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Is Red Nile Tilapia an Invasive Species?
4 Feb 2022 1:07 AM | Giuliana Barajas (Administrator)
By: Raul Pajaro Sanchez
Tilapia is typically an herbivorous species, however, the Red Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an omnivorous type of fish that feeds on plants and animals, including eggs and larvae. The accidental and deliberate introduction of tilapia species into any ecosystem can lead to a plague with irreparable damage to the environment and the economy of the region where it occurs. According to experts, tilapia's ability to adapt and reproduce quickly allows it to dominate most of the environments where it is introduced - this makes it an invasive species. Studies indicate that invasive species, including tilapia, have a negative impact on the global economy of approximately $1.4 billion US dollars annually.
The problem with tilapia occurs when it is released into ecosystems where endemic species are not prepared to coexist or fight to survive. The Red Nile Tilapia adapts and reproduces quickly, so controlling them or expelling them from a free habitat is complicated, time-consuming, and expensive. The impact of any introduction varies according to the geographical region and the specific ecosystem. Generally, given its resistance, voracity, and high growth rate, tilapia easily becomes a competitor to other fish species.
Tilapia are responsible for severe ecological impacts in natural environments, such as the displacement of native species in the river to other bodies of water like seas and oceans. Likewise, as an exotic species, it is invasive in developing countries. Additionally, their treatment has also been changing them over the last 20 years. In the catalog of exotic and transplanted aquatic biodiversity in Colombia, Oreochromis niloticus is considered a high-risk species, giving it a score of 1056 out of a maximum value of 1500 points (Gutiérrez et al., 2010 cited by Gutiérrez & Lasso, 2012).
In addition, Australia has indicated that the Red Nile Tilapia is an extreme risk in the risk analysis of introduced exotic fish species, giving it a rating of 23 (out of 24) points (Bomford & Glover, 2004). Other countries that have also reported the Red Nile Tilapia as an invasive species are Bangladesh, Japan, Peru, the Philippines, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, and the United States (Global Invasive Species Database, 2012c).
Red Tilapia and Specifications
Within the Genus Oreochromis, the first ancestor of red Tilapia is reported as an "albino mutation" in a traditional culture of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus with a standard color (black) introduced from Singapore in 1946, near the town of Tainan (Taiwan) in 1968.
Ho Kuo (Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute) in 1969 made the cross between the reddish-orange mutant male O. mossambicus and the normal-colored female O. niloticus, obtaining an F1 with 25% of reddish-orange fingerlings. After nine years, selective crosses could fix the red coloration in 70 to 80% of the population.
The Red Tilapia became the spearhead for the accelerated development of commercial fish farming from the 1980s on in countries with no South American aquaculture tradition, such as Colombia (introduced in 1982), Venezuela (introduced in 1989), and Ecuador (introduced in 1993) almost simultaneously with Central American, the Caribbean and North American countries.
The development of this hybrid allowed the market to obtain many advantages over other species.
A high percentage of muscle mass (Large steak)
Absence of intramuscular spines
Adaptability to the environment
Excellent texture and color of meat, with outstanding acceptance in the market
http://www.conabio.gob.mx/institucion/proyectos/resultados/LI007_Anexo_10_Ficha_Oreochromis_niloticus.pdf
https://www.scidev.net/america-latina/news/decreto-en-brasil-impulsa-cultivo-de-especie-invasora/
https://datanoticias.com/2021/02/03/4-veces-en-las-que-la-tilapia-destruyo-un-ecosistema/amp/
https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-078X2004000100015
https://revistabioika.org/es/ecoando/post?id=55
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Biography of Dušan Palić
13 Jan 2022 7:42 AM | Anonymous
Prof. Dr Dušan Palić, D.V.M., MVSc, Ph.D., Dipl. ECAAH, CertAqV
D. V. M. (1997), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade University; MVSc (2002), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade University; Ph. D. (2005), Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Dipl. ECAAH (2013), European College of Aquatic Animal Health; CertAqV (2013) Certified Aquatic Veterinarian by World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association.
Professor and Chair of Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich.
Professor Palić comes from a long line of veterinarians and educators, being the third generation Professor of Veterinary Medicine. He received D.V.M. and MVSc degrees from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Belgrade, Serbia, and Ph.D. from Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, where he worked with CFSPH/Jim Roth as assistant professor until he accepted invitation to LMU Munich and took over the Chair for Fish Diseases in 2012.
Dušan is a founding member, certified aquatic veterinarian (CertAqV), and Past President of World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association (www.wavma.org). He is a founding diplomate and former Vice-President of European College of Aquatic Animal Health (ECAAH, www.ecaah.org), and the Director of the International Aquatic Veterinary Biosecurity Consortium (IAVBC, www.iavbc.org). As senior expert in aquatic animal health for Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Prof. Palić has spent significant time in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia working on preparation of the National Aquatic Animal Health Strategy and Action Plan for KSA. Dušan was a representative of academia and organized aquatic veterinary profession in the FishMedPlus Coalition that was established by Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE) upon request from European Medicine Agency (EMA), with the goal to improve access and availability of veterinary medical products, including vaccines, to the E.U. aquaculture industry. He is an expert member in WG3 Farm Management for preparation of "Partnership for Animal Health and Welfare (PAHW)", for Horizon Europe. Currently he is an aquaculture expert on World Veterinary Association project for the development of essential medicines lists. On the global veterinary education front, Prof. Palić is member of the project team that is developing a model curriculum for day-1 competency in aquatic veterinary medicine. His daily work as Chair for Fish Diseases at LMU Munich includes research, teaching, diagnostic, and extension services.
As world aquaculture is steadily growing and overtaking terrestrial protein production, it is becoming clear that sustainable and safe use of water resources must be achieved to support The Global Goals and provide safe and affordable food for increased human population. What recent history taught us is that such global expansion of aquaculture is prone to catastrophic crashes due to emerging and re-emerging diseases. Overuse of antibiotics with and without veterinary supervision poses a serious problem to human health as multi-drug resistance is increasing. Lack of educated veterinary workforce to support industry growth is further widening the service/demand gap. All of the above comes together in one health approach, in which major pillar is identified to be disease prevention, control and possible eradication through biosecurity approaches that are in accordance with international standards and national legislations. As one of the invited speakers, Dušan will provide insight on current disease challenges in aquaculture, and discuss how aquatic veterinary biosecurity could contribute to sustainable and safe increase in aquatic ecosystems resources use for aquaculture.
The Tilapia World Market
Tilapia is one of the most well-positioned species for trade and production in seafood and aquaculture. In 2020, it reached a value of $7.9 billion USD and the market is expected to grow at a compounding annual rate of 6.1% during the 2021-2026 projection. Tilapia is found in most countries of the world, as more than 140 countries now produce it. An essential component of the growing tilapia industry is the proliferation of ways in which tilapia is packaged and sold. Tilapia exports were initially only whole and frozen fish. Currently, fresh or frozen fillets can be obtained in different sizes and packages: with skin, without skin, individually set, smoked, and in "sashimi" grade.
The tilapia market has been produced mainly in countries like China, Indonesia, Egypt, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Brazil, Thailand and others, where China is the leading producer and trader of tilapia globally. For the remainder of 2021, international tilapia trade statistics are uncertain and largely dependent on events affecting the trade relationship between China and the United States. The Chinese tilapia market could increase the Chinese industry's current difficulties and strengthen competing producers' positions.
In recent years, tilapia has suffered from bad press in the United States. US demand has stagnated as a result of American consumers preferring fillets over whole fish, even though the seafood category as a whole is performing relatively well. Due to this, in the first three months of the year, China exports frozen fillets to the US market to meet demand. The value of tilapia being exported by China now exceeds the sum of $714 million USD. It should be noted that China is globally recognized in the industry for generating low export costs with $1.05 and $0.77USD quality and mass production. Indonesia follows China at $1.66USD generally and by supplying premium tilapia in the $6-7USD per kg price range, which saw exports to the United States rise significantly in the first quarter of 2021. Nevertheless, the Indonesian market absorbs the majority of domestic production.
In Africa, Egypt exports 80% of its tilapia, which is 940,000 of the 1.2 million produced. In Latin and South America, several countries have embarked on initiatives intended to help develop tilapia production. Brazil, for example, has increased its production by 12%+, producing around 400,000 tones in a year. The governments in Colombia and Mexico have invested in the tilapia programs in order to improve production and export development in hopes of capitalising on the premium target market in the United States. The Colombian government also has the National Commission of Aquaculture and Fisheries (CONAPESCA) that is in charge of supervising and following up public policies and rates abroad.
The tilapia market continues to grow and develop in many countries. The countries that are developing advances in the industry are discussing tilapa sub-products such as biodiesel, medical biomaterials, leather, accessories, skin gelatin for slow-release medications, and flower arrangements made with dried flakes. The countries are betting on investment, production, commercialization and export of the species. Tilapia is seen as the future of the mass production of fish for farming and wild living.
https://www.infopesca.org/sites/default/files/complemento/actividadesrecientes/adjuntos/1369/5%20Indonesia-Tilapia%20Production%20and%20Trade.pdf
https://www.imarcgroup.com/tilapia-market
https://www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/market-reports/resource-detail/ar/c/337461/
https://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/sites/aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/files/gaa-fitzsimmons2-sept06_1.pdf
https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1459&context=maest_administracion
Tilapia's Impact on Seafood Production Around the World
7 Jan 2022 6:36 AM | Anonymous
Tilapia are better known in the marine ecosystem as "Oreochromis niloticus" and are endemic to Africa. Taking advantage of their characteristics and adaptability, they were considered ideal for rural fish farming. Tilapia have been rapidly introduced to other tropical and subtropical countries throughout the world. Currently, they are distributed in Southeast Asia, southern North America, Central America, the southern Caribbean, the Middle East and Africa. A shocking 98% of all tilapia production takes place outside the typical environment for tilapia.
Tilapia are viable outside of their typical environment because of their high level of adaptability to different environmental conditions, as well as their high rate of spawning and fertilization. In addition, the tilapia show rapid growth as they can reach weights of 1 to 1.5 pounds (about 450-680 grams) in a period of 6 to 9 months, depending on the culture system used. Tilapia can be subjected to intensive or super-intensive cultivation, which leads to the increase in production volume and the reduction in operating costs.
Tilapia also have a high resistance to diseases. This characteristic allows it to show more remarkable survival and therefore greater profitability, as breeders do not have to invest as much in medicines to keep the tilapia healthy. They are generally a herbivorous species, although they accept all kinds of food, both natural and artificial. For aquaculture farms, tilapia is a species that is resistant to handling and diseases, physical and chemical factors, as well as the process required to manage the production system, including liming, fertilization, sampling, biometrics, parameter control, and proper regulation.
Global Market Overview
In the top populated countries, tilapia is a widely produced and consumed species. In 1998, the Tilapia Marketing Institute (TMI) was formed to organize producers and marketers to carry out generic campaigns to increase consumption of tilapia in its various forms. For some years now, in the United States, tilapia has been the third most imported aquatic product after marine shrimp and Atlantic salmon. Since 1998, it has been considered the fish of the year, according to the American Tilapia Association (ATA). In 2001, it began to appear in the "America's Top 10 Seafoods". It is expected that the growth of its consumption will maintain an average minimum annual increase of 3 to 5%. Last year Global tilapia production grew by 3.3 per cent despite the impact of Covid-19.
The tilapia market initially started as a type of whole frozen fish, but the United States consumers prefer the fillet, which is mainly supplied by Jamaica, Colombia and Costa Rica, as a fresh product. The market for tilapia as a protein is constantly expanding. Many European countries are just discovering tilapia, so there is a high potential for increased imports of the species into Europe in the years to come.
https://www.fao.org/fi/static-media/MeetingDocuments/TiLV/dec2018/p13.pdf
https://thefishsite.com/articles/2020-tilapia-production-figures-revealed
https://www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/marketreports/resource-detail/es/c/1365183/
https://tilapia.market/es/tilapia-byproducts-commercial-uses-of-the-tilapia-processing-and-filleting-industries-waste/
Colombian industry is making its way into the world of Tilapia
6 Jan 2022 1:31 PM | Anonymous
A recent agreement between GenoMar Genetics and Agroavicola Sanmarino has been signed to distribute tilapia fingerlings in the Huila region.
A very important agreement has been made between two companies in the tilapia industry to strengthen and deliver a higher quality of tilapia to customers. GenoMar Genetics, with over 30 years of experience in tilapia breeding, and Agroavicola Sanmarino, with 25 years of experience in the poultry industry, will establish a new company in the next few weeks, named GenoMar Genetics Colombia, which has already secured a quarantine and parent stock farm.
This is an important move for the tilapia industry because it gives Colombia a push in the market as it "is the second to third-largest tilapia producer in Latin America and has a very export-oriented value chain that professionalizes quickly," said Alejandro Tola Alvarez, CEO of GenoMar Genetics Group.
"Both companies have worked hard and patiently over several years with the vision of bringing genetic innovations and supply security to the Colombian tilapia industry," he adds. GenoMar, with its presence in Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Brazil, and Norway (headquarters) will supply the entire parent stock requirement from their breeding operations in Asia and/or Brazil. They will provide effective support in the day-to-day management of production and distribution using its existing global and Brazilian platforms.
Sanmarino, which is a Colombian poultry genetics distribution company belonging to the Italcol group, will play an important role in supporting the commercialization and data collection of tilapia performance delivered to the Colombian industry. "We have no doubt that tilapia will follow a similar path as poultry, where genetics, innovation and distribution, carried out by highly specialized companies are transforming the industry year-over-year. This allows higher efficiencies in production and sharing best practice methods," said German Galvis, Managing Director of Agroavícola Sanmarino.
If you want to know more about The Future of Fish Farming: Tilapia, next 12, 20, and 26 of January please join us for several talks about this topic. The event is completely free and you can register here.
- https://thefishsite.com/articles/genomar-launches-colombian-tilapia-venture?fbclid=IwAR23w7cwEfuDEdyKzj9ULn0lE9ERv8J3EADouSZSv-4HRUyobYF_iPzVg7s
- https://genomar.com/2021/10/25/genomar-and-sanmarino-announce-a-joint-venture-to-supply-genetically-improved-tilapia-in-colombia/
Biography of David Fincham
17 Dec 2021 1:47 PM | Anonymous
David has 35 years' experience in practical Tilapia Farming. His aquaculture career started at Barony Agricultural College in Dumfries, Scotland.
On qualifying David worked at Willards Foods/Cairns Foods in the laboratory as a technician involved in reformulations and checking of formulations for the many food items produced by the company. David was appointed as the hatchery manager for the newly started Tilapia pond farming operations of the group, The Bream Farm. The hatchery was based at the factory site in Harare Zimbabwe. He was later appointed as the Depot Manager in Kariba, where the initial site was developed with a concrete RAS farming system, later the pilot cages on Lake Kariba and the conversion of the old freshwater prawn farm to the breeding farm for Tilapia.
David then spent 11 years as an Operations Manager with a steel reinforcing and steel merchant company. David ran his own businesses in South Africa in Air Conditioning and refrigeration for 5 years. He worked in water storage for 4 years installing water tanks, reservoirs and lined dams.
Returning to Aquaculture in 2010 David and his partner developed the Aquaculture Production Unit - The APU. The system allows a farmer to start farming from day 1 and to develop the skills and knowledge required to successfully grow Tilapia from fingerling to edible plate size fish. The APU is scalable and modular allowing exponential growth and commercialization. There are 450 APU units in 9 African countries with the potential of raising 450 Tonnes of Tilapia a year. The continued sales and production from the APU's will see Tilapia production steadily increasing on the African continent. The first APU units have been shipped to the USA and these will open up opportunities to farmers in urban areas for the production of locally farmed Tilapia.
Biography of Ram Bhujel
Ram has completed his MSc and PhD in aquaculture from AIT and has post-doc work experience with the University of Stirling, Scotland UK and Montpellier University III, France. He is founding Director of Aqua-Centre and Research Associate Professor at AIT. He has over 20 years of experience with AIT.
His career started as Research Associate right after his MSc degree working with a joint venture project launched for the transfer of tilapia hatchery technology to private sector. A private company, named Nam Sai Farm in Thailand which was established with the purpose of supplying monosex tilapia fry which is produced using a technique of converting females into fast-growing males. He also did all his PhD research at the same farm which expanded to several branches within Thailand and other countries such as Bangladesh. The farm has now become one of the largest and technically advanced tilapia hatcheries in the world. Ram has trained over 600 senior officials of government and NGOs, senior executives of private companies and other professionals from all over the world.
Ram has also designed and implemented several other projects in many countries to address the issues of food and nutrition security, low income and unemployment. He has been successful in winning several competitive projects e.g. curriculum development projects funded by EU and others. Currently, he is the Team Leader of "Curriculum Development for Sustainable Seafood and Nutrition Security (SSNS) co-funded by EU Erasmus+ programme which involves over 50 lecturers from 13 University partners in Greece, UK, Norway, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam. Other projects include women in aquaculture in Nepal, entrepreneurship in women in Myanmar among others.
He has received a Gold Award by Asian Fisheries Society (AFS), Award from ICN International Media Group, and Fellow Award by the Society for Agriculture Innovation and Development (India) for his contribution in the sector.
He is the sole author of the popular tilapia book entitled, "A Manual for Tilapia Business Management" which has been written based on his experience which is available online including eBay and Amazon.com and so on, such as: https://www.cabi.org/bookshop/book/9781780641362/
He will describe the technologies developed by AIT that include mass scale production of monosex fry, hapa nursing, and green water pond and cage culture systems along with others growout system such as Aquaponics, Biofloc and IPRS (In-pond raceway systems) models of tilapia grow-out farming ranging from large commercial scale to backyard gardening for family food and nutrition security which are important especially in the context of COVID19.
The Future of Fish Farming Tilapia
1 Dec 2021 6:30 PM | Giuliana Barajas (Administrator)
When we look back through the history of aquaculture, the practice dates back approximately 4,000 years to China and 3,500 years to Mesopotamia. In ancient China, during the Eastern Han dynasty (25 to 250 AD), the combined production of rice and fish was documented. There are also reports that aquaculture was carried out by the Romans, Egyptians, Eurasian and American cultures. Interestingly, one of the first pieces of evidence of the reproduction of the Nile Tilapia in captivity irrigation ponds was from paintings from Theban, Egypt, dating back to 1500 BC.
Today, aquaculture is more than pond fish farming, as it involves the production, reproduction and management of living resources in a restricted environment.
According to The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), aquaculture is "the exploitation of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants."
Much is known about the cultivation of Tilapia to date, but what is its future?
This topic will be addressed by Greg Lutz, Professor of Aquaculture at Louisiana State University.
After earning his PhD from LSU, Dr. Lutz planned, designed and subsequently supervised the construction, outfitting and operation of the largest commercial aquaculture facility in the state of Louisianas. To date he has authored over 280 scientific, extension and popular publications.
He has worked with a number of aquatic species, and visited 24 countries to date for aquaculture-related activities. The author of Practical Genetics for Aquaculture (Wiley), Dr. Lutz has visited and worked with tilapia farms and hatchery operations on 5 continents.
Additionally he has been involved with catfish production, inland recreational fisheries (an estimated 120,000 private ponds exist in Louisiana), inland commercial fisheries and a variety of aquatic ecology topics.
You do not want to miss this event! Register here for free.
ARE YOU LEADING?
30 Nov 2021 5:11 PM | Anonymous
By: Roy Palmer
You know what they say – 'If you are not leading then you are following' and that would often apply to many people and organisations in the seafood industry. Sad but true!
The Fishmonger did not attend COP21 in Glasgow, besides not being invited he finds such meetings full of gloom and doom and lacking practical solutions. It has been reported that there were over four hundred private jets at Glasgow Airport carrying only a minute percentage of the audience and that speaks volumes about the lack of comprehension of the subject. Imposing your issues onto others never goes over well when your own actions are arrogant. In the end events like COP21 are just talk fests and if you are waiting for governments to do something then you will be waiting a long time. Remember we are where we are today because of decisions by these same people. Do not forget that 'common sense is not so common'!
It is easy to get overwhelmed by climate science, carbon sinks, renewable energy, etc and what the questions and answers are. In essence, we must take some blame as we can all be guilty of 'taking the easy route' instead of questioning what damage is being done to our planet if we use this product or change our systems and asking about alternatives.
Hopefully, The Fishmonger can spark some action, and you can rise to the challenge – be sure to let us know what you are doing.
The *Blue Food Assessment report was promoted earlier in the year, and it mentioned the crucial involvement that seafood will play in global food security and nutrition and its relationship to climate change. We are already seeing changes in various aspects of our aquatic resources and supply chains due to climate changes, so this report is important to consider. One of the key findings is that 'increased fisheries and aquaculture production is possible and sustainable, and by 2030 could prevent undernutrition in an additional 166m people worldwide' – how positive is that!
Also be aware that whilst your governments will be slow to react, the apparent rise of conscious consumers in the marketplace has led to many businesses and brands, particularly those in retail, imposing tighter controls on what they promote on their shelves. This can impact your business so you cannot ignore and need to have your stories ready and be ready to promote your credentials.
A UK processing company was recently reported as saying "We are extremely aware of our role in reducing our environmental impact through emissions, and since 2015, we have reduced our operational emissions (scope 1 and 2) by 52.5%. We understand that there is still much more to be done through the whole value chain, from improving the availability and accuracy of data to the importance of adopting and implementing science-based targets that align with the **Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommendations."
The Fishmonger knows that seafood as a whole has a positive story when it comes to its emissions, but sadly we are not promoting those exceptional stories. We cannot rest with that knowledge and as a global industry, we should be pro-active in collaborating, sharing our stories, information and knowledge and be leaders in sustainable food production.
The report makes a positive statement up front that 'aquatic foods are a vital component of many food systems yet have received little attention in food policy discourse.' The description of 'blue foods' (animals, plants and algae harvested from freshwater and marine environments) highlights the supply of protein (and we know it is actually far more than a protein) to over 3.2 billion people, contributing a key source of nutrients in many coastal, rural and indigenous communities, and supporting the livelihoods of over 800 million people, the majority of whom work in small-scale systems. Despite their contribution to food systems globally, the report acknowledges that blue foods tend to be underrepresented in discussions about how to feed the world's population sustainably over the coming decades. It would not be the first time that seafood was a last thought which reflects on the lack of global collaboration within the industry.
The 'blue food' sector is changing fast and demand for aquatic foods continues to grow at a strong pace despite the gloom and doom you read in the media.
What is difficult for global governments to understand is that the small-scale players that lie at the heart of many aquatic food systems have to grapple with these and many other challenges, including environmental degradation, economic shocks, and limited gender and social inclusion on top of failure of any specific strategies.
Combining FAO and World Bank data, a research document by Rosamond Naylor (Stanford University) et al, estimates that the demand for fish has roughly doubled since the turn of the century and will likely double again by 2050. Focusing on the top two fish consuming countries in the five continents that make up the majority of demand, they estimate that Asia will continue to lead the way in freshwater fish consumption, with the highest demand for freshwater fish in 2050. Added to that is the fact that the majority of the worlds middle class will be constantly moving towards Asia.
Their modelling projections suggest that China will consume a diverse range of species including crustaceans, demersal fish and cephalopods, Ghana and Peru will continue to dominate the consumption of small pelagic fish, and France, Spain, the US, Mexico and Brazil will continue to consume a wide variety of species. Per capita fish consumption in Nigeria is expected to remain low, at one-third of the level seen in Ghana. But given the large and growing size of the Nigerian population, country-level demand is expected to exceed that of Ghana by some margin in 2050.
In an incredibly detailed report on climate risks to aquatic food systems by Michelle Tigchelaar (Stanford University) et al, they combine data on climate hazards, exposure and vulnerability for 219 countries, and show that aquatic food systems of Africa, South and Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific are the most vulnerable to face high climate risk by the middle of the century under a high-emissions scenario. Reducing societal vulnerabilities, for instance by strengthening governance, promoting gender equity, and reducing poverty, can lower climate risk by margins similar to meeting global mitigation targets. Missing is the need for more understanding here about the role aquaculture plays and the opportunity it also brings to this issue.
Small-scale players have an essential role in global food and nutrition security, producing two-thirds of aquatic food for human consumption and much of the diversity in produce. Rebecca Short (Stockholm Resilience Centre) et al created a framework for characterizing the diversity of actors in this sector based on seventy case profiles spanning a wide range of geographies and systems. Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture (SSFA) provide livelihoods for over 100 million people and sustenance for ~1 billion people. Players vary widely in terms of inputs and assets, degree of specialization, the markets they serve and the type of management by which they are controlled. Despite this diversity, commonalities emerge. Activities are controlled at a local level by individuals or groups of households. Aquaculture producers often innovate and adapt. Fisher folk tend to engage in cooperative forms of management. The cultural importance of aquatic foods also comes to the fore.
Modern-day governance assumes uniformity in SSFA despite the diverse nature of this sector. The framework can inform adaptive governance actions supporting the diversity and vital roles of SSFA in food systems, and in the health and livelihoods of nutritionally vulnerable people—supporting their viability through appropriate policies whilst fostering equitable and sustainable food systems.
The case profiles demonstrate a multitude of benefits associated with greater awareness of and support for the diversity within and across SSFA systems. SSFA players currently have key roles in families, communities, and nations. Many times, they are ignored in policy decisions yet there is a compelling case for their critical centrality in viable aquatic food systems. The paper highlights that there are trade-offs that policymakers have to navigate to maintain the benefits from continued engagement of SSFA players.
Meeting the needs of global consumers through large-scale industry poses risks for the cultural integrity, equity, nutritional security, and livelihoods provided by SSFA and longer-term actions to redress broader power inequalities, constrain monopolies and support the diversity of SSFA capacities is critical, the report concludes.
A nuanced understanding of the aquatic food sector, with its diverse produce and players, production processes and impacts, demands and vulnerabilities, can yield benefits for people and the planet. In order to realize these benefits, aquatic foods must be engaged into the fold in total food systems discourse and managed as an integral part of these systems.
If managed appropriately, aquatic foods have the potential to make a meaningful contribution to the nutritious, sustainable, and just food systems of the future, particularly in some of the most food-insecure parts of the world.
We can all play our leadership role - that is the challenge for us all.
Comments & References
* The Blue Food Assessment is a high-level international collaboration that brings together over 100 researchers looking at all aspects of aquatic food production.
**Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.
Blue food (nature.com)
Harnessing the diversity of small-scale actors is key to the future of aquatic food systems | Nature Food
Alternative Fish Food
30 Nov 2021 5:00 PM | Giuliana Barajas (Administrator)
Recent Nile Tilapia breeding research has uncovered a feed solution in a fruit.
Fish feed is one of the most important aspects of aquaculture. If the fish are fed the necessary nutrients and proteins, they will grow bigger, stronger, and will provide more sustenance. Additionally, a rigorous diet, adequate fertilization and a good supply of water are essential for effective breeding.
Recent research has shown that pineapple peel meal can be used to feed Nile Tilapia fingerlings without compromising growth or affecting digestibility parameters.
Olaleye Waheed of the University of Agriculture Abeokuta in Nigeria conducted a feeding trial in 2011 to investigate the effect of fermented pineapple peel meal on the growth behaviour and digestibility of Nile Tilapia.
During his research, Waheed substituted 35% crude corn protein with fermented pineapple husk flour at levels of 0, 25, 50 and 75%.
It was observed that the fermented pineapple peel was more suitable as an energy supplement when it was incorporated at a level of 75%*. Likewise, the final weight of the fish did not show significant differences in all the diets.
Based on their result, Waheed recommends that an inclusion of 75% pineapple peel in the diet of tilapia fingerlings is optimal without compromising growth rate or affecting digestibility parameters.
This theory has gained traction in 2021 as Morteza Yousefi, Associate Professor in the Department of Veterinary Medicine at RUDN University, stated that "pineapple supplements have a positive effect on the growth and immunity of tilapia. Biologically active components of the plant, such as the bromelain, can play a role. It stimulates the activity of the immune system and promotes the functioning of the intestines". Although Yousefi did warn that, "the supplement should be included in the diet in small amounts. An excess of plant fiber restricts the growth of fish, and prolonged stimulation of the immune system by supplements leads, on the contrary, to suppression of immune responses." He did agree that, "Other substances in pineapple can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the fish's body."
Join us to discuss more Tilapia-related topics on January 12th, 20th and 26th at the 'Future of Fish Farming: Tilapia' event with Mr. David Fincham, Director David Fincham Aquaculture Pty Ltd, Dr. Ram Bhujel, Director of Aqua-Center, Research Associate and Mr. Greg Lutz, Professor of Aquaculture Louisiana State University.
* The Weight Gain, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Rate (FCR) and Protein Production Value (PPV) were 35.6 g, 2.25% / day, 2.58 and 0.56, respectively.
As a community of professionals from all sectors of the global seafood industry, AISP enables collaboration to share knowledge about seafood, sustainable business, and our environment. We promote advancement in seafood research, development, education, and standards that will lead to a professionally accredited industry.
Join our community to explore the benefits of becoming an AISP member.


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It's a well-known sales metaphor: You're the head coach. Your reps are the players. And blasting past your team quota is like winning the Super Bowl. When it happens, everyone in the organization is thrilled – you, your team, executive staff and ownership.
Zoom in on the metaphor, and you'll find some literal advice about how to succeed like the best NFL coaches. You should be using the same tool – your tablet. Along with the help of an SPM (Sales Performance Management) partner, you can improve business processes and turn scattered sales data into a valuable blueprint for success. One that will allow you to unlock your potential as a leader and coach to your team.
New processes, approaches, and technology advancements are continuing to be adopted throughout all of sports. We've seen Microsoft Surface become indispensable on NFL sidelines; Major League Baseball's got the Apple iPad, which is soon to be put into use by the National Hockey League, as well.
While it's no secret that tablets have been prevalent in sales for years, what's key to use in sports are the partnerships that teams have with their providers, Microsoft and Apple. It's these partnerships that empower coaches to realize and act upon the insights technology makes possible. Collaboration with the developer enables leaders and team members to better incorporate the enhanced level of data provided, and, moreover, to transform their processes: from dissecting plays, to scouting, to player development and gameday approach.
With this demonstrated impact in mind, it's time for sales managers to take the same approach—working with an SPM partner to declutter processes, and using technology to deliver real-time, data-driven insights. Out of this combo, timely, impactful decisions can be made.
As we draw the general similarities out, let's take a closer look at how a sales solution that's both service and technology-oriented unfolds. Your existing database or CRM (client relationship management) serves as your playbook. It contains all the vital information your team can use – the plays, details on your opponent (or clients in this example), and other relevant information. An SPM partner then implements process best practices, provides industry-specific advice, and equips you with sophisticated tools that produce the dynamic data, analytics, trending and real-time insights that help you be as successful as possible. Like the coaches on the sidelines, you have access to all essential information while the game (sale) is happening, so you can adjust and course-correct with precision. This up-to-the moment rundown also allows your sales operations team to produce reporting and incentive compensation payouts with a much higher degree of accuracy.
For example, imagine you're a pharma territory manager nearing the end of quarter, and you want to strategize with your reps. You pull out your SPM tool to display a heat-map view that enables you to visualize contact details, order history and/or the physician offices that are not just convenient to visit in the waning days of the quarter but are most likely to benefit from an office visit at that time. As your reps put this information to use, they can tailor their pitch with the real-time data accessed moments before, in pre-visit planning. This kind of predictive, next-level, in-the-moment insight is sure to pay big dividends.
Web 3.0 is ushering in a new life. So much data is available to us. Whether you're managing your retirement portfolio, booking a vacation, or running a fantasy football team, you've got to put the data to use to perform like an A-player.
In the sales world, where every second and every choice counts, tablets are an essential tool for you and your team. But they alone will not ensure success. You need the right SPM partner to improve processes and to expand the capabilities of your devices. It's the combination of effective analytics and actionable insights that will bring the big trophy home for you and your team.
Find out how SPM technology enables accurate quota allocation. Watch this on-demand solution showcase to see the Optymyze Sales Quota Management solution in action.


Baptism is an act of faith and obedience to the commands of Christ. It's also a public declaration. Baptism declares you are a follower of Jesus Christ! It's a public confession of your faith in, and commitment to, living a life that's honoring to Him. It's the next step after salvation through repentance and faith and is a symbol of your new life as a Christian. The one requirement for baptism is belief in Christ! Baptism connects us to the body of Christ.
Are you interested in joining COOL Church and serving on team? COOL Culture is for you! It's our weekly membership course designed to help you KNOW GOD, FIND FREEDOM, DISCOVER PURPOSE AND MAKE A DIFFERENCE. You can jump right in at any time, so stop by COOL Culture this Sunday right after our 10AM service.
BE A PART, NOT APART Life wasn't meant to be lived alone. And since church isn't a building but a people, we aim to expand our walls and reach through connect groups. It's 10 weeks (that fly by!) of gathering with other like-minded people all over Miramar. No matter your interests, knowledge of scripture or years as a believer, we're sure there's a group just for you. Sign up today!


A Dutch artist named Bart Hansen recently decided to memorialize his dead cat (Orville) in an unusual way - by turning it into a remote-controlled helicopter. Jansen said that Oville always loved birds, and now he can fly with them.
Unfortunately, he forgot the laser beams. Amateur!
Department of "What Were They Thinking?"
Unknown University has a new initiative. They want to encourage more "interdisciplinary" research. So, they're trying to hire in groups centered around "big" topics. So what do they call this approach?
It's too easy. I'm not going there.


Enterprise Backup Utility (EBU) is a functionally rich, high performance interface for backing up Oracle7 databases. It is sometimes referred to as OEBU for Oracle Enterprise Backup Utility. The Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN) utility that ships with Oracle8 and above is similar to Oracle7's EBU utility. However, there is no direct upgrade path from EBU to RMAN.


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Reblogged this on Sweet Lemon.


Hey there! I'm a travelling freelance artist of several different disciplines. I have a lot of projects that I work on as I travel around, and I hope to share all my experiences as I go. I write about everything that I do on a blog, which I update whenever I can.
I'm currently working on producing a video game named Floating Wonderland. This is one of my biggest and most ambitious projects, for which I am the sole developer.
Alongside my game development, I also produce a lot of artwork, as well as custom plush toys, which you can see on my website, or my DeviantArt.
For updates, and just general chat, join my Discord server, or follow me on Twitter!
I only intend to keep this page active for the duration of my game development.
Thank you so much for your support! I'll make sure to add your name to the description of my videos, and in my future game for pledging support, as well as a special role in my Discord server.
Oh wow, thank you! I'll try to keep you as in the loop as possible about my work, and you'll receive Steam codes and early access for the game once it's ready!
Oh my, you're too kind! Patrons of this tier will get to take part in beta-testing for my game. Whenever i have new levels or features, I'll try to release files for people to play around with.
I'm absolutely flattered! You'll be going a long way to helping my game become a reality, and I'll do whatever I can to keep you involved in the process!
This really helps out with the costs of getting by, especially with all the travelling.


text:
Nocturnal critters come out to party.
By Chris Miller on Wed, Oct 18, 2006 at 4:00 am
Beer Drinkers in Space Showgirls: Fully Exposed Edition
Tonight, the owls, bats, and raccoons will take over the F.A. Seiberling Nature Realm for Creatures of the Nature Realm. It's a hands-on event that's sure to engage all five senses of every visitor. You'll be able to touch raccoon and squirrel pelts, listen to tapes of owls hooting, and — if you're lucky — catch a whiff of the stinky defense mechanisms some animals use in the wild.
The program culminates in a night hike through the park's Cherry Lane and Fernwood Trail, a pair of looped paths connected by a 110-foot-long suspension bridge spanning a 45-foot ravine.
Fri., Oct. 20, 7 p.m.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Accommodation and classes are both within a medieval castle within a nature park. All mod cons are included.
Accommodation in student residence with full board. Shared rooms (4-8 beds) with shared bathrooms.
The castle has several dedicated spaces for learning. Each classroom has a maximum of 15 international students per class.
Material and level test at the start of the course is included.
We have a ratio of one leader per 10 students (between 8 and 12 years old) and one leader per 15 students (between 13 and 15 years old).
COURSE: 15 hours per week of German or English.
TRANSPORT: Not included. Optional transfer service to and from Frankfurt International, Frankfurt Hahn, Düsseldorf, Koln, or to and from Frankfurt train station.
GROUP LEADER: Local co-ordinator, teachers, and monitors. Please check availability if you would like a monitor to accompany your child in-flight.


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I am a highly experienced recruitment executive with more than 8 years of emerging technology industry expertise. I have worked extensively across the European Fintech market, helping Investment managers, hedge funds, exchanges and fintech start-ups hire the best technical talent.
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I began writing as a child. Short stories, fairy tales, and the beginnings of my memoirs filled my time-outs. Of course they were rubbish, but I was determined to finish a novel by age 12 … at least, until Spongebob Squarepants came on the television.
In high school, as a last-ditch effort to avoid a second semester of hearing un, deux, trois with a well-meaning but ineffective French teacher, I joined the newspaper class and realized the fruits of my childhood fantasies.
After two successful years as my high school newspaper's lead columnist, I came to Baton Rouge in 2007 to study at LSU's Manship School of Mass Communication, and earned my B.A. with a minor in business administration in May 2011. While I specialized in print journalism during my schooling, I learned about all aspects of the world of mass media through classes, internships and jobs.
I write, and I write well. Mass communication and media completely enthrall me. Whether it's feature writing, social media, public relations, advertising or marketing, I'm captivated.
Prior to my 2015 move to Houston, I served as the communications coordinator for the LSU Foundation in Baton Rouge, where I wrote, edited, curated and helped design a 40 page semi-annual magazine; managed the website's content; managed the social media networks; worked with advertisers; and performed daily miscellaneous tasks that fall under the "coordinator" heading.
My current role is "manager, social marketing and community strategist" at Luminess Air. That means that, for all three of the company's brands, I manage all social media accounts and blogs; oversee the influencer programs; work with graphic designers on marketing content; assist with new product development; and oversee the creation of new (and editing of old) copy across the company.
In my free time, I work as a freelance writer and social media strategist, author a blog, and enjoy life as best I can. Head to my contact page to let me know how I can help you and your business.


Today's Buzz lurks below the fold — just click the link to get there. There are also some new letters at We Get Email.
As reported last week, former LAT columnist Bob Sipchen is joining the Sierra Club — as Editor in Chief of Sierra magazine and Deputy National Communications Director. The press release went out yesterday.
A right-wing liberal bias buster claims that Gustavo Arellano's book was destined for a positive review in the LAT because he's a contributing editor — and overlooks the evidence that would suggest otherwise.
Previous story: Actors or astronomers?


Dr. Rajesh Verma is a Spine Surgeon and Orthopedist who has an experience of 15 years in these fields. He currently works as Senior Consultant at Institute for Bone, Joint Replacement, Orthopedics Spine & Sports Medicine at BLK Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi. His areas of expertise are Bone Trauma, Spinal Deformity Correction, Arthroscopy and Foot Assessment.


text:
Linda Campbell, trustee of Nevada Joint Union board, arrested on contempt charge
Local News | June 11, 2018
Alan Riquelmy
ariquelmy@theunion.com
Authorities arrested a member of the Nevada Joint Union High School District Board of Trustees last week after she demanded they jail her during a Superior Court proceeding.
Linda Campbell, 62, said she insisted on her arrest because her due process rights were violated. Her jailing was an act of civil disobedience.
Authorities charged Campbell on Wednesday with contempt of court and resisting, delaying or obstructing a public officer, both misdemeanors. She's since made bond, records state.
"I couldn't even believe I had to do this," Campbell said. "I asked to be arrested for contempt of court."
A deputy took Campbell into custody around 9:20 a.m. in Commissioner Jason LaChance's courtroom near the end of a divorce proceeding, Undersheriff Joe Salivar and court records state.
"My understanding is that the judge was essentially trying to speak and she kept interrupting the judge," Salivar said. "She just wouldn't stop talking."
At some point in the proceeding it was time for Campbell to leave. She declined, the undersheriff said.
"She insisted she be arrested for contempt," Salivar added. "The deputy asked her to go outside. She wouldn't, so the deputy arrested her."
Salivar said it's uncommon for authorities to arrest someone in court on a contempt charge.
Campbell said she intends to take action in court, and reiterated that her Fifth Amendment due process rights had been violated.
"I did nothing wrong," Campbell said. "I just stood up for myself and asked to be arrested. The board had nothing to do with this."
Contacted about Campbell's arrest, board President Jim Drew declined comment.
"It's on a personal level," Drew said. "It doesn't affect school business."
2015 Censure by school board
Campbell's past actions have led her to publicly apologize and receive a formal censure from the school board.
Campbell in a June 2015 email blasted the Nevada County Tea Party, linking the conservative organization to treason. She later apologized and offered to help teach classes on the Constitution.
In September 2015, the board voted to censure Campbell. Its censure resolution referenced the email to the local tea party. It also mentioned her shouting at a town hall meeting hosted by U.S. Rep. Doug LaMalfa, and her frequent tardiness to board meetings without an excuse.
"We are elected officials and there is a right way to handle ourselves," former board President Katy Schwarz said. "It is a reflection on your board members when you act inappropriately."
To contact Staff Writer Alan Riquelmy, email ariquelmy@theunion.com or call 530-477-4239.
Man swept down river at Emerald Pools
The Union NOW!


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text:
HIVE LAB
Dr. Hyman
Selected Publications and Abstracts
Newest Research is First
A Novel Neural Prediction Error Found in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Ensembles
The function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) remains controversial, yet many theories suggest a role in behavioral adaptation, partly because a robust event-related potential, the feedback-related negativity (FN), is evoked over the ACC whenever expectations are violated. We recorded from the ACC as rats performed a task identical to one that reliably evokes an FN in humans. A subset of neurons was found that encoded expected outcomes as abstract outcome representations. The degree to which a reward/non-reward outcome representation emerged during a trial depended on the history of outcomes that preceded it. A prediction error was generated on incongruent trials as the ensembles shifted from representing the expected to the actual outcome, at the same time point we have previously reported an FN in the local field potential. The results describe a novel mode of prediction error signaling by ACC neurons that is associated with the generation of an FN.
(PDF) A Novel Neural Prediction Error Found in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Ensembles. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318278922_A_Novel_Neural_Prediction_Error_Found_in_Anterior_Cingulate_Cortex_Ensembles [accessed Sep 10 2018].
Integrating Spatial Working Memory and Remote Memory: Interactions between the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus
In recent years, two separate research streams have focused on information sharing between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HC). Research into spatial working memory has shown that successful execution of many types of behaviors requires synchronous activity in the theta range between the mPFC and HC, whereas studies of memory consolidation have shown that shifts in area dependency may be temporally modulated. While the nature of information that is being communicated is still unclear, spatial working memory and remote memory recall is reliant on interactions between these two areas. This review will present recent evidence that shows that these two processes are not as separate as they first appeared. We will also present a novel conceptualization of the nature of the medial prefrontal representation and how this might help explain this area's role in spatial working memory and remote memory recall.
(PDF) Integrating Spatial Working Memory and Remote Memory: Interactions between the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316278347_Integrating_Spatial_Working_Memory_and_Remote_Memory_Interactions_between_the_Medial_Prefrontal_Cortex_and_Hippocampus [accessed Sep 10 2018].
Contextual encoding by ensembles of medial prefrontal cortex neurons
Contextual representations serve to guide many aspects of behavior and influence the way stimuli or actions are encoded and interpreted. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), including the anterior cingulate subregion, has been implicated in contextual encoding, yet the nature of contextual representations formed by the mPFC is unclear. Using multiple single-unit tetrode recordings in rats, we found that different activity patterns emerged in mPFC ensembles when animals moved between different environmental contexts. These differences in activity patterns were significantly larger than those observed for hippocampal ensembles. Whereas ≈11% of mPFC cells consistently preferred one environment over the other across multiple exposures to the same environments, optimal decoding (prediction) of the environmental setting occurred when the activity of up to ≈50% of all mPFC neurons was taken into account. On the other hand, population activity patterns were not identical upon repeated exposures to the very same environment. This was partly because the state of mPFC ensembles seemed to systematically shift with time, such that we could sometimes predict the change in ensemble state upon later reentry into one environment according to linear extrapolation from the time-dependent shifts observed during the first exposure. We also observed that many strongly action-selective mPFC neurons exhibited a significant degree of context-dependent modulation. These results highlight potential differences in contextual encoding schemes by the mPFC and hippocampus and suggest that the mPFC forms rich contextual representations that take into account not only sensory cues but also actions and time.
(PDF) Contextual encoding by ensembles of medial prefrontal cortex neurons. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221965164_Contextual_encoding_by_ensembles_of_medial_prefrontal_cortex_neurons [accessed Sep 10 2018].
Differences in the emergent coding properties of cortical and striatal ensembles
The function of a given brain region is often defined by the coding properties of its individual neurons, yet how this information is combined at the ensemble level is an equally important consideration. We recorded multiple neurons from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsal striatum (DS) simultaneously as rats performed different sequences of the same three actions. Sequence and lever decoding was markedly similar on a per-neuron basis in the two regions. At the ensemble level, sequence-specific representations in the DS appeared synchronously, but transiently, along with the representation of lever location, whereas these two streams of information appeared independently and asynchronously in the ACC. As a result, the ACC achieved superior ensemble decoding accuracy overall. Thus, the manner in which information was combined across neurons in an ensemble determined the functional separation of the ACC and DS on this task.
(PDF) Differences in the emergent coding properties of cortical and striatal ensembles. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263512660_Differences_in_the_emergent_coding_properties_of_cortical_and_striatal_ensembles [accessed Sep 10 2018].
A Quantitative Analysis of Context-Dependent Remapping of Medial Frontal Cortex Neurons and Ensembles
Unlabelled: The frontal cortex has been implicated in a number of cognitive and motivational processes, but understanding how individual neurons contribute to these processes is particularly challenging as they respond to a broad array of events (multiplexing) in a manner that can be dynamically modulated by the task context, i.e., adaptive coding (Duncan, 2001). Fundamental questions remain, such as how the flexibility gained through these mechanisms is balanced by the need for consistency and how the ensembles of neurons are coherently shaped by task demands. In the present study, ensembles of medial frontal cortex neurons were recorded from rats trained to perform three different operant actions either in two different sequences or two different physical environments. Single neurons exhibited diverse mixtures of responsivity to each of the three actions and these mixtures were abruptly altered by context/sequence switches. Remarkably, the overall responsivity of the population remained highly consistent both within and between context/sequences because the gains versus losses were tightly balanced across neurons and across the three actions. These data are consistent with a reallocation mixture model in which individual neurons express unique mixtures of selectivity for different actions that become reallocated as task conditions change. However, because the allocations and reallocations are so well balanced across neurons, the population maintains a low but highly consistent response to all actions. The frontal cortex may therefore balance consistency with flexibility by having ensembles respond in a fixed way to task-relevant actions while abruptly reconfiguring single neurons to encode "actions in context." Significance statement: Flexible modes of behavior involve performance of similar actions in contextually relevant ways. The present study quantified the changes in how rat medial frontal cortex neurons respond to the same actions when performed in different task contexts (sequences or environments). Most neurons altered the mixture of actions they were responsive to in different contexts or sequences. Nevertheless, the responsivity profile of the ensemble remained fixed as did the ability of the ensemble to differentiate between the three actions. These mechanisms may help to contextualize the manner in which common events are represented across different situations.
(PDF) A Quantitative Analysis of Context-Dependent Remapping of Medial Frontal Cortex Neurons and Ensembles. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305824128_A_Quantitative_Analysis_of_Context-Dependent_Remapping_of_Medial_Frontal_Cortex_Neurons_and_Ensembles [accessed Sep 10 2018].
Feedback-Related Negativity Observed in Rodent Anterior Cingulate Cortex
The feedback-related negativity (FRN) refers to a difference in the human event-related potential (ERP) elicited by feedback indicating success versus failure: the difference appears negative when subtracting the success ERP from the failure ERP (Miltner, Braun, and Coles, 1997). Although source localization techniques (e.g., BESA) suggest that the FRN is produced in the ACC, the inverse problem (that any given scalp distribution can be produced by an infinite number of possible dipole configurations) limits the certainty of this conclusion. The inverse problem can be circumvented by directly recording from the ACC in animal models. Although a non-human primate homologue of the FRN has been observed in the macaque monkey (e.g. Emeric, et al., 2008), a homologue of the FRN has yet to be identified in rodents. We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) directly from the ACC in 6 rodents in a task based on the FRN paradigm. The animals were trained to poke their nose into a lighted port and received a feedback smell indicating whether or not a reward pellet would drop 1.5 s later. We observed a FRN-like effect time-locked to the feedback scent whereby the LFP to feedback predicting no-reward was significantly more negative than the LFP to feedback predicting reward. This deflection began on average 130 ms before behavioral changes in response to the feedback. Thus, we provide the first evidence of the existence of a rodent homologue of the FRN.
(PDF) Feedback-Related Negativity Observed in Rodent Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265689049_Feedback-Related_Negativity_Observed_in_Rodent_Anterior_Cingulate_Cortex [accessed Sep 10 2018].
Tracking Progress toward a Goal in Corticostriatal Ensembles
When performing sequences of actions, we constantly keep track of our current position in the sequence relative to the overall goal. The present study searched for neural representations of sequence progression in corticostriatal circuits. Neurons within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and its target region in the dorsal striatum (DS) were recorded from simultaneously as rats performed different sequences of lever presses. We analyzed the responses of the neurons to presses occurring in the "first," "second," or "third" serial position regardless of the particular sequence or physical levers. Principal component analysis revealed that the main source of firing rate variance in the ACC was a smooth ramp-like change as the animal progressed through the sequence toward the reward. No such smooth-ramping activity was observed in DS ensembles as firing tended to be tightly linked to each action. In the ACC, the progression in firing was observed only for correct choices and not errors, whereas in the DS, firing associated with each action in a sequence was similar regardless of whether the action was correct or not. Therefore, different forms of a signal exist within corticostriatal circuits that evolve across a sequence of actions, with DS ensembles tracking every action and ACC ensembles tracking actual progress toward the goal.
(PDF) Tracking Progress toward a Goal in Corticostriatal Ensembles. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260117883_Tracking_Progress_toward_a_Goal_in_Corticostriatal_Ensembles [accessed Sep 10 2018].
Neuronal coding in the rodent prefrontal cortex
Apart from being associated with working memory, neurons in the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are known to be involved in encoding of spatial and temporal contexts [1], the deduction of rules [2], and decision making [3]. The context-dependent organization of neural assemblies encoding for different task events, stimuli or decisions [3,4], may account for the great flexibility required during the performance of higher cognitive tasks. The way in which single neurons and their interactions code for different entities may play a huge role in this flexibility [5], but has rarely been systematically investigated in the PFC. Here, we employ various multivariate statistical techniques and time series bootstraps to analyze the way in which neurons, neural interactions, and temporal patterns of activity within ensembles of simultaneously recorded rat PFC neurons contribute to the neural population code during the performance of different tasks comprised of multiple stimuli, task events, and responses. To examine the neural population representation of a given set of stimuli and task events, in a first step kernel density stimates of spiking activity were obtained from all recorded neurons. Both multivariate/ multiple regression and classification approaches were then utilized to characterize neuronal coding properties. Using regression, the distributions of single neuron contributions to the explained variation in stimulus conditions were charted, both individually and after regressing out or taking into account the contribution of other neurons. The same was done including neuronal interaction terms of various orders as well as time-lagged versions of the neuronal activities (based on the idea of delay-embedding, thus taking temporal patterns into account). Significant contributions of single terms or sets of terms were identified by construction of null hypothesis distributions through block-permutation bootstraps. In a complementary decoding-type of analysis, a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier was run on sets of single neuron activities, time-lagged versions of these, and their interaction terms, with performance evaluated through leave-one-out cross-validation. Results show that 1) contributions to explained variation in stimulus conditions follow monotonically falling, potentially power-law-like, distributions, and 2) both including temporal pattern information as well as neural interaction terms significantly improves prediction performance and strongly reduces the misclassification rate. These findings indicate that a) there appears to be no highly specialized subpopulation of neurons encoding for specific events, and b) that precise temporal patterns, and to a lesser degree correlations among units, have a major contribution to the neural representation of specific stimuli and internal task stages in the rat mPFC.
(PDF) Neuronal coding in the rodent prefrontal cortex. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257870974_Neuronal_coding_in_the_rodent_prefrontal_cortex [accessed Sep 10 2018].
Abrupt changes in the patterns and complexity of anterior cingulate cortex activity when food is introduced into an environment
Foraging typically involves two distinct phases, an exploration phase where an organism explores its local environment in search of needed resources and an exploitation phase where a discovered resource is consumed. The behavior and cognitive requirements of exploration and exploitation are quite different and yet organisms can quickly and efficiently switch between them many times during a foraging bout. The present study investigated neural activity state dynamics in the anterior cingulate sub-region of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) when a reliable food source was introduced into an environment. Distinct and largely independent states were detected using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) when food was present or absent in the environment. Measures of neural entropy or complexity decreased when rats went from exploring the environment to exploiting a reliable food source. Exploration in the absence of food was associated with many weak activity states, while bouts of food consumption were characterized by fewer stronger states. Widespread activity state changes in the mPFC may help to inform foraging decisions and focus behavior on what is currently most prominent or valuable in the environment.
(PDF) Abrupt changes in the patterns and complexity of anterior cingulate cortex activity when food is introduced into an environment. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237071311_Abrupt_changes_in_the_patterns_and_complexity_of_anterior_cingulate_cortex_activity_when_food_is_introduced_into_an_environment [accessed Sep 10 2018].
Action and Outcome Activity State Patterns in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Although there are numerous theories regarding anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) function, most suggest that it is involved in some form of action or outcome processing. The present study characterized the dominant patterns of ACC activity on a task in which actions and outcomes could vary independently. Patterns of activity were detected using a modified form of principal component analysis (PCA), termed constrained PCA in which a regression procedure was applied prior to PCA to eliminate the contribution of nontask-related activity. When trials were grouped according to outcome, a PC was found in all subjects and sessions that had large fluctuations during actions but only differentiated correct versus error trials prior to the end of the delay and again at time of the outcome. Another PC was always present that separated right from left lever presses, but only around the time of the actual lever press. Individual neurons exhibited significant selectivities for trials involving different actions and/or outcomes. Of the ACC neurons that exhibited significant outcome selectivity, the majority fired more on error trials. The present study revealed separate as well as integrated action and outcome monitoring in the ACC, especially, although not exclusively, under conditions when an error is likely.
(PDF) Action and Outcome Activity State Patterns in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225056557_Action_and_Outcome_Activity_State_Patterns_in_the_Anterior_Cingulate_Cortex [accessed Sep 10 2018].
What is the Functional Relevance of Prefrontal Cortex Entrainment to Hippocampal Theta Rhythms?
There has been considerable interest in the importance of oscillations in the brain and in how these oscillations relate to the firing of single neurons. Recently a number of studies have shown that the spiking of individual neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) become entrained to the hippocampal (HPC) theta rhythm. We recently showed that theta-entrained mPFC cells lost theta-entrainment specifically on error trials even though the firing rates of these cells did not change (Hyman et al., 2010). This implied that the level of HPC theta-entrainment of mPFC units was more predictive of trial outcome than differences in firing rates and that there is more information encoded by the mPFC on working memory tasks than can be accounted for by a simple rate code. Nevertheless, the functional meaning of mPFC entrainment to HPC theta remains a mystery. It is also unclear as to whether there are any differences in the nature of the information encoded by theta-entrained and non-entrained mPFC cells. In this review we discuss mPFC entrainment to HPC theta within the context of previous results as well as provide a more detailed analysis of the Hyman et al. (2010) data set. This re-analysis revealed that theta-entrained mPFC cells selectively encoded a variety of task relevant behaviors and stimuli while never theta-entrained mPFC cells were most strongly attuned to errors or the lack of expected rewards. In fact, these error responsive neurons were responsible for the error representations exhibited by the entire ensemble of mPFC neurons. A theta reset was also detected in the post-error period. While it is becoming increasingly evident that mPFC neurons exhibit correlates to virtually all cues and behaviors, perhaps phase-locking directs attention to the task-relevant representations required to solve a spatially based working memory task while the loss of theta-entrainment at the start of error trials may represent a shift of attention away from these representation.
(PDF) What is the Functional Relevance of Prefrontal Cortex Entrainment to Hippocampal Theta Rhythms?. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50808840_What_is_the_Functional_Relevance_of_Prefrontal_Cortex_Entrainment_to_Hippocampal_Theta_Rhythms [accessed Sep 10 2018].
More Research Here
Dr. Hyman's ResearchGate Page
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text:
Republic Theater
The former location of the Republic Theater, now known as the New Victory Theater. The Minskys first acquired this establishment around 1931, and it remained their principal venue until H.K. and Morton moved operations to the Oriental in 1936.
The New Victory Theater, occupying the same building as the old Republic Theater. The Republic Theater was the Minskys' principal venue from 1931 until 1936. Photograph by Andreas Praefcke.
by Michael H Novak
Minsky's Burlesque
New York Theater Workshop
Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center


text:
History of the Roswell UFO Incident
Roswell Incident Witnesses
When studying the Roswell incident, a healthy dose of skepticism will help weed out phony information-such as this photograph of a "humanoid."
Intercontinental U.F.O. Galactic Spacecraft Research and Analytic Network Archives
Those who participated in recovering alien bodies at Roswell kept silent for years. Finally, as initial reports of the Roswell incident began to appear in the 1980s, they began to confide to close friends or family members what they had seen. Even then they were uneasy, still afraid of getting into trouble. One participant, Capt. Oliver ("Pappy") Henderson, flew the plane that first spotted the bodies. Apparently, judging from what he told his family, he also saw the bodies up close. Sgt. Melvin Brown rode in a truck with the bodies from the crash site to Roswell Field, then stood guard at the hangar where they were first stored.
Several persons who were at Wright Field or who knew individuals who were have testified to the arrival of wreckage and bodies at Wright in July 1947. One of these, retired Gen. Exon, says a top-secret committee was formed to oversee the investigation of this and other highly classified UFO incidents. Nearly 20 years later, when he took command of the base, the committee was still operating. It had nothing to do with Project Blue Book, the poorly funded, inadequate project that apparently served little more than a public relations function. As Brig. Gen. Bolender had indicated in an internal Air Force memorandum, UFO reports "which could affect national security . . . are not part of the Blue Book system."
Echoes of the Roswell incident have been heard for decades in popular folklore about secret rooms and buildings at Wright-Patterson AFB where government personnel study physical and biological proof of alien visitation. Most) -- but not all -- are "friend-of-a-friend" tales. Retired Wright-Patterson employee Norma Gardner claimed before her death ("Uncle Sam can't do anything to me once I'm in my grave.") to have catalogued UFO material, including parts from the interior of a machine that had been brought to the base some years earlier. She also said she had typed autopsy reports on the bodies of occupants; once, moreover, she saw two of the bodies as they were being moved from one location to another. From her description -- if she was telling the truth -- she saw the Roswell entities.
In the mid-1960s Sen. Barry Goldwater, a brigadier general in the Air Force reserve, asked his friend Gen. Curtis LeMay about the rumors. Goldwater told The New Yorker (April 25, 1988) that LeMay gave him "holy hell" and warned him never to bring up the subject again.
Want to learn more about UFOs and aliens? Take a look at these articles:
How UFOs Work
How Aliens Work
How Area 51 Works
UFO Hoaxes
UFO Theories
Communicating With Aliens Is Hard. Communicating With Alien AI Could Be Harder
Is the U.S. Government Hiding New Proof of Alien Life?


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Der New Zealand Alpine Club (NZAC) () wurde 1891 gegründet und ist einer der ältesten Alpinen Vereine in der Welt.

Der NZAC ist die nationale Kletterorganisation in Neuseeland und Mitglied des Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme, deren Gründungsmitglied er ist. Der Verein hat über 4400 Mitglieder, die sich auf zwölf Sektionen verteilen (elf in Neuseeland und eine in Australien), plus Mitglieder in anderen Ländern. Er betreibt ein nationales Büro mit Sitz in Christchurch.

Beschreibung
Der Club fördert aktiv das Klettern in Neuseeland und Übersee. Er veröffentlicht Reiseführer zu den Bergen Neuseelands und ausgewählten Gebieten zum Bergsteigen und macht diese Informationen auch online zugänglich.

Er gibt vierteljährlich die Zeitschrift The Climber (auch online) und das jährliche New Zealand Alpine Journal heraus. Das NZAJ wurde bis zur Ausgabe von 2016 in einer Kooperation mit der Universität Innsbruck digitalisiert und steht online zur Verfügung. Der NZAC besitzt 17 Hütten und Schutzhütten, die Clubmitgliedern und anderen Kletterern zur Verfügung stehen. In den meisten Sektionen finden Anfängerkurse für Kletterer statt. Der Club bietet auch Kurse für Fortgeschrittene an. Der NZAC sponsert die jährliche nationale Boulder-Serie im Sommer an vier Standorten sowie bei anderen lokalen und nationalen Wettkampfkletterveranstaltungen.

Neuseeland ist ein sehr bergiges Land und Bergsteigen ist dort seit langem beliebt. Die Möglichkeiten zum Bergsteigen konzentrieren sich vor allem auf die Neuseeländischen Alpen, die die Südinsel der Länge nach durchziehen. Andere Bereiche sind die Kaikoura Ranges, Arrowsmith Range, Mount Taranaki und das Volcanic Plateau mit den Mounts Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe und Tongariro.

Klettern zieht viele Teilnehmer in Neuseeland an und die abwechslungsreiche Topographie sowie unterschiedlichen Felsarten bieten Möglichkeiten zum Klettern in einigen Städten wie Auckland, Christchurch und Dunedin oder innerhalb einer Autostunde von den meisten anderen Städten. Eisklettern, Bouldern, Sportklettern und Traditionelles Klettern sind alle gut etabliert.

Geschichte
Der NZAC wurde im Jahr 1891 gegründet. Zum Eröffnungstreffen am 11. März war von George Edward Mannering sowie Arthur Paul Harper geladen worden. Ende Juli des Jahres trafen sich 14 Mitglieder unter dem Vorsitz von Frederick Wollaston Hutton, die die ersten Wahlen abhielten und dem Club eine Verfassung gaben. Vorbild war der Alpine Club. Es wurde zudem beschlossen, die Geschichte und das Andenken an die Pioniere und Entdecker des Landes aufzuzeichnen, auch wenn diese teils keine alpinen Arbeiten im engeren Sinne erbracht hatten. 27 Mitglieder wurden an dem Abend bestätigt. Hutton wurde zum Vizepräsidenten ernannt, während Leonard Harper in Abwesenheit zum Präsidenten gewählt wurde.

In den ersten Jahrzehnten stand der Club ausschließlich unter männlicher Leitung. Mavis Davidson leitete daher erste Schritte zur Gründung eines New Zealand Women's Alpine Club ein. Um eine solche Abspaltung zu umgehen wurde sie 1952 als erste Frau in den Vorstand gewählt.

Die Bekanntheit des Bergsteigens in Neuseeland wurde durch den Aufstieg von Sir Edmund Hillary und Tenzing Norgay der Britischen Mount-Everest-Expedition 1953 gefördert. Hillary gehört zu den bekanntesten und am meisten verehrten Neuseeländern und war ein lebenslanges Mitglied der NZAC. Andere NZAC-Mitglieder haben in vielen Bergregionen Erstbesteigungen absolviert, darunter im Himalaya, in der Antarktis und in den Anden.

Persönlichkeiten

Präsidenten des NZAC
Chronologische Übersicht über alle Präsidenten seit Gründung. Die normale Amtszeit dauert zwei Jahre.

Weitere bekannte Mitglieder
 1858–1944 Jane Thomson
 1860–1936 Forrestina Elizabeth Ross
 1862–1930 Malcolm Ross (Vizepräsident)
 1911–1990 Greta Stevenson

Weblinks
 New Zealand Alpine Club
 The Climber magazine
 Every climb in New Zealand online
 National Indoor Bouldering Series
 New Zealand Alpine Journal online

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 1891
Mitglied der Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme
Sport (Christchurch)
Organisation (Christchurch)
Wandern (Neuseeland)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia