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Old Garnavillo Cemetery
Garnavillo Township
Section 18 SE/SW
Old Garnavillo cemetery, established in 1844, is on property owned by the town of Garnavillo, west of, and behind the current St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church. There is no sign identifying the cemetery. No burial records of this cemetery are known to exist and many of the gravestones have been lost to time and the elements. A plat of known graves can be found at the Garnavillo Historical Society. The new Garnavillo cemetery can be seen from this cemetery.
1) Source of the original burial list is unknown, it was contributed to Clayton co. IAGenWeb by Charlene Barnhart - that list contained no dates
2) Garnavillo Historical Society survey, ca1970's
3) National Archives records, military records, census records, obituaries, death certificates and gravestone inscriptions - researched by S. Ferrall
Many gravestone photos have been contributed for this cemetery. View gravestone photos for the Old Garnavillo cemetery
Obituaries for some of the people buried in this cemetery have been transcribed. See the Obituary Index (opens new window).
Attempts are being made by the town council to obtain information about the old cemetery west of St. Paul's church, so that a new Plat may be made and the grounds leveled.
The original plat which must have been made soon after the town was settled has been destroyed or lost, and no definite information can be had as to whom is buried in the cemetery. Many of the tombstones were loose and fell over or were removed.
The land is owned by the town and those who wished to be buried there had only to gain permission.
~Guttenberg Press, Garnavillo section, June 22, 1939
Burials as compiled from the sources listed above:
Alitz, Doriam; d/o W. & M. Alitz
Angier, Charles W.; d. 08/19/1860; aged 13y 7m; s/o C.C. & C. Angier
Angier, Elvira J.; d. 05/01/1857; aged 23y 3m 16d; w/o G.L. Angier
Appleman, John; 06/10/1848 in Mystic, CT - 05/12/1859 in Clermont, IA
Armor, E.J.A.
Armor, Francis K.; d. 07/23/1856; aged 9y 10m; s/o James & Hester Armor
Armor, John M.; d. 07/23/1856 aged 7y 3m 5d; s/o James & Hester Armor
Beckman, Anna Maria nee Dierker; 01/09/1824 - 01/21/1908, w/o J.F.
Beckman, Ferdinand E.; 1863-1870; s/o J.F. & A.M.
Beckman, Jobst F.; 03/25/1804 - 07/01/1879, ssa Anna Maria, Ferdinand & Marie E.
Bell, Lizzie A.; d. 01/30/1872 aged 18d; d/o J.H. & L.A.
Benjegerdes, Frederick, d. 11/07/1871, aged 48y 5m 23d; Notes
Benjegerdes, Johan D., d. 04/05/1881, aged 16y 1m 25d, s/o Frederick & Wilhelmane; Notes
Benjegerdes, Katharina Maria; d. 03/15/1872 aged 22y 5m 2d; w/o J.D.
Bierbaum, Anna M.M.; 05/25/1871 - 09/09/1871; d/o J.C. & F.M.
Bierbaum, August H.; 06/15/1874 - 06/26/1874; s/o J.C. & F.M.
Bierbaum, Catherine; 10/18/1855 - 11/22/1855; d/o G.H. & M.M.C.
Bierbaum, Catherine Elizabeth; 02/25/1798 - 03/17/1880; w/o Johann H.
Bierbaum, Elise; 05/01/1870 - 08/10/1870; d/o G.H. & M.M.C.
Bierbaum, Florence; d. 08/29/1877; d/o J.C. & F.M.
Bierbaum, Johann Hinrich; d. 01/03/1874 aged 75y 7m 11d
Bierbaum, Jobst C.; 09/22/1865 - 06/16/1869 aged 3y 8m 18d; s/o J.C. & Maria
Bierbaum, John F.; 01/20/1870 - 01/24/1870; s/o J.C. & Maria
Bierbaum, Ludwig H.; 02/03/1856 - 08/05/1876; s/o J.C. & F.M.
Bierbaum, S. Justine; 09/16/1837 - 03/02/1871; w/o John F. (he's buried in Garnavillo City cemetery)
Bierbaum, William H.; 05/25/1857 - 08/03/1872; s/o J.C. & F.M.
Bishop, Alfred Rev.; d. Nov. 1854 aged 38y 10m 10d; pastor of the M.E. church; Additional info. (opens new window)
Bitter, Jacob 'Jake'; Co. B 6th Iowa Cavalry. Notes
Blakeney, James A.; d. 03/02/1851 aged 51y
Blietz, Carl; 1826-1887; "Father"
Blietz, Caroline; 1826-1877; "Mother"
Blume, Joachim 'John'; 10/16/1830 - 01/14/1887; "Father"
Blume, Louisa; 03/11/1833 - 11/25/1911; "Mother"
Blunk, Sophia; 06/29/1849 - 04/15/1902; 1st w/o William; suicide by hanging
Blunk, Wilhelmina Schafe nee Weedow; 11/29/1850 - 04/17/1909; w/o 1st Henry Schafe, 2nd William Blunk
Blunk, William; 02/20/1842 - 03/08/1916; h/o 1st Sophia, 2nd Wilhelmina; suicide by hanging
Bond, Anna H. (may be d/o John & Hannah)
Bond, Hannah nee Walcraft; 10/25/1835 - 05/04/1878, w/o John
Bond, John, 04/11/1827 - 07/06/1906, h/o Hannah
Brandt, W.A. Friedrich; died 04/30/1871, aged 1y 4m 8d; s/o W. & M.
Breitsprecher, Alfred; died 07/02/1916; drowned in Pony Creek
Breitsprecher, Bertha; 02/20/1875 - 04/28/1878
Breitsprecher, Mary; 12/15/1848 - 06/20/1903
Brewster, Sarah E.; 11/07/1858 - 04/26/1861; d/o W.F. & H.E.; all of the Brewster inscriptions are on the same stone
Brewster, infant son; 05/28/1861 - 06/07/1861; s/o W.F. & H.E.
Brewster, infant son; 03/11/1862; s/o W.F. & H.E.
Brewster, (illegible); 05/12/1860 - 05/11/1861; child/o W.F. & H.E.
Brewster, (illegible); 07/16/1863 - 1865?; child/o W.F. & H.E.
Brock, John S.; 02/14/1823 - 08/20/1897; h/o Sarah
Brock, Salanda M.; 03/26/1858 - 02/11/1859; d/o John & Sarah
Brock, Sarah A. nee Crawford; 04/22/1830 - 03/17/1918; w/o John S.; Note: obit does not specify which Garnavillo cemetery, but it is very likely she is buried w/husband & infant dau.
Brown, James Emmett; 07/20/1851-01/11/1912; s/o Alonzo & Maria; obit=survived by sister Jessie Brown and 2 daughters, one in CA & the other in Rockford, IL (McGregor News, 1/31/1912, pg 4, col 2)
Brown, Jessie; died Sept. 1918; d/o Alonzo & Maria
Brown, Maria nee Crosby; 08/16/1824 - 03/22/1901; w/o Alonzo
Bruggemann, Diederich; died 10/16/1882, aged 58y 11m
Bruggemann, Dorothea; 01/06/1828 - 11/20/1893
Buhlman, (?L.W.); stone broken & partially missing in 1974
Burghardt, George H.; 1864 - 1948; h/o Myra
Burghardt, Marie E.; 12/04/1909 - 06/03/1994
Burghardt, Myra nee Bond; 10/01/1865 - 03/19/1933; d/o John & Hanna (Walcroft) Bond
Burghardt, Walter George; 09/23/1901 - 06/18/1911; s/o George H. & Myra
Butts, Nancy P.; 04/11/1838 - 05/17/1916
Carter, Aschsar M. nee Sackett; died 09/21/1855; aged 27y; w/o Samuel W.
Chesnut, Phebe; died 04/11/1863, aged 47y 4m 6d; w/o A.A.
Christ, Sarah A. nee Bond; 04/23/1862 - 01/24/1892; w/o Lawrence Christ; ssa John & Anna Bond
Claus, Louis; 1837 - 06/14/1910; died at home of his daughter Mrs. Fred Carrier
Cooley, Andrew Sutherland; 07/11/1804-1890, h/o Salome
Cooley, Peter S.; 10/??/1843 - 08/15/1873; s/o Andrew & Salome; Private, Co. E 27th Iowa Infantry, G.A.R.; died as a result of wounds received in the Civil War
Cooley, Salome nee Warren; 1809-1895, w/o Andrew S.
Cooley, Verne Alton; died 08/05/1881 aged 1y 3m, s/o R.R. & S.A. Cooley (Robert Reed Cooley & Stella Alfresine Owen)
Coonfare, Elizabeth; 1863 - 05/21/1953
Coonfare, Miles; 11/04/1885 - 05/07/1940
Coonfare, Realto William; 06/08/1919 - 02/28/1921, s/o Wesley & Geneva nee Schultz(per 1920 U.S. census); Note: Obit says only Garnavillo cemetery, it is possible he's buried in the city cemetery
Coonfare, Wesley William; 1891 - 03/16/1925; h/o Geneva (divorced ca1922)
Coonfare, William; 1855 - 1921; ssa Elizabeth & Wesley
Crosby, Caroline C. nee Gibbs; 1831 - 1909; w/o James O.
Crosby, Edward; 1871 - 1886
Crosby, Fred; 1854 - 1862
Crosby, James; 1852 - 1879
Crosby, James O.; 1828 - 1921; h/o Caroline
Crosby, Zilah; 05/17/1819-10/1900; w/o Nathan; Note: burial here is assumed, she does not appear on Sexton records for the new cemetery & her step-son James O. & daughter Maria Brown are buried in the old cemetery. See obit & Clayton co. death records, both records are on this website.
Dierker, Marie E.; 02/20/1790 - 10/15/1872; ssa Jobst & Anna Maria Beckman
Ehrnsberger, Alois or Aulwes; born ca1826 - died aft 1880; Corporal, Co. K, 17th Missouri Inf., Volunteers
Espolt, Christine nee Schuldtz; 09/21/1825 - 06/12/1865; w/o Louis
Espolt, Louis; 01/05/1827 - 08/07/1911; h/o Christina; German Army veteran, enlisting for 3 yrs. in 1848
Fascher, Carl; 05/15/1863 - 03/11/1934; h/o Minna
Fascher, Mina; 09/26/1869 - 09/07/1950; ssa Carl
Fascher, Otto Karl
Forbes, Benjamin F.; died 08/28/1857; Masonic symbol on tombstone
Friedlein, Ada J.; 1896 - 1987; ssa Herman
Friedlein, George; April 1922 - May 1922; "Our Little One"
Friedlein, Herman J.; 1894 - 1979; Veteran
Fritz, Christopher Daniel; 12/25/1825 - 07/01/1888; h/o Maria; Corporal, Co. D, 27th Iowa Inf.
Fritz, Maria Sophia nee Sievers; 11/10/1828 - 11/11/1900; w/o Daniel
Gilbert, George Noble; died 01/11/1862, aged 4y 21d; s/o J.L. & E.B.
Gilbert, Harriet R.; died 02/05/1862; aged 9y 6m 2d; d/o J.L. & E.B.
Gilbert, Lydia A.; died 07/15/1863; aged 41y 2m 25d; w/o L.R. Gilbert
Gilbert, Marcella M.; died 08/08/1855, aged 10y 11m 8d; d/o J.L. & E.B.
Gilbert, Marietta A.; died 1862; d/o J.L. & E.B.
Gilbert, Ruth, d. 04/27/1851?, aged 71y 6m ?d
Gillett, Emma M.; died 03/15/1875; w/o J.W.
Gillett, George; died 09/08/1856, aged 4y 11m 13d
Gillett, James; died 09/16/1856, aged 8m 9d
Gillett, John M.; died 08/29/1856, aged 2y 2m 29d
Gillett, Martha; died 01/16/1859, aged 1y 7m
Gillett, Sarah A.F.; died 08/05/1875; d/o J.W. & Emma; ssa Emma
Graham, Mary; died 09/11/1856; d/o S.R. & Catherine
Goerges, Carl; 09/11/1843 - 03/25/1927; h/o 1st Elizabeth Mueller, 2nd Maria; died in Minneapolis; veteran German-Austrian & German-French wars prior to emigrating
Goerges, Maria nee Krambeer; 05/22/1857 - 03/25/1895; 2nd w/o Carl
Goerges, Maria; 11/17/1882 - 05/21/1934; d/o Carl & Maria; Note! Burial place is not verified. Obit & Death Cert. both give Garnavillo as burial site. She does not appear on the city cemetery sexton records & parents buried in the old cemetery.
Hamann, Fred; 07/07/1831 - 05/30/1898; ssa & h/o Sophia
Hamann, Sophia Christine nee Seidel; 03/02/1841 - 05/02/1907; w/o Fred
Hamilton, Patrick; Private, Co. E., 27th IA Vol.; Note: he no longer has a gravestone, an article in the Garnavillo news column of the Elkader Weekly Register, 6/3/1886, states that his grave was decorated at the Memorial Day ceremonies
Heiler, William / John; ca1820/22-1868; h/o Sophia Muller/Müller (she remarried to John Puhlmann, d. 1905 & bur. New Albin, Allamakee county, IA); Private, Co. D, 27th Iowa; Note: although the military gravestone is engraved Jno Heiller, he is found in tax, census, military & other records as Wilhelm or William; an article in the Garnavillo news column of the Elkader Weekly Register, 6/3/1886, states that his grave was decorated at the Memorial Day ceremonies
Hellers, Catharina Eliza; b. Sch----hausen Hanover 1814 & died 10/09/1864
Henry, Bertha M.; 06/25/1867 - 07/02/1894
Heye, Allen E.; 1840 - 12/??/1855
Heye, Catherina; died 08/??/1851
Heye, John C. - see Kruger
Heye, Wilhelm; died 07/??/1851
Hill, Elizabeth nee Hoffman; 1817 - 1898; w/o William
Hill, Henry; 1856 - 1892; s/o William & Elizabeth
Hill, William; 1818 - 1913; h/o Elizabeth
Holland, Elizabeth; 10/13/1789 - 01/21/1870
Horstmann, August C.; 06/17/1865-11/18/1919; h/o Amelia
Horstmann, Amelia M. nee Breitsprecher; 05/06/1873 - 02/14/1962; w/o August; d/o Henry & Mary (Mueller) Breitsprecher
Horstman, Hilda; 06/14/1899 - 04/08/1901
Jans, Andreas; 1862 - 1863; s/o Wilhelm & Dorothea
Jans, August; 06/15/1865 - 03/09/1867; ssa Heinrich
Jans, Heinrich; 10/03/1854 - 03/11/1867; ssa August
Jans, Wilhelm; 1860 - 1863; s/o Wilhem & Dorothea
Jennings, Sally S.; b. 05/12/1791 in New Canaan, Conn., d. Garnavillo 10/07/1871; Note: has 2 gravestones in the cemetery
Jerome, Clara C.; died 08/1852; d/o J.G. & E.M.; ssa Julia
Jerome, Julia E.; died 08/1852; d/o J.G. & E.M.; ssa Clara
Jerome, Mary; age 1y
Johanningmeier, father; 04/04/1842 - 05/12/1874
Johanningmeier, mother; 10/24/1836 - 11/10/1911
Johanningmeier, baby; 08/19/1873 - 08/19/1873
Kahlstorf, Fred; 06/29/1878 - 06/30/1878
Kahlstorf, Fredena - see Fredena Swarz below
Kahlstorf, Johann W.; died 08/23/1882, aged 21y 11m 8d
Kahlstorf, Johim / Joachim; 02/01/1853 - ?; ssa Maria, Johnnie, Fred & Fredena
Kahlstorf, Johnnie; 09/25/1886 - 10/16/1886
Kahlstorf, Maria; 09/01/1856 - 03/06/1888; w/o Johim
Kaiser, Friederich; died 03/13/1863, aged 10m 22d, s/o John G. & Helena
Kaiser, John D.; 05/09/1861 - 02/24/1872
Keeler, Orrin; died 09/02/1854, aged 36y; G.A.R. marker (note: his death predates CW, marker may indicate previous war)
Keeler, Alvira E. nee Clark; w/o Orrin, born Ferrisburgh, VT; 12/18/1824 - 06/30/1855, died Clayton Iowa
Keeler, Celia T.; died 12/14/1848; d/o Orrin & Alvira
King, Egbert; died 09/02/1867, aged 51y 7m 8d (Egbert & Robert may be the same man, gravestone is inscribed Egbert)
King, Fanny E.; died 10/27/1865, aged 7y 6m; d/o Robert & Rebecca
King, Francis Trunky; s/o Edward & Anna King
King, Jimmie; died 09/22/1864, aged 1m 10d; s/o M. & M. King
King, Margaret; died 10/28/1864, aged 30y; w/o Matthew
King, Margaret H.; died 05/07/1863, aged 8y 5m; d/o J.M. & Rosannah King
King, Martha Ann; died 02/25/1858, aged 2m 21d; d/o J.M. & Rosannah King
King, Rebecca; w/o Robert
King, Robert; died 09/02/1867, aged 51y 7m 8d (Egbert & Robert may be the same man)
Klough, Johann; died 10/17/1881, aged 64y 10d
Klough, Maria; 1830-10/23/1897; w/o Johann; died in Manley, IA
Klough, Maria K.; died 05/03/1876, aged 13y 6m 15d
Kluss, Fredericke Mary Elizabeth nee Duman; 01/04/1824 - 03/30/1905; w/o John
Kluss / Klusz, Johann; 1823? - 1867
Kluss / Klusz, Sophia; 1852 - 1860; d/o Johann & Fredrika
Kluss, Sophia M.F.; 1867 - 1946
Knight, Abel; died 11/27/1852, aged 76y
Knight, Betsey; died 02/01/1857; aged 72y
Knight, Lucius; died 07/10/1852, aged 34y
Koehn / Kuehn, Gustave; died 06/25/1901; s/o F. Koehn; Note: death notice in the Elkader Register, Garnavillo column, gives burial in the "old" cemetery and the CCDR Vol A, pg 17 gives burial in "Garnavillo cemetery"
Knight, Willard; died 03/15/1879, aged 65y 10m; ssa Abel, Betsy & Lucius
Kregel, Alvina; age 4y; d/o H.C. & Sophia; Source: Sophia Hespe Kregel Jahnke's obituary
Kregel, (E. or F.) William; died 1854; s/o H. & A. Kregel
Kregel, Henry Conrad; 1804 - 03/10/1870; 1st husb. of Sophia Hespe, who later married Wm. Jahnke & is buried in the Garnavillo City cemetery
Kregel, infant; died 09/??/1852; aged 1m 13s; s/o J.D. & L.
Kregel, John Henry; 08/20/1853 - 06/29/1871; s/o J.D. & L.
Kregel, Margretta Louise; 10/09/1859 - 09/18/1861; d/o J.D. & Louise
Kregel, M. Margaret; died 11/??/1856, aged 6y; d/o H. & A.
Kruger, Catharina M.; 06/18/1875 - 03/19/1883
Kruger, Emilie; 03/17/1872 - 03/11/1883
Kruger, Maria; 11/09/1843 - 04/10/1897; "Mother"
Kruger, John C. Heye; 04/03/1805 - 07/03/1883; "Grandpa" (surname may be Heye)
Kruger, William; 08/21/1828 - 04/02/1898; "Father"
Kruger, William G.; 01/06/1863 - 03/20/1864
Lane / Lain, Patrick 'Pat'; 03/22/1849 - 07/17/1917; h/o Emily Catherine Coogan; s/o John E. & Mary (Conway); died at the County Home (death notice, Garnavillo Tribune, spells surname as Lain; Iowa Death Records as Lane)
Lenon, Asa; died 09/18/1862, aged 36y 5m 10d
Lenon, Lillian; 06/27/1859 - 09/02/1919
Marquardt, Wilhelmine; 12/18/1830 - 07/02/1882; w/o Joh. Marquardt
Marting, Catherine E.; died 10/05/1860; d/o Gerhard H. & Philomine
Marting, Gerhard H.; died 01/12/1894; aged 70y 3m 12d
Marting, J.C.M.
Marting, Johann C.
Marting, J. Hermann
Marting, Wilhelmina; died 03/22/1905; aged 74y
Martins, Anna; 1833 - 04/03/1904; aged 71y; w/o John
Martins, Bertha; 12/??/1836 - 12/??/1871
Martins, John; 1833 - 1875; h/o Anna
Martins, William; 1871 - 1942
McCallum Audila E.
McCraney Abbe L.
McCraney, infant son; s/o O.& M.E.
Meier, Anna M.
Meier, Frederick; died 10/15/1860, aged 1y ?m; s/o Christian & Elizabeth
Meier, Henry
Meier, Ludwig
Meier, Wilhelmine; died 10/11/1860, aged 2y; d/o Christian & Elizabeth
Meyer, A. Caroline
Meyer, Christian H.; 02/12/1863 - 01/16/1878
Meyer, D.A.E. - veteran
Meyer, Frederick
Meyer, Maria; 02/01/1831 - 10/28/1858
Mueller, Christine M.; 10/??/1819 - 06/03/1879; w/o Charles 'Carl' (d. 1896, bur. East Side cem. Elkader)
Murdock, Caroline 'Carry'; 1855 - 1861; d/o Samuel & Louisa; died of diphtheria
Murdock, Eleanor; 1775 - ? (bet 1870 & 1880); w/o Samuel SR
Murdock, Ellen E.; 1847 - ca 1851; d/o Samuel & Louisa
Murdock, infant son; s/o Samuel & Louisa
Murdock, Laura; 1856 - 1863; d/o Samuel & Louisa; died of scarlet fever
Murdock, Samuel SR; 1770 - 1866; f/o Judge Samuel JR
Murdock, Samuel JR (Judge Murdock); 03/13/1817 - 01/26/1897; h/o Louisa Partch / Patch
Nietert, William H.
Nietert, Caroline D.
Nietert, John F.
Obermoeller, P.H.; Note: may be same as Peter H.
Obermoeller, Anna Augusta nee Wiedemann; 06/05/1832 - 09/17/1909
Obermoeller, August; 10/24/1859 - 06/06/1944; "Father"; h/o Katherine
Obermoeller, F. William; 08/06/1890 - 06/18/1919; s/o August & Katherine
Obermoeller, Katherine nee Greiman; 04/10/1864 - 10/31/1945; "Mother"; w/o August
Obermoeller, Louisa; died 1864
Obermoeller / Obermiller, Louisa; died 12/??/1879; Note: Burial here is likely, but not confirmed - 1880 mortality schedule, Garnavillo, names her as Louisa Obermiller, died Dec. 1879. The 1870 U.S. census, Garnavillo, enumerated her as the 3 y/o d/o Peter & Augusta Obermiller
Obermoeller, Louise Marie; died 12/23/1900; aged 3y 5m 26d; d/o August & Katherine; Note: her obit spells surname as Obermiller
Obermoeller, Mina / Minnie; 07/08/1894 - 04/16/1923; d/o August & Katherine; Death Certificate: died of epilepsy
Obermoeller, Peter H.; 08/05/1887-04/27/1907; eldest s/o August & Katherine; Note: his death notice spelled surname as Obermiller
Obermoeller, Wilhelm
Oelckers, Christoph; 02/02/1798 - 05/11/1872, aged 74y 2m 10d
Oelckers, Meta Margaretha; 01/15/1800 - 04/08/1868; w/o Christoph
Oelkers, Christ; died 02/20/1883, aged 55y; ssa Harmon & Margaret
Oelkers, Harmon H.; died 08/29/1892, aged 69y 28d
Oelkers, Margaret M.; died 12/10/1903, aged 64y 5m 28d
Otting, Margarethe Sophia
Otting, Herman F.
Otting, Sophia M.; 06/16/1874 - 07/21/1875; d/o J.F. & F.; ssa Maria A.
Otting, Maria A.; 03/22/1873 - 03/22/1873; d/o J.F. & F.; ssa Sophia
Panncke, Edward; 05/22/1872 - 09/30/1872; ssa Henry
Panncke, Henry; 10/15/1880 - 08/01/1882; ssa Edward
Pearson, Gertrude; d. 08/16/1859, aged 2y 9m; 2nd d/o George W. & Maria (Weber)
Pearson, Louisa (nee Bockmer), d. 12/23/1855, aged 21y 3m 26d, w/o R.M. Pearson (Richard M.)
Pearson, Mary S., d. 06/23/1855, aged 3y 5m 13d, d/o Geo. W. & Maria A. (Weber)
Piehl, Heinrich
Piehl, Elizabeth
Pomroy, wife & son of J.H.; no dates or given names for either are on their shared gravestone
Predmore, Alexander
Predmore, Moses
Predmore, Moses (REV); born Newark, New Jersey; died 12/21/1860
Pupke, Andreas; 04/13/1807 - 07/30/1890; ssa Mary
Pupke, Anna Maria Ilsebein 'Mary' nee Budde; 03/15/1815 - 11/15/1889; w/o Andreas/Andrew; 1st marriage to Mr. Droge
Pupke, Frank J.; 04/22/1860 - 02/23/1871; s/o Andreas & Maria
Read, Elizabeth; died 10/20/1867; aged 72y; w/o Robert R.
Read, Robert R.; died 04/01/1864; aged 73y; G.A.R. marker at his grave is in error (he didn't served in the CW), he served in the Black Hawk war under Gen. Dodge
Redhead, Ann nee Rowe; died 08/26/1861; age 30y
Redhead, George Rowe; died 03/20/1860; s/o George & Ann; age 1y
Redhead, George Robert; died 09/04/1861; s/o George & Ann; age 2m
Reed, David M. Captain; died 03/21/1869; aged 37y; h/o 1st Veshti, 2nd Melvina; A.A. Surgeon U.S.M.
Reed, Melvina A. nee Forbes; 09/09/1842 - 03/08/1923; w/o David M.; died in St. Paul, MN
Reed, Thomas Moore; died 09/16/1860; aged 3y 11m 14d; eldest s/o D.M. & Vashti V.; died of Diphtheria; Note: burial here is presumed, but not verified
Reed, Veshti / Vesta V.; ca1837 - 09/0?/1860; 1st w/o David M.; died 2 wks after her son Thomas; died of Diphtheria; Note: burial her is presumed, but not verified
Rehfeldt, Maria
Reihl, Wm. - veteran
Roe, Charlotta E.; died 05/15/1862 aged ?yrs 7m 12d; d/o J.R. & J.A.
Roeben, Johannah L.A.; 08/12/1864 - 05/28/1905
Roeben, John F.; 04/24/1868 - 04/15/1937
Rogers, Henry C.; died 06/01/1851, aged 3y, s/o Alvah C. & Maria A.; ssa Stella
Rogers, Stella V.; died 04/10/1859, aged 3y & 9m; d/o Alvah C. & Maria A.; ssa Henry
Rogers, Mariah
Rohde, Anna; no dates on the stone
Rohde, Reimer; no dates on the stone
Rohde, Willie; shares the stone w/ Anna & Reimer
Rowe, Amma; died 10/10/1875, aged 72y 11m 18d; "widow of Robert Rowe, wife of Thomas Scudder"
Rowe, Robert
Rueter, Frederich
Rueter, Henry
Rueter, Lucy
Rueter, F.H.
Rueter, Wilhelmina
Rueter, John F.
Sackett, Benjamin; 08/29/1799 - 11/16/1885; h/o Thalia
Sackett, Henry Hine; died 10/11/1859; aged 1y 5m 21d; s/o Henry & Marilla
Sackett, Mary E.; died 10/12/1855; aged ?
Sackett, Sarah R.; died 07/04/1856; aged 22y
Sackett, Thalia M.; 07/14/1801 - 10/18/1885; w/o Benjamin
Schaal, Karl; 01/03/1863 - 03/31/1886
Schafer, Mabel; 1901 - 01/29/1902; age 1y 1m; d/o Fred & Martha (Rehburg)
Schierholz, Adelheid 'Anna' A. nee Tangeman; 10/30/1818 - 07/11/1891, aged 72y 8m 1d; w/o William H.R.
Schierholz, William Henry R. - 10/25/1803 or 1805 - 08/1?/1897; h/o Anna
Schmidt, August; 1872 - 1890
Schmidt, Karl 'Carl' Joacham Christian; 04/24/1843 - 11/17/1915; h/o Carolina; 1863-1870 served in the German Army
Schmidt, Caroline nee Gless; 03/01/1843 - 03/20/1911; w/o Karl
Schmidt, Fredericka A.
Schmidt, Friedericka nee Gruel; 1839-1926; w/o Michael
Schmidt, Michael; 1836-10/24/1907; h/o Friedericka
Schmidt, Peter L.
Schmidt, William; 1872 - 1886
Schulte, Johann Gerhardt; 04/06/1819 - 07/22/1861, aged 42y 3m 16d; Notes
Schulte, Katharinna M.; 12/??/1802 - 07/??/1887; ssa John H.
Schulte, John H.; 04/16/1806 - 09/01/1874
Schultz, Herman A.; h/o Elizabeth
Schultz, Elizabeth; 02/23/1860 - 06/17/1904; w/o Herman
Schultz, Henry
Schroeder, Sophia Margretha Dorothea
Schroeder, Joh H.
Schroeder, Jochim
Schroeder, J.S.
Schumacher, Herman
Schumacher, Anna B.
Scott, Dewitt C.; Private, Co. C, 3rd Iowa Cavalry
Scott, Glint - veteran
Scudder, Amma - see Amma Rowe above
Scudder, Thomas; died 04/01/1878; aged 76y 1m & 23d; h/o Nancy
Scudder, Nancy Blue; died 02/20/1860; aged 57y 3m; w/o Thomas
Seidel, Fred; 11/25/1879-02/0?/1939; s/o John
Shaw, Jane
Smart, son; died 03/??/1879; aged "abt 3y"; s/o George & Frances; Note! burial here is assumed from his obituary
Smart, H.G.; died 01/17/1892; h/o Emily
Smart, Emily A. nee Guild; 01/29/1813 - 01/21/1870; w/o H.G.
Smart, George H.; 1837 - 1901; h/o Frances
Smart, Frances M. nee Barnes; 1848 - 1927; w/o George
Smith, Catherine
Steeman, infant daughter; 12/12/1917 - 12/14/1917; 2d old d/o Henry & Etta
Steeman, Etta nee Schmock; 06/01/1894 - 12/17/1917; w/o Henry; died of pneumonia following childbirth in Britt, IA
Steemann, Louisa; 1898- Oct. 1918; age 21y 10m; d/o Mathias & Wilhelmina
Steemann, Mathias 'Matt'; 03/28/1860 - 06/12/1926; h/o Minnie; s/o John & Maria (Rhode) Steeman
Steemann, Wilhelmina 'Minnie'; 1864-1938; w/o Mathias
Stevens, Fanny E.; died 07/29/1852, aged 1y 16d, d/o Wm. H. & M.E.
Stevens, Mariette 'Mary' E. nee Clark; 07/30/1912 - 01/12/1889; w/o Wm. H.
Stevens, Wm. H.; died 1880; h/o Mariette
Strickler, Sarah E.; 1898 - 1977; "Mother"
Swarz, Fredena Hamann nee Kahlstorf; 09/03/1888 - 09/25/1919; 1st husb. Christ Hamann (divorced), 2nd husb. John Swarz who murdered her; d/o Joachim. Obit
Tackman, Charles M.
Tangeman, Amiel
Tangeman, Andres
Tangeman, Andrew J.; died 04/08/1861; aged 8 days; s/o John G. & M.
Tangeman, Anna C.; w/o A.J. Tangeman; died 03/17/1877, aged 18y 11
Tangeman, August B.; died 09/20/1867, aged 2y 28d; s/o John G. & M.
Tangeman, Elizabeth Jane 'Lizzie' nee Schierholz; 10/20/1850 - 03/04/1933; w/o Henry; d/o Herman & Anna (Tangeman); died at County Home
Tangeman, Henry Herman 'Hy'; 09/12/1850 - 12/15/1918; h/o Elizabeth; s/o Albert & unkn.
Tangeman, Wilhelmiene; 04/02/1831 - 09/04/1863
Tielber, Charlotte; 1865 - 1940; "Mutter"; w/o Gustav
Tielber, Gustav F.L.; 01/30/1861 - 09/08/1902; h/o Charlotte
Thoma, Paulus; 1801 - 1882; ssa Elisabeth
Thoma, Elisabeth; 1804 - 1862
Torrey, (?Benjamin); War of 1812; Note: he no longer has a gravestone, an article in the Garnavillo news column of the Elkader Weekly Register, 6/3/1886, states that his grave was decorated at the Memorial Day ceremonies, the article did not give his 1st name.
Tucke, John
V - see at bottom, stones with initials only
Wahls, John Frederich; 06/20/1820 - 08/10/1904; h/o 1st unkn. (died in New Orleans), 2nd Mary; s/o John & Steina (Bolton) Wahls
Wahls, Louis
Wahls, Mary nee Jacobs; 01/13/1834 - 06/19/1919; 2nd w/o John; d/o E. & Mary (Easaulote) Jacobs
Walter, Emil; s/o Frederick & Anna (Schierholtz); died in infancy; parents buried in the Garnavillo City cemetery
Watson, William H.
Werges, Johann Ludwig
Wehrkamp, Mary
Wilker, Emilie M.; 08/15/1863 - 08/31/1863; her gravestone is next to Anna Maria Wilker's stone
Wilker, Anna Maria; 10/04/1841 - 08/24/1863
Willenbrock, Rebecca M.
Williams, Dudley R.W.; 04/14/1825 in Ledyard, CT - 12/30/1910 in Hub City, WI; h/o Alice Otis; s/o Erastus & Nancy
Williams, John H.; 10/01/1831 - 09/21/1850; s/o Erastus & Nancy; ssa Nancy & Sarah
Williams, Louisa; 12/28/1850 - 10/01/1852; d/o E.H. & H.L.
Williams, Nancy H. nee Hewitt; 06/23/1793 - 03/08/1876; w/o Erastus (died in CT); ssa John & Sarah
Williams, Sarah; 02/25/1837 - 09/21/1850; ssa Nancy & John
Williams, William; 11/01/1860 - 12/24/1861; s/o E.H. & H.L.
Wilson, Catherine; died 08/16/1894, aged 66y
Wilson, Mary A.; died 10/25/1853, aged 28y 1m 28d; w/o Thomas H.
Witte, Anne Maria; died 12/26/1861, aged 88y
Wood, Charlotte
Wood, Mary Infant
Worley, John H.
Unknown surnames:
unknown, Albert A.; died 10/03/1867; ssa Albert T.
unknown, Albert T.; died 10/17/1865; aged 5y 1m; ssa Albert A.
unknown, August; died 09/22/1866; aged 9m & 2d; s/o L.D. & Mary
unknown, Cora A.; died 09/25/1867?; aged 6y 9m
unknown, Jane; w/o (stone broken below these words)
Mcg??, A.L.
Small slabs with initials only:
J.H.B. - with G.E.B. slab - likely Bierbaum
G.E.B. - with J.H.B. slab - likely Bierbaum
S.E.B.
J.C.B.
C.E.B.
A.V.B.
E.A.D
M.R.G.
G.N.G
M.M.K.
H.G.S.
E.A.S.
J.H.S.
I.S.
F.V.
J.V.
R.M.W.
J.H.W.
1) Frederick Benjegerdes (given name Johann Frederick) was born 14 Apr 1823. However, with the date of birth and death it doesn't come out to be 48 years, 5 months and 23 days. I have the birth date from the church records in Garnavillo so don't know why it isn't correct. He is my great, grandfather who married Henrietta Charlotte Wilhelmina Meier (her 2nd marriage). Their son is Johan D. (Diedrich) Benjegerdes for which date of birth and death agree with the age of 18 years, 1 month and 25 days. ~from Grace (Benjegerdes) Keir, November 2010
2) Johann Gerhardt Schulte b. April 6, 1819 and d. July 22, 1861 aged 42 years, 3 months and 16 days was the first husband of Henrietta Charlotte Wilhelmina Meier. She had 5 children by J. Gerhardt who were half siblings of my grandfather, Fred W. Benjegerdes of Postville. ~from Grace (Benjegerdes) Keir, November 2010, Grace's email address can be found in the surname registry for Benjegerdes
3) Jacob Bitter / Bitters - His name appears on the Consolidated List of persons subject to do military duty, residence Garnavillo, June 1862 or 1863 (date difficult to read), he was a single man, a laborer, b. Germany. The records of Co. D, 27th Iowa Volunteer Infantry indicate that Jacob Bitter was rejected in Oct 1862 due to having consumption. In August 1863 he enlisted in the 8th Iowa Cavalry from Elkader. National Archives records indicate his gravestone was erected in 1886 in the Garnavillo cemetery. The order for the headstone reads Pvt. Co B, Regt 6th Iowa Cav., date of death on the order form is blank. Also ...an article in the Garnavillo news column of the Elkader Weekly Register, 6/3/1886, states that his grave was decorated at the Memorial Day ceremonies & indicates his service was in the Missouri Cavalry. Researchers should resolve his service to their satisfaction.


Completely surrounded by water and rich in islands and reefs, Australia is a diver's dream.
Luxury Lodges of Australia is a collection of independently owned and operated luxury lodges and camps offering unforgettable experiences in some of Australia's most inspiring landscapes.
Make your friends jealous this winter by holidaying in North Queensland, with its balmy weather, palm trees and swimmable seas.
Study Abroad in England: London or Leeds?
One of the oldest cities in the USA, Boston is rich in cultural heritage and offers visitors a wealth of things to see and do.
One of the oldest cities in the USA, Boston is rich in cultural heritage and offers visitors a wealth of things to see and do. From the Museum of Fine Arts to skating on Boston Common to taking in a baseball game at Fenway Park, Boston has something for everyone ? the ideal destination if you want to learn English in the United States.
LSI Boston is located on the borders of Chinatown and the Theatre and Financial Districts, close to subway, bus and commuter train stations. Our language school offers excellent facilities to assist you in studying English, including a student resource library, a computer room with internet access and a student lounge. We offer TOEFL exam preparation courses, as well as more general ESL programmes.
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Red Sox baseball game: See Boston's finest play ball at the legendary Fenway Park. Take in all the fun of the ball game while getting to know your fellow students and practising your English.
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Latest Materials: We're constantly reviewing the latest materials available for language learning. We provide you with what our academic team have identified as being the very best course books currently available for your level. We are also committed to providing the latest technology inside the classroom. We utilise the most cutting edge audio, video and web based resources.
Quality Teachers: We understand that our students' single most identifiable measure of programme quality is the teacher. That's why at LSI we only work with the very best teachers; experienced, highly motivated and qualified with country specific teaching credentials.
E-LSI (E-Learning from LSI): Our custom built on line learning system works alongside our classes to help you maximise your time with us. Through your unique log in, you can access your test scores, prepare for and record your 1-2-1 tutorials with your teacher and access a wealth of further learning resources to supplement and extend your in class learning.
Your test results can also be analyzed to provide unique learning objectives for you, giving you the chance to study exactly what you need in order to progress. E-LSI also provides a forum for discussion with classmates and teachers, where you can post your work, collaborate and enhance your learning experience.
We solve all the questions you have about studying abroad.
All Our Schools are Accredited and meet all Standards of Excellence.
of electric stairs of Pepeganga.


text:
This package contains React components for rendering navigation menus and modals in nteract applications. To see this package in action, you can view the source code for the [nteract-on-Jupyter](https://github.com/nteract/nteract/tree/master/applications/jupyter-extension) application.

## Installation

```
$ yarn add @nteract/connected-components
```

```
$ npm install --save @nteract/connected-components
```

## Usage

The example below shows we can use the `ModalController` component within this package to render an about modal.

```javascript
import { ModalController, MODAL_TYPES } from "@nteract/connected-components";

export default () => {
  return <ModalController modalType={MODAL_TYPES.ABOUT} />;
};
```

## Documentation

We're working on adding more documentation for this component. Stay tuned by watching this repository!

## Support

If you experience an issue while using this package or have a feature request, please file an issue on the [issue board](https://github.com/nteract/nteract/issues/new/choose) and add the `pkg:connected-components` label.

## License

[BSD-3-Clause](https://choosealicense.com/licenses/bsd-3-clause/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Midland är en stad i Midland County i delstaten Texas i USA. Den hade 94 996 invånare 2000. Midland är administrativ huvudort (county seat) i Midland County. Staden producerar mycket olja. Midland är den före detta president George W. Bushs hemstad.

Kända personer
 Bessie Love – skådespelare
 Woody Harrelson – skådespelare
 Tommy Lee Jones – skådespelare
 Max Muncy – basebollspelare

Externa länkar

Orter i Texas
Orter grundade 1881

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The advertising and marketing specialists and graphic designers at Sabre Digital Creative understand what makes businesses tick. Click here to view our portfolio. If you would like to see more, we invite you to stop by for a visit to get a more intimate view of our work. Contact us today!
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text:
en - English (Selected)
Procedure : 2015/2604(RSP)
Document stages in plenary
Document selected : RC-B8-0242/2015
Texts tabled :
RC-B8-0242/2015
CRE 12/03/2015 - 6.3
Texts adopted :
JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION
PE552.221v01-00}
PE552.249v01-00} RC1
B8-0242/2015}
B8-0270/2015} RC1
pursuant to Rules 135(5) and 123(4), of the Rules of Procedure
replacing the motions by the following groups:
Verts/ALE (B8‑0242/2015)
ALDE (B8‑0261/2015)
ECR (B8‑0265/2015)
EFDD (B8‑0267/2015)
PPE (B8‑0268/2015)
S&D (B8‑0270/2015)
on Tanzania, notably the issue of land grabbing (2015/2604(RSP))
Cristian Dan Preda, Maurice Ponga, Elmar Brok, Andrey Kovatchev, György Hölvényi, Ramona Nicole Mănescu, Jiří Pospíšil, Giovanni La Via, Bogdan Brunon Wenta, Stanislav Polčák, Csaba Sógor, Tomáš Zdechovský, Lara Comi, Jaromír Štětina, Pavel Svoboda, József Nagy, Tunne Kelam, Lars Adaktusson, Joachim Zeller, Andrej Plenković, David McAllister, Ivana Maletić, Therese Comodini Cachia, Francesc Gambús, Pascal Arimont, Claude Rolin, Davor Ivo Stier, Monica Macovei, Marijana Petir on behalf of the PPE Group
Josef Weidenholzer, Nikos Androulakis, Norbert Neuser, Miroslav Poche, Liisa Jaakonsaari, Nicola Caputo, Enrico Gasbarra, Kashetu Kyenge, Krystyna Łybacka, Alessia Maria Mosca, Tonino Picula, Neena Gill, David Martin, Arne Lietz, Marc Tarabella, Elena Valenciano, Carlos Zorrinho, István Ujhelyi, Michela Giuffrida, Viorica Dăncilă, Victor Negrescu, Sorin Moisă, Andi Cristea, Marlene Mizzi, Vilija Blinkevičiūtė, Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg, Zigmantas Balčytis, Maria Arena, Hugues Bayet, Eric Andrieu, Eider Gardiazabal Rubial, Ana Gomes, Demetris Papadakis, Afzal Khan, Jude Kirton-Darling, Luigi Morgano, Soraya Post, Pier Antonio Panzeri, Brando Benifei, Juan Fernando López Aguilar, Javi López, Momchil Nekov, José Blanco López, Laurenţiu Rebega on behalf of the S&D Group
Charles Tannock on behalf of the ECR Group
Catherine Bearder, Ramon Tremosa i Balcells, Hilde Vautmans, Maite Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Ivo Vajgl, Martina Dlabajová, Beatriz Becerra Basterrechea, Urmas Paet, Marietje Schaake, Dita Charanzová, Javier Nart, Petras Auštrevičius, Gérard Deprez, Marielle de Sarnez, Ivan Jakovčić, Louis Michel, Jozo Radoš, Robert Rochefort, Pavel Telička, Antanas Guoga, Fredrick Federley, José Inácio Faria, Johannes Cornelis van Baalen on behalf of the ALDE Group
Maria Heubuch, Heidi Hautala, Judith Sargentini, Jordi Sebastià, Michèle Rivasi, Bodil Ceballos, Barbara Lochbihler, Ernest Urtasun, Davor Škrlec, Igor Šoltes on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group
Ignazio Corrao, Fabio Massimo Castaldo, Piernicola Pedicini, Marco Valli, Eleonora Evi, Rolandas Paksas, Valentinas Mazuronis on behalf of the EFDD Group
European Parliament resolution on Tanzania, notably the issue of land grabbing (2015/2604(RSP))
The European Parliament,
– having regard to the G8 Land Transparency Initiative of 2013,
– having regard to the African Union's Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa (ALPFG), to the African Union's 'Policy Framework for Pastoralism in Africa: Securing, Protecting and Improving the Lives, Livelihoods and Rights of Pastoralist Communities' adopted by the Conference of African Ministers of Agriculture in October 2010 and approved by the 18th ordinary session of the Executive Council held in Addis Ababa in January 2011 (Doc. EX.CL/631 XVIII) and to the African Union's Declaration of 2009 on Land Issues and Challenges in Africa,
– having regard to the declaration of the World Summit on Food Security, adopted in Rome in 2010, to the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources (PRAI), and to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)'s Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT),
– having regard to the Guiding Principles on Large-Scale Land Based Investments in Africa (LSLBI) of the African Union, the African Development Bank and the Economic Commission for Africa,
– having regard to the report of 11 June 2009 by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter, entitled 'Large-scale land acquisitions and leases: a set of core principles and measures to address the human rights challenge',
– having regard to the Millennium Declaration of 8 September 2000 setting out the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in particular Goals 1, 3 and 7,
– having regard to the UN's 'Millennium Development Goals Report 2014',
– having regard to the report of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) from 20 to 22 June 2012,
– having regard to the 2008 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) study entitled 'Secure Land Rights for All' and to the UN-Habitat guide on 'How to Develop a Pro-Poor Land Policy: Process, Guide and Lessons',
– having regard to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), and to the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (No 169) of 1989 of the International Labour Organisation (ILO),
– having regard to the Village Land Act No 5 of 1999 and the Local Government Act of 1982 of the United Republic of Tanzania,
– having regard to the EU Land Policy Guidelines of 2004 providing guidance for land policy development and programming in developing countries,
– having regard to the Commission's announcement of 9 April 2014 of the establishment of a new programme to the sum of EUR 33 000 000, aimed at improving land governance and food and nutrition security for family farmers and vulnerable communities in sub-Saharan Africa,
– having regard to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights of 2011,
– having regard to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Resolution on the social and environmental impact of pastoralism in ACP countries adopted in November 2013 (ACP-EU/101.526/13/fin),
– having regard to the 2015 study on 'Addressing the Human Rights Impact of Land Grabbing' commissioned by its Subcommittee on Human Rights,
– having regard to the revised Cotonou Agreement,
– having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
– having regard to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights,
– having regard to Rules 135(5) and 123(4) of its Rules of Procedure,
A. whereas key challenges of the 21st century – food security, energy scarcity, water shortages, urban and population growth, environmental degradation, climate change, natural disasters and state fragility – are related to land governance issues, reinforcing the need to prioritise comprehensive land reform and securing land rights;
B. whereas the Tanzanian authorities announced a plan to sell 1 500 square kilometres of Maasai land in Western Serengeti to a private hunting and safari company based in the United Arab Emirates; whereas this plan involves the eviction of 40 000 Maasai pastoralists;
C. whereas due to international pressure, the President of Tanzania, Jakaya Kikwete, claimed in November 2014 to have dropped the plan and pledged never to force the Maasai people out of their ancestral lands; whereas despite the promise made, thousands of Maasai were illegally evicted from their lands; whereas recent reports indicate that over 200 houses have been destroyed and livestock confiscated by the Tanzanian authorities, leaving more than 3 000 people homeless and without shelter;
D. whereas the Tanzanian Maasai have a long-fought history of escalating land ownership disputes with the Tanzanian authorities, since 1992 when the foreign-owned Ortello Business Corporation (OBC) was granted hunting rights within the Loliondo Game Control Area, which is inhabited and legally owned by Maasai pastoralists;
E. whereas a petition by the Maasai community of Ngorongoro district has been signed on line on the AVAAZ platform by more than 2 million people worldwide;
F. whereas private investors and governments are showing a growing interest in large-scale land acquisitions or long-term leasing for food or energy production or for mineral extraction, mostly in African developing countries, especially in Tanzania;
G. whereas Tanzania witnessed a significant increase of foreign and domestic interest in establishing large-scale biofuel plantations in the country between 2005 and 2008, when around 640 000 hectares of land were allocated to investors, thus depriving peasants and rural households of their lands and livelihoods and increasing their food insecurity;
H. whereas an estimated 1.4 billion hectares worldwide are governed by customary norms; whereas access to land for indigenous people has been afforded specific forms of protection under ILO Convention No 169 and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, while Article 10 of the latter guarantees the right not to be forcibly removed from one's lands or territories and states that no relocation shall take place without the free, prior and informed consent of the indigenous people after agreement on just and fair compensation as well as, where possible, the option of return;
I. whereas large-scale land acquisitions can be defined in accordance with the Tirana Declaration of 2011 as 'land-grabbing' when one or more of the following apply: when there is a clear violation of human rights; when the displacement of affected local communities is carried out without their free, prior and informed consent; when it is not based on transparent contracts; and when there is an assessed negative social, economic and environmental impact;
J. whereas, according to the African Development Bank, 75 per cent of the population of Tanzania are small-scale farmers; whereas pastoral communities live well and in harmony with protected wildlife and represent about 10 % of the Tanzanian population, including the Maasai, but continue to face the massive loss of their land arising from the selling of land without adequate knowledge of the legal and practical consequences, corrupt and illegal allocation of land to foreigners, and the classification of land as trust land, reserves or national parks by the authorities;
K. whereas Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognises the right of everyone to own property either alone or in association with others, and states that no-one shall be arbitrarily deprived of their property;
L. whereas international companies, including European companies, have played a significant role in large-scale land acquisitions in Tanzania, and international financial institutions have been involved in financing large-scale land deals in the country;
M. whereas the Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa calls for respect for the human rights of communities, including respecting customary land rights and land-related resources;
N. whereas in May 2014 the EU launched a new programme to strengthen land governance and help improve the food and nutrition security of family farmers and vulnerable communities in African countries;
1. Firmly condemns the illegal displacement of local rural communities, the destruction of their villages and traditional way of life, and the violation of their basic human rights, including the right to adequate food, the right to water and the right to adequate housing;
2. Condemns in particular actions that do not recognise the legitimacy of customary tenure arrangements that provide statutory rights for individuals and communities, and prevent dispossession and abuses of land rights, which are especially prevalent among African communities;
3. Calls on the Tanzanian Government to immediately implement the VGGT and grant the effective justiciability of the rights enshrined therein; to uphold the first fundamental principle of the Guiding Principles on LSLBI, which includes respecting the human rights of communities and customary land rights and contributes to the responsible governance of land and land-based resources in compliance with the rule of law; and to improve land rights for women, who account for at least half of the workforce in farming and trading, but whose access to property rights and the services that accompany such rights (e.g. access to banks and participation in associations) remains constrained , as well as land rights for vulnerable communities and social groups, such as pastoral communities;
4. Calls for the launching of an independent investigation into the land disputes in Loliondo;
5. Urges the Government of Tanzania to promote agricultural investment policies which benefit the local population in the regions concerned, to comply and enforce its policies regarding social and environmental impact assessments, including assessments of impact on local food production, before the commencement of any investment project, and to duly respect the provisions on consultation and compensation in case of land expropriation;
6. Recalls in particular that indigenous people have been granted specific forms of protection of their land rights under international law; stresses, in line with the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, that any shift in land use should take place only with the free, prior and informed consent of the local communities concerned; insist that states must provide effective mechanisms for prevention of, and redress for, any action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands, territories or resources;
7. Expresses its concern at the lack of accurate information and the secrecy surrounding a number of investments in Tanzania; asks the Commission to encourage the authorities to ensure that land deals are conducted in a public and transparent way and are adapted to mobile livestock keepers or pastoralists;
8. Calls on the Commission, in particular, to engage actively with the Tanzanian authorities in order to strongly encourage them to bring forward a legally binding and codified acknowledgement of the rights of the Maasai, with particular reference to their ancestral land, therefore providing the necessary legal protection to prevent future disputes;
9. Emphasises that securing land tenure for rural communities is essential to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); calls for the EU to strengthen capacity-building of courts in developing countries in order to enforce property law effectively and to resolve land disputes, as part of a universal approach aimed at consolidating judicial systems and the rule of law;
10. Recalls that large-scale projects frequently cause severe damage to the natural environment, including clearing of forests, loss of biodiversity and contamination of water;
11. Asks the Commission to ensure the alignment of its land policy guidelines with the VGGT and to give greater importance to it in its development cooperation programmes, trade and investment policy and involvement in multilateral financing institutions;
12. Reiterates that human rights and the rules prohibiting land grabbing should be mainstreamed in the EU's trade and investment agreements, including the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP);
13. Stresses the importance of full transparency and accountability of the operations of EU companies and financial institutions in large-scale agri-business investments and land acquisitions in Tanzania, and calls for a strong and efficient EU mechanism to monitor these operations;
14. Calls on the Commission to submit a report to Parliament on expenditure under development programmes and the EU budget related to land governance, with a view to ensuring that those programmes promote human rights and tackle the challenges linked to land-grabbing;
15. Stresses that land policy processes must effectively recognise the role of local and community-based land administration/management institutions and structures, alongside those of the state;
16. Encourages the European private sector to review the existing voluntary and non-voluntary codes of conduct which relate to land-grabbing practices, and to ensure that European companies apply the same quality standards in this context within the Union and in their investments outside the EU;
17. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission, the African Union and the Government and Parliament of Tanzania.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Climate change: 1.5°C is worth striving for – but is it feasible?
kodda / shutterstock
It is important in interpreting the new report that the IPCC has never said that 2°C was "safe".
Courtesy of Arthur Petersen, UCL
When the Paris Agreement in December 2015 called for the IPCC to put together a "Special Report" on Global Warming of 1.5°C, scientists knew very little about the exact differences that half a degree makes (1.5°C versus 2°C). Never before have so many independent studies been conducted at such short notice, in order to meet this pressing question of the global climate negotiations community. Is a warming of 2°C above pre-industrial levels sufficiently low a limit to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and, if not, can we implement a lower limit?
Many researchers worked tirelessly to get their scientific publications accepted before the cutoff deadline in May 2018. And now we have the assessed result of their studies, summarised in about 30 pages.
So what have climate scientists learned?
First, nothing fundamentally new or surprising has arisen. I vividly remember being involved in crafting the sentences on climate change impacts at different temperatures in the IPCC's previous full assessment round, which was finalised in 2014. We concluded that more warming increases the likelihood of "severe, pervasive, and irreversible impact", that "some risks of climate change are considerable at 1 or 2°C above pre-industrial levels" and that "the overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change". It is important in interpreting the new report that the IPCC has never said that 2°C was "safe".
The 2018 report now puts the particular differences between 1.5°C and 2°C under a magnifying glass. And it comes up with numbers to demonstrate the significant difference between the two, like in a statement that the lower temperature would mean 50% fewer people "exposed to a climate change induced increase in water stress".
I also remember very well that another IPCC contact group that I co-chaired, in Berlin, concluded that reaching a 2°C target would probably entail large-scale afforestation and/or production of bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS).
BECCS involves growing plants to take carbon dioxide out of the air, burning them for energy, and then capturing and storing the emitted CO2. pamas / shutterstock
In order to reach 1.5°C, no one should be surprised that the need to suck carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it somewhere will only become greater. And indeed the 2018 report confirms that some sort of "carbon dioxide removal" will be necessary. Its use can remain limited, however (without even the need for BECCS) provided that there are fast and significant measures to cut emissions and "lower energy and land demand".
Pipe dreams of 1.5°C
Providing the additional, detailed information to policymakers is all very useful. But what strikes me about this latest report is its tone. For the scientists involved it has become apparent (which they never said in so many words before) that the goalpost should be shifted from 2°C (which was already hard to reach) to 1.5°C (which is much harder to reach). Which leads one to ask: if climate scientists are so adamant about this now, why did they not create the opportunity themselves to issue such a warning before? And why did they wait for global leaders to ask them the question?
Politicians have often erroneously pointed to climate science – and the IPCC as its assessor in particular – as having provided the underpinning of the globally agreed target of 2°C. In 2015, the politicians effectively asked scientists to underpin a more stringent target. And they obliged. The scientific community needs to make it as clear as they can that it is not them who have now decided that 1.5°C is "safe". The IPCC has only provided the evidence base that can inform politicians in their deliberations of whether they indeed wish to stay below that other target in the Paris Agreement, the limit of 1.5°C.
In those deliberations, the feasibility of staying below 1.5°C will feature prominently. And here the scientists will find it hard to admit that the scenarios they have conjured up are not at all realistic – they are more like a pipe dream. If they say, for instance, that large-scale carbon capture can be avoided by implementing incredibly fast and deep emission cuts now, they kind of set the world up for having to implement carbon capture anyway, given the difficulties that are involved in fast deep emission cuts worldwide.
The IPCC did not go further than stating that there are some "feasibility and sustainability constraints" related to many of its scenarios. A smart reader will understand that this means that these scenarios are not really feasible, politically and (since politics is fractured) economically.
Arthur Petersen, Professor of Science, Technology and Public Policy, UCL
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Sacrifice (Movie Review)
April 26th, 2016 by Shohan Cagle
From IFC Midnight comes Sacrifice starring Radha Mitchell as Tora Hamilton a Consultant Surgeon who, along with her husband Duncan Guthrie (Rupert Graves), has moved to the remote Shetland Islands. There they plan to adopt their first child as they have been unable to naturally conceive. Since her husband grew up on these Scottish islands they're hoping that, along with the help of Duncan's father and his significant local influence, that they'll have more success in being approved for adoption. Everything seems to be going as planned until Tora makes a shocking discovery about the town and it's locals.
Sacrifice starts off a little shaky in that it seems to be trying to get you up to speed with what's going on as soon as possible. The problem is you've only JUST laid eyes on the main character before we're supposed to be worried about her medical condition. Now, the idea of a doctor needing medical attention themself is pretty compelling, but we're abruptly swept away from that scene to foreign country before we can take a breath. The entire mood jumps from frantic desperation, to calm and serene optimism within the blink of an eye!
This movie kinda plays out like a thirty minute episode of the X-Files in that they need to provide as much information as possible within a short amount of time. The thing is is that there's plenty of time to allow the viewer to settle into the relationships of the characters so that we have some sort of connection to them when something happens. But the film is in such a rush to get to the next big reveal that the audience feels more like bystanders witnessing something from afar. During the first act there a many little Easter eggs being planted that will later be readdressed later in the film. This is a perfectly fine thing to do, if it's done subtlety. But unfortunately they're presented in such an obvious and predicable manner that every time it happens I felt like they should've thrown in some menacing music like, "BUM, Bum, bum!" to give it that much more over-the-top gravitas.
But I can say unequivocally that Radha Mitchell's performance is a solid anchor that keeps this ship from floating off into the abyss. Every time the camera moves onto her, the film somehow elevates itself to a new level that allows you to settle in and immerse yourself into it. However, the level of determination that Mitchell's character Tora displays in solving a peculiar crime scene is a bit odd. She doesn't really have any long standing bonds to the land or the people who live there, so aside from the fact that she experienced a traumatic event earlier in the film, there isn't much justification for her tenacity other than it moves the plot along. Perhaps if her family had some historical connection to some of the clues that are unearthed it would give a stronger motivation for her commitment. But as it stands, it comes across as she's just a stranger in a strange land being nosy for no apparent reason.
In addition to Mitchell's performance there are few moments where you become genuinely intrigued with the story. But then they start dropping all those clues that are so painfully transparent, that things start slow way down. This occurs the most midway through the film when Tora starts to close in on the mystery at hand. The supporting cast give exceptionally strong performances that also serve to maintain the stability of a weak script and dialogue. It's difficult to talk about this movie without spoiling the premise as it's fairly straight forward and relies heavily on it's BIG reveals to keep the audience interested. But like I said earlier, the film never really takes the time to EARN the emotionally dramatic scenes that they put forth. So when something bad happens you're kinda just left with a feeling of "Well, that was unfortunate" as opposed to "Oh my go, I can't believe that happened!".
I was really hoping that once we reached the climax at the end of the film that there would be this big shocking shift in direction that would throw me for a loop. But alas, it ends pretty much as you suspect it would. I really feel like this is something of a missed opportunity. With such a wide array of acting talent, this could've have easily been turned into an intense dramatic thriller. But with the script and dialogue as it is, everything becomes more of a daytime made-for-TV soap opera.
Sacrifice arrives in theaters and Digital On Demand April 29th!
Shohan Cagle
Writer, Musician, Composer, Singer and Dancer. To sum up: I like to get jiggy with it!
Tags: Duncan Guthrie, IFC Midnight, Radha Mitchell, Rupert Graves, Sacrifice, Scotland, X-Files.
This entry is filed under Movie Reviews, News . You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0 . You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.


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Buy Or Sell: James Washington Will Continue To See More Targets Down The Stretch
Posted on December 22, 2021 at 10:00 am
The regular season marks the culmination of an extensive investigation into who your team will be that year. By this point, you've gone through free agency, the draft, training camp, and the preseason. You feel good in your decisions insofar as you can create clarity without having played meaningful games. But there are still plenty of uncertainties that remain, whether at the start of the regular season or the end, and new ones continually develop over time.
That is what I will look to address in our Buy or Sell series. In each installment, I will introduce a topic statement and weigh some of the arguments for either buying it (meaning that you agree with it or expect it to be true) or selling it (meaning you disagree with it or expect it to be false).
The range of topics will be intentionally wide, from the general to the specific, from the immediate to that in the far future. And as we all tend to have an opinion on just about everything, I invite you to share your own each morning on the topic statement of the day.
Topic Statement: James Washington will continue to see a higher volume of targets down the stretch.
Explanation: While Washington's playing time has been relatively consistent when the wide receiver group has been healthy—35-55% of the snaps—his actual opportunities have not been. He has been targeted 11 times in the past two games, without really seeing more snaps. He has 17 targets in the seven games preceding that combined, including six targets starting in Detroit with Chase Claypool unavailable.
There doesn't really seem to be a compelling reason that Washington's targets would see an uptick down the stretch beyond the simple fact that they are coming around to the idea that he is one of their preferred targets. He goes have seven catches for 101 yards and a touchdown in those 11 targets, so he's being productive with his chances as well.
Chase Claypool, meanwhile, has disappointed in multiple ways and at different times. He didn't even catch a pass last week, for the first time in his career. This is a situation of the 'hot hand' playing, and Washington has offered more reliability. Ben Roethlisberger is comfortable with that.
Sell:
Claypool may have blanked on receptions last week, but he has 18 catches for 320 yards combined in the four games preceding it, averaging 18 yards per catch, so he has been productive if we don't reduce his story to just one game. He is the better matchup almost every week, as well.
Part of the reason Washington has gotten more targets is because Diontae Johnson has gotten fewer, especially last week. He probably can't count on that to become a pattern. He usually sees 12-13 targets per game, but he has just 15 in the past two games combined. That won't last.
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At the private christian college I went to if you didn't follow the rules they set properly, for instance not smoking pot or w/e, they'd send you to the local church to sit in on the rehabilitation classes where people who couldn't control themselves. As rediculous as that may or may not sound to you I actually learned something. The people who were there by choice actually enjoyed being there and those that were forced were just looking for someone to hook them up.
You can't force someone to change their nature they have to WANT it.
I also noticed that those that came by choice didn't really need to be there and the rest probably did but they were just wasting their time.
Most thought it was ridiculous that I was there in the first place.
This point has probably already been made but I thought I'd add my two cents.
Personally I would say that was worth at least a nickel. Thanks Mickers.
The Germans and Japanese reacted the same way to being punished, bombed, intimidated as Americans did when Pearl Harbor was bombed. Japanese hoped that that would also lead to short quick war. Instead it motivated Americans, strengthened them, made the war longer. You need a link to that? People, criminals or not, react the same. Why would they be any different?
People, criminals or not, react the same.
You need a link to that?
When you start making wild assumptions and ask others to accept them as truth without any kind of factual support, then you are walking on thin water indeed.
The Germans and Japanese reacted the same way to being punished, bombed, intimidated as Americans did when Pearl Harbor was bombed. Japanese hoped that that would also lead to short quick war. Instead it motivated Americans, strengthened them, made the war longer. You need a link to that? People, criminals or not, react the same.
I don't know why you keep trying to assert that the German and Japanese response to being bombed during WWII is analogous to how a criminal responds to punishment. They aren't the same at all, but since you don't agree that a hostile response to either is appropriate you couldn't have picked a worse example to make your point, since in fact the hostile reaction to Germany and Japan resulted in the exact outcome desired of our incarcerated criminals. Both countries gave up arms and are in fact now our allies. If someone were to agree they are analogous, yours would make the perfect argument for why harsh punishment of criminals is effective.
Yes, if you're still asserting that the Allies military response to Germany's and Japan's aggression in fact lengthened the war. I'm curious how you believe the nations involved should have responded, and how it would have shortened the war.
People, criminals or not, react the same. Why would they be any different?
I still don't understand why you believe people and their national response to war, are the same as a criminal's reaction to punishment.
I think you may have misread my post.
I was saying civilian bombing, (not to be confused with tactical bombing, oil refineries, etc) may have lengthened the war. Using bombs on tactical targets was productive, using bombs on civilians as a method to change their values, was counter productive, especially when you factor in the lives of sacrificing of airmen, planes, other resources.
Romans tried to change Christians values, via crusificition, worked well for them.
Criminals are people,come from the same civilian pool.
The value and morality of the strategic bomber offensive against Germany remains bitterly contested. Bomber Command's aim was to crush civilian morale and force Germany to surrender by destroying its cities and industrial installations. Although Bomber Command and American attacks left 600,000 Germans dead, and more than five million homeless, the raids resulted in only small reductions in German war production until late in the war.
and this refers to both civilian and tactical bombing.
But in the end, I am inclined to think you thought I was talking about aerial bombing, and I was not clear enough to highlight or capitalize "Civilian Bombing" is a term which means solely the killing/punishing of people only, as a tactic.
It just makes sense to bomb a woman's ammunition factory instead bombing her home which just makes her want to make her work harder to more ammunition the next day.


If you already have Dropbox you already know that it has a Public folder where you can save files for everyone to download. If you are using the GUI version of Dropbox you can even right click on the file and get a public link to hand out. Although this works great, we can automate this process and make it easier.
You should see something like, "unison version 2.27.57".
Rysnc helps you transfer data from one location to another in an efficient manner. It is one of those tools that you learn to use and wonder how you lived without it. Rsync is the de facto standard in backup solutions because of its flexibility and power.
Here are a few tasks that you might want to consider using the command line for.
Here are a few example of all the ways we can shutdown and reboot on a nix machine.
Cron is the Linux task scheduler that is responsible for making sure scripts run at their specified times. Cron is often used for things like, log rotation, backup scripts, updating file indexes, and running custom scripts. In the event a task runs into problems or errors Cron generally tries to email the local administrator of the machine. This means it tries to send an email to itself instead of an "internet accessible" email address like, 'user@gmail.com'.


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'Visible Hand': A Guide to Help You Better Understand Economics
Matthew Hennessey's new book shows that economics need not be intimidating to the man (or woman) on the street.
Image Credit: iStock
Economics Book Review Opportunity Cost Adam Smith Invisible Hand Free Market Marginal Utility
Life is not about what we want. It is about the choices we make. Many of us are familiar with this old saw, but how many know that it is more than merely a life lesson, that it is in fact the central core of economics?
Matthew Hennessey's new book, Visible Hand: A Wealth of Notions on the Miracle of the Market, explains how this is so, and in so doing he shows that economics need not be intimidating to the man on the street. In fact, as someone who confesses to have known nothing about economics before age 30, Hennessey, who is currently an opinion editor at the Wall Street Journal, reveals that we intuitively understand it even when we do not realize it.
Take the notion of "opportunity cost." Hennessey notes that we all face choices about where to spend our time, energy, and money. In high school, for example, Hennessey mentions he had the desire to both act in the school play and go out for the baseball team, but because they overlapped with one another, he had to choose between them. If he chose the play, he had to give up baseball, and vice versa.
As it happened, he chose acting. Losing the chance to play baseball was thus an "opportunity cost" of that decision. And it was not the only one. Indeed, choosing the play meant foregoing opportunities to work, study, or spend time with friends, all of which were viable options before he made his decision. The point, then, is that we live in a world where resources (including time) are scarce and yet our wants are unlimited, meaning that there are no "solutions" to satisfying all of our desires, there are only alternatives, and choosing among them always entails opportunity costs.
Thus, if "scarcity" is the first lesson of economics, one consequence is that our decisions are made on the margin, or relative to whether we want more or less of something. To see this, consider the choice between water and diamonds, also known as the "diamond-water paradox," which befuddled economists for nearly a century. Even though water is essential for life and diamonds are not, if given the choice (and assuming all things are equal), we would choose to have diamonds over water.
The answer is that when we make a choice, we are not choosing between all the diamonds in the world and all the water in the world, in which case we would choose to have water for our survival. Rather, we are choosing between having more water or having an additional diamond. Given water's relative abundance, having more of it provides little added satisfaction; conversely, because of their relative scarcity, having an additional diamond provides considerable satisfaction, or "marginal utility," compared to water.
From here, Hennessey adds the common sense notion that the more we have of something, the less we tend to want it, which economists call "diminishing marginal utility." He illustrates this with a brilliant example that may be the most memorable in the book. Imagine, he says, you are at a local fair and that you have not eaten all day. As you peruse the food options, you and your friends decide to buy a childhood favorite, cotton candy. "The first bite," he says, is delicious."
Everybody smiles with their eyes as it melts in their mouths. The fun and laughter build toward the second bite, but the thrill peaks immediately. Maximization has been momentarily achieved. It hangs like a punted football in the air. At the third bite, the fun is over. Everyone is disgusted with themselves. You and your friends wish you could turn back the clock and skip the cotton candy altogether.
If marginal utility is the satisfaction we receive from having the cotton candy compared to alternatives, the dwindling satisfaction that comes from each additional bite of cotton candy constitutes the concept of diminishing marginal utility. As Hennessey puts it, "each bite of cotton candy yields less pleasure, less benefit, less satisfaction than the one before." The takeaway? Our decisions are always made in a relative sense–whether to have the next bite of cotton candy or not–and not in an absolute sense–whether to have every bite of cotton candy or no bites at all.
This is an essential economic lesson our politicians would do well to learn. After all, because people make decisions at the margin, an income tax rate that is too high can discourage people from undertaking additional income-earning opportunities, meaning that high taxation ends up reducing well-being, even when it may not seem obvious (see, for example, economist Greg Mankiw's personal testimony of this here). Yet politicians seldom acknowledge this fact when they bluster about all the goodies their heavy tax and spend policies will provide.
Furthermore, Hennessey points out that the relationship between "supply" and "demand" is not as confusing as it often seems, because they are in fact two sides of the same coin. That is, supply is demand, and vice versa. He helps the reader see this by using the example of a Lego company his son likes. When the Lego company sells Legos to consumers, its employees turn around and spend money on groceries, gas, and entertainment. Thus, the "supply" of Legos constitutes the "demand" for other goods and services in the economy.
Nevertheless, the book is replete with lessons like this that are eminently relatable, and it is written in a way that is both accessible to and fun for the non-specialist. Most importantly, perhaps, the reader will come away from it knowing that while life comes down to the choices we make, economics does too.
David formerly worked at a public policy institution. Follow him on Twitter @DWeinberger03. Email him at [email protected].


Aboriginal groups throughout the Americas experienced severe population loss after contact with Europeans. Depopulation was caused by a number of related factors such as the importation of diseases, interference with Aboriginal lifestyle by missionaries and traders, and the colonial policies of governments that aimed to change Aboriginal people through assimilation.
On the Prairies, in the late 18th and 19th centuries epidemics of smallpox, measles, and influenza erupted along fur-trade routes. After about 1880, with the destruction of the bison herds and the consequent loss of food, shelter, and clothing, there was a severe population decline.
Treaties with the Canadian government in the 1870s had failed to meet basic human needs. Housing on reserves was severely overcrowded, often with fifteen people living in small one-room, mud-roofed shacks. Nutrition was likewise inadequate. The government provided rations of bacon and flour to some reserve residents, but only to those who performed farm work. The colonial policy of assimilation and abandonment of Aboriginal language, culture and spirituality was held out as the solution to the economic problems on the reserves, but also as the path to good health; thus "work for rations" not only saved money, but taught valuable civilizing lessons such as industry. Two contradictory impulses - assimilation and civilization to save Native people from themselves on the one hand, and isolation to protect Native people from civilization on the other hand - led to increasingly coercive and repressive policies. In practice, the clearest manifestation of such policies was the erosion of health.
Insidious poverty continued, and chronic diseases became entrenched on Saskatchewan reserves. The most destructive diseases were red measles and whooping cough in Children, and pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. On the File Hills and Crooked Lakes reserves, population decreased an average of 46% in the first two decades after the treaties were signed. From 1884 to 1892, the child mortality rate, one of the clearest indicators of community health, exceeded the birth rate: for 355 infants born on these reserves, 420 children died.
Industrial and residential schools, the government's primary vehicle for assimilation, were an important vector for the spread of disease, especially tuberculosis. The schools were funded on a per capita basis, therefore to send a sick child home meant a loss of money. It was reasoned that since there was so much tuberculosis in the school already, one more sick child would not make much difference. However, when death seemed imminent the school would send the child home, thus spreading the disease to the reserve. In 1907, the Department of Indian Affairs medical officer, Dr. Peter Bryce, reported that 69% of all ex-pupils at the File Hills school were dead, most of them from tuberculosis.
In the post-World War II period, antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis emptied sanatorium beds across the country, but for Aboriginal people high rates of disease and death continued and were seen as a function of their "race" rather than as a symptom of their social and economic position.
Lux, M.K. 2001. Medicine that Walks: Disease, Medicine and Canadian Plains Native People, 1880-1940. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.


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Home › Heavy Metal › A Few Words on Jeff Hannemann and Slayer
A Few Words on Jeff Hannemann and Slayer
By Every Record Tells A Story on May 10, 2013 • ( 8 )
I was sorry to learn of the passing of Jeff Hannemann, Slayer guitarist, who died on 2 May 2013.
Hannemann, alongside fellow Slayer members – guitarist Kerry King, monster drummer Dave Lombardo and bass player / singer Tom Araya produced a game-changing record "Reign In Blood" which, thanks to its crystal clear production (by Rick Rubin) and incredible blend of precision and chaos still sounds as fresh today as it did in 1986 when it was first released.
That year, Slayer even managed some radio airplay – not from the controversial Reign In Blood, but when their cover of Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida appeared on the Less Than Zero soundtrack. I bought both albums on cassette to play on my Walkman. Those were the days…
I know that Slayer don't appeal to everyone. Can a fan of Radiohead or Joni Mitchell really enjoy the bludgeon riffola of Slayer? Slayer is tribal. It is, for all it's virtuosity, basic. There is beauty in its brutality. And it's not for every day. But every now and then, perhaps when I have been listening to one too many Elbow and Jake Bugg albums, I just want to violently break those records over my knee (NB. I never actually do this) whilst shouting to no-one in particular "Turn off this tasteful, beautifully crafted tomfoolery…" (yes, I would use a word like "tomfoolery" – I am a man of great passion) "…and play some REAL music". Sometimes, I don't want to hear Django Django (pretty much most of the time actually). Or Belle and Sebastian (even though they are wonderful). Sometimes I don't want to hear Pitchfork's iPod, I want to hear Captain Caveman's iPod.
Hannemann's guitar work was described as "tooth extracting" in 1988, such was its ferocity. It's a great description – you can almost visualise the drill when you hear some of those lead breaks…
You will already know that alongside Metallica, Anthrax and Megadeth, Slayer formed the "big four" so-called thrash metal bands who shook things up in the rock world in the mid-eighties. Slayer were the most extreme of those four. In time honoured rock tradition, they played faster and heavier than their peers and those who went before, just like Led Zep, Sabbath and Deep Purple did in the sixties and early seventies, and Judas Priest did in the mid seventies. The New Wave of British Heavy Metal led by Iron Maiden did it again in the early eighties. When I heard Maiden and Priest, it never occurred to me that anything could be louder, heavier or faster.
It occurred to Slayer however. It is testament to Slayer's "Reign In Blood" than twenty seven years later, no other band has beaten it for sheer unadulterated ferocity and heaviness, although plenty have tried. The game stopped with Slayer. They won.
Jeff said about "Reign in Blood" in 1988 "You can't really top "Reign In Blood". What do you do? Go faster? How can you? In fact, on the last tour we were playing so fast that after the first three numbers everything just blurred".
Follow up LP "South of Heaven" couldn't compete for pace, so the band slowed things down. But only a bit. The album was reportedly banned in at least two states.
Said Hannemann, "We haven't changed or compromised to get airplay. We still do what we want."
Their live shows were legendary and the band had a great relationship with its fans: when questioned about their fanaticism, Hannemann was relaxed. "One guy…jumped onstage, grabbed my guitar…and started to sing the words right in my face…so I just hit him. And if things ever did get too far out of control we could always hide behind Kerry's armband full of nails."
Jeff Hannemann had been recovering from an illness caused by a spider bite during which he nearly lost an arm, according to Slayer's website. The band had been touring with a substitute guitarist, and had been hoping to welcome Hannemann back later this year. He was just 49 years old.
Record #188: Slayer – Raining Blood
Source of quotes: interview with Malcolm Dome: Raw Magazine issue 2
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Categories: Heavy Metal
Tags: Dave Lombardo, In a gadda da vida, Jeff Hanneman, Kerry King, New Wave of British Heavy Metal, Reign In Blood, Slayer, Tom Araya
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Cirrhosis of the liver, very sad. This was preventable. R.I.P. He was suffering in silence a long time, even his family had no idea how bad it had become.
HipsterApproved.net
I have to say I'm not the biggest fan of Slayer, but I have much respect.
I'm glad I got to see them at Ozzfest a few years back. R.I.P.
indiloop
Slayer changed my life when I was 14. They are like my Iron Maiden. The loss of Hanneman was the first real blow I've felt from losing a musician. It was like one of "our own" had died. We're in this music biz, but most of us are metal guys over at Indiloop. Very glad to see unlikely sources paying homage to this man. It's easy to feel like extreme metal exists very much outside of the public eye and conscience, so it has been very nice to see the respect given. Cheers to that.
Thanks for that – he will be sorely missed.
Sad Laff
Very, very sad. Never seen Slayer live, and I guess now, I never will (at least, the original lineup).
There's no question that they found the exact sweet spot of speed and intensity, and it all holds up, even decades later.
Acts like Metallica, Iron Maiden, and Judas Priest all seem markedly tepid after hearing Slayer, and yet it wasn't pointless speed; they really did convey the ultimate vision of the speed-metal vector.
It was a crushing blow to hear that D. Boon of the Minutemen was gone from this Earth, and it's a similarly punched-in-the-stomach sensation with this news.
Thanks for your thoughts – much appreciated
Whilst I'm not a fan of metal I can appreciate it. I heard a few Slayer albums due to a friend being into them and yes, they are intense and brutal – they did what they did brilliantly, and anyone who upsets the church is great in my book! So, sorry to see Hannemann go…
Thanks for visiting and for your thoughts


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Resources > Advancing Radio Frequency Technology at AIS
Advancing Radio Frequency Technology at AIS
AIS hires visionaries.
The work that Chris Poore, Research Computer Scientist in AIS Rome has been doing proves it's true and having "Visionary" on his business card seals the deal.
Poore transformed the results of a previously finished project from proof-of-concept into a useful laboratory tool that would greatly impact they way our company performs security and vulnerability assessments.
"I took our existing framework for automatic radio frequency (RF) device assessment, made it work for more types of radios, allowed for the incorporation of third-party tools and scripts and let it all be run from a single computer," said Poore.
This tool helps quickly and accurately identify device characteristics across different bands of RF, which is an otherwise tedious process.
"Let's say we get a device and we have no idea what kind of wireless communications it uses," said Roberts. "A guy like Chris, who is adept at wireless communication protocols, would have to sit there and sift through all the different radio signals and pinpoint which protocol is being used, and that takes a lot of time."
"What I like most about this project is the accumulation and preservation of knowledge from past projects into one readily accessible laboratory tool. The goal is that the software will develop over time and become broad enough to be leveraged for most situations involving RF technology without requiring starting from scratch."
Chris Poore, AIS Research Computer Scientist
Not only is he saving time and resources, the work he has done easily translates to any other team at AIS that works with wireless protocols or any kind of radio activity.
"I made the code accessible to all employees so it could be used and be updated if it ever aligned with future work," said Poore.
The result has been faster assessments, quicker turn around to the customer, better products and more results. Roberts appreciates the work that Poore has been doing because it relates directly to the core values of the company.
"He's exemplifying what we stand for," said Roberts. "He's creating something that not only benefits our team, but it will help all other teams at AIS who may be dealing with RF. That's why we're here. To grow as a team and to support the company at the same time."
Reach out to talk to one of our experts to learn more.


In stylish designer Ash Gray colored wicker, each strand is meticulously hand woven with premium grade PE material infused with UV ray inhibitors to prevent fading or cracking.
Dining set comes with 8 chairs and 1 table. Chairs are stackable and comes with detachable cushions. Cushions are comfortable, water resistant and easy to maintain with built-in zipper for easy removal and cleaning. Table comes with three separate piece of black tempered glass and enough space to seat 8 people comfortably.


A changed (w)hole is the only respite.
Silas, what a grand name for a gentleman spirit of knowing, with a glowing passion for perfection, en route to St. John's.
Anthony uses his non-hands expertly, at 86, legal mind, detonated details, a conversationalist bar none, contemplating puttanesca.
These angels sit with us for hours of escape from the day's cycle.
Benefactors who grant us access to their long walked aisles of the mind and terrain.
Blessed walks…the paths of pale earth. He says I'm brave. I wonder what my thoughts were, decades long. How do you explain the line we create, as artists, to the practical ones?
Marylou Tibaldo–Bongiorno is an Emmy-nominated, award-winning, Newark, NJ-based, social justice filmmaker who, along with her husband Jerome Bongiorno, creates fiction, documentary, and museum installation art films that are widely distributed and capture their Italian-American experience. Her first poetry was published before NYU Graduate Film School and her poems have become a thumbnail of her cinema.


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Searched for: Dance
Japanese Interior Decorative Arts, Meiji Period: Personal Accessories
History and examples of Japanese decorative arts relating to personal accessories from the Meiji period
Collection: Interior Design and Decorative Arts, Meiji Restoration, Japan
Brazil's Carnival of Porto Alegre: The Parade
The members of a Samba school and their roles during the parade.
Activity (5) - Promoting Folk Songs
Activity for "...tell the story and play one..."
Norval Morrisseau
Dramatic performance assignments based on the interdisciplinary relationship between art, performance art, and drama inspired by the painting of Norval Morrisseau.
Collection: Art!Facts
Creator: McMichael Canadian Art Collection
Musée de la Vie Bourguignonne, France : Toy Collection
Musée de la Vie Bourguignonne, France and their collections, with specific reference to their traditional toy collection.
Collection: Countries of the Francophone : Musée de la Vie Bourguignonne, Dijon, France
Activity (4) - Recording Folk Songs
Activity for "We are just in time!"
Norval Morrisseau, Shaman and Disciples, 1979
Presenting biographical information on Norval Morrisseau and interpretive material on his painting Shaman and Disciples.
The Traditional Uses of the Arctic Hare
All the parts of the arctic hare are used. Arctic Hare is used to make clothing and their skulls are used to make a skill game.
Collection: Heritage, History and Art
Activity (3) - Folk Song Composers
Activity for "This is the truth that I now tell you...."


An increasing number of biologists, mechanicists and physicists recently started to collaborate about the basics of movement, at the individual or at the collective level, most often on systems from the plant world.
Physicists, mathematicians and mechanists usually focus on how to generate motion from simple physical principles, or on the emergence of collective effects in active populations. Biologists renew their approach of the living world, especially in nastic movements and tropism. Besides fundamental advances, and bioengineering that is a natural consequence of such research, all parts may be motivated by the applications Nature can inspire for what concerns the conception of synthetic systems, with breakthroughing possibilities of miniaturization (remote control, remote power sources etc).
The aim of this workshop is to exchange around this emerging field, from individual motion to collective behaviour, in order to help to the percolation of a research domain of common interest.


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Q: Spring Boot JPA Specification - Can I use fields not present on the entity? I'm building Specifications in a class that look like this:
public static Specification<Consultant> likeFirstName(String query) {
    return (root, criteriaQuery, criteriaBuilder) ->
    criteriaBuilder.like(root.get(Consultant_.firstName), "%" + query + "%");
}

I have additional fields in my datasource that I'd like to build specifications for. These fields currently don't exist on my entity. I've been scouring the internet for a resource that would let me know if I could provide something like a generic string as a field name and it could be used to build a valid Specification. Something like:
public static Specification<Consultant> likeDisplayName(String query) {
    return (root, criteriaQuery, criteriaBuilder) ->
    criteriaBuilder.like(root.<String>get("blark"), "%" + query + "%");
}

This particular attempt results in an IllegalArgumentException
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Unable to locate Attribute  with the the given name [blark] on this ManagedType [Consultant]

In this case "blark" is a field in my database that is not mapped to my entity, but I want to build a spec that uses this field. Is this possible without adding the field to my entity?

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