A celebration of the life and work of Michael Donaghy.
Maddy Paxman who read excerpts from her book and talked to us about her husband's life as a poet said how much she enjoyed her afternoon with The Shortlands Poetry Circle. She commented afterwards that she found our interest in poetry 'inspiring'.
Maddy mentioned an event at the Purcell Room, South Bank, on Oct. 2nd to mark the 10th. anniversary of Michael's death and below are the details and a link to the site where you can buy tickets.
One of the UK's finest and best-loved poets, he died at the tragically young age of 50 in 2004. Tonight we mark the tenth anniversary of his death with readings and reminiscence from his friends and family.
Readers will include Sean O'Brien, Jo Shapcott, Paul Farley, Don Paterson, Eva Salzman, Greta Stoddart, John Stammers and Adam O'Riordan, as well as Michael's partner Maddy Paxman and son Ruairi.
This event coincides with the publication of three new Donaghy-related books – the new edition of his Collected Poems, Don Paterson's critical study of his work, Smith: A Reader's Guide to the Poetry of Michael Donaghy, and Maddy Paxman's memoir The Great Below.
This entry was posted in Poetry Events, Shortlands Poetry Circle and tagged Adam O'Riordan, Don Paterson, Eva Salzman, Greta Stoddart, Jo Shapcott, John Stammers, Maddy Paxman, Michael Donaghy, Paul Farley, Sean O'Brien on September 25, 2014 by shortlandpoetrycircle.
Anne Stewart is the winner of this year's Poetry on the Lake 'Silver Wyvern' award. Her poem on the set theme of 'Weather' is Snow snow more cold lonely snow… The judge's remarks (Gillian Clarke & Imtiaz Dharker) include "It is gorgeous to read aloud".
The festival is run by Gabriel Griffin.
Don't forget to check out these events in September!
This entry was posted in Poetry, Poetry Events, Shortlands Poetry Circle and tagged anne stewart, Gillian Clarke, Imtiaz Dharker, poetry events, Poetry on the Lake 'Silver Wyvern on September 2, 2014 by shortlandpoetrycircle.
Here are some poetry events coming up in September and don't forget our own Anne Stewart is reading at the Poetry Cafe on the 29th.
With poet/musicians Bernadette Reed and Jazzman John Clarke.
7.30pm Tickets £5 (£4 concessions) to include interval drinks and nibbles.
John Betjeman guided walk: Lance Pierson leads a walk around Highgate to see the places where John Betjeman was born, brought up and went to school and to hear the poems he wrote about them. Warning: West Hill is a very steep climb!
Walks start at Kentish Town Station.
John Milton guided walk:Lance Pierson leads a walk around the places where John Milton lived and worked in the City of London and Lance reads some of the poems he wrote there.
Walks start at Mansion House Underground Station (Exit No 4, signed to Bow Lane and St Paul's Cathedral).
Readers from the floor are welcome: 1 poem, up to say 50 lines.
The Poetry Cafe, 22 Betterton Street.
This entry was posted in Poetry, Shortlands Poetry Circle and tagged anne stewart, poetry events, shortlands poetry circle on September 2, 2014 by shortlandpoetrycircle.


H1-B Visa is a nonimmigrant Visa which is designed to allow U.S. employers to employ foreign nationals in specialty occupations in the United States of America for a specified period. People from outside U.S. who are looking for employment need to have a H1-B Visa under the Immigration and Nationality Act.
How to Check H1B Visa Status without Receipt Number?
What is the fee for H1B Visa?
Have 12 years of work experience. It can also be a mix of further education and work experience.
Applicant must hold a bachelor's degree or its equivalent.
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services will determine if your employment constitutes a specialty occupation and if you are qualified to perform the services.
Employer should file a labor condition with the Department of Labor that concerns the terms and conditions of its contract of employment with you.
You must demonstrate that you have the ability to work in specialty occupation.
You are willing to come to U.S. to earn and are not coming with the intention to pursue a hobby or to give free advice or any humanitarian service.
The individual is not allowed to apply for the H1-B visa, it requires sponsoring from U.S. employer. The H1-B filing period starts from 1st April and the filling period will continue till the quota is met. The H1-B sponsors and employers change every year. H1-B visas are dual intent visas as you can get permanent residency as well.
H1-B visas can be filled and approved in 15 days using the premium processing but an extra fee of $1,225 is to be paid. The H1B visa can also be transferred to the new H1-B sponsor company at any time.
Labor Condition Attestation through the ICERT website. The employer assures the DOL that they will provide the employee with fair salary and equal benefits similar to that which is being provided to the U.S. citizen.
The petition for Nonimmigrant Worker is filed with H Supplement and submitted with supporting documents that include proved LCA and is to be filed with USCIS Regional Service Centre that has jurisdiction over the city of planned employment. When approved, the employer gets notice or approval Form I-797 and a copy is forwarded to the American Consulate.
Appointment and Relieving Certificates from the previous companies that you were employed at.
Job description and duty with the sponsoring U.S. Company to be described in short.
If H-4 visa is being applied for dependent members, then you must submit copies of children's birth certificates and copy of marriage certificate.
If you wish to apply for the H1B Visa then you need to provide a digital photo. Certain criteria must be met by your photographs. If you get the photo clicked at a studio, then mention that you need it for the US visas.
Acquisition – The image file that you produce can be taken using a digital camera or by digitizing paper photo with your scanner.
Dimensions – The pixel dimension of the image should be a square. The height and the width of the photo must be the same. The minimum dimensions must be 600 x 600 pixels for the photo to be acceptable.
Color – The photo must be in color (SRGB) code. This is the general output for most cameras that are digital.
Format of the file – The format of the file must be in JPEG.
Size of the file – The size of the photo file must be 240 kb or less.
Compression – The image might need compression for giving it the required size.
Size for printing – If the image is scanned from a paper photograph, the size of the photo must be at least 2 inches x 2 inches square.
Resolution – The sampling frequency of the printed photos must be 300 pixels / inch.
The image that you produce must have the full face, shoulders and neck in frontal view. The expression on your face must be non-smiling and neutral. The eyes must be opened and you must look directly at the camera.
Head must never be tilted towards any side. It should always be at the center of the frame.
The background of the photo must be light in color. There should not be any distracting shadows in the picture.
The face should stay in focus. The photo must not be sharpened.
The photo must not be overexposed or underexposed.
The visa interview is for all the people who wish to get their h1b visa to the United States of America.
The interview of Visa can be taken by you online at the US Visa appointment system.
If you wait till the last moment for booking an interview then you might not get the preferred time and date.
Understand which consulate you have to apply to before you set up an appointment.
Check out the list provided for the US Consulates present in India.
Get an appointment on the earliest interview date.
Check the wait period for visa at all US consulate.
The H1B nonimmigrant is permitted to stay in the U.S. for a period of 3 years and the period can be extended but it cannot go beyond 6 years. The period of stay can be extended under the American Competitiveness in the Twenty-First Century Act. There is also a limited extension for those who have permanent residence applications pending. But, if your H1-B visa is not extended before the end of the 6th year, you are required to remain outside the country for 1 year.
Foreign nationals working in the Defense Department projects can remain in the H1- B status for 10 years.
With the H1B visa, you can bring your dependents. Your wife and unmarried children below the ages of 21 are entitled to the H4 visa and can stay as long as your H1-B visa is valid. They cannot accept employment but are allowed to attend school in the U.S. Servants are also allowed under the B1 visa.
There is no limit to the number of H1-B Visas that an individual can have in his or her lifetime.
H1-B holders can seek Green Card or Lawful Permanent Residency for themselves and their family.
If the employer is terminating a H1B holder before the end of the authorized employment period, the employer must pay a reasonable cost of transportation for the H1-B holder to go back to his or her home country.
If the H1-B holder is changing jobs, he or she must reapply for a new visa. It however doesn't mean you get another 6 years permit. But those who are converting the H4 visa to H1-B status will get 6 years permit from the date the status changed to H1B status.
The duration of the stay is temporary. The H1-B holder can however seek for Lawful Permanent Residency, but if the petition is denied then the H1-B holder must go back to his or her home country at the end of the 6 year authorized employment period.
An annual limit set to the number of H1-B Visas being issued. The H1-B cap is set at 65,000 for a fiscal year. But the quota is only for new H1-B applications and not to those seeking extension and change of employer.
How to Transfer H1b Visa to another Employer?
You can apply for transfer of H1-B to another company. But you will need valid employment in the U.S. You must also have recent pay stubs and last 2 year's W2 forms.
If you do not have recent pay slips, then the reason for not having the pay slips will have to be explained to USCIS. It could be due to unpaid vacation long sick leave. The approval letter for the same must be provided. If you lose the job, you lose the status of H1-B even if you have a valid H1-B Visa or a valid I-94 card.
You must get paid from the company from the day one of your employment in U.S. as per the law. You will not be allowed to live in the country without salary unless you have taken an unpaid leave or sick leave. Your status will remain valid and legal but you will have to find another employment at the earliest. If you are not getting a job, then it is advisable for you to leave the country.
In the event the employer is refusing to pay your salary, you can place a complaint with the nearest USCIS office or with the Department of Labor.
When should I apply for H1B Visa?
You can apply for H1B Visa after the petition for the same has been approved by the USCIS. Generally USCIS starts accepting H1B Visa petitions for next year from the 1st of April of the current year. It means that for the year 2017, the USCIS has started accepting H1B Visa applications from April, 2016. The H1B Sponsoring Company will file the Visa petition for you.
How can I apply for H1B Visa from India?
Your company has to file a H1B Visa petition for you with the US Department of Homeland Security. Once the petition is approved, you can apply for the required Visa at the US Consulate or Embassy located in India.
Citing data released by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), a media report has claimed that scrutiny for H-1B visa applications have increased by 60 per cent. The report states that USCIS has issued requests for evidence (REFs) to 60 per cent of all completed H-1B cases in the quarter ending December 2018. The number holds significance as in the previous fiscal that ended on 30 September 2018 the percentage of those receiving REFs was 38 per cent while in fiscal 2017 the percentage was just 21. In the report, the media agency has claimed that during the first quarter of fiscal 2019 as many as 60, 000-odd REFs have been sent.
It needs to be mentioned here that the issuance of REF implies that the immigration department wants additional evidence before it takes a final decision on granting a visa to the applicant. In case, the evidence does not satisfy the authorities, the application is rejected.
Due to increased scrutiny by USCIS authorities, IT consulting companies are seeing an increased denial rate for initial H-1B applications. As per the media report, denial rate for Capgemini was 80 per cent while for Cognizant it was 61 per cent. As for IT companies that are headquartered in India, the denial rate ranges between 20 to 40 per cent.
The efforts of the Trump administration to restrict H-1B work visas has taken a rare turn. This is because they are planning to cut the cost of filing for a visa and making it easier for a firm to file for a visa using an electronic registration system.
Shanon Stevenson, an immigration attorney at Fisher Phillips has stated that the new registration system which will begin in the 2021 fiscal year would enable an employer to register a visa candidate in a visa lottery without submitting a completed visa package. She added that the new process was going to save employers time and money because they are going to have to submit an H-1B petition for someone who isn't selected in the lottery.
It needs to be mentioned here that the electronic registration system is not the only change with regard to the H-1B work visa. The administration is also reordering the visa lottery system to favour people who have earned a U.S master's or higher degree, a change that will take effect for this year's H-1B work visa lottery. The development has not gone down well among the industry groups. They argue that a person having an advanced degree does not make him or her a better job candidate. They add that the development was also against an earlier Trump executive order which states that H-1B visas are only awarded to the most-skilled or highest paid petition beneficiaries.
Since nearly three-quarters of H-1B Visa holders in USA are Indians, any changes to the visa will have a huge impact on India. H-4 Visa holders, namely spouses and young children of H-1B Visa holders will also be affected. Changes to the visa rules will be significant because 93% of the H-4 Visa holders with work permits are from India. This translates to more than one lakh people being affected if the H-4 visa is revoked or denied in the future. There is also talk of limiting the H-1B Visa to only highly skilled persons. Therefore, in order to minimise the issues that will come with the proposed changes, the American Government has informed people that the public will be consulted before the changes are confirmed.
Consulting and auditing companies have taken the major share of H-1B visa in the last 5 years as per a report. Out of all these firms, Ernst and Young filed the most applications with the number being 151,164. Next in the list were Deloitte and Cognizant with 69,869 and 47,732 respectively. In the fiscal year of 2017, Deloitte and Cognizant were at the top of the list in terms of applying for H-1B visa but with the pressure from the American government to hire the workers locally, the number of H-1B visas issued every year are now being restricted.
But the decrease in the number of H-1B applications being issued does not mean that the request for H-1B visas from companies has reduced. The number of applications received by the US department of Immigration was recorded at 626,907 which is an increase of 5.4% from the previous year. This is because in many states in the US, the demand for skilled IT workers has only increased in the past few years. Another rule applied by the US government is making the process of renewal of H-1B visa harder than it was earlier which has also increased the headache of these firms.
The US is all set to implement a new rule to initiate the deportation process of people whose legal status to live in the country has expired. Although starting from 1st October, at present, the policy will not be applicable to petitions related to employment and humanitarian grounds. That, in a way, is a breather for people holding H-1B visas.
Notices to appear (NTA) before an immigration judge will be issued to the people whose visa extension or changes request have been denied. If the cases regarding the denial of extension requests of H-1B visas are included, it would be a major cause for concern to a large number of people, most of whom are Indian nationals.
However, the concerned agency has assured that benefit seekers would be allowed adequate notice if their application is denied. Information on the period of further stay in the country and other related queries will be furnished by the agency.
An Indian-American Congressman named Raja Krishnamoorthi has introduced a bill which gives flexibility to H-1B workers to switch jobs. The legislation which has been introduced in the House of Representatives also reduces the Green card backlog by expanding education-based exemptions from per-country caps for the holders of H-1B visas. Krishnamoorthi joined Mike Coffman, the original sponsor of the bill in introducing 'H R 6794' the Immigration Innovation Act of 2018.
Both the representatives felt that if the bill was passed by the Congress and signed into law by the President it would help in reforming and streamlining the H-1B high-skilled worker visa programme. They believed that it will also be beneficial in increasing investment in American Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education for students.
Coffman stated that the immigration policies of the country must fit with the economic needs of our country. He added that one critical part of Congress' job was to ensure that the immigration laws match the country's high-tech workforce requirements along with the needs of H1-B visa applicants and their families.
It needs to be mentioned that the proposed bill also suggests banning employers from hiring H-1B holders to replace American workers. Apart from that, the fees collected for H-1B visas and conditional Green Cards will go to state-administered funds in a bid to promote domestic STEM education and worker training. The lawmakers believe that advanced training for domestic workforce would ultimately result in reduced demand for foreign workers while helping the economy to grow.
The proposed bill among other things removes the existing annual exemption cap on H-1B visas for holders of US master's degrees or higher and narrows down the education-based cap exemption for those having US PhDs. The bill also subjects employers who have more than five H-1B employees to a penalty for each employee who worked less than 25% of the first work-authorisation year, prohibits employers from hiring an H-1B visa worker to replace a US worker, and enables work authorisation for the spouses and dependent children of H-1B visa workers under the prevailing wage. The bill also allows the creation of a new conditional Green Card category to allow US employers to sponsor university-educated foreign professionals through a separate path from H-1B, undertake recruitment efforts to fill open positions and offer wage, not under 1,00,000 per year as well as attest that no US worker has been displaced for the Green Card holder.
Given the changes made in the H-1B visa policy by the Trump administration, many people including Indians who reside in the US has faced problems. Fearing that the changes could affect the people-to-people links, Indian officials has asked the US officials to take a non-discriminatory approach to the H-1B visa regime. The request was made by External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj during the first 2+2 India-US Ministerial Dialogue held last week.
The minister while addressing the media after the dialogue stated that she had sought the support of US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to nurture people-to-people links and maintain the trust of Indians. The 2+2 India-US Ministerial Dialogue was also attended by Indian Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and US Defence Secretary Jim Mattis.
It needs to be mentioned here that H-1B visa is a non-immigrant visa that is used by US companies to employ foreign workers in specialty occupations which require technical expertise. The Trump administration has brought about a number of changes in the visa policy claiming that some IT companies were misusing the policy to hire foreign workers at the cost of American workers.
A Maryland-based staffing and outsourcing company known as Stellar IT Solutions has filed a lawsuit against U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The lawsuit has been filed citing that the agency had no basis to deny renewal of an H-1B visa to an Indian American man. It needs to be mentioned that the man who has been denied renewal has been working through the company for the past seven years. The USCIS had not responded to the suit filed against it by the company till September 3, which was the press time.
As per the complaint, Kartik Krishnamurthy who works as a software engineer had applied for a renewal of his H-1B visa in August 2017. However, the USCIS responded to his application after four months with a 'Request for Evidence' (RFE). The agency which had initially given Krishnamurthy until April 17 to respond however denied Krishnamurthy's application on March 20, a month before the deadline expired. Stellar IT Solutions which also does business as Stellar Software Networks responded to the RFE on April 17 following which USCIS reopened the case only to deny Krishnamurthy's application. The company has gone ahead and alleged USCIS's denial of the H-1B visa to Krishnamurthy as 'arbitrary and capricious.' The lawsuit seeks a court order overturning the visa denial.
As per the new US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) policy, H-1B visa holders could face deportation on the conditions that the application for extension or change of status is rejected or the tenure of stay granted by the government expires. The Trump administration has announced that the policy memorandum empowers USCIS to issue a 'Notice to Appear'(NTA) order to a person whose visa petition for transfer or extension has been denied. Apart from that, the person would be required to stay in the country for some months without a job until the court hearing is completed. The new policy will see the rules of deportation widen which was till now was only restricted to only criminal cases.
With the number of reports of misuse from foreign nationals increasing with every passing day, the Trump administration has urged the US Congress to introduce new reforms in the EB-5 investor's visa programme. The EB-5 visa programme helps foreigners avail green cards after they invest 1 million dollars into the country that creates nearly 10 permanent full-time jobs. L Francis Cissna, the Director of the US Citizenship and Immigration Services while addressing lawmakers during a Congressional hearing stated that reforms need to be brought about in the visa programme to protect the country's investors, businesses and communities against fraud, abuse, and mismanagement.
As part of the EB-5 investor visa programme, 10,000 visas are allocated annually to foreign nationals, with every country having a maximum cap of 7%. India forms the third highest filer for EB-5 visa after countries like China and Vietnam. In the preceding year, as many as 500 EB-5 petitions were filed by Indians. The number is expected to touch 700 in the current year. The EB-5 regional center programme is set to expire on 30 September this year.


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Boxing News Analysis
Abner Mares continues public call for fight with Nonito Donaire
Abner Mares is pushing hard to land a fight with Nonito Donaire, attempting to get by the fact that the two champions work for rival promotional companies that don't work together.
By Scott Christ@scblh1 Nov 21, 2012, 1:08pm EST
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Esther Lin/SHOWTIME
Even though it would be a battle and ultimately a huge win just to get the fight done, Abner Mares is continuing his fight to land a bout with fellow 122-pound champion Nonito Donaire, saying that it's a fight the sport needs, and one that could help mend the fences between his promoters at Golden Boy and Donaire's at Top Rank.
"Now I'm seeing more movement on both sides. Now we've seen Oscar and Richard Schaefer talk about the possibility. Bob Arum has said it's a fight that has to be made. I'm just hoping and praying it happens. I'm just waiting to get that phone call from my manager Frank (Espinoza) saying the fight's been made. There's no frustration going on. It's more excitement at this point. ...It's a very important fight in many ways. On one hand, it's a fight the public wants to see. On the other hand, it's a fight that could save boxing and bring it back to where it was. When fighters could face each other regardless of what promotional company they're with."
Mares (25-0-1, 13 KO) may be reading too much into the promoter talk, because I've got no real feeling that a fight with Donaire is any closer to happening right now than it was a month ago, but sure, they're talking about it.
And it would be great. I don't go in for all this "saving boxing" jibber-jabber, and with all due respect to a couple of terrific fighters, Donaire vs Mares isn't going to save anything, as great a fight as it is. What it could help is the still-frigid relations between Golden Boy and Top Rank, and while you might argue that that would be a step toward "saving boxing" or whatever you might want to call it, the cynic (or realist) in me figures (or just plain knows) that before long, the two companies would have some disagreement about whose name goes first on a poster, and then it would be an outrage, and Schaefer would call Arum a dinosaur, and Arum would say Schaefer is a banker who doesn't know anything about the boxing business, and Oscar would make that face he made when Seth Mitchell got knocked down, and Todd duBoef would go, "Ah, drag, dude," and everything would go back to the miserable, grey-skied reality we now know and have been beaten into mostly just accepting.
But yeah, Donaire-Mares would be kickass, I hope they can find a way to make it happen. Let's juice a few good or great fights out of a GBP/TR truce and then go back to normal.
Donaire is scheduled to face Jorge Arce on December 15 in Houston, live on HBO.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Valid for travel from late-August, 2017 – early-September, 2017. Must purchase at least 1 day in advance of departure.
Length of stay: "3-10″. The maximum search range is 7 days, so enter ranges in this format: 0-7, 3-10, 5-12, etc.


The Ashill Archive Group was formed in January 2002. We are associated and supported by Ashill Village Aid, a registered charity. Initially, information on archiving programmes and equipment needed was offered by the Adult Education Dept. of Wensum Lodge Norwich, the group attending several training sessions there. Grant applications were successful from 'Awards for All' and 'Norfolk Rural Community Council' when we purchased the Comma Archiving programme and have used this same programme to download, edit and store all our present information.
We meet at the Ashill Village Aid Call In Centre every Monday morning between 10 and 12 o'clock and offer scanning facilities for anyone with photographs or documents who would like to add to the village archive. We are fortunate to have a base in which to store all our equipment and access to IT. In return the Archive Group fundraises for Ashill Village Aid by organising an annual Strawberry Tea and the sale of notelets printed with Ashill photographs.


Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are oxidoreductases involved in diverse cellular processes through their capacity to reduce glutathionylated proteins and/or to coordinate iron‑sulfur (Fe S) clusters. Among class II GRXs, the plant-specific GRXS16 is a bimodular protein formed by an N-terminal endonuclease domain fused to a GRX domain containing a 158CGFS signature.
The biochemical properties (redox activity, sensitivity to oxidation, pKa of cysteine residues, midpoint redox potential) of Arabidopsis thaliana GRXS16 were investigated by coupling oxidative treatments to alkylation shift assays, activity measurements and mass spectrometry analyses.
Activity measurements using redox-sensitive GFP2 (roGFP2) did not reveal any significant glutathione-dependent reductase activity of A. thaliana GRXS16 whereas it was able to catalyze its oxidation in the presence of glutathione disulfide. Accordingly, Arabidopsis GRXS16 reacted efficiently with oxidized forms of glutathione, leading to the formation of an intramolecular disulfide between Cys158 and the semi-conserved Cys215, which has a midpoint redox potential of – 298 mV at pH 7.0 and is reduced by plastidial thioredoxins (TRXs) but not GSH. By promoting the formation of this disulfide, Cys215 modulates GRXS16 oxidoreductase activity.
The reduction of AtGRXS16, which is mandatory for its oxidoreductase activity and the binding of Fe S clusters, depends on light through the plastidial FTR/TRX system. Hence, disulfide formation may constitute a redox switch mechanism controlling GRXS16 function in response to day/night transition or oxidizing conditions.
From the in vitro data obtained with roGFP2, one can postulate that GRXS16 would mediate protein glutathionylation/oxidation in plastids but not their deglutathionylation.


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Research Lab Results for proteomics
Displaying 1 to 10 of 21 results
Berger Lab
James Berger, Ph.D.
Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
The Berger Lab's research is focused on understanding how multi-subunit assemblies use ATP for overcoming topological challenges within the chromosome and controlling the flow of genetic information. A long-term goal is to develop mechanistic models that explain in atomic level detail how macromolecular machines transduce chemical energy into force and motion, and to determine how cells exploit and control these complexes and their activities for initiating DNA replication, shaping chromosome superstructure and executing myriad other essential nucleic-acid transactions.
Our principal approaches include a blend of structural (X-ray crystallography, single-particle EM, SAXS) and solution biochemical methods to define the architecture, function, evolution and regulation of biological complexes. We also have extensive interests in mechanistic enzymology and the study of small-molecule inhibitors of therapeutic potential, the development of chemical approaches to trapping weak protein/p...rotein and protein/nucleic acid interactions, and in using microfluidics and single-molecule approaches for biochemical investigations of protein dynamics. view more
Research Areas: biochemistry, proteomics, ATP, DNA, genomics
Brain Tumor Laboratory
Henry Brem, M.D.
Surgical Pathology
At the brain tumor laboratory, Henry Brem, M.D. and Betty Tyler, along with more than 350 trainees, have conducted scientific research, contributed to scientific literature, amended clinical practice, and illuminated new pathways for improving clinical outcomes.
The laboratory has advanced the understanding of gene therapy, angiogenesis, intracranial implantation of biodegradable polymers to treat malignant glioma, tumor genetics and proteomics, microchip drug delivery and drug resistance studies. Dr. Brem and his colleagues have designed and led many multi-institutional clinical trials to improve and expand the range of therapeutic options for patients with brain tumors.
Research Areas: brain tumor drug delivery, brain tumor
Carolyn Machamer, Ph.D.
The Machamer Lab is interested in the structure and function of the Golgi complex, an ubiquitous eukaryotic organelle that plays a central role in post-translational processing and sorting of newly synthesized proteins and lipids in the secretory pathway. One goal of our research is to understand the role of this structure in Golgi function by targeting and function of resident Golgi proteins. The other research interest in the lab is the assembly mechanism of coronaviruses, enveloped viruses that bud into Golgi compartments. We are addressing how coronaviruses target their envelope proteins to Golgi membranes, and how they interact with each other at the virus assembly site. We are also exploring how coronaviruses are exocytosed after they bud into the Golgi lumen. Our long-term goal is to understand the advantages of intracellular assembly for coronaviruses.
Research Areas: proteomics, coronaviruses, Golgi complex, eukaryotic
Elizabeth M. Jaffee, M.D.
Elizabeth Jaffee, M.D.
Current projects include:
The evaluation of mechanisms of immune tolerance to cancer in mouse models of breast and pancreatic cancer. We have characterized the HER-2/neu transgenic mouse model of spontaneous mammary tumors.
This model demonstrates immune tolerance to the HER-2/neu gene product. This model is being used to better understand the mechanisms of tolerance to tumor. In addition, this model is being used to develop vaccine strategies that can overcome this tolerance and induce immunity potent enough to prevent and treat naturally developing tumors. More recently, we are using a genetic model of pancreatic cancer developed to understand the early inflammatory changes that promote cancer development.
The identification of human tumor antigens recognized by T cells. We are using a novel functional genetic approach developed in our laboratory. Human tumor specific T cells from vaccinated patients are used to identify immune relevant antigens that are chosen... based on an initial genomic screen of overexpressed gene products. Several candidate targets have been identified and the prevelence of vaccine induced immunity has been assessed .
This rapid screen to identify relevant antigenic targets will allow us to begin to dissect the mechanisms of tumor immunity induction and downregulation at the molecular level in cancer patients. More recently, we are using proteomics to identify proteins involved in pancreatic cancer development. We recently identified Annexin A2 as a molecule involved in metastases.
The analysis of antitumor immune responses in patients enrolled on vaccine studies. The focus is on breast and pancreatic cancers. We are atttempting to identify in vitro correlates of in vivo antitumor immunity induced by vaccine strategies developed in the laboratory and currently under study in the clinics. view more
Research Areas: immunology, cancer, anti-cancer drugs
Eugene Shenderov Laboratory
Eugene Shenderov, M.D., Ph.D.
The Shenderov Lab focuses on the elucidation of the mechanisms of immune response and resistance to immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer. This has led to clinical and basic research investigating the presumptive checkpoint inhibitor B7-H3.
In pursuit of understanding biomarkers or resistance and response, and regulatory molecules of immune response, we utilize artificial intelligence, immunogenomics, and spatial proteomics and transcriptomics in the laboratory and at the bedside using clinical trial correlative samples.
Research Areas: Cancer Immunotherapy, tumor antigens, prostate cancer, Immunogenomics, artificial intelligence, Spatialomics, B7-H3
Foster Lab
D. Brian Foster, Ph.D., M.Sc.
The Foster Lab uses the tools of protein biochemistry and proteomics to tackle fundamental problems in the fields of cardiac preconditioning and heart failure. Protein networks are perturbed in heart disease in a manner that correlates only weakly with changes in mRNA transcripts. Moreover, proteomic techniques afford the systematic assessment of post-translational modifications that regulate the activity of proteins responsible for every aspect of heart function from electrical excitation to contraction and metabolism. Understanding the status of protein networks in the diseased state is, therefore, key to discovering new therapies.
D. Brian Foster, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of medicine in the division of cardiology, and serves as Director of the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Research Areas: proteomics, protein biochemistry, heart failure, cardiology, cardiac preconditioning, cardiomyopathy
Frueh Laboratory
Dominique Frueh, Ph.D.
The Frueh Laboratory uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study how protein dynamics can be modulated and how active enzymatic systems can be conformed. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) are large enzymatic systems that biosynthesize secondary metabolites, many of which are used by pharmaceutical scientists to produce drugs such as antibiotics or anticancer agents. Dr. Frueh's laboratory uses NMR to study inter- and intra-domain modifications that occur during the catalytic steps of NRPS. Dr. Frueh and his team are constantly developing new NMR techniques to study these complicated enzymatic systems.
Research Areas: enzymes, proteomics, imaging, drugs, antibiotics, nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular biology
Fu Lab
Dax Fu, Ph.D.
The Fu Lab is a basic research lab that studies zinc transport, with a particular focus on which step in the zinc transport process may be modulated and how. Dr. Fu's lab uses parallel cell biology and proteomic approaches to understand how these physiochemical principles are applied to mammalian zinc transporters and integrated to the physiology of pancreatic beta cells. This research has implications for understanding how zinc transport is related to diabetes and insulin intake.
Research Areas: cell biology, proteomics, zinc, pancreatic cells, diabetes
Gabelli Lab
Sandra Gabelli, Ph.D.
The Gabelli lab research is focused on structural, mechanistic and functional aspects of enzyme activation that play a role in the biology of human diseases such as cancer, parasitic infection and cardiovascular disease. Their work seeks to:
1. Understand how molecular events at the recognition level coordinate and trigger events in the cells
2. Translate structural and mechanistic information on protein:protein interactions at the cytoplasmic level into preventive and therapeutic treatment for human disease.
To achieve a comprehensive understanding, they are studying cytoplasmic protein-protein interactions involved in regulation of pathways such as PI3K and Sodium Voltage gated channels. Their research integrates structural biology and chemical biology and it is focused on drug discovery for targeted therapies.
Research Areas: biochemistry, chemical biology, cell biology, structural biology, proteomics, cancer, diarrhea, diabetes, drugs, cellular signaling, inflammation, pharmacology
Heng Zhu Lab
Heng Zhu, Ph.D.
The Zhu lab is focused on characterizing the activities of large collection of proteins, building signaling networks for better understanding the mechanisms of biological processes, and identifying biomarkers in human diseases and cancers. More specifically, our group is interested in analyzing protein posttranslational modifications, and identifying important components involved in transcription networks and host-pathogen interactions on the proteomics level, and biomarkers in human IBD diseases.
Research Areas: inflammatory bowel disease, biomarkers, cancer


text:
Abu' arapesh jezik (ISO 639-3: aah; autonim: Abu', alternativni naziv ua znači no), papuanski jezik s Papue Nove Gvineje kojim govori 2555 ljudi (2000. godine). Kao poseban jezik priznat je tek 16. siječnja 2009. i označen identifikatorom [aah].

Abu' arapesh se govori u provincijama Sandaun i East Sepik. Klasificira se porodici Torricelli, skupini Kombio-Arapesh, podskupini Arapesh.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
The Abu' Arapesh Language

Kombio-Arapesh jezici
Jezici Papue Nove Gvineje
Jezici po abecedi:A

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Excellent location to establish or re-locate your professional or medical office. High visibility on Town's main business artery with views of Lake Erie & minutes to the Peace Bridge & Buffalo. Prestige building with ample parking & room to expand. Property is located across the street from the NEW senior's centre & walking distance to a number of new sub-divisions currently underway. Landlord/ Seller may assist with some leasehold improvements to get your business up & going.


GtkFontChooserWidget implements AtkImplementorIface, GtkBuildable, GtkOrientable and GtkFontChooser.
The GtkFontChooserWidget widget lists the available fonts, styles and sizes, allowing the user to select a font. It is used in the GtkFontChooserDialog widget to provide a dialog box for selecting fonts.
To set the font which is initially selected, use gtk_font_chooser_set_font() or gtk_font_chooser_set_font_desc().
To get the selected font use gtk_font_chooser_get_font() or gtk_font_chooser_get_font_desc().
To change the text which is shown in the preview area, use gtk_font_chooser_set_preview_text().
GtkFontChooserWidget has a single CSS node with name fontchooser.
A toggle action that can be used to switch to the tweak page of the font chooser widget, which lets the user tweak the OpenType features and variation axes of the selected font.
The action will be enabled or disabled depending on whether the selected font has any features or axes.


Getting out of a funk, out of the house and dating is easier said than done. Here are a few practical tips to help you with this process. You will for sure feel much better when you become that which you want in your life. I know that sounds all woo woo, but its true. I've done it and I still have to push myself to continue to do it when I am feeling a bit frustrated with how things are going. I focus on being that which I want.
Check out these vids and I would love to hear from you.


text:
#ifndef __TOKENISER_H
#define __TOKENISER_H

#include <stdio.h>

/*

	Level loading related variables -

	Lines is a count of the number of lines of text that have been parsed from
	the source level file. It is used for error reporting where necessary.

	Error is an error flag. If it is set to non-zero then some error occurred.

	ErrorText is a textual description of the error that has occurred in level
	loading. It is set initially to be an empty string, and if an error is
	flagged but an error string not provided then the user gets an "Unspecified
	error"

*/
extern int Error, Lines;
extern char ErrorText[1024];

/*

	TokenTypes gives a complete list of all the tokens that the parser can
	understand from a file. Most are self explanatory but nevertheless:

		TK_OPENBRACE	- the { character
		TK_CLOSEBRACE	- the } character
		TK_COMMA		- the , character

		TK_STRING		- a section of text enclosed in quotes, e.g. "hello"
		TK_NUMBER		- a number in any C standard format, integer or
						floating point (e.g. 97, 012, 0x8 or 23.6f)
		TK_COMMENT		- a comment, which begins with a hash and then runs
						to the end of line

		TK_UNKNOWN		- something the parser didn't really understand

*/
enum TokenTypes {
   TK_OPENBRACE, TK_CLOSEBRACE, TK_COMMA,

   TK_STRING, TK_NUMBER, TK_COMMENT,

   TK_UNKNOWN
};

/*

	struct Tok holds a Token. It is straightforward.

	'Type' holds the token type.

	'Text' holds the characters read from the file and taken to be the token
	unless the token is taken to be a string, in which case the surrounding
	quotes are removed

	In the case that a number is found, FQuantity holds a floating point value
	and IQuantity holds an integer value

*/
struct Tok {
   enum TokenTypes Type;

   char Text[256];
   double FQuantity;
   int IQuantity;
};

extern struct Tok Token;
extern ALLEGRO_FILE *input;		/* the file from which level input is read */

extern void GetToken(void);
extern void ExpectToken(enum TokenTypes Type);

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Cult of the Dead Birds
An examination of the phenomena that make us human
About the Name of this blog
This blog's title refers to a Dani fable recounted by Robert Gardner. The Dani live in the highlands of New Guinea, and at the the time he studied them, they lived in one of the only remaining areas in the world un-colonized by Europeans.
The Dani, who Gardner identifies only as a "Mountain People," in the film "The Dead Birds," have a myth that states there was once a great race between a bird and a snake to determine the lives of human beings. The question that would be decided in this race was, "Should men shed their skins and live forever like snakes, or die like birds?" According to the mythology, the bird won the race, and therefore man must die.
In the spirit of ethnographic analysis, this blog will examine myth, society, culture and architecture, and hopefully examine issues that make us human. As with any ethnography, some of the analysis may be uncomfortable to read, some of it may challenge your preconceptions about the world, but hopefully, all of it will enlighten and inform.
Embracing the Paradox: Totalitarian Democracy
Soviet Style
It may surprise you to know that Joseph Stalin was the democratically elected leader of the Soviet Union. So were Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, and Gorbachev. In fact, every leader, at every level in the U.S.S.R. was elected to their office. The Soviet constitution clearly spells out that the country is a Democratic Republic, just like the United States. Everyone in that country had the right to vote for their leaders, just like we do.
Except for one thing, there was only one person to vote for.
There might be an opponent in an election, but everyone knew who they had to vote for; their very lives depended on it. In some cases quite literally, as Siberia is not a place to try to raise a family. Because of this, people would march to the polls and vote for the person that they were told to vote for. And the government had ways of tracking the objectors, so sitting out the vote wasn't an option either.
Consequently, the Soviet leadership was typically elected with over ninety percent of the popular vote, and elections had near to one hundred percent participation. The ruling class was elected because the people were told who to vote for in a "free" election.
This phenomenon could be termed "Totalitarian Democracy." It is a paper democracy, where the reality is that a totalitarian government controls the outcome of all elections through fear and ruthlessness. We would not consider this to be a true democracy, but in many parts of the world, this is what passes for an electoral system. In fact, most of the world's "democracies" function this way. You see it in countries as varied as Iran, on the religious end, to Venezuela, on the neo-communist side. For the most part, only the European, North American, Indian and British Commonwealth countries follow the model we think of as Democracy.
But the new embrace of Totalitarian Democracy by the Republican Party, puts this country one step closer to that other "Democracy."
Specifically, I am talking about what happened in Tampa to the supporters of Ron Paul. They were shut out of the convention, some of them stripped of their credentials, and their entire movement blocked from ever happening again. They have changed the rules to block any future insurgent or grassroots candidate from ever daring to threaten the lockstep march that they expect from their delegates, binding them to vote for whoever got the majority of votes in the state.
I understand that faithless electors can be a potential problem, and I am terrified that in a close election, there might be some in the Electoral College. That said, party conventions are a way to make sure that the voices of all constituents are heard, and delegates are in a unique position to put pressure on the party to make sure it happens. Besides, what if we had found out a week ago that Romney did actually commit a felony on his taxes, wouldn't the party want a last chance to derail his nomination? With this new rule, that couldn't happen.
I do want to say here, I am not a Ron Paul supporter. I agree with what my mentor Joe said about him, "He is correct with about 80% of what he says, but he is so horribly wrong about the other 20% that he can never be allowed to lead this country." Actually I think it might be closer to 50/50, but you get the point.
That said, he started a brilliant grassroots effort in the Republican Party. He fired up his supporters in the way that Obama fired up those of us on the Left. He inspired genuine passion in his followers, and although I would never want to live in his America, I truly respect his love of country. I just don't agree with it, but I do respect it.
This is more than the Republican Party will give him.
For right or wrong, he is the spiritual father of the Tea Party that has swept the Far Right, and that movement rolled the Republicans into office across the country in 2010. And now, his insurgency has been put down, and he is being shoved to the side.
My example of Stalin and the Soviet Union was deliberate; Ron Paul is Lenin to Romney's Stalin. (And I love the irony of comparing Lenin to Ron Paul.) Lenin inspired the Russian Revolution, set out it's principles, formed the ideological backbone of the country, and lived just long enough to see Stalin begin to destroy everything he had tried to build. The Soviets paid homage to Lenin, worshiped at his tomb, but abandoned the core of his work. He became a veneer for a brutal totalitarian regime that was no different at it's heart than the Tsars that it replaced.
Ron Paul promoted the idea of a true libertarian Utopia: or Dystopia, depending on your view. He fired up his supporters to get them to try to institute it, only to watch as the Republican Party co-opted it, and turned it inside out to use as a weapon for a new Inner Party Oligarchy. Instead of a true free market, they want a gamed system that supports the Mega-Corps over everyone else. Instead of a true limited government, they want to take government out of your lives and put it back in the bedroom where it belongs. Instead of an almost non-existent military presence outside of this country, they embrace the rolling war machine of interventionist foreign policy.
In other words, they hold the man up as an Icon for their movement, just like Lenin, but destroy everything that he stands for.
And then, just like the Great Purge of the Soviets, they eradicate all of his supporters, and exile them to a political Siberia where they have no voice and cannot rise up against the hegemony. The Republicans have already purged the White Russians, the Moderates, and now they are turning against their own, the Reds, the Libertarians. In this model, I wonder who will be Trotsky and Zinoviev.
But unfortunately, this comparison goes even further than the inner party purges of the Soviets. They got the rest of their country to go along with the single party rule, through intimidation, propaganda, criminality and outright buying of the vote, much like you see the Republicans doing today. They got people to understand that if they did not vote the "right" way, they could forget about having a good life, either individually or collectively.
We see this today in the United States. Voter Purges, I.D. laws and other voter suppression tactics are aimed at intimidating people so that they will not vote. Lies echo across all of the media, both in ads and in the solemn pronouncements of supposedly "independent" new agencies. Federal voting laws are trashed, and there is a high possibility of voter fraud with the electronic voting machines that are not secure. And to top it off, the Billionaire Set has said that is no limit to the amount of money that they will spend to get the election results that they want.
More frightening that this, however, is the Soviet way that they are getting people to vote against their own best interests. Long gone are the days when a few wedge issues would get the middle and lower class voters to turn against things that would make their lives better. That is still a tactic in use, but now preachers and bosses just tell people who to vote for.
Their not subtle message is, if you don't vote the way I want you to, you will be excommunicated, you will lose your job. The Pope has thrown two thousand years of Christian Charity out the window, saying that abortion and homosexuality are to drive your votes. Never mind that the Republican budget goes completely against the actual message of Jesus; a good Catholic must vote the straight pro-life ballot. (And ignore the little bit about Capital Punishment, even though that is part of Pro-Life, they're really only concerned about Fetuses.)
As an incentive to make sure that people vote the Right way, the Catholic Church says that it will deny communion, a central sacrament, to anyone who ever votes Pro-Choice. If you know what is good for you, and you want to remain in your church, you'd better vote the way the church tells you to, even if it goes against your own conscience.
Similarly, employers do the same thing. Generally, they are less blatant about it, although there have been instances where this is not the case, but still they make it known who they want you to vote for. A simple statement like "if the Democrats win this fall, we may have to reconsider the size of our workforce," will guarantee a number of people voting a particular way. In this case, they vote against their overall self interest, to satisfy a very narrow self interest of not being unemployed.
I do want to make clear, this is not the full Soviet Totalitarian Democracy, where they check to make sure that you have voted the correct way. It is more on the order of an extreme form of peer pressure, coupled with intimidation and suppression, but it might work. Remember, all that is needed is fifty percent plus one vote. Every vote turned through these tactics means that the Democrats need to get two; one to cancel out the turned vote, and one to trump it.
This is how the system works, and all you have to do is look around the world to realize that the "Other Democracy" is actually the more common one. Today, it is the Ron Paul Libertarian Republicans that have been shut out, tomorrow it could be everyone else in the country.
I am reminded of what Ben Franklin said when asked what kind of government the new United States would have. His reply was, "A democracy, if you can keep it."
We need to make sure that we keep it.
Posted by Scott Sworts at 9:32 PM
Labels: Democracy, One Party Rule, Ron Paul, Soviet Union, Totalitarianism
Memo from the Office to Eliminate and Purge Redund...
Scott Sworts
I was born and raised in Colorado. Even though I have lived other places, I always return. I do a little bit of everything, but focus on teaching architecture, writing about architecture and practicing architecture. There seems to be a theme developing here.


Born in 1954 in Paris, Gérard Uféras is a French photographer.
Thanks to his father, he discovered the world of photography. The latter collected cameras, encouraging young Gérard Uféras to use them at the age of 8. At the age of 12, the youngster began visiting all the Parisian museums and developed his artistic knowledge while taming his eyes.
However, the photographer turned towards a career in trade, and moved away from the artistic world. His passion didn't fade away, and at the age of 28 he decided to completely devote himself to his reflexes.
For his themes and series, Gérard Uféras draws inspiration from the artistic world, but also from fashion and sports. Disciplines where the protagonists are influenced by their profession, according to the artist.
In 1984, he began a collaboration with the newspaper, Libération and did photo-reporting and portraits for them. Those days, he was firmly settled in communication and advertising, and this brought along his first exhibitions.
A major admirer of Cartier-Bresson, Kertész and Koudelka, he falls in with them and is one of the co-founders of the VU agency. His friendship with Willy Ronis continues to nourish his inspiration and art. An intimate and graceful photographer, Gérard Uféras didn't want to live glamorously and keeps a low profile.
His work has been exhibited around the world and he benefited from the major retrospective at the Maison Européenne de la Photographie in Paris, in 2009.
These are the last remaining works by Gérard Uféras.


text:
Cold Fury by T.M. Goeglein
Sara Jane Rispoli has lived most of her life thinking she was just an ordinary girl in an ordinary family. But when her parents and brother are kidnapped, Sara Jane finds that boys and school dances are the last thing on her mind—right now, it's much more important that she escapes from all the corrupt cops, the masked assassin, and her jealous uncle who are after her. But no matter how long and far Sara Jane keeps running, the danger will never stop because her family, the Rispolis, has long been an integral part of the Chicago Outfit, and there are several important people who won't let her forget it. With only a few dangerous allies and no one that she can fully trust, Sara Jane must find a way to navigate her gritty new world of secrets and violence so that she can save her family and save herself.
I'm a reader who's always intrigued with life on the other side of the law, so I was very excited to find out that Cold Fury would involve the Chicago Outfit, a unique mob about which I've previously read very little. I was looking forward to a lot of thrilling action sequences, complex and juicy secrets, and gritty glamour, but unfortunately, Cold Fury fails to deliver as a whole. That is to say that although there was plenty of action, secrets, and glamour, there just wasn't enough of any of it in the story. Furthermore, the pacing of the first part of the story was too slow to maintain my interest, so by the time that the plot began to pick up, especially with the history of the Outfit and the Rispolis' deep involvement in that organization, I was only mildly intrigued. Despite Cold Fury's promising premise, the story's execution was rather disappointing, especially in comparison with other similar action novels.
Cold Fury may still be enjoyed by fans of Au Revoir, Crazy European Chick by Joe Schreiber, Lockdown by Alexander Gordon Smith, and Tunnel Vision by Susan Shaw.
Review copy from publisher Penguin
Katie @ BlookGirl said...
Meh. Sorry this one didn't turn out as expected. That seems to be the general consensus, which is disappointing, because the idea has so much potential!
Great review :-)


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text:
Arctic Research Receives Recognition from the European Commission
The Kevo Research Station of the University of Turku is part of the INTERACT (International Network for Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the Arctic) project, which the European Commission has defined as a success story. Source article (University of Turku).
The objective of the INTERACT project is to build capacity for identifying and documenting environmental changes in cold environments and for facilitating their prediction. Research stations through-out the Arctic and northern alpine regions collaborate in the EU funded project.
Success hasn´t come as a surprise to Otso Suominen, Station Manager of the Kevo Research Station.
- The project has worked well from the start. It has intensified the use of the research stations and publicized them more, Suominen says.
The Arctic research is increasingly important, because the Arctic's climate is changing faster than climate elsewhere and the economic and political interest on arctic areas are rapidly increasing. The INTERACT project offers increased opportunities for the new communities of researchers to access to Arctic research stations. Since the Arctic is vast and sparsely populated, international cooperation in environmental observation is in a key role.
- We are creating mutual codes of conduct and common standards for measurements. Interoperability of measurements and comparability of research results are of course essential, Suominen says.
- Research groups from five different countries have already visited Kevo Research Station in Lapland and we have stated new research projects together, he continues.
Transnational access program of INTERACT provides funding for travel and subsistence to 20 INTERACT research stations for research groups from EU countries and associate states (outside the station operating country) based on open calls for proposals reviewed by an international expert board.
Greenhouse Gas, Ice and Animals in Focus
INTERACT is a multidisciplinary project and scientists from the fields of biology, geology, glaciology, permafrost, climate, ecology and biodiversity are involved. For example, researchers measure greenhouse gas, flood and ice levels and vegetation.
- We all benefit from each other´s strong areas. The Kevo Research Station has specialized in the research of tree line areas, palsas and subarctic mountain birch zone. We have also got to offer a long experience, since the research station has operated for over fifty years, Suominen says.
The four year INTERACT project will still continue for two and a half years. It belongs to the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union and it is under the auspices of SCANNET, a network of 33 terrestrial field bases in northern Europe, Russia, US, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Scotland.
Additional information from the INTERACT website and the European Commission website
Text: Henna Borisoff
Photographs: Elina Vainio
Tags: newsmember newsthematic networks news
Related institutions
University of Oulu


text:
Die Erdmessung (auch: Erdvermessung) ist eine Teildisziplin der Geodäsie, im Speziellen der höheren Geodäsie, und eine Form der Vermessung. Sie umfasst jene Messungen, Modelle und Berechnungen, die zur genauen Bestimmung der Erdfigur und des Erdschwerefeldes notwendig sind.

Ins Englische lässt sich der Begriff "Erdmessung" gut mit geodesy übersetzen – im Gegensatz zur Landes- und Ingenieurvermessung, die dort unter surveying zusammengefasst wird.

Die Erdmessung und ihre Methoden
Bis etwa 1960 beruhte die Erdmessung fast ausschließlich auf terrestrischen Messungen auf und zwischen Punkten der Erdoberfläche (Vermessungspunkte, Pegel, Nivellement-, Gravimetrie- und Lotabweichungs-Punkte); die wichtigsten dieser Methoden sind unten angeführt.

Mit dem Start der ersten künstlichen Erdsatelliten änderte sich die geodätische Arbeitsweise. Schon die Bahnstörungen, die während der wenigen Betriebstage des Explorer 1 (1958) festgestellt wurden, steigerten die Genauigkeit zweier Größen des Schwerefeldes um das 10fache. Der Nachfolger Vanguard I bot dank seines erstmals verwendeten Solarzellen-Betriebs eine mehrjährige Betriebszeit, während der die Messungen noch deutlich verfeinert werden konnten.

Bis in die 1960er-Jahre konnte die globale Erdfigur nur auf einige Zehnermeter genau bestimmt werden, weil die Ozeane 71 % der Erdoberfläche ausmachen. Danach ließen sich durch geometrische Verfahren der Satellitengeodäsie einige Meter erreichen, ab den 1990ern sogar einige Zentimeter. Gleichzeitig entwickelte sich die Dynamische Satellitengeodäsie, mit der heute das Erdschwerefeld genauer als 1 : 10 Millionen zu bestimmen ist.

Terrestrische Methoden der Erdmessung
 Triangulation (genaue Winkelmessung)
 Basismessung, elektronische Distanzmessung und
 ab 1950/70 auch Trilateration mit Licht- und Mikrowellen
 Azimut- und Zeitmessung
 Astronomische "Ortsbestimmung": Breiten- und Längenbestimmung, und
 Gradmessung (obiges genau in Nord-Süd oder Ost-West-Richtung)
 Nivellement, insbesondere als Präzisionsnivellement
 trigonometrische Höhenmessung
 Altimetrie und Niveaumessung mit Schlauchwaagen
 Sonnenfinsternisse und Parallaxen zum Mond
 Gravimetrie (Messung der Schwerkraft) und
 Gradiometrie (ab ca. 1920 mit der Drehwaage)

Satellitengeodäsie ab etwa 1970
 Satelliten-Triangulation mit Satellitenkameras und anderen Sensoren
 Trilateration zu Satelliten – insbesondere zu Laserreflektoren auf Satelliten wie GEOS, LAGEOS, Starlette, sowie zum Mond
 Doppler-Messungen von Radiosignalen (NNSS, Transit usw.)
 Radio-Interferometrie zu Satelliten und VLBI zu Quasaren
 Pseudoranging zu GPS und GLONASS-Satelliten
 Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST, z. B. GRACE-Sonden)
 Gradiometrie in Satellitenbahnen (in Entwicklung)
 Moderne Rechenverfahren wie Kollokation, FFT usw.

Teilgebiete der Erdmessung
 Astronomische Geodäsie: Inertial- bzw. Bezugssystem globaler und lokaler Koordinaten, Bestimmung des mittleren Erdellipsoids, Modellierung der Lotabweichung usw.
 Mathematische Geodäsie: Definition verschiedener Koordinatensysteme und Abbildungen (oft etwas unscharf "Projektionen" genannt), Differentialgeometrie, Berechnungsverfahren auf dem Ellipsoid und auf Flächen höherer Ordnung usw.
 Physikalische Geodäsie: Modellierung des Schwerefeldes der Erde, Geoidbestimmung, Schwerereduktionen und -Anomalien, Übergang zur Geophysik und zur Geodynamik, sowie zur
 Satellitengeodäsie und teilweise zur Navigation.

Geschichte der Erdmessung

Griechische Antike und Araber
Eine wichtige Erkenntnis für die Erdmessung ist, dass die Erde eine runde Form hat. Schon Pythagoras von Samos erklärte um 600 vor Christi Geburt, dass die Erde eine Kugelform hätte. Zweihundert Jahre später diskutierte Aristoteles in seinem Werk Περὶ οὐρανοῦ (Über den Himmel, Band 2, Kapitel 13 und 14) die Oberflächenform der Erde und kam zu dem Schluss, dass diese aus drei verschiedenen Gründen kugelförmig sein müsse. Als Argumente nannte er, dass Schiffe am Horizont zuerst mit der Mastspitze zu sehen sind, dass in südlichen Ländern die Sternbilder höher über dem Horizont stehen als im Norden und dass er den Erdschatten bei einer Mondfinsternis als rund beobachtet hat.

Gemeinhin wird der alexandrinische Gelehrte Eratosthenes als "Ahnherr" der Erdmessung angesehen, doch hatte er vermutlich einige Vorfahren aus Ionien oder gar Babylonien. Er maß die unterschiedliche Zenitdistanz der Sonne in Alexandria und Syene und bestimmte den Erdumfang auf 252.000 Stadien, was vermutlich einer Genauigkeit von 7,7 % entspricht (Details siehe Eratosthenes#Bestimmung des Erdumfangs). Posidonius verwendete um 100 v. Chr. eine ähnliche Methode, bei der er nicht die Vertikalwinkel der Sonne, sondern die des Sterns Canopus über der Insel Rhodos und in Alexandria bestimmte, wobei er mit 240.000 Stadien auf ein ähnliches Ergebnis wie Eratosthenes kam.

Aus der Antike stammen auch einige "Weltkarten", die natürlich nur die "Alte Welt" umfassen konnten. Ihre Darstellungen sind – aus heutiger Sicht – stark verzerrt (etwa 20 bis 40 %), was auf das weitgehende Fehlen astrogeodätischer Messungen zurückzuführen ist. Der Großteil der zugrundeliegenden Daten dürfte aus der küstennahen Seefahrt stammen.

Technisch höherstehende Vermessungen wurden einige Jahrhunderte später von den Arabern entwickelt, durch die auch die wichtigsten schriftlichen Zeugnisse aus der griechischen Naturphilosophie überliefert wurden. Die Seekarten dieser Zeit (sogenannte Portolane) und Seehandbücher sind entlang vielbefahrener Küsten äußerst genau, sie haben kaum Fehler, die über 10 % liegen. Dies scheint zu bedeuten, dass die Größe der Erde schon auf etwa 20 Prozent genau bekannt war.

Erdmessung im Europa der Neuzeit
Zu Beginn des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen waren sich die Gelehrten über die Größe der Erde und die Ausdehnung von Asien und Afrika noch keineswegs einig. So konnte Kolumbus nach zahlreichen Diskussionen seine geplante Westroute nach "Indien" nur deshalb plausibel machen, weil er den Erdradius unter- und Asiens Größe überschätzte.

Die bis dahin von arabischen Astronomen auf besser als 10 % abgeleitete Größe der Erde wurde erst genauer bestimmbar, als Snellius 1615 die Methode der Triangulation entwickelte. Aus seinem in Holland gemessenen Gradbogen erhielt er den Erdradius noch um 3 % zu klein, während die von Jean Picard 1669/70 durchgeführte Gradmessung im wesentlich längeren Pariser Meridian bereits auf 0,1 % genau war. Nachmessungen von Jacques Cassini zur Klärung der Frage, ob das Erdellipsoid abgeplattet oder an den Polen verlängert sei, führten allerdings zu Widersprüchen, die Isaac Newton durch eine theoretische Überlegung zugunsten der Abplattung entschied.

Die erste wirklich genaue Erdmessung geht auf die 1666 gegründete Pariser Akademie zurück, die um 1730 entschied, zwei geodätische Expeditionen nach Peru (heutiges Ecuador, 1735–1744) und nach Lappland (1736–1737) zu entsenden. Die beiden Meridianbögen von 3,1° und 1,0° Länge ergaben eine deutliche Krümmungsabnahme nach Norden, was eine Erdabplattung von 1:215 ergab. Ihr zu großer Wert (teilweise wegen Rostansatz an den Klaftermaßstäben in Lappland) wurde später durch Kombination mit dem französischen Meridian auf 1:304 korrigiert. Der wahre Wert (siehe GRS80-Ellipsoid) ist 1:298,25 oder 21,385 km Unterschied zwischen äquatorialem und polarem Erdradius.

Die gemessenen Streckenlängen dieser 3 Meridiane dienten nicht zuletzt zur Meterdefinition, indem der Abstand Äquator–Pol genau 10 Millionen Meter sein sollte (tatsächlich sind es 10.002.248,9 m).

Weitere bedeutende Arbeiten zur Erdmessung sind u. a. das Clairaut'sche Theorem von 1743, welches eine Beziehung zwischen der Ellipsoidform und der Schwereabplattung des Erdschwerefeldes herstellt, und Delambres Verlängerung des Pariser Medidians von Barcelona bis Dünkirchen (1792–1798). Die Ergebnisse dieses über 1000 km langen Gradbogens gingen in die endgültige Meterdefinition ein.

Von den zahlreichen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert ausgeführten Gradmessungen sei noch der von Gauß (Göttingen–Altona, 1821–1825) und der fast 3000 km lange skandinavisch-russische Struve-Bogen (1816–1852) genannt, sowie der schief zum Meridian verlaufende Ostpreußen-Bogen von Bessel und Baeyer 1831–1838. Wesentlich ist auch – bis heute – die Einbeziehung der von Gauß entwickelten Ausgleichungsrechnung, welche die unvermeidlichen kleinen Messfehler in ihrer Wirkung minimiert.

Wichtigste Ergebnisse der Erdmessung seit 1800

Größe und Form der Erdfigur
Als "mathematische Erdfigur" wird in der Mathematik und Geodäsie seit Carl Friedrich Gauß jene bezeichnet, die im Mittel der Jahreszeiten und Jahre dem Meeresspiegel entspricht. Für diese Niveaufläche mit konstantem Potential – gemeint ist die potentielle Energie im Erdschwerefeld – wurde um 1870 der Name Geoid geprägt.

Bessel-Ellipsoid
Bereits vor den französischen Gradmessungen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts zur Definition des Meters war nicht nur der Erdradius auf besser als 1 % bekannt, sondern auch die Tatsache der Erdabplattung. Um 1900 wurden den meisten Landesvermessungen die von Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel bestimmten Erddimensionen zugrunde gelegt, das oft bis heute verwendete "Bessel-Ellipsoid":
 Äquatorradius a = 6.377.397,155 m
 Abplattung f = 1:299,1528
Die Länge der zweiten Halbachse b ergibt sich aus   b = a·(1−f)   zu 6.356.078,962 m.
Es ist zwar gegenüber den heute weltweit angenommenen Werten (s. u.) um fast 800 Meter "zu klein", was aber auf keine Fehler bei Messung oder Berechnung zurückzuführen ist, sondern auf die stärkere Erdkrümmung des Kontinentblocks Eurasien (das Besselellipsoid ist deshalb für terrestrische Vermessungssysteme besser als ein Weltellipsoid). Der bekannte deutsche Geodät Friedrich Robert Helmert wies um 1900 darauf hin, dass das globale Erdellipsoid um 700–800 Meter größer sein müsse und eine Abplattung von etwa 1:298 bis 298,5 habe.

Schwerkrafteinflüsse
Um 1910 versuchten amerikanische Geodäten, die Einflüsse der Schwerkraft und insbesondere der Isostasie genauer zu modellieren. Aus den Arbeiten von Hayford resultierten jene Werte, die 1924 von der "internationalen Erdmessung" als Standardellipsoid empfohlen wurden:
 a = 6.378.388 m, f = 1:297,0

Satellitengeodäsie
Nach ersten verlässlichen Ergebnissen der Satellitengeodäsie wurde 1967 von der IUGG-Generalversammlung in Luzern das "internationale Ellipsoid 1967" beschlossen, welches vor allem auf geometrischen Messungen beruhte. Die Abplattung war durch die Analyse von Satellitenbahnen jedoch schon auf 5 Stellen (20 cm) abgesichert:
 a = 6.378.160 m, f = 1:298,25
Doch traten mit den ersten genauen dynamischen Methoden der Dopplersatelliten Diskrepanzen von 20 bis 40 Metern zutage (6.378.120 − 140 m), teilweise auch mit der gleichzeitig beschlossenen Schwereformel. Obwohl bald darauf die erste Welttriangulation mit dem 4000 km hohen Ballonsatellit PAGEOS die Werte von
 a = 6.378.130 m, f = 1:298,37 (Hellmut Schmid, ETH Zürich)
ergab, entschloss man sich, mit weiteren Festlegungen des Bezugssystems noch etwa 10 Jahre zu warten.

GRS 80
Im Jahr 1981 definierte die IAG General Assembly (in Abstimmung mit der IAU) das "Geodätische Bezugssystem 1980" (GRS 80), mit etwa 10 die Erde charakterisierenden Parametern, von denen jene des Erdellipsoids sind:
 a = 6.378.137,0 m, f = 1:298,2572, b = 6.356.752,314 m (Genauigkeit ±1 m bzw. 0,001).
Dieses derzeit (noch) verbindliche Erdellipsoid wurde samt seinen geophysikalischen Parametern als WGS84 in die GPS-Datenbasis übernommen. Der "genaue" Wert der Äquatorachse a wäre nur noch um wenige Dezimeter zu ändern – was freilich angesichts der Geoidundulationen von ±50 Meter entlang des Äquators keine praktischen Auswirkungen mehr hat.

Siehe auch
 Erdschwerefeld
 Gravimetrie
 Dynamische Satellitengeodäsie
 Seismologie
 Geodynamik
 Erdinneres
 Erdmodelle
 Vermessungswesen, Astrogeodäsie
 Geowissenschaften, Geometrie, Angewandte Geophysik
 Institut für Erdmessung (Bamberg)
 Meridianbogen, Struve-Bogen
 Erdmessung in der Antike mit dem Gnomon
 Internationale Assoziation für Geodäsie

Weblinks
Instituten für Erdmessung
 Forschung am Institut für Erdmessung, Univ.Hannover
 Satelliten-Astrogeodäsie / VLBI / System Erde, TU Wien
 Forschung Erdmessung / Geodynamik, ETH Zürich

Sonstiges
 Bayerische Kommission für die Internationale Erdmessung
 Österreichische Geodätische Kommission – ÖGK – Organ der Internationalen Erdmessung für Österreich
 Geo-Basisdaten – Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen Wien
 Webseite zu den Methoden von Eratosthenes
 Wie Eratosthenes um 200 v. Chr. die Erde vermessen hat

Nachweise

Geodäsie


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We got a website! And we're extremely happy to share it with you!
Over the past two months, the G.Y.M has been busy working with our marketing consultant. Rouge River Marketing owned by Scott Harrison.
Like with any new G.Y.M client, he gave us an assessment and identified the areas we needed to improve most at. Rouge River Marketing's guidance led us to completely revamp our social media accounts, do an amazing photo shoot, and even get a website. Scott walked us through every step allowing us to have our own input but also making it easy for us not become overwhelmed by the work. He often gives us personal and relatable advice and suggestions for our social accounts, without worrying about being on the clock.
We're excited to keep working with Scott and Rouge River Marketing and we can't wait to see what the future holds.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

	<title>Time Tracker</title>

	<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-1q8mTJOASx8j1Au+a5WDVnPi2lkFfwwEAa8hDDdjZlpLegxhjVME1fgjWPGmkzs7" crossorigin="anonymous">

	<link rel="stylesheet" href="./style.css">

			CSC 105 Time-Tracker

		By: Lloyd Montgomery - LinkedIn

			My name is Lloyd Montgomery. I am a Masters student at the University of Victoria. I have a BSc in Computer Science, and I hope to one day have a PhD as well. My passions include teaching, creating websites, and playing Squash.

 Clients

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					 Client ID
					 Client Name

 Projects

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					 Project ID
					 Project Name
					 Client ID
					 Client Name
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					 Hours Estimated
					 Hours Total
					 % Complete

 Hours

		<form name="hoursForm">
			<input name="date" type="text" class="form-control pull-left" placeholder="Date">
			<input name="hours" type="text" class="form-control pull-left" placeholder="Hours Worked">
			<input name="projectId" type="text" class="form-control pull-left" placeholder="Project ID">
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					 Date
					 Hours Worked
					 Project ID
					 Project Name
					 Client ID
					 Client Name
					 Rate
					 Amount

		© Lloyd Montgomery


text:
Islamic Pensions Make Inroads Among Asset Managers
By Bernardo Vizcaino and Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah
SYDNEY/KUALA LUMPUR, Sept 15 (Reuters) – Islamic pensions are making inroads in several majority-Muslim countries, and their success may help the growth of asset management industries across much of Asia and the Middle East.
Most pension plans around the world are state-funded. But many countries are trying to develop private pension sectors as a way to deepen their financial markets, and the experience of Pakistan, Turkey and Malaysia suggests Islamic finance can become a significant part of this effort.
If state-owned pensions in major Islamic markets shifted a portion of their money into sharia-compliant schemes, that could add between $160 billion and $190 billion to the sector, according to consultants Ernst & Young.
"So you've got a pent-up demand – your challenge is how to create a supply-side mechanism to cater to that latent demand," said Ashar Nazim, Islamic financial services leader at E&Y.
Pakistan launched such a mechanism in 2005, creating a voluntary pension system (VPS) which now holds 3.4 billion rupees ($32.4 million) of Islamic assets, or 61 percent of all VPS assets.
While modest in absolute terms, Islamic pension assets account for a much larger proportion of the VPS sector than Islamic bank deposits' 10 percent share of all Pakistani bank deposits.
All seven VPS managers offer Islamic pensions and the largest, run by a unit of Meezan Bank, is triple the size of its conventional peer. Islamic assets under management have doubled in the last year.
Growth was initially stagnant until 2010, when changes in the tax regime, favourable market conditions and a wider product range boosted the sector, said Muhammad Afzal, a director at Pakistan's Securities and Exchange Commission.
"The popularity of Islamic pension funds can be attributed to demand from the general public for retirement products designed in accordance with the Islamic precepts," said Afzal.
"This money can be retained for a very long-term basis given 70 percent of the country's population is under 35 years of age," said Wasim Akram, fund manager at HBL Asset Management, a VPS provider and a unit of Habib Bank.
"With time, I believe that the performance of the already-launched funds will attract more and more members as the opportunities for growth are enormous."
Islamic fund managers screen their portfolios according to religious guidelines such as bans on tobacco, alcohol and gambling, in much the same way as socially responsible funds in Western markets.
They have an additional constraint, Islam's ban on interest payments, which confines them to sukuk in the fixed-income space – a relatively small market globally where demand has exceeded supply in many countries.
Islamic fund managers see potential, however, in countries such as Turkey, where a 2001 private pension law has been energised by government reforms introduced this year. The number of contributors to private pensions has reached 3.8 million, up from 3.1 million in December, after the Turkish state began making a 25 percent contribution to private pension premium payments and fund management charges were cut.
The vast majority of private pension assets in Turkey are conventional financial instruments. But Cuneyt Cicek, chief financial officer at Asya Emeklilik, the Islamic pension unit of Bank Asya, predicted customer preferences could help Islamic pensions reach the target of 15 percent market share by 2023 that the government has set for Islamic banks overall.
Islamic pension products reached $175 million in assets as of September, according to Turkey's Capital Markets Board. That is equivalent to about 1.5 percent of the industry.
"The asset volume and number of participants in the system are likely to grow significantly with the incentives," said Cicek.
Asya Emeklilik is one of 17 conventional and Islamic pension firms in the Turkish system; it is the only full-fledged Islamic firm, although a few others offer sharia-compliant products.
Launched in May last year, Asya Emeklilik now has 102,043 clients and its fund size is 111.6 million lira ($55.0 million); at 1,092 lira, its average amount of assets per client is much smaller than the system's average of 6,086 lira.
However, the 17 firms will soon be joined by an Islamic venture between Al Baraka Turk and Kuveyt Turk, 62 percent owned by Kuwait Finance House, which was announced in March.
Malaysia is the most recent entrant to the private pension business, last year launching a Private Retirement Scheme (PRS) which now has 13 Islamic funds out of 36. Authorities are considering additional incentives for the industry.
"Some of the measures reviewed include a proposal for higher tax incentives or a government co-contribution for specific target markets, such as for the younger demographic," Ranjit Singh, Securities Commission chairman, said in a June speech.
The PRS now has 30,500 account holders with total net assets – both conventional and Islamic – of 97.5 million ringgit ($29.8 million), Singh said. The Securities Commission has estimated the overall industry could grow to as much as 30.9 billion ringgit in ten years.
Growth in Islamic pensions could accelerate if governments move beyond schemes based on voluntary contributions and actively promote employer-sponsored and state-owned pension plans. Malaysia is encouraging employer engagement, with the Securities Commission contributing to the PRS of its own staff.
Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain are among countries which may eventually carve out sharia-compliant tranches from their state-owned pension funds, said E&Y's Nazim. "Some of the funds are already considering this."
The Malaysian government plans to channel 7 billion ringgit from the state's Employees Provident Fund to Islamic fund managers.
However, a shortage of top-bracket Islamic asset management firms that could handle such inflows is a major bottleneck, Nazim said.
"The trend is positive but the size of the Islamic fund management industry is miniscule compared to the requirements of the pension industry. This is the primary challenge." (Additional reporting by Nevzat Devranoglu in Istanbul; Editing by Andrew Torchia)
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The Cambridge Conservation Commission is teaming up with the New England Flower Society to offer an Urban Gardening Series of four, free classes from January through April. These sessions are designed to help city dwellers grow healthy, sustainable, and beautiful urban gardens.
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Brace yourself: These guys win again for keeping local mouths in alignment. Drs. Tom Broderick, Mark Dusek and Christopher De Leon rotate between five offices adjusting bands, fitting retainers and scolding you for not wearing your headgear at night.


text:
/**
 * XCTest extensions for CGGeometry.
 *
 * Prefer these to XCTAssert(CGRectEqualToRect(...)) because you get output
 * that tells you what went wrong.
 * Could use NSValue, but using strings makes the description messages shorter.
 */

#import <XCTest/XCTestAssertionsImpl.h>

#define ASXCTAssertEqualSizes(s0, s1, ...) \
  _XCTPrimitiveAssertEqualObjects(self, NSStringFromCGSize(s0), @#s0, NSStringFromCGSize(s1), @#s1, __VA_ARGS__)

#define ASXCTAssertNotEqualSizes(s0, s1, ...) \
  _XCTPrimitiveAssertNotEqualObjects(self, NSStringFromCGSize(s0), @#s0, NSStringFromCGSize(s1), @#s1, __VA_ARGS__)

#define ASXCTAssertEqualPoints(p0, p1, ...) \
  _XCTPrimitiveAssertEqualObjects(self, NSStringFromCGPoint(p0), @#p0, NSStringFromCGPoint(p1), @#p1, __VA_ARGS__)

#define ASXCTAssertNotEqualPoints(p0, p1, ...) \
  _XCTPrimitiveAssertNotEqualObjects(self, NSStringFromCGPoint(p0), @#p0, NSStringFromCGPoint(p1), @#p1, __VA_ARGS__)

#define ASXCTAssertEqualRects(r0, r1, ...) \
  _XCTPrimitiveAssertEqualObjects(self, NSStringFromCGRect(r0), @#r0, NSStringFromCGRect(r1), @#r1, __VA_ARGS__)

#define ASXCTAssertNotEqualRects(r0, r1, ...) \
  _XCTPrimitiveAssertNotEqualObjects(self, NSStringFromCGRect(r0), @#r0, NSStringFromCGRect(r1), @#r1, __VA_ARGS__)

#define ASXCTAssertEqualDimensions(r0, r1, ...) \
  _XCTPrimitiveAssertEqualObjects(self, NSStringFromASDimension(r0), @#r0, NSStringFromASDimension(r1), @#r1, __VA_ARGS__)

#define ASXCTAssertNotEqualDimensions(r0, r1, ...) \
  _XCTPrimitiveAssertNotEqualObjects(self, NSStringFromASDimension(r0), @#r0, NSStringFromASDimension(r1), @#r1, __VA_ARGS__)


The future of the buffalo industry looks brighter than it has in 15 years, says Frank Kralicek Jr., Yankton, S.D.
He and his family have been raising buffalo since 1983 and have endured the industry's ups and downs. They have a herd of 40 cows and a bison feedlot. They finish about 500 bison annually, including their own feeders and ones they buy from other producers in as many as 13 states. They also have marketed bison seedstock, meat, hides and heads.
"The meat market right now is as high as it's ever been," Kralicek says.
This fall, processors were paying approximately $3 per cwt. (carcass weight), or about $1,800 to $2,000 per head.
Over the past four years, bison processors have increased prices for bison by 40%, says Dave Carter, executive director of the National Bison Association, Denver.
Processing reached a record 92,000 animals last year, double the number processed in 2005. The U.S. bison herd is estimated to now total 220,000 head. North Dakota and South Dakota are leading bison-producing states with more than 54,500 head, according to the 2007 Agriculture Census.
• Bison prices have risen significantly; demand is up.
• The National Bison Association is working to expand the U.S. herd.
• SD producer says the future looks as bright as it has in 15 years for bison.
That's a big change from the 1990s, when processors had freezers full of meat they couldn't sell. Many producers didn't get paid, and eventually some processors and producers went bankrupt. The breeding market collapsed, as well. Replacement heifer prices fell from a high of $2,500 per head in the late 1990s to less than $200 in 2003. In 1999, the highest-selling bull at the industry's biggest show brought $101,000. A few years later, the top bull sold for $5,000.
Carter credits the turnaround to several factors. Consumers who tried bison meat in high-end restaurants started eating it at home, too. More health-conscious consumers discovered bison. "People are turning to bison because it is a lean, healthy meat," Carter says.
Mostly grass-fed, bison fits the demand for so-called sustainable food, too. "People like the story of bison," Carter says.
Also, processors are able to sell more of each animal today than a decade ago when most of the demand was only for the tenderloins and New York strip steaks — about 10% of the carcass. Today, burgers are in the biggest demand. Pet food manufacturers are buying what isn't sold for food, and tanners are making new products from the hide. Stetson introduced a bison felt hat, for example.
The National Bison Association and the Canadian Bison Association are trying a number of things to encourage producers to expand or to start raising bison.
The trade groups have reached out to youth organizations, such as the FFA. They also have held bison production workshops for new and expanding producers. They published a 260-page handbook. Thirty longtime bison ranchers contributed to the book, covering every aspect of raising and marketing bison. The trade groups have established a mentoring program linking new producers with existing ones, and they are briefing bankers on what's happening with the industry.
"In all of these materials, we are asking producers to consider the 'Bison Advantage,'" Carter says.
Bison are economical to raise and environmentally sustainable. They don't need barns or other shelters. They don't require help with calving. They eat mostly grass.
"America's original red meat is good for our health, good for our environment and absolutely delicious," Carter says.
For all the recent growth, however, bison remains a niche. The 92,000 head processed in North America last year represents less than one day's processing of cattle in the U.S.
For more information, call the National Bison Association at 303-292-2833 or go to www.nationalbisonassociation.com.
Bison and beef go together for Frank Kralicek Jr. of Yankton, S.D.
In addition to running a 40-cow bison herd, and finishing 500 bison feeders each year, Kralicek has a herd of 150 beef cows. He sells the beef calves in the fall to be backgrounded and finished elsewhere and focuses on feeding bison.
There's more profit in finishing bison, and the market is more predictable, Kralicek says.
Kralicek farms with his wife, Melissa, and his father, Frank Sr. They grow dryland and irrigated corn and soybeans. Kralicek is a South Dakota Corn Utilization Council director and U.S. Grain Council delegate, and is an outspoken advocate of livestock and grain production.
He's encouraged by the growth in demand for bison.
"It's rewarding to raise my family like I was raised on the farm," he says.
BISON STRONG: Frank Kralicek Jr. (right) looks over bison cows and calves with his father, Frank Sr.


text:
You are here: Home » Sustainable Nation: Caring for a Water-Starved World Film Premiere
Sustainable Nation: Caring for a Water-Starved World Film Premiere
Sustainable Nation, the new hour-long documentary from Imagination Productions, follows three individuals who are doing their part to bring sustainable water solutions to an increasingly thirsty planet.
Using solutions developed in water-poor Israel, they are working to change the status quo of a world where one in ten people lacks access to safe drinking water.
But water is just the beginning. The work of this visionary trio highlights the nexus between food, energy and water and underscores how solving these enormous challenges can help free women, and the world, from life threatening poverty, illness and lack of opportunity.
From the creators of Netflix-featured Beneath the Helmet: From High School to the Home Front, and PBS-featured Israel Inside: How a Small Nation Makes a Big Difference, Sustainable Nation shows how fixing global water issues is not only a matter of life and death, it's the start of healing the world.
Brought to us by Open Door Media & Jewish National Fund
See the Sneak Peak Movie Premiere!
Learn more about the film here


text:
Q: Get the earliest time from list of 6 numbers Given list of 6 digits, return the earliest time that can be formed from those digits. If no legal time can be constructed, return -1.
Example [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
output: 12:34:56

Example [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9]
output: 12:38:59

Example [1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9]
output: 17:28:39

Example [6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9]
output: -1

I started by sorting the list. I am not sure how we can detect the case in the second example, to swap the 8 and 5.  What algorithm can I use to solve this?

A: Consider the time digits in reverse order, starting with the largest of the "pick list".  With each assignment, remove the element from pick.
pick = [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9]           // just one of the examples

time[6] = pick[6]
    // pick = [1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
time[5] = largest element of pick that's < 6; if none, return -1
    // pick = [1, 2, 3, 8]
time[4] = pick[4]
    // pick = [1, 2, 3]
time[2] = largest element of pick that's < 6; if none, return -1
    // pick = [1, 2]
time[1] = pick[1]
    // pick = []

Finally, check the hours: if time[2] + 10* time[1] > 23, return -1

A: Try scanning from right to left. Then if the concatenated numbers is greater than 60, proceed to scan the tens digit that will satisfy the condition.
Or you can make a variable to hold the tens and ones place, and just use an if-else statement to detect if ones>0 and tens<6.

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