The West was very much on Virginians' minds in 1774, even though the big news that year was the Boston Tea Party, the introduction of resolutions in the House of Burgesses in support of Massachusetts, the dissolution of the Burgesses by the Royal Governor Lord Dunmore, and a subsequent meeting at Raleigh Tavern of the dissolved Burgesses, whose Committee of Correspondence sent out letters calling for a general congress of the American colonies. In September, the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, and revolution was under way.
Lord Dunmore was a villain in the eyes of the revolutionaries. He was eventually forced to flee Virginia and take up residence on a British warship. But in January 1774, he had done Virginia a big favor by organizing an offensive into the Ohio country by Virginia militia. The Virginians goaded Shawnee, Ottawa, and other tribes into what became Lord Dunmore's War, which ended with the Indians defeated. They ceded hunting rights in Kentucky to the Virginians and agreed to unhindered access to and navigation on the Ohio River. Within six months, the Transylvania Company sent out Daniel Boone to blaze a trail through the Cumberland Gap to the bluegrass country of Kentucky.
Meanwhile, the British government, in the Quebec Act of 1774, moved to stem the flow of Virginians across the mountains, by extending the boundary of Canada south to the Ohio River. This cut off Virginia's western claims, threatened to spoil the hopes and schemes of innumerable land speculators, including George Washington, and established a highly centralized crown-controlled government with special privileges for the Catholic Church, provoking fear that French Canadians, rather than Protestant Virginians, would rule in the Ohio Valley. This was one of the so-called Intolerable Acts that spurred the revolution.
In 1769, William Lewis, then thirty-one years old, married his cousin, twenty-two-year-old Lucy Meriwether. The Meriwether family was also Welsh and also land-rich—by 1730, the family held a tract near Charlottesville of 17,952 acres. The coat of arms was Vi et Consilio, or Force and Counsel. George R. Gilmer, later a governor of Georgia, wrote of the family, None ever looked at or talked with a Meriwether but he heard something which made him look or listen again. Jefferson said of Colonel Nicholas Meriwether, Lucy's father, He was the most sensible man I ever knew. ⁵ He had served as commander of a Virginia regiment in Braddock's disastrous campaign of 1755.
In 1775, war broke out. Jefferson noted that, when it came, William Lewis was happily situated at home with a wife and young family, & a fortune placed him at ease. Nevertheless, he left all to aid in the liberation of his country from foreign usurpations. ⁸ Like General Washington, he served without pay; going Washington one better, he bore his own expenses, as his patriotic contribution to his country.
Meriwether Lewis scarcely knew his father, for Lieutenant Lewis was away making war for most of the first five years of his son's life. He served as commander of one of the first regiments raised in Virginia, enlisting in July 1775. By September, he was a first lieutenant in the Albemarle County militia. When the unit integrated with the Continental Line, he became a lieutenant in the regulars.
Lucy Meriwether Lewis Marks was a remarkable woman. She bore five children, two by John Marks (John Hastings, born 1785, and Mary Garland, born 1788). She had a strong constitution; she buried two husbands and lived to be almost eighty-six years old. Jefferson called her a tender mother. She was slim, fragile in appearance, with light brown hair and hazel-blue eyes, a refined face and a masterful eye. A family history described her: Her position as a head of a large family connection combined with the spartan ideas in those stirring times of discipline, developed in her a good deal of the autocrat. Yet she . . . had much sweetness of character, was a devoted Christian and full of sympathy for all sickness and trouble.
Stern and spartan though she may have been, her son loved her dearly. Although he was scarcely ever with her from age fourteen on, he was a faithful and considerate correspondent.
On March 31, 1805, he wrote her from Fort Mandan, 1609 miles above the entrance of the Missouri, to relate to her some of his various adventures in ascending the river so far and to inform her that he was about to set off into the unknown. I feel the most perfect confidence that we shall reach the Pacific Ocean this summer. It was going to be easy, he wrote, because everyone in the party was in good health and excellent sperits, are attached to the enterprise and anxious to proceed.
The woman who inspired such concern and love was also capable of leading an expedition of her own into the wilderness, of running a plantation, of supervising at hog-killing time. When some drunken British officers burst into Locust Hill one evening, she grabbed her rifle down from its peg and drove them off. Another time, a hunting party from Locust Hill and neighboring plantations got separated from the dogs. The hounds brought a buck to bay on the lawn at Locust Hill. Lucy grabbed her rifle, rushed out, and shot it. When the crestfallen hunters returned, empty-handed, the buck's hindquarters were already roasting over the fire.
She had a county-wide reputation for her culinary talents. Jefferson was especially fond of her cured Virginia hams. His overseer recorded, every year I used to get a few for his special use. She had a small library, which she treasured. She valued it so much that she was careful to leave directions in her will for its equal division among her surviving children.
When Meriwether was eight or nine years old, his stepfather, Captain Marks, migrated with a number of Virginians to a colony being developed by General John Matthews on the Broad River in northeastern Georgia. Few details of this trek into the wilderness survive, but it is easy enough to imagine a wide-eyed boy on the march with horses, cattle, oxen, pigs, dogs, wagons, slaves, other children, adults—making camp every night—hunting for deer, turkey, and possum; fishing in the streams running across the route of march; watching and perhaps helping with the cooking; packing up each morning and striking out again; crossing through the Carolinas along the eastern edge of the mountains; getting a sense of the vastness of the country, and growing comfortable with life in the wilderness.
He wanted more knowledge. He could not get it in Georgia. And he was a youngster of considerable substance and responsibility, for under Virginia's laws of primogeniture he had inherited his father's estate. This included a plantation of nearly 2,000 acres, 520 pounds in cash, 24 slaves, and 147 gallons of whiskey. Though it was being managed by Nicholas Meriwether, it would soon be Meriwether's to run. His mother agreed that he should return to Virginia, at about age thirteen, to obtain a formal education and prepare himself for his management responsibilities.
There were no public schools in eighteenth-century Virginia. Planters' sons got their education by boarding with teachers, almost always preachers or parsons, who would instruct them in Latin, mathematics, natural science, and English grammar. Jefferson biographer Dumas Malone notes that the sons of the greater landowners had all the advantages and disadvantages that go with private instruction. The quality of this instruction was often high, but it naturally varied with the tutors who were available. ²² These men were all overworked, their schools too crowded. Finding a place was difficult. Even with his guardian, Nicholas Lewis, and his father's friend Thomas Jefferson to help him, it took Meriwether some months, perhaps as long as a year, to become a formal student.
Meriwether's next surviving letter to his mother, undated, written from Cloverfields, related family news and the complications he was encountering in trying to get into school. His brother-in-law, Edmund Anderson, who had married his older sister, Jane, in 1785, when she was fifteen, was preparing to go into business in Richmond and would have been there before this, had not the small-pox broke out in that City which rages with great violence and until this Disorder can be extirpated, they will continue where they are —i.e., in Hanover. Sister [Jane] and Children are well; the children have grown very much, but I see no appearance of another.
Parson Matthew Maury, son of one of Thomas Jefferson's teachers, was the man Meriwether wanted to study with, but so far he had not been able to get started. I hope Reubin [his younger brother, still in Georgia] is at school tho I am not yet ingaged in that persuit myself, he wrote. Robert Lewis and myself applyed to Mr. Maury soon after my return [to Albemarle] who informed us that he could not take us by any means till next Spring and as what we would wish to learn would interfer so much with his Latin business that he had rather not take us at all.
In the fall of 1787, Reuben came to Cloverfields for a visit. As he was leaving, he asked Meriwether to come to Georgia the following fall. On March 7, 1788, Meriwether wrote Reuben to say he could not make the visit, by Reason of my being at School. I set in with Parson Maury, soon afer you left me, with whom I continued till Christmas, and then I fully expected to have stayed six Months longer at least, if not another Year; but couzen William D. Meriwether then said he did not think it worth while, as I had got well acquainted with the English Grammer, and mite learn the Georgraphy at Home. Upon this, I concluded to stay at Uncle Peachy Gilmers, and go to school to a Master in the Neighbourhood in Order to get acquainted with Figurs, where I am now stationed.
In June 1788, Meriwether's guardian paid seven pounds for room, board, and tuition. In January 1789, he paid thirteen pounds and in July another two pounds. That summer Meriwether was able to go to Georgia for a visit.
In the fall, he studied under Dr. Charles Everitt. His schoolmate and cousin Peachy Gilmer, five years younger than Meriwether, hated Dr. Everitt. According to Gilmer, he was afflicted with very bad health, of an atrabilious and melancholy temperament: peevish, capricious, and every way disagreeable. . . . He invented cruel punishments for the scholars. . . . His method of teaching was as bad as anything could be. He was impatient of interruption. We seldom applied for assistance, said our lessons badly, made no proficiency, and acquired negligent and bad habits.
In October 1791, he wrote his mother to report that he had received a letter from Uncle Thomas Gilmer (Peachy's father) which gives moste agreeable information of your welfare and my brothers assiduity and attention at School. He said he had just returned from a visit with his sister, Jane, who had shown him a letter their mother had written that summer. From it he learned that Captain Marks had died, leaving his mother once again a widow, with Reuben plus the two younger children to care for. Mrs. Marks wanted Meriwether to come to Georgia to organize a move back to Virginia for her and her dependents.
Thus ended Meriwether Lewis's scholarly career. What had he learned? Not enough Latin to use the language in his extensive later writings, nor any other foreign language. Not enough orthography ever to be comfortable or proficient with the spelling of English words—but, then, he lived in an age of freedom of spelling, a time when even so well read and learned a man as Jefferson had trouble maintaining consistency in his spelling. He did develop a strong, sprightly, and flowing writing style.
Perhaps as an eighteen-year-old he wished to continue his education, to attend the ceminary at William and Mary, but it could not be. He was responsible for his mother, his brother, John and Mary Marks, the slaves at Locust Hill, his inheritance. Instead of book learning at William and Mary, he was destined to learn from the school of the plantation. At age eighteen, he was the head of a small community of about two dozen slaves and nearly two thousand acres of land. His lessons from now on would be in management, in soils, crops, distillery, carpentry, blacksmithing, shoemaking, weaving, coopering, timbering, in killing, dressing, and skinning cattle and sheep, preserving vegetables and meats, repairing plows, harrows, saws, and rifles, caring for horses and dogs, treating the sick, and the myriad of other tasks that went into running a plantation.
At eighteen years, he was on his own. He had traveled extensively across the southern part of the United States. He had shown himself to be a self-reliant, self-contained, self-confident teen-ager, and was a young man who took great pride in his persevereance and steadiness of purpose, as Peachy Gilmer had put it. His health was excellent, his physical powers were outstanding, he was sensitive and caring about his mother and his family. He was started.
Foaled, not born, Virginia planters were said to be. They would go five miles to catch a horse in order to ride one mile afterward.
As one scholar put it, In a country without large settlements and where plantation seats were far apart, riding was not a matter of occasional diversion but daily necessity, and good horsemanship was taken for granted among the gentry. ¹ They had to be experts in the judging, feeding, breeding, and care of horses.
Like riding and hiking, dancing was taken for granted. Indeed, dancing was little short of a social necessity. Virginians are of genuine blood, said one traveler. They will dance or die. Like Jefferson, Lewis learned to dance the minuet, reels, and country dances at Reverend Maury's school. One diarist wrote in the year of Lewis's birth, Any young gentleman, travelling through the Colony . . . is presumed to be acquainted with dancing, boxing, playing the fiddle, and small sword, and cards. ³ There is no evidence that Lewis learned to fiddle, but he knew the rest of the list.
By no means were all Virginia planters or their sons paragons of virtue. If there was high-minded and learned political talk around the table, and much idealism and protestation of devotion to the common good, there also were temptations often too strong for healthy, wealthy young men to resist.
When I recollect that at 14 years of age the whole care and direction of myself was thrown on my self entirely, without a relative or friend qualified to advise or guide me, and recollect the various sorts of bad company with which I associated from time to time, I am astonished I did not turn off with some of them, and become as worthless to society as they were. . . .
Such high-blown, idealized language—and the sentiments it reflected, along with that heartfelt resolve to do better—was characteristic of the Virginia gentry. It was almost a convention, a part of the social standard, like good manners.
Along with his perseverance, all his life Lewis prided himself on his honesty. These qualities were important for his self-esteem. His word, written and spoken, was his bond.
One may doubt that this planter was as typical as the Englishman asserted but still regret that such men were among the contemporaries of the teen-aged master of Locust Hill.
Lewis was successful at adding land to his holdings, something also critical to a Virginia planter. He ran Locust Hill and in addition acquired an eight-hundred-acre tract on the Red River in Montgomery County, took title to 180 acres of land that had belonged to Captain Marks, and secured another parcel in Clarke County.
Such constant expansion was critical, because the Virginia plantation of the day was incredibly wasteful. The low ground or inferior bottomland was planted to corn, to provide food for slaves and animals. Fertile land—identified by hardwood growth—was saved for tobacco. The planters had their slaves gird large trees and leave the trees to die while plowing lightly around them. Slaves created hills for tobacco with a hoe, without bothering to remove the trees. After three annual crops of tobacco, these fields grew wheat for a year or so before being abandoned and allowed to revert to pine forest. The planters let their stock roam wild, made no use of animal manure, and practiced only the most rudimentary crop rotation. Meanwhile, the planters moved their slaves to virgin lands and repeated the process. The system allowed the planters to use to the maximum the two things in which they were really rich, land and slaves. Tobacco, their only cash crop, was dependent on an all-but-unlimited quantity of each.
Tobacco wore out land so fast there could never be enough, but tobacco never brought in enough money to allow planters to get ahead. Their speculation in land was done on credit and promises and warrants, not cash, so they were always land-rich and cash-poor. Small wonder Jefferson was obsessed with securing an empire for the United States.
Tobacco culture represented an all-out assault on the environment for the sake of a crop that did no good and much harm to people's health as well as to the land, not to mention the political and moral effects of relying on slavery for a labor force. But to Virginia's planters, even to so inventive a man as Jefferson, there appeared to be no alternative. In fact, an alternative existed right under their noses.
In the years following the revolution, life on the Virginia plantation had much to recommend it. There was the reality of political independence. There were the balls and dinners, the entertainment. There was freedom of religion. The political talk, about the nature of man and the role of government, has not been surpassed at any time or any place since, and at its best the talk could stand to be compared to the level in ancient Athens.
Life at Monticello in the years after the revolution was delightful to the eye, ear, taste, and intellect. Just imagine an evening as Thomas Jefferson's guest, following a day of riding magnificent horses over hedges, fields, and rivers, chasing fox or deer or bear. The entertainment would begin with toasts to the successful hunters. The table would be groaning under the weight of sweet potatoes, peas, corn, various breads, nuts, quail, ham, venison, bear, ducks, milk, and beer, all produced locally. The wines would come from France and be the best available in America, personally selected by Jefferson. If it was a large party, there would be conversations in French, Italian, and German as well as English. Jefferson would play the violin for the Virginia reel and other dances—when he wasn't talking.
Jefferson's guests were also choice. Whether from Europe or America, they were men of the Enlightenment, well educated, intensely curious, avid readers, and pursuers of new knowledge of all kinds but especially about natural history and geography. They were politically active, thoughtful about matters of government, full of insight into the human condition, and also witty conversationalists, quick with a quip, full of hearty laughter even when the joke was on them.
Life on the Albemarle plantations after the revolution had something of a Garden of Eden quality to it, but there was a snake in the garden. The glittering social, intellectual, economic, and political life of Virginia rested on the backs of slaves. Those backs were crisscrossed with scars, because slavery relied on the lash. Not every master whipped his slaves—Jefferson almost surely never did; there is no evidence one way or another with Lewis—but every master had to allow his overseers to use the lash whenever the overseer saw fit, or felt like it. Slavery worked through terror and violence—there was no other way to force men to work without compensation.
No man did more for human liberty than Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and of Virginia's Statute for Religious Freedom, among other gifts to mankind. Few men profited more from human slavery than Jefferson.
Jefferson knew whereof he wrote, and he knew no prodigies in this matter.
Slavery was critical to tobacco planters because their agricultural practices were so wasteful and labor-intensive. Slavery prospered in the American South in the decades after the revolution because of technological progress. By the time Jefferson became president, the steam engines of James Watt had been applied in England to spinning, weaving, and printing cotton, which led to an immense demand for that staple. Simultaneously, Eli Whitney's cotton gin had made it practical to separate short upland cotton from its seeds. Slaves and land were necessary to grow cotton; the land was available in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi; the slaves were available from the excess on the Virginia plantations. These were the central economic facts in the life of the Virginia gentry, whose principal export soon became slaves.
Of all the contradictions in Jefferson's contradictory life, none exceeded this one. He hoped and expected that the Virginians from the generation of Lewis and Clark would abolish slavery—even while recognizing that anyone brought up as a master of slaves would have to be a prodigy to be undepraved by the experience. And it should be noted that, as far as can be told, he said not a word about his dream that young Virginians would lead the way to emancipation to precisely those young Virginians he knew best, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
Jefferson did not marry until one year short of his thirtieth birthday; Lewis never married. In this they were unusual. As Jefferson noted, very few of the gentry pursued their studies to their twentieth year, for they commonly married very young and were soon encumbered with families. They had to give constant attention to the management of their plantations.
Attitudes toward and relations with women are central to every man's personality and character, but seldom discussed, especially among eighteenth-century Virginia gentry. Jefferson, who wrote about almost everything, wrote little about women in general and almost nothing about his mother or his wife. Lewis never wrote about his mother.
Foreign travelers tended to agree, at least to the extent that they found Virginia women dull and insipid. Denied any role in politics or the management of the plantation, surrounded by a small circle of household slaves, the women of the Virginia plantation tended to become indolent, self-indulgent, frustrated, and unhappy. The great ornithologist Alexander Wilson, in an 1809 letter describing a southern trip, commented: Nothing has surprised me more than the cold, melancholy reserve of the females, of the best families. . . . Old and young, single and married, all have that dull frigid insipidity, and reserve, which is attributed to solitary old maids. Even in their own houses they scarce utter anything to a stranger, but yes or no.
There were obvious exceptions: Jefferson's daughters, for example, and Lewis's mother. In general, however, it seems the men who ran Virginia plantations in the years after the revolution missed an essential part of the human experience by denying themselves, or by having denied to them, a full, open, mutually respecting relationship with women.
Jordan further points out that, on the plantation, The traditional European double standard for the sexes was subject to caricatural polarization. More sexual freedom for white men meant less for white women. ²¹ Whether Lewis indulged himself sexually with his female slaves or not is a subject on which no evidence of any kind exists. That many masters did so indulge themselves is a commonplace, with evidence aplenty in the form of mulattoes. Whether Jefferson so indulged himself is the subject of much speculation, argument, and controversy, all of it based on very little evidence. The most the scholar can say with confidence two centuries later is that the nature of Jefferson's and Lewis's relationships with women is almost unknown, and unknowable.
Jefferson wrote that, had Lewis stayed with it, his talent for observation which had led him to an accurate knolege of the plants & animals of his own country, would have distinguished him as a farmer. ²² But, although he was good at it, Lewis ran Locust Hill only out of necessity, not desire. What he wanted to do was roam and explore.
On May 11, 1792, the American sea captain Robert Gray sailed into the estuary of a river he named for his ship Columbia and fixed its latitude and longitude. Jefferson, who had twice since the winning of independence tried to sponsor an American exploration across the continent, proposed to the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia that a subscription be taken to engage a daring traveler to undertake an expedition to the Pacific. George Washington subscribed, as did Robert Morris and Alexander Hamilton.
Jefferson's high opinion of Lewis apparently did not extend that high. In any event, he passed over the teen-age Lewis and chose instead a French botanist, André Michaux, who got started in June 1793. But he had scarcely reached Kentucky when Jefferson discovered that Michaux was a secret agent of the French Republic, whose chief aim was not to explore or collect natural-history specimens but to raise an army of American militia to attack the Spanish possessions beyond the Mississippi. At Jefferson's insistence, the French government recalled Michaux.
The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was the greatest threat to national unity between the winning of independence and the outbreak of the Civil War. The North-South split over slavery had nothing to do with it; the struggle pitted West against East.
The precipitate cause was simple enough: a new tax. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton wanted to increase the power and extend the reach of the federal government. In addition, the government needed money. Hamilton therefore laid an excise tax on whiskey, the principal product of the trans-Appalachian region.
Those at the frontier felt neglected, misunderstood, mistreated. There was little or no hard cash around, yet Hamilton demanded a tax paid in currency. A tax on whiskey was a tax on what the frontier made and sold, not on what it purchased—exactly the objection the Founding Fathers had raised against internal taxes imposed by England before the revolution. More generally, the frontiersmen complained that the government attempting to collect the tax neglected to provide western settlers with protection from the Indians, failed to build western roads or canals, and favored the rich absentee land speculators, the biggest and most important of whom was President Washington himself, over the simple, hardworking frontiersman who was trying to acquire land and build a home.
The frontier farmers revolted. They refused to pay the tax; they shot at revenue officers; they tarred and feathered revenue officers; they burned down the houses of revenue officers. President Washington, alarmed at these symptoms of riot and violence, called out thirteen thousand militiamen from Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland in August 1794 to quell the rebellion.
Washington needed volunteers because the regular army, with an authorized strength of 5,424 officers and men, was in the Ohio country, on an Indian campaign led by Major General Anthony Wayne, launched in response to two successive, humiliating, and costly defeats suffered by the army in Ohio—in 1790 under General Josiah Harmar, and in 1791 under General Arthur St. Clair. Those Indian victories had inspired widespread Indian attacks on frontier settlements, which in turn were among the causes of the Whiskey Rebellion. On the East Coast, men might fear a standing army; in the West, they clamored for one that could protect them.
On August 20, 1794, at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, at the rapids of the Maumee River in northwestern Ohio, Wayne won a decisive victory, thus meeting one of the chief complaints of the western rebels, which was that the army would not or could not provide protection. Word of that victory had not reached Pennsylvania, however, when Washington called out the militia. Nor did westerners know that Chief Justice John Jay was negotiating for a British withdrawal from the posts in the Northwest—another source of unhappiness, for the frontiersmen believed the British encouraged Indian massacres of American pioneers. Jay's Treaty would be signed in London in November 1794, but news did not reach the United States until March 1795.
There was a certain irony in the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington, Hamilton, and the other heroes of the American Revolution who were determined to put down this rebellion were espousing a policy that they had once risked their lives to oppose—taxation without representation. For there was no question about the truth of the complaints from the frontier, that this excise tax on whiskey was specific to the westerners and that they were not properly represented in the general government that imposed the tax.
Implicit in the rebellion was the idea of secession, a Second American Revolution. The rhetoric of the Whiskey Rebels was all but identical to the rhetoric of Sam and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry. The logic of the rebellion was the logic of the revolution—just as the ocean that separated England from America dictated that they should be two nations, so did the mountains separate the East from the West and dictate two nations.
He was hardly alone. Thousands of young men from the Middle States volunteered. They had been children during the Revolutionary War. Throughout their teen-age years they had heard war stories from their fathers and uncles. They envied the older generation its adventures and leaped at this chance to experience the camaraderie of the campfire, and the possibility of becoming a hero. They were also well aware that the government had rewarded the Revolutionary War veterans with land warrants in the West.
The volunteers, thirteen thousand of them, marched into Pennsylvania in two columns. The New Jersey and Pennsylvania troops gathered at Carlisle; the Virginians and Marylanders bivouacked at Cumberland. Washington, magnificently mounted and in his full-dress uniform, reviewed the troops in each camp, and marched with them as far as Bedford.


text:
Spinn bring back 'Bliss' for a revamp
Liverpool's prodigal sons have issued a revamped 'Bliss' today. The track was previously released over 18 months ago and after being played on their headline tour in October, the song has made a welcome return. The single comes with exciting news that Spinn will be attending the Dork Magazine Christmas Party, supporting Bad Sounds.
The song is a jangly number, noticeably lighter than previous single 'Boredom' that saw the band take a darker, more brooding approach to their music. From the offing 'Bliss' is ready to dance to. Johnny Quinn's sweetly sung questions "is it worth it?" and "Are you living in bliss?" are catchy. The whole song is catchy to be fair to the band but Spinn have a knack for ear worm melodies.
Listen to 'Bliss' here and if you don't know much about Spinn have a gander at our long read with lead singer Johnny Quinn and guitarist Andy Power right here.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Det första slaget om Rostov under andra världskriget ägde rum under hösten 1941. Striderna pågick i halvmiljonstaden Rostov i dåvarande Sovjetunionen, precis nordöst om Azovska sjön. Slaget stod mellan den anfallande tyska 11:e armén från Armégrupp Süd (förstärkt av den 3:e rumänska armén) och den försvarande sovjetiska 56:e armén. Slaget inleddes den 21 november 1941.

Striderna började med att den 1:a tyska pansargruppen anföll och lyckades inta Rostov. Drygt en vecka senare, den 27 november påbörjade de sovjetiska arméerna (9:e, 37:e, 18:e och 56:e) en motoffensiv som fick den 1:a tyska pansargruppen att retirera 70 kilometer västerut, till Taganrog vid floden Mjus. En av anledningarna till Tysklands tillbakadragning tros vara att leden var för utspridda och dessutom rapporterade Ewald von Kleist, att hans stridsvagnar var ineffektiva i det iskalla vädret som rådde. Varningen av Kleist ignorerades.

Nederlaget vid Rostov var Tysklands första riktiga nederlag i andra världskriget. Nederlaget resulterade i att fältmarskalk Gerd von Rundstedt avsattes av Hitler på grund av att han motsatte sig Hitlers order att inte retirera trots att det i praktiken var omöjligt att hålla staden.

Tyskland och dess allierade kom dock att erövra Rostov 1942 som en del av Operation Blå och höll sedan staden fram till 1943 då Röda armén befriade staden.

Referenser

Källor

Slag under andra världskriget
Sovjetiska slag
Tyska slag
Slag i Ryssland
1941 i Sovjetunionen
Krigsåret 1941

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Image used for illustrative purpose. Cropped Hands Of Business People Using Digital Tablet At Office.
MANAMA - As the weekend kicks off in Bahrain, Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti cars jam the capital's roads and hotel lobbies fill with visitors looking for bars, restaurants and other night-time entertainment.
A new sales tax introduced this year means government coffers will gain with every glass of wine sold and shisha pipe smoked, but that's still not enough to plug a large gap in the island kingdom's finances and wean it off aid from richer neighbours. Saudi Arabia, along with Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, came to the rescue of Bahrain last year when a prolonged period of lower oil prices pushed its public debt to nearly 93 percent of annual economic output.
Their $10 billion bailout pledge, along with Bahrain's inclusion in JPMorgan's emerging market indexes, have transformed its bonds from a busted bet to a boon for investors.
The price of Bahrain's 2028 dollar bonds has risen by a third from a record low last June when the country looked in danger of default. But that upward trajectory could go into reverse if Manama does not tackle its spending overruns.
With an overall deficit last year equivalent to 11.7 percent of annual economic output, according to an estimate by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Bahrain would need to introduce a raft of new taxes and spending cuts to eliminate its budget deficit by 2022, a target set as part of its bailout.
But the country's Sunni Muslim royal rulers are wary of austerity measures roiling sectarian tensions among their Shi'ite majority populace and of taxes, fees and spending cuts dampening growth.
Instead, the government has set its sights on trying to grow the local economy to boost revenues and balance the books.
Investments in the fintech sector, a major oil and gas find and the development of Bahrain as a hub for foreign companies wanting to tap into the larger Saudi Arabian market are all initiatives touted by the government as future sources of revenue.
But they are not seen as sufficient to close the gap by 2022. The IMF said this month that it expects the economy to grow around 1.8 percent this year, the same pace as last year, and said additional reform efforts were needed.
"We still think there will be deficits at the end of the period," said Trevor Cullinan, sovereign credit analyst at Standard & Poor's, which like the other main rating agencies has a junk rating on Bahrain's debt.
Bahrain's ministry of finance and national economy said the country's fiscal programme was on track to deliver a balanced budget in 2022.
A recovering oil price, along with new excise taxes and cuts in subsidies for water and power consumption have helped shrink Bahrain's deficit from a record 18.4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2015.
As part of the bailout from its Gulf allies, Bahrain agreed to introduce a 5 percent value added tax (VAT), as well as further subsidy cuts and a voluntary retirement plan for state workers.
But the government has ruled out taxing income or company profits, partly to continue attracting business to a region where such taxes are non-existent.
Bahrain's government is also wary of the population's long history of political protest. Most recently, it quashed an uprising in 2011 with the help of Saudi Arabia, which fears unrest in its smaller neighbour would encourage dissent among its own population and Shi'ite minority.
The plunge in the oil price has forced all Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, to re-think generous welfare programmes and push economic diversification harder.
Bahrain, which does not have the vast oil wealth of its neighbours, discovered a large oil and gas field off its west coast last year and is in talks with U.S. oil companies about developing it.
The discovery could be an important source of revenue but its benefits are unlikely to materialise soon as converting the estimates to reserves is a costly and lengthy process.
"It takes a minimum of four to five years, so if you're going to get any revenue it's not going to be immediate, so you still have to face the adjustment to a large fiscal deficit and a large budget deficit," said Nasser Saidi, a Dubai-based economist.
FinTech Bay's chief executive, Khalid Saad, said the initiative would be a "great contributor" to Bahrain, but said it was too early to quantify that contribution.
Saad said the hub had so far attracted 36 firms -- 60 percent of them international -- to work on technologies such as digital currency and blockchain-based payments.
"How much more are you going to get from fintech Are you going to add 1 or 2 percent of GDP I don't think so, it's not a big employment generator," said Saidi.
Amazon Web Services (AWS), the world's biggest cloud computing provider, is opening a regional data centre in Bahrain later this year. The company has declined to say how many people it will employ but Zubin Chagpar, the head of public sector for Amazon Web Services in the Middle East said the government's willingness to focus on digital transformation was a key factor in Amazon's decision to locate there.
"Bahrain is very particular in saying they want to leverage technology to redefine our economy," Chagpar said.
Leveraging its proximity to Saudi Arabia has been part of Bahrain's economic toolkit since a bridge connecting it to Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, where oil giant Aramco is headquartered, was opened in 1986.
Some 1.1 million people entered Bahrain via the bridge in January, many attracted by the country's more relaxed rules on drinking and socialising. Unlike Saudi Arabia and neighbouring Kuwait, where alcohol is prohibited, alcoholic drinks are sold in Bahrain.
Some international companies, which want to sell into the Saudi market, also base themselves in Bahrain, where the operating costs are cheaper. U.S. manufacturer Mueller Industries and Mondelez, the world's No 2 confectioner, have recently expanded their presence in Bahrain.
But Bahrain's prime position as a "stepping stone" to Saudi Arabia could wane given the fast pace of change in the conservative country as it moves to relax social restrictions and build entertainment and tourism industries. It is also developing its own manufacturing sector.
"It used to make sense four or five years ago, it doesn't make sense now that Saudi Arabia has opened up," said Saidi.


What a fantastic weekend at Spreewaldring near Berlin, at the BNB you can meet lots of interesting people and their bikes, most of them built and not bought, for sure! So a full weekend with fuel conversations next to the track and exciting races on track with classes you will not find on every race event, for example "Trackoiler Race". This class include prewar bikes, hand shifted bikes and bikes from the last 40 years with engine size up to around 200ccm and around 20hp. Here you could see for example NSU, Rudge, Cotton, Harley, AWO and several more. Other race classes were the Cafe Racer Gold Cup, Battle of the twins, Sound of Singles, Special chassis like for example Egli, Magni, Rickman aso. Sidecar class, two stroke class and BnB open class.
The Saturday morning started with best weather and practice and qualifying for all classes, but in late afternoon the qualifyings had to be stopped because of a thunder-storm, anyway this couldn't stop the good mood of everybody and end of the thunder-storm was beginning of a big party for the evening.
Sunday morning the qualifying and races continued. Rene Rasch was riding his Demon Evo in the Open class and in the qualifying he made the fastest lap and got the pole position with about 4 sec. gap for the second one! The race was a real thriller, Rene made a perfect start, immediately got the lead and the advance for the second start to get bigger and bigger, already in the first round. But then in last corner before start/finish straight Rene lost control of the front wheel and crashed… picked up the bike again.. had a short look over the bike if nothing is badly broken and continued riding. From now on the race was a sensational comeback, from lap to lap Rene was climbing up in the positions and finished the race on second position! Biggest congratulations for that result!
Hope to see you next year again @Built Not Bought!


The Fabric Hub has always aimed to deliver the best in Men's bespoke tailoring and this was the mission it sought out to present as the Nigerian brand showcased its newest collection titled 'The Journey' at the Fashions Finest Africa Fashion Show last night. Infusing the traditional men's kaftan style, the collection's pieces feature easy-to-wear linen and cotton garments and edgy patterns and prints with a stylish yet comfortable feel to it. Although inspired by colour, this brand played mainly with prints and style to deliver a showcase with great visual creativity to it. This collection urged men to step out of their comfort zone and go against the grain and it was a pleasure to watch. Click on the gallery for the full runway showcase.


If the mythic gods of fire had an earthly temple, the Arteflame grill could serve as its baptismal font. Its design, at once primeval and modern, symbolizes mankind's relationship with the awesome power of fire.
Company founder Michiel Schuitemaker, a charismatic, self-described "serial entrepreneur," developed this singular grill to fill a need: When hosting barbecues, he longed for a stylish but functional grill that didn't force him to turn his back on his guests.
Enter the Arteflame (specifically, the Classic and Euro Series)–a unique combination wood burning grill and plancha. A fire bowl of spun steel—up to 40 inches in diameter depending on the model—sits atop a simple pedestal (available in several heights). Together, they form a raised fire pit. Manufactured in in Cincinnati, the Arteflame uses a special alloy known as COR-TEN (aka architectural steel) that weathers well and requires no special protection from the elements. That's the same alloy used for outdoor sculptures because the natural oxidation (rust) adds to its strength and visual appeal.
A donut-shaped cook-top made of 1/2-inch-thick high-carbon steel fits atop the fire bowl, or in the case of the One Series, the pedestal. Its slightly concave surface allows you to cook foods in their own juices while directing excess drippings toward the fire where they burn off. To control the heat, you move the food closer to the fire pit in the center of the grill, or further away towards the periphery. This allows you to achieve a searing temperature of 600 degrees or a warming temperature of 300.
The heat-retentive flat surface of the Arteflame grill top (seen above on the set of Steven Raichlen's Project Smoke, Season 3) makes cooking on it similar to a griddle or Spanish plancha. The center section is a heavy steel grate positioned directly over the wood fire. Thus, the Arteflame serves as both a wood-burning grill and plancha.
To use it, you might put a put a nice sear on a thick tuna steak or beef porterhouse, then move it over the open fire to blast it with wood smoke. Thanks to the Arteflame's unique construction, flare-ups are a thing of the past.
Arteflame recently came out with an insert that allows you to convert your Weber kettle grill into an Arteflame-like grill. Check out Arteflame's website for details.
To get started on the Arteflame, build a brisk fire in the fire bowl. (As with all grills, make sure your Arteflame is level on a non-flammable surface.) Add a lit chimney of charcoal or wood chunks. Add logs as the fire matures. You should be ready to cook in 20 to 30 minutes. Long-handled tongs, spatulas, and heavy duty grill gloves will help you manage the cooking. And because of its circular design (there's no front or back), the Arteflame is a great grill to get your dinner guests involved in the cooking.
To clean the flat-top at the end of a grill session, simply use a wide-bladed metal scraper and push any surface grease or charred bits into the fire. Clean the wood burning grill section with a grill brush or wooden scraper. Season the surface by occasionally brushing it while warm with vegetable oil. Disuse can encourage rust, but unwanted oxidation can be removed with a steel wool pad. Re-season with oil as you would a cast iron skillet. And simply use the Arteflame more often to prevent a recurrence.
The Arteflame works great for direct grilling tender, quick-cooking foods such as steaks, chops, chicken breasts or thighs, burgers, sausages, bacon, veggies, breads, etc. The plancha section makes this a great grill for fragile fish, like snapper and sole, that would otherwise stick to and disintegrate on a conventional grill grate. (Hint: When grilling fish, start it on the plancha section to firm up the surface, then move it over the wood grill section to flavor the fish with wood smoke.) You can also cook foods on the Arteflame you don't normally associate with grilling, like eggs (serve them sunny side up with wood-grilled bacon and toast).
The Arteflame is not designed for foods that require indirect grilling or smoking, such as brisket, pork shoulders, whole chickens, turkeys, or lamb shanks.
Though in business only two years, Arteflame has already cultivated a strong presence in the world of live-fire cooking. The company is one of the sponsors of Project Smoke 3, which launches Memorial Day weekend on American Public Television. Earlier this spring, the company participated in the NCAA Final Four fan experience by hosting a cook-off for local chefs. (See the video below.) It also aligned itself with one of golf's most prestigious tournaments, the Masters, and supported chefs, celebrities, and musicians in fighting hunger in America.
In a telephone interview, the California-based Schuitemaker confided that Arteflame has produced grills for the staff and players of national sports team, all embossed with the team logo. He is particularly proud of Arteflame's responsive Customer Service Department and the fact that the small but nimble company can quickly fulfill a request for a custom grill, sometimes in less than a week. That's impressive in our book.
Depending on the model, the Arteflame varies in price, from $850 to $2450. Shipping is free in the continental U.S.
Photos and video by Arteflame Grills.


President of Pakistan Dr Arif Alvi received Wednesday Yemen's Ambassador to Pakistan Mohammed Al-Ashbi.
Al-Ashbi conveyed President Hadi's greetings to the newly elected Pakistani President, reiterating congratulations on his inauguration as President of Republic Islamic of Pakistan.
Conversations touched upon Yemeni-Pakistani bilateral ties, situations in Yemen and underway diplomatic efforts to establish peace based on the three terms of reference.
The Pakistani President reiterated his country's support for the legitimate Yemeni leadership and government, wishing Yemen peace sooner not later, ending Yemeni peoples' ordeal.


The striking red and white striped West Quoddy Head lighthouse marks the easternmost point in the United States and overlooks the Quoddy Narrows strait between the USA and Canada.
Built in 1857, the 49-feet high lighthouse is one of the most depicted in American culture, and today welcomes visitors with a number of exhibitions and displays.
There's no question too small. Start planning your dream trip by talking to our Maine Destination Specialists.


text:
Joe Kibe; Murang'a billionaire is dead.
December 3, 2021 waithiramuchomba	emnet persons group, Joe Kibe
Minister of Transport and Infrastructure James Macharia announced the death of Murang'a billionaire Joe Kibe on Thursday, December 2, 2021.
In a post on his official social media pages, Macharia said he received reports of Kibe's death in shock and grief.
Joe died on Wednesday December 1 while undergoing treatment at the Aga Khan Hospital.
Joe Kibe, image/courtesy
Kibe was the chairman of the Muranga Celebrity Panel, succeeding the late Mr. Charles Rubia.
He led a delegation of business leaders from Murang including the President of Royal Media Services, Dr. S.K. Macharia, Bishop Gideon Githiga, Maina Wanjigi, Amb. Solomon Karanja, Muthoni Likimani, Nicholas Ng'ang'a and Professor Lucy Irungu.
"He was wise, generous and humble. Kibe was one of the most prominent public service leaders in Kenya, having served as PS in the early years after our independence.
"Her dedication to service and patriotism is unparalleled. Our thoughts and prayers are with Mrs. Kibe and her family. He was the father of Captain Gilbert Kibe, CEO of KCAA, "said CS Macharia.
Kibe has also served as Vice President and Treasurer of the Board of Directors of the Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation.
He was also the chairman of the Kenya Agricultural Crops Development Authority, which was transformed into the Directorate of Crop, Fisheries and Food Authority (AFFA).
The billionaire had a unique interest in financial investment and good governance, which led to his being named director of more than 10 private sector companies and non-profit institutions and deposits.
The mogul has been known to some extent for maintaining a simple life outside the public eye.
← We will have a zoom meeting to confirm when to resume; Molo boys to their principal as they leave school after protest.
Maraga sends powerful advice to President Uhuru Kenyatta. →
Man behind murder of Isaac Juma arrested (video)
West Pokot Bodaboda drivers protest over unpaid dues after escorting DP Ruto


text:
[BAUMHAUS 015] meets Ekai & Baum – Infection
Undoubtedly one of the best things that will leave me this 2015 musically, it has been the trust that BAUM has placed in me, the founder of the label BAUMHAUS. And the source of that trust came with the publication in July of the 15th reference, our EP set » Infection».
The reference site Electronica & Roll led by the best-known music journalist, Sergio Bifeis , said the following about our EP.
This connection between the Catalan and Basque is forged with 'Infection', a sound full of classicism extracted with rhythmic patterns from the 808 and 909by Roland and much acid touch in basslines that make go up the cholesterol. The sirens are omnipresent in this track and also in 'Lennon' which has its inspiration in what happened at the doors of the Dakota building in New York December 8, 1980. A theme that emerges much strength and energy focused on the dance floor. Both productions are quite functional with a strong scent old-school. »
Having said that, touches give the play and enjoy!
Ekai – Not Guilty (Original Mix)


text:
Albula kan avse:

 Albula (djur) – släkte av fiskar

Geografi

Frankrike

 Aubette (vattendrag i Frankrike, Champagne-Ardenne), Département de la Haute-Marne,
 Aube (vattendrag), departementet Marne i regionen Grand Est,

Italien

 Tiber River (vattendrag i Italien), Lazio, Città metropolitana di Roma Capitale,

Schweiz

 Albula (flod),
 Albula (bergskedja), Graubünden,
 Albula (region), region i Schweiz
 Albula/Alvra, kommun i ovan nämnda region


ideas to grow the historic preservation field in the 21st century.
involved in economics, culture and environmentalism.
students will have a maximum of 15 minutes to present his/her paper.
by 5 PM EDT, June 10, 2013. Accepted papers will become the property of NCPE.


Carbon is the building block of life.
Our knowledge of current climate change, however, has us counting how much carbon enters the atmosphere. We burn fossil fuels, adding anthropogenic (human-caused) carbon dioxide to the air. Meanwhile, natural processes also add carbon to the air. We know that methane can arise from warming lakes and oceans. Methane traps heat roughly twenty times as efficiently as does carbon dioxide. Methane and carbon dioxide are also hiding in permafrost, the layers of frozen soil found in very cold places like the Arctic. Permafrost layers can measure up to 5,000 feet thick.
One gigaton equals one million tons. Earth's current atmosphere holds about 850 gigatons of Carbon. Permafrost is estimated to hold 1,400 gigatons of Carbon.
Permafrost has a misleading name. As our world warms, permafrost that has lasted tens of thousands of years or more is beginning to melt. Sometimes, ancient animals frozen in permafrost reemerge as the permafrost melts. Recently, University of Alaska Fairbanks researchers uncovered the entire skeleton of an extinct steppe bison, bones still connected by ligaments, bearing fur, teeth and hooves. The steppe bison corpse was emerging from thawing permafrost at the bank of a river in Alaska's North Slope.
The bulk of organic matter found in permafrost, though, is plant matter: roots and leaves which sit in frozen layers of soil where they can't decay. Although the very top layer of soil in very cold places like the Arctic (the 'active layer') freezes and thaws each year, the underlying areas that stay frozen throughout the year are considered true permafrost. Most permafrost was formed during the last Ice Age, the Pleistocene (1,800,000 to 10,000 years ago). Earth ground up by glaciers was deposited over pre-existing soil. Cold temperatures helped freeze the ground into permafrost. Remnants of soil frozen during the Pleistocene can still be found under some of our colder oceans; it is known as subsea permafrost.
The extent of permafrost is changing, though. Warming temperatures tied to climate change are causing shorter winters and heightened temperatures. This reduces Arctic ice cover and warms Arctic soil.
When permafrost thaws, so too does the organic matter it holds. Decaying plant matter is eaten by microorganisms- bacteria which produce carbon dioxide (in the presence of oxygen) or methane (when oxygen is lacking). Those greenhouse gasses are released into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
Today, the Arctic is still a carbon sink, meaning that the region takes in more carbon than it emits. Plants emit carbon dioxide as they respirate or decompose, but take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. The ocean absorbs more carbon than it emits.
Looking forward, though, there may come a tipping point. As permafrost thaws, releasing plant matter to decay and emit carbon dioxide and methane, more greenhouse gasses enter the atmosphere and promote warming. With enough added greenhouse gasses, even more permafrost will melt. This will likely cause a feedback loop, making the Arctic a carbon source instead of a carbon sink.
Thawing permafrost carries other threats. Wildfires become more possible, and large-scale fires also promote atmospheric carbon. Even tundra burns. The water system is altered: where before water was trapped on the surface over the frozen layers of soil, it becomes possible for the water to filter away through the soil. This makes it more difficult for the people, plants and animals relying on Arctic ecosystems. Permafrost changes cause ice heaves and other unusual land action, upsetting roads and buildings that are built on top of permafrost. Sometimes whole villages must be moved away from shore as melting permafrost falls into the sea.
According to the 2012 Arctic Report Card, in Alaska's North Slope record high temperatures were measured at 20 meters deep within the permafrost layers. While the thickness of the 'active-layer' of soil (topsoil which thaws and supports plant life) has not increased much in Alaska's North Slope, George Washington University permafrost researcher Nikolay Shiklomanov presented at the American Geophysical Union's Fall Meeting in December of 2012 with the news that the permafrost layer below Barrow, Alaska has thawed so much that the entire area has sunk approximately one foot deeper into the ground.
The importance of monitoring permafrost cannot be underestimated. Systems are in place like the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost, to which a station at Lake El'gygytgyn contributes, as well as the National Science Foundation's Arctic Observing Network and the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network. Newer technologies allow satellites like NASA's Aqua satellite to take permafrost measurements from orbit. Meanwhile, some permafrost grids which are measured in the Barrow, Alaska area under the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium have measurement records stretching back to the 1960s.
With the data sets that result, researchers can form more complete climate models on supercomputers. Those models can aid policy makers in understanding the consequences of carbon emissions from permafrost, provide scenarios for the future, and help shape responses.
Vladimir Romanovsky (professor) and Ronald Daanen (assistant professor) of the University of Alaska Fairbanks explain permafrost-created patterns in the Arctic.


Wayuu Mochila, one cotton thread. Handmade by women of the Siapana community north of Colombian Guajira. Strip made in manual loom. Deep Orange color with geometric designs.
This model available for shipping in 2 business days. Size 35 x 28 cm. View large picture.


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text:
Reading: Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016
Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016
Gilbert Burgh ,
School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, The University of Queensland, AU
Simone Thornton
This paper is an attempt to highlight significant developments in the history of philosophy in schools in Australia.[1] We commence by looking at the early years when Laurance Splitter visited the Institute for the Advancement for Philosophy for Children (IAPC). Then we offer an account of the events that led to the formation of what is now the Federation of Australasian Philosophy in Schools Associations (FAPSA), the development and production of a diverse range of curriculum and supporting materials for philosophy in schools, the making of the Australasian journal, and more recent events. Our purpose is to create further interest in exploring this complex and rich history. This will achieve a better understanding of the possible future directions for classroom practice and research.[1] An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 45th Annual Conference of the Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia (see Burgh & Thornton 2016).
Keywords: Critical & Creative Thinking, community of inquiry, Federation of Australasian Philosophy in Schools Associations, Philosophy for Children, picture books, stories-as-text
How to Cite: Burgh, G. and Thornton, S., 2016. Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016. Journal of Philosophy in Schools, 3(1), pp.59–83. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300
Published on 02 Jun 2016.
Burgh, G. and Thornton, S., 2016. Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016. Journal of Philosophy in Schools, 3(1), pp.59–83. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300
Burgh G, Thornton S. Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016. Journal of Philosophy in Schools. 2016;3(1):59–83. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300
Burgh, G., & Thornton, S. (2016). Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016. Journal of Philosophy in Schools, 3(1), 59–83. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300
1. Burgh G, Thornton S. Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016. Journal of Philosophy in Schools. 2016;3(1):59-83. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300
Burgh G and Thornton S, 'Philosophy Goes to School in Australia: A History 1982-2016' (2016) 3 Journal of Philosophy in Schools 59 DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300
Burgh, Gilbert, and Simone Thornton. 2016. "Philosophy Goes to School in Australia: A History 1982-2016". Journal of Philosophy in Schools 3 (1): 59–83. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300
Burgh, Gilbert, and Simone Thornton. "Philosophy Goes to School in Australia: A History 1982-2016". Journal of Philosophy in Schools 3, no. 1 (2016): 59–83. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300
Burgh, Gand S Thornton. "Philosophy goes to school in Australia: A history 1982-2016". Journal of Philosophy in Schools, vol. 3, no. 1, 2016, pp. 59–83. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21913/jps.v3i1.1300


How Do I Handle Employees that Complain About Another?
Common Customer Question #12: We have an employee with a disfigured hand. It doesn't affect his work or otherwise bother him, but other employees have complained that it looks "creepy." How should we address this? Based on the information provided, it sounds like the employee probably does not have a covered condition under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). That said, you should still take action with respect to the complaining employees.
First of all, the ADA could still apply. The ADA prohibits employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. An individual is considered to have a disability if they have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, if they have a record of such an impairment, or if they are regarded as having such an impairment. The last prong is the part that could cause a problem here. An employee is "regarded as disabled" if the employer takes any adverse action because they believe a disability may exist. For instance, if you were to request or require this employee to wear a glove, it's possible he could bring a claim of discrimination under the ADA.
Second, and perhaps more importantly, you have both the employee's dignity and your workplace culture to think about. If this employee is singled out, directly or indirectly, he'll eventually disengage. Both his self-confidence and his value to you as a worker will be compromised. Allowing this kind of singling out and gossip would only perpetuate a company culture that is toxic to diversity and camaraderie.
I recommend you have a conversation with the complaining employees about office decorum and respecting others. Whatever messaging you use, it is imperative that the complaints cease and that the employee not be made to feel belittled or excluded.


text:
Q: Geting HTTP 403 running a Spring app with AppEngine Plugin I'm trying to run a very simple Spring with Google AppEngine.
I'm following this tutorial.
The app runs perfectly with normal mvn command. However, when I run mvn appengine:run the endpoint only returns HTTP 403.

This is the pom.xml configuration
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>HelloAppEngine</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>HelloAppEngine</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<packaging>war</packaging>

Everything else is identical to the tutorial.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Boliviana de Aviación is the Flag Carrier airline of Bolivia that was founded in October 2007. Boliviana de Aviación Customer Service started the commercial operations in March 2009. Currently, they are providing the flight services to more than 13 destinations in 5 countries and they are at the top position in life service providers in Bolivia. They are a member of the international air transport association since November 2014.
With this airline, you will find the excellent flight services for all available destinations and they are known to deliver a very luxurious and comfortable experience for all the passengers. To make your experience better, they are providing online reservation services so you can visit the website and can make a reservation for the flight tickets anytime.
While making a reservation or traveling with any airline, you may have lots of queries and concerns. Now, you do not have to worry about all these queries because they are able to deliver excellent customer support services for every passenger.
You just need to use the customer care details given below to find help whenever you face any kind of inconvenience while using services of this airline.
For online reservations or any kind of additional help or information about Bond Aviation customer service for flight ticket and reservation.


Flaunt your baby bump in our luxe hand embroidered nursing kurta and pleated salwar set made in premium fabric. Perfect for casual and formal outings, this kurta is not only cute and trendy but also functional with its horizontal nursing zip so that you can feed your little one with utmost ease. Its relaxed and fun design provides plenty of space to your growing curves and allows easy movement.


A modest proposal, the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador should simply trade Labrador to Quebec in exchange for energy security!
That suggestion from F. Pierre Gingras, a retired industrial engineer with Hydro-Québec in La Presse on Saturday should ignite nationalist sentiments in Labrador and in Newfoundland today.
Gingras speaks to the inexperience of Nalcor, cost overruns on the Muskrat Falls Project, poor project planning, the province's desperate financial state and a redress of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Labrador Boundary Decision of 1927 which Quebec has never accepted.
"Once again, only the intervention of Quebec could resolve the complexity of the disastrous situation current at the greater benefit of all Canadians since such a new line of 1200 km (at a cost of 3 to 4 billion dollars including positions) would however be profitable if we realized at the same time the last project available in this region, the Gull Island, with a capacity of 1711 MW."
"That Quebec makes a gift of a production of energy of 1000 MW in Newfoundland in exchange for Labrador.
It would correct to the advantage of all parties this catastrophic error of Her Majesty's Privy Council.
What we say at first, this proposal is yet perfectly fair. In addition, it would free the eventual achievement of a dozen of major projects and would provide First Nations with a future much more positive than that offered to them by the Government of Newfoundland."
It looks as if the Canadian Wolf smells opportunity.
Ironically, in 1925, the Newfoundland government had offered to sell Labrador to Quebec in order to pay down the public debt, but the Quebec premier turned the offer down.
It should be a mad scramble on the talk shows today!
If a Labradorian loves anything, it's a cheesy jingoistic Newfoundland nationalist shanty.


text:
#pragma once
#include <aws/ec2/EC2_EXPORTS.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSString.h>
#include <aws/ec2/model/ResponseMetadata.h>
#include <utility>

namespace Aws
{
template<typename RESULT_TYPE>
class AmazonWebServiceResult;

namespace Utils
{
namespace Xml
{
  class XmlDocument;
} // namespace Xml
} // namespace Utils
namespace EC2
{
namespace Model
{
  class AWS_EC2_API GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse
  {
  public:
    GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse();
    GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse(const Aws::AmazonWebServiceResult<Aws::Utils::Xml::XmlDocument>& result);
    GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse& operator=(const Aws::AmazonWebServiceResult<Aws::Utils::Xml::XmlDocument>& result);

    /**
     *
Sample configuration file for the specified customer gateway device.

     */
    inline const Aws::String& GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration() const{ return m_vpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration; }

    /**
     *
Sample configuration file for the specified customer gateway device.

     */
    inline void SetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(const Aws::String& value) { m_vpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration = value; }

    /**
     *
Sample configuration file for the specified customer gateway device.

     */
    inline void SetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(Aws::String&& value) { m_vpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration = std::move(value); }

    /**
     *
Sample configuration file for the specified customer gateway device.

     */
    inline void SetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(const char* value) { m_vpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration.assign(value); }

    /**
     *
Sample configuration file for the specified customer gateway device.

     */
    inline GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse& WithVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(const Aws::String& value) { SetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(value); return *this;}

    /**
     *
Sample configuration file for the specified customer gateway device.

     */
    inline GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse& WithVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(Aws::String&& value) { SetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(std::move(value)); return *this;}

    /**
     *
Sample configuration file for the specified customer gateway device.

     */
    inline GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse& WithVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(const char* value) { SetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration(value); return *this;}

    inline const ResponseMetadata& GetResponseMetadata() const{ return m_responseMetadata; }

    inline void SetResponseMetadata(const ResponseMetadata& value) { m_responseMetadata = value; }

    inline void SetResponseMetadata(ResponseMetadata&& value) { m_responseMetadata = std::move(value); }

    inline GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse& WithResponseMetadata(const ResponseMetadata& value) { SetResponseMetadata(value); return *this;}

    inline GetVpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfigurationResponse& WithResponseMetadata(ResponseMetadata&& value) { SetResponseMetadata(std::move(value)); return *this;}

  private:

    Aws::String m_vpnConnectionDeviceSampleConfiguration;

    ResponseMetadata m_responseMetadata;
  };

} // namespace Model
} // namespace EC2
} // namespace Aws

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our products include all kinds of furniture, appliances, washers, dryers, stoves, refrigerators, freezers. We also have several TV's in stock and constantly get new & different stuff on almost on a daily basis.
Do you love movies? we sell DVDs and we will also buy your DVD's after you are finished watching them. We have knives, costume jewelry, books, what nots, & collectibles.
You will find clothing, kitchenware, TONS of tools, and equipment.
We have beautiful cement sculptures, vases, urns, Fleur de Lis' stepping stones and benches, along with several pieces of pottery large and small.
We rent a full line of U-haul Trucks & Trailers, Tow dollies, Auto transports, our trucks range from a cargo van, 10 footer, all the way to 26ft, Our enclosed trailers start at 5 X 8 all the way to 6 X 12. Also we have galvanized 5 X 9 open top with a ramp available. Appliance dollies, Utility dollies, Furniture dollies & furniture pads are available as well.
We sell Derksen Buildings with Rent To Own programs. Looking for basic storage, His or Her shed, cabin out for the camp? We sell them custom made to your request.
Need a carport to cover your car, or another means of shed? We sell Eagle Carports with financing available.