text:
\section{Introduction}
In a previous work  \cite{localred}  that will be denoted here as I,  we studied a relativistic reduction of the Dirac equation for quark composed systems.
In that work we analyzed the theoretical fundaments of  that reduced equation
and showed that it  was able to reproduce the Charmonium
spectrum with high accuracy but using a relatively large number of free parameters.
More precisely, we used eight or nine parameters to reproduce the spectrum,
taking into account a possible energy-dependence of the interaction.

On the contrary, in the present work, by using the same reduced
relativistic equation we shall try
to reproduce the main structure of the  Charmonium spectrum with a very small number of parameters, possibly with evident physical meaning.
To this aim we shall \textit{determine} two parameters of the model in order to reduce
the total number of free parameters.

As in I, we use a vector-scalar interaction model to represent the dynamics of Charmonium.

\noindent
In more detail, we shall use a specific form of the vector interaction
(possibly related to QCD)
 that corresponds to a regularized Color interaction of the quarks.
 To this aim, we assume a non-pointlike
distribution of their Chromo-electric charge.
This model has  been  studied in detail in the work \cite {chromomds} that will be denoted as II in the following. \\
To avoid repetition, the reader will be directed  to the specific parts of
the works I and II, when necessary.
In those works, the reader can also find the references on which
the whole study is based.
Recalling that the aim of this work is to study  the Charmonium spectroscopy
with a \textit{relativistic} model with only \textit{three free parameters},
we briefly mention  below (with no attempt of completeness), some relatively recent studies on this subject.\\
We first quote the nonrelativistic models.
In Ref.
\cite{Wei-Jun}
two  models with five parameters are constructed to study the Charmonium resonances and their electromagnetic transitions.
A momentum-helicity  model
\cite{Radin},
also with five parameters, was
proposed for the Charmonium spectrum.
A model for the spectrum and decay rates with a Coulomb-like potential,
a linear confining potential and a potential derived from the instanton vacuum
\cite{Praveen},
was studied. This model used four parameters.
The instanton effects are also studied in another model with six parameters
\cite{Ulugbek}.
The mass spectrum was calculated in the framework of nonrelativistic QCD, with seven parameters
\cite{Raghav}.
The Charmonium properties were studied by solving the Schr\"odinger equation
with the discrete variable representation method
\cite{Bhaghyesh}. This last model used five parameters.\\
A semirelativistic model with a Coulomb plus linear potential using five parameters \cite{Viren} was studied.\\
As for the fully relativistic models we recall the studies performed by means
the Covariant Spectator Theory, with  vector, scalar and pseudoscalar interactions
\cite{Sofia1,Alfred}.
The authors  studied, by means of the same model, heavy and heavy-light mesons.
They used three free parameters
and a fixed cutoff parameter to regularize the momentum space integrals.
Other parameters are the constituent quark masses,
and the weight of
scalar and pseudoscalar coupling for the confining interaction.
The authors analyzed the dependence of the results on these last parameters by means of
 different calculations in which they are
considered as fixed or as free parameters.\\
Another relativistic model was based on the use of a momentum space integral
equation with positive energy Dirac spinors.
A complete one-gluon exchange interaction with other phenomenological scalar terms
were used
\cite{mdsfch}.
In that work two different potentials were considered, with seven and eight free parameters, respectively.
The same model was applied to the study of the Bottomonium spectrum
\cite{mdsfbo}.\\
A covariant four-dimensional approach, based on the Schwinger-Dyson equations
with a vector contact interaction was used to study the first radial excitations of
heavy quarkonium
\cite{Bedo_Elena}.
For the Charmonium case, the authors used five parameters and fixed the
$c$-quark current mass at $1.09~ GeV$.
Furthermore, they obtained other results adjusting three parameters to obtain
the experimental mass of the $\eta'_c(2S)$.
The model was also generalized to study  the masses of light and heavy mesons and
baryons
\cite{Guti_Elena}.\\
We conclude observing that the construction of a consistent model for the study
of Charmonium (and, more in general, of quarkonium) is still a very active field
of investigation.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
Going back to the present paper, its remaining content is organized as follows.\\
In Subsection \ref{symbnot} we briefly explain the symbols and the notation
used in the work.\\
In Section \ref{diracred} we recall the main aspects of the reduced relativistic equation.\\
In Section \ref{genint} the general form of the interaction is introduced.\\
In Subsections \ref{vectint} and \ref{scalint} the details of the vector and scalar
interactions are discussed, respectively.\\
Finally, the results of the model are presented and analyzed in Section \ref{charmres}.\\
Some conclusions are drawn in Section \ref{conclusions}.

\subsection{Symbols and Notation}\label{symbnot}
For the Dirac matrices (in the standard representation),
for all the other operators and wave functions,
we use the  notation introduced in I and also $\hbar=c=1$.
We shall use
the generic word \textit{quark}  to denote both the $c$-quark and the antiquark $\bar c$
of the Charmonium system. The word antiquark will be used only when strictly
necessary.
For the argument of the Color charge distribution, in Eqs. (\ref{vint}) and
(\ref{rhogauss}), we use $x=|\vec x|$.

\vskip 1.0 truecm

\section{The reduced Dirac equation}\label{diracred}
Following I, we summarize here the main aspects of the reduction of the Dirac equation
that is used in this work.
The starting point is represented by the one-body reduction operator that,
for the $i$-th
particle, takes the form:

\begin{equation}\label{defk}
K_i= K(m_i,E_i; \vec p_i, \vec \sigma_i)=
\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\
                {\frac {\vec \sigma_i \cdot \vec p_i} {m_i +E_i}  }
\end{pmatrix}~.
\end{equation}
where $m_i$, $E_i$, $\vec p_i$, $\vec \sigma_i$ respectively represent the mass,
energy, momentum and Pauli matrix of the $i$-th constituent.
The operator $K_i$, introduced in Eq. (21) of I, is applied to a two-component spinor and gives rise (for one particle) to a four-component vinculated Dirac spinor.
Note that $K_i$ is a \textit{local} operator, so that the complete equation is also local and can be solved in the coordinate space.\\
The two-body  reduced equation, given in Eq. (40) of I,  can be formally written as:
\begin{equation}\label{dir2red1}
 K_1^\dag \cdot K_2^\dag
(D_1 + D_2  +W_{(2)})
       K_1
 \cdot K_2
| \Phi> =0~.
\end{equation}
where $D_i$ ($i=1,2$) represents the standard operator of the free Dirac equation:
\begin{equation}\label{didef}
D_i=D(m_i,E_i; \vec p_i, \vec \alpha_i,\beta_i)=
\vec \alpha_i \cdot \vec p_i +\beta_i m_i -E_i~.
\end{equation}
In Eq. (\ref{dir2red1}) we have  also introduced the two-body Dirac interaction operator
$W_{(2)}$.\\
We consider the case of two equal mass particles $m_1=m_2=m$, in the
Center of Mass (CM) reference frame, where the total momentum
$\vec P$ is vanishing.
In this frame the following relation holds:
\begin{equation}\label{momentumops}
\vec p_1= -\vec p, ~~ \vec p_2= \vec p
\end{equation}
where $\vec p$ represents the relative momentum operator,
canonically conjugated
to the relative distance vector
\begin{equation}\label{rdv}
\vec r =\vec r_2 - \vec r_1~.
\end{equation}
Furthermore, we assume that, in the CM, the two particles have the same energy:
\begin{equation}\label{eqen}
E_1=E_2= {\frac {E_T} {2}}= {\frac {M} {2}}  ~,
\end{equation}
where $E_T=M$ represents the mass off the resonant state.\\
In this way,
we obtain the reduced equation in the form given by Eqs. (43) and (44) of I,
that is:

\begin{equation}\label{eq2redcm}
 \left[\left( 1 + {\frac {\vec p^2} {(E_T/2+m)^2} } \right)
\left( {\frac { 2 \vec p^2} {E_T/2+m} } +2m -E_T \right)
+ \hat W_{(2)} \right] | \Phi>=0
\end{equation}
where we have also introduced the
two-body reduced interaction operator:

\begin{equation}\label{w2red}
\hat W_{(2)}= K_1^\dag \cdot K_2^\dag ~ W_{(2)}
~ K_1 \cdot K_2~.
\end{equation}
The expressions for the reduced scalar and vector two-body interactions
have been given in Eqs. (C.3) and (C.5) of I. \\
Eq. (\ref{eq2redcm}) is a local, energy-dependent equation,
free from continuum dissolution desease \cite{localred,such},
that can be advantageously used
to study the spectroscopy of Charmonium and of other mesons.\\
We also recall that Eq. (\ref{eq2redcm}), being an energy-dependent effective equation,
can be solved by means of the technique explained in detail in Section 7 of I.
\section{The general structure of the interaction}\label{genint}
As in Section 6 of I,
for the two-body interaction $W_{(2)}$ that appears in
 Eqs. (\ref{eq2redcm}) and (\ref{w2red}),
we consider a standard sum of a vector and a scalar contribution, in the form:

\begin{equation}\label{wmodel}
W_{(2)}= W_{(2)}^v+ W_{(2)}^s~.
\end{equation}

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
For the vector interaction we take the following standard expression:
\begin{equation}\label{vvect}
W_{(2)}^v=V_{(2)}^v(r)
\gamma_1^0 \gamma_2^0 \cdot
\gamma_1^\mu \gamma_2^\nu g_{\mu \nu}
\end{equation}
\noindent
The potential function $V_{(2)}^v(r)$ will be discussed in the following
Subsection \ref{vectint}.\\
In order to have a local interaction operator, as explained in I,
 we have not included  retardation
contributions,
consistently with
Eq. (\ref{eqen}):
we make the hypothesis that the quark energies $E_i=E_T/2$ are
 \textit{fixed};
in other words, we assume that the quarks do not interchange energy
with the effective gluonic vector field that mediates the interaction.

\noindent
For the scalar interaction we take the expression:
\begin{equation}\label{vscal}
W^s_{(2)}=V_{(2)}^s(r)
\gamma_1^0 \gamma_2^0 ~.
\end{equation}
\textit{Many trials} have been performed to determine the specific form of
the potential functions $V_{(2)}^v(r)$ and $V_{(2)}^s(r)$
in order to reproduce the Charmonium spectrum with a very small number of free parameters.
In the two following subsections the specific properties of the two
potential functions will be discussed in detail.

\subsection{The vector interaction}\label{vectint}
The vector interaction is constructed according to the model proposed in
the work II.
In that model the quarks are considered as extended  sources
of the Chromo-electric field.
In consequence, the Color charge distribution of these sources determines the
form of the potential and the value of the self-energy
(\textit{i.e.}, the zero-point potential energy)
  that is \textit{not}
introduced as an extra parameter. \\
Considering the objective of the present work,
the contents of the Section 2 of II
can be syntetically rewritten
in the following way.\\
Given a Color charge distribution $\rho(x)$ (obviously rotationally invariant)
for each quark,
the  attractive interaction energy between the quark and antiquark has the form:
\begin{equation}\label{vint}
 V^{int}( r)=
- {\frac 4 3} \alpha_v
\int d^3x \int d^3 x'
\rho( x) \rho( x')
{\frac {1} {| \vec x - \vec x' + \vec r|}}~.
\end{equation}
(This interaction energy was denoted as $W^{int}_{q \bar q}$ in II.)
Now we recall that $4/3$ is the Color factor for the quark-antiquark interaction,
$\alpha_v$ is the Color (vector) effective coupling constant (more frequently
denoted as $ \alpha_{strong}$).
Note that the last factor of Eq. (\ref{vint}) represents the Coulombic term.
Due to the presence of that term, the interaction energy $V^{int}( r)$ is also
Coulombic at large distance.\\
As shown in II, the Color charge distributions give rise to a positive
zero-point self-energy that will be denoted as $\bar V_v$ in the present work
(while the same quantity was defined  $W^{self}$ in II).
It is given by  the following relation:
\begin{equation}\label{vbar}
\bar V_v= -V^{int}(r=0)~.
\end{equation}
Furthermore, we note that the time component of the vector interaction,
studied in II, corresponds to $V_{(2)}^v(r)$ of Eq. (\ref{vvect}).
In conclusion, for this quantity, we have:
\begin{equation}\label{vv2}
V^v_{(2)}( r)= \bar V_v + V^{int}( r)~.
\end{equation}
The Color charge distributions of the quarks \textit{regularize}
the interaction potential at $ r =0$ and produce the self-energy $\bar V_v$.
As a result, we obtain for $V^v_{(2)}( r) $ a potential that is \textit{vanishing} at
 $r =0$ and approaches the maximum value $\bar V_v$ (with a Coulombic behavior)
as $r\rightarrow \infty$.\\

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
The best reproduction of the experimental data has been  obtained with a Gaussian
Color charge distribution, of the form:
\begin{equation}\label{rhogauss}
\rho( x)={\frac {1} {(2 \pi d^2)^{3/2} }}
\exp\left(-{\frac {\vec x^2} {2d^2} } \right)~.
\end{equation}
With this distribution, $\bar V_v$   and $V^{int}( r)$ can be
calculated analitically. The results are:
\begin{equation}\label{vbargauss}
\bar V_v={\frac 4 3} {\frac {\alpha_v}  {d}}{\frac {1}  {\sqrt{\pi}}   }
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{vintgauss}
 V^{int}( r)=- {\frac 4 3}  {\frac {\alpha_v} {r}}
\text{erf} \left(  {\frac {r} {2d}  }\right)~.
\end{equation}
The same regularization function
$F_v(r)=\text{erf} \left(  {\frac {r} {2d}  }\right)$
was also used in Eq. (61) of I, with $2d=d_v$.
The relevant properties of this regularization function are also explained there.\\
Finally, note that $\bar V_v$  is \textit{not} a free parameter
but is determined by $\alpha_v$ and $d$ that represent the only
free parameters of the vector interaction.

\subsection{The scalar interaction and an additional constraint}\label{scalint}
In order to reproduce with a reasonable accuracy the experimental data of the Charmonium spectrum, we have verified that it is strictly necessary to introduce  a scalar interaction.\\
However, in the present context, it has not been possible to construct
a more fundamental model to represent this interaction.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
 After trying different forms for $V_s(r)$, we have found that a \textit{negative}
function, regular at $r=0$, that goes to zero as $r\rightarrow \infty$,
is needed to reproduce the spectrum.
The simplest expression, with only two free parameters, is a Gaussian function:
\begin{equation}\label{vsgauss}
V_s^G(r)= -\bar V_s \exp
\left(- {\frac { r^2} {r_s^2} } \right)~.
\end{equation}
We also report, in the results of the following section,
a \textit{very simple test} with a constant
interaction:
\begin{equation}\label{vsconst}
V_s^C(r)= -\bar V_s~.
\end{equation}
In this case, the reproduction of the spectrum is obviously \textit{worse}
than that obtained with $V_s^G(r)$.\\
Furthermore we have used a \textit{two region}  potential,
studying the possibility that the scalar interaction is related to
the interchange of a scalar particle of mass $m_b$.\\
After trying different parametrizations, we found that, in any case, it is necessary
to consider two spatial  regions: an inner region, with a relatively soft
depenence on $r$ and an outer region in which the scalar interaction is represented by
a standard Yukawa function related to the interchange of a mass $m_b$.
The expression that has been used has the following form:

\begin{equation}\label{vstworeg}
 V_s^T(r)= \begin{cases}
  - \bar V_s\left[1-b({\frac {r} {r_s}})^{^p} \right] ~\text{for} ~r\leq r_s,\\
  - {\frac {\beta} {r}} \exp(- {\frac {r} {r_b}}) ~~\text{for} ~r> r_s ~.
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
In the previous expression we use the same symbol $r_s$ introduced for
the Gaussian potential.
But now it has a different meaning:
it fixes the limit between the inner and outer spatial regions;
$b$ and $p$ are adimensional parameters
whose numerical value will be given in the next section, $\beta$ represents the
adimensional coupling constant of the Yukawa interaction and, finally,
$r_b=1/m_b $.\\
We require that $V_s^T(r)$ and its first derivative are \textit{continous} at $r=r_s$.
These two conditions respectively give:
\begin{equation}\label{betafix}
\beta= {\bar V_s }r_s (1-b)\exp( {\frac {r_s} {r_b}})
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{r_bfix}
r_b=r_s{\frac {1-b} {bp-1+b} }~.
\end{equation}
Further discussions about the scalar interaction and its specific form
$V_s^T(r)$ are postponed to the next section.
\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
Finally, in order to reduce the number of free parameters of the scalar interaction,
we  introduce  a phenomenological constraint on the parameter $\bar V_s$.
Recalling the discussion of the previous subsection about the self-energy of the vector interaction, analogously to Eq. (\ref{vbar}),
we assume here that,
for the scalar potentials of Eqs. (\ref{vsgauss}), (\ref{vsconst})
and (\ref{vstworeg}),
$~V_s(r=0)=-\bar V_s$
represents the (negative) self-energy of the scalar interaction.\\
Considering this starting point,
we shall use the following phenomenological \textit{balance} equation:
\begin{equation}\label{balance}
\bar V_v =  2 m_q - \bar V_s~.
\end{equation}
It means that the self-energy of the vector interaction
equals the rest energy of the quarks plus the negative self-energy of the
scalar interaction. \\
In this way, solving  Eq. (\ref{balance}) with respect to $\bar V_s$,  we avoid to introduce this quantity as a free parameter;
on the contrary, it is \textit{determined} by the other parameters of the model.\\
Some more comments wil be given in the following Section \ref{charmres}
when analyzing the results of the calculation.

\section{The result for the Charmonium spectrum }\label{charmres}
In this section we apply the model to study the Charmonium spectrum
with the interaction introduced in the previous  Section \ref{genint}.\\
The relativistic, energy-dependent  equation (\ref{eq2redcm})    is
solved with the same  technique explained in Section 7 of I, to which we refer the reader.\\
We use a variational basis of harmonic oscillator (HO) wave functions
that, in the coordinate space, have the form given in Eq. (63) of I :
\begin{equation}\label{basisho}
\Phi_{n; L,S,J}(\vec r)=< \vec r|  n; L, S, J> =
R_{n,L}(r;\bar r) {[Y_L(\hat r) \otimes \chi_S]}_J ~.
\end{equation}
In the previous equation the trial radial function is represented by
$R_{n,L}(r;\bar r)$, being $n$ the principal  HO quantum number and
$\bar r$ the variational parameter with the dimension of longitude;
 $Y_{L,M_L}(\hat r)$ is the corresponding spherical harmonic
and $\chi_{S,M_S}$, with $S=0,1$ is the  $c~ \bar c$
coupled spin function.
The orbital angular momentum  and the spin are standardly coupled to
the total angular momentum $J,M_J$.
For brevity we do not write $M_J$ because it is unrelevant for the calculations
of rotationally scalar operators.\\
Finally,
for simplicity reasons, we do not consider the possibility of mixing between
states with different values of $L$, because these effects are usually considered negligible in these calculations.\\
The analytic form of the radial HO functions is given in Eq. (64) of I.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
As for the fit procedure,
we have determined the free parameters of the model by minimizing the quantity
\begin{equation}\label{leastsquare}
D^2=\sum_i(E_i^{th.} -M_i^{exp} )^2
\end{equation}
where $E_i^{th.}$ and $M_i^{exp} $ respectively represent the calculated
energy and the experimental mass (rest energy) of the i-th resonance.

\noindent
Due to the higher number of parameters (more precisely, eight or nine) used in I,
in that work a better reproduction of the spectrum was obtained.
On the other hand,
we try here to fit the whole spectrum with \textit{three} parameters only.\\
To this aim we also fix the mass of the  $c$-quark  at the value given
by the PDG as the
  ``running" mass in the $\overline{MS}$ scheme.
This value is presently $m_q =1.27~ GeV$ \cite{pdg}.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
All the results for the spectrum are given in Table \ref{tabres}.\\
In last column of this table we give the experimental values of the resonances.
In particular,
we have considered all the eight experimentally observed resonances,
whose energies are below the open charm threshold  $D~\bar D$;
 we have also taken eight
not controversial resonances at higher energies.
For a discussion about the phenomenological interpretation of the resonances
in different models, the interested reader is referred to Ref. \cite{mdsfch}. \\
In the columns denoted by ``Gauss", ``Const." and ``Two Reg." we report the
theoretical results given respectively by the Gaussian scalar potential
of Eq. (\ref{vsgauss}), by the constant scalar potential of Eq. (\ref{vsconst})
and by the \textit{two region} scalar potential of Eq. (\ref{vstworeg}).\\
Considering Eq. (\ref{leastsquare}),
we report, for simplicity, in the last line of Table \ref{tabres} the quantity
$Q=D^2/100$ en $MeV^2$ in order to give an indication about the quality
of the fit for the three scalar potentials.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
The values of the parameters of the model are shown in Table \ref{tabpar}.\\
In particular,
we give the values obtained with the fit procedure for the independent parameters:
 the effective coupling constant $\alpha_v$
and the regularization radius $d$ for the effective vector interaction, and
the radius $r_s$    of the scalar interaction.
We also give the values of dependent parameters $\bar V_v$
of Eq. (\ref{vbargauss})
 and $\bar V_s $,
determined by means of Eq. (\ref{balance}).\\
The same notation (for the different scalar potentials) as in Table \ref{tabres}
is used in Table \ref{tabpar}.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
The main results of this work are those obtained with the Gaussian potential $V_s^G(r)$ of Eq. (\ref{vsgauss}) for the scalar interaction.
As shown in Table \ref{tabres} a good overall reproduction of the spectrum
is obtained with only \textit{three} free parameters.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
As anticipated in Subsection \ref{scalint}, we have also tried to reproduce the spectrum (as a very simple test) with  a constant scalar potential.
In this case we need only two free parameters: $\alpha_v$ and $d$. \\
The corresponding value of $Q$ in Table \ref{tabres} shows that the quality of the fit is considerably worse than that given
by the Gaussian scalar potential.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
Finally, with the \textit{two region} potential,
we have  explored the possibility that the scalar interaction is given, at least in the outer region,  by the standard exchange of a scalar particle,
by using the potential $V_s^T(r) $  of Eq. (\ref{vstworeg}),
with the continuity conditions
of Eqs. (\ref{betafix}) and (\ref{r_bfix}).\\
For this case, we point out that,
after some trials,
we have fixed (for simplicity) the power $p$ of the inner part of the potential
at $p=3/2$
and the parameter $b$ at the value $b=2^{-1/2}$.
We have verified that no significant improvement is obtained
varying these  values.

\noindent
We also give the values of other \textit{dependent} parameters of this interaction:

\noindent
i) for the range of the Yukawa interaction  $r_b$,
fixed by Eq. (\ref{r_bfix}),
 we have obtained $r_b=0.7594~fm$,
corresponding to a scalar boson mass of $m_b =0.2598~GeV$;\\
ii) for the Yukawa coupling costant $\beta$, fixed by Eq. (\ref{betafix}),
 we  have found
$\beta=29.75~$.\\
Considering the results of Table \ref{tabres},
we observe that no significative improvement for the Charmonium spectrum is obtained with respect
to the case of the Gaussian scalar potential.
Furthermore, the radius of the inner region $r_s$ is large with respect to
the range $r_b$ of the (hypothetical) Yukawa interaction.\\
In conclusion,
the model does not show clear evidence for the exchange of a scalar particle.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\noindent
Finally, for
all the scalar interactions we have also tried to consider $\bar V_v$ and $\bar V_s$
as free parameters, ignoring Eqs.  (\ref{vbargauss}) and (\ref{balance}),
but no significant improvement in the reproduction of the spectrum has been obtained.\\
As in I, we have also used the   reduced equation obtained by the relativistic
Mandelzweig and Wallace equation  \cite{mwa,mwb} ;
the obtained results are \textit{very similar} to those discussed above (obtained
by using the reduced Dirac-like Equation  (\ref{eq2redcm})).
For this reason, they have not been shown in the  paper.\\
Some more comments are given in the Conclusions.
\section{Conclusions}\label{conclusions}
In this paper we have shown that a relativistic, energy-dependent, local equation
can be used to describe the Charmonium spectrum with good accuracy using only three
free parameters.
A standard mixture of a vector and scalar interaction has been considered.
As for the vector part of the interaction, the regularization radius fixes
the quark self-energy that is determined in this way as a \textit{dependent} parameter.\\
For the scalar interaction  a phenomenological Gaussian potential is taken;
the possibility of  the interchange of a scalar particle has been also explored.
A balance equation is used to determine  the value of the scalar potential at $r=0$.\\
Furher investigation is needed to understand in more detail the nature and the origin of the scalar interaction.

\vskip 0.5 truecm
\centerline{{\bf Acknowledgements}}
The author thanks the group of  ``Gesti\'on de Recursos de Computo Cient\'ifico,
Laboratorio de Biolog\'ia Computacional,
Facultad de Ciencias - Universidad Nacional de Colombia"
for the access to the computation facilities that were used to perform the numerical calculations
of this work.

\newpage
\begin{table*

\caption{Comparison between the experimental average values \cite{pdg}
 of the Charmonium spectrum (last column)
and the theoretical results of the model.
All the masses are in MeV.
The quantum numbers  $n$, $L$, $S$ and $J$ have been introduced
in Eq. (\ref{basisho});
they represent the principal quantum number, the orbital angular momentum, the spin
and the total  angular momentum, respectively.
The results of the columns Gauss, Const. and Two Reg. refer to the different forms
of the scalar interaction,
as specified in the text.
A line divides the resonances below and above the open Charm threshold.
At the bottom, the quantity $Q$ gives an indication of the quality of the fit, as explained in the text.  }

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}

\hline
\hline \\
Name & $n^{2S+1}L_J$ & Gauss & Const.  &  Two Reg. & Experiment          \\
\hline \\
$\eta_c$    &  $1^1 S_0 $     & 2989 & 3007   & 2990    & 2983.9   $\pm$  0.5   \\
$J/\psi$    &  $1^3 S_1 $     & 3092 & 3100   & 3092    & 3096.9   $\pm$  0.006 \\
$\chi_{c0}$ &  $1^3 P_0 $     & 3420 & 3386   & 3419    & 3414.71  $\pm$ 0.30   \\
$\chi_{c1}$ &  $1^3 P_1 $     & 3499 & 3461   & 3497    & 3510.67  $\pm$ 0.05   \\
$ h_c$      &  $1^1 P_1 $     & 3511 & 3464   & 3509    & 3525.38  $\pm$ 0.11   \\
$\chi_{c2}$ &  $1^3 P_2 $     & 3565 & 3556   & 3562    & 3556.17  $\pm$ 0.07   \\
$\eta'_c$   &  $2^1 S_0 $     & 3649 & 3680   & 3643    & 3637.5   $\pm$ 1.1    \\
$\psi'$     &  $2^3 S_1 $     & 3680 & 3708   & 3673    & 3686.097 $\pm$ 0.010  \\
\\
\hline \\
$\psi(3770)$&     $1^3 D_1 $     & 3797 &  3756 & 3791  & 3778.1   $\pm$ 1.2  \\
$\psi(3823)$&     $1^3 D_2 $     & 3832 &  3828 & 3826  & 3822.2   $\pm$ 1.2   \\
$\chi_{c1}(3872)$&$2^3 P_1 $     & 3893 &  3914 & 3890  & 3871.69  $\pm$ 0.17  \\
$\chi_{c2}(3930)$&$2^3 P_2 $     & 3928 &  3949 & 3926  & 3927.2   $\pm$ 2.6   \\
$\psi(4040)$&     $3^3 S_1 $     & 4014 &  4027 & 4020  & 4039     $\pm$ 1     \\
$\chi{c1}(4140)$& $3^3 P_1 $     & 4145 &  4135 & 4158  & 4146.8  $\pm$ 2.4    \\
$\psi(4230)    $& $4^3 S_1 $     & 4214 &  4195 & 4220  & 4218.7    $\pm$ 2.8      \\
$\chi{c1}(4274)$& $4^3 P_1 $     & 4272 &  4258 & 4269  & 4274    $\pm$ 7      \\
\\
\hline
\hline \\
$ Q       $&       &$ 22.6$& $138 $&$ 17.8  $& \\
\\
\hline\\
~\\
~\\
~\\
~\\

\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\label{tabres}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}
\caption{Numerical values of the free and dependent parameters of the model;
$m_q $ is fixed at the value of Ref. \cite{pdg}, as explained in the text.
The reported numerical values represent the results of the fits of the free parameters
$\alpha_v$, $d$ and $r_s$; $\bar V_v$ and $\bar V_s$ are dependent parameters, as explained in the text.
 }
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\hline
\hline \\
                &   &  & & Units     \\
\hline \\
 $m_q $   &  $1.27$     &            & $ $       &  GeV   \\
\hline \\
                 &   Gauss   & Const.   &  Two Reg.  &           \\
\hline \\
 $\alpha_v $&  $1.864  $ &$3.991  $ & $1.865  $    &         \\
 $d        $&  $0.1526 $ &$0.2665 $ & $0.1531 $    & fm      \\
 $r_s      $&  $1.879  $ &          & $1.991  $    & fm      \\

\hline\\
$\bar V_v $&  $1.813 $ &$2.223 $ & $1.808 $    & GeV \\
$\bar V_s $&  $0.7268 $ &$0.3170 $ & $0.7321 $    & GeV \\
\hline

\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\label{tabpar}
\end{table*}
\vskip 5.0 truecm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Valle de Egues vs CD Baztan match starts on 17 April 2019 at 14:00 in Tercera Division, Group 15, Spain Amateur. Extratips.com provides H2H information for Valle de Egues vs CD Baztan as well as in-depth stats about each team like lineups, standings and professional betting tips.
On Extratips.com you can watch the Valle de Egues vs CD Baztan match that starts at 14:00 on 17 April 2019. Bet365 could be streaming this event live. Please check what games is bet365 streaming by using the player above. If you are a registered member you can watch Valle de Egues vs CD Baztan on your mobile phone or tablet. Links to Valle de Egues vs CD Baztan video highlights are welcome from visitors in case the live broadcast link is broken. We can not be held responsible for third party video content so please forward any claims to video file owners.
Over their last five games Valle de Egues have had a little bit of a blip. They have won 1 out of their last five. However, they have had them before during the season and managed to come out strong on the other side so they should manage to do the same now and get back to winning ways.


We launched in 2017 with "Positive impact travel on the rise", showcasing revolutionary trips that change the world through 'life-changing places and world-changing people' for life-affirming trips with serious positive impacts".
What we mean is tourism which isn't just minimising negative environmental, social and economic impacts, but is maximising positive impacts for planet, people and profit, such as conservation, community health, education, jobs and enterprise. (You can see more examples here of those 'Triple bottom line benefits').
As tourism reaches all across the world touching far corners and peoples, it has the power for change and development, or indeed regeneration (Regenerative tourism).
But with such potential power for impact, it needs to be done with a sustainable approach: often countries where it's most needed can have particularly fragile political, economic and social environments which could be easily negatively impacted for the worse.
When we launched in 2017, we were an early partner supporting the UN Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development (#IY217). We consider how sustainable tourism can help and empower Purpose and the global 17 Sustainable Development Goals (see our dedicated Purpose website section).
Here we're talking about enhancing capacities in destinations, not just for tourism, but for sustainable development. Does that mean it's transformational?
Travel Weekly has noted tourists are moving "beyond experiential travel to transformational travel with a lasting impact" (2018).
Tourism is a powerful development tool - but that development can be of ourselves too.
A transformation is 'a marked change in form, nature, or appearance', and 'transformational' pertaining to or leading to that transformation.
1. Traveling with intention, openness, and mindfulness.
2. Engaging in challenging physical and/or cultural experiences.
3. Taking time for personal reflection & meaning-making.
This harks back to our "life-affirming" trips, which probably comes as no surprise given Earth Changers' founder Vicky's experience in transformational travel and leading charity challenge tours: Travel with rich immersion has moved beyond experiential travel to a conduit for personal growth and pushing yourself, bringing new perspectives, so reaching a deep emotional level, new consciousness, profound change and enlightenment.
So it does include being "connected" which is one of our three values, it is reflected in our "Life-changing Places" and "Extraordinary Experiences with Purpose", it is change- and people-centric, with soul, but it's largely about the self: Travel for self-actualisation.
So in this way, 'transformational travel' is only one side of the tourism coin. It focuses on the experiences of the tourist or traveller, but with no mention of the hosts.
Sorry we've got news for you, traveller: It's not all about you.
Sustainability isn't extractive, and so neither is sustainable tourism about just taking what we can from destinations. In responsible tourism, the hosts are the focus, and sustainable tourism is mutually beneficial.
Our vital "World-Changing People" in destination communities are the heart of what we do. They are the changemakers. They are the ones enable the transformation, who make it happen.
Transformative is defined as 'causing a marked change in someone or something' ie. The difference with transformation is the 'causing' – it doesn't just happen passively, the change is prompted.
We reflect this in our tagline's, "…with Purpose".
What this means is tourism which transforms the guest or tourist through their personal experience, and is caused to do so.
The Adventure Trade Travel Association even pinpoints transformative travel as the largest motivating factor for adventure travel (a much wider tourism genre which is not necessarily either sustainable or positive impact).
Even with all these phrases, we're not sure we've got one yet that fits what we do!
Our trips offer life-changing and extraordinary experiences - for transformational self-actualisation.
That doesn't just happen passively, there is purpose – so it's transformative too.
But we're far from being all about the self.
Our focus is on positive impact travel and how we as travellers can aid destination host places through sustainable tourism for development.
And in the midde of it all, it's prompted by and for, and happens through and because of, world-changing people.
It's sustainably intentionally revolutionary for all involved: The host communities, the place's environment, the guest visitors.
We're transformative positive impact travel for sustainable development.
Does it need another name?
Changemakers' Travel? Change-making Travel? Earth-changing travel?


text:
GE Capital's Energy Financial Services Agrees to Sell Project Finance Debt Business Valued at Approximately $2.6 Billion to Starwood Property Trust
Norwalk, Connecticut - August 8, 2018: GE Capital (NYSE:GE) has entered into an agreement to sell its GE Energy Financial Services' Project Finance Debt Business ("Project Finance Debt Business"), including the transfer of a team of employees, to Starwood Property Trust, Inc. (NYSE: STWD) ("Starwood"). The sale comes as the energy investing unit of GE seeks to reduce the size of its asset base in support of a smaller and more focused GE Capital.
Alec Burger, President of GE Capital, said, "The sale of the Project Finance Debt Business is aligned to GE Capital's overall balance sheet reduction efforts and reflects progress against our strategy announced in January 2018. The business is highly complementary to the Starwood Property Trust platform, which has deployed over $44 billion of capital since its inception in 2009 and has vast lending experience across diversified assets and geographies."
The Project Finance Debt Business comprises senior secured debt in thermal power, renewable energy and midstream assets, primarily in the U.S. The team transferring to Starwood Property Trust is made up of approximately 20 investment professionals dedicated to the business, primarily in originations & syndications and underwriting & portfolio management. The team will continue to be led by Denise Persau Tait, Global Head of Project Finance Debt Business.
Denise Persau Tait said, "We have a great team of experts with tremendous execution capabilities and a proven ability to deliver results. We are confident that this agreement will ensure the continued stability of our business and offer significant growth potential. We are excited for the opportunity to grow and to continue to serve our customers and the industry as part of the team at Starwood."
The completion of the acquisition is subject to customary conditions and is expected to close in the third quarter of 2018. Citigroup Global Markets Inc. provided financial advice and Shearman & Sterling LLP provided legal advice to GE Capital.
About GE Energy Financial Services
A strategic GE Capital business, GE Energy Financial Services is a global energy investor with 35+ years managing assets through multiple energy cycles. Drawing on its technical know-how, financial strength and strong risk management, GE Energy Financial Services invests in and provide capital solutions for long-lived and capital-intensive projects and companies that help meet the world's energy needs. It is headquartered in Connecticut with regional hubs in London, Houston, Hong Kong and Nairobi. For more information, visit www.geenergyfinancialservices.com and follow us on Twitter @GEEnergyFinServ.
About GE
GE (NYSE: GE) is the world's Digital Industrial Company, transforming industry with software-defined machines and solutions that are connected, responsive and predictive. GE is organized around a global exchange of knowledge, the "GE Store," through which each business shares and accesses the same technology, markets, structure and intellect. Each invention further fuels innovation and application across our industrial sectors. With people, services, technology and scale, GE delivers better outcomes for customers by speaking the language of industry. www.ge.com
Jaclyn Cochrane
GE Energy Financial Services, Communications Manager
GE Capital

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
G-S-T Review…We Are What We Are
Last year, horror fans took part in the genre rumpus of Drew Goddard's masterful The Cabin in the Woods, a movie that by design reminds us why we love horror in the first place. This year, We Are What We Are teaches a variation on the same lesson: it's the sort of horror film that rewards the diligence and patience that comes part and parcel with true horror fandom. Dig through the mounds of garbage that comprise an average year's release slate of cinematic skeletons, spirits, and haunts, and you'll generally be rewarded with priceless gems for your troubles (though there's a question as to whether it's worth suffering through Aftershock to any end).
Such is the case for We Are What We Are, though there's more to the film that makes it remarkable than the fact that it's a watchable slice of horror. For one, it's more than simply watchable; it's downright mesmerizing. For another, it shatters the notion that all remakes – the single most prominent form of anathema to cinephilia – by nature must fall short of their source material, and challenges the idea that the horror label can only be placed on product that revels in the wanton slaughter of its primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary characters (and perhaps even a crew member or two). Put another way, We Are What We Are isn't simply good in comparison to its peers: this is real deal, prime time genre product worth relishing.
In telling the tale of the Parker clan, though, the film buys its scares with judicious frugality. When the family's matriarch dies at the onset of a savage rain storm, her loved ones – husband Frank (Bill Sage), eldest daughter Iris (Ambyr Childers), middle child Rose (Julia Garner), and little Rory (Jack Gore) – find themselves forced to adapt to survive, which puts the burden of responsibility for maintaining hearth and home on the girls. That means caring for their dad, looking after their brother, and preparing the big meal that ends the religious fasting holiday of their birthright, though carving up another human being for stew meat adds a rather grisly layer to their freshly inherited duties. Think Yom Kippur, but with more cannibalism.
If the names Jorge Michel Grau and Jim Mickle mean anything to you, then your expectations for the film may come pre-built. Grau, of course, directed the original 2010 movie of the same name, a quietly, creepily good entry in the cannibal niche whose better qualities have been passed on and recommended through the grapevine in the intervening years. Mickle, on the other hand, directed Stake Land in the same year, evolving himself as a filmmaker beyond his solid 2006 debut, Mulberry Street, and taking tired, cliche monsters – vampires – and making something meaty out of them by dusting layers of glitter off of their blunted, disused fangs.
Here, he pushes himself even further, and if we can detect trace thematic elements between all three of his pictures that tie them all together, it's the level of craft that separates them. You may not see a horror film in 2013 that's shot so beautifully as We Are What We Are; cinematographer Ryan Samul captures the green belt idyll of the Catskills with an evocative calm that finds equal measure in Mickle's eye for composition. Their dedication toward high artistry makes a great foil to the film's enthusiasm for atmospheric chills at the expense of visceral fright, something that's all but discarded until the third act rolls around and unleashes some well-earned carnage as a capstone to the piece.
Not to put too fine a point on things, but We Are What We Are isn't your average horror movie. Mickle might even argue that it's not a horror movie at all but rather a movie that crosses genre boundaries, though his narrative never fails to circle back around to what he finds scary. Staple horror villains have their uses, yes, and there's a laundry list of reasons as to why they endure even today, but nothing cuts to the bone quite like the fears that define our real lives. Religious fanaticism is Mickle's and regular partner-in-crime Nick Damici's personal boogieman; Frank, as played by Sage, booms conviction like thunder, clinging fervently to traditions that are barbaric on their own merit and amplified by the absence of context. (The film kindly shows us via slightly clumsy but nonetheless effective flashbacks how the Parkers came to break their annual fast with human flesh.)
But if he's a rigid believer, his daughters are less so, and that's where We Are What We Are finds its drama. Despite Frank's best efforts, Iris and Rose have become strong-minded young women under his care, and they see right through the cruel grotesqueries of his family values. Theirs is a conflict of nature versus nurture, though the trio also must contend with their unraveling privacy as a nosy neighbor (the always welcome Kelly McGillis) and the town's haunted doctor (Michael Parks) start harboring suspicions that something's not quite right in the Parker household. Maybe it's Frank's insular behavior, or maybe it's the odd knuckle bone found among the flotsam of the swelling river running through their upstate New York hamlet.
G-S-T Ruling:
Mickle's cast does wonders for him – the gentle Parks and the commanding Sage are at their very best, while Childers and Garner make the heartbreak of growing up fast shockingly palatable – but We Are What We Are adds up to something more than the sum of its impressive parts. It may be the best American horror film of 2013 that's also distinctly American in its setting and in its themes; it isn't a chest-thumping Amurrican movie, but it is a movie that's about identifiably modern American experiences and anxieties. (If you think of hurricane Irene during the film's opening sequence, you aren't alone.) This is what happens when people write what they know and stitch the results together with superior filmmaking and great performances – the birth of thoughtful, restrained horror worth savoring.
Ambyr ChildersBill SageHorror filmsJim MickleJulia GarnerKelly McGillisMichael ParksNick DamiciWe Are What We Are
By Andrew Crump
[DIFF Feature] Stellar Bodies Revolve Around Each Other in 'Satellite of Love'
'Star Trek Into Darkness' Gets a Poster
G-S-T Review…Ant-Man


text:
Q: HTML SQL server connection using PHP I have a HTML form and I want to use the results to filter the data available in a SQL file. I'm trying to connect to a local MySQL server but It doesn't work, i don't achieve to enter in the table() function.
I use the following code:
<form id="form_id" action="food_values.php" method="post" name="myform">
...
  <input onclick="table" type="button" value="Submit">

</form>

The php file contains the following code:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function table(){
    echo ("INSIDE");
    $con = mysql_connect("localhost","root"," ");
     if (mysqli_connect_errno())
        {
            echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
        }
    else {
        echo "CONNECTED";
    }
}
?>
</body>
</html>

It doesn't show anything... Do you know where is the error?

A: You can not execute a PHP-Function with "onclick".
Execute PHP function with onClick
With a form,  you load the whole .php-file if you click on the submit.
The following code should work for you:
<html>
<body>
<?php
    echo ("INSIDE");
    $con = mysql_connect("localhost","root"," ");
     if (mysqli_connect_errno())
        {
            echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
        }
    else {
        echo "CONNECTED";
    }
?>
</body>
</html>

And the HTML
<form id="form_id" action="food_values.php" method="post" name="myform">
...
  <input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

A: Change
<input onclick="table" type="button" value="Submit">

into
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">

As the action in form takes care of where to direct the data in php.
and in 'food_values.php' page you dont have to define function as its not javascript.
   <?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";

// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);

// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
    die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>

This will connect the database.
And for validation of the form follow the SQL commands. For futher detail visit
https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_validation.asp

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Digger the Hero Dog is a true story of the bond between humans and their pets with a happy ending and an important fire-safety message for children.
Digger Highlander was an everyday, average Chorkie, a cute little dog who loved his family and had a particular fondness for playing in the yard. But one day, when he was at home with his human sister, Kilee, Digger smelled a funny odor and then heard a loud boom!
Confused at first, he quickly realized Kilee was in trouble. There had been a gas leak in the house and the candle Kilee lit had started a fire. Kilee lay on the bathroom floor, unconscious and covered in burns.
Kilee spent 38 days recovering in a hospital, and when she returned home, Digger stayed by her side as she faced a difficult recovery.
Today, more than three years after the fire, Digger remains Kilee's best friend and protector—a genuine hero who just happens to wear fur.
Just as Digger did, kids will learn that even the littlest among them can make a huge difference in the life of a friend.
Kilee Brookbank is a college student, shoe fanatic, animal lover—and burn survivor. Severely injured when a gas leak caused her house to explode in November 2014, Brookbank was hospitalized for 38 days before returning home to a life of new challenges and a new "normal." Brookbank, who attends Xavier University, wrote the award-winning Beautiful Scars in 2016 and is the founder of the Kilee Gives Back Foundation. Her inspiring story has been featured by The Doctors, Inside Edition, MTV, Seventeen, Girls' Life, Woman's World, and Redbook.
Lucia Benito is a graphic designer and illustrator who believes an image should not merely repeat what the words say but must be able to tell a story by itself, revealing emotions and bringing the characters to life, letting readers dive into the new world it depicts. Lucia specializes in children's books, painting her illustrations digitally but with a strong traditional feel.


text:
Painless PGP
PGP Corp. delivers practical PKI deployment for securing e-mail with PGP Universal.
BY FRED AVOLIO
Cleartext e-mails are open to the world. Decades-old PKI technology can secure e-mail with encryption, digital signatures and authentication, but it's notoriously problematic to administer and deploy.
PGP Corp., the company that now owns the Pretty Good Privacy technology, designed its PGP Universal with policy and self-management in mind. It provides automated key generation, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures for inbound and outbound e-mails. PGP Universal acts as an e-mail proxy that learns about users as their e-mails pass through. As it processes e-mails, it checks them against a policy that defines which e-mails to secure with public/private keys and what to do when a recipient lacks a public key. Its ability to automatically create public and private key pairs for e-mail recipients is quite impressive, as is its capacity to transparently protect e-mails.
Security managers can use PGP Universal's SSL-secured administration interface to set e-mail policies to automatically create public and private key pairs for recipients.
Snaky Install
We installed PGP Universal in a SOHO environment that was connected to the Internet, and set it to proxy an internal Red Hat Linux-based e-mail server. We used outside e-mail addresses and systems to simulate real-world exchanges. Installation was simple, but not painfree. PGP Universal uses a Web-based administration interface, negating the need for a heavy management console. The initial installation comes configured for the network, but expects to be at network address 191.168.1.100. This required the added step of setting up a small "network" using a crossover cable between the target computer and a PC in the same 191.168.1.0 address space. It's an inconvenience, though only a minor one that's detailed in the documentation.
The PGP Universal CD reformats and installs a hardened, specialized Red Hat Linux 7.3 system on the hard drive. Users shouldn't be alarmed when the system automatically reboots.
Strong Administration, Weak Authentication
With the SSL-secured administration interface, security managers can set policies, e-mail process settings (internal and external), user accounts, and backup and restore preferences. It's also used for adding SSH keys (for connecting via SecSH to a command line prompt as "root"). We applied configuration definitions: domain and network boundaries, primary and secondary server designations, e-mail server locations, and internal and external modes.
With PGP Universal running in internal mode, we defined the required parameters, and our box rebooted with its new identity. Configuring PGP Universal in internal mode places the proxy between users and their POP (or IMAP) and SMTP servers.
It secures all e-mail to and from the Internet, as well as e-mail remaining "inside" the network.
In external mode, PGP Universal sits outside of the POP and SMTP servers, processing all Internet-based SMTP traffic. This allows the configuration to match the existing enterprise security and e-mail policy. The difference is transparent to users and security managers — both modes allow similar administration and use.
We found that PGP Universal requires but doesn't support all SMTPAUTH options. It uses SMTPAUTH to establish a higher level of user and server authentication, just as many ISPs use it to authenticate a connection before relaying e-mail. Our system uses the slightly more secure CRAM-MD5 — not supported in this release. The lack of support prevented PGP Universal from allowing connections until we reverted to the LOGIN mechanism. The current version only supports PLAIN and LOGIN authentication. It doesn't support GSSAPI, KERBEROS_V4, DIGEST-MD5, and CRAM-MD5 mechanisms. This means it won't easily talk to your SMTP server unless you're using one of the two less secure options. PGP Corp. plans to support CRAM-MD5 in a future release.
Enterprises also use the admin interface to import existing public keys, and additional decryption keys, which the admin/installer can read from a file. PGP Universal supports only PGP keys, but PGP Corp. plans to add support for X.509 certificates. To test both features, we imported existing keys for individuals and let PGP Universal generate a new key pair for our organization.
We entered our proof of ownership, and PGP Corp. provided us a license via the Internet. Without a license, PGP Universal operates in "Learn Mode." The documentation recommends leaving it in this mode initially. In Learn Mode, the system proxies the e-mail and logs what it would have done according to the policy, but takes no action. Examining the logs show how the e-mail security policies would behave when activated. It also gives the server an opportunity to build its self-managing security architecture.
Perfunctory Policy
The per-domain e-mail policies include the domain names and the key servers on which to look for the managed domain (in our case, named avolio.com), which are used to apply appropriate protections for specific users/groups. We configured our PGP Universal system as the key server for our organization. We also added PGP Corp.'s keyserver.pgp.com — like other PGP desktop users, our personal PGP keys are stored there. For the test, we made it the default location for all other domains.
We defined our default e-mail security policies (you can select encrypt, sign, either, both or neither), and assigned the "missing key" policy for when there's no recipient public key.
We tested the four possible "missing key" policies: Don't Encrypt, Bounce, Smart Trailer and Web Messenger. "Don't encrypt" means send the digitally signed cleartext message to the intended recipient. "Bounce" means return the message to the sender as undeliverable. We checked for correct policy enforcement by examining the e-mail messages, and reading the logs through the administrative interface.
We devised situations to test the remaining "Smart Trailer" and "Web Messenger" policies. We set our user's pop.my.domain and smtp.my.domain, pointed to our PGP Universal system, to proxy e-mail to and from our POP3 and SMTP servers. We designated our default e-mail security policy to encrypt and sign, and the "missing key" policy as "Web Messenger." We set the same default policy, except changed the "missing key" policy to "Smart Trailer" for the second setup.
In the first scenario, our user — bob@my.domain — sent an e-mail message to a teleworkers — lisa@my.domain. As anticipated, Lisa received Bob's e-mail with the Smart Trailer notice of a secure message. Clicking the provided URL launched an SSL-secured connection to the PGP Universal server, which required the creation of a passphrase. Options were available for downloading a PGP Satellite proxy (a small Windows application) using an existing PGP Desktop and PGP Key, or continuing with unencrypted e-mail. After creating a required passphrase, PGP Universal Satellite proxy was downloaded, and the system generated a public key. Lisa was added to the server's user database for receiving encrypted messages, and the Satellite program remained on her system grabbing all POP3 and SMTP traffic destined for my.domain, signing and encrypting the messages, and decrypting and verifying as they arrived.
In the second scenario, Bob, sent a cleartext message with a URL to dave@example.org. Clicking on the URL took Dave to the server's login page where he used his PGP Desktop client. PGP Universal displayed the e-mail in a PGP Web Messenger format, and allowed Dave to read, reply and log out. The reply to Bob traveled back through the PGP Universal system, and was digitally signed and encrypted with Dave's public key.
Doing PKI-enabled e-mail isn't a new idea, though it has typically been used by technically savvy users. Despite its lacking support for all SMTPAUTH options, PGP Universal proved it can take the burden and support costs out of doing a PKI secure e-mail. Users can receive decrypted and verified messages, without the need to add software or make any changes to their e-mail environment or PC settings, extending the potential use of PKI and PGP as an e-mail security option. This makes PGP Universal more than just pretty good.
PGP Universal
PGP Corp.
PRICE: $4,000 to $24,000
PGP Universal protects corporate e-mail by providing confidentiality, authentication and integrity assurance.
1.8 GHz Intel Pentium or 1.5 GHz Intel Xeon processor
Minimum 10 GB of hard disk space
Minimum of 512 MB of system memory
At least 1 Ethernet network interface card
Digitally signs e-mail
Encrypts messages
Transparently applies policies
Requires no client-side software for secure e-mail transmission
Works with existing PGP users
E-mail agnostic for POP, IMAP, SMTP standard clients
Potential to lower cost of ownership
Difficult to install
Doesn't support all SMTPAUTH options
PGP Universal is a winner. It solves a real problem and could provide a feasible PKI deployment option to enterprises that have thought about e-mail security, but stopped short because of the difficulty and cost of distributing and maintaining public/private keys.
FRED AVOLIO is president and founder of Avolio Consulting, a Maryland-based security consulting firm, and is an Information Security columnist.


Fantastic Kallie 3 Piece Coffee Table Set By Willa Arlo Interiors is essential have in any house. You would like to get the best parts, so you want to make sure you never ever overpay for these people. Sounds a bit difficult, right? Properly, this article is here to assist. Keep reading and discover some good specialist methods for finding the deals on home furniture items you may enjoy. Before buying any cupboards, open up all of the drawers and appear inside of. You're not simply making sure that all of the compartments are built to last and available without the hitches, you also want to ensure that the interior from the drawers have some form of concluding too. When looking for Kallie 3 Piece Coffee Table Set By Willa Arlo Interiors, measure your master bedroom before heading purchasing. There may be practically nothing worse than picking out the best set of Kallie 3 Piece Coffee Table Set By Willa Arlo Interiors only to realize that it does not fit into your master bedroom after you get it house. Instead, correctly evaluate your rooms sizes before heading remembering in which front door and microsoft windows are situated.
Everybody wants to possess a club within their home! Catching a drink in your own personal bar is much more thrilling than located on the sofa. The sofa does not provide the exact same feeling! There are some individuals, who build the bar of their dreams but they are uncertain about the kind of barstools they should purchase. Should you ask us, it is important to purchase the right bar feces. It should be aesthetically appealing, helpful and comfortable. You may wish to buy stools for the restaurant or perhaps your homes bar. You have to keep couple of things in mind before buying the perfect barstools. Today, we will include the guidelines for buying for leather-based bar stools. Also, we have created a list of Top Ten Leather Barstools. Their list has reviews of every club stool which will help you to choose the perfect one. Read on to find out and decide. Searching for the right club feces for your house? Nicely, you must go through the list to obtain an idea. We're sure that you will find what you should want for in this list! We've covered the important thing functions to help in making decision. The good news is available these stools on the internet! These can be sent to your home within few days. So, feel the checklist and pick the best.
With almost 100 5-star reviews, this lying loveseat is touted because of its comfort, durability, appearance and easy assembly. In addition to gentle, but encouraging soft cushions, it features a sliding system, so that you can place your ft up and rock and roll (though, not simultaneously.) Padded with ultra-long lasting bonded leather-based, this lying loveseat will resist holes, releases and stainswhich is a great thing, because it also features a storage space compartment system (where one can conceal your snacks, obviously) along with a two-cup holder. Regardless of whether you are deciding in for a Blockbuster online excessive or viewing soccer together with your crew, this reclining loveseat offers the durability and comfort with out emptying your wallet.
Does your living space display room needs? Are you inclined to throw a slumber party in the light of the lack of room to rest? This DHP Futon mattress could be well suited for you in this situation. This Futon couch by DHP includes the functionality of the sofa bed with a modern and stylish look. Put it inside your family room to attain an extra sleepy mattress at night. A micro-fiber floor that took off in the centre will be a ideal mixture. This unique couch comes with a tapestry with gleaming chrome hair and legs. Consolidating these outcomes together inside a comfy well-liked style sofa. You may choose to have it in Fake Leather, Purple velvet or Linen. A component that is worth specifying is its back design. Considering the various chairs, DHP promotes the alteration of the sofa to your comfort and ease levels. You are able to gain levels for an computer animated babble, or silent shifting picture evening.
This sofa is worked with the bell-formed contour along with the upper armrest from the cushioning. Additionally, the top is based on obstructed part edges. The legs, nevertheless, have became a member of the fake wooden wrapping. The couch gives a comfy and lavish sensation. This is the direct result of very flexible cushioning inside the rayon furniture. You can sit down effortlessly for now to relax. Each one of the tones offered with this sofa shows its noteworthy component, Flexible style. The red tone would be well suited for both topics with mild and dark tones. That continues to be continuous for various tones it provides too. The sofa is situated in space. Regardless of whether its Thanksgiving or perhaps a large loved ones reunion, you can trust it. Marathon-viewing yet still time falling apart in your couch with your buddies is really a legitimate choice.
This established is padded in a drive and comfortable textured cushioned purple velvet. This gives it the amazing comfort and ease that it is loved for. Once again it supports chaise style seats for sufficient comfort. Furthermore, the sinus springtime foundation increases the comfort and durability. Furthermore, the sofa has hardwood frames that add to its sturdiness and sturdiness. The couch has cushions on the chair and the back. But still, the couch can change from a seated placement to some reclined position easily. That said, simply to repeat, the couch is very gentle and provides outstanding comfort.
This set features a 1 left arm sofa established, two armless sofa sets and one corner sofa set. This gives sufficient space to accommodate your friends and relations. The material is 100Percent polyester for enough comfort and durability. The good thing about this couch set may be the mixing and matching of chairs in the available space in the room for a ideal shape. And also enables fitting even just in little areas. It takes just mild assembling.Additionally, it features push soft cushions for maximum comfort. You may want to try this established. It works nicely.
The Lawson could be called quintessential American sofa design. It's comfortable and straightforward: The boxy shape is large and usually has three back again soft cushions in addition to three chair soft cushions. The classic Lawson also offers A higher back again and box-formed soft cushions that have welts at the edges, just like the rear pillows. Well suited for snuggling and sleeping, this sofa style was created for Jones Lawson, an American copper tycoon at the turn from the hundred years. He wanted a settee which was very different from the fussy Victorian designs that were typical at that time. Current versions from the Lawson can also incorporate wood or metal included in the arms. Most significantly, this sofa design is the one which will morph its vibe using the textile you select for the furniture. The form is so versatile that it can be glamorous, luxurious, commercial, casual or formal depending on your fabric option.
While the back of this couch hints at the Chesterfield, using its series of tufting, a tux sofa has solution, more angular outlines. It is said to possess been the bellwether more modern designs in the 20's. Although some say this couch design took its name from Tux Park in Ny, it is also considered called after the traditional fancy mens suit. You can determine a tux sofa by its arms that are the same peak as the back again. The tufting on the rear of the sofa and it is rectangle-shaped silhouette will also be traditional characteristics. Cushions add comfort and ease for this high-equipped style. Also, as the sofa over from Upcountry is padded in leather-based, this popular design is usually done in fabrics of all types, such as the very trendy velvet.
This is the subsequent sofa on the list. It is additional comfy and incredibly well suited for little areas or attic residing. It's upholstered in rayon fabric, prospects inset control keys that provide a stylish gemstone-tufted design. It is made from durable supplies and also the legs are made of long lasting wood to increase its sturdiness. The loveseat comes with an java discolored wood thighs and non-marking feet caps. It offers a comfortable froth cushioning and rayon material furniture that makes it extremely magnificent. It has a longue place that gives an extraordinary space for resting.
This couch is praised for unique style and comfort. Its impressive flare-arm couch with chairs offers you maximum room for stretching out and relaxing in your room. So generally the contemporary couch chaise increases the beauty of this established. The set also includes pillow leading hands padded back and seats for optimum comfort. The sofa also includes a corner-obstructed wood frame that provides the couch sufficient sturdiness. The sofa steps 89 inches wide x 62 in . in depth by 4 in . tall making it suitable for moderate size rooms. You may want to do small assembling eg from the thighs.
This RTA loveseat provides different types of upholstery with respect to the material. That significantly incorporates linen and velvet. Advanced tones, Marzipan, Stoneware-Beige and Rye-Brown improve design for the couch. Choose the shading and also the material that depends on the stylistic style of your room. Not just the covering, the fabric can also reflect the difference in fashion. Ensure that the fabric you choose fits the concept of your space. This loveseat ballots in support of combining the present design with an excellent style. It's been moved up by the hands that begin to feed the couch. With this particular blend, you only witness improved comfort and tasteful style when lights the patches.
Copyright © Kallie 3 Piece Coffee Table Set By Willa Arlo Interiors in Console Tables All right reserved.


Christian Lacroix, experto en ballets y teatro, cre una brillante producci para La Source en 2011 para la Op National de Par Constituido por 130 trajes, 39 dise originales y m de dos millones de cristales Swarovski, hicieron que su vuelta al ballet fuera un Martha Graham, madre de la danza moderna, individualista y expresiva como era, colabor estrechamente con Halston.
Hula is often accompanied by chanting, while regency dance rarely includes vocal music.
There has been a change in general manager but no change in atmosphere. Sure the next gathering of Dolphins players in a locker room will not include Incognito. Indeed, four fifths of the offensive line might be gone next season.
I echo MsMolly's caution about buying a purse for your wife. Gift certificate or simply cash in a pretty envelope is a better idea.
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ขอเชิญเข้าร่วมการสัมมนา The Research Talk: "Prospects and Challenges of Deep Learning: Theory and Practice"
17/05/2018 Written by sitwebadmin
"Prospects and Challenges of Deep Learning: Theory and Practice" โดย
Prof. Dr. Sung-Bae Cho,
Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, ประเทศเกาหลี
วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 21 ธันวาคม 2560 เวลา 13.00 น. – 16.00 น.
ณ ห้อง training 4/1 ชั้น 4 คณะเทคโนโลยีสารสนเทศ มจธ.
สนใจเข้าร่วม (ไม่มีค่าใช้จ่าย) ลงทะเบียน ที่ https://goo.gl/forms/aGjU6zQSkzxJcPIO2
เพื่อสำรองที่นั่ง ภายในวันที่ 19 ธันวาคม 2560
ถ้าต้องการข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม กรุณาติดต่อ คุณปวีณา มงคลพงศ์สิริ email:paweena@sit.kmutt.ac.th
_Abstract: _ Recently, deep learning opens another renaissance of artificial intelligence that is a long dream of human-beings. There are four representative models for deep learning, and two of them can be convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks. In this talk, I will give the general idea of both methods, and discuss about the prospects and challenges. Especially, to work out realistic problems, we need a hybrid architecture of several deep learning models. I will also present a generative model via an adversarial process gets a great attention due to the amazing demonstration of performance. It can simultaneously train a generative model to capture the data distribution, and discriminative model to estimate the probability that a sample came from the training data. In this talk, we present a new method of transfer-generative adversarial network (tGAN) with auto-encoders to detect anomaly in malicious software (malware) for computer security. Experiments with the malware dataset from the Kaggle Microsoft malware classification challenge (https://www.kaggle.com/c/malware-classification) show that the tGAN achieves 95.74% average classification accuracy which is higher than accuracy of other state-of-the-art methods and increases the learning stability.
_Short Bio_
Dr. Cho received the Ph.D. degree in computer science from KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), Korea, in 1993. He was an Invited Researcher of Human Information Processing Research Laboratories at Advanced Telecommunications Research (ATR) Institute, Japan from 1993 to 1995, and a Visiting Scholar at University of New South Wales, Australia in 1998. He was also a Visiting Professor at University of British Columbia, Canada from 2005 to 2006. Since 1995, he has been a Professor in Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, Korea. Dr. Cho has been serving as an associate editor for several journals including IEEE Transactions on CI and AI on Games (2009-present) and IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems (2013-present). He was also the chair of Games Technical Committee, IEEE CIS (2009-2010), and Student Games-based Competition Subcommittee, IEEE CIS (2011-2012). He is a member of Board of Government (BoG) of Asia Pacific Neural Networks Assembly (APNNA) (2011-present), and a member of three technical committees in IEEE CIS such as Emergent Technologies, Computational Finance and Economics, and Games. His research interests include hybrid intelligent systems, soft computing, evolutionary computation, neural networks, pattern recognition, intelligent man-machine interfaces, and games. He has published over 230 journal papers, and over 680 conference papers.
A Predictive Model for Successful Software Development Projects with Information Technology Strategic Alignment
The effect of Aging on Visual Attention Shifting in Collaborative Document Editing


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Q: How can I make a function treat a whole sentence like one parameter? How should I pass a sentence to function and make it behave like one parameter.
Example:
function Test ()
{
  echo $1
}
body="This the test"
Test $body

I want output like this=> "This the test"  because of spaces it will print me Test only. What specific characters should i put to make whole sentence like one parameter. Thanks in advance.

A: Always quote all parameter substitutions.
function Test() {
  echo "$1"   # needs quoting
}
body='This the test'  # double quotes would also work in this case
Test "$body"  # needs quoting as well

Corrected and readable version of the code below:
logger() {
    local message="$1"
    local mode="$2"
    case "$mode" in
        0)
            echo "$message"
            ;;
        1)
            echo "$message" > "$LOG_FILE_DIRECTORY_PATH$LOG_FILE_NAME"
            echo
            ;;
    esac
}

logmsg=' This is log message '
logger "$logmsg" 0

A: Quoting the arguments as you do in your question will work.
$ function ztest () { echo $1; }
$ ztest "This is a test"
This is a test

So, there's nothing else you need to do.
Edit: from comments, you have a logger function and want to pass it two arguments, a string and a "mode".  You would do this as follows:
logger "This is a test" 0

or, if the log message is in a variable,
logger "$logmessage" 0

Putting your variables inside " is rarely a bad idea in shell scripts.

A: Use the special parameter which includes all positional parameters and quote it. If you quote the input argument as you show in your question, your existing function should have worked, though.
Test () { echo "$@"; }

A: Thanks guys !!! work perfectly
logmsg=" This is log message "
logger "$logmsg" 0
logger ()
{
      # mode=$(echo ${@:${#@}} ) #last from parameters
     mode=${@: -1}
     [ $mode -eq 2 ]  && return
     B=`[ $mode -eq 0 ] && echo $1 `
     F=`echo $1 > $LOG_FILE_DIRECTORY_PATH$LOG_FILE_NAME `
     echo ${B:-$F}
}


text:
Veliko Selo (cyr. Велико Село) – wieś w Serbii, w okręgu pirockim, w mieście Pirot. W 2011 roku liczyła 277 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w okręgu pirockim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Frayji Design Group is a civil engineering, land planning and surveying firm supporting our clients on projects throughout Northern California for more than 15 years. Our firm is committed to providing value, reliability and quality results for our clients from project inception through completion of the project. This is embodied by our firm's mission and staff. Our team includes licensed Professional Engineers, licensed Professional Land Surveyors and certified Land Planners. Our firm is dedicated to partnering with the development industry, regulatory agencies, design professionals and the community. Frayji Design Group incorporates the planning, civil engineering and construction aspects of residential, commercial and industrial land development to guarantee a smooth transition throughout each phase of the project.


2020 Chevrolet Impala Specifications – According to some recent rumors and speculations, apparently the enthusiasts could possibly see the coming of the next-generation Impala as a 2020 Chevrolet Impala model. This profit may also be a bit postponed till 2021, but the enthusiasts will likely be more than happy if the company does not discontinue this popular sedan from the market place since there were some announcements. Be that as it could, we need to see what the company-new Impala will bring.
If it complete-sizing sedan definitely presents itself in the marketplace as a 2020 model, it will continue to keep its well-known luxurious and classy design words. Its vision-capturing exterior will catch everyone's interest everywhere you go. To be honest, this model has not been very well-known as it really has been the case featuring its nephew Malibu, and in case we add up the proven fact that the marketplace of crossovers continues to be taking over the marketplace, there is an opportunity that Chevrolet could stop this model. Nonetheless, if the after that-era Impala hits the roadways, you must anticipate no key or cutting edge changes. As an alternative, this stylish sedan will most likely journey on the exact same GM's E2 platform given to its comparable Malibu as effectively as its rival Buick Lacrosse. This model must be readily available in a few trim levels – LS, LT, and the top Leading cut. Even so, we are waiting for more information at the minute.
The interior of the Chevrolet's models has become recognized as quite magnificent. It properly complements its fashionable exterior so this should be the case with the approaching 2020 Chevrolet Impala. Despite the fact that no main changes must be anticipated, some slight drinks and up-dates will likely be seen. Its cabin will probably be elegant and comfortable with a lot of areas for you along with your passengers. The carmaker will also apply certain substantial-quality materials in its higher trim levels so you ought to expect leather material on the seats as well as the controls. In addition to comfort, the new Impala would bring some significant up-dates in conditions of technology and safety. The car owner will likely get a 4.2-liter information screen in the instrument group and an 8.0-" My Weblink infotainment touch-display screen. You can wish for features this kind of as menu, a top quality music system, double-zone intelligent weather conditions manage, Apple company Car Engage in, Android os Auto, USB ports, Wireless bluetooth among others.
Under the hood of the 2020 Chevrolet Impala, the enthusiasts ought to almost certainly count on some effective V6 options. The initially achievable option contains a base 3.6-liter V6 although the increased trim levels can use a two-turbo 3.0-liter V6. Also, the forthcoming Impala is likely to be paired with a manufacturer-new 9-speed automated transmission, but we are awaiting much more formal details at the minute.


text:
Yankees watch: Cabrera replaced by Pena on roster
Does Bridgeport need to create seven jobs to help the council?
MELKY'S DONE -- Injured centerfielder Melky Cabrera was replaced by backup infielder Ramiro Pena on the World Series roster Monday.
Cabrera left the Yankees' 7-4 win in Game 4 Sunday night in the middle of the sixth inning with a slightly strained left hamstring. He took an awkward swing and appeared to hurt his leg while running out a grounder.
Brett Gardner, who took over for Cabrera Sunday night, got his first career postseason start in center field in Game 5 Monday night. He entered 2-for-5 with three runs and two caught stealings in the postseason.
One win from its 27th championship and first since 2000, New York went into the game with a 3-1 lead in the Series.
Pena, picked over pinch-runner Freddy Guzman and No. 3 catcher Francisco Cervelli, had not appeared in a game since the regular-season finale on Oct. 4. He had been working out at the team's complex in Tampa, Fla., to stay fresh in case the Yankees needed him.
"I was ready for anything and to be honest I really don't feel very nervous," Pena said. "If they need me to play, I'll be OK."
Once Major League Baseball approved the substitution, Pena said he found out for sure he would be added to the roster when he arrived at the ballpark Monday.
A smooth fielder, Pena hit .287 with a homer and 10 RBIs in 115 at-bats for the Yankees this season.
Cabrera, ineligible for the rest of the Series, batted .274 with 13 homers and 68 RBIs this season. He delivered some notable clutch hits, too. The switch-hitter batted .271 in the postseason with four RBIs. He went 2 for 13 (.154) in the World Series.
RATINGS RISE AGAIN -- Sunday night's Game 4 was the highest-rated World Series game in five years.
The Yankees' 7-4 win over the Phillies drew a 13.5 fast national rating and 22 share on Fox. That's up 45 percent from last year's Phillies-Rays Game 4.
Fox said it's the best rating for a non-decisive Game 4 since a 13.6/23 for a 12-inning Yankees-Marlins game in 2003. It's also the best rating for any World Series game since 2004 when the Red Sox finished their four-game sweep of the Cardinals to end their 86-year championship drought.
YANKEE DOODLES -- Wednesday night will be the first World Series Game 6 since 2003, when old Yankee Stadium was the scene of Florida's clinching victory. That was the last time a third travel day was required for a World Series.
The last seven-game World Series was in 2002, when the Angels won at home over the Giants in an all-California bash.
UP NEXT -- Game 6 vs. Philadelphia Wednesday, 7:57 p.m. (Ch. 5, 61). Andy Pettitte (3-0, 3.24) vs. Pedro Martinez (0-1, 2.08).
-- WIRE REPORTS


Feeling Crafty? Try these DIY crafts for your pet!
Bailing Out Benji November 10, 2012 April 20, 2017 No Comments on Feeling Crafty? Try these DIY crafts for your pet!
Whether you are a crafty person by nature or are just looking for some inexpensive ways to spoil your pet, here are some amazing ideas to get you started! If you are on Pinterest, feel free to follow Bailing Out Benji.
Very easy DIY animal bed.
Use any old wooden box, flip it over and add a pillow.
An easy and fun way to make a bed for your cat (or small dog).
Paint/design an old end table, flip it over and add cushioning for your pet. To add a headboard (as shown) glue/screw in a flat wooden piece.
Take your old suitcase and turn it into a comfy animal bed. Febreeze the case first and then… Make sure the lid cannot close by either drilling holes in the top and bottom and adding a stap, or by buying dowels and gluing them to the inside (running top to bottom) to ensure the safety. add comfy pillows and feel free to spice it up!
An easy way to help the homeless kitties in your area! Get a 21 gallon storage container, cut a whole in the front (so animals can climb through). To insulate it more, but a slightly smaller container and place inside. Fill inside with hay to keep the animals warm!
What a fun idea!!! grab an old cardboard box and cut different sized holes around the top and sides. Fill the inside with different sized balls and seal the box up!
This is an easy one. Grab an old paper towel roll and cut the ends. Then flare them out at the bottom. Watch your favorite kitty friend play for hours!
For any rabbit (small animal) lovers out there! Take an old toilet paper roll, and fold one end in on itself. Flip it over and fill the middle with hay/ your pets favorite treats 🙂 Then fold that end in on itself!
This is a fun and easy toy that will keep your rabbit/chinchilla/guinea pig occupied for hours! Grab an old toilet paper roll and poke holes all over it. Grab your pet's favorite flavored chew sticks and place them randomly around the roll.
Find old t-shirts or fabric. Cut the fabric into 20 pieces that measure approx 1 inch x 20 inch (2.5cm x 50cm) for a large dog. For smaller dogs reduce the length and quantity but not the 1 inch width. Lay your pieces together in 2 sections of 10. Twist the 2 sections together and tie a large knot at each end as shown in the picture. Your knot should be tight and secure.
And, as always, the empty cardboard box… A favorite to any fiesty feline!
I hope you have enjoyed these fun ideas!
Don't forget to "like" our facebook page to stay up to date on animal news!
Use your old wine corks as fun cat toys! Thread the colorful string through the holes made by the corkscrew. Then knot at the ends. Be sure to watch your kitty friend play with this!
THESE ARE GREAT MINDI… AND THANKS FOR POSTING THE STORAGE CONTAINER FOR THE LESS FORTUNATE KITTIES OUTSIDE.


Auto Repairs in Lake Forest TIP! Keep a good battery charger on hand at all times. Having a dead battery can leave you stranded in some pretty terrible places.
The next time your car needs repairs, consider doing them yourself. Don't think, like some, that you need a mechanic for even a minor problem. Use this article to learn how to repair your vehicle. You will surely save money, and you will also gain a sense of confidence.
Auto Repairs in Lake Forest TIP! Before you hand over your car to the shop, be sure you are clear about the repair costs. If something is unclear, have the mechanic or service counter rep clarify it for you before any work is done on the car.
Consider keeping a high quality battery charger in your car. Having a car battery die is a common problem, so keeping a battery charger in your car can help you and others in this situation. It is important to not only have the battery charger but to know how it works as well in case you are alone.
Auto Repairs in Lake Forest TIP! There is no better way to find an auto mechanic than to get a referral. Ask around for recommendations.
Do you understand what the estimated cost for your fix is? If something is unclear, have the mechanic or service counter rep clarify it for you before any work is done on the car. You don't want to be surprised with a higher charge than you were expecting.
Auto Repairs in Lake Forest TIP! Be aware of a mechanic who makes unneeded repairs to your car. All reputable mechanics will notify you before doing any repairs and will inform you of any parts that could require repairs in the immediate future.
You don't have to get a mechanic in for simple repairs. You can easily learn to perform small repairs yourself. Check online to find out what might be wrong with your car. If the job is a simple one, you might save a bit of money if you make repairs on your own.
Auto Repairs in Lake Forest TIP! Do you know the signs of a low quality mechanic? If they avoid your questions, you may want to look elsewhere. You need to trust a mechanic, and if you do not feel that trust, find another one.
Asking around for recommendations is a great opportunity to locate a mechanic you can trust. Get recommendations from family and friends. This will let you figure out what kind of price you're dealing with and if you'll be satisfied with the work that is done. You can use their experiences to determine whether a mechanic is honest or not.
Auto Repairs in Lake Forest TIP! Make sure you have both a spare tire and a jack in your trunk. Most of the new cars of today have them in the trunk.
It can feel overwhelming when you decide to fix your car yourself. If you're aware of important tips and put in the effort, you can fix many problems yourself. Simply use the tips mentioned here, and your vehicle is going to run like new soon.


Abstract: In the reliability analysis of structures, one must consider two major effects: (1) the resistance of the structures and (2) the load effects. For the part of the resistance, the characteristics of material and fabrication for members are very important. This paper shows the statisical characteristics for material including concrete ultimate strength, yeild stress and diameter of rebars which represent the material production in Thailand. The workmanship, the way of practice and equipment used mandates the characteristics of the member size and their rebar location. Due to vast level of practice in Thailand, these data are collected seperately for two cases: case 1 is from mid to high-rise buildings where the quality control is inspected by third-party consulting agents and case 2 is from detached and town houses in subdivisions where the quality control is not inspected by any third-part agent. These statistical parameters are also compared with those from Indonesia, Japan and USA.


Buy Astm A588 Astm A572 Gr50 Alloy Steel Plate steel plate is structural steels, used for welding, bolting, and more riveted structure. Toggle navigation. 0086-18317160019 [email protected] ... Technique:Cold rolled or hot rolled Surface treatment:Bare/Shot Blasted and Spray Paint or as required.
And whether a572 alloy steel plate is hot rolled, or cold rolled. There are 842 a572 alloy steel plate suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is China (Mainland), which supply 100% of a572 alloy steel plate respectively.
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So, it has been another typically, unpredictable British Summer; glorious sunshine one day and dodging rain storms the next.
On those sunny days, the whole country seems to want to grab a rug and head outside; while when the rain pours down the only thing to do is to hide under that same blanket, and await brighter days. It seems that one of the things the UK misses during the winter (besides the sun!) is the chance to surround ourselves with nature.
Even the most notorious plant killer now has no excuse, with a plethora of new books out to help sustain you new housemates; including How not to Kill your Plants by the aforementioned Nik Southern and Urban Jungle: Living and Styling with Plants by Igor Josifovic and Judith de Graaff.
If you're still not sure you're ready to become a plant parent, you can still harness the fresh and relaxing feel of the great outdoors by mixing bright apple and vivid jade into your interior colour palette, nobody has done so better than Erica Davies, you can read about her style, in our blog post here.
If an entire home overhaul isn't possible at the moment, you can bring in hints of the botanical via your soft furnishing or selection of art.
So whether you decided to go for the real deal, colours that inspire or a mix of both; help extend the 'Great British Summer' by injecting some green into your home. For more inspiration check out our Green Pinterest Board.


Find FirstBank Southwest branch locations near you. With 9 branches in Texas, you will find FirstBank Southwest conveniently located near you.
Bank rating displayed here is the average value for all FirstBank Southwest branches. A total of 1 customers had cast their vote for 9 branches and in average, FirstBank Southwest got a score of 5.0 out of 5 stars.
This site is not affiliated with, maintained, sponsored or endorsed by FirstBank Southwest or any government agency. Bank and branch information published on this website may not be true or accurate at all times. BankBranchLocator.com assumes no responsibility or liability for the accuracy or completeness of the listings.


text:
4 common causes of shoulder pain
Mr Ewan Bigsby Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Cheltenham Hospital
Shoulder pain can be debilitating and frustrating. Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Mr Ewan Bigsby outlines four common causes and what to do about them.
From lifting, to brushing our teeth or typing at a computer, we use our shoulders more often than we realise. When you start to feel pain in your shoulder it can affect many of these day-to-day tasks and make us miserable in the process.
Made up of a number of component parts, the shoulder is a complex body part and while pain felt in the shoulder can originate from the shoulder, it can also come from elsewhere, such as the neck.
Diagnosing the source of shoulder pain requires a detailed account of the pain, together with an expert examination and sometimes xrays or specialist scans are used to confirm a diagnosis, or provide further information. But here's four very common causes.
1. Shoulder arthritis
We more commonly hear about arthritis of the hips and knees, but it's possible to develop arthritis in any joint. There are two main kinds of arthritis in the shoulder: Gleno-humeral and Acromioclavicular.
Gleno-humeral joint arthritis
The gleno-humeral joint (GHJ) is the main ball and socket joint in the shoulder and athritis here is common. It doesn't always cause significant pain and functional impairment, but it can. While there are a number of different types of arthritis, the most common is the 'wear and tear' type (osteoarthritis) which occurs as people age.
If you're found to have GHJ osteoarthritis, the initial treatment is often to modify the activities that cause the pain and take over-the-counter painkillers. In some people a cortisone injection into the joint may provide relief, although it's not usually long lasting.
Alternatively targeting the nerve which supplies some of the feeling to the joint (suprascapular nerve) with an injection may improve the pain. This may be particularly helpful in those patients not suitable for surgery. Ultimately, where symptoms persist, surgery may be required.
The nature of the surgery will depend on the individual circumstances. Arthroscopic surgery may be helpful in select cases, particularly if there is irritation from loose bone or tissue floating around the joint. The majority of surgery involves replacing the arthritic joint with an artificial one. There are various types of shoulder replacement, with the most appropriate depending on individual patient circumstances.
Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) arthritis
The acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) is the joint formed where the clavicle (collar bone) meets the acromion (shoulder blade). It is a common joint affected by osteoarthritis however for many people it doesn't cause significant symptoms.
If ACJ arthritis is a problem, then there are a number of options. Initially, modifying activities may be sufficient to control the symptoms. If not, then an injection and ultimately an operation may be advised. The operation usually consists of trimming the end of the clavicle so that the two bone ends (clavicle and acromion) don't rub against each other and generate pain.
2. Subacromial impingement
Subacromial impingement is a common cause of shoulder pain. It typically describes pain in the shoulder that comes on when reaching out, up, or behind. It tends to be a sudden, catching type of pain. It can occur from the shoulder being held in a poor position, sometimes following a minor injury. It may also be due to a structural problem with the shoulder such as a prominent bone spur on the underside of the acromion which catches the sliding tendons below as the shoulder moves.
The majority of subacromial impingement settles with specialist physiotherapy and cortisone injections, however in some cases surgery is required. The surgery is performed as a keyhole procedure and involves taking away any bone spurs and clearing out the inflammatory tissue present.
3. Frozen shoulder
A frozen shoulder is also known as adhesive capsulitis and constitutes a stiff shoulder which is often painful. The pathology involves the capsule (soft tissue envelope) that surrounds the shoulder joint which becomes thick and stiff preventing normal shoulder movement. Because the ball and socket joint isn't able to move normally, shoulder dysfunction can occur with pain developing in the neck and around the shoulder blade.
For some people simply knowing the diagnosis is enough, provided the frozen shoulder doesn't hinder them unduly in day-to-day tasks. Where function is significantly affected, there are a number of treatment options available. A simple cortisone injection into the shoulder can provide pain relief and sometimes an increase in shoulder movement. Other options include a special injection to try and gain a greater improvement in shoulder movement by injecting a larger volume of fluid to stretch and tear the shoulder capsule. This is known as hydrodilatation.
The final option is surgery. Surgery is performed either as a manipulation under general anaesthetic to tear the shoulder capsule and free-up the shoulder, or as keyhole surgery to release the stiff tissues of the shoulder under direct vision. Whichever method is employed, it is important to keep the shoulder moving after the surgery to prevent it from re-stiffening.
4. Rotator cuff tear
The rotator cuff comprises a number of muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor) deep in the shoulder which function to move the shoulder. Tears in these tendons can occur from a specific injury or as a result of the tendons gradually thinning with age. The tears themselves may cause pain but may also be asymptomatic.
Depending on a patients' individual situation and the type, location, and size of the tear, specialist physiotherapy or surgery may be advised. Because the specific treatment of rotator cuff tears varies from one patient to the next depending on individual factors, review by a specialist is important to ensure the most appropriate management.
Last updated Wednesday 27 November 2019


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