With the partial government shutdown nearing its second month, local businesses are doing their part to help furloughed federal workers keep their bellies full.
In the Kernville and Lake Isabella areas, several businesses are now giving furloughed workers credit allowances to help feed them and their families while the shutdown remains in effect. Workers just need to show their government ID to an employee to be eligible.
Some of the businesses participating are Sierra Gateway Markets, Pizza Barn, Cheryl's Diner and Crossroads Market.
Borthick said the idea came from current Chamber President Jon Feldschau, who wanted federal workers in the Kernville area — most of whom work for the U.S. Forest Service — to be able to get food.
Feldschau reached out to local businesses as well as the Kern River Valley Chamber of Commerce, after which a joint effort was announced with a Facebook video message on Wednesday.
"While we know banks and utility companies are trying to defer payments, that doesn't help with putting food on the table, so we've contacted local grocers and restaurants to see how our community can really take care of our people," Feldschau said in the video.
Sherilyn Littlejohn, a manager at Sierra Gateway Markets, said she's happy the two chambers worked together to start this effort.
Littlejohn said the market began offering credit of up to $200 per person on Wednesday. While she doesn't believe any federal workers have come in yet, she expects that to change soon as they become aware of the effort.
"We expect them to start showing up any time, and when they do, we'll be ready to help them out," she said.
Borthick said her diner is also offering up to $200 in credit and said she also doesn't believe they've had any federal workers come yet.
Kernville businesses aren't the only ones trying to help out furloughed workers. There are efforts underway in Bakersfield as well.
The Kern County Bridal Association is offering free tickets to its upcoming wedding expo to all federal employees affected by the shutdown. The association said employees who present a valid federal ID will receive up to two tickets to the expo on Jan. 27 at the Kern County Fairgrounds, 1142 S. P St.
Tickets can be claimed the day of the event or ahead of time by calling 633-9200.
In addition, Romano's Macaroni Grill is offering free spaghetti and meatballs to furloughed employees who show their ID through Jan. 23, or until the shutdown is ended. The meal is available between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m.
Management of the Sikh gurdwara at 7000 Wible Road said it is also inviting federal workers to come to the temple for a meal. The temple is also open to hearing from workers about what else it can do to help meet their needs. The temple can be reached at 831-7222.
If your business or organization is doing something to help local federal workers on furlough due to the government shutdown, please email local@bakersfield.com with some information and we may mention it in the online version of this story.
Guess what . . .! Not a 'partial gov shutdown' . . . a complete stall on the budget which includes a little more money to continue all those 'fed workers' with paychecks building 'fences' that 'work' . . . !


Chùm Stòras Uibhist cuirm choimhearsnachd Disathairne 's iad a' comharrachadh gu bheil cha mhòr deich bliadhna ann bho ghabh iad thairis an oighreachd.
B' ann anns an Dùbhlachd ann an 2006, às dèidh iomairt a mhair còrr air trì bliadhna, a fhuair muinntir an àite sealbh air an oighreachd a tha a' gabhail a-steach Uibhist a Deas, Beinn nam Fadhla agus Èirisgeidh.
Ged a tha obair air thoiseach orra fhathast, tha cathraiche na buidhne, Aonghas MacIlleMhaoil, ag ràdh gu bheil iad air cosnaidhean a chruthachadh agus gu bheil iad air cur ri luach na h-oighreachd.
Chosg an oighreachd £4.5m ann an 2006 ach a-nis, le tuath-gaoithe ann an Loch a' Chàrnain agus caladh ùr ann an Loch Baghasdal a-measg eile, tha luach na h-oighreachd air èirigh gu còrr is £30m.
Tha Mgr MacIlleMhaoil cuideachd a' dèanamh dheth gu bheil an sluagh nas misneachaile an-diugh na bha iad mus do ghabh iad smachd air an fhearann aca fhèin.
"Chanainn-sa gur e an rud as motha, tha misneachd aig daoine a-nis - tha misneachd aig a' choimhearsnachd, tha misneachd aig muinntir an àite gun tig aca air coimhead ri gnìomhachas a chuir air aghaidh".
"Tha misneachd aca gun tig aca, tha mi an dòchas, ri coimhead air fuireach anns na h-eileanan a tha seo an àite dìreach a h-uile duine a bhith a' tarraing mar a bha iad aig an àm".
Chaidh tiodhlaic a thoirt dhan a h-uile leanabh a rugadh air an oighreachd ann an 2006 - agus a tha a' fuireach ann fhathast - airson an ceann-bhliadhna a chomharrachadh.


Today we ripped this meme off a blogger called Dr. Medusa at Professional Mirror, Ph.D. She explains that she's seen it around, most recently at Life of a Fool. But, it was probably stolen at that blog as well. But that is as far as we go. Tracing back our theft's thieves might take some time. Link back to us at Sunday Stealing!
* Eaten an entire box of Oreos:.
I started on this one pretty early, and I loved it. Great pick! Mine will post early tomorrow morning.
Mine will be up at 12:01am. Have a wonderful Sunday everyone!!!
I accidentally put my link on last weeks list!
This is my first one!!
mine are up ...sheesh, that was long!
Mine is up if I actually clicked the 'publish post' button. HA!
Hallelujah-I love not having to think, especially on the last day of NaBloPoMo!
Thanks for the feed.....I love your blog and you too..lol!!
I liked this one, very long but that's ok.
Very late finding this, but thanks to Kwizgiver to pointing me here.


text:
Vasquez For Broome
One Community United
Meet Michael
Coronavirus: Our Community vs. Fear
I have been actively involved in politics at every level of government. I have spent tens of thousands of dollars and similar hours, on reviewing and speaking to the elected officials that serve us. I have built relationships, and understanding about our laws and budgets, with politicians of every Party.
Not everyone agrees with me on all subjects. It would be a scary and less free world if they did. But I understand the compromises needed to move the necessary forward, the relationships that build support, and the line of commitment to values I will not cross.
What I can offer, that few seeking elected office have or would dare to share with the public, is what I have already said. I have been consistent and constant in my beliefs and efforts. You can see every word of it, unaltered, because I stand by what I have said and done.
I have written some 2 million words in 2300 articles over 12 years at mvass.com
I have created some 900 videos, filling over 500 hours of content, at NO Soundbites Allowed
I won't make the false promise that everyone will love everything I stand for and believe in. I DO promise that my commitment is unwavering, consistent, and based on knowledge. That is my history, my asset to constituents. I will stand for you, publicly and directly, without fear or outside influences, because that is the right thing to do. I don't know any other way.
Former City Councilman John CordiscoFormer City Councilman endorses Michael Vasquez for Broome Legislature
"Mike is a fighter, and not afraid of stepping on toes. Mike doesn't care about politics, he cares about results. That's refreshing considering that's becoming rarer and rarer." - John Cordisco, local business owner, Binghamton City Councilman 2000-2007
Frank JohnsonMichael is passionate about the rights of his neighbors and health of our republic... he will continue to live up to the oath he took as a United States Marine and defend both from all that would harm them.
I know of very few people who have entered into the political field that have nearly the character or courage of conviction as Michael Vasquez. He has both integrity and humility, which are two traits you just do not find in many holding public office. I know that as a member of the community, Michael is passionate about the rights of his neighbors and health of our republic, and it is because he knows that one cannot exist without the other, that he will continue to live up to the oath he took as a United States Marine and defend both from all that would harm them. I am proud to call him a friend, and I look forward to him representing me, my family, and my community. - Frank Johnson, Co-Founder, Liberty First Foundation.
Endorsement from Liberty First FoundationWhile being worldly, astute and educated, Michael is first and foremost a leader in his community, a leader that is trusted and respected.
Excerpt of the 4/5/2020 endorsement:
"Michael has given us his time, his voice, and his passion for freedom and liberty, and never ask ed for a thing in return, knowing that what benefits us, benefits us all. It is that selflessness, that dedication to cause, and the willingness to help his fellow American that has garnered him so much respect, even from those with whom he disagrees."
Full endorsement - https://l1f.us/index.php/2020/04/05/one-of-our-own-is-in-the-fight/
Dr. Greg WixsomHe is dedicated to ensuring that our rights as Americans are always protected. I will vote for him and urge others to as well. - Greg Wixsom
I have known Michael Vasquez for many years and am personally aware of his ability and dedication to both the values and principles of our democracy as well as his respect for the people of our community. He is dedicated to ensuring that our rights as Americans are always protected. I will vote for him and urge others to as well. - Greg Wixsom
Michael over the years

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


You sent me an email with an attachment in Microsoft Word format, which is not a standard Internet format, but a proprietary one owned by Microsoft, and protected by them so people can't be sure of reading it properly unless they buy expensive Microsoft software. If you had sent me your text inside a plain email (instead of as an attachment to an email), or as a plain text, rich text, HTML, or PDF attachment, then I would have been able to read it.
Distributing documents in Word format is not good for you or for others. You can't be sure what they will look like if someone views them with a different version of Word; some people may not be able to read them at all.
Sending Word attachments is not good for you, because a Word document normally includes hidden information about the author, enabling those with the know-how to pry into the life of the person who wrote it. Text that you think you deleted may still be embarrassingly present in the file, but simply hidden from you when you view it using Word. The person who reads your Word document with a different program might be able to see it all. Your attachments might even contain fragments of documents you were working on prior to sending your email, in text that's invisible to you, but visible to some of the people who receive your Word attachments. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3154479.stm for more information.
If someone is using a slow connection, or reading their email through their mobile (cellphone) or their handheld computer, your message might not be accessible to them at all if you send it as a Word attachment; if it is, it will take many, many times longer for them to download than if you send a plain email, and this could be very expensive for them on a wireless connection.
Worse still, sending people Word documents is a discourtesy because it implies that if they don't own the programs that you use, you're not interested in whether or not they can read what you've written. Imagine sending a document in Latin to someone else without knowing whether or not they read Latin! If you send someone a Word document, the only way they can be sure of reading it properly is to go out and buy Microsoft Word. Not everyone can afford to do this, and millions of individuals and organisations use other word processing programs because they prefer them, or because they're cheaper or even free.
Even some people who do own Word don't like to receive Word attachments because they don't want to get viruses.
I hope it's clear that I'm not in any way trying to tell you off, but just to share with you some information that you might not have had an opportunity to consider, and which might be helpful to you.
In case you do choose to reconsider using Word attachments as a method of communication, here's some information about ways of sending emails and attachments that anyone can read.
If what's important in your email is the words, it's always, always best to send it as a plain text email. This won't allow you to use italics or underlining, but will be readable on any email program on any device anywhere in the world. To do this type your message right into a blank email in your email program, and check that it will be sent as a plain text mail (not HTML or RTF) -- the 'Help' function of your email program should explain how you can set it up to send plain text emails. There are accepted conventions for emphasising words or distinguishing titles of books. Emphasise words like this: it's *very* easy. Cite references like this: Joseph Heller, _Catch 22_.
Another way that might work is to compose your message in Word, then select and copy all of it. Open your email program and create a new email, and paste the text into the area where you would type your message. This is not entirely reliable, since different versions of Word work slightly differently, and it might add a whole load of invisible formatting codes to your email (invisible to you, using Word: a lengthy jumble of meaningless characters to someone who tries to read it using something else).
If you have a very long document you want to send as an attachment, or a document which people won't be able to understand by means of the words alone (perhaps you have complicated formulae or tables in it, or you *must* use bold and italic), then there are still ways of doing this without appearing to show contempt for people who don't own Microsoft Word.
To convert the file to HTML using Word is simple. Open the document, click on File, then Save As, and in the Save As Type strip box at the bottom of the box, choose HTML Document or Web Page. Then choose Save. You can then attach the new HTML document instead of your Word document. Note that Word changes in inconsistent ways -- if you see slightly different menu item names, please try them.
To convert to plain text (or RTF, rich text) is almost the same--instead of HTML Document, choose Text Only or Text Document (or RTF or Rich text Format) as the Save As Type.
Your computer may also have a program to convert to the PDF (or Adobe Acrobat) format, which was designed to make sure that when someone else views your document, it looks exactly the same on their computer as it did on yours. Select File => Print. Scroll through available printers and select the pdf converter. Click on the Print button and enter a name for the pdf file when requested, then attach that file to your email. There are some cheap or even free programs to make PDF files: use the search function at http://www.download.com/ or http://www.tucows.com/ to find them.
I hope I haven't offended you by offering you this advice. It can be a bit alarming to learn that the way we've been communicating has implied disrespect to some of the people who receive our communications. I thought -- I hope I'm right -- that you'd prefer to be told about it.
If you want to explore this issue further, this web page http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html might be a good place to start.


Every year, during the holiday season, Auger Family Chiropractic locates one or two single moms and their kids to be recipients of their Annual Single Mom Giving Tree. They choose moms who are doing everything they can to raise their children but are still struggling. The office has them anonymously fill out wish lists with needs and wants—including some big wants—for items they don't think anyone will get them; the staff and patients then join together to flood them with gifts. It's always a Christmas to remember for these deserving moms.
The Greenville community is welcome to participate in this heart-warming experience. The tree is up, two families have been selected, and anyone is welcome to stop by Auger Family Chiropractic and select a gift tag off the tree. Afterwards, let the front desk know what you have chosen. Gifts need to be back in the office by Thursday, December 20.
Auger Family Chiropractic has the experience and expertise to help alleviate pain, improve health and optimize athletic performance. Their team is committed to helping you live a happier, healthier, more vibrant life through chiropractic care. The office is located at 1315 Haywood Rd., Greenville. For more information, call 864-322-2828 or visit AugerFamilyChiropractic.com.


text:
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"Later, when the war ended, women made sure over and over again: the men who had been in the hell never talked about it, did not join the societies and clubs of veterans and generally did not want to get involved with organizations that tried to perpetuate the memory of the war".
No, this is not Viktor Astafyev, not Vyacheslav Kondratyev, not Vasil Bykov, not Viktor Nekrasov. These frontline writers are known for describing not the heroic acts of courage, not the exploits of Soviet soldiers, but the so-called "trench truth", the merciless truth about the war, as the transcendent horror that our soldiers went through, gaining victory in over fascism World War II. This is a quote from a best-selling novel by Australian author Colleen McCullough I am currently reading.
Australian soldiers who fought on the frontlines of World War II and got into the very thick of hell, behaved after the war in the same way as the Soviet ones did. Just like all the other soldiers of the allies of the victorious countries – American, British, French soldiers. They wanted neither to remember, nor to tell or hear about the nightmare they had gone through.
Until 1965, Victory Day was not celebrated and was not a day off in the Soviet Union. I remember those times well. Probably, the transformation of Victory Day into a holiday was rejected by the society itself, and the then authorities understood all the inappropriateness of organizing pompous parades and festivities on this mournful Day.
But gradually, by sly degrees, with the decrease in the number of real veterans who remembered the naked, terrible truth about the war, its glorification started to prevail in our country. It has reached such ugly forms that by now it has completely degenerated into a victorious rage with its inappropriate grandiose parades and reckless "we can do it again".
Our allies have proved to be wiser and more far-sighted. For ideological purposes, they did not allow themselves to eviscerate the tragic essence of the war, they do not celebrate this day, do not hold parades, and Victory Day has become a Day of Sorrow for them. And instead of "we can do it again" they repeat as an oath: "never again".
This is the way true veterans wished it to be, veterans who went through the hellish heat of war and for the rest of their lives rejected the memory of it in any form and did not allow any possibility of its heroification and repetition.
Among them are two of my uncles who fell on the field of battle at the very end of the war in Hungary and the Czech Republic. And my father, who was lucky enough to return home safe and sound, and who was destined to live a long life. Probably according to the will of those who left this life so early…


text:
21.08.19 By Annika Dean
Deforestation and the carbon cycle
Forests store large amounts of carbon. Trees and other plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow. This is converted into carbon and stored in the plant's branches, leaves, trunks, roots and in the soil.
When forests are cleared or burnt, stored carbon is released into the atmosphere, mainly as carbon dioxide. Averaged over 2015—2017, global loss of tropical forests contributed about 4.8 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year (or about 8-10% of annual human emissions of carbon dioxide).
Whilst forests are important carbon sinks, meaning they draw down carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the carbon stored in these sinks is part of an active, relatively quick carbon cycle. As living things (including trees) die and decay, the carbon that they once stored is released back into the atmosphere.
By contrast, carbon stored underground in the form of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, is much more stable, and is part of a much slower carbon cycle. Without the influence of humans burning these fossil fuels for energy, this carbon would be unlikely to reach the atmosphere. When fossil fuels are burned, carbon from dead and decayed plants, animals and phytoplankton that lived hundreds of millions of years ago (before dinosaurs existed), is released into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.
Haze from forest fires blankets a an area of deforestation. Image: CIFOR (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
For the latest information about climate science from Australia's leading climate communicators, sign up to the Climate Council today.
Burning fossil fuels, in combination with destruction of carbon sinks due to deforestation and other activities, has contributed to more and more carbon dioxide building up in the atmosphere – more than can be absorbed from existing carbon sinks such as forests. The build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is driving global warming, as it traps heat in the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide levels are now at their highest in human history.
It is not effective to "offset" greenhouse gas pollution from burning fossil fuels by storing carbon in forests. This is because fossil fuels are pumping much more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than existing forests can absorb. At the same time, carbon stores in forests and other natural carbon sinks will become increasingly unstable as climate change progresses. Droughts, tropical storms, heatwaves and fire weather are increasing in severity and frequency because of climate change. This will continue to result in increases in forest losses, contributing to more and more carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere. Risks are significantly reduced but not avoided by keeping the rise in global temperature well below 2°C.
Protecting natural ecosystems and sustainably managing and re-establishing forests are important ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow down temperature rise in the short term by drawing down carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. At the same time, we must deeply and rapidly reduce global greenhouse gas emissions levels from fossil fuels – coal, oil and gas. If we do only the former and not the latter, we risk transforming more and more of our carbon sinks into carbon sources as climate change progresses.
To learn more about this topic, read our report:
Land Carbon: No Substitute for Action on Fossil Fuels
By Annika Dean / 21 August 2019


text:
DARREN COOPER
Cooper: Ramsey's 'warship' cruises into Bergen final
PALISADES PARK – Madison 'Maddie' Taradash got her scholarship. Ramsey got the win.
The Rams 'warship' sailed right into the Bergen County softball tournament final with a 10-0 triumph over Dumont Sunday afternoon at Overpeck Park. It's the first time in the Bergen County final for Ramsey since 1994. The Rams will face Immaculate Conception.
After scoring six runs in the first inning, the 23-0 Rams, North Jersey's only undefeated team, didn't have to deal with much drama on the field. They did have some off of it, however.
Sunday at noon was the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association's annual Scholar-Athlete luncheon at the Pines Manor in Edision. Winners from each school receive a commendation from the NJSIAA and a cash amount for their college education.
The only catch is that one has to be there in person to receive it.
The NJSIAA was made aware of the issue, but couldn't move the luncheon. The Bergen County Women Coaches Association, who oversees the county softball tournament, moved Sunday's semifinals back an hour to try to accommodate the winners. The tournament schedule had been previously adjusted because of rain, so there is no villain here.
So Taradash got dressed up. She arrived for the luncheon and ate a salad. After about 30 minutes, she got her award, then jumped in the car, where she changed into her Rams uniform. Her grandfather, Anthony LaSala, stayed at the luncheon.
"It was really an honor just to be chosen," said Taradash, a senior with a 3.8 grade point average. "I am thankful that the county moved the game for me. I didn't want to have to miss anything."
"It wasn't even a question that she was not going to be here," said Rams coach Chris Caserta. "I am happy that she was here and a part of this. We love her."
Once she got to the field, Taradash, one of just two seniors for the Rams, was all business.
"In the car I was thinking to myself, this is a big game and we need to play well," she said. "I listened to my music in the car then I got here and immediately started throwing. We watched them take the field and it felt right."
There is something that also feels kind of right about seeing Ramsey currently at the top of the Bergen County softball world. The Rams were the Bergen County power in the 1990, led by star pitcher Heather Wilson, who finished with 99 wins in her career, still second most all time in North Jersey. Ramsey's eight appearances in the county final is the second most for any Bergen County public school (Paramus has 10) and they are currently tied for the second most titles of any school with Ramapo, who has five. Immaculate Heart has ten county titles.
This edition of the Rams is definitely a modern day outfit, but with one old-school catch phrase. The Rams believe in the idea of the warship.
"I think early in the year I said, we are loading up the bus, we are loading up the warship," said Caserta. "I said are we showing up to war on a sailboat, where we are laying out in the sun, or are we ready to play softball today?"
A slogan was born.
"They get a chuckle out of it," said Caserta. "So it stuck. Now they talk about the warship."
"It means we need everybody," said Taradash. "Even if you're on the bench, or you're just helping someone warm up, you're part of the team and we are a warship and we are here to battle you."
Ramsey showed they have a warship with plenty of weapons Sunday. It is easy to focus on sophomore pitcher Victoria Sebastian, who struck out four and also had two hits and scored twice, but Ramsey catcher Ryan Henry slugged a two-run homer in the third to effectively end the game, and the Rams athleticism was apparent at every spot.
"Victoria is a huge part of it, but we are so much more than just Victoria," said Caserta. "I think we have the best catcher in the county, both defensively and at the plate. She is a massive part of our defense and right in the heart of our line-up. And we play defense. These last two days, we have had to make outs, because we knew Mahwah [in the quarterfinals] and Dumont would swing the bats. Victoria is going to give us a chance to make plays and if we can make plays, we will throw our hats in the ring and see if we can muster a few runs here and there. Today we came out swinging."


text:
Aachen becomes a center of excellence for optics production
Press Release 2019/10/1
Press Release / October 01, 2019
Having established a center of excellence in Aachen, the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT is now bringing together a network of companies and research institutes to create a new photonics hub in North Rhine-Westphalia. In the "Aachen Center for Optics Production", or ACOP for short, the Fraunhofer researchers are pooling their own expertise with that of the regional optical industry to jointly create a digital, networked infrastructure for optics production. Eleven companies have agreed to support the center in its work. The state of North Rhine-Westphalia is funding the collaborative venture to the tune of 2.8 million euros over an initial period of three years.
Aachen has a long tradition as a center for the production of high-precision optical components and systems. The researchers at the Fraunhofer IPT have therefore set themselves the goal of establishing a joint digitally and physically networked research infrastructure with their partners in the companies in order to investigate different manufacturing processes and process chains.
Digitalization and networking in optical manufacturing
One of the primary goals of the ACOP is to promote the digitalization and networking of processes for the production of high-precision optical components. The Aachen researchers are scrutinizing both the manufacturing processes for glass and plastic components and the technologies used. By digitally linking the individual steps of the process chain – from simulation to replication and assembly of the optics to quality inspection using high-precision measurement technology – they can draw conclusions about improvements. In this way, production can be made faster and more cost-effective.
It is envisaged that appropriate IT technologies, data structures and interfaces will help to use information across processes, improve process understanding and thereby reduce lengthy iterations and errors. The researchers are focusing on developments in industry 4.0 such as the digital twin, data analytics methods and cloud-based services, which are still relatively untapped in the optical industry.
Well-known partners from various industries are on board
During the construction of the new optics center, the Fraunhofer IPT will initially cooperate with eleven companies from North Rhine-Westphalia. Aachen in particular is strongly represented. More than half of the partners come from the region: In addition to internationally established companies such as Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. and Limo Lissotschenko Mikrooptik GmbH, the Fraunhofer IPT has reached out to local
companies such as Innolite GmbH and Son-x GmbH and integrated them. The consortium is broadly based: Industries from automotive to medical technology are represented. The consortium is open to other interested companies, says Tobias Müller from the Fraunhofer IPT, who organizes and controls the development of the ACOP.
The first step towards the start of the cooperation is an opening event hosted by ACOP on December 2, 2019, to which representatives from politics and the media are invited in addition to the participating companies and partners of the Aachen optical research institutes.
Industry and Media representatives who would like to participate in the kick-off event can obtain accreditation from Helen Kolb (optics@ipt.fraunhofer.de) at the Fraunhofer IPT until November 15, 2019.
The Aachen Center for Optics Production, ACOP, is being set up as part of the "EverPro" project, which is funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
Cornelia Rojacher M.Sc.
Head of the business unit "Optics"
52074 Aachen, Germany
Phone +49 241 8904-169
Susanne Krause M.A.
External and internal communications
Fax +49 241 89046180
Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT - Aachen becomes a center of excellence for optics production
Online in Internet; URL: https://www.ipt.fraunhofer.de/en/Press/Pressreleases/20191001-aachen-becomes-a-center-of-excellence-for-optics-production.html


Influential research that downplayed the role of sugar in heart disease in the 1960s was paid for by the sugar industry, according to a report released on Monday.
With backing from a sugar lobby, scientists promoted dietary fat as the cause of coronary heart disease instead of sugar, according to a historical document review published in JAMA Internal Medicine.
Though the review is nearly 50 years old, it also showcases a decades-long battle by the sugar industry to counter the product's negative health effects.
The findings come from documents recently found by a researcher at the University of San Francisco, which show that scientists at the Sugar Research Foundation (SRF), known today as the Sugar Association, paid scientists to do a 1967 literature review that overlooked the role of sugar in heart disease.
SRF set an objective for the review, funded it and reviewed drafts before it was published in the New England Journal of Medicine, which did not require conflict of interest disclosure until 1984. The three Harvard scientists who wrote the review made what would be $50,000 in today's dollars from the review.
Marion Nestle, a nutrition, food studies and public health professor at New York University, said the food industry continues to influence nutrition science, in an editorial published alongside the JAMA report.
The cushy relationship between food companies and researcher has been captured in recent investigations by the Associated Press and New York Times. The AP revealed in June that candy trade groups were funding research into sweets. And in 2015, the New York Times showed how Coca-Cola has funded millions in research to downplay the link between sugary beverages and obesity.
The Sugar Association said in a statement that SRF "should have exercised greater transparency" in its research, but also accused the study authors of having an "anti-sugar narrative".
The findings were based on documents found by Cristin Kearns, a postdoctoral fellow at UCSF, in library archives.
The scientists and executives involved are no longer alive.
In recent years, the link between fat and heart disease has become a more contentious topic – a 2010 review of scientific studies of fat in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that "there is no convincing evidence that saturated fat causes heart disease". The role of sugar in heart disease is still being debated.


text:
Q: Aggregate function in Tuple Relational Calculus How do you translate a COUNT or a GROUP BY or any other aggregate function you find in SQL into TRC, i can't find any way on internet.
So I have a table User
    +----+----------+--+
    |    |   User   |  |
    +----+----------+--+
    | pk | email    |  |
    |    | password |  |
    |    | ...      |  |
    +----+----------+--+

And a table frienship
+----+-------------+--+
|    | FriendShip  |  |
+----+-------------+--+
| pk | user1_email |  |
| pk | user2_email |  |
|    | date        |  |
|    | accepted    |  |
+----+-------------+--+

And the following query in SQL:
SELECT *
FROM user u
LEFT OUTER JOIN friendship f ON (f.user1_email = u.email
                                 OR f.user2_email = u.email)
GROUP BY u.email
HAVING COUNT(u.email) < 3

I would like to transform this query into tuple relational Calculus, the JOIN and the SELECT are pretty straightforward, but for the GROUP BY and the COUNT I don't know.
Thanks,

A: As Lennart says, it's not possible to express those functions so, I decided to transform the count in another way.
First let's assert the following predicate:

Then we can say that having 2 or less friends, is having 0 friends, 1, or 2. To have 1 friend is like saying that there exists a friend (friend1) for wich Friends(me, friend1) is true.
To have 2 friends, you must have 1 friend and another, different. And finally you must not have any more friend.
All this can be express like this:

A: I don't think you can express aggregate functions in neither TRC nor RA. However, there have been proposals to extend them, see for example:
http://cis.csuohio.edu/~matos/notes/cis-612/NestedRelations/Extending%20Relational%20Algebra%20and%20Relational%20Calculus%20with%20Se.pdf

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Baiyunzong () was an offshoot of Huayan Buddhism which synthesized Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. It is viewed by Chan Buddhism as heresy and was banned by Emperor Ningzong of the Southern Song, Ayurbarwada Buyantu, Khan of the Yuan dynasty, and the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty. They published the Buddhist canon, the Puningzang ().

See also
Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)

Notes

External links
初學記
正行集

Huayan
Heresy in Buddhism

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Marx, John
Luminous Moon-Gate (Taichung City Cultural Center)
By AutoDesSys
View AutoDesSys's images
Client Company Name : Barry Cheng Architect & Associates
Luminous Moon-Gate was designed in 2013 for the Taichung City Cultural Center International Competition. The design intent behind the proposed project hints at multiple interpretative roles for Taichung: a portal into heightened consciousness, a lantern of knowledge, a catalyst for metropolitan living, a cultural lung for the body of the city, a gate toward a responsible future, a center regenerative of community life, a landmark for orientation.
The project replaces various military installations and the former Shuinan airport, as most of these functions have been discontinued. Located on the northern end of the new Taichung Gateway Park, the Library and the Museum act as both a singular Cultural Landmark and entrance to the greater Urban Park. Each building axis points to pivotal parts of the park and the city. The Library, the vertical oval, and the Museum, the horizontal oval, work in tandem to express a gateway, yet are distinct volumes with shared design language. One is counterpoint to the other and laid out programmatically the former vertically and the latter horizontally The buildings feature largely glass surfaces that draw passersby throughout the day and serve as a beacon of activity at night, following the idea that transparency of knowledge leads to collective achievements.
In traditional Chinese iconography, a Moon-Gate symbolizes a gateway "to the Garden of Paradise." The paradise of our Information Age aspires to be a future where knowledge and culture shape humankind. The combination of a Library and Museum is uniquely suited to provide the basis for this future, and the Moon-Gate-like 10-story form of the Library is a potent metaphor for this direction.
The Grand Stair is an allegory of the power of knowledge, accessible to all citizens of a free society. Majestic in scale, it marks the entry point to the Great Forum of the Library, drawing the public to ascend and reach the long view on all human matters. This transparent landmark extends the compositional axis of the Taichung Gateway Park. The rich imagery of the architecture of the Enlightenment shapes the dominant forms of this scheme. Claude-Nicolas Ledoux's design is the direct reference for the Grand Stair. This marker is a two-way signal: cascading knowledge and culture from the complex to the public realm, and channeling the urban dwellers from the street to its institutional void.
The vertical culmination of the Library is the Great Reading Room, the architectural center where knowledge gets internalized. In the vastness of its vault, patrons and visitors gather to learn, to experience, to open to the city below. Education, personal growth, citizenship, and the fostering of the arts will regain center stage in the life of Taichung. The Great Reading Room affords expansive view of the City and Taichung Gateway Park. From the street level it is a destination, the place to be; from up there it is the vantage point to discover.
First principles in environmental design led to the proposed project form. It is our position that architecture is inherently sustainable when the design intent springs from a genuine commitment to the betterment of society. Porosity is a core driver for this design. From the high porosity of the overall layout allowing for maximum wind penetration in and around the massing to the low porosity of building materials for controlled collection of water and heat, this notion informs all design moves. The curvaceous forms of the library and the museum enhance passive ventilation and stack effect through suction from the wind blowing across the top of the stack. Movable daylight louvers and micro shutters on a 1-meter cavity wall for all the building envelopes delivered controlled diffused daylight adjustable to varying needs of seasonal changes. Super-windows constitute all the glazing surfaces for maximum insulation value. We envision these structures as breathing machines, where natural elements have a controlled and beneficial access to the well-being of their occupants. To take full advantage of the large extent of surface exposed to the sun, high efficiency photovoltaic panels populate the top of the volumes to harness maximum energy.
Photo Information for Luminous Moon-Gate (Taichung City Cultural Center)


text:
BrightHouse ordered to compensate customers
The compensation is linked to 384,000 customer lending agreements
Iain Lynn
Rent-to-own firm BrightHouse has agreed to pay out £14.8 million in redress to 249,000 customers after the financial watchdog found that it did not act as a "responsible lender".
The compensation is linked to 384,000 customer lending agreements which "may not have been affordable" and payments "which should have been refunded", the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) said.
BrightHouse, which provides household goods to customers on hire purchase agreements, has been working with the FCA since 2014 after the watchdog identified the firm's lending assessment and collections processes fell short of its expectations.
The FCA said that the group "did not always deliver good outcomes for customers, particularly those who were at a higher risk of falling into financial difficulty".
BrightHouse has "identified customers that may have been treated unfairly where its processes fell short of FCA expectations" and has committed to "putting things right" for these customers.
Where it is determined that customers were not assessed properly at the outset of the loan and may have had difficulty making payments, and providing they handed back the goods, BrightHouse will be paid back the interest and fees charged under the agreement, plus compensatory interest of 8%.
Customers who retained the goods will have their balances written off. This part of the redress totals around £10.1 million for 114,000 agreements entered into between April 1 2014 and September 30 2016, covering 81,000 customers.
Those customers who made the first payment due under an agreement with the firm which was cancelled prior to the delivery of the goods will be refunded by BrightHouseplus receive compensatory interest of 8%. This redress totals around £4.7 million for 270,000 agreements entered into after April 1 2010 covering 181,000 customers.
BrightHouse will write to all affected customers, some of whom are affected by both sets of circumstances, to explain the refund or balance adjustment that they will receive.
The FCA added that BrightHouse has worked to improve its lending application assessment to ensure that loans are affordable and customers are treated fairly during the collections process, including revising its late payment fee structure.
Jonathan Davidson, executive director of supervision at the FCA, said: "During the time in question, BrightHouse was not a responsible lender and failed to meet our expectations of firms in this sector.
"I am pleased that it has agreed to provide redress to those customers affected by these historic practices.
"This scheme continues our work with the rent-to-own sector to resolve the concerns we have previously identified.
Lancaster City Council invites tenders for ice cream sales in Morecambe
"Responsible lending and the fair treatment of consumers, especially those in financial difficulties or who are vulnerable, are key priorities for us."


Vodafone is amongst the most well known cellular companies in India with over 200 million users subscribed to it. With a large customer base, Vodafone is believed to be one of the two major players in the telecom industry of India that has been serving Indians since last many years with quality service and commitment. Ever since its inception, it has always tried to meet the varied interests of its clients with its wide-ranging plans. Vodafone offers both posts paid and pre-paid plans and both are well accepted in the market. It has a wide variety of plans for its diverse customer base.
In the industry of mobile network in India, Vodafone occupies the second position for the quality and determination they have shown and the wide acceptance they have since last many years. The two plans of Vodafone, postpaid and prepaid are meant for two different kinds of customers. Postpaid for the users who first use the service and then pay for it at the end of the month and prepaid users who first pays for the service and then uses it as per the need. The postpaid plans are generally monthly, but prepaid plans have a validity of 1 day to 1 month and could be even more. You can choose as per the need and budget. If you want uninterrupted service make sure that you recharge your mobile phone and data card before they run out of balance.
Vodafone recharge service is only for prepaid users and can be availed 24×7 from anywhere and anytime. All you will require is an internet enabled device to help you open the website and app. For Vodafone recharge, you can also use mobile wallet platforms like Paytm, PayU, QuickPay, Freecharge, MobiKwik, PhonePe, etc. All these platforms allow you 24×7 services. The entire process is very simple and hassle-free. You will need a good internet connection for smooth transaction too. Ensure that you have online payment option ready so that when you sit for making Vodafone recharge using online platforms you don't get stuck.
Whether you want to recharge your phone for calls or for data service or wish to use Vodafone recharge to recharge your DTH, you will be immensely satisfied when it comes to smooth and easy service. Just image while you are surfing through shopping sites and your data balance runs out. That is the time when Vodafone recharge can help you immediately and recharge your phone instantly. Pick any plan that best suits you, from unlimited calls, family packs, monthly plans to extra data services; a smooth and fast Vodafone recharge will not disappoint you.
You also get attractive discounts and cash backs that make the experience furthermore fulfilling. Vodafone recharge features are available with several online platforms today to help you in keeping your call time and data service continued, without hindrance.


text:
Home/News/E.A Live News/Open Letter to DRC's Tshisekedi on Increased Hate Speech against Banyamulenge
E.A Live News
Open Letter to DRC's Tshisekedi on Increased Hate Speech against Banyamulenge
Chimp Corps October 16, 2020
DRC President Felix Tshisekedi
By Alexis Byicaza Sebatware
Dear Mr. President,
We, the Innovative Forces for Union and Congolese Democracy, an opposition political group, are profoundly concerned about the violence and loss of human life in the Democratic Republic of Congo region of Mulenge and in the South Kivu region in general.
On social media sites, hateful messages targeting the Banyamulenge tribe have proliferated in the last three weeks (October/2020). Several posts contain racist and dehumanizing language and photos, as well as calls to return them to Rwanda by majority tribes.
Nevertheless, we are worried that your government has so far failed to react adequately to the recent increase in hate speech and threats of violence aimed at the DRC tribe of Banyamulenge. In addition, comments by Mr. Bitakwira, the Minister of Rural Development, and Mr. Fayulu, the leader of the opposition, could increase tension and promote violence and discrimination against Tutsi in general and Banyamulenge in Minembwe.
In international human rights legislation, hate speech does not have a clear meaning, but it is a term used to describe any discourse perceived to be negative and affecting social harmony and peace. All modes of speech that incite bigotry, animosity and violence are included in the definition. Instigators prefer to claim hate speech as freedom of expression, but the right to disrespect and discriminate against others should not be provided to them.
Freedom of speech comes with great responsibility and respect for the fundamental right of people and every person has the right to be protected from intolerance and violence.
Therefore, it is not possible to count the use of abusive language and inciting discrimination and hostility as freedom of speech.
We are worried by the recent rise in hateful messages and incitement in DRC to kill and destroy Banyamulenge.
Online and offline hate speech has escalated social and racial tensions, inciting attacks around the country with deadly consequences.
Your government has the duty, by international human rights legislation and values, to take immediate steps to ensure equality and non-discrimination, racialized violence and xenophobia, racial or religious animosity that incites discrimination, aggression and violence.
We are gravely concerned that in the Democratic Republic of Congo, leaders, senior government officials, politicians and other influential figures spread terror, messages of incitement to violence, for their own political benefit, against one group of citizens or those perceived as others.
The demonization as threatening or inferior of the entire community of people is not new to human history; it has led to devastating tragedies in the past, leading to the genocide against Rwanda's Tutsi in 1994, that began by prompting the majority from Hutu to target Tutsi in the same way.
In recent days, however, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we note that the public is trying to stroke ethnic conflict and violence by spreading hate speech on the topic of Commune Minembwe targeting Banyamulenge. Such rhetoric aims to dehumanize minority groups and politicians from the same tribe serving in your government.
It is important to fight the rhetoric of hate, as it has real-life implications.
Several studies have established a link between hate speech exposure and the amount of hate crimes committed.
We urge you to curb racial discrimination or attacks against one group of people in the DRC and avoid incitement to discrimination, racism; animosity and abuse.
We call on elected officials and politicians as well as the media to assume their mutual obligation to foster tolerant and inclusive communities.
They must refrain from promoting national racial hate, which is an incitement to bigotry, aggression and abuse, and immediately condemn those who incite hatred towards minorities and other marginalized groups in order to achieve this.
We encourage your government to increase its efforts to keep Mr. Bitakwira and Fayulu responsible for previous hate speech promoting or perpetrating violence against Banyamulenge on the topic of Minembwe municipality.
In order to ensure that they do not provide outlets for hate speech and incitement to hatred and abuse and conventional and social media companies should practice due diligence.
Your government should continually work for policies that guarantee the right of minorities to equality and non-discrimination and freedom of speech, as well as the right to live a life free of violence through the promotion of tolerance, plurality and pluralistic views, which are at the heart of pluralistic and democratic societies.
We hope that these efforts will help to make the nation safer and encourage inclusive and peaceful communities in which we both want and deserve to live.
The author is the President of Innovative Forces for Union and Congolese Democracy
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text:
© FAKESHEMP.NET
SEVENTH SON
2015 / Director. Sergei Bodrov.
Review by Shaun Crawford.
SEVENTH SON is the kind of fantasy yarn that spends its time talking about prophecies, witches, amulets and blood moons. That should give you an idea of the kind of territory we're in. It's another Jeff Bridges vehicle to add to his ever-increasing list of mega-budget disappointments that didn't set the box-office on fire, and while it isn't as bad as a kick to the teeth it by no means lives up to the promise of the credentials on show.
The story, such as it is, tells the tale of a farm boy, the seventh son of a seventh son, Tom Ward, who is taken from his home by John Gregory (Jeff Bridges) a grisly old Spook, a hunter of all kinds of nasty goblins and trolls and witches and then from farm-boy taught the secret ways of the dying breed while mega-evil bitch-witch Mother Malkin (Julianne Moore) prepares her hordes for the blood moon when her powers come to fruition and she can rule all the lands.
It's far from a perfect film but the problems don't come from the spectacularly realised ghouls and dragons; the SFX are top notch. Nor do they come from the majestic rolling highland greenery or Jeff Bridges questionable facial hair.Russian director Sergey Bodrov (MONGOL) knows his way around an epic. He ticks all the boxes; a rousing score (here by Marco Beltrami), strange foreign lands, a doomed love interest, it even has a pitch-forks-in-the-air good ol' fashioned lynch mob scene.
The biggest problem is much more fundamental - the script.
We've been here before, a classic heroes journey template with new names slotted into the blank spaces. Bridges does his best getting his laughing gear around some of the script's clunkers and Moore, all gothic and black eye-lined, sleepwalks through the soulless Malkin bits.
If there's any good to be had it's that Kit Harrington shows up for a bit and thankfully doesn't stick around too long and the picture is quite handsomely lensed by Thomas Newton Sigel. But by the time the finale comes around you'll have forgotten what happened at the start - there's almost nothing to hang on to. Competent but it severely lacks any kind of heart or shred of originality.
GLENN COCHRANE
JARRET GAHAN
SHAUN CRAWFORD
ALEX MAYNARD
TRAVIS JOHNSON
© 2018 FakeShemp.Net All rights reserved. FakeShemp.Net Illustrations by MJ Barros.


text:
using System;
using Pdelvo.Minecraft.Network;

namespace Pdelvo.Minecraft.Protocol.Packets
{
    /// <summary>
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// </remarks>
    [PacketUsage(PacketUsage.ServerToClient)]
    public class SetSlot : Packet
    {
        /// <summary>
        ///   Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SetSlot" /> class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// </remarks>
        public SetSlot()
        {
            Code = 0x67;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Gets or sets the window Id.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value> The window Id. </value>
        /// <remarks>
        /// </remarks>
        public byte WindowId { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Gets or sets the slot.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value> The slot. </value>
        /// <remarks>
        /// </remarks>
        public short Slot { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Gets or sets the item.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value> The item. </value>
        /// <remarks>
        /// </remarks>
        public ItemStack Item { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Receives the specified reader.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="reader"> The reader. </param>
        /// <param name="version"> The version. </param>
        /// <remarks>
        /// </remarks>
        protected override void OnReceive(BigEndianStream reader, int version)
        {
            if (reader == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("reader");
            WindowId = reader.ReadByte ();
            Slot = reader.ReadInt16 ();
            Item = ItemStack.Read(reader);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Sends the specified writer.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="writer"> The writer. </param>
        /// <param name="version"> The version. </param>
        /// <remarks>
        /// </remarks>
        protected override void OnSend(BigEndianStream writer, int version)
        {
            if (writer == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("writer");
            writer.Write(Code);
            writer.Write(WindowId);
            writer.Write(Slot);
            writer.Write(Item);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


JEE Main 2019 Topper Jayesh Singla is from Patiala, Punjab. He has scored 100 percentile and is among the 15 candidates who have topped the JEE Main 2019 January exam. In the January attempt a total of 9,29,198 students registered for Paper 1. Only a handful of 15 candidates were able to score 100 percentile and Jayesh Singla is one of them. He studied hard 9-10 hours daily, prepared a proper timetable and tried to remain stress-free. He aims to crack the JEE Advanced 2019 exam too with high scores.
Jayesh is not planning to appear in the April attempt. He says now that he has scored a perfect 100 percentile he is focussing on scoring high in the JEE Advanced examination. The JEE Main 2019 April attempt registrations are starting from February 08, 2019. The exam is scheduled to be held from April 06 to 20, 2019.
JEE Main 2019 Jan Exam scores: He has scored a perfect 100 percentile overall in the exam.
Family Background: His both parents are doctors. His father D.r Ajay Singh, a pediatrician and his mother Dr. Monika Gupta is a gynecologist.
Dream College: He has yet not decided about it. However, he wishes to pursue computer science engineering.
His Success Mantra: Planning timetable and not to over-burden self is important. Smart work is important.
Other Achievements: He had scored 97.4 percent marks in class 10 under the ICSE board.
Jayesh is a hardworking kid. His father reveals that he studies for 9-10 hours daily. However, before the exams, he started to reduce his study hours to 4-5 hours to remain stress-free.
His preparation included – He prepared for both the class 12 board exams and JEE Main 2019 exam together. He has solved as many mock tests and previous year's question papers that he could. In addition to that, he studied mainly from the NCERT books. He prepared from the study materials by the coaching centers and cleared the doubts he had during the weekends.
His Board Exam and JEE Main balancing Strategy – Preparing form NCERT solved the problem of balancing both the preparations. NCERT books covered the preparations for the JEE Mains and Class 12 preparations.
Advice – Make a timetable, do not overburden yourself and study regularly.
Jayesh says that he was never expecting a perfect 100 percentile. He was expecting his scores to be somewhere around 90 percentile. However, after the release of the JEE Main 2019 Answer key and response sheets, he got the idea that he might just score more.
Take as many mock tests as possible.
Solve as many precious years' question papers as possible.


text:
package io.github.sclearn.model.linear

import io.github.sclearn.Dataset

class SGDLinearRegression extends LinearRegression {
}


An exciting new supported accommodation development from Norton Housing and Support, a Housing Association and registered charity, which provides accommodation and support for vulnerable young women with / without young children.
· 7 places within a group living scheme – each resident will have their own bedroom and share communal facilities.
· Rents and service charge covered (if eligible) by Housing Benefit; a small personal charge will apply for non-eligible services of approximately £20.15 per week.
· Additional support may be available if residents have a personal budget, or PIP/DLA award.
· Available from August 2018.
If you think that you or someone you know would be suitable for this scheme, please phone Norton Housing and Support on 0116 253 8541, or alternatively, email info@nortonhousingandsupport.org.uk.


text:
Q: A field initializer cannot reference the non-static field, method, or property 5 I want to define the following arrays to use them on my code. Here's how I want to define them:
namespace LIDAR_v2
{
    public partial class frm_principal : Form
    {
        System.Windows.Forms.Label[] numLabel = { lbl_prog_M1, lbl_prog_M2, lbl_prog_M3, lbl_prog_M4, lbl_prog_M5, lbl_prog_M6, lbl_prog_M7, lbl_prog_M8, lbl_prog_M9, lbl_prog_M10, lbl_prog_M11, lbl_prog_M12 };
        System.Windows.Forms.Label[] iniLabel = { label_ini_1, label_ini_2, label_ini_3, label_ini_4, label_ini_5, label_ini_6, label_ini_7, label_ini_8, label_ini_9, label_ini_10, label_ini_11, label_ini_12 };
        System.Windows.Forms.Label[] finLabel = { label_fin_1, label_fin_2, label_fin_3, label_fin_4, label_fin_5, label_fin_6, label_fin_7, label_fin_8, label_fin_9, label_fin_10, label_fin_11, label_fin_12 };
        System.Windows.Forms.DateTimePicker[] iniTimeLabel = { dt_prog_ini_M1, dt_prog_ini_M2, dt_prog_ini_M3, dt_prog_ini_M4, dt_prog_ini_M5, dt_prog_ini_M6, dt_prog_ini_M7, dt_prog_ini_M8, dt_prog_ini_M9, dt_prog_ini_M10, dt_prog_ini_M11, dt_prog_ini_M12 };
        System.Windows.Forms.DateTimePicker[] finTimeLabel = { dt_prog_fin_M1, dt_prog_fin_M2, dt_prog_fin_M3, dt_prog_fin_M4, dt_prog_fin_M5, dt_prog_fin_M6, dt_prog_fin_M7, dt_prog_fin_M8, dt_prog_fin_M9, dt_prog_fin_M10, dt_prog_fin_M11, dt_prog_fin_M12 };
        System.Windows.Forms.Label[] intLabel = { label_int_1, label_int_2, label_int_3, label_int_4, label_int_5, label_int_6, label_int_7, label_int_8, label_int_9, label_int_10, label_int_11, label_int_12 };
        System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown[] intValue = { nm_prog_interv_M1, nm_prog_interv_M2, nm_prog_interv_M3, nm_prog_interv_M4, nm_prog_interv_M5, nm_prog_interv_M6, nm_prog_interv_M7, nm_prog_interv_M8, nm_prog_interv_M9, nm_prog_interv_M10, nm_prog_interv_M11, nm_prog_interv_M12 };
        System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox[] diario = { ck_prog_diario_M1, ck_prog_diario_M2, ck_prog_diario_M3, ck_prog_diario_M4, ck_prog_diario_M5, ck_prog_diario_M6, ck_prog_diario_M7, ck_prog_diario_M8, ck_prog_diario_M9, ck_prog_diario_M10, ck_prog_diario_M11, ck_prog_diario_M12 };
     }
}

but this generates the error

"a field initializer cannot reference the non-static field"

. Any solutions?
Thank you!!

A: You have to initialize those fields (like numLabel) in the constructor of the class because they reference other fields that are not static.
For example:
public partial class frm_principal : Form
{
    System.Windows.Forms.Label[] numLabel = null;

    public frm_principal()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
        numLabel = new System.Windows.Forms.Label[] { lbl_prog_M1, lbl_prog_M2, lbl_prog_M3, lbl_prog_M4, lbl_prog_M5, lbl_prog_M6, lbl_prog_M7, lbl_prog_M8, lbl_prog_M9, lbl_prog_M10, lbl_prog_M11, lbl_prog_M12 };
        ...


THE decision a quarter of a century ago by the then leadership team of the Sunshine Coast Daily to launch a Sunday paper was a bold and visionary move that gave Sunshine Coast residents a news resource unique to regional Australia.
Now we're doing it again.
At the time this newspaper was founded the media landscape in Australia was a very different place. Print was still king and few people outside of a university computer lab had heard of the internet.
Brisbane's Sunday Sun had just folded, leaving Queensland with only one Sunday newspaper - the Sunday Mail.
Former Daily editor Peter Owen and general manager Ric Bronson decided to change that by creating the Sunshine Coast Sunday - Australia's only regional Sunday paper.
But times change. Today the World Wide Web allows us to transmit news as its happening and, of course, that's how much of our audience consumes their news.
So, just as Peter Owen and Ric Bronson did in the early '90s, we're shaking things up to make sure we're serving our readers.
The Sunshine Coast Sunday is being replaced with an intensive, local, weekend online presence virtually unique among Australia's regional newspapers, to give you strong coverage of events and incidents as they happen.
And we're not abandoning our loyal print readers. We launch a revamped Weekend paper next Saturday and an expansion of Monday's sport's coverage.
It's a change we are genuinely excited about and we hope you will be too.


text:
Tags Amanda seyfried
Tag: amanda seyfried
First Photos of Amanda Seyfried as Elizabeth Holmes in 'The Dropout'
Oscar nominee Amanda Seyfried (Mank) perfectly captures disgraced billionaire and founder of Theranos Elizabeth Holmes in the first photos from Hulu's The Dropout. The...
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'Mank' Trailer: Gary Oldman Plays 'Citizen Kane's Screenwriter
Netflix has released the teaser trailer for David Fincher's upcoming drama, Mank. Oscar winner Gary Oldman, who channeled Winston Churchill in 2017's critically acclaimed...
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'The Art of Racing in the Rain' Trailer and Poster: Grab Your Issues
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Rebecca Murray - May 9, 2018 0
The long-awaited film adaptation of Garth Stein's bestselling novel The Art of Racing in the Rain has begun production. Fox 2000 announced filming has...
'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again' Debuts the Final Trailer and a New Poster
Universal Pictures has released the final trailer leading up to the theatrical release of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. The studio's also unveiled...
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text:
"""%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

      PLOTandWRITE_AGNfitter.py

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

This script contains all functions used in order to visualize the output of the sampling.
Plotting and writing.
These functions need the chains saved in files samples_mcmc.sav and samples_bur-in.sav.
This script includes:

- main function
- class OUTPUT
- class CHAIN
- class FLUXESARRAYS
- functions SED_plotting_settings, SED_colors

"""
#PYTHON IMPORTS
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rc, ticker
#matplotlib.use('Agg')
import sys, os
import math
import numpy as np
import triangle #Author: Dan Foreman-Mackey (danfm@nyu.edu)
import time
import scipy
from astropy import units as u
from astropy import constants as const

#AGNfitter IMPORTS
import MODEL_AGNfitter as model
import PARAMETERSPACE_AGNfitter as parspace
import cPickle

def main(data, P, out):

    """
    Main function of PLOTandWRITE_AGNfitter. Output depends of settings in RUN_AGNfitter.

    ##input:
    - data object
    - dictionary P (parameter space settings)
    - dictionary out (output settings)

    """

    chain_burnin = CHAIN(data.output_folder+str(data.name)+ '/samples_burn1-2-3.sav', out)
    chain_mcmc = CHAIN(data.output_folder+str(data.name)+ '/samples_mcmc.sav',  out)
    chain_mcmc.props()

    print '_________________________________'
    print 'Properties of the sampling results:'
    print '- Mean acceptance fraction', chain_mcmc.mean_accept
    print '- Mean autocorrelation time', chain_mcmc.mean_autocorr

    output = OUTPUT(chain_mcmc, data)

    if out['plot_tracesburn-in']:
        fig, nplot=chain_burnin.plot_trace(P)
        fig.suptitle('Chain traces for %i of %i walkers.' % (nplot,chain_burnin.nwalkers))
        fig.savefig(data.output_folder+str(data.name)+'/traces_burnin.' + out['plot_format'])
        plt.close(fig)

    if out['plot_tracesmcmc']:
        fig, nplot = chain_mcmc.plot_trace(P)
        fig.suptitle('Chain traces for %i of %i walkers.'% (nplot,chain_mcmc.nwalkers))
        fig.savefig(data.output_folder+str(data.name)+'/traces_mcmc.' + out['plot_format'])
        plt.close(fig)

    if out['plot_posteriortriangle'] :
        fig = output.plot_PDFtriangle('10pars', P.names)
        fig.savefig(data.output_folder+str(data.name)+'/PDFtriangle_10pars.' + out['plot_format'])
        plt.close(fig)

    if out['plot_posteriortrianglewithluminosities']:
        fig = output.plot_PDFtriangle('int_lums', out['intlum_names'])
        fig.savefig(data.output_folder+str(data.name)+'/PDFtriangle_intlums.' + out['plot_format'])
        plt.close(fig)

    if out['writepar_meanwitherrors']:
        outputvalues, outputvalues_header = output.write_parameters_outputvalues(P)
        comments_ouput= ' # Output for source ' +str(data.name) + '\n' +' Rows are: 2.5, 16, 50, 84, 97.5 percentiles # '+'\n'+ '-----------------------------------------------------'+'\n'
        np.savetxt(data.output_folder + str(data.name)+'/parameter_outvalues_'+str(data.name)+'.txt' , outputvalues, delimiter = " ",fmt= "%1.4f" ,header= outputvalues_header, comments =comments_ouput)

    if out['plotSEDrealizations']:
        fig = output.plot_manyrealizations_SED()
        fig.savefig(data.output_folder+str(data.name)+'/SED_manyrealizations_' +str(data.name)+ '.'+out['plot_format'])
        plt.close(fig)

"""=========================================================="""

class OUTPUT:

    """
    Class OUTPUT

    Includes the functions that return all output products.
    You can call all chain and data properties, since it inherits chain and data classes.

    ##input:
    - object of the CHAIN class, object of DATA class
    """

    def __init__(self, chain_obj, data_obj):

        self.chain = chain_obj
        self.chain.props()

        self.out = chain_obj.out
        self.data = data_obj
        self.z=self.data.z
        fluxobj_withintlums = FLUXES_ARRAYS(chain_obj, self.out,'int_lums')
        fluxobj_4SEDplots = FLUXES_ARRAYS(chain_obj, self.out,'plot')

        if self.out['calc_intlum']:
            fluxobj_withintlums.fluxes( self.data)
            self.nuLnus = fluxobj_withintlums.nuLnus4plotting
            self.allnus = fluxobj_withintlums.all_nus_rest
            self.int_lums = fluxobj_withintlums.int_lums

        if self.out['plotSEDrealizations']:
            fluxobj_4SEDplots.fluxes(self.data)
            self.nuLnus = fluxobj_4SEDplots.nuLnus4plotting
            self.filtered_modelpoints_nuLnu = fluxobj_4SEDplots.filtered_modelpoints_nuLnu
            self.allnus = fluxobj_4SEDplots.all_nus_rest

    def write_parameters_outputvalues(self, P):

        Mstar, SFR_opt = model.stellar_info_array(self.chain.flatchain_sorted, self.data, self.out['realizations2int'])
        column_names = np.transpose(np.array(["P025","P16","P50","P84","P975"], dtype='|S3'))
        chain_pars = np.column_stack((self.chain.flatchain_sorted, Mstar, SFR_opt))
                                            # np.mean(chain_pars, axis[0]),
                                            # np.std(chain_pars, axis[0]),
        if self.out['calc_intlum']:

            SFR_IR = model.sfr_IR(self.int_lums[0]) #check that ['intlum_names'][0] is always L_IR(8-100)

            chain_others =np.column_stack((self.int_lums.T, SFR_IR))
            outputvalues = np.column_stack((np.transpose(map(lambda v: (v[0],v[1],v[2],v[3],v[4]), zip(*np.percentile(chain_pars, [2.5,16, 50, 84,97.5], axis=0)))),
                                            np.transpose(map(lambda v: (v[0],v[1],v[2],v[3],v[4]), zip(*np.percentile(chain_others, [2.5,16, 50, 84,97.5], axis=0)))),
                                            np.transpose(np.percentile(self.chain.lnprob_flat, [2.5,16, 50, 84,97.5], axis=0)) ))

            outputvalues_header= ' '.join([ i for i in np.hstack((P.names, 'log Mstar', 'SFR_opt', self.out['intlum_names'], 'SFR_IR', '-ln_like'))] )

        else:
            outputvalues = np.column_stack((map(lambda v: (v[1], v[2]-v[1], v[1]-v[0]), zip(*np.percentile(chain_pars, [16, 50, 84],  axis=0)))))
            outputvalues_header=' '.join( [ i for i in P.names] )
        return outputvalues, outputvalues_header

    def plot_PDFtriangle(self,parameterset, labels):

        if parameterset=='10pars':
            figure = triangle.corner(self.chain.flatchain, labels= labels, plot_contours=True, plot_datapoints = False, show_titles=True, quantiles=[0.16, 0.50, 0.84])
        elif parameterset == 'int_lums':
            figure = triangle.corner(self.int_lums.T, labels= labels,   plot_contours=True, plot_datapoints = False, show_titles=True, quantiles=[0.16, 0.50, 0.84])
        return figure

    def plot_manyrealizations_SED(self):

        #reading from valid data from object data
        ydata = self.data.fluxes[self.data.fluxes>0.]
        yerror = self.data.fluxerrs[self.data.fluxes>0.]
        yndflags = self.data.ndflag[self.data.fluxes>0.]
        Nrealizations = self.out['realizations2plot']

        #Data frequencies (obs and rest), and model frequencies
        data_nus_obs = 10**self.data.nus[self.data.fluxes>0.]
        data_nus_rest = data_nus_obs * (1+self.z)
        data_nus = np.log10(data_nus_rest)

        all_nus =self.allnus
        all_nus_rest = 10**all_nus
        all_nus_obs =  10**all_nus / (1+self.z) #observed

        distance= model.z2Dlum(self.z)
        lumfactor = (4. * math.pi * distance**2.)
        data_nuLnu_rest = ydata* data_nus_obs *lumfactor
        data_errors_rest= yerror * data_nus_obs * lumfactor

        SBnuLnu, BBnuLnu, GAnuLnu, TOnuLnu, TOTALnuLnu, BBnuLnu_deredd = self.nuLnus

        #plotting settings
        fig, ax1, ax2 = SED_plotting_settings(all_nus_rest, data_nuLnu_rest)
        SBcolor, BBcolor, GAcolor, TOcolor, TOTALcolor= SED_colors(combination = 'a')
        lw= 1.5

        for i in range(Nrealizations):

            #Settings for model lines
            p2=ax1.plot(all_nus, SBnuLnu[i], marker="None", linewidth=lw, label="1 /sigma", color= SBcolor, alpha = 0.5)
            p3=ax1.plot(all_nus, BBnuLnu[i], marker="None", linewidth=lw, label="1 /sigma",color= BBcolor, alpha = 0.5)
            p4=ax1.plot(all_nus, GAnuLnu[i],marker="None", linewidth=lw, label="1 /sigma",color=GAcolor, alpha = 0.5)
            p5=ax1.plot( all_nus, TOnuLnu[i], marker="None",  linewidth=lw, label="1 /sigma",color= TOcolor ,alpha = 0.5)
            p1= ax1.plot( all_nus, TOTALnuLnu[i], marker="None", linewidth=lw,  label="1 /sigma", color= TOTALcolor, alpha= 0.5)

            p6 = ax1.plot(data_nus, self.filtered_modelpoints_nuLnu[i][self.data.fluxes>0.],   marker='o', linestyle="None",markersize=5, color="red", alpha =0.7)

            det = [yndflags==1]
            upp = [yndflags==0]

            upplimits = ax1.errorbar(data_nus[upp], 2.*data_nuLnu_rest[upp], yerr= data_errors_rest[upp]/2, uplims = True, linestyle='',  markersize=5, color="black")
            (_, caps, _) = ax1.errorbar(data_nus[det], data_nuLnu_rest[det], yerr= data_errors_rest[det], capsize=4, linestyle="None", linewidth=1.5,  marker='o',markersize=5, color="black", alpha = 1)

        ax1.annotate(r'XID='+str(self.data.name)+r', z ='+ str(self.z), xy=(0, 1),  xycoords='axes points', xytext=(20, 310), textcoords='axes points' )#+ ', log $\mathbf{L}_{\mathbf{IR}}$= ' + str(Lir_agn) +', log $\mathbf{L}_{\mathbf{FIR}}$= ' + str(Lfir) + ',  log $\mathbf{L}_{\mathbf{UV}} $= '+ str(Lbol_agn)
        print ' => SEDs of '+ str(Nrealizations)+' different realization were plotted.'

        return fig

"""=========================================================="""

class CHAIN:

    """
    Class CHAIN

    ##input:
    - name of file, where chain was saved
    - dictionary of ouput setting: out

    ##bugs:

    """

    def __init__(self, outputfilename, out):
            self.outputfilename = outputfilename
            self.out = out

    def props(self):
        if os.path.lexists(self.outputfilename):
            f = open(self.outputfilename, 'rb')
            samples = cPickle.load(f)
            f.close()

            self.chain = samples['chain']
            nwalkers, nsamples, npar = samples['chain'].shape

            Ns, Nt = self.out['Nsample'], self.out['Nthinning']
            self.lnprob = samples['lnprob']
            self.lnprob_flat = samples['lnprob'][:,0:Ns*Nt:Nt].ravel()

            isort = (- self.lnprob_flat).argsort() #sort parameter vector for likelihood
            lnprob_sorted = np.reshape(self.lnprob_flat[isort],(-1,1))
            self.lnprob_max = lnprob_sorted[0]

            self.flatchain = samples['chain'][:,0:Ns*Nt:Nt,:].reshape(-1, npar)

            chain_length = int(len(self.flatchain))

            self.flatchain_sorted = self.flatchain[isort]
            self.best_fit_pars = self.flatchain[isort[0]]

            self.mean_accept =  samples['accept'].mean()
            self.mean_autocorr = samples['acor'].mean()

        else:

            'Error: The sampling has not been perfomed yet, or the chains were not saved properly.'

    def plot_trace(self, P, nwplot=50):

        """ Plot the sample trace for a subset of walkers for each parameter.
        """
        #-- Latex -------------------------------------------------
        rc('text', usetex=True)
        rc('font', family='serif')
        rc('axes', linewidth=1.5)
        #-------------------------------------------------------------
        self.props()

        self.nwalkers, nsample, npar = self.chain.shape
        nrows = npar + 1
        ncols =1

        def fig_axes(nrows, ncols, npar, width=13):
            fig = plt.figure(figsize=(width, width*1.6))#*nrows/ncols))
            fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.9)
            axes = [fig.add_subplot(nrows, ncols, i+1) for i in range(npar)]
            return fig, axes

        fig, axes = fig_axes(nrows, ncols, npar+1)

        nwplot = min(nsample, nwplot)
        for i in range(npar):
            ax = axes[i]
            for j in range(0, self.nwalkers, max(1, self.nwalkers // nwplot)):
                ax.plot(self.chain[j,:,i], lw=0.5,  color = 'black', alpha = 0.3)
            ax.set_title(r'\textit{Parameter : }'+P.names[i], fontsize=12)
            ax.set_xlabel(r'\textit{Steps}', fontsize=12)
            ax.set_ylabel(r'\textit{Walkers}',fontsize=12)

        ax = axes[-1]
        for j in range(0, self.nwalkers, max(1, self.nwalkers // nwplot)):
            ax.plot(self.lnprob[j,:], lw=0.5, color = 'black', alpha = 0.3)
        ax.set_title(r'\textit{Likelihood}', fontsize=12)
        ax.set_xlabel(r'\textit{Steps}', fontsize=12)
        ax.set_ylabel(r'\textit{Walkers}',fontsize=12)

        return fig, nwplot

"""=========================================================="""

class FLUXES_ARRAYS:

    """
    This class constructs the luminosities arrays for many realizations from the parameter values
    Output is returned by FLUXES_ARRAYS.fluxes().

    ## inputs:
    - object of class CHAIN
    - dictionary of output settings, out
    - str giving output_type: ['plot', 'intlum',  'bestfit']

    ## output:
    - frequencies and nuLnus + ['filteredpoints', 'integrated luminosities', - ]
    """

    def __init__(self, chain_obj, out, output_type):
        self.chain_obj = chain_obj
        self.output_type = output_type
        self.out = out

    def fluxes(self, data):

        """
        This is the main function of the class.
        """
        self.chain_obj.props()

        SBFnu_list = []
        BBFnu_list = []
        GAFnu_list= []
        TOFnu_list = []
        TOTALFnu_list = []
        BBFnu_deredd_list = []
        if self.output_type == 'plot':
            filtered_modelpoints_list = []

        gal_do,  irlum_dict, nh_dict, BBebv_dict,_ = data.dictkey_arrays
        # Take the last 4 dictionaries, which are for plotting. (the first 4 were at bands)
        _,_,_,_,STARBURSTFdict , BBBFdict, GALAXYFdict, TORUSFdict,_= data.dict_modelfluxes

        nsample, npar = self.chain_obj.flatchain.shape
        source = data.name

        if self.output_type == 'plot':
            tau, agelog, nh, irlum, SB ,BB, GA,TO, BBebv, GAebv= self.chain_obj.flatchain[np.random.choice(nsample, (self.out['realizations2plot'])),:].T
        elif self.output_type == 'int_lums':
            tau, agelog, nh, irlum, SB ,BB, GA,TO, BBebv, GAebv= self.chain_obj.flatchain[np.random.choice(nsample, (self.out['realizations2int'])),:].T
        elif self.output_type == 'best_fit':
            tau, agelog, nh, irlum, SB ,BB, GA,TO, BBebv, GAebv= self.best_fit_pars

        age = 10**agelog

        self.all_nus_rest = np.arange(11.5, 16, 0.001)

        for g in range(len(tau)):

            # Pick dictionary key-values, nearest to the MCMC- parameter values
            irlum_dct = model.pick_STARBURST_template(irlum[g], irlum_dict)
            nh_dct = model.pick_TORUS_template(nh[g], nh_dict)
            ebvbbb_dct = model.pick_BBB_template(BBebv[g], BBebv_dict)
            gal_do.nearest_par2dict(tau[g], age[g], GAebv[g])
            tau_dct, age_dct, ebvg_dct=gal_do.t, gal_do.a,gal_do.e

            #Produce model fluxes at all_nus_rest for plotting, through interpolation
            all_gal_nus, gal_Fnus = GALAXYFdict[tau_dct, age_dct,ebvg_dct]
            GAinterp = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(all_gal_nus, gal_Fnus, bounds_error=False, fill_value=0.)
            all_gal_Fnus = GAinterp(self.all_nus_rest)

            all_sb_nus, sb_Fnus= STARBURSTFdict[irlum_dct]
            SBinterp = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(all_sb_nus, sb_Fnus, bounds_error=False, fill_value=0.)
            all_sb_Fnus = SBinterp(self.all_nus_rest)

            all_bbb_nus, bbb_Fnus = BBBFdict[ebvbbb_dct]
            BBinterp = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(all_bbb_nus, bbb_Fnus, bounds_error=False, fill_value=0.)
            all_bbb_Fnus = BBinterp(self.all_nus_rest)

            all_bbb_nus, bbb_Fnus_deredd = BBBFdict['0.0']
            BBderedinterp = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(all_bbb_nus, bbb_Fnus_deredd, bounds_error=False, fill_value=0.)
            all_bbb_Fnus_deredd = BBderedinterp(self.all_nus_rest)

            all_tor_nus, tor_Fnus= TORUSFdict[nh_dct]
            TOinterp = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(all_tor_nus, np.log10(tor_Fnus), bounds_error=False, fill_value=0.)
            all_tor_Fnus = 10**(TOinterp(self.all_nus_rest))

            if self.output_type == 'plot':
                par2 = tau[g], agelog[g], nh[g], irlum[g], SB[g] ,BB[g], GA[g] ,TO[g], BBebv[g], GAebv[g]
                filtered_modelpoints, _, _ = parspace.ymodel(data.nus,data.z, data.dictkey_arrays, data.dict_modelfluxes, *par2)

            #Using the costumized normalization
            SBFnu =   (all_sb_Fnus /1e20) *10**float(SB[g])
            BBFnu = (all_bbb_Fnus /1e60) * 10**float(BB[g])
            GAFnu =   (all_gal_Fnus/ 1e18) * 10**float(GA[g])
            TOFnu =   (all_tor_Fnus/  1e-40) * 10**float(TO[g])
            BBFnu_deredd = (all_bbb_Fnus_deredd /1e60) * 10**float(BB[g])

            TOTALFnu =  SBFnu + BBFnu + GAFnu + TOFnu

            #Append to the list for all realizations
            SBFnu_list.append(SBFnu)
            BBFnu_list.append(BBFnu)
            GAFnu_list.append(GAFnu)
            TOFnu_list.append(TOFnu)
            TOTALFnu_list.append(TOTALFnu)
            BBFnu_deredd_list.append(BBFnu_deredd)
            #Only if SED plotting: do the same with the  modelled flux values at each data point
            if self.output_type == 'plot':
                filtered_modelpoints_list.append(filtered_modelpoints)

        #Convert lists into Numpy arrays
        SBFnu_array = np.array(SBFnu_list)
        BBFnu_array = np.array(BBFnu_list)
        GAFnu_array = np.array(GAFnu_list)
        TOFnu_array = np.array(TOFnu_list)
        TOTALFnu_array = np.array(TOTALFnu_list)
        BBFnu_array_deredd = np.array(BBFnu_deredd_list)

        #Put them all together to transport
        FLUXES4plotting = (SBFnu_array, BBFnu_array, GAFnu_array, TOFnu_array, TOTALFnu_array,BBFnu_array_deredd)
        #Convert Fluxes to nuLnu
        self.nuLnus4plotting = self.FLUXES2nuLnu_4plotting(self.all_nus_rest, FLUXES4plotting, data.z)

        #Only if SED plotting:
        if self.output_type == 'plot':
            filtered_modelpoints = np.array(filtered_modelpoints_list)
            distance= model.z2Dlum(data.z)
            lumfactor = (4. * math.pi * distance**2.)
            self.filtered_modelpoints_nuLnu = (filtered_modelpoints *lumfactor* 10**(data.nus))
        #Only if calculating integrated luminosities:
        elif self.output_type == 'int_lums':
            self.int_lums= np.log10(self.integrated_luminosities(self.out ,self.all_nus_rest, self.nuLnus4plotting))
        # elif self.output_type == 'best_fit':
        #     self.filtered_modelpoints_nuLnu = self.FLUXES2nuLnu_4plotting(all_nus_rest,  filtered_modelpoints, self.chain_obj.data.z)

    def FLUXES2nuLnu_4plotting(self, all_nus_rest, FLUXES4plotting, z):

        """
        Converts FLUXES4plotting into nuLnu_4plotting.

        ##input:
        - all_nus_rest (give in 10^lognu, not log.)
        - FLUXES4plotting : fluxes for the four models corresponding
                            to each element of the total chain
        - source redshift z
        """

        all_nus_obs = 10**all_nus_rest /(1+z)
        distance= model.z2Dlum(z)
        lumfactor = (4. * math.pi * distance**2.)
        SBnuLnu, BBnuLnu, GAnuLnu, TOnuLnu, TOTALnuLnu, BBnuLnu_deredd = [ f *lumfactor*all_nus_obs for f in FLUXES4plotting]

        return SBnuLnu, BBnuLnu, GAnuLnu, TOnuLnu, TOTALnuLnu, BBnuLnu_deredd

    def integrated_luminosities(self,out ,all_nus_rest, nuLnus4plotting):

        """
        Calculates the integrated luminosities for
        all model templates chosen by the user in out['intlum_models'],
        within the integration ranges given by out['intlum_freqranges'].

        ##input:
        - settings dictionary out[]
        - all_nus_rest
        - nuLnus4plotting: nu*luminosities for the four models corresponding
                            to each element of the total chain
        """

        SBnuLnu, BBnuLnu, GAnuLnu, TOnuLnu, TOTALnuLnu, BBnuLnu_deredd =nuLnus4plotting
        out['intlum_freqranges'] = (out['intlum_freqranges']*out['intlum_freqranges_unit']).to(u.Hz, equivalencies=u.spectral())
        int_lums = []
        for m in range(len(out['intlum_models'])):

            if out['intlum_models'][m] == 'sb':
                nuLnu= SBnuLnu
            elif out['intlum_models'][m] == 'bbb':
                nuLnu= BBnuLnu
            elif out['intlum_models'][m] == 'bbbdered':
                nuLnu=BBnuLnu_deredd
            elif out['intlum_models'][m] == 'gal':
                 nuLnu=GAnuLnu
            elif out['intlum_models'][m] == 'tor':
                 nuLnu=TOnuLnu

            index  = ((all_nus_rest >= np.log10(out['intlum_freqranges'][m][1].value)) & (all_nus_rest<= np.log10(out['intlum_freqranges'][m][0].value)))
            all_nus_rest_int = 10**(all_nus_rest[index])
            Lnu = nuLnu[:,index] / all_nus_rest_int
            Lnu_int = scipy.integrate.trapz(Lnu, x=all_nus_rest_int)
            int_lums.append(Lnu_int)

        return np.array(int_lums)

"""
Some stand-alone functions on the SED plot format
"""

def SED_plotting_settings(x, ydata):

    """
    This function produces the setting for the figures for SED plotting.
    **Input:
    - all nus, and data (to make the plot limits depending on the data)
    """
    fig = plt.figure()
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111)
    ax2 = ax1.twiny()

    #-- Latex -------------------------------------------------
    rc('text', usetex=True)
    rc('font', family='serif')
    rc('axes', linewidth=1.5)
    #-------------------------------------------------------------

    #    ax1.set_title(r"\textbf{SED of Type 2}" + r"\textbf{ AGN }"+ "Source Nr. "+ source + "\n . \n . \n ." , fontsize=17, color='k')
    ax1.set_xlabel(r'rest-frame $\mathbf{log \  \nu} [\mathtt{Hz}] $', fontsize=13)
    ax2.set_xlabel(r'$\mathbf{\lambda} [\mathtt{\mu m}] $', fontsize=13)
    ax1.set_ylabel(r'$\mathbf{\nu L(\nu) [\mathtt{erg \ } \mathtt{ s}^{-1}]}$',fontsize=13)

    ax1.tick_params(axis='both',reset=False,which='major',length=8,width=1.5)
    ax1.tick_params(axis='both',reset=False,which='minor',length=4,width=1.5)

    ax1.set_autoscalex_on(True)
    ax1.set_autoscaley_on(True)
    ax1.set_xscale('linear')
    ax1.set_yscale('log')

    mediandata = np.median(ydata)
    ax1.set_ylim(mediandata /50.,mediandata * 50.)

    ax2.set_xscale('log')
    ax2.set_yscale('log')
    ax2.set_ylim( mediandata /50., mediandata * 50.)

    ax2.get_xaxis().set_major_formatter(ticker.ScalarFormatter())
    ax2.tick_params(axis='both',reset=False,which='major',length=8,width=1.5)
    ax2.tick_params(axis='both',reset=False,which='minor',length=4,width=1.5)

    x2 = (2.98e14/ x)[::-1] # Wavelenght axis

    ax2.plot(x2, np.ones(len(x2)), alpha=0)
    ax2.invert_xaxis()
    ax2.set_xticks([100., 10.,1., 0.1])

    return fig, ax1, ax2

def SED_colors(combination = 'a'):

    if combination=='a':
        steelblue = '#4682b4'
        darkcyan ='#009acd'
        deepbluesky = '#008b8b'
        seagreen = '#2E8B57'
        lila = '#68228B'
        darkblue='#123281'

    return seagreen, darkblue, 'orange', lila, 'red'