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Lowcountry Time and Tide: The Fall of the South Carolina Rice Kingdom
Di James H. Tuten
Salva per dopoSalva Lowcountry Time and Tide: The Fall of the South Carolina Rice Kingdom per dopo
In mapping the slow decline of the rice kingdom across the half-century following the Civil War, James H. Tuten offers a provocative new vision of the forces—agricultural, environmental, economic, cultural, and climatic—stacked against planters, laborers, and millers struggling to perpetuate their once-lucrative industry through the challenging postbellum years and into the hardscrabble twentieth century.
Concentrating his study on the vast rice plantations of the Heyward, Middleton, and Elliott families of South Carolina, Tuten narrates the ways in which rice producers—both the former grandees of the antebellum period and their newly freed slaves—sought to revive rice production. Both groups had much invested in the economic recovery of rice culture during Reconstruction and the beginning decades of the twentieth century. Despite all disadvantages, rice planting retained a perceived cultural mystique that led many to struggle with its farming long after the profits withered away. Planters tried a host of innovations, including labor contracts with former slaves, experiments in mechanization, consolidation of rice fields, and marketing cooperatives in their efforts to rekindle profits, but these attempts were thwarted by the insurmountable challenges of the postwar economy and a series of hurricanes that destroyed crops and the infrastructure necessary to sustain planting. Taken together, these obstacles ultimately sounded the death knell for the rice kingdom.
The study opens with an overview of the history of rice culture in South Carolina through the Reconstruction era and then focuses on the industry's manifestations and decline from 1877 to 1930. Tuten offers a close study of changes in agricultural techniques and tools during the period and demonstrates how adaptive and progressive rice planters became despite their conservative reputations. He also explores the cultural history of rice both as a foodway and a symbol of wealth in the lowcountry, used on currency and bedposts. Tuten concludes with a thorough treatment of the lasting legacy of rice culture, especially in terms of the environment, the continuation of rice foodways and iconography, and the role of rice and rice plantations in the modern tourism industry.
James H. Tuten
A lowcountry native, James H. Tuten worked on Hobonny Plantation in Beaufort County, South Carolina, during his college years. Tuten is an associate professor of history and former assistant provost at Juniata College in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. He is the founder of H-SC, an H-Net discussion list on the history and culture of South Carolina, and he has published widely on topics of southern history in a number of magazines, journals, newspapers, and encyclopedias.
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Lowcountry Time and Tide - James H. Tuten
Lowcountry Time and Tide
Lowcountry
The Fall of the South Carolina Rice Kingdom
© 2010 University of South Carolina
Cloth edition published by the University of South Carolina Press, 2010
Ebook edition published in Columbia, South Carolina,
by the University of South Carolina Press, 2013
www.sc.edu/uscpress
The Library of Congress has cataloged the cloth edition as follows:
Tuten, James H.
Lowcountry time and tide : the fall of the South Carolina rice kingdom
/ James H. Tuten.
ISBN 978-1-57003-926-3 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Rice trade—South Carolina—History—19th century. 2. Rice—South Carolina—History—19th century. 3. Plantations—South Carolina—
History—19th century. 4. South Carolina—Social life and customs—19th
century. 5. Rice trade—South Carolina—History—20th century. 6. Rice—
South Carolina—History—20th century. 7. Plantations—South Carolina—
century. I. Title.
HD9066.U46S725 2010
338.1'73180 9757—dc22
Portions of chapter 3 appeared in Lesley-Ann Dupigny-Giroux and Cary J. Mock, eds., Historical Climate Variability and Impacts in North American (New York: Springer, 2009).
They appear here with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media.
ISBN 978-1-61117-216-4 (ebook)
For Belle
For you I know I'd even try to turn the tide
PART I: Chronological View of Rice Culture
1. A Brief History of Rice Culture to the 1870s
2. The Planter Imperative, 1872–1893
3. The Collapse of the Rice Culture, 1893–1929
PART II: Themes in Postbellum Rice Culture
4. Changes in Agricultural Practice
5. Rice as Symbol and Foodway
Epilogue—The Legacies of Lowcountry Rice Culture
Ace Basin map
A. T. S. Stoney map
1.1 Rice trunk diagram
1.2 African Americans hoeing rice
1.3 Trunk Minder at flooded rice fields
2.1 O. M. Read on horseback at Hobonny House
2.2 Photograph of E. W. A. Pringle and Unnamed Man
2.3 Portrait of D. C. Heyward
3.1 The Battery after the 1893 hurricane
3.2 Maria and Cesarina after 1893 hurricane
3.3 1911 hurricane photograph
3.4 Charleston Ferry Wharf, 1911 hurricane
3.5 Black women on barge laden with rice
4.1 Bobolink illustration
4.2 Men carrying rice bags, 1879
4.3 Chisolm Rice Mill, Charleston
4.4 West Point Mill engraving
6.1 Geffchen on Hobonny 1924
6.2 Seckenger on Hobonny 1923
1.1 Annual rice cultivation cycle
1.2 Civil War agricultural losses in South Carolina
1.3 Effect of Civil War on rice production
1.4 Effect of Civil War on farm values
2.1 S.C. rice production in census years 1849–1919
2.2 State percentages of U.S. rice production, 1859–1919
3.1 Rice prices, 1899–1915
3.2 Lowcountry storms, 1893–1911
3.3 Last commercial rice planters
3.4 O. M. Read's profits
I never knew my grandmother Myrtle V. Tuten to fail to supply rice at either lunch or dinner. A table without rice could not be a proper meal to her. Culture can function in such a way as to prevent us from asking such apparently absurd questions as Why do we always have rice? In college I came to see that not every family ate this way.
A second formative experience led me to this research. For much of the 1980s my father managed Hobonny Plantation on the Combahee River. The sense of place that I always have when on that or any other rice plantation is visceral. To look at the changes wrought on the coastal marshes and swamps over time is for me akin to marveling at the statue in Shelley's Ozymandias. I paddled in the canals, helped cultivate crops in the rice fields and highlands, explored the derelict tabby houses and the late nineteenth century big house. It seems no matter how long I ponder all that work, all those mosquitoes, all the water, lives and history that ebbed and flooded I am still moved by it.
I am indebted to a host of excellent mentors, family members, friends and colleagues in producing this study. I have been told that the historian's work is very solitary, but happily I have not found that to be true. My adviser Dr. James L. Roark has remained a patient mentor through graduate school and continues to offer guidance. He has taught me about the craft of history, the art of teaching and some important lessons in humanity.
Librarians and archivists from a number of institutions have assisted me throughout my work. John Brunet, Justin Robertson and Kathy Torrente of Emory University provided expertise and friendship. Lynn Jones, Andy Dudash, Mary Murray, and Rob Bleil of the Juniata College library also proved indispensable. Steve Hoffius pointed me toward wonderful collections at the South Carolina Historical Society over a number of years. I owe all the staff there, especially Matthew Lockhart and Michael Coker, a debt. Beth Bilderback at South Caroliniana library assisted me with illustrations.
At Juniata College I have had the help of several wonderful student assistants in the History Department: Earl Rogers, Emily O'Donnell, Bridget Hughes, and Amy Hunt. I appreciate their enthusiasm and work.
The travels of a graduate student on limited funds can be a burden on his family and friends. Mark Burckhalter, John and Lisa Thomson, Allan and Kathy Melton, David and Rhonda Cook, and Cal and Cathy Robertson all generously made their homes available. I am blessed with a great mother-in-law, Belle Stoddard, who has bestowed her interest, knowledge, and many out-of-print books on me. My brother, Tim Tuten, and my parents, Henry and Annette Tuten, gave unfailing support and never criticized me for making a career out of graduate school.
A number of friends and colleagues offered suggestions, and encouraged me. In particular I wish to thank David Atwill, Mary Cain, Bill Carrigan, Robert Cuthburt, Naomi Nelson, Richard Porcher, Sam Dennis, and Randy Sparks.
Michael Fitzgerald, Belle S. Tuten, Steve Knepper, and Steve Goodson provided valuable comments on the entire manuscript. The directors of the Lowcountry and Atlantic World program, especially Simon K. Lewis, also gave direction on shaping the manuscript.
I owe deep gratitude to my superb colleagues Dave Hsiung and David Sowell for reading chapters, providing mentorship through this long process, and being the most collegial colleagues one could hope to have.
Several institutions provided help with my research. Emory University supplied summer research grants and other forms of assistance. Juniata College, to put it plainly, invested in me. For this I owe special appreciation to Provost James Lakso and to Joanne Krugh, who have supported me in ways both subtle and obvious.
It has been a pleasure to work with the University of South Carolina Press, especially with Alex Moore.
The greatest source of assistance, support, advice and intellectual example has been my wife, Belle S. Tuten. I can do nothing short of dedicating this to her.
I would like to thank Elizabeth Donovan for her inventive and intrepid work on creating this book's companion Web site, ricekingdom.com.
This is a haunted region, for there is no earthly loneliness like that created by man's abandonment of what he once loved, enjoyed and considered secure and permanent.
Archibald Rutledge, Home by the River, p. 20
The closest I have come to knowing rice plantation mud work was in July 1988 on Hobonny Plantation. Hobonny, a good example of the typical lowcountry rice plantation, totaled around a thousand acres on the south bank of the Combahee River in the southeastern corner of South Carolina. Slaves started carving Hobonny into being 250 years before I set foot on that land. Like most plantations it had wet rice fields abutting the river and wooded acreage and dry fields further from the creeks and canals. The plantation big house, rebuilt in the late nineteenth century, though handsome in its way, would put no one in mind of Tara. The ruins of several tabby houses and barns bore testimony to the long human experience and the slaves who first lived there. July temperatures in Beaufort County, where Hobonny sits, average a high of ninety degrees with the humidity hovering near ninety percent in the mornings. You can work up a sweat standing still in one of those rice fields. The land at first appears to be flat, but the rice fields themselves are set lower than the surrounding earthen dikes, or banks, as rice people called them. The old rice fields are too wet for most trees, so the vista, even today, remains open, and you can see for a mile, mostly to other plantations' abandoned rice fields.
My father, Henry Tuten, managed Hobonny at that time for its owner, Savannah businessman T. W. Ericson, who, like many of his plantation-owning contemporaries, had a passion for duck hunting. On that sunbaked July day, my father and I planned to go through one of the few still-arable rice fields to rid it of sesbania, a tall-growing invasive shrub that thrives in wet terrain like old rice fields. In 1988, as in 1888 or 1788, merely walking through a rice field in that climate would leave you gasping for breath, for the soil there—distinct enough to be named Hobonny soil by soil scientists—is at best soft and at a worst a shoe-sucking mire.¹ To eradicate the sesbania, we took turns wearing a backpack sprayer full of Roundup herbicide and walking to the next clump of grass to be poisoned. Taking turns was essential because a full sprayer weighs a bit more than fifty pounds. Adding to the challenge of the situation, mosquitoes and deerflies strafed us all day, disregarding our liberal coat of insect repellent. Readel Murray, the last full-time resident of Hobonny, captured the emotional impact of those swarms, if perhaps underestimating the breadth of their domain: Ain't no skeeters like Hobonny skeeters. ² We also kept alert for the presence of moccasins and alligators, both of which thrive in that environment.
It was a miserable day doing miserable work. In the late twentieth century a shower and an air-conditioned bedroom awaited me, but such luxuries as those remained in the future for those working the fields when the last rice was grown on Hobonny in the middle 1920s. We cannot truly know the experience of life on a rice plantation for masters or slaves in the 1840s or for the last rice field laborers or planters in the 1920s, but days like that one certainly helped me appreciate a few of the material realities of their work and world and, though we can tread the same sodden fields they did, how far removed we are from them.
This book tells the story of how the rice culture on lowcountry plantations such as Hobonny fell apart, very slowly, between 1877 and 1930. It also strives to explain why planters stuck to rice culture even when it made little economic sense and why a late-twentieth-century duck hunter would want a near derelict, mosquito-ridden swampland such as Hobonny. For much of the antebellum era, lowcountry rice planters enjoyed what economists call a comparative advantage in their industry, but changes in the labor force, increased national and international competition, and natural disasters eroded that advantage like so many rice field banks in a hurricane.
To explain the challenges facing rice culture and the dynamic responses to it, it is helpful to focus on several planters in particular: Oliver Middleton Read of Hobonny Plantation, Elizabeth Allston Pringle of Chicora Wood, the Cheves brothers of Newport, Delta, and Weehaw plantations, and Duncan Clinch Heyward of Myrtle Grove and several other plantations. They make a useful group in part because they all left behind substantial written records, but they make sense for other reasons also. Their plantations represent a range of soil types and sit on different rivers: Read's and Heyward's on the Combahee River; Pringle's on Waccamaw Neck; and the Cheves brother's interests in both those areas and on the Savannah River. Thus they bring into this study's scope some of the microclimate elements of rice culture. As a group these people also represent different levels of agricultural skill, differing scopes of ambition but a common identity as rice planters.
When I began this research, I hoped to be able to say as much about the African Americans who lived and worked on rice plantations, even managed or owned a few of them, as I could about white planters. While I do have claims to make here about African Americans' engagement, even commitment, to rice culture and its foodways, limits in sources mean that this regrettably became a secondary focus of my work. Some future scholar will, I hope, complement my work by conducting a thorough study of rural African Americans in the lowcountry from 1877 to 1930.
After 1900 historians, antiquarians, and even former planters took up their pens to eulogize lowcountry rice culture. Their narratives tell and retell the Old South myth of rags to riches and back to rags. The planters who commanded vast scenic acreages and hundreds of slaves styled themselves as classical tragic figures. Today, however, we know about the less romantic and often brutal truths of the slave regime, about black culture under that vile system, and about how the planter class perceived and ultimately fought to preserve that system. The period between Reconstruction and the Great Depression is far less shrouded in moonlight and magnolias, but we should remember that, at the same time authors began penning their odes to rice culture, Jim Crow had just been put firmly in place.
The lowcountry's extensive archival treasures are so deep and numerous that historian James L. Roark called it an embarrassment of riches. ³ These sources are overwhelmingly the products of the plantation and business class. Historians have used that legacy not only to learn about the distinctive forms of slavery, the master-slave relationship, and the planter class, but also about common white people, the coming of the Revolution, and the tumult that resulted in the Civil War. In addition, because the lowcountry planters owned so many slaves, the region has been carefully studied during the early part of Reconstruction in an attempt to assess the effects of sudden freedom on the large black population.⁴
Significant gaps, however, remain in our understanding of rice culture. We know a great deal about rice culture from its beginnings on the Atlantic coast around 1685 through the more than two centuries during which it was the center of economic, environmental, and social life in the lowcountry. Historians know when colonists planted those first seeds. We know a great deal about the rice industries evolution in the colonial and antebellum periods. Yet three centuries later we cannot agree on when the culture died.
I attribute this to two factors. First, historians have not been as interested in the end of rice culture as in the beginning, because the origins and growth of the industry were fundamental to the shaping of lowcountry society, while the slow collapse of the industry amid the countervailing modernizing of the South has been largely outside the scholar's gaze. Second, for the postbellum period, historians have viewed rice culture rather narrowly, as an agricultural-commercial enterprise. This view is too limited because rice culture—that is, the social and cultural relations supporting rice agriculture—was an absolutely central part of lowcountry society, with no heir to take its place. ⁵
Although you can find the year of rice culture's death given as anything from 1910 to 1930, commercial rice production, or rice grown for the world market, ended in the late 1920s when the last rice planter, Theodore Ravenel, harvested his final crop. Scholars have generally agreed that several factors forced the end of rice culture. Peter Coclanis, as part of his superb macroeconomic analysis The Shadow of a Dream, explains the collapse of the industry in quantitative terms.⁶ Coclanis's study concludes that powerful economic forces swept planters along and made failure inevitable. Recent studies of postbellum rice culture tend to reiterate the factors Coclanis described.⁷ These scholars have constructed a historical narrative of rice's failure that drives, rather teleologically, to the conclusion that rice culture was doomed.
However, the rice laborers, planters, and rice brokers who actually lived the story did not necessarily perceive the decline of the industry and culture as inevitable. They did not have the advantage of hindsight, and most expected to succeed in their efforts to sustain the industry. Indeed they persisted in adverse conditions for decades or, using a different measure, for whole careers.
The basic question about the planters may therefore have been asked incorrectly. Instead of researching why planters and laborers failed to perpetuate rice, I will ask: how did they succeed in planting for over fifty years in a free labor context, and why, if this was economically unviable, did they persist? I contend that social, intellectual and cultural factors compelled many planters and laborers to continue planting after the Civil War even when rice was at best only marginally profitable.
This work employs certain assumptions and definitions that should be clarified at the start. Just what is lowcountry culture? The term culture is sometimes a problematic one. I am employing the word in two separate senses. In the nineteenth century, culture usually meant the practice of agriculture or producing crops, as in the phrase rice culture. The term also has an anthropological meaning. In this regard I prefer the definition used by Clifford Geertz: that of an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life. ⁸ These two understandings, I find, constantly interacted with one another. Agriculture is always a cultural activity. Those engaged in the rice business, or culture, also had their culture shaped by a historically derived practice and identity associated with growing rice in the lowcountry.
Finally, I have found Pierre Bourdieu's concept of cultural and social capital very useful in understanding both rice planters and black rice growers. Bourdieu's cultural capital includes a range of conditions, but most important here are what is often thought of as taste. The style of the plantation big house or a long straight avenue of live oaks leading to the front piazza demonstrated one's taste and represented cultural capital. Additionally, cultural capital involved knowledge systems, for example, the knowledge system of rice production. Planters certainly held valuable social capital—a person's network of connections and acquaintances. Such networks were sustained and enshrined through agricultural societies, for example, that brought together social equals with a common economic interest and thus a shared social capital. Social capital has tangible results such as easier access to credit, shipping, and milling or more attention from government agencies. Last, Bourdieu describes symbolic capital as something that confers legitimacy or honor on a person and that appears disconnected from the accumulation of material or power. An example of this is the maintenance of a plantation big house by a family that has given up rice culture and now lives in town. The plantation is an expensive, largely unproductive liability, but owning it is symbolic of pedigree, taste, and knowledge.⁹
To be sure, both black and white people wanted and needed the economic capital derived from rice production for their survival. They hoped, as farmers do, that the next year's crop would afford some luxuries in addition to paying the bills. More than that, though, rice represented cultural capital for both groups. Rice cultivation was highly specialized, and both black and white cultivators derived a sense of identity and superiority over what they viewed as more mundane agrarian pursuits. It is rice culture as cultural capital that explains the many paeans to the industry penned by former planters. It also explains why some persevered despite the economic cost or strained the definition of rice planter to maintain a semblance of rice cultivation.
This study examines the period between 1877 and 1930. The Civil War itself, with emancipation, wartime destruction, and financial collapse brought rice cultivation to a standstill. After the war the rice industry recovered substantially, although never to its previous high levels of profitability. Rice production reached its postbellum peak in the 1880s. The year 1893 was pivotal, as rice production and profits then began a prolonged decline. By 1920 little rice grew for shipment from the lowcountry. Historians often cite 1920 as the end date for Atlantic rice culture. However, a judgment based solely on levels of commercial rice production ignores the broader transformation that rice culture brought about in the lowcountry. The cultivation of rice intertwined with agricultural practices, cultural symbols, and foodways, as did immigration and the evolution of African American culture. The rice culture did not simply vanish in 1920. Indeed a visible vestige of the culture continues as long as lowcountry residents sit and eat their daily serving of rice.
The postbellum rice economy compared unfavorably with the breathtaking financial success of colonial and antebellum rice. But economic decline is only part of the story. Historians would do well to avoid the narrowness of economism. A fuller picture of rice culture in the Carolina low-country from 1865 until its collapse around 1929 explores the scope of cultural continuities and previously ignored developments as well as the more familiar story of economic decline.
Cosa pensano gli utenti di Lowcountry Time and Tide


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Relocating Your Business
RTR 2021
2021 Economic Roundtable Report
2021 Semi-Annual Forum
The myth of a great California exodus
by admin | May 11, 2021 | News | 0 comments
Thomas Elias for The Antelope Valley Press
Rarely has the "big lie" technique been used against an American state as effectively and persistently as with the myth of a great and unique California exodus over the last few years.
The Economist, a London-based magazine whose reportage on California almost always contains errors, reported last fall that California lost population between 2018 and 2019. False. The recently departed president, who detested California for its solid and repeated vote margins against him, tweeted disparagingly about California more than 600 times over his four-year term, most of his "information" false. Even the Los Angeles Times titled a recent story "California in the rearview mirror."
It's part of a pattern reminiscent of the "big lie" technique outlined in the 1930s by Nazi German propaganda minister Josef Goebbels, who observed that "The bigger the lie and the louder and more often it is told, the more people will believe it." But lies only survive until facts emerge. And the facts don't support the myth of a great California exodus. One magazine reported last fall that
California lost more than 3% of its populace to other states over the last year. Not so. In fact, about 175,000 California
residents moved to other states in 2020. That's about four tenths of 1%.
The departures were more than made up for in new births and legal foreign immigration, which created a 21,200 person population increase from July 1, 2019 to July 1, 2020, reports the state Department of Finance.
One reason the population increase wasn't much: the Coronavirus pandemic, which caused job losses pretty much preventing anyone who moved here from finding employment.
So in-migration from other states all but stopped and will not fully resume until the plague fully ends, or at least until enough folks are vaccinated to end the deadly threat of the virus.
Then there's the notion that net out-migration to other states never before matched the numbers of the last decade. Not so. The non-partisan state Legislative Analyst's office (LAO) issued charts in 2018 showing domestic outmigration in the 1990-'95 period far exceeded anything in the last five years. In 1993 alone, about 600,000 persons left California, while only about 300,00 came here. The difference was vastly exceeded by the foreign immigration tide of that time, giving California substantial net growth.
Take a look at who has been most active in perpetrating the ongoing big lie about California. Business relocation agents were the first to promote it, writing op-ed after op-ed about the "vast advantages" for businesses that move elsewhere. A Texas state agency has also produced numerous commentaries touting that state's tax breaks for incoming businesses, which famously induced the likes of Oracle Corp. and Hewlett-Packard Enterprise to move headquarters there from Silicon Valley. The last previous move of similar magnitude involved Toyota Motor Corp.'s American headquarters, which in 2014 went from the Los Angeles suburb of Torrance to Plano, Tex., near Dallas.
Then there's the LA Times narrative, which depicted numerous recent California arrivals unable to afford comfortable housing here and leaving for cheaper hunting grounds.
That's partially correct, and is largely because even as rents dropped over the last year in California's big cities during the pandemic, with white collar employees shifting to working at home, rents and home prices in exurbs of Los Angeles and San Francisco rose steeply.
In fact, statewide average real estate prices gained about 8 percent over the last year, at the same time governments were impelling the creation of thousands of "affordable" apartments, condominiums and single-family homes.
Yes, California has problems, including often-clumsy government (recent example: the slow start of the COVID-19 vaccine roll out) and high income taxes (often made up for by lower-than-average property taxes). But that has not stopped start-up companies from proliferating, nor does it lessen the state's attraction for higher-income, better educated workers.
The LAO charts demonstrated that California has actually gained ground over most other states in those categories in the last decade.
So not to worry too much, Californians. This state has a long history of solving its problems and chances are it will again as new Googles and Facebooks and Hulus and eBays keep arising.
AV EDGE Directors Honored by The ACSA
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Vietnam, India release commemorative postage stamps
Vietnam's Ministry of Information and Communication and India's Ministry of Communications have jointly issued a set of commemorative postage stamps featuring ancient architecture of both nations.
The release is part of activities to mark the 45th founding anniversary of Vietnam-India diplomatic ties, 10 years since their Strategic Partnership and one year of their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
The set of stamps includes two templates designed by artists from both countries, introducing India's Buddhist monument Sanchi Stupa and Vietnam's Pho Minh pagoda.
Speaking at the release event in New Delhi on January 25, Secretary of the Indian Department of Posts A N Nanda highlighted the significance of the event, saying that the first ever joint issue of commemorative postage stamps on the theme of "ancient architecture" is a symbol of the strong friendship between the two countries.
Bilateral relations have improved thanks to strong trust between the two nations, as well as their common views of international issues and security in Asia, he stressed.
Vietnamese Minister of Information and Communications Truong Minh Tuan said Vietnam and India are witnessing flourishing relations in politics, diplomacy, economy, trading, defence-security, energy, culture, education and technology and people-to-people exchange.
He said there are many new drivers for the development of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the two nations.
Pho Minh pagoda is located in the northern province of Nam Dinh. The 20-metre tower pagoda was built in the Ly Dynasty (1009-1225) and was expanded in 1262. It includes 14 storeys, which were carved into the shape of flowers, waves and clouds.
Sanchi Stupa is the oldest stone structure in India and was originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha.
The Posts of Vietnam and India each will print 500,000 national postal stamps and 500,000 international postage stamps from the set of stamp templates.-VNA/VNP


It's A Trap-eze! came out with the Cirque du Soleil Collection. Overall I wasn't too fussed with the collection but I did pick up this one and two others.
It's A Trap-eze! is a multi-colour and multi-sized glitter in a sheer white base. I love it in the bottle but I'm just not sure about it once on the nails. It doesn't apply very well and I don't have the patience to try and apply it nicely. This was two coats with a few little patches of a third coat to try and even things out. I also think it needs a sheer white/pink polish over the top to make the top layer of glitter look better.
How beautiful. I'm still thrilled that glitter polishes are more mainstream now. I adore them!
I love it,looks so pretty!


Real Estate Marketing : Home shopping? Please get your financial info together. Like, now.
Home shopping? Please get your financial info together. Like, now.
As we all know, one of the biggest mistakes home buyers make is not working with their lender before they make an offer on a house. I know, I know; you were planning to do this. But you went home shopping on a lark over the weekend and found the perfect place. And now you are scrambling to become pre-approved for a loan before somebody else buys the house.
Not a problem, you say. You looked at an online service and they say you are qualified for a purchase of up to a zillion dollars. But online lenders are not the same as local lenders who really delve into what you actually can and cannot afford. Most listing agents will not look at loan pre-approvals that are not from a local, verifiably qualified lender (yes, we are pretty good at spotting who is a bona fide lender and who is really your cousin).
Here is another reason to get this done in advance: so your lender can look, really look, at your whole financial picture. And your lender needs time to do that. It is not an instant process. The worst time to have your lender start working on your pre-approval is the Monday morning after you have found the house of your dreams on Sunday. Your lender is probably getting the same request for other people, too, or trying to help an already-pre-approved client get an offer accepted.
Another reason to begin working with a lender in advance of making an offer is that you will find out how much you really qualify for – it may be more than you think, or not. And your lender will give you a pretty good idea of what your monthly payment will be including property taxes, insurance, etc. And what your closing costs will probably be. There may also be V.A. programs or local first-time buyer programs that can help you with your transaction. It takes time to work through the qualifications for these, though.
If all this were not enough, you can also shop lender rates when time is not of the essence.
- Most recent statements for all of your assets, including savings, checking, stocks, bonds and retirement. Submit all pages, please.
- 2015 and 2016 W2's and/or 1099s.
The best thing to do is gather these materials up while you are initially thinking about making a home purchase. (I know you have been intending to do this, but….) You will have more time then, and will not be scrambling to find everything at the last minute. Scan your documents to a pdf file or two that you can keep on your laptop or computer. (Fun fact: a lot of lenders can't accept Google Docs or Dropbox stuff.) Then, shoot them over to your preferred lender (or two) for review. Congratulations! You will be ready to rock as soon as the perfect place comes along.


text:
/**
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 * Definition of a Monitor interface which can be used to collect statistical data about some system
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 */
package com.axway.ats.common.performance.monitor;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Visit their website whenever you desire also create and then edit your Resume. Resumes, particularly for adolescents, must really be on a single page. Volunteering is something that you are able to put on your resume. Your work search will be aided by understanding how to save your valuable resume.
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Use formatting that is regular and offer you the specific same sections of information for each and every job which you list. In the event you want to do a really job, as soon as you've finished your summary, then you should go back and inspect the initial article one second. Evaluate your resume and choose which kind has become the absolute most applicable to the specific project.
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Whichever type the aspects of an organization letter are the identical. A business letter can be an expert item of correspondence, but it will not be perceived this way if you go for an font that is wacky or possess a great deal of typos. Afterall , you need your writing to be perfect when you are sending a business correspondence to some potential employer, to a whole corporation or into a customers. Throughout most industry correspondence, the basic things of a company letter remain regular Irrespective of variations in style and design. It includes very little conversation. Organization letters have to get focused to your particular individual or group, possess a intent, be convincing and end having a certain purpose, for example, for instance. Attempt to prevent spelling problems, if you are creating a business letter as a part of an exam.
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Find out more on the topic of the organization or call to discover which particular person it's best to comprise as the receiver of your correspondence. An organization letter should adhere to formalities and the acceptable format . It is more formal than the usual correspondence that you might mail to family or friends. A formal small business correspondence is published to get an official purpose since all organization letters are not formal. A business letter has three segments, an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.
Request a person when you are finished writing and supply feedback to you, as they are able to spot errors you may have missed seeing. It is essential to prevent and believe once you have decided what kind of correspondence you will probably create. Accordingly that it's simple to scan, Sooner or later, format your letter. Quite some follow-up letters are occasionally not minding a reply.
It's required of you like a way. No matter the tone you are using in your letter, your writing needs to keep being concise, clear, and easy to learn. Most letters comprise three or even longer paragraphs.
Thankyou letters could be used by associations to remind customers to get a current purchase. Some varieties of enterprise letter are troublesome to write than others, however it an issue of good awareness since you get experience on paper letters. There are rules for them and a couple segments of a company letter.
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Letters demonstrate a level of class and professionalism. Company letters encounter than every letter writing style like a great bit. Writing an small business letter could take some time and power.
Input the title you would really like to supply your graph. Choose the rows and columns that you need to come in the chart. Only open that document if you've already acquired an completed chart that is simply the direction that you want that.
Supplied a scenario, proper form of graph may be utilized to be a symbol of data painlessly. For instance, in case you're developing a chart Microsoft Word is a superior alternative. Excel graphs might even be duplicated to other software programs which include PowerPoint. An Excel graph could possibly be placed inside of a worksheet close to the info, or put in another worksheet. For optimal results, ensure it remains uncluttered and simple. Excel's default graph is an actual time-saver.
For example rescue your chart formatting from the 12, think about chart templates you would like to apply it. The chart may subsequently be organised different ways to satisfy your needs. Pie graphs are notoriously hard to read. For instance, they are not fit for data series.
If so, then you've possibly revised charts earlier. In case your graph is growing overly intricate, you must begin color programming activities. Charts are utilised to produce series of numerical information in a graphical format so it's a lot simpler to comprehend amounts of details as well as the connection among selection of advice. The corresponding graph is that. In order have the ability to create your stacked column graph seem as a waterfall chart, you might need to make that the bottom series imperceptible on the graph.
When you have formatted a graph how you want it, you also can save the graph for a chart template, so you can accomplish the identical effect. Ways in consist of strategic, portfolio, and product preparation, and job and task administration. They become more easy to know with the help of a good illustration. It is imperative to utilize them the way although They're an immensely beneficial tool.
Now you have a Gantt chart reflecting. Gantt graphs may be used for a variety of purposes. They can be used to manage a wide variety of tasks and projects. Gantt Chart can be a projectmanagement tool that may be used for creating a monitoring or tracking the advancement. Gantt graphs offer a graphic illustration of when also what ought to be performed.
Validating our templates can be a fantastic procedure to guarantee that we now have reports & all the latest reports. In the event you take advantage the template could contain rows and columns you just can't alter. You are able to store your own customized templates for Q to use, meaning you don't possess to prepare the formatting of your charts for every single export.
You can share your own plans when deciding which template to utilize, look at that the data that you want to catch and also the manner in which. Such templates are an exemplary process to generate training seem an exciting job for children. Get going doing the web templates For those who are well prepared to do so. For instance, you may use templates track your own blood pressure to oversee your expenses. Finances template got lots of gifts to also people and purchase to please.
The template will be more convenient. Soin general you are going to desire to earn chart templates. If you don't opt for a template for a default graph form, the default will be developed into by then a unformatted form of the chart you have chosen .
There is A template useful when you have a whole lot of knowledge. Click on the box beside each chart template that you want to export and click OK. Chart templates that are Creating might take some time and error and trial.
In the event you make a template Office will revert to default to get virtually any data that is added. Click on the chart you wish to store as a template. A chart template into a different chart After you make a graph template, then you may employ the graph type that is personalized to your chart in Word, PowerPoint, or even Excel. Employing a Gantt Chart template will permit you to estimate the distance of time the full job will take.
In the subsequent dialog box you are able to click on on Templates and decide on . Moreover, graph templates can be shared by you with various users employing the Import and Export graph template options. After this has been exported making use of these methods an Excel chart template might be implemented into a workbook.
It's possible to select to print the total work book, a sheet, or even various cells in 1 worksheet. In addition, it is important to note you can export a spreadsheet to some CSV file at the same time. Once the dictionary has been established by you, you're prepared to create your chart. In case you're maybe not comfortable with ms-excel 2007 and would like to generate templates to get T account accounts, a tutorial is supplied under. You might need to regard the principles of Excel if you are a new comer to MS Excel. Ms-excel is among the tools for information investigation on earth. It, on the other side, can do each of the things Word canperhaps not.
Finalize your presentation Several formatting alterations need to complete the chart. Pie graphs are of use when you would like to visualize percentages. Ergo, in case you want to fully grasp the way exactly to create a pie graph continue reading. Open up Microsoft Excel and input categories that because you figure out how to make a pie graph you desire to utilize. Your pie graph can be. After the chart is chosen by you, then the tab Chart equipment' will appear at the summit of this display screen. Choose the Icon checkbox In the event you prefer to display the Excel graph as a icon in the place of the embedded chart.
You'll have a chart that looks more professional than those defaults Once you are finished! You have to figure out whether to decide on the following graph sheet with a chart, to start with. The truth is that putting a graph in a worksheet's center appears to be the preferred ways to really go.
It is a very superior notion to test the info to find out which message you are attempting to exhibit until you start to create a chart Also if you have info in Excel. Pick the location of these information you desire to use. There'll be additional times after the information required for the internet page design is going to be furnished by some other party. You can pick that you don't require the numbers available As you are depicting the data visually. If there is an assortment of info from fields that you want to show, you want to film a volunteer at environment and the locations correlated with their data sections in the presentation. Out of that point, it would be quite easy to update the full item and to modify the underlying data. You may have any sales data along with also a rely that you would love to reveal in 1 graph to check whether there's any relationship between the factors.
You can pick from many of chart types. When you compare two different metrics with timing and across multiple types, you can think about applying a slope chart. It really is still a fact you need to choose where to set the graphs. Opt for the data you want to earn the graph from simply click the Insert' tab In case you realize the kind of graph you want, click on the button. Your combo chart is now comprehensive. Uncomplicated combo charts could be turned into quickly, but methods are needed by harder graphs.
If you choose to move the graph to some spreadsheet that is present, it is certainly going to keep up the same size since it's from the sheet. Records are a great tool to produce an crystal clear breakdown of details. The last chart is displayed in the bottom of both Figure 3.30. With merely a couple of clicks, you have the capacity to to easily create a chart from various data also a little more knowledge, you also may employ a broad range of styles and formats which may really make your chart rod out.
Click Column on to automatically pick the form of graph that you want to make. Proceed to the cell by. Related to design and work, the doughnut graph is quite like a pie graph. Doughnut graphs are employed while the assortment of stuff in your desk is on the side. Click the Document button and after click on your own form in that you simply want to create a chart or record. Measure charts aren't indigenous to Excel, however, it isn't challenging to build a step graph, using a little data partitioning and also some formatting that is smoke-and-mirrors.
Click End Your chart is going to appear around the menu. For example, in case you already own a present graph, you can preferably attract another graph right into it, as opposed to assembling your joint chart fromscratch. Inserting charts is really a fantastic approach to spell out Excel information demonstrably. At this point you have a chart on a graph sheet. Records which are put on worksheets appear to not have names.
In the event the picture is going to be applied to a t-shirt style and design, within a mobile program, onto a road side billboard, to get an e-device, in your customer's homepage or within an school cubicle just to say a few, you are likely to wish to ensure the license covers your own distinct usage. Images play with a role in the page's publication internet search engine marketing worthiness. They also play a role within the search engine marketing worthiness of a page. It isn't tough to keep in mind and can help you produce a much picture that is more dynamic and fascinating when employed very nicely.
Look at using graphics that are free from your repositories on the web, In the event that you can not upload pictures of one's personal computer. The picture is known as ship instead of anything between the manual. There is A foreground picture contained in the HTML and can be gotten by display screen readers.
It really is accurate , you want your images to show up together with internet search results. Images are inaccessible to folks which aren't able to watch them. They provide perspective to content that is long which rises in your own site. Captioning the image the following important thing that assists with search engine optimisation. Bigger pictures require time .
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Names should be descriptive. Lists contain. Once you are finished you can earn a todo checklist from the remaining part of those items. Entirely doit to get when it truly is associated with include matters all. It is possible to employ a number of the very same keywords from the image title or alt attribute, however attempt to combine up this. You could try and create a single site for your own images.
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Your articles might perhaps not be more helpful. You wish to reveal your content is pertinent for the topics you're trying to rank for, nevertheless, you also never want to show readers away with writing from the process. In accord with the point about formatting that is uniform, subsequent to precisely the very same phrasing routine makes it easier to learn the content. You are able to create text. Verify your site's entire human body text could be read on desktop computer and cellular devices.
Once you have to keep in mind items, a checklist can be your own friend. The BARE list is just a model written of four questions that you're ready to question yourself when you're browsing for graphics for the PowerPoint slide. Printing checklists can be having an effect in the environment, and when you can possess informative data in your tablet computer, using VKS.
There are tons. The record is divided into sections where each point includes its group of sub-points which will need to get coated. Luckily, an easy record is all you should enhance your method. It will be potential that you use checklists to continue to keep an watch on which actions you have done. Checklists are handy for use, once you would prefer to tick off one thing at a moment. Apparently, there are a lot of other approaches. As stated by Mr. Kamya top superior checklist is a necessary device for repetitive tasks which will need to get done at a specific period and then require validation.
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Your letter needs to be more limited with sentences to make it to be straightforward to read. A resume cover letter needs to be little company. It makes it possible for you to show your character, which may grant you a leg up on additional applicants. You may want to consider receiving a CV agency along with a resume cover letter to come up with the CV foryou personally.
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Try to track down a identify to whom you will manage all the letter. At the occasions you ought to really have a cover letter. It is very important to note that if a resume cover letter is not asked, it's a good idea not to include an individual. Remember the objective of a pay letter isn't to replicate what's on your CV. A terrific employment cover letter can be your opportunity to demonstrate that you know the reach of the role and also the firm's mission.
You are at the ideal location if you are considering just how to write a cover letter! Additionally, it is recommended to compose your own cover letter at a way exactly where by you could be ready to readily tailor it into various places in place of writing an entirely fresh one every single moment. In order the hiring manager can obtain an awareness of your qualifications with merely a succinct 23, your resume cover letter should convey the essentials. A resume cover letter should be done for just about every application as it seems to be lazy, and also you will need to not ship the employment cover letter. Basically it needs to be simple and straight forward. Your resume cover letter is a possiblity to express genuine interest. It's known as a program letter.
Covering letter must not be longer than one side of the A4 newspaper. Disclosing private information The covering letter could be a opportunity to share advice with the company that wouldbe helpful for visitors to take under consideration, for instance, if you're applying to an employer who's strict about a level results which you don't quite match, nevertheless, you want a great supporting reason your marks were quite so too lower (e.g. a prior serious illness). As editing requires attempt it really is more easy to write a correspondence compared to the usual one.
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Ideally the correspondence has to be typed preceding each the letter needs to be concise and short. The covering letter is crucial to your CV. Whenever you are writing your covering letter, make sure you've got the job description and person specification beside you you will refer to them. It's essential that you just tackle the covering letter towards the individual who's currently looking after the vacancy.
Additionally, there are 3 kinds of cover letters. In lots of cases, your pay letter represents your first communicating together along with your employer that is potential. Proof reading your cover letter and resume attentively is being probably one of the portions of the practice. While insure letters differ from tone the ones figure out the way to connect with your own subscribers. Your resume cover letter need to reveal to you are aware of exactly what the job calls for and also what the business is hunting for. After you write your cover letter you wish to earn certain you've covered all the appropriate experience, skills and achievements.
You start with why you think inside them devote the correspondence. You are likely to be requested to ship the resume cover letter within an email as opposed to a file that is distinct. Protect letters might perhaps not be familiar to everyone else in comparison.


Trust the Sacramento real estate lawyers at Kassouni Law to understand that real estate is often one of the largest investments a business or individual can make. It is with this knowledge that the attorneys at Kassouni Law handle both commercial and residential real estate cases.
Protecting our client's assets and wealth is one of the foremost concerns at Kassouni Law. Our real estate attorneys have extensive experience representing property owners in all aspects of real estate law including litigation; Constitutional property rights; purchase and sale agreements; escrow disputes; land use; growth control regulations; and many other real estate matters.
One of the most common real estate disputes revolves around the submission of a transfer disclosure statement during the escrow process. This is a form that the seller of real estate must deliver to the buyer during the escrow process. This form requires the seller to disclose whether or not there are certain conditions that exist on the property which are typically important enough to potentially cause the buyer to back out, or at least cause he buyer to investigate conditions further. These include water intrusion, the existence of filled soil on the property, the existence of defects or malfunctions in the electrical, plumbing, and roofing systems; the existence of defects to the foundation, flooding and drainage problems, and the existence of a community association. It is vitally important that this document be reviewed in detail, preferably with a licensed general contractor, to determine whether additional detailed inspection is warranted. It is generally not advisable to simply rely on the cursory two hour home inspection, particularly if specific malfunctions or conditions have been noted. Special attention must be placed on any disclosure of settling, foundation, and moisture intrusion, and drainage problems, as these can be very costly. The buyer has only a limited period of time to back out of the transaction based upon these disclosures. If a condition exists which was not disclosed, the attorneys at Kassouni Law can assist in determining whether there are grounds for a lawsuit. The buyer can typically seek damages from the seller, or, in some circumstances, the entire rescission of the transaction.
Kassouni Law also has substantial experience in assisting property owners in the land use and development process, including the procurement of entitlements to build, California Environmental Quality Act requirements, zoning code requirements, and when necessary litigation against government entities for wrongful denial and/or delay in granting building permits or through growth control regulations.
Regardless of whether you decide to retain a real estate lawyer at Kassouni Law, know that it may be a good plan to select a lawyer who is capable of negotiating a settlement, or litigating a case. Willingness and experience to take a case through litigation to trial, often gives an upper hand in settlement resolution. Before retaining an attorney, ask about experience in litigation and the courtroom.
The seasoned real estate litigators at Kassouni Law often work on behalf of their clients to settle cases, and skillfully manage a case in the courtroom if necessary.


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Home Dover News Article
31 migrants brought to Dover by Border Force in fourth incident in three days
BySam Lennon
slennon@thekmgroup.co.uk
Two more groups of migrants were stopped crossing the English Channel meaning 74 people have been intercepted in three days.
It also totals four incidents in that time.
A total 31 migrants were brought to Dover on Sunday night
The Home Office now reveals that two small boats, with a total 31 people, were stopped on Sunday night.
One vessel had 12 migrants consisting of 11 men and a woman.
A second had 19, made up of 14 men, two women and three children.
Border Force were alerted at 11.30pm and intercepted the vessels as they went along the Channel towards the UK.
A Home Office spokesman said: "All individuals were brought to Dover and were medically assessed before being passed to Home Office immigration officials for interview.
"The nationalities of those found are yet to be established. Their cases will be dealt with in line with the immigration rules."
Last Friday two boats with a total 20 people were stopped mid-Channel.
On Saturday at 6am one Albanian was found on the beach at Seabrook, leading to a search for others.
And on Sunday at 7am Border Force were alerted to another incident leading to 22 people stopped at sea.
Over the last year there have also been incidents involving migrants in small vessels off the coast of Deal, Folkestone Romney Marsh and Thanet.
Read more: All the latest news from Kent
DealDoverFolkestoneHytheRomney MarshThanet
Sam Lennon


I am 36 years of age. I have been a Lawyer for approximately 13 years. I am happily married and have 3 children under the age of 5. I grew up in Western Sydney, namely Guildford and have worked exclusively in Parramatta since 2005. My community ties are strongly associated in Parramatta. I appreciate and value the significant contribution that the chamber makes to many important issues that effect Parramatta, particularly economic growth, and I appreciate and am aware of the contribution required by its board members in serving the community in relation to these issues. I hope to serve in the resolution of community issues.


One of the largest and most diverse in the nation, our Graduate Division offers nine different LLM degrees and a JSD degree. In each of our programs, you'll find a smaller community within the larger Law School; you'll find classmates who share your intellectual and professional interests, and faculty directors to guide and inspire you.
The Master of Laws program offers maximum freedom and flexibility to choose courses that match your interests. Students in the LLM in Legal Theory program can also design their curricula according to their preferences—and complete a substantive paper.
Long renowned as a preeminent school for international law, NYU is home to a deep bench of faculty who teach in a number of our programs: the LLM in International Legal Studies; the LLM in Environmental and Energy Law; and the LLM in International Business Regulation, Litigation and Arbitration.
NYU's cutting-edge law and business curriculum offers both theory and a practice-oriented approach in programs such as the LLM in Competition, Innovation and Information Law; the LLM in Corporation Law; the LLM in International Business Regulation, Litigation and Arbitration; and in our Advanced Professional Certificate in Law and Business.
NYU is home to the nation's oldest and most prestigious Graduate Tax Program, offering both the LLM in Taxation and the LLM in International Taxation for foreign students, as well as an Executive LLM, an Advanced Professional Certificate, and a Master of Studies in Law (MSL) for non-lawyers.
Master of Laws or Specialization?
To hear more from our LLM and JSD students, visit the NYU Law YouTube channel.


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Mad Clip (born Panagiotis Peter Anastasopoulos, ; May 25, 1987 – September 2, 2021) was an American-Greek rapper and songwriter. He released many songs such as "Dealer", "Kotera", "Sinthikes", which have grossed more than ten million pageviews in YouTube. He released four albums: Super Trapper, O Amerikanos LP, Super Trapper 2 and Still Active featuring Strat. A fifth album named "Money And Drugs Can't Live In Poverty" was released posthumously on April 29, 2022. From the beginning of his music career he kept the artistic name Mad Clip which comes from the initials "Money and Drugs, Can't Live in Poverty".

Early life

Mad Clip was born on May 25, 1987 in New York City as Panagiotis Peter Anastasopoulos. He came from a Greek-American family. Since 1999 onwards, he divided his life between Greece and US for many years, living in Paleo Faliro, the birth place of his father.

Career
Rapper Taki Tsan helped Mad Clip to release the single Eimai Trelos at the age of 27. Shortly after he signed with Capital Music. He had been a member of Outkast Exellence O.E. since 2004 with Constantine The G and N.O.E., where he performed in English.

He had lived in Greece permanently from 2016 until his death, where he became famous, despite his ambition to succeed abroad. Mad Clip expressed his preference for luxury living with expensive cars and clothes, both privately and in his songs. He was one of the most popular singers of recent years, with many of his songs topping greek charts. It has been reported that due to his work, Mad Clip has significantly contributed to the rise in popularity of trap music in Greece.

Death
Mad Clip died at the age of 34 on September 2, 2021, after a car accident in Vouliagmeni.

References

1987 births
2021 deaths
Greek rappers
Rappers from New York City
Road incident deaths in Greece
Musicians from Athens

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Labour propose Gold Standard Technical Baccalaureate
By Emily Garthwaite published 14 April 15
The Labour Party has published its £50 million Education Manifesto, revealing that it wishes to create a new gold-standard Technical Baccalaureate for 16-18 year olds.
This will include a quality vocational qualification accredited by employers and work-based learning, which aim to deliver the core skills needed for work and further study.
The political party is also planning to introduce new Technical Degrees delivered by universities and employers.
It claims this qualification will support the higher level training young people can progress on to.
Labour will transform the highest performing colleges in the UK into new "Institutes of Technical Education (ITEs) – educational institutions that provide high quality English and maths provision, as well as specialist education and training with strong links to employers.
The ITEs will be required to deliver the Tech Bacc and the higher level skills demanded by industry.
"The biggest challenge we face is preparing our young people for the economy of the future, not of yesterday," claimed Labour leader Ed Miliband.
"In the 21st century, world-class education isn't a luxury for the individual, it's a necessity.
"We need an education system that brings out the talents of every single person. We will ensure equal respect right across the curriculum, vocational, academic and creative subjects," he added.
The Downsides Of Technology
The Labour Education Manifesto also focuses on educating children about the negatives side of technology and how they can deal with this.
According to the document, social media, smartphones and new technology offer many positive opportunities to young people but it also includes the pressures of advertising, negative stereotyping and access to explicit images.
The party says it will implement measures to ensure young with have the resilience and knowledge they require to stay safe and health and navigate their way through the downsides of new technology.
© 24N.biz


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John Radcliffe  (1738–1783) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1768 to 1783.

Biography
The Radcliffes were an old gentry family who were seated at Hitchin Priory the sixteenth century. Radcliffe inherited Hitchin Priory from his Uncle Arthur Radcliffe in 1769. He rebuilt the house in 1770-71 of plastered brick, standing about the four sides of a courtyard, which represents the old, small, cloister garth. Radcliffe was the third son of John Radcliffe, a merchant trading with Turkey and his wife Anne Alcock, daughter of Lawrence Alcock of Trotton Place, Sussex. He was educated at Eton College from 1754 to 1755. He married Lady Frances Howard, daughter of Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle on 14 April1768. When they became engaged, George Selwyn wrote about Radcliffe to Lord Carlisle on 12 January 1768 "He is very well spoke of, et le nom est assez beau". Carlisle wrote to Selwyn, from Rome on 18 June 1768 "Everybody gives Mr. R. such a good character."

Political

Radcliffe was put forward at the 1768 general election for St Albans by Lord Grimston who on 21 September 1767 asked the Duke of Newcastle to give "an intimation ... to Mr. West in favour of Mr. Radcliffe my candidate".  Lord Spencer considered running two candidates for the borough but in the event Radcliffe was returned as Member of Parliament unopposed. His elections in 1774 and 1780 were also uncontested. During his first 11 years his attendance was irregular and before 8 March 1779 his name appeared in only eight out of 18 division lists.. However his name appears in 12 out of 13 division lists during the period which led to the fall of Lord North's Administration on 15 March 1782. All known votes by Radcliffe were given on the Opposition side but no  speech by him is reported

Legacy
Radcliffe died on 21 December 1783, aged 45 without issue. Hitchin Priory passed to his sister Penelope who had married  Sir Charles Farnaby, 3rd Baronet on  12 August 1762. Farnaby adopted the name Radcliffe.

References

1738 births
1783 deaths
People educated at Eton College
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies


Gaia's first all-sky map of the Milky Way contains over a billion stars.
Some may call excessive, unreasonable, exhibitionist. What kind of masochist wants to stare at a billion pinpricks of light all at once, anyway? Why, the scientifically inclined one, of course. The astronomer who's hellbent on picking apart the universe and reducing your life to a clump of dust needs absurdly detailed star charts in order to do so.
Annoted versio of Gaia's first all-sky map.


If every weekend could be like this one past, I would be a happy happy girl. Cocktails, burgers, brunches, manicures, coffees, markets, mulled wine, and finishing a good book. Everything was going so well until Adam started to feel a bit under the weather, so we both took the opportunity to have a completely overindulgent Sunday, aimed at making him feel better and helping me round out a perfect weekend.


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Q: Insert data into table where if the values does not exist for particular columns it should enter zero I am pretty new to mysql. I have set of csv files which I want to insert into different tables. I have fixed 100 columns for all the files. But, some files contain values only upto 50 column. So I want to insert zero value for all the other columns. Can someone please tell me how to do that.

A: set default value as 0 for other columns

A: One can use mysql native function: LOAD DATA INTO this comes with variety options, explore the documentation here

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