerry / thefatjewish
Posted by Mike | 3 Jan 2019
Netflix warns against Bird Box challenge as dangerous trend goes viral:
Netflix has warned fans against participating in a potentially dangerous online challenge that's inspired by its recent original horror film Bird Box.
The challenge takes the core concept of Bird Box — wearing a blindfold at all times while wandering around outside — and applies it to a certain period of time. Some people, like YouTube creator Morgan Adams, have tried to go about their daily lives for 24 hours while blindfolded, while others have attempted the challenge for a shorter period.
Netflix's social media team called out the challenge on Twitter, asking people to not hurt themselves while performing the act.
Seems I already have contenders for my 2019 Darwinism Awards.
Yay humans!
Entertainment, Pyschology
Bird Box / Darwinism / Netflix
The Fresh
'Fresh Prince' star Alfonso Ribeiro sues Fortnite over use of dance his character Carlton popularized:
Actor Alfonso Ribeiro is suing to stop two video game developers from selling a dance popularized by his "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" character.
In two lawsuits filed Monday, Ribeiro said the companies have "unfairly profited" from using his likeness and from exploiting his "protected creative expression." The suits name Fortnite developer Epic Games Inc., and Take-Two Interactive Software Inc., creator of the NBA 2K series, and several of its subsidiaries.
Epic Games and Take-Two subsidiary 2K Games did not respond to a request for comment on Monday.
The lawsuits ask a California federal court to bar the game developers from using, selling or displaying the dance. The suits state that Ribeiro is in the process of copyrighting the dance.
Wouldn't NBC own the rights to the dance (aka the 'Carlton') Ribeiro did on "Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"?
What a weird world we live in.
Alfonso Ribeiro / copyright / Fresh Prince / the Carlton
The Dirtiest Block in San Francisco
Posted by Mike | 9 Oct 2018
Over at The New York Times, Thomas Fuller reports on the 300 block of Hyde Street, the dirtiest block in San Francisco:
Just a 15-minute walk away are the offices of Twitter and Uber, two companies that along with other nameplate technology giants have helped push the median price of a home in San Francisco well beyond $1 million.
This dichotomy of street crime and world-changing technology, of luxury condominiums and grinding, persistent homelessness, and the dehumanizing effects for those forced to live on the streets provoke outrage among the city's residents. For many who live here it's difficult to reconcile San Francisco's liberal politics with the misery that surrounds them.
I live in San Francisco and the income gap is staggering.
I'll concede that the 300 block of Hyde Street is the dirtiest in the city, but there are many neighborhoods covered by entire lengths of sidewalk full of pitched tents, with homeless people staggering about.
For years I've darkly joked living in San Francisco feels like I'm in an episode of The Walking Dead. It's hardly a hyperbolic statement.
Update: This Times article has over 1,000 comments. Here's one from Patrick Ecker:
There's an app the city has for reporting homeless encampments and
other quality of life issues, called 311.
In the month of August ALONE, I reported about 600 encampments. SIX
HUNDRED. And on September 1, there was ZERO noticeable difference. I
emailed the mayor, my police captain (Gaetano Caltagirone), and my
supervisor (Rafael Mandelman). I heard back from Rafael (who is
generally very responsive), but not the mayor's office or the police.
I have a wife and son, and I worry every day for their safety.
Community, Entertainment
homelessness / Hyde Street / San Francisco
Recreational Outrage
Posted by Mike | 2 May 2018
'Simpsons' Creator Says of Apu Criticism, 'People Love to Pretend They're Offended':
While speaking last week to USA Today, Mr. Groening was asked if he had "any thoughts on the criticism of Apu as a stereotype."
"Not really," Mr. Groening responded. "I'm proud of what we do on the show. And I think it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended."
Groening is right. People love recreational outrage. People eat up things to get pissed off about like I can eat up Reeses Pieces.
Now I have to admit I'm one of the few Americans who has never regularly watched The Simpsons, but I do know most of the characters. I'm familiar with Apu. So my question: Is Apu's character degrading to East Indians? I'm not talking about his accent and I'm not talking about his working in a convenience store. I'm asking about character.
While we're on the subject, I'm offended by the portrayal of Americans as idiots through Homer Simpson. All Americans are not idiots. That's a broad generalization. Most Americans are idiots.
Of course I'm not in that group. I'm clearly an intellectual blogger.
Entertainment, Human Experience
Matt Groening / recreational outrage
Not Fooled
Posted by Mike | 31 Mar 2017
Guys, this is really lame.
And I just got this 30 minutes ago — it's still Match 31st in California, idiots.
Can we retire April Fools' Day? Please?
Down with DVRs
For the first time, more people subscribe to Netflix than have DVR:
Netflix reached another milestone that will worry traditional cable companies even further. According to a study by Leichtman Research Group, Inc., more people in the US report subscribing to Netflix than having a DVR in their households. Netflix narrowly eclipses the service offered by most cable providers, with 54 percent of US adults reporting they have Netflix in their households compared to the 53 percent of US adults that have DVR. This is the first time this shift has happened—Leichtman notes that back in 2011, 44 percent of US adults had a DVR while just 28 percent had Netflix.
Not surprising. The only people I know who record stuff on a DVR are my mother-in-law (she records The Ellen Show), and my father (he records Judge Judy and Judge Milian).
Everything I watch is on either iTunes, Netflix, or YouTube, and I get my news online or from Twitter. I rarely watch TV news.
Entertainment, Technology
DVR / iTunes / Netflix / YouTube
Posted by Mike | 14 Feb 2017
Apple has a new reality TV series called Planet of the Apps launching this year (no release date yet).
This show looks super cheesy and it seems like they're trying way too hard to be cool having celebrity judges like Gwyneth Paltrow and Will.i.am (let us not forget the crappy smartwatch Will.i.am announced in 2014). It feels like they smashed Shark Tank together with The Voice and tweaked to make it more Silicon Valley-ish. And the name: Planet of the Apps? Oof.
As designer who has designed mobile apps, this show does not appeal to me at all. My opinion might be in the minority, but I'd much rather see designers and developers pitching and collaborating with venture capitalists and mentors on mobile app ideas without all the glitz and glamour.
Apple's products are all about paring something down to it's essence. Why couldn't this philosophy be applied to their original content?
The whole thing feels very un-Apple.
Apple / Planet of the Apps / tv show
James, Jeremy & Richard
I've missed these guys.
Entertainment, Vehicle
Amazon Prime / The Grand Tour / Top Gear
My Newsletter: Mikey Likes It
Posted by Mike | 29 Sep 2016
Imagine if, when you checked your email, it wasn't all junk. Imagine if there was a message you looked forward to getting every week. This the goal with my new newsletter, Mikey Likes It. It goes out every Tuesday morning. Here's the first one that went out this past Tuesday.
What motivated me to start it was looking at all the different things I have my hands in: this site, my podcast, what I'm reading, what I'm listening to, movies I've seen, and all personal projects I'm creating.
Sign up here and I guarantee you'll have at least one thing in your inbox that doesn't suck.
Education, Entertainment
Mikey Likes It / newsletter
"They all got addicted to crack."
The Netflix Backlash: Why Hollywood Fears a Content Monopoly:
Still, at a time when business is tough all over in the entertainment industry, there is a lot of gratitude for a deep-pocketed buyer that is snapping up an array of material, much of which might not find a home elsewhere. Netflix and its chief content officer Ted Sarandos are at once a savior, offering a giant gush of money to license shows that in some cases were past their prime or even out of production, and a terrifying competitor to studios.
"Out of the blue Netflix comes into the market and says, 'We're going to give you a number [to license a network show],' " says one television agent. "For the studios, it was, 'Holy shit. Do we even need a cable sale?' They all got addicted to crack. Nobody really thought they'd be a competitor on the originals market. They used stuff from the studios and became important. Now you see the backlash."
It's important to understand who's not scared of Netflix: the actors, writers, directors and everyone else behind the great shows Netflix is buying. Creative people with talent who create great content have nothing to worry about.
From interviews I've seen with people who have worked with Netflix, they all say it's great. Netflix gives them free rein over everything and they don't meddle in the process (as it should be).
Business, Entertainment
Hollywood / Netflix
"You don't lick it off the rocks."
Posted by Mike | 7 Sep 2016
I found a video clip with two of my favorite comedians of all time.
John Stewart interviews George Carlin in 1997:
George Carlin has been my favorite comedian since I discovered him in high school over 20 years ago. What I've come to see and appreciate from him as an adult is why he was great: he considered what he did art. And as an artist he had a strong creative habit which is one of the reasons he did what he did until he died (as he admits, genetics and luck also played a big part too).
Towards the end of the interview, Stewart asks Carlin, "You're at a point in your life […] Why do you care so much?" To which he replies, "You wouldn't say to Picasso, when ya gonna put those brushes down. Get ridda da canvas, ya done it! I'm an entertainer, first and foremost, but there's art involved and an artist has an obligation to be on route, to be going somewhere, there's a journey involved here and you don't know where it is, and that's the fun…"
Then, to put a cherry on top of the whole thing, Carlin tells Stewart at the end when they're wrapping up, "It's been great to know you a little, and you are going to show us a lot, and I look forward to it."
How right he was.
George Carlin / interview / John Stewart
Narcos was good, but still not as good as Breaking Bad.
I burned through season 2 of Narcos this weekend with my wife. Pretty good, but not as good as Breaking Bad (Breaking Bad is my benchmark). My main issue is with the depiction of Pablo Escobar. He was not as solemn as they made him in the show. He was a jovial, fun guy when he wasn't bashing guys' faces in.
I think Digital Kitchen did a great job with the main title graphics:
Season 2 is done, Pablo is dead (fuck you, he died in 1992, that isn't a spoiler), but there are still plans for a season 3. Interesting.
Digital Kitchen / Narcos / Netflix / Pablo Escobar
John and Jerry
Taken from a great episode of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee with John Oliver.
Comedians In Cars Getting Coffee / Jerry Seinfeld / John Oliver


Eli Akerstein is a nationally recognized Corporate headshot and dance photographer in Boulder, Colorado.
He is best known around the country for his dynamic dance photography.
If you are in the market for professional business portraits, artists headshots, musician headshots, athlete portraits, for personal or business advertising, he is a great resource.
Booked nationally, he serves the local markets of Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Lafayette, Longmont and other surrounding suburbs. If you are interested in a business photography, a business headshot, or dance photography, contact Eli at eliakerstein@me.com or 617-821-0969.
Read a recent article about Eli's dance photography here.


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text:
10 memorable Rick Reilly SI articles
John W. McDonough/Sports Illustrated
A collection of the 10 most memorable articles from Sports Illustrated writer Rick Reilly.
For nearly 23 years from 1985 until 2007, Rick Reilly's writing graced the pages of Sports Illustrated, anchored by the back-page column "Life of Reilly" that largely defined his career at the magazine. In seven of the 10 years he wrote the column he was named National Sportswriter of the Year. In honor of Reilly's return to the pages of SI since his last column on Dec. 3, 2007, here is a collection of 10 of the most memorable articles from his SI career.
On A Wing And A Prayer
Reilly shares his adventure on a F-14D Tomcat fighter jet.
When Your Dream Dies
The tale of high school referee Kenny Wilcoxen.
Twas The Fight Before Christmas
The story of the 1923 bout between Bill Brennan and a dying Billy Miske, who hoped to stay on his feet long enough to bring home a $2,400 purse.
What Is The Citadel?
Inside the dark world of hazing and harassment of and by athletes at The Citadel, a military college in South Carolina.
Master Strokes
Nick Faldo won a third green jacket but only after Greg Norman suffered the worst collapse in major tournament history.
The greatest sports dynasty of the '90s may (or may not) be about to hang it up, but behind the scenes the Chicago Bulls' season has certainly felt like a farewell tour.
Reilly asks his Sports Illustrated readers to send $10 each to hang malaria nets over kids in Africa.
Driven Mad
After winning the 1991 British Open, Ian Baker-Finch lost his game and, in a desperate effort to find it, nearly lost his mind.
Reilly writes about the football team at the California School for the Deaf at Riverside.
Getting a Second Wind
The story of Korinne Shroyer, who's tragic suicide gave life to others in need.
To read more of Rick Reilly's articles, click here.
More More Sports
Rick Reilly
rick reilly sports writer
rick reilly sports illustrated
rick reilly sports illustrated archives
best rick reilly stories
rick reilly nothing but nets
rick reilly articles
life of reilly columns


text:
Home > Research Leaders > Emeritus > Andrew Leslie
Andrew Leslie
Structural studies of macromolecules
Andrew Leslie was a Natural Sciences undergraduate in Cambridge, specializing in crystallography. Following a year in industry, he obtained his PhD from the University of Manchester (UMIST) for structural studies of silicate minerals. His first post-doctoral position was with Struther Arnott at Purdue University in Indiana, using fibre diffraction to determine the structures of a variety of synthetic RNA and DNA polynucleotides. He then changed groups while still at Purdue and worked with Michael Rossmann on southern bean mosaic virus, the first virus structure to be solved in Rossmann's lab. On returning to the UK, he worked with Alan Wonacott in David Blow's group at Imperial College on structures of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. A collaboration with Bill Shaw at Leicester University resulted in the structure determination of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) that served as a basis for investigating the catalytic mechanism by protein engineering.
In 1988 he came to the LMB, continuing the work on CAT and then, in a collaboration with Robin Carrell in the Haematology department, on ovalbumin as a model for an uncleaved serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN). This was followed by a long-standing collaboration with Sir John Walker (initially in the PNAC division at the LMB but then as head of the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit) on structures of F1-ATPase and ATP synthase from both mitochondrial and bacterial sources. During this period, Tony Crowther's 7Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the hepatitis B viral core particle was used to obtain a crystal structure of the particle at 3.5Å. More recently a collaboration with Chris Tate resulted in the structures of a variety of GPCRs in both inactive and active states, including a complex of a GPCR with a G-protein mimic.
Software development has also been an area of interest, particularly the processing of macromolecular diffraction data, and he continued the development of the MOSFLM program (originally largely the work of Alan Wonacott) for many years. He also had a strong interest in the development of synchrotron macromolecular beam lines and the automation of data collection.
He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2001.
We are involved in projects to determine the atomic structures of macromolecular complexes and membrane proteins using X-ray diffraction.
Our work on ATP synthase, in collaboration with Sir John Walker (MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit) aims to determine the structure of this energy-transducing complex from mitochondria. It is a complex structure of sixteen different polypeptides with a total molecular weight of over 500,000 Da. We have determined the structure of the catalytic sector (F1-ATPase) in a variety of different states. The structures of an F1c10 subcomplex of the yeast ATP synthase, a three-subunit complex of the peripheral stalk, and the NMR structure of another component of the peripheral stalk (the OSCP protein), have been assembled within a cryo-EM derived envelope to provide a model of the whole enzyme. We are now focusing on obtaining high quality crystals of the complete enzyme. We hope that the structure will help us to understand the mechanism that couples proton transport to ATP synthesis.
We are also working on integral membrane proteins, a wide variety of which perform crucial activities in living cells. In collaboration with Chris Tate, we are studying the atomic structures of membrane proteins that are specifically involved in signalling and transport. This includes the G-protein coupled receptors ?1-adrenergic receptor and the adenosine A2A receptor.
We are also developing software (MOSFLM) for processing X-ray diffraction data. Recently this has focussed on a new graphical user interface (GUI) and developments that will allow more automated data collection and processing, especially at synchrotron beamlines. We will be enhancing the algorithms employed by MOSFLM to be able to tackle more challenging problems (such as very weak diffraction, multiple lattices, high mosaicity) as well as optimising processing of images from the new generation of pixel detectors.
Powell, H.R., Battye, T.G.G., Kontogiannis, L., Johnson, O. & Leslie, A.G.W. (2017)
Integrating macromolecular X-ray diffraction data with the graphical user interface iMosflm
Nature Protocols 12: 1310-1325.
Carpenter, B., Nehme, R., Leslie, A.G.W. & Tate, C.G. (2016)
Structure of the adenosine A2A receptor bound to an engineered G protein
Nature Communications 536: 104-107.
Leslie, A.G.W., Warne, T. & Tate, C.G. (2015)
Ligand occupancy in crystal structure of β1-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor
Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 22: 941-942.
Morales-Rios, E., Montgomery, M.G., Leslie, A.G.W. & Walker, J.E. (2015)
Structure of ATP synthase from Paracoccus denitrificans determined by X-ray crystallography at 4.0 Å resolution
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112: 13231-13236.
Bason. J.V., Montgomery, M.G., Leslie, A.G.W. and Walker, J.E. (2015)
How Release of Phosphate from Mammalian F1-ATPase Generates a Rotary Sub-step.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112: 6009-6014.
Nannenga, B.L., Shi, D., Leslie, A.G.W. and Gonen, T. (2014)
High-resolution structure determination by continuous-rotation data collection in MicroED.
Nature Methods 1: 927-930
Lebon, G., Warne, T., Edwards, P.C., Bennett, K., Langmead, C.J., Leslie, A.G.W. and Tate, C.G. (2011)
Agonist-bound adenosine A2A receptor structures reveal common features of GPCR activation.
Nature 474: 510-514.
Warne, T., Moukhametzianov, R., Baker, J.G., Nehme, R., Edwards, P.C., Leslie, A.G.W., Schertler, G.F.X. and Tate, C.G. (2011)
The structural basis for agonist and partial agonist action on a β1-adrenergic receptor.
Battye, T.G.T., Kontogiannis, L., Johnson, O., Powell, H.R. and Leslie, A.G.W. (2011)
iMosflm: a new graphical interface for diffraction image processing with MOSFLM.
Acta Cryst D67: 271-281.
Research Leaders
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David Barford
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Tanmay Bharat
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Jason Chin
Gerry Crossan
Emmanuel Derivery
Michel Goedert
Ingo Greger
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Michael Hastings
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Leo James
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Kate McDole
Andrew McKenzie
Harvey McMahon
Sean Munro
Garib Murshudov
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Kelly Nguyen
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Lori Passmore
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Venki Ramakrishnan
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Julian Sale
William Schafer
Sjors Scheres
Marta Shahbazi
Chris Tate
Marco Tripodi
Ana Tufegdžić Vidaković
Joseph Yeeles
Suyang Zhang
Marta Zlatic
Brad Amos
Phil Evans
Alan Fersht
Michael Gait
Rob Kay
John Kendrick-Jones
John Kilmartin
Peter Lawrence
David Neuhaus
Hugh Pelham
Daniela Rhodes
Murray Stewart
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Nigel Unwin
Greg Winter
LMB Fellows
Molecular Immunity Unit


It is the position of the United States that the Geneva [Gas] Protocol of 1925 does not prohibit the use in war of … chemical herbicides … In this connection, however, the United States has unilaterally renounced, as a matter of national policy, certain uses in war of chemical herbicides … The policy and provisions of Executive Order No. 11850 do not, however, prohibit or restrict the use of chemical herbicides … by US armed forces either (1) as retaliation in kind during armed conflict or (2) in situations when the United States is not engaged in armed conflict. Any use in armed conflict of herbicides … however, requires Presidential approval in advance.
The legal effect of this Executive Order is to reflect national policy. It is not intended to interpret the Geneva [Gas] Protocol of 1925 or change the interpretation of the US that the Protocol does not restrain the use of chemical herbicides as such.
United States, Air Force Pamphlet 110-31, International Law – The Conduct of Armed Conflict and Air Operations, US Department of the Air Force, 1976, § 6-4(d).
The United States does not regard the Geneva [Gas] Protocol as forbidding use of … herbicides in armed conflict. However, the United States has, as a matter of national policy, renounced the first use of … herbicides, with certain limited exceptions specified in Executive Order 11850, 8 April 1975. Using … herbicides in armed conflict requires Presidential approval.
The United States considers that use of herbicidal agents in wartime is not prohibited by either the 1925 [Geneva] Gas Protocol or the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention but has formally renounced the first use of herbicides in time of armed conflict except for control of vegetation within U.S. bases and installations or around their immediate defensive perimeters. Use of herbicidal agents during armed conflict requires NCA approval.
United States, The Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, NWP 1-14M/MCWP 5-2.1/COMDTPUB P5800.7, issued by the Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters, US Marine Corps, and Department of Transportation, US Coast Guard, October 1995 (formerly NWP 9 (Rev. A)/FMFM 1-10, October 1989), § 10.3.3.
Herbicidal agents are gases, liquids, and analogous substances that are designed to defoliate trees, bushes, or shrubs, or to kill long grasses and other vegetation that could shield the movement of enemy forces. The United States considers that use of herbicidal agents in wartime is not prohibited by either the 1925 [Geneva] Gas Protocol or the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention but has formally renounced the first use of herbicides in time of armed conflict except for control of vegetation within U.S. bases and installations or around their immediate defensive perimeters. Use of herbicidal agents during armed conflict requires presidential approval.
United States, The Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, NWP 1-14M/MCWP 5-12.1/COMDTPUB P5800.7, issued by the Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters, US Marine Corps, and Department of Homeland Security, US Coast Guard, July 2007, § 10.3.3.
Hague Convention IV does not define the phrase "poison or poisoned weapons." The International Court of Justice ("ICJ") has noted that "different interpretations exist" as to what this undefined phrase means. See Advisory Opinion No. 95, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 1996 I.C.J. 226, at 248 (July 8). State practice under the treaty indicates that the proscriptions of "poison or poisoned weapons" did not apply even to chemical gas weapons designed and intended to be lethal, such as shells containing chlorine or mustard gas … Inasmuch as Hague Convention IV's ban on "poison or poisoned weapons" does not apply to chemical gas weapons designed and intended to kill humans, a fortiori it does not prohibit military use of herbicides designed and intended as defoliants.
Under Sosa Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, US Supreme Court, 2004], the imprecise scope of the Hague Convention IV's prohibition on the use of "poison or poisoned weapons," and the uncertainty as to whether that prohibition even applies to lethal chemical weapons designed to kill human beings, is fatal to any claim that the Convention sets forth a sufficiently definite prohibition on military use of herbicides that could be enforced in United States courts.
Hague Convention IV does not provide a basis for recognizing a common law cause of action against defendants for manufacturing and selling herbicides for military use during the Vietnam War. The Convention did not outlaw the use of herbicides in Vietnam.
United States, Eastern States District Court (EDNY), Agent Orange case, Judgment, 28 March 2005, pp. 184–188.
The 1925 Geneva [Gas] Protocol entered into force for the United States on April 10, 1975.
The 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibits "the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, material or devices." 26 U.S.T. at 575. This proscription – whether based on the protocol or the customary international law that hypothetically could have developed from it – did not prohibit military use of herbicides at the time of the Vietnam War.
As leading scholars have pointed out, the 1925 Geneva Protocol's prohibition on use of "asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases" and "analogous liquids, materials or devices" leaves "considerable room for divergent interpretations." DOCUMENTS ON THE LAWS OF WAR 155 (Adam Roberts & Richard Guelff, eds., 3d ed. 2004 reprint).
The 1925 Geneva Protocol has given rise to a customary international legal prohibition on first use of lethal gas weapons, such as those used during World War I. Anderson Decl. [Decl. of Professor Kenneth Howard Anderson, Jr., Nov. 2, 2004] ¶ 39. At the time of the Vietnam War, however, this prohibition was, for the United States – a non-party – merely a rule predicated on reciprocity, not on customary international law. See Reisman Op. [Op. of W. Michael Reisman Submitted in Support of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, Nov. 1, 2004] at 35–36. It did not, in any event, encompass military use of herbicides. See Anderson Decl. ¶ 49. There is "no indication that the 1925 [Geneva] Protocol was designed to encompass herbicides." See Reisman Op. at 34.
The numerous reservations made by many nations in acceding to the treaty demonstrate that the Protocol's prohibitions, whatever their precise scope, were not compelled by customary international law. Reisman Op. at 35–37. As of the time of the Vietnam War, nineteen ratifying states considered themselves bound only in relation to other ratifying states, and declared that they would not be bound if any enemy state failed to respect the prohibition. Id. at 35–36. Thus, whatever the scope of the norm that ultimately developed post-1975 from the 1925 Geneva Protocol, during the Vietnam War it applied only to first use of proscribed gases as a matter of reciprocity, not international legal obligation. Id.
The 1925 Geneva Protocol provision was designed to outlaw poison gases such as mustard gas used in World War I. It cannot be interpreted to encompass the use of herbicides which were not then a known weapon and were far different in their purpose and effect. The gases outlawed in 1925 had an almost immediate disabling effect on those exposed and were intended to disable or kill human beings. In contrast, herbicides were designed to strip plants of leaves or kill them.
United States, Eastern States District Court (EDNY), Agent Orange case, Judgment, 28 March 2005, pp. 188–193.
The four 1949 Geneva Conventions address a host of humanitarian concerns arising during war, such as the treatment of children, women, the sick and wounded; the protection of hospitals; evacuations of civilian populations; the treatment of refugees; the protection of relief agencies; and prevention of forced labor. None of these provisions address the type of weapons that may be used in warfare, let alone military use of herbicides.
United States, Eastern States District Court (EDNY), Agent Orange case, Judgment, 28 March 2005, p. 195.
Plaintiffs rely upon a 1969 resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nation. [G.A. Res. 2603-A, U.N. GAOR, 24th Session, 16 December 1969: "Question of Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons"] It condemned the use of herbicides in Vietnam.
General Assembly Resolution 2603-A does not provide a basis for plaintiffs' causes of action. The General Assembly is not a law-making body, and – with narrow, defined exceptions not relevant here – is granted only recommendatory powers by the United Nations Charter.
This General Assembly resolution did not constitute a statement of applicable international law, nor was it binding on the United States. But cf. BASIC DOCUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS 1 (Ian Brownlie, ed., 3d ed. 1998 reprint) ("The [United Nations], and especially the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, has given impetus to the development of standards concerning human rights."). It is the Security Council, not the General Assembly, that holds whatever powers the United Nations has to make decisions that are binding on the United States. The General Assembly's resolution on a subject such as the present one is, while important as an indication of the developing international law, precatory only. See, e.g., U.N. CHARTER arts. 9–22.
A General Assembly resolution, even though it is not binding, Flores, 343 F.3d at 166–67, may provide some evidence of customary international law when it is unanimous (or nearly so) and reflective of actual state practice. General Assembly Resolution 2603-A was neither near unanimous nor a reflection of practice. The resolution was adopted by a vote of 80-3, with thirty-six countries abstaining … By abstaining, approximately one-third of the nations addressing the question in effect refused to recognize the existence of a treaty or customary international legal prohibition on military use of herbicides. Anderson Decl. ¶ 57. It is possible, of course, that, apart from the merits, the abstainers had political reasons for not contesting the position of the United States, but, nevertheless, their failure to support the resolution drains it even of precatory force.
The General Assembly was not expressing generally accepted international law in its 1969 resolution on use of herbicides. Major military powers and more than forty other nations either opposed the resolution or abstained. It cannot be viewed as a statement of consensus.
United States, Eastern States District Court (EDNY), Agent Orange case, Judgment, 28 March 2005, pp. 197–203.
The United States signed Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict (Protocol I), June 8, 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force Dec. 7, 1978), on December 12, 1977, but never ratified it … While it might be interpreted to apply to future use of herbicides in the way they were used in Vietnam, it had no application prior to 1975.
It was not until after the conclusion of the Vietnam War that Protocol I articulated for the first time an obligation to take care in warfare "to protect the natural environment against widespread, long-term and severe damages." Id. The explicit recognition only in the late 1970s that this was a new obligation (one which the United States has yet to acknowledge) adds some weight to the conclusion that military use of herbicides did not violate customary international law during the Vietnam War. Anderson Decl. ¶¶ 62–63. Treatise writers remain uncertain whether, even today, customary international law prohibits military use of herbicides when arguably appropriate as an aspect of proportional military force protection. Id. ¶ 60.
United States, Eastern States District Court (EDNY), Agent Orange case, Judgment, 28 March 2005, pp. 207–208.
No executive or legislative action prior to 1975 showed an understanding of international law that would support plaintiffs' position. Despite the fact that Congress and the President were fully advised of a substantial belief that the herbicide spraying in Vietnam was a violation of international law, they acted on their view that it was not a violation at the time.
United States, Eastern States District Court (EDNY), Agent Orange case, Judgment, 28 March 2005, pp. 212–14.
Plaintiffs' reliance upon the trials at Nuremberg is inapposite for the same reasons. As the District Court correctly noted, the individuals who were found guilty in those criminal proceedings were found to have supplied poisonous Zyklon B gas in World War II concentration camps when "the accused knew that the gas was to be used for the purpose of killing human beings." … Because Agent Orange was "not used as [a] means of directly attacking enemy troops," it was not prohibited by Article 23(e)'s proscription of the calculated use of lethal substances against human beings and its use is distinguishable from the context in which Zyklon B gas was used in World War II.
United States, US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Agent Orange case, Judgment, 22 February 2008, pp. 23–24 and 26–30.
In 1966, during a debate in the First Committee of the UN General Assembly, the United States stated that it supported the 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol, even though it had not ratified it, but that the use of herbicides in Viet Nam was neither covered by the Protocol, nor against accepted norms of behaviour.
United States, Statement before the First Committee of the UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/C.1/SR.1452, 14 November 1966, p. 158.
In a subsequent debate, the United States repeated its opposition to the view that herbicides were included in the scope of the 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol.
United States, Statement before the UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/PV.1484, 5 December 1966, p. 4.
Since chemical herbicides, unknown at the time the [1925 Geneva Gas Protocol] was negotiated, were not prohibited by that instrument, it is unwarranted for the General Assembly now to engage in lawmaking by attempting to extend the Geneva Protocol to include herbicides.
United States, Statement before the First Committee of the UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/C.1/PV.1717, 10 December 1969, § 47.
The United States renounces, as a matter of national policy, first use of herbicides in war except use, under regulations applicable to their domestic use, for control of vegetation within U.S. bases and installations or around their immediate defensive perimeters.
Section 1. The Secretary of Defense shall take all necessary measures to ensure that the use by the Armed Forces of the United States of any … chemical herbicides in war is prohibited unless such use has Presidential approval, in advance.
The Report on US Practice states that the possibility of environmental damage caused by the use of herbicides during the Vietnam War was not a major issue in the Kennedy administration.
Report on US Practice, 1997, Chapter 4.4.
On the other hand, one commentator notes that environmental concerns played a significant role in President Nixon's decision to end the herbicidal programme.
William A. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961–1971, Office of Air Force History, US Air Force, Washington, 1982, pp. 138–140, 163 and 174–175.
United States, Department of the Navy, Deputy Assistant Judge Advocate General, International and Operational Law Division, Legal Review of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Pepper Spray, 19 May 1998, § 6(c) and footnote 27, p. 12.
The primary source of the alleged prohibition on the use of chemical herbicides in combat is the 1925 Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare ("1925 Geneva Protocol" or "Protocol") … The Protocol, however, was not ratified by the United States until 1975, and thus was not binding upon the United States at the time of the Vietnam War. Because the Protocol "is evidence of the customary law norm," John Norton Moore, Ratification of the Geneva Protocol on Gas and Bacteriological Warfare: A Legal and Political Analysis, 58 Va. L. Rev. 419, 450 (1972), however, and because discussion of the issue most often revolved around interpretation of the Protocol, we focus on the disputed scope of the Protocol to demonstrate the absence of any customary international law norm prohibiting the use of chemical herbicides in combat.
The United States consistently took this position publicly as well. In 1966, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, James M. Nabrit, Jr., stated to the General Assembly that the 1925 Geneva Protocol does not apply to herbicides. See Moore, 58 Va. L. Rev. at 444–45, citing United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ("ACDA"), 1966 Documents on Disarmament ("1966 Documents on Disarmament") at 800-01. See also 1966 Documents on Disarmament at 742r 43 (statement to same effect by William C. Foster, ACDA). Indeed, in that same year, notwithstanding the United States' use of herbicides in Vietnam, but consistent with the United States' position that the Protocol does not prohibit such use, the United States co-sponsored and voted for a General Assembly resolution calling for "strict observance by all States of the principles and objectives of the Geneva Protocol." G.A. Res. 2162(B) (1966), reprinted in 1966 Documents on Disarmament 798–99, quoted in Moore, 58 Va. L. Rev. at 444.
On November 25, 1969 President Nixon announced that he would resubmit the Protocol to the Senate for ratification. In making this announcement the President again reiterated the Administration's position that the Protocol did not apply to chemical herbicides. See 1969 House Hearings at 176–77, 181–83 (Statement of Mr. Pickering). This position was reiterated again when the Protocol was officially transmitted to the Senate for ratification on August 19, 1970. See Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare: Message from the President ("President's Message"), S. Exec. J, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., at vi. In the Letter of Submittal attached to the President's Message, Secretary of State Rogers expressly stated that "[i]t is the United States' understanding of the Protocol that it did not prohibit the use in war of… chemical herbicides." Id.
The Executive consistently reiterated this view throughout the Senate's consideration of the Protocol, and it was this very issue that delayed ratification for an additional five years. Thus, during hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1971, Administration officials repeatedly asserted that the Protocol does not cover chemical herbicides. See The Geneva Protocol of 1925: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 92nd Cong. ("1971 Senate Hearings") at 5–7, 27, 30, 37–38 (Testimony of Secretary of State Rogers), 304–05 (Testimony of G. Warren Nutter, Department of Defense) (1972). Indeed, the Secretary of State indicated that President Nixon would likely reject ratification if the Senate conditioned its advice and consent on an interpretation of the Protocol that covered herbicides. Id. at 37–38.
In response to a request from Senator Fulbright during the course of the 1971 Senate Hearings, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense set forth the Department's view that neither "the rules of customary international law," the 1925 Geneva Protocol, nor the Hague Regulations governing land warfare prohibited the use of "anti-plant chemicals for defoliation or the destruction of crops," provided that the use against crops met certain other criteria, discussed below. Letter from J. Fred Buzhardt, General Counsel for the Department of Defense to J.W. Fulbright, Chairman, Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations ("Buzhardt Letter"), April 5, 1971, reprinted in 1971 Senate Hearings at 315–17, quoted in Moore. 58 Va. L. Rev. at 444-45.
The administration reiterated its position that the 1925 Geneva Protocol does not apply to herbicides during hearings before the House of Representatives in the spring of 1974. See U.S. Chemical Warfare Policy: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments, House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 93rd Cong. ("1974 House Hearings") at 150 (Statement of Amos Jordan), Moreover, the testimony made clear that "the current interpretation [of the Protocol] was approved by the President" himself. Id. at 206 (Testimony of Len Sloss, Deputy Director, Politico-Military Affairs, Department of State).
Finally, in late 1974, President Ford announced that, "with a view to achieving Senate advice and consent to ratification" of the Protocol, he was prepared "in reaffirming the current U.S. understanding of the scope of the Protocol" as not covering herbicides, to renounce, as a matter of "national policy," the first use of herbicides in war, except for use in limited circumstances. See Prohibition of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 93rd Cong. ("1974 Senate Hearings") at 12 (1974) (Statement of Fred C. Ickle, Director, ACDA). See also id. at 27. On December 16, 1974, the Senate unanimously voted its consent to ratification.120 Cong. Rec. 40,067–68 (Dec. 16, 1974). On January 22, 1975, President Ford signed the instrument of ratification of the Protocol, and it was deposited with France and entered into force with respect to the United States on April 10, 1975. See 26 U.S.T. 571 (1975). Two days earlier, on April 8, 1975, President Ford issued Executive Order 11850 renouncing, as a matter of national policy, the first use of herbicides in war, except in certain limited circumstances.
United States, Department of Justice, Statement of Interest of the United States submitted to the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York, In re: Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation (The Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin, et al. v. Dow Chemical Company, et al), 12 January 2005, pp. 4–9.
[T]he United States consistently has taken the position that neither the Geneva Protocol nor any other rule of international law prohibited the use of chemical herbicides in war. And while certain Senators disagreed with this position – either as a matter of policy or interpretation – it was (and is) the President's views that reflected (and continue to reflect) the official views of the United States. This consistent rejection by the United States of any rule of international law prohibiting the use of chemical herbicides in war by itself demonstrates that any norm of international law that might have existed at the time had "less … acceptance among civilized nations than the historical paradigms" discussed in Sosa [Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, US Supreme Court, 2004], 124 S. Ct. at 2765. Cf United States v. Yousef. 327 F.3d 56, 92 n.25 (2d Cir. 2003) ("it is highly unlikely that a purported principle of customary international law in direct conflict with the recognized practices and customs of the United States … could be deemed to qualify as a bonafide customary international law principle"); Flores. 343 F.3d at 164.
Not only did the United States take a consistent position that the Protocol did not apply to chemical herbicides, but there was also no international consensus on this issue. In their Amended Complaint, plaintiffs allege that the use of herbicides "was considered by most of the international community to be a violation of international law and a war crime," and cite United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2603-A (1969) as support for this contention. Am. Compl., ¶ 75-76. Notably, Resolution 2603-A declared "as contrary to the generally recognized rules of international law, as embodied in the [1925 Geneva Protocol], the use in international armed conflict of: (a) [a]ny chemical agents of warfare … which might be employed because of their direct toxic effects on man, animals, or plants." (emphasis added). G.A. Res. 2603A, 24 U.N. GAOR Supp. 30, at 16, U.N. Doc. A/7630 (1969). The resolution was thus directly targeted at the question of the applicability of the principles of the 1925 Geneva Protocol to chemical herbicides. The vote on the Resolution, however, demonstrates the lack of any international consensus with respect to the applicability of the Protocol to chemical herbicides.
As plaintiffs correctly note, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 2603-A by a vote of 80 to 3, with 36 abstentions. Am. Compl., ¶ 76; see Moore, 58 Va. L. Rev. at 445. As an initial matter, "since almost one third of the states that voted either voted against the resolution or abstained, the vote is perhaps another indication that the customary law concerning … herbicides [was] unclear." Id at 451. See also 1971 Senate Hearings at 388: cf. Flores. 343 F.3d at 162–63 ("a treaty will only constitute sufficient proof of a norm of customary international law if an overwhelming majority of States have ratified the treaty, and those States uniformly and consistently act in accordance with its principles") (emphasis in original). Moreover, the identity of the states voting against the resolution or abstaining belies the contention that the vote demonstrates widespread acceptance of the norm among "civilized nations." Cf id at 163 ("The evidentiary weight to be afforded to a given treaty varies greatly depending on (i) how many, and which, States have ratified the treaty, and (ii) the degree to which those States actually implemented and abide by [its] principles"). The United States, Austria and Portugal voted against the Resolution. The abstaining states included "most of the NATO members and many major or significant military powers, such as … France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Canada and Nationalist China," states "whose views would be particularly important in shaping a norm of customary international law." Moore, 58 Va. L. Rev. at 451. See also id at 463 ("Since less than half of the states [then] party to the Protocol expressed by their vote approval of a broad interpretation prohibiting … herbicides, and since more than one-third of the parties to the Protocol abstained, the resolution should not be deemed a conclusive interpretation of the Protocol."); Flores, 343 F.3d at 163; Baxter & Buergenthal, 64 Am. J. Int'l L. at 854 n.7; 1971 Senate Hearings at 5 (Statement of Secretary of State William P. Rogers); 1969 House Hearings at 182 (Statement of Mr. Pickering).
Flores. 343 F.3d at 165. See also id. at 165–67.
Finally, even if the Court determined that a norm of international law prohibiting the use of chemical herbicides existed at the time in question, such a norm would not be binding upon the United States as a matter of international law. It is a well-established principle of international law that a dissenting state, which indicates dissent while a customary international law rule is in the process of development, is not bound by that rule. See Siderman de Blake v. Argentina. 965 F.2d 699, 715 (9th Cir. 1992); Restatement (Third) Foreign Relations § 102, cmt. d; Jonathan I. Chamey, The Persistent Objector Rule and the Development of Customary International Law, 56 Brit. Y.B. Int'l L. 1, 2–3 (1985). Here, the United States' persistent and consistent public pronouncements that customary international law did not prohibit the use of chemical herbicides qualify it as a persistent objector under international law, and thus not bound by any rule that might have developed.
In light of the consistent position of the United States that the 1925 Geneva Protocol does not apply to the use of chemical herbicides and the lack of any international consensus that the Protocol did so apply, plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that the use of chemical herbicides by the United States violated a norm of such widespread acceptance by the international community as to approach the acceptance of the prohibitions against violations of safe conduct, infringement of the rights of ambassadors, and piracy in the late 18th century. Pursuant to Sosa, therefore, this Court should not recognize a federal common law cause of action based on the such conduct.
United States, Department of Justice, Statement of Interest of the United States submitted to the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York, In re: Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation (The Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin, et al. v. Dow Chemical Company, et al), 12 January 2005, pp. 28–32.


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Hello, I'm Samantha. I am a midwife and a mother to a beautiful little girl.
I have always regarded antenatal education as important, but I didn't realise quite how important it was until I embarked on the journey of pregnancy, childbirth and parenthood. As a qualified midwife, my knowledge helped me achieve a positive outcome - I felt in control and I knew what to expect, and this greatly improved my birthing experience, even though delivery went slightly off-piste.
Despite my qualification, my husband encouraged me to attend antenatal classes as he felt he needed them. I thoroughly enjoyed myself at the classes and, quickly realised I needed a friend network that understood what it felt like to be up at all hours, what recovery was like, feeding issues and successes - a network I still belong to, as we still support one another. This experience led me to Mummas - their strong ethos and belief in a judgement free and happy environment to support and educate parents felt totally right to me, I became excited at the prospect of becoming a part of the Mummas team straight away.
My name is Sophie and I am mummy to a beautiful little girl, born in May 2018 and a fur baby named Buddy.
I have spent the last 10 years working as a Primary School Teacher, with the last 3 years spent as an Assistant Headteacher and Early Years Leader. Prior to this, I spent a year working in Australia as an Au Pair.
When I gave birth to my daughter, I spent the first few months feeling completely overwhelmed by the pressures of society to 'keep up appearances' and the confusing minefield of social media and the internet on how to 'be the perfect parent'. I don't know what I would have done without the support of the incredible group of mummies I met during my pregnancy yoga classes and my experience has made be become passionate about supporting other parents on their journey into the craziness of parenthood.
I am extremely excited about becoming part of the Mummas team and I cannot wait to share my experience as both a teacher and a mummy. The post natal groups I have attended since having my daughter have been the highlight of our weeks and I can't believe that I am lucky enough to be exploring the wonderful world of babies as my career, as well as being able to work around my family.
My aim is to create a safe, non-judgemental and welcoming environment for parents to support each other, whilst nurturing each baby's development through a whole range of sensory experiences.


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Dr. Caruso completed his General and Urologic Surgery training at New York University. He then completed a Clinical Fellowship in Robotic and Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery in San Antonio, Texas.
As a resident and fellowship physician he co-authored text book chapters on transperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, lasers in urology, and published articles on robot-assisted surgery and prostate cancer.
A native of northern New Jersey, Dr. Caruso pursued his premedical studies at Montclair State College where he graduated Summa Cum Laude. He then earned his M.D. from UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School in Newark where he graduated with honors (Alpha Omega Alpha) and won several awards at graduation.
Dr. Caruso has a particular interest in minimally invasive treatments for prostate and kidney cancer including laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery. He is experienced in other state of the art therapies for cancer and benign diseases including cryoablation, radio frequency ablation, and various types of laser treatments.
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Another makeup tip from Jenny! Oh I miss this girl (she lives across the country from me right now).
Ok, so eyeliner. When it comes to makeup, eyeliner is a must for me. I have little eyes, and when I don't line them, they basically just fade into the rest of my face. No bueno.
I love this tip from Jenny because it takes your basic eyeliner and then kicks it up a notch by adding in the waterline*. I've never been good at lining this part of my eye, so this video was perfect for me.
Stay tuned for Live Gorgeous tips each week!


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Independents Could Decide California's Democratic Primary
Med School Free Rides and Loan Repayments: California Tries to Boost Dwindling Doctor Supply
Hyder Stays Hot, But Bulldogs Fall to Gaels
California Housing Crisis Mystery: Rents Way up, Eviction Filings Way Down
Independents Could Decide California's Democratic Primary
Sen. Bernie Sanders, left, former Vice President Joe Biden and Sen. Elizabeth Warren. (AP/John Minchillo)
Debate Takeaways: Warren Attacked, 70s Club Avoids Age Issue
A dozen Democratic presidential candidates participated in a spirited debate over health care, taxes, gun control and impeachment. Takeaways from the three-hour forum in Westerville, Ohio:
Warren's Rise Attracts Attacks
Sen. Elizabeth Warren found Tuesday that her rise in the polls may come with a steep cost. She's now a clear target for attacks, particularly from more moderate challengers, and her many plans are now being subjected to much sharper scrutiny.
"I don't think the American people are wrong when they say what they want is a choice." — Mayor Pete Buttigieg
Minnesota Sen. Amy Klobuchar and South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg slammed her for not acknowledging, as Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders has, that middle-class taxes would increase under the single-payer health plan she and Sanders favor.
"At least Bernie's being honest with this," Klobuchar said.
"I don't think the American people are wrong when they say what they want is a choice," Buttigieg told Warren. His plan maintains private insurance but would allow people to buy into Medicare.
Candidates also pounced on Warren's suggestion that only she and Sanders want to take on billionaires while the rest of the field wants to protect them. Former Texas Rep. Beto O'Rourke told Warren it didn't seem as though she wanted to lift people up and she is "more focused on being punitive."
And they piled onto her signature proposal, a 2% wealth tax to raise the trillions of dollars needed for many of her ambitious proposals. Technology entrepreneur Andrew Yang noted that such a measure has failed in almost every European country where it's been tried.
Sen. Kamala Harris of California even went after Warren for not backing Harris' call for Twitter to ban President Donald Trump.
The stage included three 70-something candidates who would be the oldest people ever elected to a first term as president — including 78-year-old Sanders, who had a heart attack this month. Moderators asked all three how they could do the job. None really addressed the question.
Sanders invited the public to a major rally he's planning in New York City next week and vowed to take the fight to corporate elites.
Biden promised to release his medical records before the Iowa caucuses next year and said he was running because the country needs an elder statesman in the White House after Trump.
Warren, whose campaign has highlighted her hours-long sessions posing for selfies with supporters, promised to "out-organize and outlast" any other candidate, including Trump. Then she pivoted to her campaign argument that Democrats need to put forth big ideas rather than return to the past, a dig at Biden.
One Voice on Impeachment
The opening question was a batting practice fastball for the Democratic candidates: Should Trump be impeached?
They were in steadfast agreement. All 12 of them. Largely with variations on the word "corrupt" to describe the Republican president.
Warren was asked first if voters should decide whether Trump should stay in office. She responded, "There are decisions that are bigger than politics."
Biden, who followed Sanders, offered a rare admission: "I agree with Bernie."
The only hint of dissonance came from Rep. Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii, who was one of the last Democratic House members to back an impeachment inquiry. She lamented that some Democrats had been calling for Trump's impeachment since right after the 2016 election, undermining the party's case against him.
Democratic presidential candidate former Texas Rep. Beto O'Rourke, right, speaks as Democratic presidential candidate entrepreneur Andrew Yang, center and Democratic presidential candidate and South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg listen during a Democratic presidential primary debate hosted by CNN/New York Times at Otterbein University, Tuesday, Oct. 15, 2019, in Westerville, Ohio. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)
Klobuchar: Minnesota Not-So-Nice
Klobuchar has faded into the background in previous debates, but she stood out on the crowded stage.
She also went on the attack. She chided Yang for seeming to compare Russian interference in the 2016 election to U.S. foreign policy. But her main barbs were reserved for Warren. "I appreciate Elizabeth's work but, again, the difference between a plan and a pipe dream is something you can actually get done," she said.
After Warren seemed to suggest other candidates were protecting billionaires, Klobuchar pounced. "No one on this stage wants to protect billionaires," Klobuchar said. "Even the billionaire doesn't want to protect billionaires."
That was a reference to investor Tom Steyer, who had agreed with Sanders' condemnation of billionaires and called for a wealth tax — despite the fact that his wealth funded his last-minute campaign to clear the debate thresholds and appear Tuesday night.
Klobuchar also forcefully condemned Trump's abandonment of the Kurds in Syria.
Booker the Peacemaker
New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker has been trying to campaign on the power of love and unity. It hasn't vaulted him to the top of the polls, but it drew perhaps the biggest cheers from the crowd Tuesday night.
"We've got one shot to make Donald Trump a one-term president and how we talk about each other in this debate actually really matters. Tearing each other down because we have a different plan is unacceptable." — Sen. Cory Booker
As candidates bickered over their tax plans, Booker shut it down.
"We've got one shot to make Donald Trump a one-term president and how we talk about each other in this debate actually really matters," Booker said. "Tearing each other down because we have a different plan is unacceptable."
Later, as candidates tussled over foreign policy and Syria, Booker again tried to bring the debate back to morals. "This president is turning the moral leadership of this country into a dumpster fire," he said, before launching into a furious condemnation of Trump's foreign policy.
The New Jersey senator's inability to break out of the pack has puzzled Democrats who long saw him as a top-tier presidential candidate.
DemocratsElizabeth WarrenimpeachedJoe BidenKamala HarrispollspresidencySyriatax plans
Turkish Patriotism on Display Amid Syria Operation
Jury Awards Former Wonderful Citrus Manager Almost $5 Million in Delano Defamation Case


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Grant T. Stein, Esq.
Alston & Bird LLP
Class: XI (2000)Circuit: Eleventh
Emory University School of Business Administration, BBA., cum laude (1978)
University of Georgia School of Law, J.D., cum laude (1981)
Partner, Chair of Bankruptcy, Reorganization and Workout Practice Group, Alston & Bird LLP (1983-05)
Law Clerk to The Hon. W. Homer Drake, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Northern District, Georgia (1981-83)
Association of Insolvency and Restructuring Advisors, Chair
Southeastern Bankruptcy Law Institute: Former Chair and President
Georgia Bar Bankruptcy Section
Atlanta Bar Bankruptcy Section
Atlanta Chapter of the Turnaround Management Association, Past President
"The Intersection of Receiverships and Bankruptcy," The Bankruptcy Strategist Feb 2010
Business Valuation and Bankruptcy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nov 2009 Co-author
"Post-Petition Enforcement Against the Seller of Contracts for the Sale of Goods," The Bankruptcy Strategist Jul 2006
2005 Bankruptcy Revisions: Implications for Businesses and Financial Advisors, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc. and Association of Insolvency and Restructuring Advisors (2005) Co-author
"What are the Odds on a Full or Partial Withdrawal of the Reference to the District Court," The Bankruptcy Strategist Mar 2004
"Third-Party Releases in Bankruptcy: Exploring Options Other than Chapter 11 Plans?" The Bankruptcy Strategist May 2002
"Perfecting Liens in Patents and Copyrights, An Inconsistent Law?" National Law Journal Sep 17, 2001
"Ethical and Related Considerations in Dealing with Compromises and Settlements in Bankruptcy" 2000
"The Impact of Cure and Reinstatement on Default Interest," American Bankruptcy Institute Journal, Jul/Aug 1997 Vol. XVI, No. 6
"Options for Handling Adequate Protection Payments for Rents," Faulkner & Gray's Bankruptcy Law Review, Fall 1991 Vol. 3, No. 3
"The Bankruptcy Rules, 1987-90," Norton's Annual Survey of Bankruptcy Law 1988-91
"Current Interpretations of Bankruptcy Rules," Norton's Annual Survey of Bankruptcy Law 1987
The Butler Street YMCA, Volunteer of the Year Award (2003)
Prudential Teamwork Award (1998),


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