text:
DA | EN
H.C. Andersen centret
The Hans Christian Andersen Centre
H.C. Andersen centre
Short Chronology
Titles Translated
From the Hans Christian Andersen biography "The Life of Hans Christian Andersen. Day By Day", written by DPhil Johan de Mylius:
1860 61 62 63 64 Index Search Subject index 1865 66 67 68 69 1870
1st quarter 2nd quarter 3rd quarter 4th quarter Show all
Music by Edvard Grieg
1865: Music by Edvard Grieg
Return to Copenhagen.
Sits for the painter Laura Wittusen, who has an atelier at Christiansborg. As the sittings progress in February and March, she finds it difficult to paint a life-like "contour". The painting was never completed.
At a dinner party, HCA raises objections to the differentiation made by Rasmus Nielsen, professor of philosophy, between the poet ("who sees") and the philosopher ("who is able to explain that which has been given to the other"). HCA feels that:
"Indeed it is given to the poet, but he himself is able, thereafter, to see and understand that which has been given"
(the diary).
The differences are not, however, insurmountable. In fact HCA visits Rasmus Nielsen on 22nd and reads his new comedy play out loud for him ( Da Spanierne var her (When the Spaniards Were Here )). Nielsen is very enthusiastic about the play.
To the municipal authorities, HCA specifies that his income from the previous year amounted to 1,820 rdl.
1860 61 62 63 64 Index Subject index 1865 66 67 68 69 1870 Top
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text:
Britons, Angles, ethnicity and material culture from the fourth to seventh centuries
by Keith J Matthews
Chester College of Higher Education & Chester Archaeology
Abstract: The emergence of various 'ethnically' based polities in early medieval Britain has long been a source of debate and confusion. I explore how ethnic self-identity is constructed and how the identities of the former Roman citizens of Britain changed. It is something that cannot be answered by archaeology alone; nor is a uniquely historical approach appropriate. A fully multidisciplinary examination is necessary.
A version of this paper was delivered at the Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference at Leicester in 1997.
Transition periods in archeaology
The fourth- to seventh-century transtitions
The 'End of Roman Britain'
The Adventus Saxonum
The fate of the Britons
Self-identity and ethnicity
Material culture and ethnicity
Cymru and Englisc: polar opposites hopelessly intertwined?
The centuries encompassing the end of the Roman period and the emergence of the polities that eventually coalesced into the three major political units of the British mainland can be regarded as the basis for contemporary debates about national and ethnic identities in the United Kingdom. As such, they are of prime importance to our self-perception. The period has been studied by historians and archaeologists, but with no answers to these questions. More than in any other three centuries, virtually every supposed fact becomes a subject for repeated debate and speculation.
Perhaps the most frustrating aspect of this period is that we can perceive a Britain that is in some sense 'Roman' in the mid fourth century, and several polities that are developing distinctive regional styles of material culture that we can retrospectively label 'Welsh/Cornish', 'Saxon' and 'far northern' by the mid seventh. It is because the processes of change during the intervening centuries remain obscure that the period has long been fascinating to archaeologists. The problem is not one of interpreting large numbers of conflicting documents, sifting through complex material remains or of a complete dearth of material. The material is there and the story they seem to tell ought to be clear enough, but something does not quite add up: how does England become ethnically English?
The question I shall pose in this paper is: how was it that the island, with inhabitants numbering somewhere between two and six million (extremes summarised in Salway: 544), managed so complete an apparent population change that the Britons, from being a substantial majority in AD 350, evidently became a minority by AD 650? What happened to the Britons that they were apparently extirpated from the lowlands and replaced by an Anglo-Saxon population?
In this paper, I will explore some possible answers to these questions. To do this, we need to understand something of how ethnic self-identity is constructed. We must also examine how the identities of the former Roman citizens changed and how the notion of the Angelcynn ('English kind') and the Cymru ('comrades') came into being. It is something that cannot be answered by archaeology alone; nor is a uniquely historical approach appropriate. This is an area where a fully multidisciplinary examination is necessary.
Transitional periods in archaeology
Transitional periods are widely recognised to be one of the most important research topics in modern archaeology. For instance, we have all sorts of questions about the developments that led one hominid species towards another as one of the biggest questions in all of archaeology, not just the Lower Palaeolithic. Nevertheless, even in the post-glacial period, we still tend to find that change fascinates more than stability and is what archaeologists seek to explain rather than merely document.
The transition from hunter-gatherer economies to farming that marks the change from Mesolithic to Neolithic is one that still holds an immense fascination for archaeologists. Both in the heartlands of agricultural development - the Mexican basin, the Yangtse valley, the Zagros foothills and so on - and in the areas to which the new technologies spread, the process of change is complex and deservedly the focus of much research. At the other end of the timescale, we have the recent growth of interest in European colonial archaeology in the New World and the transitions from purely indigenous and invasive cultures to those that show some amalgamation (or, at least, westernisation).
The End of Roman Britain is one of those romantic transitional events that stands out in British history, like the Battle of Hastings, the Spanish Armada and so on. We have deeply ingrained notions about the cultured Romans and the ghastly barbarians who destroyed their way of life; we English are still required by the National Curriculum to teach our children about invading Saxons and the destruction of urban (in other words civilised) life. >From the political mêlée of the fifth and sixth centuries grew the numerous kingdoms that finally united as England, Wales and Scotland around the tenth century.
The growth of Scottish, and to a lesser extent, Welsh nationalism and independence movements in recent decades has led to a new urgency for debate about precisely what it means to belong to one of the nations of the United Kingdom. The current (and often heated) debate about Celticity has been characterised by some as an attempt to retain an English political hegemony in the face of oppressed minority cultures, an assertion that has been hotly denied (e.g. Megaw & Megaw 1996: 180; James 1998; Megaw & Megaw 1998: 433; James 1999: 16). The debate has so far hardly affected the English consciousness apart from anger at the Scottish Nationalist Party's suggestion that only those of Scots ancestry be allowed to vote in a future referendum about independence from the UK.
This period when the states of medieval and modern Britain formed has been studied by historians for centuries (and archaeologists for about a century), but each new study finds different answers. If nothing else, this should alert us to the complexity of the situation. We should, in a way, expect this: periods of transition are inherently likely to be times of social upheaval, personal disorientation and polarisation of attitudes. I would argue that this is something we can see very clearly in the fourth to seventh centuries. This is a period when the truism that we can only view the past through the present should be apparent even to the most dyed-in-the-wool empiricist.
By focusing on the fifth- and sixth-century transformations of material culture, archaeologists have become fixated on their supposed ethnic correlates. This is apparently reinforced by the historical evidence. There has long been a swing between two views of the Saxon advent: explaining the change in terms either of mass migration or of small-scale military activity. I will suggest that neither model explains the observed changes adequately and that we need to think more carefully about how ethnicity is constituted and expressed.
The fourth- to seventh-century transitions
In AD 350, Britain was part of the Roman Empire, a diocese on the far northwestern fringes and part of the Prefecture of Gaul. True enough, it had had its share of internal and external troubles - usurpers, rebellions, barbarian raids - but in many ways, it had escaped the troubles of the third century more lightly than Gaul or the Germanies. It had an urban élite, responsible for local and provincial government, men of letters, industrial-scale pottery production and a burgeoning church. In short, it possessed all the trappings of an average western province, albeit one seen as a socially marginal backwater (Wood: 6 note 37).
A century later, though, the situation was quite different. The Roman government was a distant memory, the consumer economy destroyed and any sense of belonging to a wider European political community lost. Only the Church remained as a universal institution, a point that comes across clearly in Patrick's writings. On the other hand, it is hard to see exactly what had replaced the Roman ways. Tribute had presumably replaced tax in those areas-such as the Wroxeter hinterland-where a continuity of social institutions can be postulated (hence the disappearance of coinage), cottage industries had replaced large-scale manufacturing (hence the loss of wheel-made ceramics, for instance), but what of the men of letters and the ecclesiastics? Writing in the middle of this muddle, St Patrick seems blissfully unaware that Britain was then - apparently - in a state of socio-economic and political decay. True, he had been captured in youth by Irish raiders, but he presents this as a fact of life deriving from circumstances of piracy outside Britain, not a disaster arising from internal political chaos. Home-wherever that my have been in western Britain-does not appear to be in any danger.
A century and a half after this, the situation is different yet again. We can identify a number of polities that are recognisably Welsh, English and far-northern (i.e. Pictish, Scottish and 'Strathclydian'), with their own distinctive forms of material culture, settlement patterns, political systems, languages and so on. We can view the three centuries from AD 350 to 650 as hiding a single, poorly located 'End' of Roman Britain, with a transition to the successor states, or we can view the period (or at least part of it) as a discrete entity, the infelicitously named 'sub-Roman' period.
The real problem depends ultimately on our views of ethnic change. Can it only be achieved by a large-scale population replacement, or can it be achieved through other means, such as acculturation? I will return to this question shortly. It is one that has largely been ignored by historians, whose views of ethnicity and ethnic change have tended to be essentialist, viewing ethnic identity as something fixed, a 'given', which somehow resides in the blood or (with a more up-to-date twist) in the genes. David Dumville's classic paper 'Sub-Roman Britain: history and legend' (Dumville 1977: 174) offers a wish list of historical questions he would like to answer. It occupies an entire paragraph. Even so, ethnic identity does not figure in it.
The 'End of Roman Britain' is generally viewed as an event. This has been the case since the late fifth century, when the Byzantine historian Zosimus claimed that around AD 411 "the inhabitants of Britain ... were obliged to throw off Roman rule and live independently." Ian Wood (passim) has shown how Byzantine historiography developed a 'pack of cards' view of the collapse of the west, beginning in Britain and gradually reaching the centre.
Native tradition presents a slightly different framework, in common with other parts of the west. It depends ultimately on Gildas, a younger contemporary of Zosimus. This British tradition saw the beginning of the end in the various tyrants (tyranni) who stripped Britain of its male youth, taken to Europe as soldiers to help in their bids for the throne. Gildas sees this as the end of Roman rule: exin Britannia omni armato milite militaribus copiis rectoribus licet immanibus ingenti iuuentute spoliata quae comitata uestigiis supradicti tyranni domum nusquam ultra rediit ...[1] (de Excidio 13 in Winterbottom: 93).
Nevertheless, what is striking in Gildas is the way in which he discusses post-Maximus Britain. In his view, Rome abandoned the province, asserting itself only in reaction to appeals for help, two of which were successful. Whatever we think of the historicity of Gildas's account of the late fourth and early fifth centuries, his view is valuable as an alternative to the Byzantine.
Archaeology does not deal easily with single events. Rather, it detects processes and the effects of events. The archaeology of the early fifth century is often hard to recognise because it is difficult to separate deposits of this date from those of the late fourth century. It does not actually help us at all in defining when the Roman government of Britain ended. What it does show, though, is that the first half of the fifth century saw the gradual collapse of town life, the decline of organised civil defence, the collapse of manufacturing and increasing regionalisation. At the same time, new forms of material culture, of north German inspiration if not manufacture, begin to dominate the record of eastern Britain.
The arrival of Germanic settlers was viewed in native tradition as a series of events. This begins with the account of Gildas, who describes the invitation of a group of mercenaries by the 'proud tyrant' Vortigern at an unknown date [2] in the fifth century: tum omnes consiliarii una cum superbo tyranno uortigerno caecantur adinuenientes tale praesidium immo excidium patriae ut ferocissimi illi nefandi nominis Saxones deo hominibusque inuisi quasi in caulas lupi in insulam ad retundendas aquilonales gentes intromitterentur [3] (de Excidio 23, adapted from Winterbottom: 97). His story then relates how this group of Saxons found a pretext to invite yet more barbarians into eastern Britain and how they then rebelled against the Britons.
The English traditions were similar but more detailed. Although Bede (Historia Ecclesiastica I.XV in Plummer: 31) gives only the legend of Hengist and Horsa as the first leaders of the English of Kent, his chronological summary (V.XXIV in Plummer: 353) also mentions Ida as the first leader of the Northumbrians. The late ninth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle further amplifies this. As well as Hengist and Horsa in Kent, and Ida in 'Northumbria', it tells of Ælle, first leader of the South Saxons, Cerdic, first leader of the West Saxons, Port, Bieda and Mægla, first leaders of the Meonwara of Hampshire and Stuf and Wihtgar, first leaders of the Wihtwara of the Isle of Wight.
All is not well here. The stories are often transparent foundation legends. Hengist and Horsa ('mare and stallion' in Old English) do not sound like the names of real people, but are the stuff of myth. Indeed, Hengist figures as an apparently Frisian hero in the well-known fragmentary poem conventionally called 'The Fight at Finnsburh'. Port is a transparently concocted eponym for Portsmouth, his supposed landing place, while the well-known problem of Cerdic and various members of his progeny is that they have British names. Cerdic bears the same name as the British tyrant addressed by St Patrick as well as the last British king of Elmet in South Yorkshire. It is also the name of the first-century chief who entered legend as King Caractacus. His son (or grandson, according to the genealogies) Cynric has a name very similar to that of an Irishman (Cunorix) whose memorial was found at Wroxeter. One of his putative descendants, Cædwalla (born around 659), was evidently named after a ruler of Gwynedd noted for his hostility to the English, the namesake of Caesar's main opponent in the first century BC, Cassivellanus (for *Catuuellaunos). These problems have long been known, but it is rare that any attempt is made at explanation. Something very curious is going on here.
Recent treatments of the adventus Saxonum (e.g. Hodges: 25; Higham 1992a, 15) have tended to play down the numbers of putative immigrants in an attempt to allow a British majority to be subsumed within a dominant but minority Anglo-Saxon culture. The considerable changes observed in material culture in fifth- and sixth-century lowland Britain are seen as the result of an increasing Germanisation of taste among the native population as much as the migration of substantial numbers of people from north Germany.
Critics of this model have focused on what they see as the inability of small numbers of immigrants to effect change on the scale needed for the shift of ethnic identity from British to English. They point out that there was almost complete language replacement, transformation of material culture and disruption of settlement patterns between AD 400 and 600 in most parts of lowland Britain. Even where 'continuity' has been suggested, the quality occupation is of a different order from that in 400; few would contend that the 'squatter' occupation seen in Roman villas, for instance, takes us into the seventh century except on a few rare sites.
The material culture of the former Roman citizens during the fifth and sixth centuries ought to provide valuable clues about social patterning. The British population remains largely invisible, although the recognition of sub-Roman pottery types has helped the identification of continuing occupation in a few places. One particularly interesting example of this material was found during rescue excavation of a late to sub-Roman settlement at Pirton, Hertfordshire. Employing decorative elements found on later sixth-century Anglo-Saxon pottery, it was found in a purely sub-Roman context. Moreover, the fabric, a sandy black ware, was not a recognised Saxon type and the juxtaposition of decorative elements was unusual, if not unique. Had the maker of the vessel seen pottery of Saxon type and was consciously imitating its decoration without understanding the semiotic grammar? Perhaps this is evidence for the beginning of Germanisation in an otherwise conservative British community.
Martin Millett (228) has suggested that "Roman Britain disappeared piecemeal". It is certainly possible to explain the political changes of the early fifth century in terms of a gradual erosion of romanised legal structures from beneath or within; the economy, of course, is another matter entirely, with its complete and catastrophic collapse, perhaps as early as the 390s. The adoption of forms of material culture that show Germanic influence and taste by indigenous underclasses and other subcultures may mean that we have dated the disappearance of Romanisation too soon as early dates for Anglo-Saxon pottery have been taken to indicate early dates for ethnic change. As Ken Dark (216) has proposed, the Romanised state(s) could survive for longer, control increasingly eroded as more members adopted the iconography of the new material culture and the habits of an emergent élite, including its language.
We need to understand something of the self-identities of the inhabitants at the two ends of the period to see what changes may have occurred. I have argued that a native British identity was something that developed only because of the Roman invasion in the first century AD.[4] By the fourth century, it will have been relatively well developed. When we look at the writings of Bede at the start of the eighth century, we can see that he was postulating an insular English identity that is quite distinct from that of the continental Germans. Whether it existed in the self-identities of the people he labelled Saxones, Angli or Iuti is something that has often been too easily assumed from the material culture.
Bede's ethnography of the English is well known:
Aduenerant autem de tribus Germaniae populis fortioribus id est Saxonibus, Anglis, Iutis. De Iutarum origine sunt Cantuarii et Uictuarii (hoc est ea gens quae Uectam tenet insulam) et ea quae usque hodie in prouincia Occidentalium Saxonum Iutarum natio nominatur, posita contra ipsam insulam Uectam. De Saxonibus (id est ea regione quae nunc Antiquorum Saxonum cognominatur) uenere Orientales Saxones, Meridiani Saxones, Occidi Saxones. Porro de Anglis (hoc est de illa patria quae Angulus dicitur et ab eo tempore usque hodie manere desertus inter prouincias Iutarum et Saxonum perhibetur) Orientales Angli, Mediterranei Angli, Merci, tota Nordanhumbrorum progenies (id est illarum gentium quae ad boream Humbri fluminis inhabitante) ceterique Anglorum populi sunt orti [5] (Historia Ecclesiastica I.XV in Plummer: 31).
Now, there are considerable problems here. Since the earliest efforts to define Anglo-Saxon ethnic groups using material culture, fruitless attempts at separating 'Saxon' from 'Anglian' from 'Jutish' have wasted the time of many people. The complex folk movements that were at one time postulated, for instance bringing the West Saxons to southwest England from Cambridgeshire along the Icknield Way, now appear hopelessly simplistic. In many ways they resemble the conflicting theories put forward to explain the apparent migrations of Beaker Folk during the European Chalcolithic. Bede's ethnography derives from imperial models: how appropriate it was in his day is a difficult question.
Linguistics holds some promise of a resolution. Of the three ethnic terms used by Bede, only Angli has an Old English equivalent - Englisc, whence modern 'English'. Saxones is a term restricted to Latin, British and Gaelic documents - whence Scots Gaelic Sasunnach (Sassenach). Iutae appear in Old English documents as the Geatas, but they are always located in continental Europe. Bede seems to be postulating an ethnography of Englishness that has no vernacular terms to describe it. Again, there is evidently something slightly unsatisfactory here.
Ethnicity is one of those surprising words that turns out to be only half a century old, yet its use is widespread, at least among middle-class liberals. It underpins many of our notions of self-identity, group identity and national identity. It is clearly a concept of value to the archaeologist, but for some time, the profession has been very wary of using it. This may have occurred because it is felt to be too closely linked with extreme right-wing views and the discredited 'settlement archaeology' of Kossinna and others that was put to overtly racist use.
The creation of labels of all kinds appears to be a human universal, probably rooted in the structures of the mind, especially the so-called 'language instinct'. As Paul Graves-Brown (83) has reminded archaeologists, the practice of labelling consists in defining the boundaries between entities. With human groups, these boundaries are dynamic and depend on the recognition of cultural traits. Although the archaeological 'culture' is characterised by its static nature, we can reconstruct something of the discourses embodied in material culture by looking at synchronic and diachronic relations between those objects.
In discussing the archaeology of Hungarian origins, Csanád Bálint (188) attempted to demonstrate the impossibility of defining ethnospecific objects. He discusses the heterogeneity of the material culture of eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages without questioning the self-identities of the peoples he examined. To what extent is it legitimate to assume that early 'Hungarians' viewed themselves as a distinct people, separate from their neighbours?
The relationship between language and ethnicity, so frequently assumed, is not a simple one, and it is important that other factors be taken into consideration. Slightly different lists of characteristics constituting ethnicity are given by Renfrew (130) and Hutchinson and Smith (6) which can nevertheless be combined fruitfully. They include:
1. a shared name;
2. shared territory or land;
3. a claimed common descent or genetic relationship;
4. community of customs or culture (which may include religion, customs or language);
5. self-identity and sense of solidarity;
6. a shared myth of origin;
7. a link with an ancestral homeland, real or mythical;
8. shared historical memories.
This list ignores the huge variety of meanings embedded in material culture that can frequently be used to convey group affiliation but which can only be reconstructed by looking at the relationships between diverse object types, not specific objects. The creation of the English states in the post-Roman period is associated with massive cultural change involving objects that appear to be ethnospecific (north German pottery and metalwork styles, changes to settlement types and so on). However, closer consideration of the evidence has led more recent interpretations to conclude that, while these objects are stylistically of north German origin, their use need not have been by people who considered themselves 'Angles' (Hines: 266).
The ways in which material culture styles become attached to ethnic identification has not been questioned. This is where an archaeological approach to ethnicity fails unless it retains historical perspective. The meanings attached to material culture are not fixed but fluid. They change through time and without a clear understanding of context, the symbolic elements that contribute to ethnic identity are lost. In her recent book, The Archaeology of Ethnicity, Siân Jones concludes that 'it cannot be assumed a priori that similarity in material culture reflects the presence of a particular group of people in the past' (Jones: 126).
Siân Jones attempts to explore this relationship between ethnicity and material culture. She examines the two major theoretical paradigms underpinning modern concepts of ethnicity: primordialism and instrumentalism. These are effectively the same as essentialism and social constructionism, and share the same difficulties of interpretation. The primordial approach is similar in many ways to the older anthropological concept of 'race' in that it stresses a genetic component to ethnicity, sometimes even descending to referring to it as 'ties of blood'. Instrumentalism, on the other hand, sees the roots of ethnicity in social practice, a perspective that will be familiar to most archaeologists.
Siân Jones finds both paradigms wanting. She criticises the first for '[failing] to address the dynamic and fluid nature of ethnicity in varied social and historical contexts' (Jones: 72). The second '[tends] to be reductionist and [fails] to explain the generation of ethnic groups' (Jones: 79). Neither paradigm explains the relationship between culture (including material culture) and ethnicity. Taking the cue from Bourdieu, she outlines a 'practice theory of ethnicity' based around the multidimensional habitus in which the individual's self-identification with an ethnic group becomes situational. She therefore suggests that ethnicity is wholly embedded within power relations through which it is reproduced and transformed (Jones: 123).
This is social constructionism at its most thoroughgoing, in which ethnicity is seen as part of the performativity of language: self-identification is achieved through the actions of hegemonic and restrictive discourse. This discourse enables an individual's life to be given structure and meaning through narrative, which may involve some statements possessing ontological status ("I have brown eyes") and others having political and moral status ("I am English"). The problem, as social constructionists see it, is that both types of statement become epistemological in personal experience (Burr: 87).
In approaching ethnicity, we must not forget the fluid and unbounded nature of group identity and self-identity. It can be argued that rather than hegemonic discourse, it is the marginal subgroups that are central to the production of identity at both personal and group levels. The largely unexplored contribution of subcultures, for instance, to culture change and to the mediation of ethnicity between different groups is an important feature not just of contemporary societies but also of the past.
We can therefore view the use of material culture in fifth- and sixth-century Britain as a means of establishing and reinforcing ethnic identity at a time of political crisis and social fragmentation. Transmission of the new material culture would often be by means of those on the social peripheries, as well as by the 'Big Men', the warlords, indigenous or otherwise. A large-scale movement of the disaffected, similar to the Gaulish bacaudae, could be one of the channels of communication, although this remains to be demonstrated. Another channel, and one not to be underestimated in its impact, would be the north German immigrants, not all of whom necessarily arrived in the fifth and sixth centuries. They need only to have been few in number and were, perhaps, mostly male.
With one exception, the areas in which the earliest Germanising material culture appears are in eastern England: east Kent, Norfolk and Lindsey. There were only small numbers of Romano-British towns and villa-estates in these areas. Both of them may be taken as indicators of social and economic prosperity and, in the case of the latter at least, of identification with southern European élites. We may suggest that these areas, indeed peripheral to the social life of the late Roman Diocese, had easy contacts with north Germany and Scandinavia.
The exception is the upper Thames valley, where there are large numbers of villas and small towns but an early group of German material culture remains. What makes this group stand out is the early date of the material culture and its homogeneity: this group appears to have few contacts with the local Romano-British population, unlike the thousands of Germans whose material culture sits alongside that of indigenous groups elsewhere in the Late Roman diocese. The upper Thames Valley group has long been identified as in some way anomalous (e.g. Leeds: 53), as the invasion/settlement hypotheses are clearly inadequate to explain so massive a penetration so deep into central Britain at this date. Furthermore, it is not identifiable as the core of a later Anglo-Saxon kingdom, despite valiant attempts to link it with Wessex (e.g. Stenton: 26). Here is perhaps the best evidence for the Germanic mercenaries mentioned by Gildas (Higham 1994: 104).
The apparently ethnospecific material culture of the migration period may well turn out not to be ethnospecific at all, but expressive of changes in taste and, indeed, the collapse of British manufacturing industries. We can suggest that the creation of an English ethnicity arose indirectly from the specific political and economic situation of the fifth and sixth centuries. In this way, it could easily have drawn in people who would previously have considered themselves Britons with the material culture performing an active role in the construction of new ethnic identities. The confused years between 400 and 600 were something of a melting-pot for ethnic identities with the collapse of the pre-existing normative political framework and the considerable time-lag before the situation resolved itself again into stable polities.
The difficulties of the period I have chosen to examine stem from two main sources: firstly, the continuing political and ethnic division between Scottish, Welsh and English; and secondly, the compartmentalisation of archaeological specialisms into distinct period-based studies. Add to this the tendency for Classical, Celtic and Germanic linguistics to remain separate, the inward-looking nature of nationalist historians and politicians and the lack of synthesis in contemporary archaeology, then the problems of understanding this period become fixed not in the period itself but in late twentieth-century academia.
In terms of global politics, the borders between England and Wales or between England and Scotland are little more than a line on a map. We do not have passport controls to move from one country to the other; neither is in itself a sovereign state. However, the perceived difference - the ethnic difference - is enormous. Exacerbated by centuries of English hegemony, the roots of the problem are to be sought in the fifth and sixth centuries.
We should not fall into the trap of regarding ethnic identity as fixed or as monolithic. My own ethnic identity is polymorphous in a nested way: my primary ethnic identity is English, but within that, I am a southerner and beyond it, I am British and European in equal measures. In a North American context, I would be regarded as a WASP, despite my objections to the label. Depending on circumstances, I can choose my ethnic identity from this list of options without any necessary shift of self-identity. In this way, my ethnic identity becomes recognisable as a performance, not a fixed status conferred on me by the application of labels or through the use of a material culture signifier.
The clue to understanding ethnic identity during this period, as at any other, is therefore to regard it as entirely performative. While political instability was the norm, individuals will have found it expedient, perhaps even necessary, to retain a variety of allegiances, choosing between them as circumstances dictated. Those who supported Magnus Maximus in the 380s cannot have been entirely wiped out after his fall; instead, they will have transferred their support to Theodosius. Similarly, it is entirely possible that some of the fifth- and sixth-century lowland Britons will have transferred their political allegiance to new, Saxon-identifying masters without any sense of treachery. It is, I would suggest, only a small step from this politically convenient shift of allegiance to a conscious shift of ethnic identity, particularly if it is one of the individual's choosing, rather than one imposed from above. This is where parallels with, for instance, a Chechen population that refuses to become Russian despite generations of 'Russianisation', falls down: the Chechen people have actively resisted 'becoming Russian' because it is imposed from outside. Once again, we can see the importance of change from within and below, a true subcultural effect.
Important evidence for the changing emphasis on different aspects of ethnic performance in the fifth and sixth centuries comes initially from the shift away from Late Antique artistic canons towards those we now label 'Celtic', rightly or not. This change in élite symbolism appears to be a conscious rejection of the older identification with Mediterranean tastes and the re-emphasising of pre-Roman roots. The mechanisms by which this was achieved are not known; it has long been suggested, for instance, that Iron Age styles continued at a vernacular level on non-durable objects, but this may be special pleading. We should not overlook conscious archaising and antiquarianism as sources for a resurgence in these styles. At the same time, we can see the slow and partial acquisition of styles with a Germanic origin. The adoption of such styles by fifth-century people says no more about the ethnic origins of their users than had the adoption of Mediterranean styles almost four hundred years earlier by the wealthier inhabitants of the island.
The coalescing of ethnic identities in this period cannot have begun before the foundations of the various polities that seem to have come into being in the sixth century, perhaps slightly earlier in the west than in the east (although Higham 1992b: 159 would place it in the fifth century). Insofar as ethnic identity depends on a variety of factors, archaeologists need to take a broad view of the meanings of material culture. They also need to look critically at whether a particular pot or brooch form can be regarded as labelling its owner. It would be naïve to assume that things are ever that simple.
Copyright © Keith J. Matthews, 2001. All rights reserved.
This edition copyright © The Heroic Age, 2001. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Frank Kidson, född 15 november 1855 i Leeds, död 7 november 1926, var en engelsk folkvisesamlare.

Kidson var stiftare av "Folk Song Society", samlade och utgav gamla engelska, skotska och irländska folkvisor och danser: Old English country Dances (1889), Traditional Tunes (1890) och tillsammans med Alfred Edward Moffat The Minstrelsy of England, Songs of the Georgian Period, Children Songs of Long Ago, Eighty Singing Games for Children (1907).

Källor

Brittiska folklorister
Folkvisesamlare
Brittiska forskare under 1800-talet
Brittiska forskare under 1900-talet
Personer från Leeds
Födda 1855
Avlidna 1926
Män
Ugglan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There are few moans or gripes with respect to this game. Not because it is the most dramatic and interesting wargame ever published, but simply because it has no pretence of being such and therefore, in its own unimposing way, lives up to expectations.
A few niggles however, about the way the designation of air strikes are handled. The number of key presses to set up one of these almost makes you question their worth. The other thing about aircraft is, well, it is true that the allied forces maintained air superiority over the Luftwaffe in this stage of the war, but . . . surely the Germans should have at least one in the air!
The only other bone of contention is in the bias or balance system used. Surely the fact that there are scenarios and variants of varying complexity should be enough. It really does detract from a game when there is so little challenge that victory may be practically arranged. Still, you are not required to use such a feature, and in normal play you will get a good run for your money (in fact, all the way to the Rhine) with this game. All in all then, not up to the standards set by SSI for their state of the art wargames, but certainty worth adding to your collection.
Most text of the present article comes from the review published in the seventh issue of the British C64 magazine ZZAP!64 (November 1985). The ratings box, however, comes from the eighth issue.
Gremlins always creep in when you least expect them. As a result of their latest visit to my desk, the explanation of the wargames ratings was omitted from last month's review of Crusade in Europe and this could have led to a misunderstanding of my impressions. Belatedly, I present them here, with apologies. They apply to this month's review as well, of course.
Although some of the ratings may appear to be similar, if not identical to those elsewhere in ZZAP!, don't be misled. 60% would be a rather low rating in other reviews, but is quite high for wargame purposes. There are two main reasons for this. First, by rating games lower, the bad titles which may appear from time to time can be given single-figure percentages (bad wargames are intrinsically worse than bad arcade games). Secondly, most wargames benefit from being on disk. Theoretically, this provides them with vast scope. Frequent disc changes are not as inconvenient as in other games. Some SSI games would be good examples of this. Wargaming on computers is a very complex genre and provision needs to be made for future improvements.
Presentation considers packaging, format and clarity.
Graphics in wargames will never be as good as those in arcade games, so these are only viewed in respect to other games of the genre and how effective they are.
Instructions are extremely important to a wargame. Bad rules can leave a good program unplayable. Consequently, there is a rating for them.
Authenticity is a guideline to how historically (or indeed, theoretically) accurate a game is.
Playability is again only considered with respect to other wargames.
Value for money is going to be the main bone of contention. I still feel that 90% of all wargames are overpriced. This factor is not genre specific.
Overall sums up the impressions of the reviewer.
From the safety of his dug-out SEAN MASTERSON sticks his head up to take a look at this wargame . . .
There are still relatively few disk drive owners in the UK Commodore community at present, so there are not going to be many people rushing out to buy this game. It's a pity really as it's probably one of the best of the recent batch of wargames by such companies as SSI and Microprose. It has always been difficult to fit a good wargame onto a home micro without putting it onto a disc, but that does bring its own advantages to those lucky enough to have their own drive.
Crusade in Europe is the latest in Microprose's 'Command Series' strategic simulation games, and involves several scenarios set in 1944 between the D-Day landings and the Ardennes counter offensive in December of that year. There are five scenarios in the package, and most of these have a series of historical and hypothetical variants (such as different initial troop deployments). The five scenarios are, The Battle for Normandy, Race for the Rhine, Operation Market-Garden, Battle of the Bulge and Crusade: The Battle for France. For all of these scenarios there are one and two player options.
The display is in the form of a free-scrolling map with a choice of icons or symbols for unit representation. The symbol setting gives 'standard' wargame unit signs, whereas the icons are on a more simplistic level. Both are rather chunky, but clearly defined, and there are more colours on the map than in some games, so the final result is certainly respectable.
Game involves play in day and night turns, which affects the result of combat accordingly. Although the game doesn't run in real time, game time is running all the while (which is in terms of processing a unit's status once every eight game hours). Therefore it's imperative that once the scenario has begun, the player keeps concentrating solely on the action. There is a pause facility should you require a coffee break (normally a necessity in these games).
The game rules are of medium complexity but an inexperienced wargamer would not do too badly, as a bias is allowed for any given force on any scenario. The rules booklet itself is beautifully clear and accurate, and learning the various intricacies of play is interesting rather than annoying, as such activity can sometimes be. Each scenario is finely detailed in terms of victory conditions, troop dispositions, historical notes and other miscellaneous facts. Microprose have always gone for an upmarket look for their games, and Crusade in Europe is no exception to the rule. At the centre of the book is a summary pullout which has a glossy colour map of the general game area. The summary sheet will prove useful until all the commands are understood, but the map is totally pointless other than the fact that it looks very pretty!
During play, the command procedure for communicating with troops is fairly straightforward and units automatically give you status reports. Unit movement is hidden, as on all the best games, so you're not aware of the enemy unless you encounter them one way or the other. Combat too is fairly easy, being split mainly into Attack and Defend procedures.
After playing several of the shorter scenarios, winning with a bias in your favour should not present many problems. The enemy forces' actions become a little predictable when play is stacked against them. Nevertheless, the fact that there are more complex scenarios, coupled with being able to stack the odds against yourself with biases and variants, should mean that this game ought to provide a challenge for some considerable amount of time.
The usual features prevalent in wargames of this nature, such as terrain and weather effects, are present in this game as well. There are no startling innovations in these departments, but they are handled in a reasonable way.
Clear and neat, without too much gimmickry.
Acceptable but not particularly outstanding.
Generally well executed, but you won't find anything excitingly original here.
Only good as long as you stick to unmodified scenarios, but even there are one or two questionable points.
Easy to get into the relatively uncluttered routine.
Quite good, considering the number of scenarios.
This could have been higher had Microprose given the game any really exciting features.


Suitable for a family and enthusiastic vegetable eaters. Seasonal selection of organic vegetables. Contents of the veg box varies each week. Potatoes and half a dozen free range, non organic, eggs included each week.


Late night TV host Conan O'Brien once invited Gronkowski and Seahawks running back Marshawn Lynch to play a stirring game of "Mortal Kombat".
Rob Gronkowski's decision to retire from the NFL on Sunday instantly created one of the larger offseason storylines in football. Fellow tight end Jason Witten has returned to the Dallas Cowboys after a season in ESPN's "Monday Night Football" broadcast booth. Additionally, he has the most career touchdowns in Patriots history with 79, has the most receptions by a tight end in Super Bowl history with 18; and carries the honor of the most touchdowns by a tight end in a single season.
Additionally, Gronk was at his best in the clutch. Like on two consecutive fourth-down attempts with their 2015 season on the line in Denver (Gronk converted on both).
While he didn't score in the Patriots' Super Bowl win over the Los Angeles Rams last month, he did have a big catch that led to the only touchdown of the game.
The stats, in a nine-season vaccum, are all-time impressive. Gronkowski was a hit with the average fan - from kids to grandparents - because of his endearing persona that made him about as A-list as any athlete.
Iowa's T.J. Hockenson and Noah Fant headline what is considered to be a fairly strong group of tight ends available in the draft. Eventually we could see him doing TV, acting, a number of things. If you ask me, you're the best to ever do it. That's what Coach Bill Belichick does.
The athlete went on to thank all of his fans for standing by him throughout his career.
Next up? The Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Gronkowski found victory lane just as fun as the end zone when he partied with Daytona 500 victor Kurt Busch and team owner Tony Stewart in 2017. "Gronk" quickly became a fan favorite and the most dominant player at his position for almost a decade.
Gonzalez was dominant in his own right. And if a tight end has limited impact in the passing game, he's a glorified offensive lineman. But Gonzalez's best play was dwarfed by Gronkowski's prime.
But a true complete tight end? An unstoppable force that made the fiercest of men look like boys in the most competitive platform of their sport.
This top-5 list is dedicated to the plays that most blazingly set highlight reels on fire.
The service is launching in 150 countries around the world this Spring - and that includes Australia. The Apple Arcade service works in the mobile universe, for desktop machines, and in the living room.
The firm says that it has notified ASUS and the other unnamed companies about the attack, but investigations are still ongoing. Operation ShadowHammer leverages the ASUS Live Update Utility, which comes pre-installed on the majority of ASUS computers.
According to Barr's summary, the special counsel made no specific recommendation, instead laying out the facts. Following the release of a summary of the conclusions of the Mueller report, President Trump was jubilant.
British Airways said it is working with WDL Aviation to find out how the wrong flight plan ended up being filed for the trip. It is believed the crew were unaware they were following the wrong route until they touched down in the Scottish Capital.
The rumor goes on saying that Nintendo may be planning to announce these models sometime around E3. As a happy Switch owner since launch, I'll probably be looking to upgrade depending on the price.
The number of confirmed cases stands at 1,009, of which 944 are confirmed and 65 probable, in an outbreak that started in August. Health workers have been better prepared than during previous outbreaks.
According to his government, the United States has seized $30 billion is Venezuelan assets, including money in bank accounts. This action will severely affect any attempted currency movements by Maduro and his cronies moving forward.
By comparison, Netflix counted 139m paid subscribers at the end of 2018, Amazon Prime had about 100m, and Hulu had 25m. So how is Apple TV Plus not a streaming service? You can still see the full presentation through Apple's website .
You can get Morrowind free right now as part of a celebration for the 25th anniversary of all things The Elder Scrolls . To get a free copy simply type the code TES25TH-MORROWIND into a myriad of redemption portals.


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Cowboys news: Bryan Anger has been an underrated weapon in 2021 for the Cowboys
All of the latest Dallas Cowboys news in one place.
By Brian_Martin@BrianMartinNFL Dec 26, 2021, 4:00am CST
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Punter Bryan Anger flipping the field for the Cowboys in Pro Bold year - Todd Brock, Cowboys Wire
Punters are people, too.
Fans rarely enjoy it when their team's punter trots out onto the field. But in the hands- or, more accurately, on the foot– of the right specialist, a game can change. In a sport that is all about real estate, no position flips the field more dramatically or more regularly than the punter.
And this year, no punter in the NFC is doing it better than the Cowboys' Bryan Anger. The ten-year veteran was named to his first Pro Bowl this week, and while he plays a role that rarely gets much love from anyone beyond other punters or coaches, Anger's all-star nod puts at least a little bit of the spotlight on a guy who's made a big difference in Dallas.
The 33-year-old California native is averaging 48 yards per punt this season, the best of his 10-year pro career. Better, even, than his rookie year of 2012, when he was a fresh-faced phenom out of Cal who was drafted by Jacksonville in the third round, the highest a punter had been selected in nearly two decades.
Ranking QBs Cowboys' Trevon Diggs will try to pick off the remainder of 2021 - Lauren Barash, The Landry Hat
Trevon Diggs is up to the challenge, but will any QBs throw the ball his way?
1. Kyler Murray, Cardinals
Despite missing three games this season with an ankle injury, there's no denying that Kyler Murray has been a big part of the reason the Arizona Cardinals have had a great year.
Right now, Murray is second in the league in completion percentage (69.8), only .01 percent behind Tua Tagovailoa (69.9). He is also averaging an impressive 276.3 passing yards per game. While the Cowboys have a very impressive defensive front, we know that Murray is incredibly agile, quick, and can both run and throw the ball. Murray makes magical plays happen when they don't seem possible thanks to his elusiveness.
So, yes. Murray is a much better quarterback than the others Diggs will face. But, let's also remember that Diggs has already picked off Tom Brady (+165) and Justin Herbert (+2500), who according to WynnBet, currently sit higher than Murray (+4000) on the MVP odds.
Will Cowboys' Dan Quinn win NFL Assistant Coach of the Year? - Richie Whitt, Cowboys Maven
Dan Quinn has been everything the Cowboys wanted for the defense this year.
*Yes, there is such a thing as an award for NFL Assistant Coach of the Year. And, yes, Cowboys' defensive coordinator Dan Quinn should win it, hands down.
Without him in 2020 Dallas' defense was historically horrible, the worst in franchise history. With him in 2021, two players made the Pro Bowl, the defense leads the league in interceptions and this team has a chance to lead the NFL in turnover margin for the first time in 62 seasons of Cowboys football.
Cowboys 2021 playoff scenarios: Week 16 impact games - Jess Haynie, Inside The Star
There's no shortage of games to watch in Week 16 that could impact the Cowboys.
Indianapolis Colts @ Arizona Cardinals
Rooting interest with the Cardinals is a tricky thing right now. Their presence in our current three-way tie with Tampa Bay is what's currently nullifying the Bucs' head-to-head win over Dallas from Week 1. So from that standpoint, we may want them to keep on winning.
But with the Cowboys and Cardinals meeting next week, someone is obviously taking at least one more loss this season (barring a tie). But even if Arizona drops out, we could see the Rams become NFC West leaders and then join Dallas and Tampa in the triad. And with L.A. having a head-to-head win over the Bucs this year, that would cancel out their win over the Cowboys in a tiebreaker.
So yeah, it's complicated. And with three games left, hard to say what's best for Dallas with so many variables still swirling around.
Tampa Bay Bucs @ Carolina Panthers
There's no confusion when it comes to the Bucs. We want them to lose and keep right on losing the rest of the regular season, putting that head-to-head tiebreaker as far away as possible. While the Panthers don't seem likely to help our cause, it's hard to say anything's certain after watching Arizona and Tampa drop games to the Lions and Saints a week ago.
2021 NFL Week 16 Dallas Cowboys fan rooting guide: The #1 seed is in reach, with a little help - RJ Ochoa, Blogging The Boys
Who should the Cowboys be rooting for and against in Week 16?
Dallas Cowboys rooting interests related to the number one seed
A few things do need to happen for the Cowboys to win the NFC East without lifting a finger, we'll get to them in just a minute, but our focus is obviously on goals well beyond that given the success that the Cowboys have had this year. Put simply, we want the number one seed.
Dallas only has the number two seed at the moment by virtue of a three-way tie that they are in with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Arizona Cardinals. The former beat Dallas in Week 1 of this season so if it comes down to just the two of them the Buccaneers will top the Cowboys in seedings and since Dallas hosts Arizona next Sunday, the Cardinals cannot end the regular season in the three-way tie that has currently set up Dallas so well. We need another team to enter the logjam since Dallas will own the tiebreaker (which is conference record at that point) over all of them.
This all means that we either need the Los Angeles Rams to win out (which is why we are rooting for them this week) or the Green Bay Packers to drop a game (which would be awesome always). If either of these things happen and the Cowboys win out then Dallas will be, at minimum, the number two seed in the NFC.
You will note that we are also rooting for the Indianapolis Colts, Chicago Bears, and Miami Dolphins this week. A reminder that their first-round picks belong to the Philadelphia Eagles (Indy and Miami) and New York Giants (Chicago) so we want to see those be as low as possible.
Blogging The Boys Podcast Network and YouTube Channel
We offer a different show every single day on the Blogging The Boys podcast network.
Monday: CowboysCast with Bobby Belt
Tuesday: The 75O with Tony Casillas and RJ Ochoa
Wednesday: The NFC East Mixtape with RJ Ochoa and Brandon Gowton
Wednesday: Talkin' The Draft with Connor Livesay, Cole Patterson, and Dalton Miller
Thursday: Ryled Up with Roy White and Tom Ryle
Friday: Girls Talkin 'Boys with Kelsey Charles and Meg Murray
Saturday: Cowboys Hoy with Mauricio Rodriguez
Sunday: Jersey Boyz with Dave Sturchio, Bret Ernst, and Keith Ernst
We also offer daily episodes of Dallas Cowboys Roundup where we give you that day's latest headlines so that you always stay caught up. Consider it an audio version of the links, and every episode is 10 minutes or less so you can catch up in a hurry.
The Blogging The Boys podcast network is available on all major podcast platforms.
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Discount or danger? The Cowboys continue to have tough decisions with injured free agents The Cowboys have often tried to pick up bargains by delving into injured free agents.


Your brain is the most vital and complex organ in your body and determines how well you perform the most basic daily functions. Having great brain health could make the difference in remembering a spouse's name at the next Hail and Farewell, forgetting an ingredient to your favorite dish, or feeding your dog a second dinner for the third time this week.
Did you know you could potentially avoid these silly brain blunders with the right diet? Studies show that consuming foods rich in omega-3's (fatty acids), Vitamin E, and certain antioxidants could reduce the risk of dementia and cognitive impairment or decline. The science behind it is simple; these fuel-full foods protect your brain by reducing inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and improving cognitive abilities! Salmon, blueberries, avocado, walnuts, and beans are a few examples of foods with brain boosting power.


With its territory surrounded by a superior defensive perimeter, the planet Jurai is able to ensure that any potential visitors must first pass through one of their security checkpoints. If they want to continue their journey to Jurai, Tenchi and the others must also go through the checkpoint, but as the universe's most wanted criminals, it would be far from sensible to just go in undisguised.
Instead, the gang disguise themselves as a class on a school field trip, with Katsuhito and Kiyone as teachers, Nobuyuki as driver, Mihoshi as campus doctor, and the others (including Tenchi) as the female students. With new hairstyles, and contact lenses and clothes designed to give fake retinal, skeletal and DNA readings, the group are all set to take on even the most thorough of security scans.
Initially, everything seems to be going well. A slip of the tongue from Mihoshi is quickly covered up, and even the standard ship inspection goes smoothly after Azaka and Kamidake hypnotise the checkpoint officers into reporting that all is well.
As a final check, everyone must pass through the main scanner, but Washu's preparations have been enough to fool this one as well- even if 'Tenko' (Tenchi in his female guise) seems to have an oddly masculine figure. However, as the checkpoint's commander watches the group from the security cameras, it seems that Sasami sparks a glimmer of recognition- a memory of a time spent taking a certain young princess for a walk in the woods.
Despite this, the commander does not raise any alarm, and soon almost everyone has passed through the scanner, dispersing into the area beyond. Unfortunately, even the best of Washu's plans cannot account for one catastrophic random variable better known as Mihoshi. As she passes through the scanner, she manages to set off the alarm, and a quick search of her pockets reveals not only a GP blaster, but her personal ID pen-screen!
By now the group have split up, but when the alarms start going off, everyone realises that it is time to leave. Fortunately for them, they have more allies than they realise. The old commander manages to corrupt the security system just enough to force the checkpoint officers to initiate a switch to the backup system- buying the gang just a little more time.
Whilst Ryoko and Mihoshi run from the checkpoint guards (with Ryoko trying to disassociate herself from Mihoshi every step of the way), Tenchi and Sasami are down in the café with Sagami, a young man who seems to have taken quite a shine to 'Tenko'. Whilst Sagami buys them drinks, Ryoko and Mihoshi come running into the bar, pursued by a pair of security guards. Recognising them as being from the same group, the guards stop to apprehend Tenchi and Sasami. Tenchi tries to play dumb, but Ryoko tells him it is too late for that, and quickly overturns a table to stall the guards. As the four run for it, they knock into Sagami, who is sent spinning such that he accidentally (or perhaps not so accidentally) knocks down the two guards.
Meanwhile, Washu, Ayeka and Kiyone are running at full tilt back to Yagami when they are confronted by a pair of guards. The ever-prepared Kiyone pulls out her GP yoyo weapon and uses it knock them out, but is unprepared when a third guard comes running straight for her. Fortunately, Katsuhito and Nobuyuki have just caught up to the three girls. Grabbing a wooden staff from one of the downed guards, Katsuhito attacks the third guard, managing to deflect his blow and knock him down. By the slimmest of margins, Kiyone is saved, and the group hurries on.
Coming to a junction in the corridor, Ryoko and the others quickly debate which way to go- and when Mihoshi suggests going right, Ryoko decides that heading left is the bets bet. As it turns out, listening to Mihoshi would have been a better idea, for as they run down the left corridor, a pair of security gates slams shut. Mihoshi ends up with her leg caught in the gate, whilst poor Sasami gets stuck behind them.
The others try to break open the gates, but their attempts are thwarted when the backup security systems come online, causing the gates to become electrified. Unable to make it through, Sasami is forced to turn back and find another way out.
For Sasami, this whole situation is unpleasantly reminiscent of an incident that occurred during her early childhood. Young Sasami was walking in the woods with her uncle, but when the two of them got separated, Sasami ended up lost and alone in the cold, damp woods. As the memory of that time fills Sasami with fear and desperation, she calls out to Tenchi and the others, inadvertently alerting two nearby guards to her presence.
Fortunately for Sasami, an anonymous protector knocks out the two guards before they can find her, but even this protector (who, as it turns out, is Sagami) cannot help her when she gets trapped between two sets of gates and exposed to knockout gas.
Whilst Kiyone's group find themselves lost in the maze that the checkpoint station has become, someone else has reached the gates where Sasami is trapped. It is the white-haired commander, and as he bends over Sasami to lift her to safety, it is reminiscent of another time, when a certain uncle found a young princess scared and trembling in the woods.
Meanwhile, Tenchi, Ryoko and Mihoshi find themselves in yet more trouble when they are confronted by a whole squadron of guards. Ryoko is ready to use her powers against them, but finds herself barely able to move when a terrified Mihoshi starts clinging onto her. Fortunately, Sagami is on hand to help out, by tossing 'Tenko' a wooden staff. Thanks to his training, Tenchi is able to take down the guards with a little help from Ryo-Ohki. But as he replaces his fallen wig after the battle, he notices that Sagami has disappeared.
Tenchi and the others soon find Sasami, who is lying safely against the corridor wall, and shortly afterwards they catch up with Kiyone's group. Finally reunited, the gang head for Yagami, but just as they are about to reach it, the checkpoint station changes configuration, dumping Yagami out of the docking bay and into space. Fortunately, the team has an unexpected advantage in the form of Ryo-Ohki. The cabbit transforms into a spaceship, allowing the team to break out of the station and head over to Yagami.
As the team makes their getaway, Sasami looks back at the checkpoint station, and to her surprise, she sees a familiar face staring out of one of the windows- her uncle. He was the white-haired commander who helped the team escape (along with the help of his subordinate Sagami), and now, as they head to Jurai, he wishes his beloved nieces the best of luck.


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Hunter Douglas ist ein niederländischer Hersteller von Jalousien und Verkleidungen für Außenfassaden.

Geschichte
Den Grundstein des Unternehmens legte der Deutsche Henry Sonnenberg 1919 durch die Gründung eines Unternehmens zur Herstellung von Werkzeugmaschinen in Düsseldorf. Nach der Machtergreifung 1933 floh Sonnenberg vor den Nationalsozialisten, in die Niederlande und baute sein Unternehmen dort wieder auf. Zusammen mit Joe Hunter gründete Sonnenberg 1946 ein Joint Venture für die Entwicklung von Technologien und Werkzeug für den Guss und die Bearbeitung von Aluminium. Auf diesem Wege kam man zur Fertigung von Fensterjalousien aus Aluminium unter dem Namen Hunter Douglas. Diese Jalousien erfreuten sich insbesondere in Amerika großer Beliebtheit und wurden durch unabhängige Hersteller in den Vereinigten Staaten und Kanada produziert, die in ein gemeinsames Netzwerk eingebunden wurden. Das Geschäft in den Vereinigten Staaten wurde 1956 verkauft, der Sitz Hunter Douglas' wurde nach Montreal verlegt und der Jalousienbau außerhalb der USA fortgeführt. Ab 1962 wurden auch Deckenverkleidungen aus Aluminium angeboten. Seit 1969 wurde das Unternehmen an den Börsen in Montreal und Amsterdam gelistet. Seit 1971 befand sich der weltweite Hauptsitz der Hunter Douglas-Gruppe mit der Hunter Douglas N.V. in Rotterdam. Nach dem Rückkauf des US-amerikanischen Geschäftszweigs 1976 wurde das Geschäft immer weiter ausgeweitet und expandierte unter anderem in den asiatischen Raum. Heute bezeichnet sich das Unternehmen selbst als Marktführer auf dem Gebiet der Tageslicht-Regulation.

Ralph Sonnenberg, Erbe von Henry Sonnenberg und CEO von Hunter Douglas, zählt heute zu den reichsten Niederländern.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmen (Amsterdam)
Bauelementehersteller (Bauwesen)
Gegründet 1919


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Click the + button in the necessary location and click Add block.
In the opened section, specify the name of the new block and click the Create button.
Grid in the Template select box.
Mainbox simple in the Wrapper select box.


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NALINI SINGH AUTHOR OF ARCHANGEL'S LEGION: EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW
Oct 28 Nov 26 Caro
Today Open Book Society reviewer, Heidi, chats with Guild Hunter and Psy-Changeling author, Nalini Singh. They discuss Singh's newest Guild Hunter release, Archangel's Legion, where New York Archangel Raphael and his consort, Elena, are once again put to the test!
Read our review for Archangel's Legion (Guild Hunter, Book #6) here at OBS.
Heidi: Some of our readers may not be aware that before you became an author you had an array of different professions: English teacher, candy factory worker, and even a lawyer, just to name a handful! How do you think the experiences you have gained from your wide range of professions have affected your writing?
Nalini Singh: I think they've all contributed in different ways. For example, they've given me the experience to write about characters in different professional settings (corporate office, warehouse, school…). My various work positions also brought me into contact with all kinds of people, which I think has helped me write well-rounded characters. I also learned excellent research skills during law school and while working as a lawyer, which helps me track down arcane information.
Heidi:After starting the widely popular Psy-Changeling series, which I am a HUGE fan of, how did you prepare yourself to switch gears when you began the Guild Hunter series? What are the challenges you face while continuing both series simultaneously?
Nalini Singh: I actually didn't intend to write a second series – Angels' Blood was meant to be a stand alone, but as I wrote, it became clear it was the start of a series. So I just ran with it.
The biggest challenge is probably the work it takes to maintain continuity over two different series. It's the details that make a strong series, and I spend a lot of time making sure those details are correct.
Heidi:Where did the idea of the Guild Hunter series originate?
Nalini Singh: One day, I saw in image in my head of an archangel high up in a tower in New York. I had to know who he was!! And that's where it began.
I think part of what led up to this idea was the fact I'd read so many stories where an immortal fell in love with a mortal, and he/she didn't act like I believed an immortal would act. My view is that if a character has been alive for a thousand years or more, he or she isn't going to be "human" in the wider sense. As I write, I never once forget that Raphael, the archangel I saw in that tower, is a being of incredible power, power that fundamentally alters his view of the world.
The other thing that influenced the story was my desire to see what comes after the happy ever after in a mortal/immortal relationship. The falling in love part is easy in many ways – it's navigating the sea change in both characters lives after they're together that's incredibly difficult. How does an archangel learn to share power in a relationship? How does a guild hunter used to fierce independence come to accept that as a newly born immortal, she's now weaker than a child in comparison to the other immortals? These are the questions that drive the story going forward.
Heidi:When thinking of the Guild Hunter series your two leads Raphael and Elena instantly come to mind, but as the series has progressed we've all come to know and love Raphael's Seven! Dmitri's book, Archangel's Blade, was one of my absolute favorites! Do you have plans in the works for books for the rest of the Seven as well (I'm personally holding out hope for an Illium book)?
Nalini Singh: As I said above, Angels' Blood was never meant to kick off a series, so the Seven were only ever intended to appear in that one book. What was I thinking?! They were incredibly vivid characters from the start, and I would love, love, LOVE to write all their stories, but it must be the right time and the right story.
I feel I did justice to Dmitri and Jason in their books. Archangel's Blade and Archangel's Storm are very different books, but that's as it should be, because Dmitri and Jason are very different men. I want to have that same feeling with the others of the Seven, so I'm going to wait until they're ready – I'm not going to rush it.
Heidi:In your latest Guild Hunter installment, Archangel's Legion, Raphael and Elena are faced with one problem after another, including things they never expected could happen; angels falling from the sky and vampires getting sick, to name a few! But no matter what is thrown their way, Raphael and Elena always manage to persevere! Why do you think that is and what could readers learn from this power couple?
Nalini Singh: Elena would laugh to think she can teach anyone anything about being in a relationship! The fact is, these two are still finding their way – they fight, they occasionally infuriate one another, they laugh, they play, and they stand together. It's messy and it's complicated, but the love, as they say in the book, is never in question.
Heidi:Elena has been struggling in her relationship with her father since tragedy struck their home when she was just a child. Now she sees similarities of her childhood with what her little sister is going through now. Is there any hope that Jeffrey will ever learn from his mistakes? And, will Elena and he ever be able to get back the relationship they once had?
Nalini Singh: That, I'm afraid, is an open-ended question. The revelations in Archangel's Legion change one of the foundational aspect of their relationship, so I guess we'll have to see where they go from here.
Heidi:What can your fans expect to see in the future of the Guild Hunter series? Do you have any other projects you're working on that we can expect to see in the near future?
Nalini Singh: Elena and Raphael's story is definitely not over, so you'll see them again. As for the next book, I have the germ of an idea that I'm allowing to percolate for the next couple of months as I work on Shield of Winter.
When it comes to other projects, I'm like most writers – I always have things going on in the background. However, since I write two series, I have to think about whether I want to release something else when there might be a big break in between the first book and the next (this is where I admit that I clearly cannot write a stand alone – I always want to know about everyone else!). So for now, I'll just work on other projects in the background until I have enough material to release a couple of things at once.
Heidi: Thanks so much, Nalini, for taking the time to talk with us about this exciting series and we all look forward to seeing what happens next!
Thanks for the great interview!
Nalini Singh is the New York Times bestselling author of the Psy-Changeling and Guild Hunter paranormal romance series for Berkley. Born in Fiji and raised in New Zealand, Singh currently lives in New Zealand. Her extensive travels have served as inspiration for her writing. Visit her online at her Official Website here, give her a like on Facebook here, and follow her on Twitter here.
Posted in Exclusive Interviews, News BlogTagged archangel's legion, exclusive, guild hunter, interview, nalini singh, paranormal romance, penguin, psy-changeling, shield of winter, urban fantasy


Putting a seal on your window is a simple way to reduce drafts and save on your heating and cooling bills. We'll show you how easy it is to measure your window up and install the sealing tape in your window frame.
Open your window and measure the dimensions of the inside of your frame where the window sits when it is closed. There are three different types of weather strip – brush, foam and rubber. Choose the weather strip that works for your window and cut it to size.
Peel the adhesive backing off the pieces of weather strip and stick them into position on the frame of your window. Before you start, it is a good idea to clean the frame down with a damp cloth to remove any dirt and dust to help the weather strip stick.
Living Room D.I.Y. wooden magazine rack Learn how to make a wooden magazine rack.
Living Room D.I.Y. lightweight floating shelves Learn how to build lightweight floating shelves.
Living Room How to build a D.I.Y. slatted shelving unit This slatted shelving unit is easy to make, can be painted to match your décor and is a handy place to put items on display.


Guam is unincorporated terrain of US; it truly is one of the several US territories. A state builds the economy primarily on tourism Industry, Department of Defense installation, and in your neighborhood owned organizations. Guam is the southernmost and most significant island within the Mariana island sequence and is also the most important island within Micronesia.
When considering the expense of a Construction Waste Disposal in , HI, individuals must realize that it price incorporates any eliminate fees. In case all of the waste were consumed directly to this dump, rather than being thrown into a dumpster, then your dump could charge for every trip. With respect to the dump, these kind of fees might be based on the amount of trips, pounds of the trash or variety of bags. But it surely was calculated, there would be described as a fee. An organization that rental prices dumpsters cannot avert these fees, but these service fees comprise a portion of a dumpster's selling price.
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If you are a roof contractor you know you have to keep your roof covering jobs going. The time to roof flies by while using time you've got due to the weather. You may live in states that get steamy hot into the 90's and Dozens and dozens or you could live in a declare that has intense winter weather. Together with the seasons this is the reason time constraints, people are calling you left and right to have their roof accomplished. Some of the client's roofs tend to be emergencies as they are leaking along with causing mould to form for the ceilings. Your crew should quickly give your customer a quotation. Once you have the time to measure the damage and the way much it will cost the customer to correct his or her roofing, you can signal the contract to accomplish it.
Kansas can be a US state known as after Ks river. A state is in the middle of Nebraska on the n .; Missouri for the east; Okla on the southern; and Co on the western. It is divided into 105 counties with 628 towns. The economic system of the talk about is backed up by both professional and agriculture products.
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Taking the identify of industrialization, the western world like US continuously run key projects like construction, professional cleanups, residence renovation. These kinds of projects generate huge a lot of trash that want to be removed immediately, that otherwise would go away most of the counties in the US in unsafe conditions.
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Ether in Winter or Summer time! Vacations are an exciting time, and we feel inspired to explore, have fun, relax and experience different things. Some people like to plan ahead and make travel plans and spend the time going to exciting places with friends and family. Others like to go with the flow.
While the idea of travelling, and exploring this wonderful world is attractive, the stress of panning the perfect vacation, down to every detail, can also be a stressful endeavour.
We frequently forget that the point of going on vacation is in fact to relax and have fun! So dear friends, let's leave the stress behind and focus the attention on how to really enjoy your time away.
Decide what you want. Indecision can be the root of all anxiety when planning an excursion. Get your intention clear on what you want, what you're willing to spend your time and money doing, and with whom you're willing to spend that time with. When you're in alignment with your wants and desires, the rest of your planning will come easily.
Be organized. Research and find out everything you'll need for your vacation. Location, how to get there, how to get around, where to eat, what to visit, etc.
Relax. Life isn't perfect; don't focus much attention on little bumps in the way. Sometimes these detours can lead us to interesting surprises! Detach from your "ideal" outcome and allow life to flow.
Be present. We spend so much time thinking about our vacations being perfect; be aware of what is already present, and every time you notice that the mind is wondering about the future or the past, just gently and firmly bring the attention back to the present moment, enjoying the sun kissing your skin, listening to the birds, paying attention to the texture and aromas of the food you are eating, paying attention to details of the surrounding no matter where you are. Being fully present to each moment is the way to ensure happiness.
Be open. Allow yourself to be receptive to new people, cultures, and places. Be open to learning and accepting that life has brought you to this place in this moment for a reason.
Be grateful. So many times, stress takes hold of our vacation and when we get home from travelling we feel like we need a vacation from our vacation. Being present gives you the space to recognize and be grateful of what you have, of each experience, allowing this sense of peace and tranquillity to arise.


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Afternoon Voice Latest News, India News, Coronavirus News, Live Breaking News, Today Headlines Online
Home Sports Rohan Bopanna Says India Need 'Experience' to Tackle Serbia
Rohan Bopanna Says India Need 'Experience' to Tackle Serbia
Afternoon Voice
With a World Group place at stake, taking on Serbia is a big challenge even in a home Davis Cup tie and India must go with "maximum experience" against the world number two team, says doubles exponent Rohan Bopanna.
India's recent Davis Cup victories were orchestrated by the youth brigade, spearheaded by leading singles player Somdev Devvarman and Bopanna too has played a crucial role in winning the doubles rubbers.
Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi, the old war horses who have an incredible 23-match winning streak in Davis Cup, have made themselves available for Davis Cup tie in September.
Bhupathi has not been able to get into Davis Cup team since 2011 and Paes, who has been going through personal problems, had excused himself from national duty this year before throwing his hat for selection again.
"Well we are up against the number two team in the world, even though it is a home tie, it's going to be our toughest challenge so far in Davis Cup at home, so I think we need to put our best team out there with maximum experience and whoever is playing the best during that period of time," Bopanna told PTI in an e-mail interview.
The Serbian team boasts of world number two and multiple Grand Slam champion Novak Djokovic, but their another formidable player Janko Tipsarevic is unlikely to play due to a recent heel surgery.
It will be interesting to see if the All India Tennis Association's selection panel persists with the young team or calls back either Paes or soon-to-retire Bhupathi to pair with Bopanna.
On rankings, Bhupathi won't make it to the team as he's placed below Bopanna and Paes.
It was on Somdev and Bopanna's suggestion that Bangalore was chosen as host city for the World Group play-off tie.
Since Serbian players are quite strong on slow courts, the players preferred medium-fast courts at KSLTA. Asked if this is the only reason for the choice of venue, Bopanna said there were other factors as well.
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Power Plant Fitness will be making a bit of history this fall as it is becoming the world's first ever weed-friendly gym.
Based in San Francisco, the gym will work on incorporating cannabis into its members' workouts. Whether the member should vape, take an edible or smoke as a pre-workout fuel or post-workout recovery tool, the founders and trainers will discover the best method for each of its gym goers.
This gym is a one-of-a-kind and the purpose is an attempt to put to rest the old stereotype that weed smokers are just lazy, couch potatoes. The gym's co-founder, Jim McAlpine, started the 420 Games, an annual sports event for athletic people who smoke the ganja.
Medical marijuana experts and weed activists are advocates of the gym's methods and ideals. Marijuana has been shown to decrease pain and improve moods which could help your work outs.
While it can help you get motivated and focused when hitting the gym, only time and more research will tell whether or not it actually improves performance. This weed-encouraging gym could go a long way in finding that out.


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Delta and Northwest Become One. What it Means for You.
Author: Dave DemerjianDave Demerjian
If bigger is better, then Delta Airlines is about as good as it gets.
Yesterday the Department of Justice approved the airline's $2.6 billion merger with Northwest Airlines, creating an aviation giant with over 800 mainline planes, service to 375 cities, 75,000 employees, and $35 billion in annual revenue. Compared with number two American Airlines' $23 billion in revenue, the combined carrier is a giant.
For now, it's business as usual for the traveling public, with the two airlines still operating as different brands. Both websites are still up, ticket counters and gate areas are in same spots, nothing has been relocated or changed. Operationally, expect the status quo for at least a year.
Henry Harteveldt, VP of travel for Forrester.com, told Wired.com that while there are potential downsides to the merger, he ultimately thinks it will be a win for passengers. "Yes, airfares might rise in certain markets, and yes, you may see cutbacks at some hubs," he says. "But that's not a given. And this airline is going to provide a lot of new opportunities for passengers to get where they need to go, especially internationally. There's added scope and utility that is a real plus."
There's no doubt that the combined carrier will be the first US airline with a truly global presence. According to a report from LECG, Delta serves almost all of the top 25 markets in South America and Europe, while Northwest covers more of Asia than any other US airline.
Bringing them together creates a network that matches those of Air France, Lufthansa, and British Airways.
But it's not going to be all champagne and caviar. For one thing, the new airline's combined fleet is a hodge podge of Boeing and Airbus models, considered by many to be a disadvantage. But Harteveldt downplays this, pointing out that United, US Airways, and American all operate mixed fleets.
And there are a range of integration issues that will need to be sorted out. The two airlines the good sense to lock down a common labor contract before the deal was sealed, but will now need to merge computer systems, frequent flier programs, and airport operations, a process that could take years.
Have merger questions? Delta's got answers.
Photo by Flickr user cubbie_n_vegas


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COVID-19 tracker: Tokyo reports lowest daily total since early November
Tokyo reported 121 new COVID-19 cases Monday — the lowest daily total since early November. | REUTERS
Tokyo reported 121 new COVID-19 cases Monday — the lowest daily total since early November — as six prefectures exited the coronavirus state of emergency.
The 121 cases were the lowest since the capital saw 88 on Nov. 2. It also comes after the number hit a fresh low exactly a week ago, when it saw 178 cases.
The coronavirus state of emergency was lifted in Aichi, Gifu, Osaka, Kyoto, Hyogo and Fukuoka prefectures a week earlier than the scheduled March 7 expiry date amid signs of an improvement in the infection situation. But concerns about a possible resurgence of COVID-19 cases continues to linger in both the six prefectures and the four remaining ones — Tokyo, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Saitama — which are awaiting further signs of improvement.
Of Monday's new cases in the capital, 24 were in their 40s, 22 in their 20s and 16 in their 50s. Those age 65 or over accounted for 23 cases.
The number of severely ill COVID-19 patients under the metropolitan government's criteria fell by six from a day earlier to 61. Reflecting the latest figures, the cumulative number of cases in the capital is now 111,797.
Tokyo's daily case total came after 1,700 tests were conducted on Friday. It usually takes about three days for test results to affect the daily case count.
Tokyo's announcement came after the weekly number of newly confirmed cases in Japan dropped for the seventh consecutive week.
Including Monday's cases in the capital, the cumulative number of infections, including among cruise ship passengers and crew members, came to 433,568, up by 7,207 from a week before. The cumulative death toll linked to the virus stood at 7,910 across the country, up by 404.
On Sunday, a total of 999 new cases were confirmed across the country, with the daily total standing below 1,500 for the 10th consecutive day. No new cases were reported in 13 prefectures. The number of deaths linked to the virus totaled 30, while that of severely ill patients fell by six from the previous day to 434.
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Tokyo, covid-19, covid-19 in Japan, covid-19 tracker