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Our Prophet in other Scriptures
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#1 [Permalink] Posted on 5th March 2012 12:10
http://islamcalling.wordpress.com/category/our-prophet-in-other-scriptures/
The Description of the Prophet in the Tawrah
Imam Ahmad recorded `Ata' bin Yasar saying that he met `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-`As and said to him, "Tell me about the description of the Messenger of Allah in the Torah." He said, "Yes, by Allah, he is described by the Torah with the same characteristics that he is described with in the Qur'an: `O Prophet! We have sent you as a witness, a bringer of good news, a warner, and as safe refuge for the unlettered people. You are My servant and Messenger. I have called you the Mutawakkil (who depends and relies on Allah for each and everything). You are not harsh, nor hard, nor obnoxious in the bazaars. He does not reward the evil deed with an evil deed. Rather, he forgives and pardons. Allah will not bring his life to an end, until he straightens the wicked's religion by his hands so that the people proclaim: There is no deity worthy of worship except Allah. By his hands, Allah will open blind eyes, deaf ears and sealed hearts."' This was recorded by Al-Bukhari only.
(120. Never will the Jews nor the Christians be pleased with you (O Muhammad ) till you follow their religion. Say: "Verily, the guidance of Allah (i.e. Islamic Monotheism) that is the (only) guidance. And if you (O Muhammad ) were to follow their (Jews and Christians) desires after what you have received of Knowledge (i.e. the Qur'an), then you would have against Allah neither any Wali (protector or guardian) nor any helper.) (121. Those to whom we gave the Book recite it as it should be recited (Yatlunahu Haqqa Tilawatihi) they are the ones who believe therein. And whoso disbelieve in it, those are they who are the losers.) Ibn Jarir said, "Allah said,
(Never will the Jews nor the Christians be pleased with you (O Muhammad ) till you follow their religion.) meaning, `The Jews and the Christians will never be happy with you, O Muhammad! Therefore, do not seek what pleases or appeases them, and stick to what pleases Allah by calling them to the truth that Allah sent you with.' Allah's statement,
(Say: "Verily, the guidance of Allah (i.e. Islamic Monotheism) that is the (only) guidance") emeans, `Say, O Muhammad , the guidance of Allah that He sent me with is the true guidance, meaning the straight, perfect and comprehensive religion."' Qatadah said that Allah's statement,
(Say: "Verily, the guidance of Allah (i.e. Islamic Monotheism) that is the (only) guidance) is, "A true argument that Allah taught Muhammad and his Companions and which they used against the people of misguidance." Qatadah said, "We were told that the Messenger of Allah used to say,
(There will always be a group of my Ummah fighting upon the truth, having the upper hand, not harmed by their opponents, until the decree of Allah (the Last Hour) comes.)
This Hadith was collected in the Sahih and narrated from `Abdullah bin `Amr.
(And if you (O Muhammad ) were to follow their (Jews and Christians) desires after what you have received of Knowledge (i.e. the Qur'an), then you would have against Allah neither any Wali (protector or guardian) nor any helper.)
This Ayah carries a stern warning for the Muslim Ummah against imitating the ways and methods of the Jews and Christians, after they have acquired knowledge of the Qur'an and Sunnah, may Allah grant us refuge from this behavior. Although the speech in this Ayah was directed at the Messenger , the ruling of which applies to his entire Ummah.
Courtesy: http://abdurrahman.org/qurantafseer/ibnkathir/ibnkathir_web/2.3319.html
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Actions are judged by intentions, so each man will have what he intended.
ابو محمد
Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) in Hindu scriptures
By Dr. Zakir Naik
I. Muhammad (pbuh) prophesised in Bhavishya Purana
According to Bhavishya Purana in the Prati Sarag Parv III Khand 3 Adhay 3 Shloka 5 to 8.
"A malecha (belonging to a foreign country and speaking a foreign language) spiritual teacher will appear with his companions. His name will be Mohammad. Raja (Bhoj) after giving this Maha Dev Arab (of angelic disposition) a bath in the Panchgavya and the Ganga water (i.e. purifying him of all sins) offered him the present of his sincere devotion and showing him all reverence said, "I make obeisance to thee. O ye! The pride of mankind, the dweller in Arabia, Ye have collected a great force to kill the Devil and you yourself have been protected from the malecha opponents."
The Prophecy clearly states:
The name of the Prophet as Mohammad.
He will belong to Arabia. The Sanskrit word Marusthal means a sandy track of land or a desert.
Special mention is made of the companions of the Prophet, i.e. the Sahabas. No other Prophet had as many companions as Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).
He is referred as the pride of mankind (Parbatis nath). The Glorious Qur'an reconfirms this
"And thou (standest) on an exalted standard of character"
[Al-Qur'an 68:4]
"Ye have indeed in the Messenger of Allah, a beautiful pattern (of conduct)".
[Al-Qur'an 33:21]
He will kill the devil, i.e. abolish idol worship and all sorts of vices.
The Prophet will be given protection against his enemy.
Some people may argue that 'Raja' Bhoj mentioned in the prophecy lived in the 11th century C.E. 500 years after the advent of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and was the descendant in the 10th generation of Raja Shalivahan. These people fail to realise that there was not only one Raja of the name Bhoj. The Egyptian Monarchs were called as Pharaoh and the Roman Kings were known as Caesar, similarly the Indian Rajas were given the title of Bhoj. There were several Raja Bhoj who came before the one in 11th Century C.E.
The Prophet did not physically take a bath in the Panchgavya and the water of Ganges. Since the water of Ganges is considered holy, taking bath in the Ganges is an idiom, which means washing away sins or immunity from all sorts of sins. Here the prophecy implies that Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was sinless, i.e. Maasoom.
According to Bhavishya Purana in the Pratisarag Parv III Khand 3 Adhay 3 Shloka 10 to 27 Maharishi Vyas has prophesised:
"The Malecha have spoiled the well-known land of the Arabs. Arya Dharma is not to be found in the country. Before also there appeared a misguided fiend whom I had killed; he has now again appeared being sent by a powerful enemy. To show these enemies the right path and to give them guidance, the well-known Muhammad (pbuh), is busy in bringing the Pishachas to the right path. O Raja, You need not go to the land of the foolish Pishachas, you will be purified through my kindness even where you are. At night, he of the angelic disposition, the shrewd man, in the guise of Pishacha said to Raja Bhoj, "O Raja! Your Arya Dharma has been made to prevail over all religions, but according to the commandments of Ishwar Parmatma, I shall enforce the strong creed of the meat eaters. My followers will be men circumcised, without a tail (on his head), keeping beard, creating a revolution announcing the Aadhaan (the Muslim call for prayer) and will be eating all lawful things. He will eat all sorts of animals except swine. They will not seek purification from the holy shrubs, but will be purified through warfare. On account of their fighting the irreligious nations, they will be known as Musalmaans. I shall be the originator of this religion of the meat-eating nations."
The Prophecy states that:
The evil doers have corrupted the Arab land.
Arya Dharma is not found in that land.
The Indian Raja need not go the Arab land since his purification will take place in India after the musalmaan will arrive in India.
The coming Prophet will attest the truth of the Aryan faith, i.e. Monotheism and will reform the misguided people.
The Prophet's followers will be circumcised. They will be without a tail on the head and bear a beard and will create a great revolution.
They will announce the Aadhaan, i.e. 'the Muslim call for prayer'.
He will only eat lawful things and animals but will not eat pork. The Qur'an confirms this in no less than 4 different places:
In Surah Al-Baqarah chapter 2 verse 173
In Surah Al-Maidah chapter 5 verse 3
In Surah Al-Anam chapter 6 verse 145
In Surah Al-Nahl chapter 16 verse 115
"Forbidden to you for food are dead meat, blood, flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than Allah".
They will not purify with grass like the Hindus but by means of sword they will fight their irreligious people.
They will be called musalmaan.
They will be a meat-eating nation.
The eating of herbivorous animals is confirmed by the Qur'an in Surah Maidah, chapter 5 verse 1 and in Surah Muminun chapter 23 verse 21
According to Bhavishya Purana, Parv – III Khand 1 Adhay 3 Shloka 21-23:
"Corruption and persecution are found in seven sacred cities of Kashi, etc. India is inhabited by Rakshas, Shabor, Bhil and other foolish people. In the land of Malechhas, the followers of the Malechha dharma (Islam) are wise and brave people. All good qualities are found in Musalmaans and all sorts of vices have accumulated in the land of the Aryas. Islam will rule in India and its islands. Having known these facts, O Muni, glorify the name of thy lord".
The Qur'an confirms this in Surah Taubah chapter 9 verse 33 and in Surah Al Saff chapter 61 verse 9:
"It is He who hath sent His Messenger with Guidance and the Religion of Truth, to proclaim it over all religion, even though the Pagans may detest (it)".
A similar message is given in Surah Fatah chapter 48 verses 28 ending with, "and enough is Allah as a witness".
II. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) Prophesised in Atharvaveda
In the 20th book of Atharvaveda Hymn 127 Some Suktas (chapters) are known as Kuntap Sukta. Kuntap means the consumer of misery and troubles. Thus meaning the message of peace and safety and if translated in Arabic means Islam.
Kuntap also means hidden glands in the abdomen. These mantras are called so probably because their true meaning was hidden and was to be revealed in future. Its hidden meaning is also connected with the navel or the middle point of this earth. Makkah is called the Ummul Qur'a the mother of the towns or the naval of the earth. In many revealed books it was the first house of Divine worship where God Almighty gave spiritual nourishment to the world. The Qur'an says in Surah Ali-Imran chapter 3, verse 96:
"The first house (of worship) appointed for men was that at Bakkah (Makkah) full of blessings and of guidance and for all kinds of beings". Thus Kuntap stands for Makkah or Bakkah.
Several people have translated these Kuntap Suktas like M. Bloomfield, Prof. Ralph Griffith, Pandit Rajaram, Pandit Khem Karan, etc.
The main points mentioned in the Kuntap Suktas i.e. in Atharvaveda book 20 Hymn 127 verses 1-13 are:
He is Narashansah or the praised one (Muhammad). He is Kaurama: the prince of peace or the emigrant, who is safe, even amongst a host of 60,090 enemies.
He is a camel-riding Rishi, whose chariot touches the heaven.
He is Mamah Rishi who is given a hundred gold coins, ten chaplets (necklaces), three hundred good steeds and ten thousand cows.
Vachyesv rebh. 'Oh! ye who glorifies'.
The Sanskrit word Narashansah means 'the praised one', which is the literal translation of the Arabic word Muhammad (pbuh).
The Sanskrit word Kaurama means 'one who spreads and promotes peace'. The holy Prophet was the 'Prince of Peace' and he preached equality of human kind and universal brotherhood. Kaurama also means an emigrant. The Prophet migrated from Makkah to Madinah and was thus also an Emigrant.
He will be protected from 60,090 enemies, which was the population of Makkah. The Prophet would ride a camel. This clearly indicates that it cannot be an Indian Rishi, since it is forbidden for a Brahman to ride a camel according to the Sacred Books of the East, volume 25, Laws of Manu pg. 472. According to Manu Smirti chapter 11 verse 202, "A Brahman is prohibited from riding a camel or an ass and to bathe naked. He should purify himself by suppressing his breath".
This mantra gave the Rishi's name as Mamah. No rishi in India or another Prophet had this name Mamah which is derived from Mah which means to esteem highly, or to revere, to exalt, etc. Some Sanskrit books give the Prophet's name as 'Mohammad', but this word according to Sanskrit grammar can also be used in the bad sense. It is incorrect to apply grammar to an Arabic word. Actually shas the same meaning and somewhat similar pronunciation as the word Muhammad (pbuh).
He is given 100 gold coins, which refers to the believers and the earlier companions of the Prophet during his turbulent Makkan life. Later on due to persecution they migrated from Makkah to Abysinia. Later when Prophet migrated to Madinah all of them joined him in Madinah.
The 10 chaplets or necklaces were the 10 best companions of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) known as Ashra-Mubbashshira (10 bestowed with good news). These were foretold in this world of their salvation in the hereafter i.e. they were given the good news of entering paradise by the Prophet's own lips and after naming each one he said "in Paradise". They were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubair, Abdur Rahman Ibn Auf, Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Saad bin Zaid and Abu Ubaidah (May Allah be well-pleased with all of them).
The Sanskrit word Go is derived from Gaw which means 'to go to war'. A cow is also called Go and is a symbol of war as well as peace. The 10,000 cows refer to the 10,000 companions who accompanied the Prophet (pbuh) when he entered Makkah during Fateh Makkah which was a unique victory in the history of mankind in which there was no blood shed. The 10,000 companions were pious and compassionate like cows and were at the same time strong and fierce and are described in the Holy Quran in Surah Fatah:
"Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; and those who are with him are strong against unbelievers, (but) compassionate amongst each other."
This mantra calls the Prophet as Rebh which means one who praises, which when translated into Arabic is Ahmed, which is another name for the Holy Prophet (pbuh).
Battle of the Allies described in the Vedas.
It is mentioned in Atharvaveda Book XX Hymn 21 verse 6, "Lord of the truthful! These liberators drink these feats of bravery and the inspiring songs gladdened thee in the field of battle. When thou renders vanquished without fight the ten thousand opponents of the praying one, the adoring one."
This Prophecy of the Veda describes the well-known battle of Ahzab or the battle of the Allies during the time of Prophet Muhammed. The Prophet was victorious without an actual conflict which is mentioned in the Qur'an in Surah Ahzab:
"When the believers saw the confederate forces they said, "This is what Allah and His Messenger had promised us and Allah and His Messenger told us what was true." And it only added to their faith and their zeal in obedience."
The Sanskrit word karo in the Mantra means the 'praying one' which when translated into Arabic means 'Ahmed', the second name of Prophet Muhammed (pbuh).
The 10,000 opponents mentioned in the Mantra were the enemies of the Prophet and the Muslims were only 3000 in number.
The last words of the Mantra aprati ni bashayah means the defeat was given to the enemies without an actual fight.
The enemies' defeat in the conquest of Makkah is mentioned in Atharvaveda book 20 Hymn 21 verse no 9:
"You have O Indra, overthrown 20 kings and 60,099 men with an outstripping Chariot wheel who came to fight the praised one or far famed (Muhammad) orphan."
The population of Makkah at the time of Prophet's advent was nearly 60,000
There were several clans in Makkah each having its own chief. Totally there were about 20 chiefs to rule the population of Makkah.
An Abandhu meaning a helpless man who was far-famed and 'praised one'. Muhammad (pbuh) overcame his enemies with the help of God.
III. Muhammad (pbuh) prophesised in the Rigveda
A similar prophecy is also found in Rigveda Book I, Hymn 53 verse 9:
The Sanskrit word used is Sushrama, which means praiseworthy or well praised which in Arabic means Muhammad (pbuh).
IV. Muhummad (pbuh) is also prophesised in the Samveda
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is also prophesised in the Samveda Book II Hymn 6 verse 8:
"Ahmed acquired from his Lord the knowledge of eternal law. I received light from him just as from the sun." The Prophecy confirms:
The name of the Prophet as Ahmed since Ahmed is an Arabic name. Many translators misunderstood it to be Ahm at hi and translated the mantra as "I alone have acquired the real wisdom of my father".
Prophet was given eternal law, i.e. the Shariah.
The Rishi was enlightened by the Shariah of Prophet Muhammad. The Qur'an says in Surah Saba chapter 34 verse 28
"We have not sent thee but as a universal (Messenger) to men, giving them glad tidings and warning them (against sin), but most men understand not."
[Al-(Al Qur'an 34:28)
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (Peace Be Upon Him) IN THE PARSI SCRIPTURES
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in Zend Avesta
It is mentioned in Zend Avesta Farvardin Yasht chapter 28 verse 129 (Sacred Books of the East, volume 23, Zend Avesta Part II pg. 220):
"Whose name will be the Victorious, Soeshyant and whose name will be Astvat-ereta. He will be Soeshyant (The Beneficent one) because he will benefit the whole bodily world. He will be Astvat-ereta (he who makes the people, bodily creatures rise up) because as a bodily creature and as a living being he will stand against the destruction of the bodily (being) creatures to withstand the drug of the two footed brood, to withstand the evil done by the faithful (idolaters and the like and the errors of the Mazdaynians)".
This Prophecy applies to no other person more perfectly than it does to Muhammad (pbuh):
The Prophet was not only victorious at Fatah Makkah but was also merciful when he let go the blood thirsty opponents by saying:
"There shall be no reproof against you this day".
Soeshyant means the 'praised one' (refer Haisting's Encyclopedia), which translated in Arabic means Muhammad (pbuh).
Astvat-ereta is derived from the root word Astu which in Sanskrit as well as in Zend means 'to praise'. The infinitive Sitaudan in present day Persian means praising. It can also be derived from the Persian root word istadan which would mean 'one who makes a thing rise up'. Therefore Astvat-ereta means the one who praised, which is the exact translation of the Arabic word 'Ahmed' which is another name for Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The Prophecy clearly mentions both the names of the Prophet i.e. Muhammad (pbuh) and Ahmed (pbuh).
The Prophecy further says that he will benefit the whole bodily world and the Qur'an testifies this in Surah Al-Anbiya chapter 21 verse 107:
"We sent thee not, but as a mercy for all creatures." [Al-Qur'an 21:107]
Sanctity of Prophet's Companions:
In Zend Avesta Zamyad Yasht chapter 16 verse 95 (Sacred Books of the East, volume 23 Zend Avesta Part II pg. 308):
"And there shall his friends come forward, the friends of Astvat-ereta, who are fiend-smitting, well thinking, well-speaking, well-doing, following the good law and whose tongues have never uttered a word of falsehood." Here too Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is mentioned by name as Astvat-ereta.
There is also a mention of the Prophet's friends as companions who will be fighting the evil; pious, holy men having good moral values and always speaking the truth. This is a clear reference to the Sahabas - the prophet's companions. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in Dasatir:
The sum and substance of the prophecy mentioned in Dasatir is, that when the Zoroastrian people will forsake their religion and will become dissolute, a man will rise in Arabia, whose followers will conquer Persian and subjugate the arrogant Persians. Instead of worshipping fire in their own temples, they will turn their faces in prayer towards Kaaba of Abraham (pbuh) which will be cleared of all idols. They (the followers of the Arabian Prophet), will be a mercy unto the world. They will become masters of Persia, Madain, Tus, Balkh, the sacred places of the Zoroastrians and the neighbouring territories. Their Prophet will be an eloquent man telling miraculous things.
This Prophecy relates to no other person but to Muhammad (pbuh). Muhammad (pbuh) will be the Last Prophet:
It is mentioned in Bundahish chapter 30 verses 6 to 27 that Soeshyant will be the last Prophet implying that Muhammad (pbuh) will be the last Prophet. The Qur'an testifies this in Surah Ahzab.
"Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Messenger of Allah, and the Seal of the Prophets: and Allah has full knowledge of all things." [Al-Qur'an 33:40]
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PROPHET MUHAMMAD (Peace Be Upon Him) IN BUDDHIST SCRIPTURES
1. Buddha prophesised the advent of a Maitreya:
A) Almost all Buddhist books contain this prophecy. It is in Chakkavatti Sinhnad Suttanta D. III, 76:
"There will arise in the world a Buddha named Maitreya (the benevolent one) a holy one, a supreme one, an enlightened one, endowed with wisdom in conduct, auspicious, knowing the universe:
"What he has realized by his own supernatural knowledge he will publish to this universe. He will preach his religion, glorious in its origin, glorious at its climax, glorious at the goal, in the spirit and the letter. He will proclaim a religious life, wholly perfect and thoroughly pure; even as I now preach my religion and a like life do proclaim. He will keep up the society of monks numbering many thousands, even as now I keep up a society of monks numbering many hundreds".
B) According to Sacred Books of the East volume 35 pg. 225:
"It is said that I am not an only Buddha upon whom the leadership and order is dependent. After me another Buddha maitreya of such and such virtues will come. I am now the leader of hundreds, he will be the leader of thousands."
C) According to the Gospel of Buddha by Carus pg. 217 and 218 (From Ceylon sources):
"Ananda said to the Blessed One, 'Who shall teach us when thou art gone?'
And the Blessed one replied, 'I am not the first Buddha who came upon the earth nor shall I be the last. In due time another Buddha will arise in the world, a holy one, a supremely enlightened one, endowed with wisdom in conduct, auspicious, knowing the universe, an incomparable leader of men, a master of angels and mortals. He will reveal to you the same eternal truths, which I have taught you. He will preach his religion, glorious in its origin, glorious at the climax and glorious at the goal. He will proclaim a religious life, wholly perfect and pure such as I now proclaim. His disciples will number many thousands while mine number many hundreds.'
Ananda said, 'How shall we know him?'
The Blessed one replied, 'He will be known as Maitreya'."
(i) The Sanskrit word 'Maitreya' or its equivalent in Pali 'Metteyya' means loving, compassionate, merciful and benevolent. It also means kindness and friendliness, sympathy, etc. One Arabic word which is equivalent to all these words is 'Rahmat'. In Surah Al-Anbiya:
"We sent thee not, but as a mercy for all creatures."
[Al-Qur'an 21:107]
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was called the merciful, which is 'Maitri'.
(ii) The words Mercy and Merciful are mentioned in the Holy Qur'an no less than 409 times.
(iii) Every chapter of the Glorious Qur'an, except Chapter 9, i.e. Surah Taubah begins with the beautiful formula, 'Bismillah Hir-Rahman Nir-Rahim', which means 'In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful'.
(iv) The Word Muhammad is also spelt as 'Mahamet' or 'Mahomet' and in various other ways in different languages. The word 'Maho' or 'Maha' in Pali and Sanskrit mean Great and Illustrious and 'Metta' means mercy. Therefore 'Mahomet' means 'Great Mercy'.
2. Buddha's doctrine was Esoteric and Exoteric:
According to Sacred Books of the East, volume 11, pg. 36 Maha-Parinibbana Sutta chapter 2 verse 32:
"I have preached the truth without making any distinction between exoteric and esoteric doctrine, for in respect of truths, Ananda, the Tathagata has no such thing as the closed fist of a teacher, who keeps something back".
Muhammad (pbuh) on the commandment of Almighty God delivered the message and doctrine without making any distinction between esoteric and exoteric. The Qur'an was recited in public in the days of the Prophet and is being done so till date. The Prophet had strictly forbidden the Muslims from hiding the doctrine
3. Devoted Servitors of the Buddhas:
According to Sacred Books of the East volume 11 pg. 97 Maha-Parinibbana Sutta Chapter 5 verse 36:
"Then the Blessed one addressed the brethren, and said, 'Whosoever, brethren have been Arahat-Buddhas through the long ages of the past, they were servitors just as devoted to those Blessed ones as Ananda has been to me. And whosoever brethren shall be the Arahat-Buddhas of the future, there shall be servitors as devoted to those Blessed ones as Ananda has been to me'."
The Servitor of Buddha was Ananda. Muhammad (pbuh) also had a servitor by the name Anas (r.a.) who was the son of Malik. Anas (r.a...) was presented to the Prophet by his parents. Anas (r.a...) relates: "My mother said to him, 'Oh Messenger of God, here is your little servant'." Further Anas relates, "I served him from the time I was 8 years old and the Prophet called me his son and his little beloved". Anas (r.a...) stayed by the Prophet in peace and in war, in safety as well as in danger till the end of his life.
i) Anas (r.a.), even though he was only 11 years old stayed beside the Prophet during the battle of Uhud where the Prophet's life was in great danger.
ii) Even during the battle of Honain when the Prophet was surrounded by the enemies who were archers, Anas (r.a...) who was only 16 years old stood by the Prophet.
Anas (R) can surely be compared with Ananda who stood by Gautam Buddha when the mad elephant approached him.
4. Six Criteria for Identifying Buddha:
According to the Gospel of Buddha by Carus pg. 214:
"The Blessed one said, 'There are two occasions on which a Tathagata's appearance becomes clear and exceedingly bright. In the night Ananda, in which a Tathagata attains to the supreme and perfect insight, and in the night in which he passes finally away in that ultra passing which leaves nothing whatever of his earthly existence to remain.' "
According to Gautam Buddha, following are the six criteria for identifying a Buddha.
i) A Buddha attains supreme and perfect insight at night-time.
ii) On the occasion of his complete enlightenment he looks exceedingly bright
iii) A Buddha dies a natural death.
iv) He dies at night-time.
v) He looks exceedingly bright before his death.
vi) After his death a Buddha ceases to exist on earth.
i) Muhammad (pbuh) attained supreme insight and Prophethood at night-time.
According to Surah Dukhan:
"By the books that makes thing clear - We sent it down during a blessed night."
[Al-Qur'an 44:2-3]
According to Surah Al-Qadar:
"We have indeed revealed this (message) in the night of power."
ii) Muhammad (pbuh) instantly felt his understanding illumined with celestial light.
iii) Muhammad (pbuh) died a natural death.
iv) According to Ayesha (r.a.), Muhammad (pbuh) expired at night-time. When he was dying there was no oil in the lamp and his wife Ayesha (r.a.) had to borrow oil for the lamp.
v) According to Anas (r.a.), Muhammad (pbuh) looked exceedingly bright in the night of his death.
vi) After the burial of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) he was never seen again in his bodily form on this earth.
5. Buddhas are only Preachers:
According to Dhammapada, Sacred Books of East volume 10 pg., 67:
"The Jathagatas (Buddhas) are only Preachers."
The Qur'an says in Surah Ghashiya:
"Therefore do thou give admonition, for thou art one to admonish. Thou art not one to manage (men's) affairs." [Al-Qur'an 88:21-22]
6. Identification of Maitreya by Buddha:
According to Dhammapada, Mattaya Sutta, 151:
"The promised one will be:
i) Compassionate for the whole creation
ii) A messenger of peace, a peace-maker
iii) The most successful in the world.
The Maitreya as a Preacher of morals will be:
i) Truthful
ii) Self-respecting
iii) Gentle and noble
iv) Not proud
v) As a king to creatures
vi) An example to others in deeds and in words".
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (Peace Be Upon Him) IN THE BIBLE
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in the Old Testament:
The Qur'an mentions in Surah Al-Araf chapter 7 verse 157:
"Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered Prophet, whom they find mentioned in their own (scriptures) in the law and the Gospel".
1. MUHAMMAD (PBUH) PROPHESISED IN THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY:
Almighty God speaks to Moses in Book of Deuteronomy chapter 18 verse 18:
"I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and I will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him."
The Christians say that this prophecy refers to Jesus (pbuh) because Jesus (pbuh) was like Moses (pbuh). Moses (pbuh) was a Jew, as well as Jesus (pbuh) was a Jew. Moses (pbuh) was a Prophet and Jesus (pbuh) was also a Prophet.
If these two are the only criteria for this prophecy to be fulfilled, then all the Prophets of the Bible who came after Moses (pbuh) such as Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Malachi, John the Baptist, etc. (pbuh) will fulfil this prophecy since all were Jews as well as prophets.
However, it is Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) who is like Moses (pbuh):
i) Both had a father and a mother, while Jesus (pbuh) was born miraculously without any male intervention.
[Mathew 1:18 and Luke 1:35 and also Al-Qur'an 3:42-47]
ii) Both were married and had children. Jesus (pbuh) according to the Bible did not marry nor had children.
iii) Both died natural deaths. Jesus (pbuh) has been raised up alive. (4:157-158)
Muhammad (pbuh) is from among the brethren of Moses (pbuh). Arabs are brethren of Jews. Abraham (pbuh) had two sons: Ishmail and Isaac (pbut). The Arabs are the descendants of Ishmail (pbuh) and the Jews are the descendants of Isaac (pbuh).
Words in the mouth:
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was unlettered and whatever revelations he received from Almighty God he repeated them verbatim.
"I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him."
[Deuteronomy 18:18]
iv) Both besides being Prophets were also kings i.e. they could inflict capital punishment. Jesus (pbuh) said, "My kingdom is not of this world." (John 18:36).
v) Both were accepted as Prophets by their people in their lifetime but Jesus (pbuh) was rejected by his people. John chapter 1 verse 11 states, "He came unto his own, but his own received him not."
iv) Both brought new laws and new regulations for their people. Jesus (pbuh) according to the Bible did not bring any new laws. (Mathew 5:17-18).
2. It is Mentioned in the book of Deuteronomy chapter 18:19
"And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not harken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him."
3. Muhammad (pbuh) is prophesised in the book of Isaiah:
It is mentioned in the book of Isaiah chapter 29 verse 12:
"And the book is delivered to him that is not learned, saying, Read this, I pray thee: and he saith, I am not learned."
When Archangel Gabrail commanded Muhammad (pbuh) by saying Iqra - "Read", he replied, "I am not learned".
4. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) mentioned by name in the old testament:
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is mentioned by name in the Song of Solomon chapter 5 verse 16:
"Hikko Mamittakim we kullo Muhammadim Zehdoodeh wa Zehraee Bayna Jerusalem."
"His mouth is most sweet: yea, he is altogether lovely. This is my beloved, and this is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem."
In the Hebrew language im is added for respect. Similarely im is added after the name of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) to make it Muhammadim. In English translation they have even translated the name of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as "altogether lovely", but in the Old Testament in Hebrew, the name of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is yet present.
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in the New Testament:
Al-Qur'an Chapter 61 Verse 6:
"And remember, Jesus, the son of Mary, said, 'O Children of Israel! I am the messenger of Allah (sent) to you, confirming the Law (which came) before me and giving glad tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose name shall be Ahmed.' But when he came to them with clear signs, they said, 'This is evident sorcery!'"
All the prophecies mentioned in the Old Testament regarding Muhammad (pbuh) besides applying to the Jews also hold good for the Christians.
1. John chapter 14 verse 16:
"And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you forever."
2. Gospel of John chapter 15 verse 26:
"But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify of me."
3. Gospel of John chapter 16 verse 7:
"Nevertheless I tell you the truth; it is expedient for you that I go away: for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you; but if I depart, I will send him unto you".
"Ahmed" or "Muhammad" meaning "the one who praises" or "the praised one" is almost the translation of the Greek word Periclytos. In the Gospel of John 14:16, 15:26, and 16:7. The word 'Comforter' is used in the English translation for the Greek word Paracletos which means advocate or a kind friend rather than a comforter.
Paracletos is the warped reading for Periclytos. Jesus (pbuh) actually prophesised Ahmed by name. Even the Greek word Paraclete refers to the Prophet (pbuh) who is a mercy for all creatures.
Some Christians say that the Comforter mentioned in these prophecies refers to the Holy Sprit. They fail to realise that the prophecy clearly says that only if Jesus (pbuh) departs will the Comforter come. The Bible states that the Holy Spirit was already present on earth before and during the time of Jesus (pbuh), in the womb of Elizabeth, and again when Jesus (pbuh) was being baptised, etc. Hence this prophecy refers to none other than Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).
4. Gospel of John chapter 16 verse 12-14:
"I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now. Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth is
come, he will guide you unto all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will show you things to come. He shall glorify me".
The Sprit of Truth, spoken about in this prophecy refers to none other than Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
NOTE: All quotations of the Bible are taken from the King James Version.
#8 [Permalink] Posted on 9th May 2014 10:32
Halalified YT Audio
Signs of the Prophet in the Previous Scriptures
This is an excerpt from Lesson 296 of al Tajrid al Sarih (The Abridged Saheeh al Bukhari) from the Book of Transactions by Shaykh Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq. Delivered on Friday 18th March 2011 at Al Kawthar Academy, Leicester
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Bazmi
#9 [Permalink] Posted on 14th May 2014 16:10
Jazak Allah Khair . Nice thread
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عليه السلام
عليهم السلام
بسم الله الرحمن اللرحيم
جزاك الله خيرا و احسن الجزاء
رضي الله عنه
رضي الله عنهما
رضي الله عنهم
سبحانه وتعالى
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text:
Q: import errors in python - apscheduler Attempting to run a python script for raspberry pi - xbee home automation:
from xbee import zigbee
from apscheduler.scheduler import Scheduler
import time
import serial
import Queue

My specific problem is importing from apscheduler here:
from apshceduler.scheduler import Scheduler
ImportError: No module named Scheduler

This is usually either 1) a capitalization error in the import name, 2) library is not installed, or 3) wrong version of library. For instance, the interpreter complained about the zigbee import because the original script had it capitalized.
The bigger question is, once a python library is installed (apscheduler in this case), how can I tell what imports are available instead of repeated guesses in the python script?  Is there a python command that lists installed libraries, their versions, and the available imports?

A: As @josebama mentioned, it is apscheduler.schedulers, you can have a look at all modules here.
About checking if library is installed, just run python from command line, then try to import library with import apscheduler.

A: That script was written for the pre-3.x API of APScheduler. So either install an earlier version of APScheduler or fix the script to use the newer API.

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text:
Carnegie's Preserving NKY Cultural and Architectural Gems fundraising campaign targets $ 3.5 million
The Carnegie, Northern Kentucky's largest multidisciplinary art venue, which features award-winning theatrical performances, educational programs and art exhibitions in the area, announces its fundraising campaign Preserving Northern Kentucky's Cultural and Architectural Gem.
Built in 1904, The Carnegie in Covington is home to one of the five remaining Carnegie auditoriums in the United States and has shared the arts with the community since its founding in 1977. Preserving this one-of-a-kind building, The Carnegie has launched its fundraising campaign , led by Co-Chairs Otto M. Budig, Jr. and Sara Vance Waddell in September 2019. With the successful support of several foundations and donors, over $ 2 million of the campaign's $ 3.5 million goal were obtained during the initial phase. To make the most of the community's support, The Carnegie received a generous pledge of $ 50,000 to expand the reach of the dollars raised for the campaign.
"The role of Carnegie in the community and the region in general cannot be underestimated," said Otto M. Budig, Jr., former chair of the Carnegie board of directors and co-chair of the fundraising campaign. "A pillar for the arts, The Carnegie inspires the creativity for which many organizations strive. A successful fundraising campaign ensures that this building will continue to spearhead diverse and culturally rich arts programming and education for citizens of all ages and backgrounds.
Reaching a large cross section of the Greater Cincinnati community, The Carnegie annually serves 80,000 community members of all ages and makes the arts accessible to the widest possible audience by providing educational programs for children ages 6 to 13, including 88% live at or below the poverty line.
"I am proud of how this organization has continued to innovate and lead the way in connecting with patrons, students and community members," said the campaign co-chair and former board chair , Sara Vance Waddell. "Carnegie's commitment to its surrounding community and the region as a whole makes the arts accessible and presents new ideas, concepts and experiences to educators, students, families and more.
"As things return to normal, we are delighted to welcome customers back to enjoy the arts. Said Kim Best, executive director of The Carnegie. "This campaign ensures that The Carnegie will continue to shine and serve for many generations to come."
To support Carnegie's Preserving Northern Kentucky's Cultural and Architectural Gems fundraising campaign, click here.
Preserving the Cultural and Architectural Gems of Northern Kentucky Campaign Committee
CHAIRS OF HONOR
Sue butler
CAMPAIGN CO-CHAIRS
Otto M. Budig, Jr.
Sara Vance Waddell
COUNTRY WARDROBE
Ron bates
Mary ellen cody
John Mocking
Molly prues
Jens G. Rosenkrantz Jr.
Bob sathe
Dwinelva Zackary

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text:
Un morso e via è un album del cantante italiano Scialpi, pubblicato nel 1988 dalla RCA.

L'album è disponibile nei formati LP, MC e CD.

Il singolo di punta è Pregherei, cantato in duetto con la cantante britannica Scarlett Von Wollenmann e vincitore assoluto del Festivalbar 1988.

Tracce
Lato A

Lato B

Note

Collegamenti esterni

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1Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 2Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC, USA. 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
Address correspondence to: Alison A. McBride, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Building 4, Room 137, 4 Center Dr. MSC 0455, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. Phone: 301.496.1370; Fax: 301.451.5330; E-mail: amcbride@nih.gov.
J Clin Invest. 2010;120(7):2619–2626. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI42297.
Primary human keratinocytes are useful for studying the pathogenesis of many different diseases of the cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. In addition, they can form organotypic tissue equivalents in culture that can be used as epidermal autografts for wound repair as well as for the delivery of gene therapy. However, primary keratinocytes have a finite lifespan in culture that limits their proliferative capacity and clinical use. Here, we report that treatment of primary keratinocytes (originating from 3 different anatomical sites) with Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, greatly increased their proliferative capacity and resulted in efficient immortalization without detectable cell crisis. More importantly, the immortalized cells displayed characteristics typical of primary keratinocytes; they had a normal karyotype and an intact DNA damage response and were able to differentiate into a stratified epithelium. This is the first example to our knowledge of a defined chemical compound mediating efficient cell immortalization, and this finding could have wide-ranging and profound investigational and medical applications.
Somatic cells have a limited lifespan, gradually slow in growth, and stop dividing, a process known as cellular senescence. This process is thought to limit the vulnerability of aging cells to disease. Human keratinocytes are invaluable for the study of skin biology and the pathogenesis of skin-related diseases, but their short lifespan in culture is a limitation. Different conditions have been developed to optimize the culture of keratinocytes; for example, the presence of fibroblast feeder cells increases the proliferative capacity of primary keratinocytes from approximately 20 to 40–60 population doublings (1, 2). Spontaneously immortalized keratinocyte lines, for example HaCaT (3) and NIKS (4), have been used for skin-related research. However, these cell lines have genetic abnormalities, such as mutations in p53 (5) or isochromosomes (4).
Continuous replication of primary human cells is blocked by 2 separate events: mortality stage 1 (M1; replicative senescence) and mortality stage 2 (M2; crisis). At M1, signaling by shortened telomeres results in activation of the p53 and pRB pathways. M2 represents a critical period of genomic instability, with extremely eroded telomeres, resulting in chromosomal fusions and translocations. In retinal pigment epithelial cells and foreskin fibroblasts (which have decreased expression of components of the p16INK4A/pRB pathway), telomerase expression is sufficient to bypass both M1 and M2 and stabilize and elongate chromosome ends (6). However, telomerase expression is not sufficient for immortalization of keratinocytes, and p16INK4A function must also be disrupted (7, 8).
Keratinocytes expressing the E6 and E7 proteins encoded by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types bypass both M1 and M2 blocks and become immortal (reviewed in ref. 9). E7 inactivates and degrades the pRB retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein to induce G1/S phase progression of the cell cycle. This process increases the levels of p16INK4A, but inactivation of the pRB pathway renders it ineffectual (7). The E6 protein degrades p53, which is activated in response to the usurpation of the pRB pathway. E6 also induces expression of telomerase and allows the cells to proliferate beyond senescence and evade crisis. Thus, the oncoproteins of the high-risk HPV types target the p16INK4A and telomerase pathways that are important for keratinocyte immortalization.
Rho GTPases are a subfamily of the RAS superfamily of proteins that play essential roles in cell adhesion, cytokinesis, and cell migration (reviewed in ref. 10). Rho kinase (ROCK) is a downstream effector of the Rho pathway. Mammalian cells encode 2 Rho kinases, ROCK1 and ROCK2, which phosphorylate a wide range of substrates on serine or threonine residues. These substrates are involved in processes such as stress fiber formation, actin stabilization, the development of focal adhesions, and apoptosis (reviewed in ref. 11). ROCK inhibitors, such as Y-27632 and fasudil, have been found to have diverse and profound effects on cell behavior and have great therapeutic promise in many areas of disease (12).
It has recently been shown that inhibition of ROCK greatly increases the cloning efficiency of human embryonic stem cells (13) and human keratinocytes (14). In the current study, we demonstrate that treatment with Y-27632 greatly increased long-term proliferation of primary human keratinocytes and, unexpectedly, enabled them to efficiently bypass senescence and become immortal without detectable cell crisis. This is the first example to our knowledge of a defined chemical compound mediating efficient cell immortalization, and we anticipate that the resulting immortalized keratinocytes will be invaluable for the research of many aspects of keratinocyte biology and may have substantial therapeutic and diagnostic potential.
Y-27632 immortalizes primary human keratinocytes. Rho kinase inhibition has been reported to affect keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation (14, 15). To further explore the effect of Rho kinase inhibition on the long-term growth of keratinocytes, human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes and adult vaginal and ectocervical keratinocytes were cultured in the presence or absence of 10 μM Y-27632, a well-characterized inhibitor of the Rho-associated kinase, ROCK (16). As shown in Figure 1, in the absence of Y-27632, the growth rate of all 3 keratinocyte types slowed with time, and senescence was observed at approximately population doubling 20–40, depending on the specific cell type. However, in the presence of Y-27632, a dramatic increase in cellular proliferation of all 3 types of keratinocytes was observed within days and continued indefinitely. Y-27632–treated cells had a steady growth rate, as indicated by the constant slope of population doubling versus time. All 3 keratinocyte types efficiently bypassed senescence with no observed decline in growth rate. As shown in Table 1, efficient keratinocyte immortalization was observed at least 8 times with 3 different donor pools of foreskin keratinocytes (strains a, b, and c) and twice each with ectocervical and vaginal keratinocytes. Foreskin keratinocytes have been cultured for up to 150 passages for a period of 500 days in media supplemented with Y-27632 and can be considered immortal (see Supplemental Figure 1; supplemental material available online with this article; doi: 10.1172/JCI42297DS1). Rare spontaneously immortalized cells would occasionally grow out from quiescent cells that were close to senescence in the absence of Y-27632. However, this only occurred after a long lag period, suggesting that individual cells had picked up rare mutations, allowing them to escape senescence. In contrast, Y-27632–treated cells grew steadily at all times.
Y-27632 stabilizes the growth rate of primary keratinocytes. Growth rate of human keratinocytes from foreskin (HFK strain c; black), ectocervix (HCK; red), and vaginal tissue (HVK; blue) cultured in the presence (filled squares) or absence (open diamonds) of 10 μM Y-27634 (Y). The arrows indicate cells lines that continued to divide indefinitely. The growth rate is measured as population doubling per day.
Genetic analysis was carried out on the immortalized human foreskin keratinocyte (HFK), using strain a at passage 94, to ensure that it was identical to the original donor cells. Short tandem repeat analysis, a method used to distinguish individuals based on the highly polymorphic nature of certain regions of chromosomes, showed that the immortalized cells were genetically indistinguishable from the original keratinocytes, eliminating the possibility of contamination by an immortalized cell line (Supplemental Table 1).
Immortalization by Y-27632 is dependent on coculture with fibroblasts. Culturing keratinocytes in the presence of fibroblast feeder cells increases the lifespan of keratinocytes (17, 18) and could contribute to the observed immortalization by Y-27632. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of Y-27632 on foreskin keratinocytes cultured on plastic in 2 different types of serum-free medium, in the absence of fibroblast feeder cells. Y-27632 treatment resulted in somewhat increased proliferation, but this was not as pronounced as that in the presence of feeders. Furthermore, in repeated experiments, these cells did not efficiently bypass senescence (Supplemental Figure 2). Therefore, coculture with feeder fibroblasts is required in concert with Y-27632 treatment to immortalize keratinocytes.
Morphology of Y-27632–immortalized keratinocytes resembles that of early passage, basal-like keratinocytes. At early passages, primary keratinocytes were actively dividing and were small, cuboidal, and homogeneous in shape (Figure 2). When cultured with fibroblasts, they grew in tightly packed colonies and resembled basal keratinocytes. As they approached senescence, their morphology changed, and they became flat and heterogeneous, with an enlarged cytoplasmic volume. The morphology of all 3 types of Y-27632 immortalized keratinocytes was similar to that of early passage, actively dividing cells.
The morphology of Y-27632–immortalized cells resembles that of early pass primary keratinocytes. Images of human foreskin, ectocervical, and vaginal keratinocytes at P1 are shown in the left column. Images of keratinocytes near senescence (HFK P15, HCK P9, and HVK P5) are shown in the center column. Images of keratinocytes immortalized by 10 μM Y-27632 (HFK P100, HCK P29, and HVK P26) are shown in the right column. Scale bar: 10 μm.
The karyotype of Y-27632–immortalized cells is normal. Immortalization of primary human keratinocytes is rare, and the resulting cells have genetic changes and abnormal karyotypes. To evaluate whether similar genetic alterations occurred during Y-27632–mediated cell immortalization, we analyzed the karyotype for the foreskin keratinocyte lines strain a, which had been cultured in the presence of Y-27632 for 95 passages. The karyotype of the immortalized cells was identical to that of the donor cells, with no apparent abnormalities (Supplemental Figure 3).
Telomerase is upregulated in Y-27632–immortalized cells. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the active subunit of telomerase, which maintains the telomere caps throughout the multiple cell divisions of development. TERT expression is turned off in most somatic cells, and so the telomere ends become progressively shorter over multiple cell divisions. Replicative senescence is triggered as these protective ends shorten (19). To overcome this constraint, most tumor-derived or immortal cell lines have reactivated TERT expression to maintain the telomere ends. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the level of TERT mRNA increased with passage of foreskin keratinocytes in the presence of Y-27632 (see Figure 3A). As a comparison, TERT mRNA levels were also determined in keratinocytes immortalized with HPV18. The high-risk HPV E6 protein directly upregulates TERT transcription as part of the immortalization process (20). By passage 34 in Y-27632, TERT mRNA levels were comparable to those in HPV18-immortalized keratinocytes. A similar induction of TERT mRNA was observed in vaginal and cervical keratinocytes immortalized by Y-27632 as well as in another strain of foreskin keratinocytes (Supplemental Figure 4A).
Telomerase expression increases over time, and the length of telomere ends stabilizes after culture with Y-27632. (A) Relative levels of TERT mRNA from HFK strain a, cultured in the absence or presence of 10 μM Y-27632 at the pass indicated, as quantitated by real-time PCR. Each bar represents the mean of replicated samples ± SD. (B) Relative length of telomeres in HFK strain a, cultured in the absence or presence of 10 μM Y-27632 at the pass indicated, as quantitated by real-time PCR. Each bar represents the mean of replicated samples ± SD.
The lengths of telomeres shorten, but are stabilized, in keratinocytes immortalized by Y-27632. In HPV immortalized cells, telomere ends erode despite telomerase induction, but the shortened length becomes stable (21). We observed a similar phenomenon in Y-27632–immortalized cells. The relative length of telomeres was measured using a quantitative PCR assay. Despite increased levels of telomerase expression, the length of the telomeres in cells cultured with Y-27632 became progressively shorter with passage (see Figure 3B). However, the length became stable from passage 50 to 120 and was similar to the length of telomeres in HPV18-immortalized cells.
p16INK4A is expressed in Y-27632–immortalized cells. Telomerase expression is not sufficient for immortalization of human keratinocytes, and the pRB/p16INK4A pathway must also be inactivated (8). We examined p16INK4A mRNA and protein levels in keratinocytes during long-term culture with Y-27632. p16INK4A protein expression (see Figure 4A) and p16INK4A mRNA expression (Supplemental Figure 4B) were still observed, albeit at a low level, after long-term culture with Y-27632. However, at this point, we do not know whether the observed p16INK4A is functional. In contrast, the level of p16INK4A in HPV-immortalized cells is very high but nonfunctional, because of inactivation of the pRB pathway (7). Y-27632 treatment had no effect on the p16INK4A levels in these HPV-immortalized cells.
Expression of p16INK4, p53, p21CIP1, and MYC proteins in cells cultured with Y-27632. (A) Immunoblot analysis of MYC and p16INK4 proteins in HFK strain c, HVK, and HCK cells, cultured in the absence or presence of 10 μM Y-27632 and collected at the pass indicated. Cells containing oncogenic HPV31 and HPV18 viruses are included as controls. α-Tubulin was detected as a loading control. (B) DNA damage was induced by treatment of cells with actinomycin D (ActD). The response was measured by immunoblot analysis of p53 protein levels and those of its downstream target p21CIP1. HFKs grown without Y-27632 were assayed at P4, and those cultured in 10 μM Y-27632 were assayed at P122.
MYC is upregulated in Y-27632–immortalized cells. The MYC protein binds to the E-boxes of the TERT promoter to induce transcription (22) and HPV E6 requires MYC for cellular immortalization (23). As shown in Figure 4A, Y-27632 has both short-term and long-term effects on MYC expression in all 3 keratinocyte types. MYC protein levels were induced transiently immediately after culture with Y-27632 (compare passage 4 [P4] for HFK and P2 for human ectocervical keratinocyte [HCK] and human vaginal keratinocyte [HVK]). After this initial induction, there was a general decrease in MYC protein levels. The MYC levels then gradually increased with time in all 3 cell types. A preliminary experiment showing the corresponding MYC mRNA expression levels is shown in Supplemental Figure 4C. At very late passages (P107), the level of MYC protein was equivalent to that in an HPV31-containing cell line (Supplemental Figure 5). The long-term increase in MYC levels is consistent with the increase in TERT expression, indicating that increased telomerase expression could be due to MYC induction.
The tumor suppressor gene p53 is expressed in Y-27632–immortalized cells and can mediate a normal DNA damage response. The tumor suppressor gene p53 prevents aberrant proliferation and arrests the growth of cells that have sustained genetic damage. In most cancer-derived or immortalized cell lines, the p53 pathway is either mutated or suppressed to enable cells to proliferate in conditions of aberrant growth regulation. As shown in Figure 4B, p53 protein levels were increased in keratinocytes cultured with Y-27632, but this did not appear to be inhibitory to cell growth, and the downstream effector, p21CIP1, was not induced. To test whether the p53 pathway was functional in the Y-27632–immortalized cells, we analyzed the response of the cells to p53-induced growth arrest mediated by DNA damage. Normal cells exhibit growth arrest when exposed to a mutagen, but this arrest is abrogated in cells immortalized by the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins (24, 25). Keratinocytes were treated with 0.5 nM actinomycin D, which induces DNA strand breaks and induces a p53-mediated growth arrest. Early passage keratinocytes and Y-27632–treated keratinocytes exhibited a normal DNA damage response; both p53 and the p53-responsive protein, p21CIP1, were upregulated (see Figure 4B). In contrast, the HPV31-containing cell line, CIN-612, and HPV18-immortalized keratinocytes did not induce p53 levels or the p53 pathway in response to DNA damage. Therefore, Y-27632–immortalized keratinocytes retain a normal DNA damage response.
Y-27632–treated cells retain the capacity to differentiate. McMullan et al. have shown that blocking ROCK function inhibits suspension-induced differentiation of human keratinocytes (15). In monolayer culture in the presence of fibroblast feeders, a fraction of keratinocytes undergo differentiation (26). Therefore, Y-27632 might inhibit differentiation and promote proliferation under these conditions. To examine whether culture with Y-27632 inhibits differentiation in monolayer culture, we assayed for the presence of involucrin in cells cultured in the presence of 10 μM Y-27632. The levels of involucrin decreased with continued passage in the presence of the ROCK inhibitor (Supplemental Figure 6A), indicating that Y-27632 did reduce the propensity for differentiation in these cultures. We also tested the effect of Y-27632 on the ability of keratinocytes to differentiate into a stratified tissue in organotypic raft culture (Supplemental Figure 6B). Early passage HFKs were seeded onto a collagen matrix containing fibroblasts and cultured as a "raft," either with or without Y-27632 in the raft media. However, no differentiation or stratification was observed when Y-27632 was present in the raft culture medium, confirming the findings of McMullan et al. in a different differentiation system.
However, one very important characteristic of normal keratinocytes is their ability to differentiate and stratify into a tissue equivalent. To determine whether keratinocytes that had been cultured in Y-27632 for many passages retained their differentiation potential if the ROCK inhibitor was removed, we assayed their ability to form a stratified epithelium in organotypic raft culture. Early passage HFKs and HFKs that had been cultured up to this point in Y-27632–containing medium were seeded onto a collagen matrix containing fibroblasts and cultured as a raft at the liquid-air interphase for 17 days without Y-27632 in the raft media. As can be seen in Figure 5B, keratinocytes that had been previously cultured in the presence of Y-27632 for 18 passages could produce a stratified epithelium in organotypic culture.
Keratinocytes can differentiate in organotypic raft culture after long-term culture with Y-27632. H&E-stained histological sections of primary keratinocytes at (A) P1 or (B) after 18 passes in 10 μM Y-27632, cultured in organotypic raft culture for 17 days, are shown. Scale bar: 20 μM.
To further demonstrate that the stratified epithelial tissue grown from Y-27632–immortalized cells expressed appropriate differentiation markers, we analyzed the expression of keratin 14 (expressed in the basal layer), involucrin (upper spinous layer), and filaggrin (granular/cornified layer), using immunofluorescence on fixed tissue sections. As shown in Figure 6, raft tissue grown from either untreated or Y-27632–treated cells expressed these differentiation markers in the appropriate layer (27). Thus, keratinocytes that had been previously cultured with the ROCK inhibitor retained their capacity to differentiate normally into a stratified epithelial tissue.
HFKs express appropriate differentiation markers in organotypic rafts after long-term culture with Y-27632. After 17 days in organotypic raft culture, tissue sections from normal primary keratinocytes at P1 (HFK) or after 18 passes in 10 μM Y-27632 (HFK + Y) were stained for DNA (DAPI; blue), keratin K14 (green; basal layer), involucrin (red; spinous layer), and filaggrin (cyan; granular and cornified layers). A magnified image from the merge is shown on the bottom row. Scale bar: 50 μM.
This report describes the effect of a ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, on keratinocyte proliferation, immortalization, and differentiation. Y-27632 treatment was shown to result in the bypass of senescence and immortalization of different types of keratinocytes from human foreskin and vaginal and cervical epithelium. Preliminary experiments indicated that human foreskin fibroblasts treated with Y-27632 did not show enhanced proliferation or bypass senescence (see Supplemental Figure 7), suggesting that this is a keratinocyte specific phenomenon. These observations have far-reaching implications for the study and treatment of various skin diseases; improved culture and extended lifespan of keratinocytes will prove invaluable for both research and therapeutic purposes.
To date, our results show that Y-27632–immortalized cells are functionally equivalent to normal cells. They have a normal karyotype and an intact DNA damage response and are able to form a stratified epithelium in organotypic culture. The immortalized keratinocytes demonstrate upregulated telomerase mRNA levels and telomeres that have shortened but remain at a stable length. MYC protein levels increased with continued passage, and this may be responsible for upregulation of TERT mRNA expression. Honma et al. have shown that Y-27632 rapidly induces MYC mRNA expression in human keratinocytes (28), and this might explain the initial induction of MYC that we observed in the first passage with Y-27632.
Previous studies have shown that telomerase expression is not sufficient for keratinocyte immortalization and inactivation of p16INK4A may also be required to bypass senescence in keratinocytes (7, 8, 18). Y-27632–immortalized keratinocytes express low levels of the p16INK4A protein, but we assume that the cells are either resistant to its antiproliferative effect or protein levels are too low to mediate an inhibitory response. Rea et al. also observed p16INK4A expression in spontaneously immortalized keratinocytes cell lines (29).
In this study, we have identified 2 factors to be important for keratinocyte immortalization: (a) culture with feeder fibroblasts and (b) exposure to a Rho kinase inhibitor. We have also observed that MYC is consistently upregulated during immortalization. These factors regulate the equilibrium between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Prior studies have shown that culture of keratinocytes with feeder cells enhances lifespan, possibly in part by inducing telomerase (17, 18). However, culture of keratinocytes with feeder cells also results in the expression of differentiation markers in a subset of cells when compared with culture of these cells on plastic (26). As shown in Supplemental Figure 7, Y-27632 reduced this tendency in monolayer culture. Moreover, Honma et al. propose that the Rho-GTPase pathway may control MYC activity (28). MYC has a positive role in keratinocyte proliferation but also can promote differentiation of epidermal stem cells (30). We postulate that the interaction of these pathways is important for Y-27632–mediated immortalization.
Future studies will address the mechanism of Y-27632–mediated immortalization of keratinocytes. ROCK can phosphorylate a number of different downstream targets and has profound effects on cell behavior. We do not yet know exactly which of these pathways are important for keratinocyte immortalization. However, despite the diverse effects of Y-27632, cells cultured with Y-27632 have many normal characteristics and are able to differentiate normally when Y-27632 is removed from the culture medium. Y-27632 can also inhibit other Rho effector kinases, such as citron kinase and PKN, but its affinity for ROCK kinase is 20- to 30-times higher (31). Some of the observed effect of Y-27632 on keratinocytes could also be mediated by effects of ROCK inhibitor on the feeder fibroblasts, since efficient immortalization is only observed in their presence.
The current study shows many parallels between Y-27632–induced immortalization and HPV-mediated immortalization. In both cases, telomerase was induced and the cells efficiently bypassed senescence. Another parallel is the finding by Charette and McCance that both HPV16 E7 protein and Y-27632 treatment of human foreskin keratinocytes resulted in increased cell migration (32). However, Y-27632–immortalized cells have a normal DNA damage response and karyotype compared with HPV-immortalized cells and are therefore preferable for many studies.
Keratinocytes are the natural host cells for all HPVs, but nononcogenic HPVs are difficult to study because they do not immortalize these cells. Thus, Y-27632–treated keratinocytes will be very useful for long-term analysis of nononcogenic HPV-related studies. Although not associated with cancer, these viruses are responsible for a great burden of recalcitrant disease, such as genital warts, respiratory papillomatosis, and cutaneous warts. These lesions can be especially problematic in individuals who are immunocompromised by HIV infection or organ transplantation. Y-27632–immortalized keratinocytes that can differentiate and support the entire viral life cycle will allow testing of antiviral therapies in a system that closely reflects the in vivo situation.
Human foreskin keratinocytes are most often used for HPV studies, because of the availability of this tissue from routine circumcision and difficulties in obtaining sufficient numbers of cells from other tissues. However, these keratinocytes might not be the best host for papillomavirus studies, as HPV infection of the foreskin is often clinically inapparent. A more appropriate cell type for the study of the many HPVs is that of the uterine cervix. We show here that Y-27632 can immortalize vaginal and cervical keratinocytes, making such cells much more amenable to study. Different HPVs have a very specific tropism for different regions of epithelia. Y-27632 treatment and expansion of small numbers of keratinocytes derived from different types of epithelia could greatly increase our understanding and treatment of HPV infection.
The ability to greatly expand and derive tissue from different types of primary human keratinocytes is of great research and therapeutic benefit. In an era in which personalized medicine is becoming increasingly important, patient-derived keratinocytes or tissue equivalents could be used to test therapies specific for the donor. Isolation and rapid expansion of keratinocytes from a small tissue biopsy using culture with Y-27632 could greatly increase the efficiency and time frame of this process. For example, small number of keratinocytes can be isolated, expanded in monolayer culture, and developed into tissue sheets for autologous epidermal replacement of regions with extensive burns or ulcers (33). Keratinocyte-mediated gene therapy is another intensively studied area of research, whereby therapeutic genes can be introduced into autologous keratinocytes and regrafted onto the host (34).
Transplantation of human keratinocytes, with enhanced in vitro proliferation, onto human hosts raises concerns of potential tumorigenic conversion. However, our studies have shown that ROCK inhibitor–treated cells have a normal p53-mediated growth arrest response and have no gross genetic abnormalities. Furthermore, there is evidence that ROCK inhibitors prevent rather than promote tumor progression and metastasis in human and animal models (35, 36). The Rho/ROCK pathway has been shown to function in the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, cancers, and embryonic development (37). This pathway is an important therapeutic target, and a ROCK inhibitor (fasudil) is already marketed for cerebral vasospasm after surgery (38) and is currently being tested for the treatment of angina pectoris, acute cerebral thrombosis, and other vascular diseases. Our study demonstrates that ROCK inhibitors may also be useful for quickly generating large numbers of normal keratinocytes and tissue equivalents that may be used in a variety of medical and research applications.
Cell culture. Keratinocytes were cultured in F medium (3:1 [v/v] F-12 [Ham]-DMEM, 5% FBS, 0.4 μg/ml hydrocortisone, 5 μg/ml insulin, 8.4 ng/ml cholera toxin, 10 ng/ml EGF, 24 μg/ml adenine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin) in the presence of irradiated 3T3-J2 feeder cells (39). HFKs were isolated from pools of at least 7 neonatal foreskins. Primary HCKs and HVKs were isolated as described previously (40). All human tissues were collected with institutional approval from the Institutional Review Boards at NIH and Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine. In the absence of feeders, keratinocytes were grown in 154 medium supplemented with Human Keratinocyte Growth Supplement and Gentamicin/Amphotericin (Invitrogen) or in Keratinocyte Growth Media (Invitrogen). The HPV31-positive cell line, CIN-612 9E, was obtained from Lou Laimins (Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA). The HPV18 cell line was established by introducing the HPV18 genome into primary HFKs, using the Amaxa human keratinocyte nucleofection system. Cells were grown in the presence or absence of Y-27632 (Alexis Biochemicals) as indicated. Cells were subcultured by removing the fibroblast feeder cells with versene, collecting keratinocytes by trypsinization, and passing them 1:10 to 1:20 onto a 10-cm plate with J2 3T3 feeder cells. Population doubling was calculated as PD = 3.32 (log [number of cells harvested/number of cells seeded]).
Immunodetection. Proteins were extracted in 2% SDS, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), and 10% glycerol supplemented with inhibitors Complete and PhosphoSTOP (Roche). Protein samples were resolved on NuPage gels, electrotransferred to Immobilon-P membrane (Millipore), and incubated with the indicated antibodies before detection by chemiluminescence. mAbs were against p53 (DO-1; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) and α-tubulin (B-5-1-2; Sigma-Aldrich). pAbs against MYC (N-262), p21CIP1 (C-19), and p16INK4A (C-20) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.
Real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR for detection of p16INK4A, MYC, and GAPDH mRNA was performed as described previously (17, 23, 41). Detection of hTERT mRNA was performed using the TaqMan Gene Expression Assay for TERT (Assay ID Hs00972646_m1) and RPLPO (large ribosomal protein; assay ID 4326314E) as an endogenous control, on a 7900HT Sequence Detection System (PE Applied-Biosystems). Each reaction was carried out in triplicate using cDNA generated from 400 ng total RNA, using oligo(dT)20 and the SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen) for RT-PCR. For each sample, the amount of target and control transcripts was determined from standard curves generated using a pool of cDNA samples prepared from cells with high TERT expression. Values were adjusted according to the level of the endogenous control, RPLPO. The data were analyzed with SDS 2.1 software (Applied Biosystems).
Telomere length assay. Genomic DNA was extracted from cells and the average telomere length was assessed using a modified method of the RT-PCR–based telomere assay described previously (42). Briefly, the ratio (T/S) of telomere repeat copy number (T) to single copy gene HBG1 number (S) was determined using a Bio-Rad IQ5 thermocycler. Five ng genomic DNA was amplified and detected with SYBR Green Super Mix (Bio-Rad). The primers for telomeres were as follows: Tel-1, 5′-CGGTTTGTTTGGGTTTGGGTTTGGGTTTGGGTTTGGGTT-3′, and Tel-2, 5′-GGCTTGCCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCT-3′; and HBG1, 5′-TGTGCTGGCCCATCACTTTG-3′, and HBG2, 5′-ACCAGCCACCACTTTCTGATAGG-3′. Reaction conditions were as follows: 1 cycle, 95°C, 5 minutes; 41 cycles, 95°C, 15 seconds; 1 cycle, 60°C 45 seconds. All reactions were carried out in triplicate and compared with a standard curve of 0, 0.2, 1, 5, 25, 125 ng genomic DNA (with telomere length 10.4 kb) from Telo-kit (Roche). The T/S ratio (dCt) for each sample was calculated by normalizing the average HBG Ct value to the average telomere Ct value.
Karyotype analysis. This was conducted by Molecular Diagnostic Services Inc. Metaphase spreads were prepared and stained to observe chromosomal G bands. Twenty metaphase spreads were analyzed and 5 complete karyotypes were prepared from each cell line.
DNA genotype analysis. Cellular DNAs were analyzed by Molecular Diagnostic Services Inc., using the PowerPlex 1.2 STR genotyping kit (Promega).
Organotypic raft culture. Organotypic cultures were generated as described previously, with modifications (43). Briefly, 1 × 105 keratinocytes were seeded onto a rat tail type 1 collagen dermal equivalent containing 1–2 × 106 J2 3T3 feeder cells. The rafts were lifted onto stainless steel grids and were fed by diffusion from below with raft medium (3:1 [v/v] DMEM, F-12; 10% FBS, 0.4 μg/ml hydrocortisone, 0.1 nM cholera toxin, and 5 μg/ml transferring). Raft cultures were allowed to stratify for 11–17 days and were fixed in formalin for 4 hours, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with H&E or by immunofluorescence as described by Peh et al. (44). Abs used were mouse mAb anti-keratin 14 (Ab-1; Thermo Fisher Scientific) and polyclonal goat antiserum against filaggrin (N-20; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) and rabbit antiserum against involucrin (H-120; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.). Tissue sections were counterstained with DAPI.
Growth arrest assay. Briefly, 1–2 × 106 keratinocytes were seeded on a 10-cm plate and, 48 hours later, were treated with 0.5 nM actinomycin D for 24 hours, as described previously (25). Protein extracts were prepared, as described above, and analyzed for p53 and p21CIP1 protein levels.
Statistics. A Student's paired 2-sample t test was used to test whether the distribution of the number of population doublings at days 60 and 80 were equal for the control and "plus Y-27632" conditions. In these analyses, all replicates of a specific cell type (foreskin, cervix, etc.) were averaged to create a single population doubling number at day 60 and day 80. Two-tailed P values are reported, and P values of less than 0.05 are considered significant.
We thank Jonathan Vogel and Atsushi Terunuma for sharing data prior to publication, Dean Follmann for advice on statistical analyses, and Yuhai Dai for technical assistance with the telomere length assays. We are also grateful to Atasi Poddar, Nozomi Sakakibara, and Vandana Sekhar for critical reading of the manuscript and to Grace Chao for additional analysis of the immortalized keratinocytes. This work was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID, NIH.
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McMullan R, et al. Keratinocyte differentiation is regulated by the Rho and ROCK signaling pathway. Curr Biol. 2003;13(24):2185–2189.
Narumiya S, Ishizaki T, Uehata M. Use and properties of ROCK-specific inhibitor Y-27632. Methods Enzymol. 2000;325:273–284.
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Ying H, et al. The Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil inhibits tumor progression in human and rat tumor models. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(9):2158–2164.
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text:
Witchi-Tai-To
Jan Garbarek (tenor and soprano saxophones), Bobo Stenson (piano), Palle Danielsson (double bass), Jon Christensen (drums)
The period in which albums like Witchi-Tai-To were conceived was an especially fruitful one, often looked back on fondly by Stenson; many of the tunes, as per the modern idea of the 'Nordic tone'... — Josh Lee, Presto Jazz, Classic Album Review More…
Release Date: 17th May 2019
Catalogue No: 6743111
Label: ECM
Series: Touchstones
Presto Music
Classic Jazz Recording
Usually despatched within 1 working day
FLAC(CD quality, 44.1 kHz, 16 bit) $9.75
Bley: A.I.R.
Bobo Stenson Quartet, Jan Garbarek (tenor saxophone), Palle Danielsson (bass (vocal)), Jon Christensen (drums), Bobo Stenson (piano), Jan Garbarek (soprano saxophone)
Recorded: 1973-11
Recording Venue: Arne Bendiksen Studio, Oslo
Palle Danielsson: Kukka
Carlos Puebla: Hasta Siempre
Jim Pepper: Witchi-Tai-To
Don Cherry: Desireless
Classic Recordings, Jan Garbarek-Bobo Stenson Quartet - Witchi-Tai-To
With a varied repertoire and unmatched chemistry, Witchi-Tai-To is one of the landmark releases of both the ECM sound and 'Nordic tone', as well as one of Garbarek's favourites of his catalogue.
In the mid-1970s there was no European jazz group more popular than the Garbarek-Stenson Quartet, and Witchi-Tai-To was voted 'Record of the Year 1974/75' in Jazz Forum's poll. Down Beat gave the album a five-star review: "Those who think that contemporary music from Europe lacks soul-fire are hereby advised to listen to Witchi-Tai-To."
Bobo Stenson: "The quartet had a chemistry that I've very rarely known, and I look back at the whole period as a happy and creative time." The wide-open programme includes tunes by Carla Bley and Don Cherry as well as the title track composed by Jim Pepper.
Classic Album Review
The period in which albums like Witchi-Tai-To were conceived was an especially fruitful one, often looked back on fondly by Stenson; many of the tunes, as per the modern idea of the 'Nordic tone' receive very open and airy rearrangements, careful pepperings of intensity and - in line with Garbarek's approach - moments of quietness.
Josh Lee
Bley, Carla (b.1936)
Christensen, Jon
Danielsson, Palle
Garbarek, Jan
Stenson, Bobo
Touchstones


The parameters of nanoERGIS® film are superior in comparison to its traditional equivalent. As a world class stretch film manufacturer we are proud of our nanoERGIS® which has three times greater resistance to mechanical damage such as tearing, local damage and cracking.
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stretch film for manual applications – for fast, convenient, cost-effective and reliable manual securing of loads; it can be 450 mm or 500 mm wide and from 10 μm to 30 μm thick.


text:
[![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/fahad19/firenze-behavior-timestamp.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/fahad19/firenze-behavior-timestamp) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/fahad19/firenze-behavior-timestamp/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/fahad19/firenze-behavior-timestamp?branch=master) [![npm](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/firenze-behavior-timestamp.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/firenze-behavior-timestamp) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/fahad19/firenze](https://img.shields.io/badge/gitter-join_chat_%E2%86%92-1dce73.svg)](https://gitter.im/fahad19/firenze)

Timestamp behavior for [firenze.js](https://github.com/fahad19/firenze).

Automatically generate timestamps on certain fields, when saving records.

Install it with [npm](https://npmjs.com) or [Bower](http://bower.io):

```
$ npm install --save firenze-behavior-timestamp

$ bower install --save firenze-behavior-timestamp
```

<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
# Contents

- [What it does](#what-it-does)
- [Usage](#usage)
  - [Node.js](#nodejs)
  - [Browser](#browser)
- [Testing](#testing)
- [License](#license)

<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->

<!--docume:src/index.js-->
## What it does

When saving a new model, it will automatically populate timestamp as value on speficied field(s).

For example, when saving a post:

```js
var posts = new Posts();
var post = posts.model({
  title: 'Hello World'
});

post.save().then(function (model) {
  var created = model.get('created'); // `2015-01-01 12:00:00`
});
```

It will automatically save the value of current timestamp in `created` field.

## Usage

### Node.js

With [npm](https://npmjs.com):

```
$ npm install --save firenze-behavior-timestamp
```

Now you can require it as follows:

```js
var TimestampBehavior = require('firenze-behavior-timestamp');

// create your Database instance...

db.createCollection({
  behaviors: [
    {
      'class': TimestampBehavior,
      options: {
        created: {
          on: 'create'                  // 'create', 'update', or 'always'
          format: 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss' // 'object' for Date object, or moment.js format
        }
      }
    }
  ]
});
```

### Browser

Or [Bower](http://bower.io):

```
$ bower installl --save firenze-behavior-timestamp
```

Can be loaded in your HTML page as follows:

```js
<script src="bower_components/firenze/dist/firenze.full.min.js"></script>
<script src="bower_components/moment/min/moment.min.js"></script>
<script src="bower_components/firenze-behavior-timestamp/dist/firenze-behavior-timestamp.min.js"></script>

<script>
  // Timestamp behavior is available in `firenze.TimestampBehavior`
</script>
```

<!--/docume:src/index.js-->

# Testing

Tests are written with [mocha](http://mochajs.org/), and can be run via npm:

```
$ npm test
```

# License

MIT © [Fahad Ibnay Heylaal](http://fahad19.com)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


S'annuler Annuler in passive voice Annuler in female form Ne pas annuler Annuler ?
Annuler belong to the 1st group.	Annuler is a common french verb.
Annuler is conjugated with auxiliary avoir.
Annuler verb is direct transitive.
Annuler verb is a direct transitive verb, so passive voice can be used.
Annuler is a french first group verb. So it follow the regular conjugation pattern of the first group like: aimer. Follow this link to see all the endings of the conjugation of the first group verbs : conjugation rules and endings for the first group verbs.
Annuler is conjugated the same way that verbs that end in : -er. First group verbs always end with -er as their infinitive. Endings of first group verbs are regular.
ANNULER : v. tr. Rendre nul. La Cour d'appel a annulé ce testament, a annulé toutes ces procédures. Annuler un contrat, un acte, une lettre de change. Annuler un marché, une élection.


See also: Link to us index.
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Payne, Jason E - Payne Firm (Lawyers) is practicing law in Houston, Texas. This lawyer is listed on Lawyer Map under the main category All Law Firms in Lawyers.
Payne, Jason E - Payne Firm is listed under Lawyers in Houston, Texas .
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not in my house dampier.
christmas and a little more.
merry christmas and happy holidays everyone. i'm excited that it's almost been a year since I started this blog. i think i need to find a way to make it more exciting so i can get more viewers. eventually, i might turn this into a blog for a company tin and i are trying to start. as far as a name, we are still in the works. ultimately, we would like to design an entire line from shirts to hats, jeans and finally, have other companies come to us to design for them.
on the other side, i recently went to san francisco with rachel. we had some dim sum and korean bbq which was amazing and did lots of shopping for christmas. the entire trip was pretty draining and we ended up with a parking ticket, sore feet and chain controls over the mountain. but overall, it was so much fun and i think i'd like to move there some day.
enough of talk, here are some pictures.
this one laughs when you tickle it in the stomach. it was something i wanted to get when i got a 25 dollar gift card to cvs pharmacy.
the first snow in reno comes a bit late this year.
there is a skating rink in union square?
adam is everywhere. even on your girlfriends water bottles.
and finally, a white christmas. i don't think i've seen one in a while.
triumvir released their street fighter line tonight. i was a big fan of the game when i was kid, but i'm not so sure if i could wear it as clothes. it's a pretty cool design, but i have too many t shirts. the entire collection reminds me of the movie, the extremely low budgeted one with Van Damme, remember? i think they should remake the movie, i mean if dragonball is coming out, (and it looks pretty gay by the way), they should pump money into this idea. check it out.
i just saw this movie and i probably would not recommend it…to anyone.
why 3-4 jobs are necessary.
i had an interview at Dynamic Isolation Systems today off of the USA Parkway Exit. if you have lived in a reno for quite some time, you'll know that USA Parkway is about 15 minutes east of sparks. the great thing about this place is that it is a nice clean office and they do some pretty cool things. they design isolators, which you put underneath building structures and bridges, in order to keep them from failing during earthquakes. well, i got that job. sweet.
yesterday, i also got a job as a graphic designer at Inkblot productions. they create designs for almost everything at school: billboards, internet ads, banners and t shirts for events. it'll be a good way for me to learn illustrator because i see a lot more people using that these days. it'll also give me a chance to catch up on my hand drawing skills because i intend to do a bit of hand graphics as well and scan them in.
other than that, i work at the library and for dr. tian doing a research project. that makes 4 jobs right now, but the research project ends at the end of the year. i never really prepared myself for so many jobs, but i see myself working around 30-40 hours next semester. with only 12 credits, this looks like the big break i'm looking for. on the other hand, i am still deciding what i want to do with my life once i finish school.