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Struggle for Global Justice – A Perspective on Hate Crimes
The law is a living organism which is reflected by the ever-evolving landscape of international criminal law. Conflicts demonstrate the role of major players of international law drive most essentially, human rights. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, without any discrimination. According to Art. 1 of the UDHR, "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."[1] These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Human rights are thus guaranteed universally by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. [2]
Before analyzing the concepts of laws and state relationship, we must consider the evolution of human rights and their universality. The concept of human rights can be traced back to the Stoic philosophy which closely resembles the Buddhist school of thought. The concept of natural rights in these schools emphasized that human beings are born virtuous and they should preserve this virtue by distancing themselves from passion. These schools function with the maxim of living in according to nature, both in the sense of the laws of the universe and reason. Before the draft of the most important declaration now governing the human rights discipline, two evolvements came in the from of the American Declaration, recognizing the importance of guaranteeing "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" to all men[3]; and then the French Declaration which granted "life, liberty and fraternity" to all men[4]. It is however surprising to note that these declarations and philosophical schools of thought emphasized on the words "all men" meaning that these rights were only available to men or a class of men. It was only in the later part of the 19th Century that these rights were also granted to women and children. Now, in the modern times, these human rights are universally granted through the UDHR to "all human beings" without any distinction.[5] It is established that these declarations have
Through these declarations another incidental question of human rights attacking state sovereignty arises. International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.[6] By becoming parties to international agreements and instruments, States assume obligations and duties such as the responsibility to protect, to abide by the international humanitarian law principles and to ensure full satisfaction of the grant of human rights both in times of peace and war. The Conventions of Hague and Geneva govern such activities of states when it comes to enforceability and protection at times of war and peace. This obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. It requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights violations. They are under a duty to bring into force mechanisms in their domestic laws to abide by the dictates of such documents. This process of enforcement in one's land is done post ratification.[7]
Through ratification of international human rights treaties, Governments undertake to put into place domestic measures and legislation compatible with their treaty obligations and duties. The domestic legal system, therefore, provides the principal legal protection of human rights guaranteed under international law. Where domestic legal proceedings fail to address human rights abuses, mechanisms and procedures for individual and group complaints are available at the regional and international levels to help ensure that international human rights standards are indeed respected, implemented, and enforced at the local level.[8] Thus, even though post ratification the country is bound legal by the international instrument, it is not an attack on the sovereignty, further, as provided under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the states are under a liberty to reserve[9] to certain treaty norms or derogate[10] from them.
Interpretations of treaties and state roles in the implementation of the same, are indispensable in studying the human rights violations. Post this clarity one can move into the details of the state violations and study how various judicial pronouncements have molded this law into what we know today as the international human rights law regime.
The advancement of hate crimes in domestic realm:
"No other physical encounter between human beings carries such a disparate potential for good or evil." –Starre Vartan.
in a morning of June 1994, Kenneth Harris, a black man, was driving home from a trip to France with his white girlfriend, Miss Woodward. He pulled into a garage in ford and his girlfriend left the car to make some purchases from the kiosk. Ms. Woodward was immediately subjected to verbal abuse, some of it racist, by three white youths who had also pulled onto the forecourt of the garage. One of the youths approached Mr. Harris's car and began to kick and punch at the passenger side. When Mr. Harris stepped out of the car to ask what was wrong the youth replied, "cause you're black" and challenged him to a fight. One of the other youths then took hold of Harris and all three kicked, punched and stabbed him with screwdrivers as he lay on the ground. Then one of the assailants, called Ridley, entered the victim's car and reversed it over his legs while the others held him down. Ridley, after attempting to repeat the maneuvers, drove off in the car leaving Harris with a fractured skull, a series of lacerations to his body and injuries to his legs, which may permanently impair his mobility.[11]
Above is a classic documented evidence of Hate Crimes. Crimes motivated by prejudice, also known as hate crimes or bias-motivated crimes, affect the security of individuals, their communities and societies. A hate crime is an ordinary crime connected to some sort of factor signaling that the perpetrator commits the crime in conjunction with holding a particularly biased or disparaging attitude or view towards the victim in virtue of a perceived membership of this victim to some social group.[12] Effective responses to hate crimes are necessary to prevent them from posing a serious security challenge. In extreme situations, they can lead to wars within and across borders. Hate crimes characterized by bias or prejudice towards groups of people require that the act must constitute an offence under criminal law and the act be motivated by bias.[13]
Bias motivations can be broadly defined as preconceived negative opinions, stereotypical assumptions, intolerance or hatred directed to a group that shares a common characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, language, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, gender or any other fundamental characteristic. These crimes include a threat, property damage, assault, murder or any other criminal offence committed with a bias motivation. Hate crimes don't only affect individuals from specific groups but also pose a threat to target the human rights defenders, community centres or places of worship.
To conceptualize hate crimes, it is essential that the elements leading to its formation and criminalization are fulfilled. Firstly, if there is no crime, there can be no hate crime, but conceptions differ regarding the range of crimes eligible for hate crime status. In many jurisdictions, any offence under criminal law is a potential hate crime.[14] Secondly, any conception of hate crime involves some determination of what distinguishes this type of crime. There is general agreement that the proof of the hate crime lies in the answer to the question why the crime was committed, but different conceptions favor different definitions of the salient motive. Some emphasize prejudice or hate, others bias or discrimination.[15] Thirdly, any conception of hate crime implies a position on the requisite relation between the hate and the crime. Specific definitions may require proof of causation connected to motivation (i.e. that the crime was motivated by prejudice or bias), or alternatively a demonstration of identity-based hostility before, during or after the commission of the offence.[16] When proof of causation is required there is also a need to decide on whether the crime must have been motivated in whole or only in part by hate. Finally, conceptions of hate crime imply a specification of a list of so-called protected characteristics, i.e., the hate crimes must be directed towards categories of group identity. Hence, specific conceptions of hate crime differ regarding the range of characteristics to be included, and variation on this parameter is the most easily recognized among the four given root causes of diversity between conceptions. In sum, the four-tiered concept exposes the skeleton around which concrete conceptions of hate crime are molded. It does not say which is the best interpretation in a context, but it facilitates distinction between constitutive and contingent aspects of hate crime and provides the basis for delimitations of the crimes.[17]
Human rights prescribe states to provide their population with a certain sort of protection and security. This, among other things, includes people to be able to enjoy the freedoms of opinion, assembly, life-style, movement and choice, which all branch out of the fundamental rights guaranteed under respective state constitutions. But if the state allows individuals to interfere with the execution of these freedoms of other people, it does not perform this fundamental task properly. This is the ultimate motivation for criminal law and related preventive policies.
The state irresponsibility in acting towards there hate crimes disturbs the tenets of liberal democracy which disturbs the strings of peace, law and order. Thus, when people don't respect this in a way that makes them commit a crime, they attack not only the victim of this crime, but become a potential threat to general social stability. The perpetrator risks throwing the well-ordered society into chaos, and raise a question on the role of state. Thus, an attack by an individual and any delay in an action by the state authorities weight the balance of justice towards grave injustice and a demolition of state structure.
Surprisingly, hate crimes are also creators of state actions and inactions in situations demanding just and reasonable conduct of the state law enforcement agencies. Crimes committed by police or security forces can be categorized and treated as human rights violations when they function in the strict no action zone. The facilitating of hate crime elements also applies to the crimes committed by death squads or other agents operating de facto as state agents.[18] Further, as we shall see, according to one approach to human rights this concern with types of actors is essential, whereas according to another it is obsolete. In any case, the need for scrutiny of the claim that hate crime is a human rights violation emerges especially in relation to hate crimes perpetrated by a fourth type of actor; i.e. private individuals. Private individuals, whether acting alone or in the company of their peers, represent the almost exclusive focus in existing concerns with hate crime offenders. There are questions of their age, sex, relationship to their victims, secondary motivation (thrill, mission etc.), and the like, but the status of the perpetrators as ordinary citizens is assumed.[19]
Once a crime is committed, a due procedure of law must be followed to seek relief. But even before the stage of filing the report, the victim must open about the crime. Almost half of the cases of go unreported because they are suppressed within the victim or within the family. In other case, the crimes are visibly seen and, yet the crimes go unreported since the perpetrators are connected in a group which holds substantial position in the society. As soon as this stage is overcome and if at all the incidence reaches the stage where the victim knocks the doors of the justice the entire elongated procedure begins which may or may not ultimately result in a fruitful outcome.
Violence against various communities – a domestic study:
Violence against non-heteronormative communities:
Recently, in Texas on Oct. 21, a body was found off a county road west with bullet wounds to the chest, abdomen and shoulders. The victim, Stephanie Montez, a transgender woman was misidentified as a man was made to pay brutally for being oriented differently.[20] Merriam Webster defines the term as an idea "based on the attitude that heteronormativity is the only normal and natural expression of sexuality." This system encompasses expectations of gender roles, identities and sexualities deemed "natural." The assumption is that everyone is cis-gender (more on this later), heterosexual and performs traditional gender roles. So basically, if you are biologically female, you identify as a woman. You also like the opposite sex and are traditionally "feminine."
Unfortunately, this concept has real consequences for members of the LGBT community and for society. Ironically, while scholars and policy-makers have long referred to hate crime as a 'message crime', the assumption that those beyond the immediate victim are likewise intimidated by the violence has gone untested. Grounded in a recent study of the community impacts of hate crime, we offer some insights into these in terrorem effects of hate crime.[21] As the nation's become more adaptive and people become more expressive about their sexuality, there has been an increase in violence motivated by hate. Hate crimes against these communities are the most prevalent of the hate crimes based on sexual orientation. Hate crimes have their roots in normative, individual, and societal attitudes and ideologies that lead to intimidation, bullying, teasing, physical assault, rape, and murder.[22] Even as transgender people have scored political victories and turned public opinion in favor of more protections, violence has risen, especially against black and transgender women. The full death toll is impossible to determine, but by rights groups' estimates, each of the past three years has become the deadliest on record.[23]
The Human Rights Campaign has documented the killings of twice the populations as compared to last year. They have been shot, stabbed, burned and, in at least one case, pushed into a river. On average, one to two have been killed somewhere in the continent every week. As per expert opinion, these numbers almost certainly understate the problem. Local officials are not required to report such killings to any central database, and because the police sometimes release incorrect names or genders, it can be difficult to know that a homicide victim was transgender. So, advocacy groups are left to comb news reports and talk to victims' friends or family.[24]
There is an increased climate of hate that is, in some cases, being allowed to grow. A lot of these cases are happening in regions where there are a lack of protections and there's a lack of understanding and infrastructure for trans folks to live their daily lives. These atrocities are alarming, and the numbers are increasing day by day. the number of crimes reported daily, and the numbers known through human rights watches over the world, show a major contrasting difference. The cause behind such difference and inconsistence is the fear of re-victimization. This is a part of a well-planned organized structure of societal thinking aimed at neutralizing gender roles and attributing them.
Violence against religious minorities:
The number of reported hate crimes in 2016 increased by nearly 5 percent to more than 6,100, according to a new report by the FBI.[25] As has long been true, hate crimes based on race were by far the biggest category, with more than half of reported hate crime incidents motivated by race, ethnicity, or ancestry. This category makes up more than 20% of the reported incidences with Muslims and Jewish communities being the most sought-after targets.
A report by various investigating authorities in the human rights watch arena, gives a glimpse at the numbers in a year in which concerns about hate crimes skyrocketed due to politically motivated agendas. Be it the recognition by Trump of Jerusalem[26] or the Civil War in Yemen,[27] the patterns of these motivated crimes seem to always target the marginalized populations in isolation. Digging deep into the phenomenon, the answer lies within the state law enforcement agency actions. Before analyzing the same, we must understand the difference between hate crimes and hateful acts. The essential elements being fulfilled, there must be a crime for there to be an established hate crime. On the other hand, a hateful act need not necessarily be a crime. As a crime is characterized by mens rea and actus reus a hate crime is an admixture of these with an additional element of hate driven by a specific agenda.[28] A hateful act likewise is merely driven by hateful motivation and does not spring out to become a criminal act penalized by law. The idea, essentially, is to take extraordinary steps against crimes that can go much further than harming individual victims.[29]
As we embark on a historical trail in India or for that matter around most of the world, we can see that Muslim rulers were always invaders who believed in the policy of seizing others land and ruling over them. It is believed that these communities always migrated from land to land in the thirst of power. Mighty as they were, these rulers were also ruthless, though not all when it came to the treatment the gave to the ruled or the prisoners of war. This was where the roots of the hatred sprang, and the communities have ever since been driven with this hatred and bias against them. Another aspect for the spring of these atrocities and ill treatment of the Muslim communities is the notion of terrorism being attached to them. Many myths and leading evidences always end up characterizing these minorities with terror and spreading violence. They are thus served their own cause.
In case of other communities, a known fact is that the minority is always subject to the majority rule and they must abide or perish. This is the same reason why various draft instruments have been formulated to curtail such atrocities against religiously minor groups or indigenous populations. The Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, 1992[30] is a General Assembly resolution that achieves this purpose of safeguarding the minorities and protecting their interests. In this war of recognition and protection, it is the majority that is often overlooked. This will be dealt with in the next section in the context of India, where despite Dalits holding almost a major chunk of the population, they are severally victimized.
Violence against majorities (Indian Dalits):
Article 17[31] deals with the abolition of untouchability. Though, this article does not create a right, yet it is a lease of rescue to the 1/6th of Indian population from perpetual subjugation, humiliation & disgrace of centuries. To incorporate the article in the constitution as one of the most unambiguous articles of the constitution was the best way to eradicate this evil. To, further strengthen the constitutional provision in Article 15 and Article 17, the parliament of India enacted the Untouchability (offences) Act in 1955. This act was further amended and renamed in 1976 as Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955. This act lays down that whatever is open to public (or Hindus) should be open to the members of the scheduled castes. It abolishes the untouchability and its practice in any form is made punishable under the law. The main purpose of the paper is to highlight some of the prevalent practices regarding the Dalit atrocities. This will be dealt with from two aspects i.e. social atrocities and individual atrocities.
The passing of Land redistribution laws was the benchmark for such atrocities, the government and the dominant caste landlords fought unceasingly to prevent Dalits from gaining control over land that is legally theirs. This discrimination is also by far etched in the education system that prevents Dalit children from full participation in classrooms, thereby barring them from accessing the most important tool for social mobility. Moreover, violence against women is on the rise and patriarchal attitudes toward the role of women prevail. This "hidden apartheid" impacts most of the average population in India. The government action to create mechanisms of enforcement, and to enact various policies to combat discrimination against Dalits in government, the workplace, at educational institutions have not completely gained justice. Even after the abolition of the caste system, more than half a century ago, Dalits or 'untouchables' continue to face caste discrimination.[32]
Looking at recent statistics every year, 13,000-15,000 cases of atrocities against Dalits and 3,000-3,500 cases of 'untouchability' are registered in India. Two instances of harassment in the western Indian state of Gujarat have prompted the Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), a Hong Kong-based rights body, to urge the Indian government to take urgent action against anti-dalit presentations. The AHRC was seen quoting, "Fifty-six years after India's independence, the country is still suffering from caste discrimination and inequality".[33] The incidences that caught the national eye were when three Dalit teachers were transferred for protesting caste-wise seating arrangements during lunch at their school. Another stone in the pillar was by the suspected suicide of a Dalit man whose wife Gangaben Maru, an elected village head, was being threatened by her upper caste political rivals. The chain of happenings is endless and uncared for.
Two Dalit boys were killed, allegedly by members of an upper caste community in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, because they had won a cricket match says a report by the New Delhi based Indian rights group People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL). For the past 60 days people have been on a dharna protesting police inaction in the mysterious disappearance of a Dalit sarpanch Karan Singh from the Brahmin-dominated Pehrewar village in Haryana's Rohtak district four months ago has further highlighted the issue. The police allegedly refused to lodge an FIR for over a month after the incident took place. The people are demanding a CBI inquiry. Haryana the not so peaceful land anymore records a whooping rate of Dalit atrocities. In October 2002, five Dalits were lynched in Duleena village in Jhajjar district. Two hundred dalit families fled their homes in Harsola village in Kaithal district after being attacked. And, a few months ago, a woman dalit sarpanch was beaten in public in Gandhra village in Rohtak district.[34]
Several campaigns have been launched to curb and control these atrocities. Heads of various institutions such as National Human Rights Commission and the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Tribes as well as the United Nations, were called for acting and presenting their views for this pressing problem. Action to be taken against those violating the rights of Dalits was the main criterion of discussion. The bodies urged the Indian government to set up an independent body to investigate and try "the offenders of such gross violations of human rights".[35]
A pilot study done at Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University has been associated with the National Campaign for Dalit Human Rights, points out the discouraging situation for Dalits. The chief coordinator encourages the efforts put up by the Indian government for registering efforts by Dalit groups and other human rights bodies to highlight the issue of discrimination against Dalits at an international conference against racism held in the South African city of Durban in 2001. The awareness is spreading but not as one would desire. Had this caste-less society been never established, the founding stones of India would have shaped differently. But we cannot necessarily blame it all on the Varna system. It is we, the people, who are responsible for the continuance of such atrocities. Action Aid, a soon-to-be-published report by the global nongovernmental organization, states that Dalits are often harassed if they assert their rights. Social and economic boycotts, murders, and rape- the sequence of violence against the Dalits is endless.[36]
Many cases go unreported as the police means to dilute the seriousness of the offences and shield the offenders thus also indirectly inflicting injustice against the people who are discriminated upon. Police, the role of whom is to protect the society and maintain the civil order drifts away from being 'the professional imposition of a coherent moral consensus on society'. Political activities too lead into the oppression of these minorities, women and children are harassed at an altogether different level. The situation is so inappropriate that the tainted rule of the British colonial rule fetched a far better outcome for these oppressed societies.
Document of Hate Crimes under International Law:
These crimes at international level can be divided into four basic categories, war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and crimes of aggression.[37] This core crime classification evolved in the international law regime post the World War II when the German Nazi perpetrators were tried at Nuremberg. The context from the judgment read:
"Article 6. The Tribunal established by the Agreement referred to in Article 1 hereof for the trial and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries shall have the power to try and punish persons who, acting in the interests of the European Axis countries, whether as individuals or as members of organizations, committed any of the following crimes:
The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for
which there shall be individual responsibility:
Crimes Against Peace: namely, planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing
War Crimes: namely, violations of the laws or customs of war. Such violations shall include, but not be limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity
Crimes Against Humanity: namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated.
Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing."[38]
Upon analysis of the Nuremberg pronouncement, the crimes specified thereunder can be classified as directed against a specific population and in furtherance of a policy driven by vendetta towards a specific group by individuals or a group of persons. Hate crime scholars Barbary Perry and Patrick Olsson, 'is, by nature a sustained and systematic violation of human rights.'[39] The idea echoes claims made by several human rights organizations, including OHCHR and Human Rights First. It essentially limits people's equality of opportunity and infringes their basic human rights.
To understand this further, one must take the guideline of the Rome Statute and the jurisprudence of the ICC available thereunder. Essentially, the Rome Statute provides that the crimes listed should be committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack.[40]. Thereby, to prove the alleged crime, it is necessary to show the nexus between the elements and the actions of the Defendant in line with the Statute.[41] The term civilian population lacks a statutory definition, but essentially comprises all persons who are civilians as opposed to members of armed forces and other legitimate combatants.[42] The alleged attack must be directed against a population that was the 'primary object of the attack', and not just an incidental victim.[43] The object of the attack must be a civilian 'population', rather than a limited and randomly selected number of individuals.[44] According to the International Humanitarian Law, the term civilian means persons who are not members of the armed forces.[45] The Law of Geneva under Article 13(2) of Additional Protocol II of 1977 forbids the killing of civilians or the making them objects of attack.[46]
These interpretations state clearly that in order for the crimes to be governed under the crimes listed under the Rome Statute, they must be widespread or systematic. For once if we assume the fact that hate crimes are for a matter of fact systematic and widespread, they are not part of a literal attack on an entire civil population. True, hate crimes are typically embedded in widespread patterns of prejudice, the targeting of vulnerable minorities might be quite systematic, and hate crimes are sometimes committed by or under the aegis of public authorities. This is how one can bring the crimes under the umbrella of international human rights law, because the state has become implicated in the targeting of their abuse. Still, and even if we should recognize a grey zone or an overlap, the reality of hate crimes as bad as it is.
Giving hate crimes, the human rights statutes is essential to draw any conclusion. Initially beginning from an approach which questions state sovereignty for acceding to international treaties, it was studied that ratification or signing to a treaty is not an attack on the states sovereign structure. It is like a commitment made by a state party to the international community to preserve the integrity of nations. As per the concept of the collective security, states through these documents ascertain a duty to be bound by law and to protect and preserve the law. Secondly, the essay focused on the victimization of various groups of minorities and majorities with a special focus on Indian regime. It can thus be effectively concluded that the status of being a minority does not always influence hate crimes. These crimes are motivated by a bias and hatred. Thirdly, the essay draws a parallel among the domestic laws and international law while studying hate crimes. The Rome Statute governs the international criminal arena and is one of the most effective documents, if not binding, in determining the status of state perpetrators. Finally, we see how the incidences today have shaped this field of study. The various religious atrocities and the campaigns that have followed since have left us to question law enforcement and the role of agencies in ensuring the bricks of the legal statute staying erect in these conflicts.
The incidences in Syria, the hammerings in Rwanda, the pushes of Sri Lanka and the gross violations in Myanmar are but a few known major hate crime records. It is high time that we move from a system of integrated safety and realize human rights to the core of its definition. It is time the community changes the outlook of the governments and becomes the mechanic of change. The holders of justice have ever since been reduced into a painfully farcical pantomime, a travesty that adds insult to the injury of victims and stops delivery of justice at the behest of upholding their imperial status. Even though the "watchers" have served as a benefactor to some they have failed to maintain the essential motto of peace and collective security. These agencies have used states and their non-encroachment policies as instruments for failure of carrying out farcical human rights drives, at the behest of humanity. In this backdrop of mass exploitation, we must unify and determine a framework of administration of justice and the cause of conflicts to better the land and to stop this "struggle for justice".
This article is written by Sharvani Navagul. Sharwani is a student at National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi. This article secure 10th position in the RostrumLegal Essay Competition, 2017.
Refernces:
[1] Art. 1, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
[2] Your Human Rights, UNOHCHR, available at https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx, last seen on 19/12/2017.
[3] United States Declaration of Independence, 1776.
[4] Motto of the French Revolution, 1789-99.
[5] Supra 1.
[7] Art 14. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969.
[9] Art. 19. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969.
[11] I. Hare, legislating against hate — the legal response to bias crimes, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 17, 3 (1997): 415–439, at p. 415.
[12] Civil Rights, FBI official website, available at: https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/hate-crimes, last visited on 12th December 2017.
[14] UK 213th Law Commission Report Consultation Paper, Hate Crime: The Case for Extending the Existing Offences, available at: https://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/consultations/hate_crime.htm, last visited on 12th December 2017.
[15] J. Schweppe, M. Walters, The Globalization of Hate: Internationalizing Hate Crime? Oxford University Press (2016).
[19] V. Sacco, Media Constructions of Crime. Annals of the American Academy of Political Science 539: 141. (1995).
[20] M. Astornov, Violence Against Transgender People Is on the Rise, Advocates Say, The New York Times (09/11/2017), available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/us/transgender-women-killed.html, last seen on: 20th December 2017.
[21] R. Bubar, J. Thurman, Violence against native women. Social Justice, (2004), available at: Google Scholar, last visited on: 13th December 2017.
[22] P. Gerstenfeld, Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies, SAGE Publications, 2017.
[25] G. Lopez, A new FBI report says hate crimes-especially against Muslims- went up in 2016, (13/11/2017), available at: https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/13/16643448/fbi-hate-crimes-2016, last visited on: 20th December 2017.
[26] Z. Tahhan, & F. Najjar, Why Jerusalem is not the capital of Israel (10/12/2017), available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/05/jerusalem-capital-israel-170524091310050.html, last visited on 19th December 2017.
[27] News report, Yemen: 'Now there will be a new level of civil war' (05/12/2017), available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/yemen-level-civil-war-171204162917355.html, last visited on: 19th December 2017.
[28] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Factsheet on hate crimes in Europe (2012), available at https://fra.europa.eu/en, last visited on: 20th December 2017.
[30]Declaration on Minorities, UNOHCHR, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/Minorities.aspx, last visited on 20th December 2017.
[31] Art. 17, The Constitution of India, 1950.
[32] Western U. P. Electric Power and Supply Cooperation Ltd. v. State of U.P. AIR 1970 SC 21.
[33] Mohd Z. Rafaqi, Dalit Education and the Government Policies, Department of Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
[34] Sociology Guide, Dalit Movement: An overview, available at: https://www.sociologyguide.com/dalit_movement/an-overview.pdf, last visited on 10th December 2017.
[35] Source: National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Seventh Report, 2001-2002 (2004), p.119.
[36] A. K. Thakur, Impact of Economic Reform Policies on Dalit and Weaker Section", Deep and Deep Publications, 2008.
[37] R. Cryer., Prosecuting International Crimes: Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime, (2005).
[38] R. Shnayerson, The Judgment at Nuremberg, reviewed from the Original Nuremberg Trail Judgments, October 1996.
[39] B. Perry & P. Olsson, 'Hate crime as a human rights violation' in B. Perry (ed.) Hate Crime, Vol. 2 (Westport: Praeger 2009), p. 176.
[40] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court circulated as document A/CONF.183/9 of 17 July 1998.
[41] The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (ICC-01/09-02/11), Decision of 24 May 2012, ¶32.
[42] Prosecutor v Bemba, ICC PT. Ch. II, ICC-01/05-01/08-424, ¶78; Prosecutor v Katanga, ICC T. Ch. II, ICC-01/04-01/07-3436, ¶1102.
[43]Supra 41.
[44]The Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac and Zoran Vukovic(IT-96-23 & 23/1), Decision of 12 June 2002, ¶187.
[45] Customary International Humanitarian Law Rule 5.
[46] Additional Protocol I and II to the Geneva Convention, 1977.
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The main headquarters will be located in Cambrils, where we will continue after the success of the last two years.


A major snack manufacturer in NSW has just installed a Gorman-Rupp self-priming pump to service one of their wastewater pits.
Because the flow was under 10 L/s, Gorman-Rupp's T2 wastewater pump was the ideal choice. It can self prime to 7.3 metres and more importantly, it can re-prime unattended, automatically every time.
The customer likes the reliability that get with each Gorman Rupp pump, and because this particular application required the pumping of a corrosive wastewater, the wastewater pump was fitted with CD4MCu internal parts. CD4MCu is a duplex stainless steel that is both highly corrosion resistant and hard [to resist abrasion from grit in the pumped media].
The T2 self priming pump can pass a 38mm spherical solid and has a large removable inspection cover to allow operators to gain access to pump internals for inspection and/or service.
The customer also likes the safety aspect of having sewage pumps located at ground level without the need to employ cranes or lifting devices or expose operators to confined spaces while maintaining the pumps.


Have You Done Your Homework On Your Bank?
How do you know that your bank is the best one for you? You can consult all the advertising flyers and conventional information available at bank branches — or you can do some homework on the fundamentals of your bank with help from the online Bank Data Guide from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
Wealthy people achieve their wealth in many different ways, but typically, those who maintain it stay wealthy for a reason: they do not spend any more than they have to on any item. That principle applies just as much to buying a smartphone or vacuum cleaner as it does to buying a multi-million dollar conglomerate.
Do You Need A Checking Account To Build Good Credit?


text:
Introducing Global Mercy to the world
by Anne Buckland
Come On Board – Introducing a hospital ship to the world
The coming weeks are a very special season for the Mercy Ships community. Not only is the Africa Mercy back in Senegal, with the first patient walking up the gangway just days ago, but the new ship, the Global Mercy is imminently arriving in Rotterdam, to open her doors to the world, for two weeks only.
A large majority of the world's population does not have the benefit of a nearby hospital or lack the financial means to seek treatment. According to a recent study, 5 billion people do not have sufficient access to essential surgery.Mercy Ships collaborates with governments and the World Health Organization to help respond to this challenge.
The arrival of the Global Mercy in Rotterdam on Saturday (26th Feb) will be a catalyst for a series of physical, hybrid and digital events throughout the coming two weeks that serve to open the doors and stories of Mercy Ships to the world.
The world's largest civilian-built hospital ship
The Global Mercy is the world's largest civilian purpose-built hospital ship, and she will soon facilitate hope and healing to those who need it most through the provision of world leading surgery and healthcare. Not only will the Global Mercy facilitate the delivery of surgery, but she will enable a sophisticated programme of training, for the host countries in Africa.
For years, Mercy Ships has valued medical capacity building as an intrinsic part of the work, and the Global Mercy, further enables this work – leaving a lasting legacy of impact and health infrastructure in the host nations.
Comprehensive programme of physical, hybrid & digital events
As if launching a ship was not complicated enough, there have been the ever-changing parameters of the pandemic to consider. This has meant that we did not always know exactly what the regulations would look like, when the day of the launch arrived.
We've had to be both meticulously planned, and agile for the coming season. Plus ensure we had a comprehensive exploration of the digital possibilities and tools that could help the event to continue, no matter what.
The build of the ship itself has been over 10 years in the making, and Mercy Ships made the decision a long time ago to launch the ship in Rotterdam in 2022. About 6 months ago, we decided that the event would go ahead, in whatever form was needed – be that physical or digital, or better still, a mix of both, with a healthy dose of hybrid thrown in.
What has transpired, through the challenges of uncertainly, is a huge opportunity to present the ship to the world – not only ensuring that she can welcome physical visitors in Rotterdam, but that anyone, anywhere, can join in this special occasion. Through all the scenario planning, what has come to the fore has been an opportunity to embrace digital platforms, content and tools to bring a tour experience to the world, rather than waiting for the world to come to the ship.
So, over the months before Christmas, as lockdown got worse, our planning for digital tools and experiences increased.
It's very rare that we get an opportunity to throw open the doors for anyone to experience what life is like in Mercy Ships, as generally the ships are focussed on serving nations in Africa. The remit of this season is strong – we want to ensure that we can use the event to share the vision and impact of Mercy Ships, and ensure that people have an invitation to join the journey.
What has now resulted is an engaging series of hybrid and digital events, that will ensure that anyone can take part, and from anywhere.
The physical tour
In the physical, we have developed the Global Mercy Experience. An immersive tour through key areas of the Global Mercy, showcasing not just the hospital ship itself, but the lives changed and impacted through the work of Mercy Ships. After being transported from Rotterdam to Africa through the first room, the audience will then hear of the amazing story of Bernard and his twin sister Fabiola.
The guests continue through their route, into the Operating Room (one of 6 on board) where they are greeted with a very special experience of the lives changed, through the words of volunteer surgeon Dr Mark Shrime, and the stories of the patients served. They then go on through meeting the crew, into an area that explores some of the fabulous medics that have been trained in host countries, and finally ends with some inspirational words from the founders.
The journey itself is powerful, and as it developed, we were keen to ensure that this season did not end by only impacting the people who could physically make it to the Global Mercy.
Through the development of the project there have been various turns where it looked like numbers would be incredibly limited to the ship, but also, as Mercy Ships has a global audience who would be interested in this work- how could we ensure that as many people could take part as possible? And how could we ensure that the reach of this event far outlasts the two weeks of the physical?
Hybrid tour and events
The development of the physical tour has taken very careful planning for the content and experience created, and we needed to ensure as many people as possible could take part.
Mercy Ships would be nothing without the people who support it, and so it's been important in this, to ensure that people feel part of something bigger.
We decided that it wasn't enough to just make a video of the experience, and put it online, we needed to develop something that people can be part of.
This has meant that the team worked extensively to find the right digital tools to host a hybrid experience, and we have created a specific version of the tour that is guided through by a well known Dutch presenter, but that will also be hosted by live tour guides.
These tour guides will greet the guests at the beginning of the tour, and introduce the Global Mercy and the work of Mercy Ships. They will then be available in the chat bar throughout the film, to speak to the guests, and answer people's questions – ensuring that whoever visits will feel part of a worldwide community, rather than just having an option of a video they can watch at any time.
We will also be using the same software to host hybrid experiences from some of the live sessions on the ship – again ensuring that anyone in the world can take part, and, through the inclusion of live stream community managers, feel part of an overall experience.
The above hybrid tour and events are fantastic, but we also wanted to ensure that people had a way that they could really feel that they were exploring the experience and ship, rather than just watching.
For this we did something ambitious, and I hope that it will last for years to come. We have commissioned a digital 3D built environment where guests can not only walk for themselves the tour route from the comfort of their own home, but they can experience the stories and testimonies shared of lives changed. This digital experience will be available to all who book onto the virtual tour in the two weeks of the event.
It's an exciting time at Mercy Ships, and we're looking forward to sharing the powerful stories of lives changed with a wider audience.
Please do be part of the story.
Bookings for the virtual tour can be made through: https://landing.globalmercy.org/en/global-mercy-experience-virtual

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
T-62 Main Battle Tank
T-62 Main Battle Tank Equipment
The T-62 Main Battle Tank saw extensive action in the Middle East with Syrian and Egyptian forces during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.
Some T-62 Main Battle Tank equipment was carried over from the T-55. The torsion bar suspension and hydraulic shock absorbers are similar to the T-55's suspension system. The fire suppression system can be manually activated by the commander or driver or automatically activated through heat sensors.
The T-62 has a nuclear radiation protection system that automatically seals the tank when a preset level of radiation is encountered. A blower and filtration system removes radiation-contaminated dust and other particles. There is no biological or chemical protection system, and the crew must wear contamination suits.
The T-62 uses the standard Soviet smoke screen system -- diesel fuel sprayed into the exhaust manifold. In normal configuration the T-62 can ford rivers up to 4.6 feet deep. When a snorkel is fitted -- an eight-hour procedure -- the T-62 can handle water up to 15 feet deep.
The T-62's main gun is the 115mm U-5TS smoothbore. Because of the length of the shell, the main gun elevates after each recoil. This, coupled with the complicated fire control system, means the tank can maintain a rate of only four to five rounds per minute.
Also, the turret cannot be traversed during the loading sequence. This combination of drawbacks made the T-62 particularly vulnerable to Israeli tanks during the 1973 Yom Kippur War and the 1982 invasion of Lebanon.
Only 40 rounds of main-gun ammunition can be carried. One 7.62mm PKT machine gun is located coaxially with the main gun, and a 12.7mm DShKM machine gun is mounted on the turret for antiaircraft use.
The T-62 and T-62A -- larger, differently contoured turret, no loader's hatch, and an externally mounted 12.7rnm DShKM machine gun -- were updated with a laser range finder, a solid state ballistic computer, infrared driving and searchlights, and an image intensifier for night work.
The T-62M version was fitted with the same track used on the T-72. Appliqué and reaction armor have also been installed on some T-62s.
The T-62 is in use by some 19 countries today. Iran and Iraq both fielded it during their 1980-1988 war, though Iraq's T-62s have since been scrapped.
The United States obtained T-62s from Israel and Egypt and uses them at the National Training Center. Israel also uses the T-62; their supply was captured from Arab antagonists.
See the next page for specifications of the T-62 Main Battle Tank.
To learn more about historical tanks, check out:


text:
Home Bollywood Sometimes relationship ends: Karan Johar on fallout with Kajol!
Sometimes relationship ends: Karan Johar on fallout with Kajol!
Karan Johar on fallout with Kajol
Producer-director Karan Johar, who ended his long-standing friendship with actress Kajol said sometimes a relationship ends and added that he only wants to remember the "great history" shared with the actress.
"About Kajol, I think enough has been said recently. I don't want to say any more. Sometimes, a chapter ends… book ends… relationship ends," Karan said at the launch event of his book "An Unsuitable Boy" on Monday.
"Good friends" Kajol and Karan Johar reportedly turned foes during the release clash of their respective films "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" and "Shivaay".
In his book "An Unsuitable Boy", Karan, who had worked in many blockbuster films with Kajol, also spoke about the end of his friendship with the "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" actress.
On his friendship with Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan, the "ADHM" director said: "There were times when my father wasn't at the best point in movies… even with people and relationships. But Shah Rukh had given so much love that I fell in love with him. I saw he gave love to my father and that meant the world to me."
"In relationships, there are ups and downs… there are turbulent times. But I have to say the soul and the heart I have found within the fraternity of the industry is amazing. I would cherish those relationships throughout my life," the 44-year-old producer-director said.
Previous articleDhruva Natchathiram Movie Photos
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Sivakarthikeyan's moving note summing up his 2016 successes!
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Vijay Ram - December 29, 2016


How do I know when to worry about my child's mental health?
All children have trouble from time to time. It is normal for children to have times when they are sad, angry, frustrated, and act shy or show anxiety– especially when faced with new situations. But, when your child is often distressed, cannot be soothed or comforted or is having problems that seem to be getting worse, it is a good idea not to worry alone. Just like your child's physical health, there is a certain time when you may need to get a professional's help. Also, if you are feeling overly concerned, have questions, or think that your child needs help or support, it is probably time to reach out to a qualified professional.


text:
<?php

namespace backend\modules\issue\models\search;

use common\helpers\ArrayHelper;
use common\models\issue\IssueClaim;
use yii\base\Model;
use yii\data\ActiveDataProvider;

/**
 * ProvisionSearch represents the model behind the search form of `common\models\issue\IssueProvision`.
 */
class ClaimSearch extends IssueClaim {

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function rules(): array {
		return [
			[['id', 'issue_id', 'entity_responsible_id'], 'integer'],
			[['type', 'details'], 'safe'],
			[['trying_value', 'obtained_value', 'percent_value'], 'number'],
		];
	}

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function scenarios(): array {
		// bypass scenarios() implementation in the parent class
		return Model::scenarios();
	}

	/**
	 * Creates data provider instance with search query applied
	 *
	 * @param array $params
	 *
	 * @return ActiveDataProvider
	 */
	public function search(array $params): ActiveDataProvider {
		$query = IssueClaim::find();

		// add conditions that should always apply here

		$dataProvider = new ActiveDataProvider([
			'query' => $query,
		]);

		$this->load($params);

		if (!$this->validate()) {
			// uncomment the following line if you do not want to return any records when validation fails
			// $query->where('0=1');
			return $dataProvider;
		}

		// grid filtering conditions
		$query->andFilterWhere([
			'id' => $this->id,
			'type' => $this->type,
			'entity_responsible_id' => $this->entity_responsible_id,
			'issue_id' => $this->issue_id,
			'trying_value' => $this->trying_value,
			'obtained_value' => $this->obtained_value,
			'percent_value' => $this->percent_value,
		]);

		$query
			->andFilterWhere(['like', 'details', $this->details]);

		return $dataProvider;
	}

	public static function getEntityResponsibleNames(): array {
		return ArrayHelper::map(
			IssueClaim::find()
				->select('entity_responsible_id')
				->joinWith('entityResponsible')
				->distinct()
				->all(), 'entity_responsible_id', 'entityResponsible.name'

		);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Seattle 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 7 0
Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1
W: R. Ray (12-8) L: X. Curry (0-1)
4:15 PM PT5:15 PM MT6:15 PM CT7:15 PM ET19:15 ET23:15 GMT7:15 4:15 PM MST6:15 PM EST6:45 PM VEN3:15 UAE (+1)5:15 PM CT, September 3, 2022
Progressive Field, Cleveland, Ohio Attendance: 26,254
J. Rodríguez, CF 5 0 1 0 1 0 2 .265 .325 .470
T. France, 1B 5 1 1 1 4 0 0 .283 .350 .450
M. Haniger, RF 4 0 0 1 0 1 1 .254 .304 .449
E. Suárez, 3B 5 0 1 0 2 0 1 .231 .333 .444
J. Winker, LF 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 .222 .342 .352
S. Haggerty, LF 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 .297 .345 .469
C. Santana, DH 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 .196 .320 .346
A. Frazier, 2B 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 .245 .310 .318
C. Raleigh, C 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 .206 .280 .474
J. Crawford, SS 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 .252 .334 .344
S. Kwan, LF 4 0 2 0 2 0 0 .295 .369 .386
T. Freeman, SS 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 .222 .333 .278
J. Ramírez, 3B 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 .280 .349 .537
O. González, RF 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 .279 .305 .429
J. Naylor, DH 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 .259 .313 .446
O. Miller, 1B 4 0 2 0 2 0 0 .242 .298 .353
A. Giménez, 2B 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 .302 .367 .483
L. Maile, C 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 .234 .321 .348
R. Palacios, PH 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 .245 .304 .304
M. Straw, CF 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 .199 .275 .249
2B: Sea 1, E. Suárez (23).
HR: Sea 1, T. France (18).
HR Detail: Sea, T. France (Inning: 1 , 1 Out, 0 on) off X. Curry.
Scoring Position: Sea - 2 for 7.Cle - 0 for 7.
R. Ray, (W 12-8) 6.0 6 0 0 0 3 0 23 87 26 - 61 3.45 .220
M. Brash 1.0 1 0 0 1 0 0 5 22 8 - 14 4.81 .270
A. Muñoz 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 2 - 9 2.83 .196
P. Sewald 1.0 2 0 0 0 1 0 5 19 7 - 12 2.47 .130
X. Curry, (L 0-1) 4.1 5 4 3 5 0 1 25 93 47 - 46 5.79 .325
N. Sandlin 0.2 1 0 0 1 1 0 4 25 10 - 15 2.02 .169
T. Stephan 1.0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 13 4 - 9 2.28 .238
J. Karinchak 1.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 5 - 7 1.13 .136
E. Clase 1.0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 12 5 - 7 1.13 .149
E. De Los Santos 1.0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 12 2 - 10 2.66 .210
Errors: Cle 1, J. Ramírez (8).
Double Plays: Sea 1, (Frazier to Crawford to France).
Caught Stealing: Sea 1, A. Frazier (5). Cle 1, S. Kwan (5).
Hit by Pitch: Sea, J. Winker by X. Curry. Cle, J. Naylor by R. Ray.
Umpires: HP--Reyburn, 1B--Hernandez, 2B--Hoye, 3B--Wolf.


text:
Garrett Adelstein Bio, Net Worth, WSOP, Poker Tournaments, Live at the Bike, Survivor TV Show
by CELEBTATTLER | VIEW 428
Wonder how pro poker player Garrett Adelstein makes money? What has he been up to after Survivor: Cagayan? Read this article to find out. If you're among the millions of regular poker players inside and outside the United States, you're likely familiar with Garrett Adelstein.
A Tucson, Arizona native, Adelstein is an American professional poker player whose forte is live, no limit hold 'em cash games. Known for his hostility in the 'table', Adelstein is not afraid to gamble in the face of high-stake bets-- endearing him to poker fans worldwide. He coaches neophytes at Phil Galfond's poker academy as of 2014, the same year he appeared in CBS' 28th Season of Survivor: Cagayan.
Being a pro poker player failed to help him formulate a winning strategy, though, as he was the second player to be eliminated. QUICK FACTS
Full Name Garrett Adelstein
Professional Name GMan
Age 33 yo
Place of Birth Tucson, Arizona
Lives in Santa Monica, California
Mother Renee Adelstein
Siblings Rachael and Shayna
Education University of Arizona (Entrepreneurship and Marketing) Mountain View High School
Awards Graduated Summa cum Laude High School Valedictorian
Profession Pro Poker Player, Reality TV Star
Hobbies Bodybuilding, alcohol, psychology and cinema
Net worth $ 1M- $2M (approx)
Role models None
Social media presence https://twitter.com/gmanpoker?lang=en https://www.facebook.com/garrett.adelstein https://www.instagram.com/garrettadelstein/ https://www.runitonce.com/users/gman/bio/
Garrett Adelstein Net Worth
Estimated Net Worth $1M-$2M
How Much Did Garrett Earn Last year? $1M
What are Garrett's Income Sources? Appearance at online poker games and pot winnings Online poker coaching
How Much Does Garrett Earn from Poker? Winnings in WSOP and other games- $1M Coaching work- $10K Appearances on Live at the Bike and Poker After Dark )- $10K
Adelstein used to create a content strategy for DeucesCracked website which charged $29.99 per month.
He moved to become one of the coaches for Runitonce and in his bio says he offers $425/hour coaching fee. Based on his Hendon page, as of early 2018, Adelstein has earned over $171,894 in live poker tournaments, the latest cash-in being the $10K no-limit hold'em game during that period. It is unclear how much Adelstein has won since 2018, as he has been a regular fixture in Live at the Bike-- which organizes and streams live poker games.
Towards the latter half of 2018, he won $147K, one of the largest prizes in the competition's history. An ESPN article states the average earnings from few semi-retired poker players playing small limit games at $20,000-to-$30,000 annually.
Those who earn a decent living in poker games take in an average of $50K-$100K per year, which is likely Adelstein's income range. Where Does He Spend His Money On? There is an indication that he purchased a high value property in Los Angeles, as Garrett left a five-star review of realtor Jennifer Stutland on her Facebook account in 2017. Garrett Adelstein Education Garrett was born and raised in Tucson, Arizona.
In high school, he edged over 500 other students to become the batch valedictorian at Mountain View High School. His excellent academic performance continued, graduating Summa Cum Laude with Honors at The University of Arizona, where he double- majored in Marketing and Entrepreneurship.
Garrett Adelstein Personal Life, Girlfriend Garrett's mother is Renee, a former nurse. He has two sisters, Shayna and Rachael, the latter being the principal of Caliber: Changemakers Academy. Garrett does not share details about his personal life which makes it difficult to determine his current relationship status.
He doesn't appear to have a girlfriend and it is unknown if he is seeing anyone. Is Garrett Adelstein Gay? Details about Garrett's sexual orientation is equally hard to find. But he appears to be straight, mentioning in an interview that he joined Survivor to 'win enough money to impress girls in L.A'.
He also jested in a separate interview that he is 'in love' with former Survivor contestant Kim Spradlin. Garrett Adelstein Friends Garrett counts Jason Senti, winner of $1.3Million pot prize for the WSOP 2010, and Phil Galfond, who owns a poker academy where Garett was one of the coaches, among his professional friends. He said though, that most of his close friends aren't really poker players.
'I think sometimes the poker world can lose a bit of touch with reality. My real-life friends keep me grounded.' Garrett said in an interview. How did Garrett get into Poker? He stated in a 2014 interview that he fell in love with poker way back in high school.
He remembers the 2003 ESPN feature on World Series of POker (WSOP) won by Chris Moneymaker. Winning the $2.5 million, the aptly-named Moneymaker shot to poker superstardom from being an unknown. Garrett started watching Poker After Dark daily when he was 18yo, in 2004, following the 'Moneymaker effect'. The next year, he started playing high stakes short handed cash games professionally, according to the Run It Once website.
With time, Garrett shifted to heads-up play and later, started focusing on live cash games. Garrett Adelstein Live Poker Tournaments In 2017, Garrett began his regular appearances on live poker games such as Live at the Bike hosted in The Bicycle Hotel & Casino in California and and on the reboot of Poker After Dark- a game that he used to watch daily as a teenager. He coolered poker player Matt Berkey for $459,000 in the November 2017 airing of Poker After Dark.They both went all-in but neither won. Adelstein made a second appearance in the Poker After Dark episode Dead Money.
Garrett Adelstein in Online Poker History In 2019, a Live at the Bike poker game made history by raising a $1 million pot-- the highest ever in online poker history. The game had 7 players, including Adelstein and Berkey, and the remaining five detailed by the Los Angeles Times as: 'Prahlad Friedman, a fixture of ESPN's poker coverage in the 2000s; Art Papazyan, the reigning World Poker Tour player of the year; Nick Vertucci, an Orange County real estate investor who played often on the stream; Andy Tsai, another regular; and Ralph Wong, a former basketball analyst turned cryptocurrency investor.
Garrett Adelstein and Doug Polk tiff In an unfortunate incident, pro poker player Doug Polk went to social media to air his dismay over the other players whom he said canceled their appearances on 'Live at the Bike' livestream at the last minute.
The game was initially a $100/$200/$400 no-limit hold'em cash game with a $500 big-blind ante. After few of the players did not show up, the game format was changed to PLO format with lower stakes. According to Pokernews.com, the first major difference you'll instantly be aware of when playing PLO poker instead of hold'em is that each player is dealt exactly four hole cards instead of two.
However, players don't use all four hole cards to make a hand because they can only use two of them. Garrett Adelstein, who was one of the 'no-show' players denied flaking out and explained in a twitter exchange why he was not able to make it.
Polk, who has a YouTube channel, ended the tension by saying he understood. Polk has since analyzed several online poker games and has featured Adelstein, so there's no bad blood between the two.
Garrett Adelstein on Joe Ingram Interview
The poker pro has not been involved in major scandals.
While very little is known about his personal life, Adelstein candidly discussed his struggles with depression on Joe Ingram's podcast. Adelstein said he had been fighting with depression for a long time, and battled it until his 30s.
He mentioned not going out of the bed for weeks, even months when bouts of depression hit him. He says most depressed people are perfectionists and overachievers. In recent years, though, he has made some major mindset changes for his well-being.
Garrett owes his improving mental state to his therapist, who has taught him about emotional resilience and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Garrett Adelstein on Survivor Garrett was apparently selected and did not apply to be part of the 28th Season of Survivor.
He explained he joined for self-growth and to win enough money to impress L.A girls. To prepare, he watched and analyzed the game strategies of various top contenders in several seasons. A member of the Brains tribe (the others being Brawn and Beauty), he saw a Hidden Immunity Idol but decided not to bring it to Tribal Council, where he was eventually voted off the island.
Apart from being the second person sent home for the said season, he was also the second poker player after Jean-Robert Bellande, to appear on the show. In an interview, he said his stint was 'embarrassing in a lot of different ways'. He picked Kim Spradlin as the greatest Survivor contestant, for dominating season 22 despite Boston Rob, who had participated in the show three times. What is Garrett Adelstein up to now? Garrett's Facebook account indicates his philanthropy, being active in Big Brother, Big Sister Foundation, and matching the $7.6K raised by the non profit from a donation drive.
He also launched his fundraising page for the organization, which as of this writing has been able to raise $16K.


text:
Blackpool F.C. Vs Wigan Athletic F.C.: The Match Report
Wigan Athletic were beaten, and James McClean was sent off, as the Latics continued their less than impressive start to the season.
By Benwatsonisgod Oct 20, 2013, 9:03pm BST
Share All sharing options for: Blackpool F.C. Vs Wigan Athletic F.C.: The Match Report
Scott Heavey
Blackpool F.C. Vs Wigan Athletic F.C.
Date: Saturday 19th October 2013
Venue: Bloomfield Road
Referee: Mark Haywood
Score: 1-0
The first chance of the game fell to Nick Powell (on loan from Manchester United) who should have scored as he headed the ball just wide from five yards. Just wide. This was to be a continuing theme throughout the match for Wigan who were unlucky to leave Bloomfield Road with nothing.
In the 24th minute, after 23 minutes of terrible football from both sides (long balls, bad passes), Scott Carson in the Wigan net slid through Dan Gosling to concede a penalty which Tom Ince, son of manager Paul, smashed into the centre of the goal sending Carson to his left.
Efforts on goal were few and far between after the goal although there may have been a chance for a couple of Shaun Maloney specials had he been fit and on the pitch of course. Unfortunately for Wigan, their free-kick man on the day was FA Cup hero, Ben Watson, who should stick to what he's good at!
The second period was largely the same as the first until Owen Coyle, Wigan manager, brought Grant Holt, Marc-Antoine Fortune, and Jean Beausejour onto the field. All three substitutes made some form of impact and in a short time Holt and Thomas Rogne had hit the bar while Emmerson Boyce had had a shot cleared off the line. Then, Fortune showed the fans some of his premier league class as he powerfully shot on the turn straight into Matt Gilks's arms. In the dying minutes, Leon Barnett had a shot saved off the line by the legs of Gilks.
However, the last five minutes of the game typified Wigan's day as Carson had to make four top class saves to keep the score at 1-0; two shots from Ince, one from Steve Davies, and a point-blank Kirk Broadfoot header. Finally, McClean was sent off in the last minute after retaliating due to being stamped on by tangerines' defender Gary Mackenzie.
Things do not seem to be clicking for Coyle's side as they make it four away games without a point or even a goal. There are so many aspects of their game that need improving if they are to make it back to the promised land and big name players such as Callum McManaman, McClean, and Fortune need to start showing their worth soon.


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Old COVID-19 Vaccines Will Protect Against Omicron, Say Oxford and BioNTech
And we're weeks away from confirming the truth.
Ameya Paleja
| Dec 01, 2021 08:46 AM EST
Created: Dec 01, 2021 08:46 AM EST
A COVID-19 vaccine.scaliger/iStock
In what might come as a relief to many, BioNTech said that their existing vaccines are likely to offer protection in severe cases, even from the Omicron variant, Reuters reported. The University of Oxford is also confident that its vaccine will continue to protect against the new variant, Bloomberg reported.
Last week, the world woke up to a new variant of coronavirus that was first detected in Botswana but seen majority in South Africa. The World Health Organization has designated this variant that carries a 'Frankenstein mix' of mutations as Omicron. Scientists have been worried that the changes to the spike protein of this variant may enable it to escape the immunity conferred by vaccines, a sentiment echoed by Moderna CEO in an interview with Financial Times.
Speaking to Reuters, BioNTech's co-founder and CEO, Ugur Sahin said that he wasn't "particularly worried" about the new variant. Even if antibodies failed to trap the new variant, Sahin expected T-cells, another line of immune defense, to recognize parts of the spike protein that hadn't changed and prevent viral replication and severe disease. Reuters also stressed that by severe disease, Sahin meant requiring hospitalization and intensive care.
The report adds Sahin's statement that he does expect some loss in vaccine protection against mild or moderate disease but could not predict the extent of the loss. Sahin also said that a third booster dose would offer better protection when compared to the two-dose course.
The University of Oxford also said in a statement that vaccines were likely to protect against the Omicron variant in the same way they had protected against previous variants, Bloomberg reported.
Pfizer and AstraZeneca, the commercial partners involved in manufacturing vaccines have already begun testing their existing shots against the new variant in regions such as Botswana where the variant has emerged, Bloomberg reported. While the data is expected to arrive in the next two to three weeks, the companies have also begun the process to develop an Omicron-specific vaccine.
Sahin said that his company has been performing trials of variant-specific vaccines, even though they weren't commercially launched. The process, however, has ensured that the company is working with regulators throughout and can relaunch a variant-specific vaccine in about 100 days, subject to regulatory approvals, Reuters reported.
Europe's drug regulator has told the European Parliament that it is still not sure if variant-specific vaccines need to be introduced on this occasion. However, if required, the agency could authorize a new vaccine in three-four months, Bloomberg reported.
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Author Notes: Pink-grapefruit-colored cara cara oranges are abundantly in season. Earl Grey tea is scented with heavenly orangey bergamot. I love panna cotta. The recipe wrote itself.
First, prepare the gelée. I used teabags rather than bulk tea because I wanted the gelée to be bright and clear so as to glisten jewel-like. Pour the boiling water over the teabags and allow them to steep for 7 minutes. While the tea is steeping, bloom the 2 teaspoons of gelatine in 1 tablespoon of cold water. Remove the teabags without squeezing them. Stir in the honey and the gelatine. You can tell if it is completely dissolved by dipping a thumb and forefinger into the tea and rubbing them together; if you can't feel any "sandiness," all is well. Pour a half ounce (which amounted to about 1/3" in the bottom of my glasses) into the bottom of each of 4 glasses. Refrigerate the glasses. Set aside the remainder of the gelée at room temperature while you prepare the panna cotta.
In a stainless steel saucepan, heat the cream, strips of zest, orange juice, and honey to a scald (tiny, uniform bubbles will appear around the perimiter). Remove from heat and allow the zests to steep for 10 minutes. Meanwhile, bloom the packet of gelatine in one ounce of cold water. Use tongs to lift the zests from the cream and discard them. Add the gelatine and stir until it has melted. Set the pan in a bowl of cold water (NOT ice water), and stir the panna cotta continuously with a rubber spatula for about 15-20 minutes. It should reach about body temperature and feel neutral - neither cold nor warm - when tested with a finger. Check to see that the gelée has set. Divide the panna cotta equally among the glasses, wiping away any drips on the inside or outside of the glasses. Return them to the refrigerator.
The surface of the panna cotta should set up within about 45 minutes. When you can gently tap it and your finger doesn't leave an indentation, go ahead and divide the remaining gelée among the glasses. If the gelée has begun to set up, simply microwave it for a few seconds, just enough so that it is pourable. Again refrigerate the glasses.
The panna cotta will be ready to serve within a couple of hours, but you can certainly prepare this a day or two in advance.
What a beautiful recipe, boulangere! I love this.
And what a superb job the recipe did, writing itself - its gorgeous.
This is simply gorgeous - so elegant! Yet another stand-out, boulangere!
You are so kind - thank you!
It looks gorgeous! Cara Cara is my favorite orange.
Thank you, Bevi - mine, too!
Oh, mine too! Thank you.


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Home » News » PokerStars Releases 2018 WCOOP Schedule And New Game 'Unfold Hold'em'
PokerStars Releases 2018 WCOOP Schedule And New Game 'Unfold Hold'em'
By Tight Poker Staff
PokerStars has released the schedule for the 2018 World Championship of Online Poker (WCOOP). The popular online series will run from September 2 – 17 and will have something is in store for players of all levels of skill.
New Three-Tier Buy-In System Introduced
This year's WCOOP comes with an innovative twist – PokerStars will introduce a three-tier buy-in system (Low, Medium and High) which will give all players the opportunity to participate at the Main Event. This means that the tournaments are not only limited to high-rollers as the buy-in fees start from as low as $2.2, with the highest being $25,000. There will also be plenty of events at $50 fee or less. The details have been announced on PokerStars' official blog.
Main Event Will Feature Two Tournaments
The three-tier buy-ins will apply across all tournaments, except for the WCOOP Main Event which will feature two levels – Medium with a guaranteed prize money of $1 million, and High offering $10 million in guaranteed prize pool. The buy-in fees for the two tournaments are $55 and $5,200 respectively. Satellites and Spin & Go's will run for both buy-ins. The Main Event tournaments will kick off on September 16. The festival will also have a diverse schedule featuring different poker variants such as H.O.R.S.E.
2017 WCOOP Main Event
Malta-based poker pro Steven "SvZff" van Zadelhoff won the 2017 WCOOP Main Event. He reached the final table with 37,957,931 in chips which was a massive advantage over the rest of the players. He competed with poker pros from all over the world and managed to hold his nerve till the end which enabled him to win over $1.6 million.
The 2017 WCOOP Main Event saw a total of 2,183 entries comprising of 379 re-entries and 1,804 new ones. The prize pool surpassed the $10 million mark and nearly reached $11 million.
Jonas Lauck, JC Tran, Yevgeniy Timoshenko and Fedor Holz are previous WCOOP winners. PokerStars expects the 2018 WCOOP to be even bigger and better as there is more than $116 million in guaranteed prize money to be won.
More Than $116 Million in Guarantees
The online poker festival will feature 61 events and up to 182 tournaments with guaranteed prize pools of more than $116 million, $70 million of that comes from WCOOP tournaments alone. There will also be six Platinum Passes up for grabs. The full schedule and details of the online poker festival can be found at the PokerStars website.
Severin Rasset, PokerStars Director of Poker Innovation and Operations said the 2018 WCOOP was designed in such a way that just about every player will be able to enter one or more events and get a chance to qualify for the Main Event.
PokerStars Launches Unfold Hold'em
PokerStars has continued with its plans to keep experimenting and come up with new games and improvements on traditional games. This time around the online poker giant has released a new game called 'Unfold Hold'em'. This is another unique twist to the traditional No Limit Hold'em cash game that will permit players to unfold their cards once they have been dealt.
In a statement, Severin Rasset said "This has never been done before. Unfold means more action and opportunities for players, reducing the all too familiar sinking feeling of making the correct pre-flop lay down, only to then find you would have flopped the nuts. We're very excited to offer something new and completely different".
PokerStars will experiment with the new Unfold Hold'em game by trying it out via its .com, .eu, .net, dk and .uk domains. Players will be able to find the game in the PokerStars lobby section under its 'Unfold Hold'em' tag. The online poker website also has plans to roll out the game to different domains in the coming weeks.
PokerStars will collect player feedback and take into consideration the pros and cons of playing this new game. Should the feedback be mostly positive, the online poker giant will most likely continue hosting the game. If the feedback is not positive, the game will most likely be removed and replaced with another trial. PokerStars has released a YouTube video gives players a glimpse into how the new game works.
Tight Poker Staff
Administrator Read More
For nearly two decades, we've provided the best in class for poker site reviews, top online poker bonuses, strategy tips, poker news, and exclusive free poker content. Consisting of a team of poker and gambling experts, we deliver the best online poker brand experience for players of all levels, from the fish to the sharks.
For nearly two decades, we've provided the best in class for poker site reviews, top online poker bonuses, strategy tips, poker news, and exclusive free poker content. Consisting of a team of poker and gambling experts, we deliver the best online poker brand experience for players of all levels, from the fish to the sharks. Read More
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