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A long-range ground-based interceptor is launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, January 28, 2016. (MDA/Released)
The Ground-Based Midcourse Defense System: Myths and Facts
Rebeccah L. Heinrichs
Periodically, an organization will publish a report or article critical of various elements of the U.S. ballistic missile defense system (BMDS). The homeland defense component of the BMDS, the Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system, has received the most scrutiny and criticism. For example, the Union of Concerned Scientists recently published a report repeating years-long and soundly refuted claims about GMD. The purpose of this document is to offer a more balanced, fact-based assessment of the purpose of the system, the rigors of the testing program, and the confidence the system enjoys among Democratic and Republican officials and military experts.
MYTH #1: The Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system does not work.
FACT: The director of operation test and evaluation (DOT&E) is responsible for assessing the results of tests conducted for each major Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition program. The 2015 DOT&E Report concluded that GMD has demonstrated the capability to defend against limited threats.1 Additionally, policymakers in both Republican and Democratic administrations, as well as senior military leaders, have repeatedly expressed confidence in the GMD system's ability to intercept the kinds of threats posed by rogue state actors and in its critical contribution to the U.S. strategic posture. Recently, for example, Admiral William Gortney, commander of North American Aerospace Defense Command and U.S. Northern Command, stated that "we have high confidence in the ability of this system to defeat an ICBM [intercontinental ballistic missile] strike against the United States from an enemy with limited ICBM capabilities."2 Lieutenant General David L. Mann, commander of U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Strategic Forces Command and Joint Functional Component Command for Integrated Missile Defense, recently told the Senate Armed Services Committee "the GMD system remains our Nation's only defense against an ICBM attack." He went on to state, "As the Secretary of Defense and various Combatant Commanders have previously testified, the Warfighter remains confident in our ability to protect the Nation against a limited intercontinental ballistic missile attack, even in the face of the changing fiscal environment."3
MYTH #2: The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) scripts its tests and is not subject to effective oversight.
FACT: The Missile Defense Agency develops and implements a rigorous testing program with intense scrutiny. MDA is subject to layers of oversight, including from the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (OSD AT&L), the Missile Defense Executive Board (MDEB), Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E), four congressional defense committees, and the Government Accountability Office (GAO). As authoritatively stated by the current director of the Missile Defense Agency, Vice Admiral James Syring:
MDA executes a fully integrated test program that synchronizes the system with the Warfighters trained to operate the system under varying wartime conditions against current and emerging threats. This ensures that BMDS capabilities are credibly demonstrated and validated prior to delivery to the Warfighter. We continue to work closely with independent testers within DoD—the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation; Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Developmental Test & Evaluation; Service Operational Test Agencies; and Combatant Commands, represented by the Joint Forces Component Commands Integrated Missile Defense to develop an Integrated Master Test Plan to execute a robust, cost-effective flight test program. Our flight tests feature operationally realistic conditions and integrate U.S. government stakeholders—to include Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines—and allies to prove BMD capabilities before they are fielded. From October 2014 to the present, we have executed 25 flight tests. For the remainder of FY 2016 we will conduct six more flight tests, and in FY 2017 16 flight tests. In addition to 22 element level ground tests, we conducted 11 developmental and operational system-level ground tests from October 2014 to the present. There are three more system-level ground tests scheduled for this fiscal year, and four more planned for FY 2017. Last year we also conducted or participated in more than 20 multi-event exercises and wargames, which are critical to the Warfighter and the intensive engineering efforts across the Agency.4 (Emphasis added)
MYTH #3: Exempting MDA programs from the standard DoD "fly before you buy" standard is foolish and increases the risks.
FACT: President George W. Bush withdrew the United States from the Cold War Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty in 2002 and issued a directive to deliver an initial GMD capability by 2004. The MDA follows the guidance of the 1999 National Missile Defense Act, signed into law by President William J. Clinton, which states: "It is the policy of the United States to deploy as soon as is technologically possible an effective National Missile Defense system capable of defending the territory of the United States against limited ballistic missile attack (whether accidental, unauthorized, or deliberate) with funding subject to the annual authorization of appropriations and the annual appropriation of funds for [NMD]." Allowing MDA to rapidly develop, test, and deploy the system was, and continues to be, a necessity. Before the first Ground-based Interceptors (GBIs) were deployed to Fort Greely, Alaska, the United States had nothing to defend against incoming ICBMs. The first GBIs fielded were never intended to be complete; it was always the plan to continue to test, improve, and increase the reliability of the system over time. Unfortunately, the Obama administration cut funding for GMD almost in half in the first budget of its first term. Some of the cuts came directly out of the program elements meant to improve the shortcomings of the system. Predictably, the program suffered testing failures as a result of the cuts. It is a true testament to the MDA's discipline under its current director, Vice Admiral James Syring, that even in this resource-constrained environment, the program conducted a successful intercept test in June 2014, and the MDA continues to implement its plans to replace the current Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) with a Redesigned Kill Vehicle (RKV). The RKV is a necessary step on the way to the next-generation kill vehicle, which will have an enhanced capability to intercept multiple objects to better defend against potential decoys and counter-measures meant to confuse the system.
MYTH #4: Missile defense, even if technically possible, is destabilizing and creates an incentive for adversaries to invest in their offensive missile forces.
FACT: Missile defense systems are not the cause of adversaries' offensive missile programs. Rather, U.S. missile defense systems are developed and deployed in response to the present and constantly developing threats posed by adversaries' offensive missiles. It is because the United States has remained exposed to the threat of ballistic missile attack that rogue countries like Iran and North Korea seek a nuclear ballistic missile as a relatively affordable means of coercing much more capable adversaries. The more effective and robust the BMDS, the less likely countries are to devote resources to long-range missile programs to coerce the United States, since they believe the defensive system will be able to neutralize a first strike. Rather than scaling back U.S. strategic missile defense, the United States should devote significant resources to currently operational systems so that they can fulfill their technical potential, and to next-generation technologies to work towards a more robust defensive capability.5 An additional GMD site, with more GBIs at existing sites, would increase the reliability of the current system, even as the MDA continues to improve the accuracy of its EKVs. Additional radar will also improve the accuracy of the system and must be supported and deployed as soon as possible.
Russia often claims that current U.S. missile defense plans and deployments pose a threat to strategic stability and therefore create a need for increased investments in offensive capabilities. However, Russia has not always made this claim. When President Bush withdrew the United States from the ABM Treaty in 2002, President Vladimir Putin stated: "I can say with full confidence that the decision made by the President of the United States does not pose a threat to the national security of the Russian Federation." He went on to express his commitment to further nuclear arms reductions.6 National objectives unique to each country and strategic relationships between countries determine how each nation's leaders decide on the kind of weapons they will develop and deploy. Russia is objecting to U.S. missile defense plans as a means to further its own foreign policy goals, and so now is China. U.S. acquiescence to their demands to curb defensive plans only encourages China and Russia continue to object to future deployments and leaves the United States unnecessarily exposed to missile threats.
MYTH #5: Countries like North Korea cannot pose a credible nuclear missile threat to the U.S. homeland, and therefore, systems like GMD are a waste of money.
FACT: North Korea continues to test long-range ballistic missiles and to conduct nuclear tests, in clear violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions. According to a March 2013 Defense Intelligence Agency report titled Dynamic Threat Assessment 8099: North Korea Nuclear Weapons Program, "D.I.A. assesses with moderate confidence the North currently has nuclear weapons capable of delivery by ballistic missiles; however the reliability will be low."7
A recent Pentagon report on North Korea's military capabilities warns that "North Korea is committed to developing a long-range, nuclear-armed missile that is capable of posing a direct threat to the United States." It also affirms previous assessments that the North Korean regime is committed to improving its KN-08 ICBMs as well as extending the range of its long-range missiles. According to the report, "If successfully designed and developed, the KN-08 likely would be capable of reaching much of the continental United States, assuming the missiles displayed are generally representative of missiles that will be fielded."8 The North Koreans have yet to demonstrate an actual nuclear long-range missile due to the significant challenges they face. Still, numerous U.S. military leaders warn that North Korea is far enough along that the United States must prepare to defend against this capability. Even if Pyongyang has not mastered accuracy for a nuclear-armed ballistic missile, it could still threaten the United States with such a missile, however inaccurate.
While Commander of U.S. Northern Command, Admiral William Gortney testified "While the KN-08 remains untested, modeling suggests it could deliver a nuclear (weapon) to much of the continental United States."9
Admiral Gortney has also noted that there are challenges in identifying the KN-08, making missile defense all the more critical. "It's the relocatable target set that really impedes our ability to find, fix, and finish the threat," Gortney said. "And as the targets move around and if we don't have the persistent stare and persistent [intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance] that we do not have over North Korea at this time, that relocatable nature makes it very difficult for us to counter it."10
Co-authors:,
General Gene Renuart, USAF (ret), Commander, U.S. Northern Command, 2007–2010
Lieutenant General Henry A. "Trey" Obering III, USAF (ret), Director, Missile Defense Agency, 2004–2008
Eric Edelman, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, 2005–2009
Robert Joseph, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, 2005–2007
1 Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E), FY 2015 Annual Report, January 2016, pp. 371-372. ↝
2 Testimony of Admiral William E. Gortney, Commander, United States Northern Command and North American Aerospace Defense Command, before the House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, March 19, 2015, accessed at http://docs.house.gov/meetings/AS/AS29/20150319/103007/HHRG-114-AS29-Wstate-GortneyUSNB20150319.pdf ↝
3 Testimony of Lieutenant General David L. Mann before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Strategic Forces Subcommittee, March 25, 2015. ↝
4 Testimony of Vice Admiral James Syring, Director, Missile Defense Agency, before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Defense, April 13, 2016. ↝
5 For more on what the United States must do to significantly improve its BMDS, please see Rebeccah L. Heinrichs et al., Space and the Right to Self-Defense, Hudson Institute, June 2016, http://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/attachment/1499/20160627heinrichsspaceandtheright toselfdefense.pdf. ↝
6 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, "ABM Treaty: President Putin Statement," December 13, 2001, http://www.acq.osd.mil/tc/treaties/abm/PutinDec13.htm. ↝
7 David Alexander, "Pentagon Report on North Korea Nuclear Capabilities Stirs Worry, Doubts," Reuters, April 11, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-usa-idUSBRE93A15N20130412. ↝
8 Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Report to Congress, Department of Defense, 2015, http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_Democratic_Peoples_Republic_of_Korea_2015.PDF. ↝
9 Testimony of Admiral William E. Gortney, Commander, United States Northern Command and North American Aerospace Defense Command, before the Senate Armed Services Committee, March 10, 2016, http://www.northcom.mil/Portals/28/Documents/Gortney_Posture%20Statement_SASC_03-10-16.pdf. ↝
10 Jeremy Bender, "Top NORAD General: North Korea Has a Nuclear-Capable Missile That Can Hit the US," Business Insider, April 10, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/us-general-north-korea-hasnuclear-capable-missile-that-can-hit-us-2015-4. ↝
Hudson.org
Defense Strategy
JADC2 May Be Built To Fight The Wrong War
Although it is one of the US military's highest priorities, service and industry leaders remain confused about Joint All-Domain Command and Control,...
The Navy Surface Fleet Must Truly Rebalance Or Risk Irrelevance
U.S. Navy surface warriors meeting virtually this week are focused on improving the fleet's training, maintenance, and leadership—worthy topics during...
Providence Magazine
Reject the Mob, Defend the Republic
What a heart-wrenching day for our nation. The live videos of the hordes of Americans flooding the US Capitol were literally nauseating. ...


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PM654B
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Sensor(s) on PM654B
Select date range and sensor(s) to download ASCII data for PM654B
Start Time: 2007 April May June July August September October November December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 : 00 10 20 30 40 50
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100 m Atlas Temperature Sensor
300 m Atlas Water Pressure Sensor
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Thursday Movie Picks: Summer Break
by	MettelRay	 July 22, 2021 July 22, 2021
Of course I'm in the middle of my summer break when this theme comes up! What a perfect coincidence. Anyway I have not much to tell… here are my three movies that feature a summer break. They are not the best but they shall do because I honestly don't have a lot of good movies left at this point. Oh and yes, they all fit into a specific genre because of course.
3. THE FINAL GIRLS (2015)
Alright I'm taking a bit of a leap here because I can't be 100% sure this is a summer break movie. But … camps happen during summer right, so this should work! Basic point is that the main characters get stuck in a 92 minute summer break/summer camp movie scenario. Though not the best horror movie out there it's still fun and I think the main idea is rather innovative.
2. I KNOW WHAT YOU DID LAST SUMMER (1997)
A true summer break horror classic! Even lil old me who just recently discovered the joys of the horror genre watched this way back when. It is not the most logical or exciting but honestly it's still a classic. Like in its own little way, it's a must and I feel like everyone knows about this movie even if they haven't seen it.
1. WRONG TURN (2003)
I haven't logged this one into Letterboxd but I feel like I've seen it. I'm pretty sure I have though I can't remember anything but honestly what is there to remember about these types of movies? Some college students get stuck in the woods during their summer break, it gets bloody, one survives? I honestly can't remember but I feel like I've seen this because I used to LOVE Eliza Dushku to bits. Still do just haven't followed her career as much. Oh and apparently there's a 2021 remake of this… I'm sure it turned out super well!! (PS: that was sarcasm).
THIS SERIES IS CREATED BY WANDERING THROUGH THE SHELVES
Tags:	I Know What You Did Last Summer, The Final Girls, Thursday Movie Picks, TMP, Wrong Turn
The One Where I List All the Thursday Movie Picks I Missed
Thursday Movie Picks: Actors or Actresses Playing Themselves
Looking at that cast of The Final Girls… why haven't I watched this yet??? I feel like IKWYDLS is a classic, but that's because it came out when I was a teenager LOL. I haven't seen Wrong Turn but I do like Eliza Dushku.
MettelRay Post author
I have no idea, it was actually quite fun.
I like your theme within a theme! I haven't seen The Final Girls yet. I keep meaning to go back to that.
Thank you! I feel like it's a good "just" a movie, nothing too special though. 😀
I'm not much of a horror guy but I have seen I Know What You Did Last Summer which was entertaining in its dumb way but not enough to get me to watch the sequel. I might check out your first since it sounds like it takes a more comedic slant but the last is just the type of horror I avoid.
It's great that you always have a theme within the theme. I luck out some weeks with one but this isn't one of them, two of mine deal with different aspects of coming of age but the last is a straight adventure.
Last Summer (1969)-Spending the summer unsupervised on Fire Island Sandy (Barbara Hershey), wealthy, spoiled and bored meets fellow teens Dan (Bruce Davison) and Peter (Richard Thomas) on the beach where the three quickly form a tight circle. One day they become acquainted with the awkward and naive Rhoda (Catherine Burns-Oscar nominated for Best Supporting Actress). At first friendly the trio close ranks and Rhoda becomes a figure of sport, teased and humiliated by the group. Distressing and disturbing story of maliciousness, sexual domination and cruelty with a pitch-black ending.
The Flamingo Kid (1984)-Just out of high school Brooklyn teenager Jeffrey Willis (Matt Dillon) unhappy with his modest home, chances into a summer job at the posh Flamingo Club during summer break. Enticed by the heady atmosphere he is taken under the wing of smooth-talking club member Phil Brody (Richard Crenna) who extolls the pursue of the easy buck over the hard work of college much to Jeffrey's father Arthur (Héctor Elizondo) chagrin. There are some late-summer hard lessons ahead for Jeff though.
The River Wild (1994)-Troubled married couple Gail and Tom Hartman (Meryl Streep & David Strathairn) are taking their son, Roarke (Joseph Mazzello), on a birthday rafting trip down Idaho's Salmon River during their summer vacation. Misfortune and danger come their way when they are taken hostage by fugitives Wade (Kevin Bacon) and Terry (John C. Reilly) who force Gail, a former raft guide, to help them attempt escape down the treacherous rapids.
I always try to aim for a theme within a theme, I don't know why. I guess I like to make things harder for myself.
I went horror, too!!! So, obviously, I love where you took it. And I have a ball with all three of these. I especially love The Final Girls. Great work!
Yay!! The Final Girls is a fun one if you just let yourself enjoy it!
The first film is a comedy take on the horror teen summer break flicks right? I have heard of all 3 but have not seen them. I get scared too easily and have nightmares.
Yeah, I feel like it's the best of the bunch. I used to be scared of horror movies but I've gotten over of it. Don't really seek horror out but I don't necessarily avoid it. Especially the horror-comedy genre.
I've only seen I Know What You Did Last Summer and I guess it didn't really work for me because a, it's so dumb, and b, it was spoiled to me by Scary Movie.
Ah well Scary Movie is one of those movies that I will most likely never watch. And it is dumb in a fun way lol.
Wandering Through the Shelves
The only one I haven't seen is Wrong Turn. Though I know of it, I didn't know it had so many sequels and even a remake.
I Watched My First Ever K-Drama and I Loved It 🌺 Extraordinary You (2019) 🌺


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Startups, by nature, are always changing, and the last thing a budding business needs is to constantly search for and move into new spaces. As a company grows in both size and revenue, the physical office space will need to provide the flexibility to house the necessary changes (e.g. additional computer stations, conference rooms, etc.). Here are a few pointers to consider when looking for a location to help the business stay put longer.
In order to avoid overcrowding an office, search for an office space that accounts for reasonable projected growth. Oftentimes, an extra ten or twenty percent of space can prevent a lot of issues from arising. While it may seem like an unnecessary expense, it has the potential to provide greater returns in the future by avoiding terminated lease fees as well as eliminating the hassle and expense of needing to sublease and seek a larger space before the lease expires. One way to compensate for the increased rent expense could be to use that extra square footage as leverage to receive better lease concessions, such as more rent abatement, tenant improvement allowance or termination rights.
When it comes to real estate, the location of the property will play a critical role in the success of the business. You'll want to consider the office's location in regards to current and potential clients, vendors and employees. If the space is hidden, it'll make it difficult for prospective clients to find the business. The location will also play a role in employee retention and talent acquisition. An office that is far out of the way will reduce company morale, and will be unattractive when trying to acquire top talent. It will go a long way in increasing employee happiness if the location is near quality amenities, such as trendy restaurants and entertainment.
A critical aspect that should be heavily considered during the search is the layout of the office and its amenities. Does it fit the company brand and culture? A financial services startup may need a more structured environment with cubicles and sound proofing. Whereas a creative firm will want an office with open spaces for collaboration. Regardless of the industry, the layout should be conducive to the business. Also, the amenities of the office should play an important role in the selection process, as they can make a difference in employee morale, which will impact productiveness of the workforce. Will there be enough conference rooms, kitchens, restrooms or break rooms? Confirm if the space will be able to accommodate the specific needs of an industry. For example, a company with heavy IT needs will want a space that is able to power and protect all of the equipment.
Finding an office that is a perfect fit for a business is a challenge, especially for a rapidly growing startup. When beginning the search consider the projected growth, business plan and the needs of the company to find the best suitable space. The office search is a daunting task that should be tackled with a long lead up time, preferably one year in advance. The long lead time works in favor of the tenant, and is necessary to account for the lengthy processes of site selection, touring comps, term negotiation, attorney review and architectural design, permitting or construction work. Working with a qualified commercial broker can save a growing business tremendous time and money throughout the leasing process.
Tenant Advisory Group had an exciting August, hosting multiple events including an Executive's Breakfast, Executive's Luncheon and Networking Boat Ride. TAG is committed to making connections that matter and hosts these events for the purpose of helping those in our network grow their businesses by coming together in relaxed, intimate environments designed to help build new strategic relationships.
Stephanie Storkel, COO, Pedersen & Houpt; David Diamond, Partner, Kutchins Robbins & Diamond; Haskel Weiss, President, TWG Benefits; Jennifer Masi, Partner, Torque Digital; Bridget Brennan, Founder and CEO, Female Factor; Dan Walsh, CEO, Aurora Management Partners; Steve Dinelli, CEO, Blackbird Garage; Rich Bartell, CFO, 8th Light; Tom Patterson, Managing Partner, Patterson Law; Adam Glazer, Managing Partner, Schoenberg, Finkel, Newman & Rosenberg LLC; Brian Gurber, Partner, Pokorny & Marks LLC; Lisa Mirabelli, Business Performance Advisor, Insperity; Morrie Elstein, Cendrowski Corporate Advisors; Joanna Sobran, CEO, MXOTech; Jonathan Rothstein, Senior VP, MB Bank; Colleen Warner, CEO, LulaFit; Laurel Bellows, Managing Partner, Bellows and Bellows; Margaret Pagel, Partner, 8th Light; Irwin Cohen, CEO, Affiliated Equities.


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Physical and genetic mapping of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 genome: genome size, fragment identification, and gene localization.
A Suwanto, S Kaplan
A Suwanto
Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61801.
S Kaplan
Four restriction endonucleases, AseI (5'-ATTAAT), SpeI (5'-ACTAGT), DraI (5'-TTTAAA), and SnaBI (5'-TACGTA), generated DNA fragments of suitable size distributions for mapping the genome of Rhodobacter sphaeroides by transverse alternating field electrophoresis. AseI produced 17 fragments, ranging in size from 3 to 1,105 kilobases (kb), SpeI yielded 16 fragments (12 to 1,645 kb), DraI yielded at least 25 fragments (6 to 800 kb), and SnaBI generated 10 fragments (12 to 1,225 kb). A total genome size of approximately 4,400 +/- 112 kb was determined by summing the fragment lengths in each of the digests generated by using the different restriction endonucleases. The total genomic DNA consisted of chromosomal DNA (3,960 +/- 112 kb) and the five endogenous plasmids (approximately 450 kb total) whose cognate DNA fragments have been unambiguously identified. A number of genes have been physically mapped to the AseI-generated restriction endonuclease fragments of total genomic DNA by Southern hybridization analysis with either homologous or heterologous specific gene probes or, in the case of several auxotrophic and pigment-biosynthetic mutants apparently generated by Tn5, a Tn5-specific probe. Other genes have been mapped by a comparison with wild-type patterns of the electrophoretic banding patterns of the AseI-digested genomic DNA derived from mutants generated by the insertion of either kanamycin or spectinomycin-streptomycin resistance cartridges. The relative orientations, distance, and location of the pufBALMX, puhA, cycA, and pucBA operons have also been determined, as have been the relative orientations between prkB and hemT and between prkA and the fbc operon.
Journal of Bacteriology Nov 1989, 171 (11) 5840-5849; DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.11.5840-5849.1989
You are going to email the following Physical and genetic mapping of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 genome: genome size, fragment identification, and gene localization.


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Sullivan Family Crest, Coat of Arms and Name History
Sullivan Coat of Arms Gallery
Ireland is a country that has been the birth of place for some unique and special surnames with a rich history behind them. One of the most spread last names of this region is Sullivan, which is actually the Gaelic form derived from O Suileabhain, which it also derived from "suil" which means "eye". The real etymological meaning of Sullivan is not completely certain, some claim that it means "hawk-eyed", others say that it is "one-eyed" and a third possible meaning is "little dark-eyed one". Another important aspect to consider is that the Gaelic prefix "O" means "male descendant of" or "grandson of" which means that in its original form, this surname expresses a familiar relationship between two members of a family, the total meaning would be something like "descendant of the hawk-eyed".
This surname is connected to remarkable characters of the Irish history. The O Sullivan, or as they are better known today, Sullivan, are descendants of Eogham Mor, which son was Olioll Olum, the third King of Munster, an Irish province. O Sullivan was the widest spread last name in the province of Munster, more exactly in the territory of Cahir in the County of Tipperary in the south of Ireland during the 12th century. It was here where this family held their most ancient seat and then it spread across other counties such as Cork, Kerry, and Limerick. However, after the Norman Invasion of Ireland in 1169 and of Munster in 1180, this family had to leave their ancestral home in Tipperary to take went in separate ways. This divided the surname into its two principal branches, the O Sullivan Mór (Mór indicates that they were they larger group), which went to the south of the county Kerry and the O Sullivan Beare, who moved to the Beara Peninsula, to the west of the county Cork and the south of the county Kerry.
The first record of this surname belongs to Donald O Sullivan Bear, which was a military leader who was involved in several battles since the ends of 1590's and participated in the Siege of the Dunboy Castle in 1602. The bearers of the surname O Sullivan eventually adopted the simpler form of Sullivan as their actual surname.
Spelling Variations were common during the middle era. Cases like Sullivan are good examples to explain why did this happen. The surname Sullivan had an evolution inside the borders of its original country, which it would naturally cause variations on its writing. Sullivan is not the original form of this last name, which means that at the moment of being exposed to other languages and translations, it had already experimented some changes. At the moment of being translated, it would go through some modifications to become part of the new language, like the English which assigned an apostrophe to the Irish surname.
Another typical reason that caused spelling variations on the last names that were original from the medieval age, was that the scribes used to write words according to their sound. This happened because of many languages didn't have grammatical rules or a written format, so each scribe would write words differently. Thanks to all of this, some of the common spelling variations of Sullivan are Sullivan, O'Sullivan, O Sullivan, Sullavan, Sullivan, Sillivan, Silliphant and Sillifant.
According to the numbers provided by the census of 2014, Sullivan is not a current popular surname. It is the 1,521st most common surname in the planet with approximately 353,925 bearers. The country where it is most prevalent is in the United States and its highest density is in Ireland. The country with the second biggest amount of bearers of Sullivan is England, followed by Australia in third place.
Some old bearers of Sullivan appear in some records of different regions thanks to their actions during that time in that place, such as Owen Rua O'Sulieabhan (1748-1784) who was an important poet, Sir Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900) who was part of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, Phillip O'Sullivan Beare (1590-1660) who was a soldier in the army of Spain and worked also as a historian, Colonel John O'Sullivan (1700-1760) a soldier from Ireland who served in the French Army, Francis Stoughton Sullivan (1715-1766) an Irish lawyer and Professor, John Sullivan (1788-1855) a British governor, Alexander Martin Sullivan (1830-1884) an Irish politician and Timothy Daniel Sullivan (1827-1914) an Irish nationalist and journalist.
There are very good records that allow examining the genealogical trees of some branches of the surname Sullivan. One of them is the Sullivan of Tullylease who actually are connected to Oliol Ollum the third King of Munster himself. This family was represented by Reverend John Sullivan of Tullylease House on Cork, who was born on November 1, 1638, and got married to Georgina Cox, daughter of John Cox, Esquire, and J.P. of Weston-super-Mare, Somerset on June 5, 1877. They had one daughter, Mary Georgina Sullivan.
The previews form of Sullivan was O Sullivan which comes from Oliol Ollum, King of Muster who according to the Iberian Chronicles could be traced from Heber Fionn, a son of Milesius. His descendants were Daniel O Sullivan who took off the prefix O from his surname. He got married to Margaret Tucker of the County Kerry and died in 1682. Daniel died but not without leaving a child, Darby Sullivan, Esquire by his wife Joanna Taylor of Kilbolane Castle. They had a son and then Darby died, their son was John Sullivan, who got married to Mary Herne of Hernes-Brook in 1714 and then died in 1737.
The children of John Sullivan and Mary Herne were: Jerome who was born on November 8, 1716, and got married to Ann Russel of Dublin and with her had two daughters, Elizabeth and Mary and also a son, Maurice Sullivan, who was born on April 9, 1757. The second son of John and Mary was William Sullivan, who will be explained after his brothers and sisters. The third son was James, who was born on June 14, 1731, and got married to Margaret Conor, daughter of Mark Conor, Esquire of Ballyire on March 1, 1764.
The children of James and Margaret were: John, who was born in 1765 and got married to Eliza Knight, daughter of Christopher Knight. The offspring of John and Eliza were James, who became a Lieutenant on the 83rd regiment, Peppar Knight who died without children, Margaret who got married to Edward Rae and Susan who got married to John Parker. The second son of James and Margaret was James Chesterfield of Limerick, he became a Major of the 83rd regiment and J.P. He was born on October 9, 1778, and got married to Mary Anne Ashe, the first daughter of Rev. William Ashe, Prebendary and Rector of Croagh on September 2, 1812.
The children of James Chesterfield and Mary Anne Ashe were: William, who died on December of 1832, Henry White who died on June 2, 1848, James Incumbent of Askeaton who was born in 1818 and got married to Georgina Lucie, daughter of George Annesley Owen, Esquire of Ramsgate on July 23, 1856. The offspring of James Incumbent and Georgina Lucie were John, Edward who became a Lieutenant in the Army, Thomas, Jefferies, Eliza, Marion, who got married to Major Charles Parker on August 14, 1855, Margaret, Fanny, Harriette who got married to Charles J. Ellis a Colonel of the Royal Marines and son of Capt. Ellis on November 18, 1852.
The rest of the children of James and Margaret Conor were William, who grew up to become a Captain in the 30th Regiment, was born in 1781 and died without children in 1827, Margaret who got married to John Wall, Eliza who got married to Roger Adams, Esquire of Rock Abbey in the County of Cork and Mary who got married to Thomas Green, Esquire of Air Hill in the County of Cork. The children of this last marriage were James, Barrister-at-Law, Susan who got married to William Sullivan, Esquire of Tullylease House, Eliza, and Ann.
Now back to William Sullivan, the second child of John Sullivan and Mary Herne. He was born on September 29, 1729, and got married to Mary Morgell, daughter of Thomas Morgell, Esquire and J.P. of Mount Morgell in Limerick County on February 15, 1763. Their children were John, the heir, Robert, who was born on October 5, 1767, Thomas Morgell who was born on May 11, 1771 and got married to Miss Blennerhasseu, Jeremiah who was born on August 15, 1773 and Melina who got married to George Morgan, Esquire of Old Abbey, County of Limerick in 1879. William Sullivan died on February 23, 1795.
The heir of William was his first son, John Sullivan, now Esquire of Tullylease House. He was born on June 19, 1764 and got married to Anne Costley, sister of General Costley on July 10, 1794. Their children were William of Tullylease House, John, James who got married to Marion Beresford. The children of this last marriage were Beresford who was born on March, 1837, Arthur Bunbury who was born in 1840, James John who was born in 1848, Jane Bunbury Marion Beresforld who got married to William White on April 22, 1869, Susan Wilhelmina who got married to Rev. Joseph Barton on September 11, 1867 and Thomas.
The following child of John Sullivan and Anne Costley was Jeremiah John of Great Grimsby in the County of Lincoln. He was born on July 9, 1815 and got married to Anne Duncuft, daughter of James Ogden, Esquire of Hollinwood, near Manchester on May 6, 1846. Jeremiah John and Anne had the following children Charles Edward who was born on April 7, 1847 and grew up to become a Reverend, Alfredo who died while still being a child, Frederick who was born on March 24, 1850 and Eliza Anne.
The next child of John Sullivan and Anne Costley was Charles Costley who got married to Belinda Tomkins, daughter of Major Tomkins, they only had one daughter named Annie. Then there was Melian, who got married to Jeremiah Sullivan and had a son, John of Curramore, County of Limerick. Caroline, who got married R.R. White and their children were Robert, John Annie, Melian, and Caroline. Mary, who got married to M.J. Mason, Esquire of Glenbrook in the County of Cork, and their children were John, Edward, Anne, Melian, and Kate. Eliza who got married to man with the surname Dooley, and they had two daughters, Annie and Emma Bridge O'Callaghan.
John Sullivan died on March 30, 1836, and was succeeded by his first son, William Sullivan, now Esquire and J.P. of Tullylease House. He was born on April 15, 1807, and got married to Susan Green, daughter of Tomas Green, Esquire of Air Hill, county of Cork and their children were John, now of Tullylease House, James William who was born in 1581, Maria Eliza and Elizabeth Adams. William Sullivan died on December 28, 1871.
The coat of arms of this family consisted in a fess, a pale base in chief or a dexter hand couped at the wrist grasping a sword with a silver blade entwined with a serpent between two rampant lions looking to each other, the base vert charged with a buck. The crest on a ducal coronet or a robin in the beak of a sprig of laurel. Their Motto was "Lamh foistenach an nachtar".
Another branch of this surname was the Sullivan of Curramore who was represented by John Jeremiah Sullivan, Esquire of Curramore in the county of Limerick, and also of Warberry Court in Devon. He was born on May 1825. He got married a first time to Isabel Harrison, daughter of Richard Harrison, Esquire of Wyton Hall, in the county of York. Their children were Herbert who was born on October 22, 1852, Algernon who was born on May 1, 1854, and died in 1866, John Ernest Holt who was born in 1856 and grew up to be a Lieutenant in the 73rd Regiment, Adela, and Beatrice Isabel.
John Jeremiah Sullivan got married again to Caroline Harriet Taylor, daughter of the Reverend John Fletcher, Rector of Quedgeley, county of Gloucester, on June 4, 1867. The lineage of this family started with Jeremiah Sullivan who got married to Ann Costley and then died on June 1825. They had only one son, John Jeremiah Sullivan, now Esquire of Curramore. The coat of arms, crest, and motto are the same as the Sullivan of Tullylease House, who were explained above.
Once the Europeans found out about the existence of America, they opened new commercial routes and established several communities of people from the old continent who come to America. This happened because a lot of people decided to travel from Europe to the new continent to start a new life and being part of the exploration of the new territories. They brought their way of life, their cultures, and their last names, so they began to be used in these new lands.
Bearers of the surname Sullivan decided to do this travel, and some of them who arrived in the United States during the 17th century were Jael Sullivan, who arrived in Massachusetts in 1654, Onoris Sullivan who arrived in Virginia in 1656, two years later Teage Sullivan landed in Maryland, Florence Sullivan landed in South Carolina in 1669 and Jeremy Sullivan arrived in Maryland in 1670.
During the 18th century the arrival of bearers of Sullivan continued with Alice Sullivan, who arrived in Virginia in 1715, Joan Sullivan who landed in Pennsylvania in 1745, Austis Sullivan also arrived in Pennsylvania in 1746, and in that same year Honour Sullivan also landed in Pennsylvania and David Sullivan arrived in Boston, Massachusetts in 1765. Others bearers of Sullivan choose Canada as their destiny, some of them were Thomas Sullivan, who landed in Quebec in 1803, John Sullivan who arrived in Nova Scotia in 1808, another John Sullivan who landed in that same place but in 1813, Patrick Sullivan who also arrived in Nova Scotia in 1813 and James Sullivan who landed in Canada in 1819.
Mottoes were used by families to express their opinion about a fundamental aspect of their life, such as religion or politics. It could also work to communicate the base of their code of conduct or to whom they were loyal. This phrases would have the additional function of distinguishing some families because they worked to identify a specific branch from a group of families with the same surname. In the case of the surname Sullivan, we were able to find 4 mottoes from different family lines. The first one is "Lamh foistenach abu" which can be translated as "The open hand defying", the second one was "Lamh foisdineach an nachter" which in English means "What gain by conquest we secure by clemency", this was the motto used by the Sullivan of Tullylease House in Wales. The next motto is "Nec timeo nec sperno" which can be translated into English as "Nor do I fear nor spurn" and the fourth motto is "Tot premia vitae" which can be translated as "So many of live premium".
We were unable to locate any documented grantees for the Sullivan family
Some bearers of the surname Sullivan have played key roles in different areas and their names are synonyms of great improvement in those areas. Some of the most famous bearers of Sullivan are Cory Sullivan (b. 1979) an American professional baseball player which last appearance was with the Houston Astros, Grant Sullivan (1924-2011) an American actor, Maxine Sullivan (1911-1987) an American jazz singer, Susan Sullivan (b. 1942) an American actress, Steve Sullivan (b. 1974) a Canadian professional ice hockey player and was part of the national team of Canada, Kate Sullivan (b. 1976) an American television news anchor, Patrick Sullivan (b. 1950) an American football player who earned the Heisman Trophy in 1971, Dennis Parnell Sullivan (b. 1941) an American mathematician, Andrew Michael Sullivan (1963) an English-American author, editor and blogger, Charles L. Sullivan (1924-1979) an American politician, attorney and military pilot and Christopher Daniel Sullivan (1870-1942) an American politician who was an US Representative from New York from 1917-1941.
1) (a Sept who originally possessed a territory in the co. Tipperary, but were driven out by the De Burghus, and settled in cos. Cork and Kerry; the name is derived from Suilleabhan, a Chieftain who flourished A.D. 950). Per fess the base per pale in chief or, a dexter hand couped at the wrist grasping a sword erect, pommel and hilt gu., the blade entwined with a serpent ppr. betw. two lions ramp. respecting each other of the second on the dexter base vert a stag trippant gold, on the sinister base per pale ar. and sa. a boar pass, counterchanged.
2) O'Sullivan Mor – (the Chief of the senior line of the Sept was known as O'Sullivan Mor). Same Arms. Crest—On a ducal coronet or, a robin redbreast holding in the beak a sprig of laurel all ppr. Motto—Lamh foistenach abu (the open hand defying).
3) O'Sullivan Beare – (the second branch of the Sept, settled at Bearra, co. Cork, now Bearhaven; their Chieftain was known as O'Sullivan Beare). Per pale sa. and ar. a fess betw. in chief a boar pass, and in base another counter pass. all counterchanged, armed, hoofed, and bristled or. Crest—On a lizard vert a robin redbreast ppr.
4) O'Sullivan – (Dunkerron, co. Kerry; Impalement Fun. Ent. Ulster's Office, 1639. John O'Connob, Esq., of Carrigfoyle, in same co., whose wife was Sheely O'Sullivan, dau. of Owen O'Sullivan, of Dunkerron). Same Arms. Crest—Out a ducal coronet or, a lion's head ar. langued gu. Motto—Nec timeo nec sperno.
5) (Thames Ditton, co. Surrey, bart.). Per fess, the base per pale, in chief or, a dexter hand couped at the wrist, grasping a sword erect, pommel and hilt gu. the blade entwined with a serpent ppr. betw. two lions ramp. respecting each other of the second; the dexter base vert, charged with a buck trippant or, on the sinister base per pale ar. and sa. a boar pass, counterchanged. Crest—On a ducal coronet or, a robin, in the beak a sprig of laurel ppr. Motto—Lamh foisdineach an nachter; i.e., What we gain by conquest we secure by clemency.
6) (Garryduff, co. Cork, Bart.; Right Hon. Sir Edward Sullivan, LL.D., Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 1884, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, 1870 to 1884. and M.P. for Mallow, 1865 to 1870; was created a Baronet, 29 Dec. 1881). Per pale gu. and az. on a fesse betw. in chief a boar pass. and in base another boar counter-pass. or. three cross crosslets sa. Crest—The Roman fasces fessewise ppr. banded gu. thereon a robin redbreast also ppr. Motto—Tot premia vitae.


text:
Police informed after soccer player receives more racist tweets
For the second time this year, police are looking into racist tweets directed at Rangers defender Kyle Bartley.
Kris Holt
Published Apr 30, 2012 Updated Jun 2, 2021, 5:51 pm CDT
Racism continues to plague Twitter—especially in regards to European soccer players.
Rangers Football Club complained to police after player Kyle Bartley allegedly received racist abuse on the site. The offending tweets came after the 20-year-old defender's team lost 3-0 to Celtic on Sunday.
"The club has tonight been made aware of racial abuse directed at one of our players," Rangers said on its Twitter account. "We have reported this matter to the police
Back in January, a man was arrested for allegedly sending racist tweets to Bartley and his teammate Maurice Edu.
These latest tweets sent to Bartley follow a number of other incidents where soccer players were subjected to such messages. After Bolton Wanderers player Fabrice Muamba collapsed during a game, a student sent "vile and abhorrent" tweets that led to the student being jailed for 56 days—a sentence a European human rights official believed was too harsh.
Meanwhile, police in County Durham, England, launched an investigation after a tweet using racist and violent language were sent regarding Newcastle United player James Perch.
Maybe Twitter needs its own form of a red-card penalty.
*First Published: Apr 30, 2012, 10:22 am CDT
Based in Montreal, Kris Holt has been writing about technology and web culture since 2010. He writes for Engadget and Tech News World, and his byline has also appeared in Paste, Salon, International Business Times, Mashable, and elsewhere.


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These tips have come from our forums as people discussed their upcoming appointments with their specialists. It's a hot topic because the appointment is a big deal especially if it's the first one or it's been a long time coming or new, worrisome symptoms have arisen since the last appointment but do remember that these tips are just suggestions and you're free to disregard them.
If you have a chronic illness you'll be a chronic attendee of appointments. It goes with the territory, whether rheumatologist, pulmonologist or cardiologist, you'll have more than your fare share of "ologists" to deal with and you want to make sure you get the most out of each appointment, especially if you're just starting out. Here are some tips to help you along the way.
This is your appointment, for your benefit, so don't be bamboozled by the healthcare professional. You are allowed to ask questions, challenge what is said, and make suggestions. If you can partner with your healthcare professional all the better! If not, be your own advocate.
Be aware that a diagnosis of scleroderma is a very long term project. It is an average of 6 years for women, 3 for men. See Difficult Diagnosis for tips on coping successfully during such a long process.
Think about the upcoming appointment. What do you hope to achieve from it? What questions do you have and what issues do you want to discuss? Write your goals down and remember to take it with you to the appointment.
This step is critically important when dealing with out-of-town specialists. Blissfully assuming that our doctors have all the time in the world to answer all our questions has probably led to the demise of many doctor/patient relationships.
Find out how long each of your doctor appointments will last. Many doctors have only ten or fifteen minutes per appointment. Usually they are required to see 20 to 50 or more patients a day, but some specialists alot an hour or more per visit, particularly for first visits when they need to take an entire medical history.
Sometimes first appointments are very long but follow-up appointments may be very brief. Never assume that because the doctor takes two hours for your first visit, that you will have two hours on a follow-up appointment, or you will probably be in for a very rude surprise when you are ushered out the door within minutes of your arrival.
If you have a very complicated medical situation, you may want to ask to have extra time scheduled for your appointment. If your appointment time is simply not long enough, you may want to break down your concerns into separate appointments so that they can be adequately addressed.
Obviously, the faster you can get your doctor up to speed on your medical history the first visit, the quicker you can have your goals for the appointment met.
Studies show that most doctors interrupt their patient after only 23 seconds. No big surprise, since they are under such enormous time pressure! So, can you summarize your entire history and current health situation in 23 seconds? You better be able to, because that may be all the time you get!
For example, you might say, "Here is my written medical history overview, the details are attached. And here is the list of questions, ordered by priority, that I would like to have addressed. Basically, I have several autoimmune diseases already, and now my doctor wonders if I might have scleroderma, too, because I have puffy fingers, difficulty swallowing, Raynaud's, and heartburn."
How did you do? Your time is up already!
Consider taking someone with you who can not only share the journey and the inevitable wait with you, but who can also come into the appointment itself.
They can make notes of the relevant points as many of us find our mind goes blank once the exam is over. They may also speak up for you, if you don't feel able. Just be sure to introduce them to your doctor and explain their relation to you at the beginning of the appointment.
(PDF) Hospital Checklist: A Guide for Nursing Patients with Systemic Sclerosis (Systemic Scleroderma) Whilst in hospital many patients will have different needs according to exactly how they are affected. SRUK.
Bring reading material or entertainment as you know you're going to have to wait -- sometimes even for hours if emergencies topple your clinic's plans. If you have a great book or magazine to read, you will welcome this free time, instead of building anxiety or resentment.
We've seen or done it all in waiting rooms: knitting, mending, snacks, board games, needlepoint, grocery lists, wood carving, drawing, bill paying, and letter writing.
Have your paperwork ready! Never assume that all recent test results will be available at the appointment.
If you have copies of test results or lab work, take them with you. Also bring a list of all your medications, including dosage.
Some of us collate complete files that include all results and consultants' letters, and we bring the file to every appointment.
If you have complex medical issues and many specialists, this habit could be worth its weight in gold. Then if the clinic has no trace of something, you can always provide a copy. Some appointments can be a long time coming, and this will make sure that your precious appointment is not a waste of time!
Take your calendar with you so you can make a follow up appointment that you can actually attend. Especially if it's a busy clinic and vacancies are at a premium, you don't want to book an appointment, only to find that's the day you have the grandkids or have to deliver your big project at work.
Plan a post appointment treat. It can be whatever you like! Ideas include a restaurant, manicure, shopping, massage, picnic, garden walk, museum visit, theatre, or even an overnight stay.
Especially if you have to travel a long way to the appointment, you may as well get the most out of your journey once you get there.
Even if it's just a good cup of coffee, taking time to de-stress after the appointment is always a good idea.
Remember to make use of your primary care physician/GP for any new or worsening symptoms that develop in between your specialist appointments.
Don't save up every symptom or complaint for when you see your scleroderma specialist! Not everything that ails us may be caused by scleroderma, so we don't want to take up appointment time having our specialist look at our allergy that our primary care doctor could have dealt with. That can be very harmful to our health, frustrating to our medical team, and wasteful of our specialist's time.
Of course, our specialist may want to know about the other issues, and as you have copies of all the paperwork from the primary care physician/GP letters to hand them, this won't be a problem. Right?
1. Find out how long the appointment will be. Make a concise list of goals. Be able to state your medical history and case in 23 seconds or less.
2. Bring a companion, your priority list, your medical records, waiting room materials, and calendar.
3. Always plan a pleasant reward after every medical appointment.
If you need support or have a tip to add to this, please contact me through Sclero Forums or email me at [email protected].


Politics is not about your personal catharsis.
People who believe that it would be "clarifying" if the "republic degenerates into tyranny," probably should pull the lever for Trump; they are his natural constituency.
Last month, the left-wing writer Freddie de Boer tweeted his desire to see a "liberal Democrat writer in the media … write a piece making a good faith effort to consider liberal attacks on the left." The challenge stuck in my mind, because I'm aware of my own antipathy to many types of left-wing affect, and I often feel guilty about it and wonder if it's a rationalization for my own smug complacency. (Liberals, unlike leftists, are given to neurotic questioning of their own motives.) After all, I would like to see America move toward Scandinavian-style social democracy, and that's not going to happen without serious left-wing agitation. Why, then, does the left—that is, people who want revolution rather than reform—regularly infuriate me? I'm willing to stipulate that part of it is that leftists make me feel bad about my own bougie accommodation to the status quo. Another part, though, is that I recoil from a personality type—not uncommon in radical movements—that treats politics as a realm in which to enact revenge on society for its own alienation and to claim a starring role in history. That is, people like Christopher Ketcham.
This is a more forceful rendition of the argument that Susan Sarandon floated on MSNBC in March, when she said, "Some people feel that Donald Trump will bring the revolution immediately if he gets in, things will really explode." It's a jejune version of the Bolshevik slogan "The worse, the better," which meant that deteriorating social conditions would radicalize the populace and empower the left.
A few seconds' reflection is enough to realize that this isn't how American politics work. When the right is in power, the political center of gravity moves right as well. Bill Clinton's hated style of triangulation was a reaction to eight years of Ronald Reagan followed by four of George H.W. Bush, a period in which liberalism came to be seen as a massive electoral liability. During George W. Bush's administration, the most visible left-wing counterweight was the Netroots, which was basically a movement of centrist Democrats. The left flourishes when Democrats are in power, raising people's political expectations. The Bernie Sanders movement is possible because, for young people, the notion of a liberal, urbane black president is a starting point rather than a miracle.
I'm not interested in berating people who feel this way into changing their votes. Clinton can win without mobilizing the armed anarchist listeners of Democracy Now! People who believe that it would be "clarifying" if the "republic degenerates into tyranny," as Ketcham does, probably should pull the lever for Trump; they are his natural constituency. I know these cosplay revolutionaries, to paraphrase Dave Weigel, don't represent the real left. They're certainly not the heroic people organizing fast-food workers or agitating to head off climate cataclysm. But a softer version of Ketcham's sentiment is out there among the Bernie-or-Bust crowd; in March, the Guardian heard from 500 Sanders supporters who were considering voting for Trump over Clinton. It's there, too, in the people on the left who are furious about the prospect of Elizabeth Warren joining Clinton's ticket. Increasingly, a vocal part of the left is marked by its contempt for liberalism. The feeling is often mutual.


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