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Garland Hale "Andy" Barr IV (born July 24, 1973) is an American attorney and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Kentucky's 6th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the administration of Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher.

Early life and education
Barr was born in Lexington, Kentucky, the son of Garland Hale Barr III and Rev. Donna R. (Faulconer) Barr. The Barr family has been in Lexington for generations, and Barr Street in that city is reportedly named for one of Barr's ancestors. His father founded two companies in Lexington, the accounting firm Barr, Anderson and Roberts PLLC, and Merrick Management, Inc, a physician practice firm. His mother is a deacon in the Episcopal Diocese of Lexington.

Barr graduated from Henry Clay High School in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1992. He attended the University of Virginia, where, as a contributor to the conservative campus publication The Virginia Advocate, he was highly critical of then-President Bill Clinton for allegedly evading the draft. While in college, he was also an intern for U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell, the Republican National Committee, and the Heritage Foundation. He also was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon.

Barr graduated magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa from UVA in 1996 with a B.A. in government and philosophy. From 1996 until 1998, he worked as a legislative assistant to Jim Talent, then a U.S. Representative from Missouri, where he staffed Talent's service on the Speaker's Health Care Reform Task Force. In 2001, Barr earned a J.D. degree from the University of Kentucky College of Law. He was president of the Federalist Society at UK Law and was chosen to compete on the Moot Court National Team.

Law career
Commencing practice in Lexington, Barr joined the Fayette County Bar Association Young Lawyers Section and co-founded the Lexington Charity Club, a nonprofit organization of young men raising money for charitable causes, with Lee Greer and Rob Lewis. In 2002, he joined the liability defense service group and the business litigation service group at the Lexington law firm Stites & Harbison. While there, he worked for former Democratic Kentucky Attorney General and future Governor of Kentucky Steve Beshear, who urged him to get involved in state politics. Barr and colleague Brad Cowgill were employed by Republican gubernatorial candidate Ernie Fletcher in 2003 to fight charges that Fletcher's running mate, Hunter Bates, did not meet the state's residency requirements for eligibility for the office of lieutenant governor. A judge ruled against Bates, and he was dropped from the ticket.

Fletcher administration
After Fletcher won the election, Barr was named to the Fletcher's transition team in the Public Protection and Regulation Cabinet. Fletcher chose Barr as general counsel for the governor's office of local development. When Fletcher declared April Child Abuse Prevention Month in Kentucky, Barr wrote Fletcher's speech for the occasion. While researching the speech, he made contact with the nonprofit group Prevent Child Abuse in Kentucky. He became interested in the organization's mission and was elected to its board of directors in 2004; he served as its vice president in 2007 and president in 2008 and 2009.

Fletcher's term in office was marred by a hiring scandal that involved violations of the state merit system. Barr was not implicated in the scandal; he told the Lexington Herald-Leader that Fletcher's Local Initiatives for a New Kentucky (LINK) outreach program, a sub-unit of the office of local development, stopped recruiting and vetting individuals for merit positions in the executive branch after he briefed officials about an opinion issued by the Executive Branch Ethics Commission during the administration of Fletcher's predecessor, Paul E. Patton, regarding acceptable and unacceptable hiring under the merit system. The Herald-Leader later requested copies of any employment recommendations made by LINK employees, but Barr refused the request, citing an exemption in Kentucky's Open Records Act that provides exemptions for "preliminary drafts, notes and correspondence" of state employees.

In 2007, Fletcher's general counsel resigned to become executive director of the Kentucky Bar Association; deputy general counsel David E. Fleenor was elevated to general counsel, and Barr replaced Fleenor as deputy general counsel. In this capacity, he authored a defense of Fletcher's executive order that the Ten Commandments be posted in the rotunda of the state capitol alongside other historical documents. Fletcher was defeated for reelection in 2007 and before his term expired, he named Barr to the state Public Advocacy Commission.

Post-Fletcher administration
In April 2008, Barr returned to private practice as an associate at the law firm Kinkead and Stilz; he also worked as a part-time instructor of constitutional law at the University of Kentucky. He was chosen as an alternate delegate to the 2008 Republican National Convention and served as vice president of the Fayette County Republican Party.

U.S House of Representatives

Elections

2010

On November 10, 2009, Barr became the first Republican to formally announce that he would seek his party's nomination to challenge incumbent 6th district congressman Ben Chandler. In the announcement, he touted his opposition to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (which Chandler had also opposed) and the American Clean Energy and Security Act (which Chandler supported). Barr's campaign raised far more money than those of any of his five opponents in the Republican primary. Barr garnered 31,255 votes in the primary, while his opponents' totals ranged from 4,789 to 1,880.

In an interview with WKYT-TV in July, Barr denounced the recently signed Dodd–Frank Act that enacted new regulations on the banking industry. He called for an end to the practice of politicians earmarking funds for special projects in their districts, a position that put him at odds with state party leaders like McConnell and long-time 5th district Congressman Hal Rogers. Although he supported strengthening security along the U.S. border with Mexico to curb illegal immigration, he stated his belief that fellow Republican Senate candidate Rand Paul's plan to deny citizenship to U.S.-born children of illegal immigrants violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

The National Republican Congressional Committee targeted Barr's race against Chandler as part of its strategy to gain control of the House of Representatives during the 2010 midterm elections, and Ohio Congressman John Boehner, who stood to become Speaker of the House if the Republicans gained a majority, visited the state to campaign for Barr. Substantial amounts of money from political groups outside the state aided both candidates and spawned a number of negative campaign ads. Chandler aired ads in August alluding to Barr's arrest in Florida for using a fake ID and seeking to tie him to the Fletcher administration's wrongdoing. Barr countered with ads criticizing Chandler's support of cap-and-trade legislation, an unpopular vote in coal-dependent Kentucky, and his vote in favor of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which Barr characterized as a waste of taxpayer money that did little to stimulate an economic recovery.

Unofficial election day results showed Chandler narrowly defeating Barr, but the race was so close that Barr did not concede. When the official results were released, Chandler had received 119,812 votes to Barr's 119,163. Barr petitioned Kentucky Secretary of State Trey Grayson for a recanvass of the voting machines in the district, but this yielded only one additional vote for Barr. On November 12, ten days after the election, Barr announced that he would concede the election to Chandler rather than request a full recount.

2012

On June 9, 2011, Barr announced that he would again challenge Chandler for his seat in the 2012 elections. Chandler responded to the announcement by declaring, "Next year, voters will have a very simple choice to make: whether to protect and save Social Security and Medicare, or to end them," an allusion to Barr's publicly expressed support for Representative Paul Ryan's budget proposal.

In July 2012, Roll Call reported that "a wide swath of influential Republicans in Kentucky see Barr's campaign as something of a lost cause...In the eyes of those who know Kentucky best, from Washington, D.C., to Frankfort, this isn't much of a race right now."

Barr won the Republican primary and again received financial support from the National Republican Campaign Committee in his general election campaign. When Chandler decided not to attend the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Barr charged that he was trying to avoid association with President Barack Obama, who was seeking a second term and was unpopular in Kentucky. A spokesperson for Chandler maintained that Chandler had previous engagements in his home district that week, but that he supported Obama's reelection. Barr was chosen to give a brief address at the 2012 Republican National Convention, during which he decried Obama's perceived hostility toward the coal industry. Chandler campaign staffers criticized Barr's decision to attend the convention, saying that he should spend the time in his district, getting to know the people there better. They also mocked the fact that the backdrop for Barr's speech was a picture of the city of Louisville, which is not in the 6th district; Barr's campaign countered that they had no part in choosing the backdrop.

Both candidates began their TV ad campaigns with more positive ads; Barr's wife appeared in his first ad, touting him as a "family man", while Chandler tried to combat Barr's charges of fiscal liberalism by releasing an ad criticizing excessive government spending. Tea Party-backed Kentucky Senator Rand Paul endorsed Barr despite their differences on some policy matters, including Barr's support for the Patriot Act. The positive tone did not hold as the race tightened. Chandler's campaign attacked Barr for using a mining executive from Morganfield, which is well outside the 6th district, as a coal miner from Estill County, which is in the district. The campaign's charges that the man depicted was "not a miner" prompted him to threaten a suit for defamation, and he produced copies of his certified miner credentials in rebuttal to the charge. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee also bought ads that again raised the issue of Barr's previous conviction and his association with Fletcher.

Barr won the election by a vote of 153,222 to 141,436.

2014

Barr defeated Democratic nominee Elisabeth Jensen in the 2014 general election, 147,404 votes to 98,290. Barr garnered wide support and raised substantial funds for the race.

2016

In the 2016 congressional elections, Democrat Rev. Nancy Jo Kemper, a graduate of Yale Divinity School and former executive director of the Kentucky Council of Churches, challenged Barr in the 6th Congressional District. She ran with the support of former Lt. Governor Crit Luallen, State Senator Reggie Thomas, State Representative Susan Westrom, and Secretary of State Alison Lundergan Grimes. Barr was reelected with 61.1% of the vote.

2018

Barr won the 2018 Republican primary. Former Marine fighter pilot Amy McGrath defeated Lexington Mayor Jim Gray and state Senator Reggie Thomas for the Democratic nomination. The race was considered potentially competitive by some observers. Barr defeated McGrath in the general election, 51% to 47.8%.

2020

Barr faced attorney and U.S. Marine veteran Josh Hicks. Barr defeated Hicks in the general election, 57.3% to 41%.

Tenure
Barr serves on the House Committee on Financial Services, and is the ranking member of the Subcommittee on National Security, International Development, and Monetary Policy. He also serves on the Republican Study Committee's (RSC) leadership team and chairs the RSC American Worker Task Force (AWTF). The RSC is the largest conservative caucus in Congress.

On July 11, 2013, Barr introduced the CFPB Rural Designation Petition and Correction Act (H.R. 2672; 113th Congress), a bill that would amend the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to direct the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to establish an application process that would allow a person to get their county designated as "rural" for purposes of a federal consumer financial law. One practical effect of having a county designated "rural" is that people can qualify for some types of mortgages by getting them exempted from the CFPB's qualified mortgage rule.

In December 2013, Barr introduced H.R. 3775, the Military Sexual Assault Victims Empowerment Act, commonly called the Military SAVE Act. This bill requires the Secretary of Veterans Affairs and the Secretary of Defense to each operate a program that ensures that veterans and members of the armed forces may receive treatment from private providers for military sexual trauma. He has since reintroduced the bill three times.

On March 6, 2014, Barr introduced the Restoring Proven Financing for American Employers Act (H.R. 4167; 113th Congress), a bill that would "exempt existing collateralized loan obligations from the so-called Volcker Rule, which bars banks from making risky trades with their own money and limits their investments in certain funds." The bill passed the House on April 29, 2014, in a voice vote.

In December 2017, Barr voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. He introduced the Preserving Access to Manufactured Housing Act, which passed and states that sellers of mobile homes are not loan or mortgage originators and are therefore not subject to the Truth in Lending Act.

Barr has taken part in legislation targeted at the opioid epidemic. In May 2018, he sponsored the CAREER Act, aimed at providing transitional housing for those recovering from opioid addiction. The bill is currently in committee. Barr also helped enact legislation to provide targeted response block grants to states suffering from the opioid epidemic. The grants would provide $500 million in funds for the epidemic up to fiscal year 2021. Barr was also key to the University of Kentucky being awarded $87 million by the Department of Health and Human Services as part of a HEAL (Helping to End Addiction Long-term) grant to provide help to Kentucky communities hit hardest by the opioid epidemic.

In October 2018, Barr played a pivotal role in Camp Nelson being designated as Kentucky's first National Monument by the Department of the Interior.

Barr also introduced the Financial Protections for Our Military Families Act in December 2018. The legislation is designed to extend the supervisory authority of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to credit protections applicable to certain active duty members of the armed forces and their dependents. The bill is currently in committee.

In April 2019, Barr introduced H.R. 2196, an amendment to change the required hours for the Edith Nourse Rogers STEM Scholarship program from 128 to 120. The bill passed and was signed into law by President Donald Trump in July 2019.

In October 2019, the Barr-led AWTF's final report laid out key conservative reforms on labor, welfare, and education policy. These reforms would bolster alternative paths in education, improve work flexibility on compensation and paid-time off for employees nationwide, and to enhance the portability of housing vouchers to allow workers to more easily relocate to pursue job opportunities without giving up their housing assistance.

In April 2020, Barr was one of the first members of Congress to call for an investigation into the origins of COVID-19. He then introduced legislation to create a select committee to investigate the virus's origin. Barr reintroduced the bill in May 2021.

In May 2020, House Republican Leader Kevin McCarthy appointed Barr to serve on the House of Representatives China Task Force. The task force was created to provide recommendations to the U.S. to better position itself against the emerging economic, political, military, and technological threat from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Barr was appointed co-chair of the subgroup on Competitiveness along with the subgroup on Economics and Energy.

In September 2020, Barr's Horseracing and Safety Act passed both the Senate and the House. The bill created the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority (HISA) for purposes of developing and implementing a horseracing anti-doping and medication control program and a racetrack safety program to ensure the sport's safety and integrity. The bill sets forth other provisions regarding funding, conflicts of interest, and jurisdiction; registration with the authority; program enforcement; rule violations and civil sanctions; testing laboratories; review of final decisions of the authority by an administrative law judge; unfair or deceptive acts or practices; and agreements with state racing commissions. Barr had been an author and advocate for the bill for over six years on the House side with Mitch McConnell advocating for the bill on the Senate side. In December 2022, Congress approved an amendment to the HISA Act that gave the bill legal grounds to be enacted after court challenges stalled its implementation. This amendment was signed into law on December 29, 2022.

In February 2021, Barr introduced the Cardiovascular Advances in Research and Opportunities Legacy (CAROL) Act. The bill was named in honor of Barr's late wife Carol who passed away in June 2020 from cardiac arrest caused by a ventricular arrhythmia. The bill authorizes a grant program administered by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), supporting research on valvular heart disease as well as encouraging the use of technological imaging and precision medicine to generate data on individuals with valvular disease. The bill also directs the NHLBI to conduct a workshop on mitral valve prolapse (MVP), in an effort to develop prescriptive guidelines for treatment of patients with MVP. The American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology endorsed the CAROL Act. On December 20, 2022, the CAROL Act was signed into law.

In November 2021, Barr introduced the Equine Tax Fairness Act. This bill modifies the tax treatment of gains and losses from the sale of depreciable property used in a trade or business to eliminate horses from the definition of livestock. This would reduce the holding period for equine assets to be considered long-term capital gains, putting them on a level playing field with other similar assets. The bill also makes permanent the three-year recovery period for the depreciation of racehorses. It has been endorsed by the National Thoroughbred Racing Association, the Kentucky Thoroughbred Association, the Jockey Club, the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association, Keeneland, and the American Horse Council.

Committee assignments
Committee on Foreign Affairs
 Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, Central Asia and Nonproliferation
 Committee on Financial Services
Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Monetary Policy Chair
Select Committee on the Strategic Competition between the U.S. and the Chinese Communist Party

Caucus memberships
 Republican Study Committee
Chairman of the RSC American Worker Task Force
Congressional Horse Caucus (co-chair)
Congressional Bourbon Caucus (co-chair)
 House Baltic Caucus
Congressional Constitution Caucus
U.S.-Japan Caucus
Career and Technical Education Caucus
Military Sexual Assault Prevention Caucus
Women Veterans Task Force

Political positions

Health care
Barr supports the repeal of the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare").

Abortion
Barr is anti-abortion. He believes that abortion should be illegal, including in cases of rape and incest, unless the mother's life is threatened. Barr opposes using federal funding to support organizations that offer abortions. In a 2012 interview, he said, "I think the vast majority of people of this country have come to the conclusion that wherever you are on this issue, we shouldn't have taxpayer funding for abortion."

Drugs
Barr has a "D" rating from the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), a marijuana legalization advocacy organization, for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes.

LGBT rights
Barr has a zero score from LGBT rights advocacy organization the Human Rights Campaign for his LGBT rights-related voting record. In 2015, he condemned the Supreme Court ruling Obergefell v. Hodges, which held that same-sex marriage bans violate the Constitution.

Donald Trump
Barr said President Donald Trump's comments in the wake of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, were filled with "too much ambiguity."

Amid the Trump-Ukraine scandal, where an impeachment inquiry was launched into Trump after he requested that the Ukrainian president investigate 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden, Barr defended Trump's actions, characterizing his request of the Ukrainian president as "routine diplomacy".

On December 18, 2019, Barr voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump.

On January 13, 2021, Barr voted against Trump's second impeachment.

Environment and energy
Of climate change, Barr said in 2019, "Some say the science is settled. That's not true. There are scientists who dispute the level of warming, the extent to which humans are contributing to that." In 2013, Barr said, "Coal does contribute to climate change." Barr opposes a carbon tax.

In 2019, Barr invited Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez to his district to hear how the Green New Deal, of which Ocasio-Cortez is a leading proponent, would affect coal miners. Ocasio-Cortez accepted the invitation. Shortly thereafter, Barr withdrew his invitation, citing her "lack of civility" toward Dan Crenshaw. Ocasio-Cortez responded that Barr was waffling.

Electoral history

Personal life
In 2008, Barr married Eleanor Carol Leavell of Georgetown, Kentucky, who previously served as the executive director of the Henry Clay Center for Statesmanship. They have two daughters. Barr's wife died unexpectedly on June 16, 2020, at age 39, of natural causes from ventricular arrhythmia caused by a heart condition known as mitral valve prolapse, at the family's home in Lexington.

Barr is an Episcopalian.

References

External links

 Congressman Andy Barr official U.S. House website
 Andy Barr for Congress

|-

1973 births
21st-century American politicians
Kentucky lawyers
Living people
Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky
University of Kentucky College of Law alumni
University of Virginia alumni
American Episcopalians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Volkswagen's emissions crisis could leave USA Cycling scrambling for a new title sponsor
Daniel McMahon
Oct. 16, 2015, 11:50 AM
Volkswagenn Hayranları/YouTube
Volkswagen's emissions crisis could hit American bicycle racing close to home and leave USA Cycling, the sport's national governing body, scrambling to find a new title sponsor if the beleaguered automaker decides not to renew its partnership in the coming weeks.
Volkswagen is USA Cycling's biggest partner, and this is a contract-renewal year.
Last month, an investigation by the US Environmental Protection Agency revealed Volkswagen had been cheating on emissions tests for diesel vehicles. In Europe alone, Volkswagen is recalling 8.5 million vehicles, and the company is now cutting investments by 1 billion euros as it tries to cope with the scandal.
The automaker will decide next month whether it is going to continue its partnership, Daniel Gillespie, the sponsorship manager at USA Cycling, told Business Insider on Thursday. A spokeswoman for Volkswagen confirmed that.
"We're not in a good spot, obviously," Gillespie said. "If they don't renew, we're going to be scrambling to offset that sponsorships among other categories. But we're going to stick by Volkswagen and help them get through this period.
"There's a lot of damage right now, but the partnership with USA Cycling can only help repair that," he added. "It is questionable what they did, but for us, as a company Volkswagen still resonates with our brand, and it's one of the top car brands that our members use."
Volkswagen has been the title sponsor of USA Cycling for the past four years. Its name appears in several showcase events, including the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road, Time Trial, and Para-cycling National Championships and the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Criterium and Team Time Trial National Championships.
A screenshot from USA Cycling's sponsors' webpage.
USA Cycling
A membership-based organization, USA Cycling has more than 62,000 members who hold 76,000 licenses. Each year it sanctions over 3,000 events across all disciplines of the sport — BMX, mountain biking, cyclocross, road, and track. It has a budget of $14 million, and Volkswagen's dollars make up a "sizeable chunk" of that, CEO Derek Bouchard-Hall told VeloNews. He said USA Cycling was actually looking for Volkswagen to increase its sponsorship next year.
This week, Volkswagen is holding its annual dealer meeting where orders are placed for 2016. The success of the meeting is seen as an indicator of the brand's health.
"If they get orders and sales look strong, that helps our cause," Gillespie said. "If orders are way down, that's going to have an impact on budget.
"With where the economy is and where companies are spending money, it's always a tough proposition to find companies to sponsor and provide cash support," he said. "It's a challenge, especially when you're competing with other trade teams and other sports.
"We're always looking for partners. Even though Volkswagen is having a disaster inside its organization, reputation-wise, I think normally you try to partner with a strong brand like Volkswagen in order to partner with other strong brands. So you get a strong partner in the automotive industry, then you get a strong partner like Sierra Nevada, then other partners, even if it's at a smaller level."
As Volkswagen deals with its crisis, it is reportedly taking a hard look at its sponsorship deals.
The Sports Business Daily reported that, among Volkswagen's various sports sponsorships, cycling could be on the chopping block.
Christoph Breuer, a professor of sports economics and management at the German Sport University in Cologne, told SPD the scandal could affect Volkswagen's involvement in sports and that cycling in particular "could be scrutinized by changes to VW's sponsorship strategy."
Breuer added: "Volkswagen should now focus on sponsorships that show a more positive image of the company."
Gillespie acknowledged cycling's troubles but thinks the sport is on the right track.
"Cycling's had a damaged image from its past, and I think we're making some changes here that hopefully will rebuild cycling's reputation. And in Volkswagen we've had a really strong partner that's supported us in hard times."
In an interview with Business Insider last week, Bouchard-Hall said doping had become synonymous with cycling but that cycling was now the leader in testing athletes for PEDs thanks to improved testing, better education, and harsher penalties.
"Our sport, I believe, is leading all other sports in the world," he said. "I would love anyone to show me a sport that is anywhere near as far in the fight against doping as we are. Most sports either don't know they have a problem or they're ignoring it."
Volkswagen's current sponsorship of USA Cycling ends December 31.
DON'T MISS: How the world's best cyclists are drug tested
SEE ALSO: WHERE ARE THEY NOW? The Lance Armstrong team that dominated the Tour de France
NOW WATCH: For $7,000 this bike will get you to work in half the time and keep you from breaking a sweat
More: Volkswagen USA Cycling Sponsorship Cars

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The 'Dehousing Paper' – the Real Extermination Policy – How to Murder 25 Million Germans and get away with it
Historical Tribune
The British R.A.F. policy to murder at least a third of Germany's civilian population and "Break their spirit" – manifested from the 'Dehousing Paper'
On 30 March 1942, Professor Frederick Lindemann – Baron Cherwell, the British government's Chief Scientific Adviser (appointed by Churchill), who wielded more influence than any other civilian adviser and was said to have "an almost pathological hatred for Germany, and an almost medieval desire for revenge" as part of his character – sent to the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, a memorandum, which after it had been accepted by the Cabinet, became known as the 'Dehousing Paper.'
The paper was delivered during a debate within the British government about the most effective use of the nation's resources in waging war on Germany. Should the Royal Air Force (RAF) be reduced to allow more resources to go to the British Army and Royal…
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3 thoughts on "The 'Dehousing Paper' – the Real Extermination Policy – How to Murder 25 Million Germans and get away with it"
Rifleman III 09/24/2016 / 7:07 AM
All things considered, Churchill had no other option but the course taken. Hitler had to understand the dire consequences of an aggressive war he waged. The memoirs of Churchill plus the official records prove it. How much less were casualties in nations where the Luftwaffe did the same exact thing prior to, the RAF/Allies having turned the tables? Rule One, should be that no white people should wage war against other white peoples. Europe was a mess from the mid-19th century, Germany having military ideas of conquest since 1865. War is nothing humorous and selectively presenting and/or omitting facts, is something that will cant historic facts, or we will end up with a re-write of history as we see liberal Marxists doing in school districts. The sum of that, will be, stupid people, who then are easily manipulated.
historicaltribune 09/29/2016 / 2:30 PM
Well Rifleman, it seems you have been reading a bit of rewritten His-Story yourself, absent of a all those omissions you speake of.
How long do you think the rewrite has been going on for? Perhaps you need to lok further back than WWII – a lot further!
Hitler waged an aggressive war did he?
There's some omissions you perhaps need to catch up on.
https://historicaltribune.wordpress.com/2016/09/09/after-20-years-of-versailles-and-economic-oppression-who-really-wanted-an-international-war/
https://historicaltribune.wordpress.com/2016/09/18/france-and-britain-intentionally-have-poland-destroyed-just-to-initiate-wwii-and-have-europe-conquered-by-communists/
https://historicaltribune.wordpress.com/2016/09/21/bolshevik-plan-to-conquer-all-europe/
https://historicaltribune.wordpress.com/2016/09/29/wwii-espionage-and-the-us-funding-of-the-conquering-communists-of-europe/
Well Rifleman, it seems you have been reading a bit of rewritten His-Story yourself, absent of a all those omissions you speak of.
How long do you think the rewrite has been going on for? Perhaps you need to look further back than WWII – a lot further!


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text:
YouTube Says It Will Temporarily Block Channels That Share Election Disinformation
Photo: Roberto Schmidt (Getty Images)
After years of warnings that YouTube is fostering the political radicalization of a generation by allowing debunked conspiracy theory content to thrive on its platform, the biggest streaming video site on the web seems to be feeling a little jumpy. Following the Wednesday attack by rioters on Capitol Hill, YouTube says it will be taking a less forgiving approach to users who spread disinformation.
Donald Trump's decision to fire up a crowd of thousands of supporters to descend on the congressional session to certify the presidential election has thrown social media companies into panic mode. YouTube first responded by removing a video the president posted in which he made false claims about the election and praised the people responsible for a riot that left four people dead and constituted the first breach of the Capitol since the War of 1812.
Now, YouTube says any user who violates its Presidential Election Integrity Policy will receive an automatic first strike on their channel. The offending video will be removed, and the user will be blocked from uploading new videos or live streaming for one week. If the user receives three strikes, they'll be permanently banned from YouTube.
In December, YouTube implemented its new election policy in response to the growing cesspool of disinformation claiming the race was stolen from Trump. Originally, the policy included a grace period in which users would receive a warning before the strike process began. The grace period was planned to expire on January 21st, the day after President-elect Joe Biden's inauguration. In a statement today, the company said that "due to the disturbing events that transpired yesterday, and given that the election results have now been certified" it's ending the grace period early.
President Trump has been quiet today, though his temporary suspension from Twitter has been lifted. Twitter is his favored platform but the company warned if the president violates its policies again, he will be banned permanently. In the last 24 hours, we've also seen Trump banned from Facebook indefinitely, locked out of Snapchat, and suspended from Twitch. By all accounts, he can still launch a nuclear weapon.
Seriously, why is there no penalty at all for outright lying to the public?
It only took congressman Matt Gaetz a few hours after the attack to stand on the house floor and spewed complete bullshit that the Trumper supporters domestic terrorists raiding the capitol were antifa running a false flag operation.
Fall out for such brazen bullshit? Well he would be invited on Fox News but they were already spreading the same shit.
Coming up next on Fox News...


Thandie Newton has revealed that she has come to terms with a traumatic relationship with a film director 23 years her senior who she claims took advantage of her innocence as a teenager.
She spoke about her six-year affair with director John Duigan which she began when she was 16 after travelling to Australia to audition for his film Flirting, which starred Nicole Kidman.
The Bafta-winning actress has said the relationship left her feeling 'self-destructive' and said she has only spoken about it 'so teenagers can see they can resist and gain self-awareness'.
She said she had therapy after the affair.
She also said she never told her parents about at the time.
Asked why she had not reported it to police, she said: 'I am my own supreme court. I judge that one.
Duigan, now 61, lives in America.
Stories like this makes me appreciate Sonja Norwood even more and the tight reign she had on her daughter and her daughter's career. Stories like Thandie's should serve as a cautionary tale to any young female that is trying to break into the entertainment field as well as to their parents. Is fame every worth something like this?


text:
Q: How to calculate the double integral of the integral area related to the parameter I know that the Integrate function of MMA can compute double integrals.
Integrate[x*y, {x, y} ∈ Disk[]]

Now I want to use MMA to calculate the result of this integral:
$$\iint_{x+y<=z}{\mathrm{e} ^{-\frac{x^2}{2} }\mathrm{e} ^{-\frac{y^2}{2} }}\mathrm{d}x \mathrm{d}y$$
The integral area of this double integral is related to the parameter z, so the result of this double integral is related to the parameter z. I know that the calculation of the above double integral according to the convolution formula is as follows:
    Integrate[
 Integrate[
  E^(-(x^2/2)) (E^(-((z - x)^2/
     2))), {x, -∞, +∞}], {z, -∞, z}]
    (*π (erf(z/2)+1)*)

But I can't get results when I execute his equivalent code:
    reg = ImplicitRegion[x + y <= z, {x, y}];
Integrate[E^(-(x^2/2)) E^(-(y^2/2)), {x, y} ∈ reg]

I want to know how to use Mathematica to calculate this type of double integral.
In addition, I don't want to use extra mathematical skills to calculate this kind of double integral.

A: Don't use ImplicitRegion with a symbolic z that isn't part of the coordinate list  - it won't work for some reason and Wolfram should probably document this in the Possible Issues section in the help. Consider this incorrect example too:
disk = ImplicitRegion[x^2 + y^2 <= r^2, {x, y}]
Area[disk]
(* returns: 0 *)

Instead, use an equivalent explicit region such as HalfPlane[{{z, 0}, {0, z}}, {-1, -1}];:
reg2 = HalfPlane[{{z, 0}, {0, z}}, {-1, -1}];
Integrate[Exp[-x^2/2] Exp[-y^2/2], {x, y} ∈ reg2]

(* result: ConditionalExpression[π (1 + Erf[z/2]), (z | z) ∈ Reals] *)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Brian Becker Net Worth & Insider Trades
Brian Becker - Chief Financial Officer, A10 Networks, Inc
As of November 7, 2022
What is Brian Becker's Net Worth?
The current estimated net worth of A10 Networks, Inc's Chief Financial Officer, Brian Becker, is estimated to be about $1.23M . Brian Becker owns about 55,673 units of A10 Networks, Inc common stock. In the last 2 years at A10 Networks, Inc, Brian Becker has sold an estimated value of $552.76K worth.
What is Brian Becker's Past Insider Trading?
Brian Becker's largest sale order was 7,000 units , worth over $105K on May 31, 2022. In total, Brian Becker has made about 25 transactions over 2 years of their time at A10 Networks, Inc. Brian Becker usually trades in August, with the busiest year in 2021. The most recent transaction was a sale order of 5,000 units , worth over $90K on November 7, 2022.
Brian Becker
Ticker: atenInsider CIK: 0001826095Group By: filingSort By: last_filing_date
What is Brian Becker's' Mailing Address?
Mailing address is 230 Howes Drive Los Gatos CA 95032 CA
What are A10 Networks, Inc's Past Insider Trades?
A10 Networks, Inc's most recent insider trade came on December 8, 2022 by Dhrupad Trivedi who sold 30,613 units worth $576.81K . In the last 8 years, insiders at A10 Networks, Inc have sold an estimated value of $225.63M and bought an estimated value of $16.38M worth of shares. Insider trading is most common in August, with the busiest year in 2017. The most active traders at the company are Lee Chen, Robert D Cochran, EVP Legal & Corp Collaboration, and Gunter Reiss, VP Worldwide Marketing .
A10 Networks, Inc. Insider Trades
Trade Types: p, sTicker: atenGroup By: filingSort By: last_filing_date


It is another pile of kittens that we found on a neighbor's backyard. They are so cute. Click on the picture above to play a short video. We hope to find good homes for them really soon.
← Carrie Fisher, She's with the Force now.


Libertas is an organization that is dedicated to promoting and protecting liberty. Whether that be through the creation of content or supporting candidates who advance liberty.
Short term goals: Establish a team of talented content creators, grow our audience to around 1000, and develop a donor base so we can create high quality content and branch out.
Long-term goal: Get liberty-minded candidates in office!


We're big fans of Benross gear, but this just didn't quite trouble the top performers. The bag felt sturdy enough, but it wasn't that comfortable. The straps are very heavy-duty and while this added to the solidity of the bag, it compromised the comfort.
This Benross Innovator standbag is superbly styled and fantastically functional with an 8 way, full length divider top that easily organises your clubs along with 7 accessory pockets, including a velour lined, waterproof pocket to keep your prized possessions safe and dry.
Available in black, blue, pink, platinum, red and yellow colours, this Benross Innovator standbag really sets the standard when it comes to presentation and purpose!
I dont usualy carry but its very light.Love It.


text:
Q: Prevent body clicks on certain dom elements I have a click listener on my body:
document.body.addEventListener('click', function(e){

});

It's there so when a user clicks the body of my site or any other element, any open pop up is closed.
But I want to prevent clicks on the pop up (apart from the X button) from triggering the event.
How can I do this?

A: You need to prevent event bubbling. To do so, use event.stopPropagation (), which will stop propagating the click event to elements further up in the DOM (e.g. the body).
So in your case, it would be something like:
document.body.addEventListener('click', function(e){
    // Close modal
});

specificOtherElement.addEventListener('click', function(e){
    e.stopPropagation ();
    // Do other stuff eventually
});

See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Event/stopPropagation for further details.


text:
Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
Bureau of Public Affairs
Bureau of Public Affairs: Office of Press Relations
Press Releases: September 2012
United States Launches Higher Education Partnership to Promote Cleaner Production Across the Americas
Media Note
Office of the Spokesperson
The United States and Costa Rica today launched a three-year higher education partnership aimed at promoting sustainable manufacturing and economic growth in Latin America. The partnership will help create a modern workforce to implement cleaner production practices and foster regional collaboration, meeting the goals of Pathways to Prosperity in the Americas and promoting environmental cooperation with CAFTA-DR countries.
Supported by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs and Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, this education partnership is a multi-national effort known as "Pathways to Cleaner Production in the Americas," a collaborative effort between Higher Education for Development (HED) and the World Environment Center (WEC). Working with HED and WEC, the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) will lead the cross hemispheric academic network, partnering with the New York Institute of Technology, Costa Rican Institute of Technology, Santo Domingo Institute of Technology of the Dominican Republic, "José Simeón Cañas" of Central American University of El Salvador, and San Ignacio de Loyola University of Peru. The United States is also expanding this partnership into Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala in the coming months.
The partnership will enhance academic training and curricula in cleaner production and sustainable industrial development and will provide opportunities for students to gain practical experience by working directly with micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). In partnership with the private sector, this initiative will improve environmental performance and productivity of MSMEs, resulting in reduced energy and water use, decreased pollution, and cost-savings in Pathways countries.
The formal launch of the partnership was presided over by U.S. Embassy San Jose Director of Environment for Central America and the Caribbean Alain Norman, Costa Rican Minister of Science and Technology Alejandro Cruz, Costa Rican Minister of Environment René Castro, and World Environment Center President and CEO Terry Yosie at the Costa Rican Institute of Technology's Center for Technology Transfer.


text:
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William Buckley
Blog Home » Main
Published by: William Buckley on 12-Feb-14
by Dr. Jeffrey Lant
Author's program note. She was the best of wives and the best of mothers. She was such a Yiddishe momme right out of Sophie Tucker, we used to laugh about it. She was the life support for a feckless husband born into cozy wealth who discovered at mid life that he wanted to be a mime (no, I am not making this up) and left her to explain as best she could to her inquisitive Brookline neighbors that Joel had selected grease paint, vacant stare, and rigid immobility in preference to her and the 3 kids.
She was on the cutting edge of every progressive issue, as every good Jewish mother is. And this meant the whole feminist shtick, especially gender equality. She was also a card-carrying member of the "Thatsa my boy" club in which the beloved elder son accepts for a pampered lifetime not just praise but sacred veneration and constant service. And that's why I'm starting my story here, the place you discover just how very splendored love can really be.
The first part takes place the year Ruth and Joel finally hit the divorce courts in the most amiable of actions. She was down but most assuredly not out and wanted to show her nosey friends and relations that she still had what it takes; that she'd had it with clowns of any age or shape, and that she'd snagged herself a wow of a man for her big come-back, one impressive dude, a Harvard man, someone cute and brainy, a goy of a boy, and what a kisser.
Using these enticing features and a slew of others made up to enhance the brew soon had her BBF Marie salivating, a Wagnerian sized shrew who hadn't a single feminine attribute or charm of any kind, but made up for these unfortunate lapses by being really REALLY rich. Marie, interested, became Marie, nagging. When could she meet this prodigy who put her own male lapdog in the shade? And the sooner, the better... "So, stop with the excuses, already". It was put-up or shut up. How about a Valentine's Day dinner for 4 at the Cafe Budapest in Boston? There would be their famous cherry soup, tokay and Gypsy violinists, all on Marie of course. As I told you, she was REALLY rich.
"Jeffrey, I have a BIG favor to ask you."
The white stretch limousine was ontime to the minute, 7:30 p.m. All the characters were present. Marie was over dressed in what she called a Hungarian hussar costume; a tight fitting blue bodice with miles of gold thread and epaulettes that would have made a minor Habsburg archduke proud. I didn't know whether to laugh or salute... so I muttered the usual "glad to meet yous" and scrunched down to get in the Guido-mobile. But where was Marie's 'til death do us part?
Marie later told me she thought it would be "fun" if she dressed him as a Viennese coachman, circa 1880. No symbolism here, of course. He looked ridiculous, of course. Maybe that was Marie's intention. If so, she got her wish. His uniform was clearly two or three sizes too big for him. His top hat fell over his eyes... and his boots, while polished, were like flip-flops. I saluted him and tried to limit my smile to the appropriate length Emily Post recommended when you meet hubby the lap dog. I made it just a bit bigger because I felt sorry for the schlemiel. After all, he looked like Marie's lunch.
Ruth looked... well, I was bowled over. She was cute as a bug in a rug with a (was it?) mink collar. "Ruthie," Marie said,"you look..." and then she said it again as if she didn't quite believe what she was seeing "Henny, doesn't Ruthie look..." As her eyes took in every feature of my winsome self, you could see she was licking her lips, thinking Mazel tov... Mazel tov! And as if to answer Marie and establish ownership, my friend Ruth planted a kiss on me that was a lollapalooza of the genre, the real deal. I never saw it coming.
Okay, I looked terrific that evening. For a guy as disinterested in clothes as I was, (except for the blue cape with red silk lining I got on Carnaby Street in London), I could look like the well turned out gentleman my mother always demanded. I was wearing black tie evening dress, the duds cut by Oxford University's comme il faut tailor.
I was washed, brushed, combed, ironed, buttoned, zipped, bow-tied, with a smile nicely calibrated to be just proper enough to meet her friends and just wicked enough that she'd want to dump them as soon as possible. Rarely has any friend done so much to achieve the desired result. As I was complimenting myself, extolling my finesse and magnanimity Ruthie snuggled up as if there was no tomorrow. As for Marie, she never took her eyes off Ruth, which meant she never took her eyes off me. There was certainly a lot to look at...
"Madam, I understand today is a very special day. These flowers have just arrived for you."
With that the waiter handed over the biggest, most entrancing bouquet I had ever seen. And I got a real smacker as thanks. My initial was on the card... along with that fatal word "love." Only problem is, I didn't send them. I could guess of course, but I couldn't ask. The sender counted on my discretion, on not blurting anything out but playing my part in the play with consummate skill... and I did.
Ruth got up and hoisted a piece of exquisite crystal which featured the double-headed imperial eagle. The sommelier, standing by, filled it with the finest tokay, and then filled the other three glasses, too.
She never looked more beautiful, more determined, more certain of what she must say or how she would say it. The game had suddenly become very serious indeed. And every diner in the Cafe Budapest that memorable evening, immersed as they were in their own rituals of love, knew it.
Ruth, a practised thespian of so many years, had what every actor wants... a dedicated and sympathetic audience, in rapt attention, waiting expectantly for whatever she might say or do. She took her knife and hit her glass three times in prescribed fashion... then she turned and looked at me... her song beginning.
" I am one of those the world looked down on. I'm not what they think I ought to be. Love has made me do things people frown on. But love is life and everything to me."
She was singing to me. Her hands stroked my hair. Her eyes locked on mine. Her look was plaintive. She wanted me to know her, love her. She needed me to know that love wasn't just an important thing.... it was the only thing.
She breathed, she loved. She laughed, she loved. She cried, she loved. It was who she was... what she did. There was no beginning to it... no end. She was the Biblical Ruth of old... whither thou goest, I goeth.
Every person in the restaurant knew he was hearing searing honesty... total integrity. There was no art... no artifice... nothing but one woman and the man she had selected, giving everything, hoping for everything, too proud to ask for anything.
Then the song was over, its last words hanging in the air,
"If the after years bring me tears, it's all right, I'm satisfied. I've broken man made laws, but heaven will forgive me because I'm doing what I'm doing for love."
I wanted to say something, but everything that needed to be said had been said. She knew. And so before I opened my mouth, she touched my lips and whispered "Thanks for tonight. Thanks for everything." I should have gone down on one knee and said them to her...
Envoi.
Sophie Tucker (1886-1966) was known for her brassy, over-the-top style.. Where men were concerned her tastes were insistent and voracious, entirely appropriate for the "Last of the Red Hot Mammas." But in 1929 she showed the world a very different, tender, beseeching side. The song was "I'm Doing What I'm Doing For Love", and it was that song that was sung for me that evening that is one of a handful of perfect occasions of my eventful life. 67 this year, I haven't married. Go now to any search engine and play this tune and remember your perfect moment and what you did for love... or might still do.
Harvard-educated Dr. Jeffrey Lant is an avid collector, as well as author of 18 best selling business and marketing books, several ebooks and over one thousand online articles. http://willbucks.cbpassive.hop.clickbank.net Republished with author's permission by William Buckley http://RealeProfit.com
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text:
Q: Borrow data out of a mutex "borrowed value does not live long enough" How can I return an iterator over data within a mutex which itself is contained within a struct. The error the compiler gives is "borrowed value does not live long enough".
How do I get the lifetime of the value to extend into the outer scope?
Here is a minimal demo of what I am trying to achieve.
use std::sync::{Mutex, Arc};
use std::vec::{Vec};
use std::slice::{Iter};

#[derive(Debug)]
struct SharedVec {
  pub data: Arc<Mutex<Vec<u32>>>,
}

impl SharedVec {
  fn iter(& self) -> Iter<u32> {
    self.data.lock().unwrap().iter()
  }
}

fn main() {

  let sv = SharedVec {
    data: Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))
  };

  for element in sv.data.lock().unwrap().iter() {  // This works
    println!("{:?}", element);
  }

  for element in sv.iter() {  // This does not work
    println!("{:?}", element);
  }
}

Rust playground link: http://is.gd/voukyN

A: As Vladimir Matveev's answer mentions, this isn't possible with return values. You can achieve your goal if you pass the iterator into a function instead of returning it:
impl SharedVec {
    fn iter<R>(&self, func: impl FnOnce(Iter<'_, u32>) -> R) -> R {
        let guard = self.data.lock().unwrap();
        func(guard.iter())
    }
}

This function is used like this:
sv.iter(|iter| {
    for element in iter {
        println!("{:?}", element);
    }
});

This type of function wrapping will have to be repeated with every type of iterator. If you end up doing that, it may be easier to hand over a mutable slice or &mut SharedVec instead, making the closure choose the iteration method.
This method works because you never release the lock keeping the data protected from multiple threads from writing at the same time.

A: You cannot do it exactly how you have written here.
Mutexes in Rust use RAII pattern for acquisition and freeing, that is, you acquire a mutex when you call the corresponding method on it which returns a special guard value. When this guard goes out of scope, the mutex is released.
To make this pattern safe Rust uses its borrowing system. You can access the value inside the mutex only through the guard returned by lock(), and you only can do so by reference - MutexGuard<T> implements Deref<Target=T> and DerefMut<Target=T>, so you can get &T or &mut T out of it.
This means that every value you derive from a mutexed value will necessarily have its lifetime linked to the lifetime of the guard. However, in your case you're trying to return Iter<u32> with its lifetime parameter tied to the lifetime of self. The following is the full signature of iter() method, without lifetime parameters elision, and its body with explicit temporary variables:
fn iter<'a>(&'a self) -> Iter<'a, u32> {
    let guard = self.data.lock().unwrap();
    guard.iter()
}

Here the lifetime of guard.iter() result is tied to the one guard, which is strictly smaller than 'a because guard only lives inside the scope of the method body. This is a violation of borrowing rules, and so the compiler fails with an error.
When iter() returns, guard is destroyed and the lock is released, so Rust in fact prevented you from making an actual logical error! The same code in C++ would compile and behave incorrectly because you would access protected data without locking it, causing data races at the very least. Just another demonstration of the power of Rust :)
I don't think you'll be able to do what you want without nasty hacks or boilerplate wrappers around standard types. And I personally think this is good - you have to manage your mutexes as explicit as possible in order to avoid deadlocks and other nasty concurrency problems. And Rust already makes your life much easier because it enforces absence of data races through its borrowing system, which is exactly the reason why the guard system behaves as described above.


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text:
Penndel is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,328 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Penndel is located at  (40.156109, -74.914050).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all  land.

Demographics

In 2014, the borough was estimated to be 72.4% Non-Hispanic White, 15.3% Black or African American, 2.3% Asian, 2.1% none of the former, and 2.6% were two or more races. 11.8% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.

As of the 2010 census, the borough was 81.9% Non-Hispanic White, 8.6% Black or African American, 2.7% Asian, and 3.2% were two or more races. 4.3% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,420 people, 900 households, and 549 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,541.5 people per square mile (2,123.6/km²). There were 927 housing units at an average density of 2,122.7 per square mile (813.4/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 91.98% White, 3.02% African American, 0.12% Native American, 3.26% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.62% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.94% of the population.

There were 900 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 21.4% under the age of 18, 17.9% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there were 84.4 men.

The median income for a household in the borough was $36,296, and the median income for a family was $46,336. Males had a median income of $33,813 versus $29,911 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $17,897. About 2.4% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 1.6% of those age 65 or over.

History
Penndel Borough, although small, is rich in history. The area, originally inhabited by the Lenape Indians, was settled by Thomas Langhorne, an English Quaker preacher, and by Henry Paulin, a Quaker Yeoman, on land grants from William Penn. Penndel remained a farming region until 1876 when the Philadelphia Reading Railroad began service, and the Langhorne train station was established. In 1878 Thomas Eastburn & Co. advertised 130 Building Lots in the area calling it "The Eden of Bucks County." Slowly individual homes and small businesses were built in close proximity to the railroad, and the town expanded from there. It began as the Eden Post Office, was incorporated as the borough of Attleboro on June 22, 1899; the name changed to South Langhorne in February 1911, and finally to Penndel on November 17, 1947. Today Penndel has both a thriving industrial district and residential areas with both new and historically significant homes.

Education

Penndel lies within the Neshaminy School District. Students attend Herbert Hoover Elementary School for grades K-4, Maple Point Middle School for grades 5-8, and Neshaminy High School for grades 9-12. Other schooling opportunities in Penndel are offered through the Roman Catholic parish school of Our Lady of Grace, located in the borough.

Landmarks

Rumpf Factory/Mill - Originally built and completed in 1898 for Mr. Frederick Rumpf's company Rumpf & Sons to manufacture cotton coverlets, table cloths, napkins and other linen goods.  The buildings stone was quarried locally on Mr. Rumpf's farm, formerly the Joyce property, and the sand was hauled from a pit just below neighboring Hulmeville Borough.  The original main factory building was three stories high, measured 405 feet in length and 38 feet in width.  It was connected by rail with the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad allowing railroad conveyance. George C. Dietrich of Philadelphia secured the building contract for $21,500. The original factory structure was completely destroyed by a fire in August 1901 and rebuilt in 1902. The factory building is still standing, it sits mostly empty and it's future is uncertain.

Transportation

As of 2019 there were  of public roads in Penndel, of which  were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and  were maintained by the borough.

U.S. Route 1 Business is the most significant highway passing through Penndel. It follows the Lincoln Highway on a northeast-southwest alignment across the northwestern portion of the borough. Pennsylvania Route 413 passes through the northern tip of the borough briefly along Bellevue Avenue and Lincoln Highway, becoming concurrent with US 1 Business. Pennsylvania Route 513 starts at PA 413 and heads southward along Bellevue Avenue to the south end of the borough.

SEPTA provides bus service to Penndel along City Bus Route 14, which runs between the Frankford Transportation Center in Northeast Philadelphia and the Oxford Valley Mall, Suburban Bus Route 129, which runs between Frankford Avenue and Knights Road in Northeast Philadelphia and the Oxford Valley Mall, and Suburban Bus Route 130, which runs between Frankford Avenue and Knights Road in Northeast Philadelphia and Bucks County Community College in Newtown. A SEPTA Regional Rail station is nearby, Langhorne station in Langhorne Manor, serving the West Trenton Line.

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Penndel has a Humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Cfa climates are characterized by all months having an average mean temperature > , at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ , at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥  and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are slightly humid in Penndel, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > . Since 1981, the highest air temperature was  on July 22, 2011, and the highest daily average mean dew point was  on August 13, 2016. The average wettest month is July, which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was  on August 27, 2011. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is . Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was  on January 22, 1984. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur, with wind chill values < . The average annual snowfall (Nov-Apr) is between  and . Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥  occur once every few years, particularly during nor'easters from December through February.

Ecology

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Penndel would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest (25). The plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of . The spring bloom typically begins by April 7 and fall color usually peaks by November 4.

References

George Bruce. Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981) ().

External links

 Borough of Penndel

Populated places established in 1874
Boroughs in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
1874 establishments in Pennsylvania


this now. Welcome to the 21st century.
Officially, the X-43A has a top speed of 9.6 Mach.
Pulse engine to altitude -- converting to Air Spike -- engage MHD Drive.
No source craft is visible.
and/or opinions of comments posted by viewers of this site. All the rest is copyright intent of "John Bro" Wilkie - 1995-2015.
PWDE - Pulse Wave Detonation Engines.


text:
302 F. 3d 608 - Miami University Wrestling Club v. Miami University
302 F.3d
302 F3d 608 Miami University Wrestling Club v. Miami University
302 F.3d 608
MIAMI UNIVERSITY WRESTLING CLUB; Miami University Soccer Club; Miami University Tennis Club; Michael Ambrose; Nathan Studney; Christopher Tangen; Terrence Wright; Ryan Pallinger; Shaun Soucie; Jason Murphy; Nicholas Binge; Steven Mario Contardi; William S. Bloom, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
MIAMI UNIVERSITY; James C. Garland; Joel Maturi; Wayne R. Embry; Richard Farmer; Roger L. Howe; Eleanor B. Irwin; Fred Lick, Jr.; Laurel Pressler; Kathleen M. Zouhary; Chandra R. Shah; Fred G. Wall, in their official capacities, Defendant-Appellees.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Argued: August 7, 2002.
Decided and Filed: September 9, 2002.
Robert R. Furnier (briefed), Todd J. Flagel (briefed), Furnier & Thomas LLP, Cincinnati, OH, Michael E. Rosman (argued and briefed), Center for Individual Rights, Washington, DC, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
James A. Dyer (argued and briefed), Kevin A. Bowman (briefed), Sebaly, Shillito & Dyer, Dayton, OH, Robin L. Parker (briefed), Miami University, Oxford, OH, for Defendants-Appellees.
Before SUHRHEINRICH and BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges; LITTLE, District Judge.*
BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiffs appeal the district court's orders granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants on the plaintiffs' equal protection claim, dismissing the plaintiffs' Title IX claim and denying the plaintiffs' motion for class certification. We find that the plaintiffs wholly failed to state either an equal protection claim or a claim under Title IX, and that the district court's denial of the motion for class certification was within the court's sound discretion. We will therefore affirm the judgment dismissing this action.
On November 18, 1999, the plaintiffs1 filed a complaint against the defendants,2 claiming that the defendants' elimination of the men's wrestling, tennis and soccer programs at Miami University [hereinafter "Miami"], a state university of the State of Ohio and a recipient of federal funds, constituted gender discrimination in violation of 20 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq. and violated their rights to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. An amended complaint filed shortly thereafter named as plaintiffs a class consisting of all male students who had enrolled in Miami with the expectation that they would be able to compete in wrestling, tennis or soccer and future male students at Miami who wanted to compete in those sports.
The claims in both complaints were identical: they alleged first, that by eliminating the men's wrestling, tennis and soccer programs because of the gender of the participants, the defendants discriminated against the plaintiffs on the basis of sex, excluded them from participation in educational programs because of their sex, and denied them the benefits of educational programs because of their sex, in violation of Title IX and its implementing regulations, 34 C.F.R. § 106 et seq.; and second, that the individual defendants, while acting under color of state authority, denied the plaintiffs the equal protection of the laws in violation of the Equal Protection Clause and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by eliminating the sports programs on the basis of the gender of the participants. The plaintiffs requested declaratory and injunctive relief, compensatory damages and the reinstatement of those programs.
The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The district court granted the motion in part and denied it in part, dismissing the Title IX claim against all of the defendants and the equal protection claim against Miami only, directing that it would proceed with the equal protection claims against the individual defendants for injunctive and declaratory relief pursuant to § 1983.
Meanwhile, the plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification and a second amended complaint, which was identical to the first amended complaint but for the addition of an alternative due process claim. The district court remanded the case to a magistrate judge for reevaluation of the parties' discovery needs in light of the order for partial dismissal, but advised that it intended to hold the motion for class certification in abeyance until it had considered a motion for summary judgment to be filed by the individual defendants on the sole remaining equal protection claim. Upon the completion of the limited discovery allowed by the magistrate judge, the plaintiffs moved for reconsideration of the order dismissing the Title IX claim.
After the individual defendants filed the anticipated motion for summary judgment, the district court issued a memorandum and order granting the summary judgment motion and denying the motion for reconsideration. It also denied as moot all other pending motions, including the plaintiffs' motion for class certification. This timely appeal followed.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
In 1984, the Office of Civil Rights ("OCR"), which enforces Title IX, conducted a comprehensive review of Miami in response to a complaint filed with that office alleging that Miami discriminated against women in the opportunity to receive coaching and in the accommodation of student interests and abilities. The OCR determined that the "rates of participation in athletics [did] not correspond to the percentage of male and female students," but that the proposed addition of women's sports such as cross country would address this problem.
In 1993, Miami conducted a Title IX self-evaluation, and in 1994, a task force issued a report and recommendation regarding intercollegiate athletics, which revealed that in 1993, females constituted fifty-four percent of the Miami student body, while they contributed only twenty-nine percent of Miami's student-athletes. While female athletic teams were added between 1993 and 1997, female students, who comprised fifty-five percent of Miami's undergraduate population in 1997, contributed only forty-two percent of its student-athletes. In twenty-five years, Miami had added only four female varsity teams, and there was unmet female interest in equestrian, crew, golf, lacrosse and water polo. Moreover, Miami spent proportionally more on male than female athlete recruiting and financial aid.
In light of those statistics and the lack of additional funds to increase athletic opportunities for female students, Miami's Athletic Policy Committee concluded, with the assistance of Lamar Daniel, Inc., an independent consultant which conducted a study and formulated a compliance plan in 1996-97, that in order to comply with Title IX, the university would need to eliminate some athletic opportunities for male students. After rejecting all alternatives, Miami's President, James Garland, and Athletic Director, Joel Maturi, recommended to the Miami Board of Trustees [hereinafter "Trustees"] the elimination the men's golf, soccer, tennis and wrestling teams as of the end of the 1998-99 academic year. On April 16, 1999, the Trustees, unable to identify other viable options, voted to eliminate the men's soccer, tennis and wrestling teams. Men's golf ultimately was not cut because the participants and alumni raised sufficient funds to support the program without Miami's financial assistance.
The immediate effects of the Trustees' actions were the loss of athletic opportunities for the members of the men's soccer, tennis and wrestling teams and an increase in the female student-athlete percentage. During the 1999-2000 academic year, females constituted fifty-five percent of Miami's student body and fifty-three percent of its student athletes. Miami also increased the budget for financial aid to female students by $400,000.
HISTORY OF TITLE IX
A. Title IX
Title IX was enacted as part of the Education Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92-318, §§ 901-05, 86 Stat. 373-75 (codified at 20 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq. (1972)), and was modeled after Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000d-2000d-7. 118 Cong. Rec. 5802, 5807 (Feb. 28, 1972) (Sen.Bayh); N. Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 529, 102 S.Ct. 1912, 72 L.Ed.2d 299 (1982). With some exceptions not relevant here, section 901(a) provides that "[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a).
B. 1975 Implementing Regulations
Section 902 authorizes and directs each Federal department empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to issue implementing rules and regulations. 20 U.S.C. § 1682. Two years after Title IX was enacted, Congress directed the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)3 to prepare and publish regulations implementing the provisions of Title IX. Pub.L. 93-380, 88 Stat. 484, 612 (1974). After consideration of the over 9,700 comments HEW received regarding its proposed regulations, HEW published a final rule implementing Title IX on June 4, 1975. 40 Fed.Reg. 24,128 (June 4, 1975) (codified at 45 C.F.R. § 86.1). The final regulations became effective on July 21, 1975. 40 Fed.Reg. at 24,128, 24,137.
The regulations provide that
[n]o person shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, be treated differently from another person or otherwise be discriminated against in any interscholastic, intercollegiate, club or intramural athletics offered by a recipient, and no recipient shall provide any such athletics separately on such basis.
34 C.F.R. § 106.41(a). Further, they require that "[a] recipient which operates or sponsors interscholastic, intercollegiate, club or intramural athletics shall provide equal athletic opportunity for members of both sexes." § 106.41(c). Determinations of equal opportunities include, among nine other factors not relevant here, consideration of "[w]hether the selection of sports and levels of competition effectively accommodate the interests and abilities of members of both sexes." § 106.41(c)(1).
C. 1979 Policy Interpretation
In 1978, HEW, to encourage self-policing, issued a Proposed Policy Interpretation and solicited public comment. 43 Fed. Reg. 58,070, 58,071 (Dec. 11, 1978). HEW had received ninety-three complaints against at least sixty-two colleges following the expiration of the three-year phase-in period provided for in the regulations, so it designed the Policy Interpretation to "provide a framework within which those complaints [could] be resolved, and to provide institutions of higher education with additional guidance on the requirements of the law relating to intercollegiate athletic programs." Id.
Following the publication of the proposed Policy Interpretation, HEW received over 700 comments and visited eight universities to see how the proposed policy and other suggested alternatives would apply in practice. 44 Fed.Reg. 71,413, 71,413 (Dec. 11, 1979). On December 11, 1979, HEW published a final Policy Interpretation, which clarified the meaning of "equal opportunity" in intercollegiate athletics and explained the factors considered when determining compliance. Id. at 71,414.
According to the Policy Interpretation, HEW will find that an institution has effectively accommodated the interests of its male and female students if it satisfies any one part of a three-part test:
(1) Whether intercollegiate level participation opportunities for male and female students are provided in numbers substantially proportionate to their respective enrollments; or
(2) Where the members of one sex have been and are underrepresented among intercollegiate athletes, whether the institution can show a history and continuing practice of program expansion which is demonstrably responsive to the developing interest and abilities of the members of that sex; or
(3) Where members of one sex are underrepresented among intercollegiate athletes, and the institution cannot show a continuing practice of program expansion such as that cited above, whether it can be demonstrated that the interests and abilities of the members of that sex have been fully and effectively accommodated by the present program.4
44 Fed.Reg. at 71,418.
The Policy Interpretation implicitly recognizes that universities and other recipients of federal funds do not have infinite money supplies. If a university cannot afford to add sports teams in order to provide equal athletic opportunity for men and women, it may be forced to subtract in order to equalize. It is anomalous in an allegedly free society to accomplish equality of opportunity by decreasing rather than increasing opportunities, but in the real world of finite resources, this approach may be the only way for an educational institution to comply with Title IX while still maintaining the other niceties of its mission, such as its academic offerings.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, using the same standard under Rule 56(c) used by the district court. Williams v. Mehra, 186 F.3d 685, 689 (6th Cir.1999) (en banc). Summary judgment is proper if "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c). We view the evidence, all facts, and any inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). To withstand summary judgment, the non-movant must show sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact. Klepper v. First Am. Bank, 916 F.2d 337, 342 (6th Cir. 1990). A mere scintilla of evidence is insufficient; "there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [non-movant]." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Entry of summary judgment is appropriate "against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
We review a district court's decision on a motion for class certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 for an abuse of discretion. Sprague v. Gen. Motors Corp., 133 F.3d 388, 397 (6th Cir.1998). A district court abuses its discretion when it applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact. Schachner v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ohio, 77 F.3d 889, 895 (6th Cir.1996). We will not find an abuse of discretion unless we have a "definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment." Anchor v. O'Toole, 94 F.3d 1014, 1021 (6th Cir.1996).
EQUAL PROTECTION CLAIM
The plaintiffs claim that in making and implementing the decision to comply with the requirements of Title IX by eliminating the men's wrestling, tennis and soccer programs at Miami, the defendants, acting under color of law, denied the plaintiffs the equal protection of the law. They further argue that this claim is not a collateral attack but a direct attack on the constitutionality of Title IX, the regulations and the Policy Interpretation. We find no merit to this argument. Nothing in any version of the complaint can be construed as a direct challenge to either the law, the regulations or the Policy Interpretation. At oral argument, plaintiffs contended that even if the complaint did not expressly state such a challenge, the briefs before the district court did. Notwithstanding our view that the basis of plaintiffs' claim must be clearly expressed in the complaint, we have carefully reviewed those briefs — which were not included in the Joint Appendix — and find no such challenge expressed there either.
As we understand the plaintiffs' argument it is, first, that the defendants acted under color of state law in eliminating these men's sports, and that these actions were in violation of Title IX and denied the plaintiffs equal protection in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment; and second, even if the defendants' actions did not violate Title IX — and therefore, they acted pursuant to federal law rather than under color of state law — those actions were in violation of the equal protection component of the Fifth Amendment's due process clause.
The Seventh Circuit addressed an almost identical argument in an action brought by members of the men's swimming program at the University of Illinois alleging violations of Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause for the termination of the men's swimming program:
Plaintiffs' final argument is that the defendants' decision to eliminate the men's swimming program while retaining the women's program denied them equal protection of law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. We do not agree. First, the record makes clear that the University considered gender solely to ensure that its actions did not violate federal law. And insofar as the University actions were taken in an attempt to comply with the requirements of Title IX, plaintiffs' attack on those actions is merely a collateral attack on the statute and regulations and is therefore impermissible. Milwaukee County Pavers Ass'n v. Fiedler, 922 F.2d 419, 424 (7th Cir.1991), certiorari denied, 500 U.S. 954, 111 S.Ct. 2261, 114 L.Ed.2d 714 (1991).
Kelley v. Bd. of Trustees, 35 F.3d 265, 272 (7th Cir.1994).
In the case before us today, it is evident that Miami took the challenged actions in an attempt to comply with the requirements of Title IX, and, as we explain below, Miami was successful in that attempt. Only if Title IX, its regulations or the Policy Interpretation are unconstitutional — an issue not before us in this lawsuit — could we hold that Miami's compliance with the law and the regulations is unconstitutional.
Accordingly, we hold that the plaintiffs' claim is a collateral attack on the constitutionality of Title IX, the regulations and the Policy Interpretation, and that the plaintiffs have failed to state an equal protection claim under either the Fourteenth Amendment or the Fifth Amendment. We therefore need not address any of the additional arguments raised by the parties and discussed by the district court with respect to this claim. We express no opinion with regard to those issues, including the level of scrutiny required in reviewing a claim of sex discrimination.
TITLE IX CLAIM
With respect to their Title IX claim, the plaintiffs contend that: (1) the 1979 Policy Interpretation is not entitled to deference; (2) even if the Policy Interpretation is entitled to some deference, it is not a persuasive interpretation of Title IX; and (3) the amended complaint stated a claim of violation of Title IX. We think the plaintiffs are incorrect on each contention.
A. Deference to the 1979 Policy Interpretation
Consistent with the precedent of this court and various other courts, we conclude that the Policy Interpretation is entitled to deference. Despite the plaintiffs' assertions to the contrary, the facts in Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 120 S.Ct. 1655, 146 L.Ed.2d 621 (2000), are distinguishable from the facts at issue here. The Christensen court specifically dealt with an interpretation contained in an opinion letter, "not one arrived at after ... a formal adjudication or notice-and-comment rulemaking." 529 U.S. at 587, 120 S.Ct. 1655. It is clear that the 1979 Policy Interpretation is far more than a mere opinion letter. Before it was published, a formal comment period was held and over 700 comments were received. 44 Fed.Reg. 71,413. HEW staff also visited eight universities to see how the policy would apply in practice. Id. We conclude that the Christensen "respect only" interpretation is not applicable to the Policy Interpretation. Rather, "[b]ecause Congress has not `directly spoken to the precise question at issue,' we must sustain the Secretary's approach so long as it is `based on a permissible construction of the statute.'" Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 457, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997) (quoting Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., et al., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)). The regulations and their interpretation should be accorded "controlling weight unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute." Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778. We find, based upon our review of the regulations, the Policy Interpretation and established law, that neither the regulations nor the Policy Interpretation are unreasonable, arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to Title IX. See Chalenor v. Univ. of N. Dakota, 291 F.3d 1042, 1045-47 (8th Cir.2002); Neal v. Bd. of Trustees of the Cal. State Univs., 198 F.3d 763, 769-72 (9th Cir.1999); Boulahanis v. Bd. of Regents, 198 F.3d 633, 637-38 (7th Cir.1999); Horner v. Ky. High Sch. Athletic Ass'n, 43 F.3d 265, 274-75 (6th Cir. 1994); Cohen v. Brown Univ., 101 F.3d 155, 172-73 (1st Cir.1996); and Kelley, 35 F.3d at 270-71. Accordingly, we defer to the 1979 Policy Interpretation.
B. Stating a Claim Under Title IX
The plaintiffs contend that because Miami considered gender when it made the decision to eliminate the men's athletic programs, the elimination of those programs was discriminatory and violated Title IX. We conclude, however, that the plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under Title IX.
There is no constitutional right to participate in intercollegiate athletics. Burrows v. Ohio High Sch. Athletic Ass'n, 891 F.2d 122, 125 (6th Cir.1989). Title IX prohibits gender inequity in connection with, among other things, the opportunity to participate in athletics. The statute focuses on opportunities for the underrepresented gender, and does not bestow rights on the historically overrepresented gender, Cohen, 101 F.3d at 174; Neal, 198 F.3d at 770; and it is well-established that classification by gender is not a per se violation of Title IX, Horner v. Ky. High Sch. Athletic Ass'n, 206 F.3d 685, 697 (6th Cir.2000). Moreover, as the district court recognized, the plaintiffs have not alleged that Miami failed to provide equal athletic opportunities by gender, and, in fact, the plaintiffs' complaint is that Miami brought its athletic programs into compliance with Title IX, and equalized the athletic opportunities for men and women by eliminating the men's team sports at issue here. Accordingly, we affirm both the order of the district court dismissing plaintiffs' Title IX claim and the denial of the plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration of that order.
CLASS CERTIFICATION
The plaintiffs claim that the district court's decision to hold their motion for class certification in abeyance until the parties had concluded discovery and the court had ruled on the defendants' motion for summary judgment violated the requirement of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(c)(1) that "[a]s soon as practicable after the commencement of an action brought as a class action, the court shall determine by order whether it is to be so maintained." Ultimately, when the district court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment, it also denied as moot all other pending motions, including the plaintiffs' motion for class certification.
We have consistently held that a district court is not required to rule on a motion for class certification before ruling on the merits of the case. Sprague, 133 F.3d at 397; Jibson v. Mich. Educ. Ass'n-NEA, 30 F.3d 723, 734 (6th Cir.1994). Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in ruling first on the merits of the plaintiffs' claims before addressing the plaintiffs' motion for class certification.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in its entirety the judgment of the district court.
The Honorable F.A. Little, United States District Judge for the Western District of Louisiana, sitting by designation
The plaintiffs include Miami University Wrestling Club; Miami University Soccer Club; Miami University Tennis Club; wrestlers Michael Ambrose, Nathan Studney, Christopher Tangen, Terrence Wright and Ryan Pallinger; soccer players Shaun Soucie, Jason Murphy, Nicholas Binge and William S. Bloom; and tennis player Steven Mario Contardi
The defendants include Miami University; the individual members of Miami's Board of Trustees: Wayne R. Embry, Richard Farmer, Roger L. Howe, Eleanor B. Irwin, Fred Lick, Jr., Laurel Pressler, Kathleen M. Zouhary, Chandra R. Shah and Fred G. Wall; President James C. Garland; and Athletic Director Joel Maturi, all in their official capacities only
In 1980, HEW was split into two agencies, and the Office of Civil Rights for the new Department of Education ("DOE") assumed responsibility for administration of Title IX. 20 U.S.C. §§ 3413(a), 3441(a)(3);Cohen v. Brown Univ., 101 F.3d 155, 165 n. 5 (1st Cir.1996). The DOE established a new Title 34 in the Code of Federal Regulations which recodified the implementing regulations of Title IX; the regulation governing athletics changed from 45 C.F.R. § 86.41 to 34 C.F.R. § 106.41. 45 Fed.Reg. 30,802 (May 9, 1980).
On January 16, 1996, the DOE issued the "Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance: The Three Part Test," which emphasized that the substantial proportionality element of the first prong is a "safe harbor," noted that strict numerical formulas are not required, and recognized that the focus is on the underrepresented sex


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Tesla Motors in Norway – First class electric cars
KlikkMilly April 4, 2014 November 8th, 2015
Despite being a place where you would not expect the electric car to be a success, Norway is in fact one of the leading countries when it comes to electric car usage, and one model in particular, the Tesla S, can boast impressive sales figures. Sales figures that have actually outshone the sales of the next two most popular car models, the Nissan Leaf, and the Volkswagen Golf, combined.
Being a top seller is nothing new to the Tesla Model S, as it has been top of the car sales charts previously, however, to take on and beat the combined sales of both the Volkswagen Golf and the Nissan Leaf is something special. Especially as the Nissan Leaf is another electric vehicle, one that receives the same tax breaks offered by the Norwegian government for these types of vehicles.
[justified_image_grid ids=197,200 row_height=600 caption=fixed last_row=center]
Special Conditions for Electric Vehicles
Despite being a country that has good oil reserves, Norway's love of the electric car can be attributed to the generous incentives that the Norwegian government has put in place for these vehicles.
One such concession is the fact that no matter what the cost of the vehicle, all electric vehicles are exempt from VAT, as well as other somewhat expensive Norwegian taxes. In addition to which, these vehicles also benefit from being exempt to parking fees in public parking bays, toll payments in urban areas, and their owners are allowed to use traffic lanes usually reserved for buses. However, the continued success of the sales of these types of vehicles will depend largely on the Norwegian government keeping these incentives in place. At the time of writing, a binding agreement between the countries most popular political party's means that these incentives are guaranteed to remain in place until the year 2017 or until 50,000 vehicles are sold.
March Sales Figures
With the sales figures for March 2014 having just been released, and these figures placing the Tesla at the top of all new car sales so far this year, the question everyone is asking is whether these sales figures can continue? The impressive March sales figures are likely to be down to pre-orders finally being fulfilled, however, with a 30% lead over its closest rivals, the Tesla's sales figures are going to take some catching. It remains to be seen whether the sales figures will hold up for the remainder of 2014, however, the early signs are promising.
[vimeo url="http://vimeo.com/79448230″ title="1″ loop="1″] [vimeo url="http://vimeo.com/61821553″ title="1″ loop="1″]
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