text:
Textbook Bibliography Apa Free
01.03.2018 Mikinos
A Comprehensive Guide to APA Citations and Format
Overview of this Guide:
This page provides you with an overview of APA format. Included is information about referencing, various citation formats with examples for each source type, and other helpful information.
If you're looking for MLA format, check out Citation Machine's MLA Guide. Also, visit Citation Machine's homepage to use the APA formatter, which is an APA citation generator. See more across the site.
Being Responsible While Researching
When you're writing a research paper or creating a research project, you will probably use another individual's work to help develop your own assignment. A good researcher or scholar uses another individual's work in a responsible way. This involves indicating that the work of other individuals is included in your project, which is one way to prevent plagiarism.
Plagiarism? What is it?
The word plagiarism is derived from the latin word, plagiare, which means "to kidnap." The term has evolved over the years to now mean the act of taking another individual's work and using it as your own, without acknowledging the original author. Be careful of plagiarism! Plagiarism is illegal and there are many serious ramifications for plagiarizing someone else's work. Thankfully, plagiarism can be prevented. One way it can be prevented is by including citations in your research project. Want to make these citations quickly and easily? Try Citation Machine's automatic citation generator, which is found on our homepage.
All about Citations
Citations should be included in research projects, or any added anytime you use another individual's work in your own assignment. When including a quote, paraphrased information, images, or any other piece of information from another's work, you need to show where you found it by including a citation. This guide explains how to make citations.
There are two types of APA citations. The first type of citation, which is called in-text, or parenthetical citations, are included when you're adding information from another individual's work into your own project. When you add text word-for-word from another source into your project or take information from another source and place it in your own words and writing style (known as paraphrasing), you must make an in-text citation. These citations are short in length and are placed in the main part of your project, directly after the borrowed information.
The other type of citations, which are called reference citations, are found at the end of your research project, usually on the last page. Included on this reference list page are the full citations for any in-text citations found in the body of the project. These citations are listed in alphabetical order, one after the other.
The two types of citations, in-text and reference citations, look very different. In-text citations include three items: the last name(s) of the author, the year the source was published, and the page or location of the information. Reference citations include more information such as the name of the author(s), the year the source was published, the title of the source, and the URL or page range.
Why is it Important to Include Citations?
Including citations in your research projects is a very important component of the research process. When you include citations, you're being a responsible researcher. You're showing readers that you were able to find valuable, high-quality information from other sources, place them into your project where appropriate, all while acknowledging the original authors and their work.
Information About APA
Who Created It?
The American Psychological Association is an organization created for individuals in the psychology field. With close to 116,000 members, they provide educational opportunities, funding, guidance, and research information for everything psychology related. They also have numerous high-quality databases, peer-reviewed journals, and books that revolve around mental health.
The American Psychological Association is also credited with creating their own specific citation style, which is a popular way to create citations. This citation format is used by individuals not only in the psychology field, but many other subject areas as well. Education, economics, business, and social sciences also use this citation style quite frequently. Click here for more information.
Why Was This Style Created?
This format was first developed in 1929 in order to form a standardized way for researchers in the science fields to document their sources. Prior to the inception of these standards and guidelines, individuals were recognizing the work of other authors by including bits and pieces of information, in random order. There wasn't a set way to format citations. You can probably imagine how difficult it was to understand the sources that were used for research projects!
Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance at a citation and easily locate the title, author, year published, and other critical pieces of information needed to understand a source.
Click here to learn more about why the American Psychological Association created this citation style.
The Evolution Of This Style
This citation style is currently in its 6th edition and was released in 2009. In previous versions of APA format, researchers and scholars were required to include the date that an electronic resource was accessed. In addition, names of databases were included, and only the name of the city was included in the publication information.
Now, it is no longer required to include the date of access as well as the name of the database in an APA citation. The full location, including the city AND state (or the city and country if it's an international publisher) is included in the citation.
In 2013, the American Psychological Association released a revised manual just for electronic resources. This was released due to the increase in the amount of technological advances and resources.
The Appearance of Citations
There are two types of citations: in-text (or parenthetical citations) and complete reference citations.
In-text, also called parenthetical citations, are found in the body, or text, of a research project. They're included after a direct quote or paraphrase. See the next section below to learn more about how to format and include in-text citations in your project.
Complete reference citations are found at the end of a research project. These reference citations are longer and include all of the information needed to locate the source yourself. Full citations for all of the in-text citations are found here.
The format for citations varies, but some use this general format:
Author's Last name, First initial. (Date published). Title. Retrieved from URL
Researchers and scholars must look up the proper citation format for the source that they're attempting to cite. Books have a certain format, websites have a different format, periodicals have a different format, and so on. Scroll down to find the proper format for the source you're citing.
If you would like to cite your sources automatically, Citation Machine is a citation generator that will make the citation process much easier for you.
In-Text & Parenthetical Citations
In-text, or parenthetical citations, are included in research projects in three instances: When using a direct quote, paraphrasing information, or simply referring to a piece of information from another source.
Quite often, researchers and scholars use a small amount of text, word for word, from another source and include it in their own research projects. This is done for many reasons. Sometimes, another author's words are so eloquently written that there isn't a better way to rephrase it yourself. Other times, the author's words can help prove a point or establish an understanding for something in your research project. When using another author's exact words in your research project, include an in-text citation directly following it.
In addition to using the exact words from another source and placing them into your project, in-text citations are also added anytime you paraphrase information. Paraphrasing is when you take information from another source and rephrase it, in your own words.
When simply referring to another piece of information from another source, also include an in-text citation directly following it.
In-text citations are found after a direct quote, paraphrased information, or reference. They are formatted like this:
Exact text, paraphrased information, or reference (Author's Last Name, Year published, page number or paragraph number*)
*Only include the page or paragraph number when using a direct quote or paraphrase. This information is included in order to help the reader locate the exact portion of text themselves. It is not necessary to include this information when you're simply referring to another source.
Here's are some examples of in-text citations:
"Well, you're about to enter the land of the free and the brave. And I don't know how you got that stamp on your passport. The priest must know someone" (Tóibín, 2009, p. 52).
Student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers (Kent & Giles, 2017).
If including the author's name in the sentence, only include the year in the in-text citation.
According to a study done by Kent and Giles (2017), student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers.
The full references, or citations, for these sources can be found on the last part of a research project, titled the "Reference List."
While this guide's intent is to help you understand and develop citations on your own, there are many citation tools available on Citation Machine. Head to our homepage to learn more.
Click here to learn more about crediting work.
Reference List Citation Components
As stated above, reference list citations are the full citations for all of the in-text citations found in the body of a research project. These full citations are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last names. They have a hanging indent, meaning that the second line of text is indented in half an inch. See examples below to see what a hanging indent looks like.
The format for citations varies based on the source type, but some citations use this general format:
Learn more about each component of the reference citation and how to format it in the sections that follow.
Author's Names
The names of authors are written in reverse order. Include the initials for the first and middle names. End this information with a period.
Last name, F. M.
Angelou, M.
Doyle, A. C.
Two or More Authors
When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source, using this format:
Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.
Kent, A. G., & Giles, R. M. Thorpe, A., Lukes, R., Bever, D. J, & He, Y.
If there are 8 or more authors listed on a source, only include the first 6 authors, add three ellipses, and then add the last author's name.
Roberts, A., Johnson, M. C., Klein, J., Cheng, E. V., Sherman, A., Levin, K. K. , ...Lopez, G. S.
If you plan on using a free APA citation tool, such as Citation Machine, the names of the authors will format properly for you.
Directly after the author's name is the date the source was published. Include the full date for newspapers, the month and year for magazine articles, and only the year for journals and all other sources. If no date is found on the source, include the initials, n.d. for "no date."
Newspaper:
Narducci, M. (2017, May 19). City renames part of 11th Street Ed Snider Way to honor Flyers founder. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved from http://www.philly.com/
If using Citation Machine, our citation generator will add the correct format for you automatically.
When writing out titles for books, articles, chapters, or other nonperiodical sources, only capitalize the first word of the title and the first word of the subtitle. Names of people, places, organizations, and other proper nouns also have the first letter capitalized.
For books and reports, italicize the title in the citation.
Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Roots: The saga of an American family.
For articles and chapters in APA referencing, do not italicize the title.
Wake up the nation: Public libraries, policy making, and political discourse.
For newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other periodicals, capitalize the first letter in each word and italicize the title.
The Seattle Times.
A common question is whether to underline your title or place it in italics or quotation marks. In this citation style, titles are never underlined or placed in quotation marks. They are either placed in italics or not. Here's a good general rule: When a source sits alone and is not part of a larger whole, place the title in italics. If the source does not sit alone and is part of a larger whole, do not place it in italics.
Books, movies, journals, and television shows are placed in italics since they stand alone. Songs on an album, episodes of television shows, chapters in books, and articles in journals are not placed in italics since they are smaller pieces of larger wholes.
Citation Machine's citation generator will format the title in your citations automatically.
Additional Information about the Title
If you feel it would be helpful to include additional information about the source type, include this information in brackets immediately following the title. Use a brief descriptive term and capitalize the first letter.
Kennedy, K., & Molen, G. R. (Producers), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Jurassic Park [Motion picture]. USA: Universal.
Besides [Motion picture], other common notations include:
[Audio podcast]
[Brochure]
[Letter to the editor]
[Television series episode]
[Facebook page]
[Blog post]
[Lecture notes]
[PowerPoint presentation]
[Video file]
If you are using Citation Machine, additional information about the title is automatically added for you.
Information About the Publication
For books and reports, include the city and state, or the city and country, of the publisher's location.
Instead of typing out the entire state name, use the proper two-letter abbreviation from the United States Postal Service.
Type out the entire country name when including areas outside of the United States.
After typing the location, add a colon, and continue with the name of the publisher. It is not necessary to include the entire name of the publisher. It is acceptable to use a brief, intelligible form. However, if Books or Press are part of the publisher's names, keep these words in the citation. Other common terms, such as Inc., Co., Publishers, and others can be omitted.
For newspapers, journals, magazines, and other periodicals, include the volume and issue number after the title. The volume number is listed first, by itself, in italics. The issue number is in parentheses immediately after it, not italicized.
Giannoukos, G., Besas, G., Hictour, V., & Georgas, T. (2016). A study on the role of computers in adult education. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(9), 907-923. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2688
If the publisher is a college or university, and the location name matches part of the school's information, exclude the publisher information from the citation.
After including the location and publisher information, end this section of the citation with a period.
London, England: Pearson.
New York, NY: Perseus Books.
Electronic Source Information:
For online sources, the URL or DOI (Direct Object Identifier) are included at the end of a citation.
DOI numbers are often created by publishers for journal articles and other periodical sources. They were created in response to the problem of broken or outdated links and URLs. When a journal article is assigned a DOI number, it is static, and will never change. Because of its permanent characteristic, DOIs are the preferred type of electronic information to include in APA citations. When a DOI number is not available, include the source's URL.
For DOIs, include the number in this format:
http://dx.doi.org/xxxx
For URLs, type them in this format:
Retrieved from http://
Other information about electronic sources:
If the URL is longer than a line, break it up before a punctuation mark.
Do not place a period at the end of the citation.
It is not necessary to include retrieval dates, unless the source changes often over time (like in a Wikipedia article).
It is not necessary to include the names of databases
If using Citation Machine to develop your citation, the online publication information will be automatically replaced by the DOI. Citation Machine will properly cite your online sources for you.
Click here for more information about the basics of APA.
Citation Examples for Sources
Print Books with One Author:
Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Dickens, C. (1942). Great expectations. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead.
Print Books with Two or More Authors:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Date). Title. Location: Publisher.
Goldin, C. D., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The race between education and technology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Matthews, G., Smith, Y., & Knowles, G. (2009). Disaster management in archives, libraries and museums. Farnham, England: Ashgate.
Chapters in Books:
When citing a chapter in an edited book, use the following format:
Structure for Chapters in Edited Books in Print:
Last name of chapter author, First initial. Middle initial. (Year published). Chapter title. In First initial. Middle initial. Last name of Editor (Ed.), Book Title (pp. xx-xx). Publishing City, State: Publisher.
Example for Chapters in Edited Books in Print:
De Abreu, B.S. (2001). The role of media literacy education within social networking and the library. In D. E. Agosto & J. Abbas (Eds.), Teens, libraries, and social networking (pp. 39-48). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
Structure for Chapters in Edited Books, found Online:
Last name of chapter author, First initial. Middle initial. (Year published). Chapter title. In First initial. Last name of Editor (Ed.), Book title [E-reader version, if used] (pp. xx-xx). doi:10.xxxx/xxxxxx or Retrieved from http://xxxx
Example for Chapters in Edited Books, found Online:
Lobo, R. F. (2003). Introduction to the structural chemistry of zeolites. In S. Auerbach, K. Carrado, & P. Dutta (Eds.), Handbook of zeolite science and technology (pp. 65-89). Retrieved from https://books.google.com
If you're still unsure about how to cite a chapter in a book, use Citation Machine's free citation generator to help you. Your citations will automatically format properly for you.
E-Books Found on a Website:
Author Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of work [E-reader version]. http://dx.doi.org/xxxx or Retrieved from http://xxxx
Auster, P. (2007). The Brooklyn follies [Nook version]. Retrieved from http://www.barnesandnoble.com/
E-Books found on a Database:
Only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns in the title should be capitalized.
A DOI (digital object identifier) is basically a number that links a source to its location on the Internet. This number isn't always provided, but if it is, it's very important to include it in your citation.
Author Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of work. http://dx.doi.org/xxxx or Retrieved from http://xxxx
Baloh, P., & Burke, M. E. (2007). Attaining organizational innovations. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72804-9_30
To cite your e-books automatically, use the "Book" form on Citation Machine, click "Manual entry mode," and click the "E-book" tab. Citation Machine formats your citation properly following APA bibliography guidelines.
Journal articles in Print:
Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume(Issue), page range.
Gleditsch, N. P., Pinker, S., Thayer, B. A., Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2013). The forum: The decline of war. International Studies Review, 15(3), 396-419.
Journal Articles Online:
If your source is found online, but there is no DOI provided, you can include the URL instead.
A DOI (digital object identifier) is basically a number that links a source to its location on the Internet. This number isn't always provided, but if it is, you should include it in your citation rather than including a URL.
Unlike previous editions, the 6th edition does not require including a retrieval date or date accessed for online sources. A retrieval date is only necessary if the source is likely to change (ex. Wikipedia).
Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume(Issue), page range. http://dx.doi.org/xxxx
Sahin, N. T., Pinker, S., Cash, S. S., Schomer, D., & Halgren, E. (2009). Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and phonological information within Broca's area. Science, 326(5951), 445-449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sicence.1174481
If you need additional help citing your journal articles, our APA reference generator will cite your sources automatically for you.
Newspaper Articles in Print:
Author's Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month Day Published). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, page range.
Frost, L. (2006, September 14). First passengers ride monster jet. The Salt Lake Tribune, p. A2.
Page numbers: If the article is only one page long, use 'p.' For any articles longer than one page, use 'pp.'
If an article appears on non-sequential pages, separate each page number with a comma.
Example: pp. D4, D5, D7-D8
Newspaper Articles found Online:
Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month Date Published). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from newspaper homepage URL
Whiteside, K. (2004, August 31). College athletes want cut of action. USA Today. Retrieved http://www.usatoday.com
Magazine Articles in Print:
Author Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month Published). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Volume(Issue), page range.
Quammen, D. (2008, December). The man who wasn't Darwin. National Geographic Magazine, 214(6), 106.
Author Last Name, First initial. (Year, Month Date Published). Title of webpage. Retrieved from URL
Example of an APA format website:
Austerlitz, S. (2015, March 3). How long can a spinoff like 'Better Call Saul' last? Retrieved from http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-long-can-a-spinoff-like-better-call-saul-last/
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year, Month, Date of blog post). Title of blog post [Blog post]. Retrieved from URL
McClintock Miller, S. (2014, January 28). EasyBib joins the Rainbow Loom project as we dive into research with the third graders [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://vanmeterlibraryvoice.blogspot.com
On Citation Machine's form for blogs, you have the option to choose from standard, audio, and video blogs. Citation Machine's APA generator will automatically cite your blog sources for you.
TV and Radio Broadcasts
Writer Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Writer), & Director Last Name, First initial. (Director). (Year aired). Title of episode [Television or Radio series episode]. In First initial. Producer's Last name (Executive producer), TV or Radio series name. City, State of original channel: Channel.
Lin, K. (Writer), & Coles, J. D. (Director). (2014). Chapter 18 [Television series episode]. In Bays, C. (Executive producer), House of cards. Washington, D.C.: Netflix.
If using Citation Machine's citation generator, television and radio broadcasts use the same form.
Producer Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Producer), & Director Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Director). (Year Released). Title of film [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio.
Kurtz, G. (Producer), & Kershner, I. (Director). (1980). The emperor strikes back [Motion picture]. United States: 20th Century Fox.
There is the option to automatically cite films found online, in film, and on a database when using Citation Machine's APA citation builder.
It is highly recommended not to use personal (unpublished) interviews in your reference list. Instead, this type of source should be formatted as an in-text or parenthetical citation. Here is an example of an in-text citation for a personal interview:
Structure: (Interviewee First initial., Last Name, personal communication, Date Interviewed)
Example: (D. Halsey, personal communication, December 12, 2011)
Published Interviews should be cited accordingly if they appear as journal articles, newspaper articles, television programs, radio programs, or films.
If your instructor requires a citation in the reference list, use the following structure:
Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. of Individual being interviewed (Year, Month Day Interviewed). Interview by F. I. Last name [Format of interview].
Halsey, D. (2011, December 12). Interview by S. L. Ferguson [In-person].
If you are planning on using Citation Machine, a note is displayed above the form stating that personal interviews are not typically cited in text.
Songs & Musical Recordings found Online
*Note: If the name of the songwriter is the same as the name of the recording artist, leave out the bracketed information located after the name of the song.
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. of Songwriter. (Year created). Song title [Recorded by First initial. Middle initial. Last name of the performer's name or the name of the band]. On Album Title [Medium]. Retrieved from URL
Hedfors, A., Ingrosso, S., & Angello, S. (2012). Greyhound [Recorded by Swedish House Mafia]. On Until Now [Audio file]. Retrieved from https://open.spotify.com/track/0VffaI2jwQknRrxpECYHsF
If using Citation Machine, choose the form titled, "Music/Audio," to automatically cite your songs and musical recordings. Our APA citation maker is free and easy to use.
Doctoral Dissertations found on a Database:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year published). Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No. xxxxxxx).
English, L. S. (2014). The influences of community college library characteristics on institutional graduation rates: A national study (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from American Doctoral Dissertations. (37CDD15DF659E63F).
If using Citation Machine, there is a form for dissertations that will automatically cite this source type for you.
Audio Podcasts:
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Producer). (Year, Month Day). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from URL
Goodwin, G. (Producer). (2016, February 11). History extra [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.historyextra.com/podcasts
If using Citation Machine's APA format generator, choose the "Blog/Podcast," form to cite your podcasts automatically.
Last name, First initial. Middle initial. [YouTube username]. (Year, Month Day of posting). Title of YouTube video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL
Damien, M. [Marcelo Damien]. (2014, April 10). Tiesto @ Ultra Buenos Aires 2014 (full set) [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/mr4TDnR0ScM
If using our APA citation machine, choose the form titled, "Film" to automatically cite your YouTube videos.
Looking for a source type that is not on this guide? Here is another useful link to follow.
Annotated Bibliographies:
An APA annotated bibliography is a bibliography that includes the full reference citations in addition to a small paragraph containing your evaluation about each source. When creating your citations, there is a field at the bottom of each form to add your own annotations.
Title Pages:
Looking to create an APA format title page? Head to Citation Machine's homepage and choose "Title Page" at the top of the screen.
Click here for further reading on the style.
Find out more about the apa format
BibMe's Free APA Format Guide & Generator
What is APA?
APA stands for the American Psychological Association, which is an organization that focuses on psychology. They are responsible for creating this specific citation style. The APA is not associated with this guide, but all of the information here provides guidance to using their style.
What is APA Citing?
This citation style is used by many scholars and researchers in the behavioral and social sciences, not just psychology. There are other citation formats and styles such as MLA and Chicago, but this one is most popular in the science fields.
Following the same standard format for citations allows readers to understand the types of sources used in a project and also understand their components.
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is currently in its 6th edition. It outlines proper ways to organize and structure a research paper, explains grammar guidelines, and how to properly cite sources. This webpage, created solely by BibMe to help students and researchers, focuses on how to create APA citations*. For more information, please consult the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed.).
We cite sources for many reasons. One reason is to give credit to the authors of the work you used to help you with your own research. When you use another person's information to help you with your project, it is important to acknowledge that individual or group. This is one way to prevent plagiarism. Another reason why we create citations is to provide a standard way for others to understand and possibly explore the sources we used. To learn more about citations, check out this page on crediting work. Also, read up on how to be careful of plagiarism.
There are two types of citations. In-text citations are found in the body of the project and are used when adding a direct quote or paraphrase into your work. Reference citations are found in the reference list, which is at the end of the assignment and includes the full citations of all sources used in a project.
Depending on the types of sources you used for your project, the structure for each citation may look different. There is a certain format, or structure, for books, a different one for journal articles, a different one for websites, and so on. Scroll down to find the appropriate citation structure for your sources.
Even though the structure varies across different sources, see below for a full explanation of in-text citations and reference citations.
To learn more about APA referencing, including the American Psychological Association's blog, formatting questions, & referencing explanations, click on this link for further reading on the style. To learn more about BibMe, see the section below titled, "Using BibMe to Create Citations for your Reference List or APA Bibliography."
Citing Basics
In-Text Citations Overview:
When using a direct quote or paraphrasing information from a source, include an in-text citation in the body of your project, immediately following it.
In-text citations may look something like this:
"Direct quote" or paraphrase (Author's last name, Year, page number).
See the section below titled, "In-Text or Parenthetical Citations," for a full explanation and instructions.
Full Citations Overview
Each source used to help with the gathering of information for your project is listed as a full citation in the reference list, which is usually the last part of a project.
The structure for each citation is based on the type of source used. Scroll down to see examples of some common source formats.
Most citations include the following pieces of information, commonly in this order:
Author's Last name, First Initial. Middle initial. (Date published). Title of source. Retrieved from URL
To determine the exact format for your full citations, scroll down to the section titled, "Common Examples."
If you're looking for an easy way to create your citations, use BibMe's free APA citation machine, which automatically formats your citations quickly and easily.
Citation Components
How to Structure Authors
Authors are displayed in reverse order: Last name, First initial. Middle initial. End this information with a period.
Kirschenbaum, M. A.
In an APA citation, include all authors shown on a source. If using BibMe's APA citation builder, click "Add another contributor" to add additional author names. Our free citation creator will format the authors in the order in which you add them.
If your reference list has multiple authors with the same last name and initials, include their first name in brackets.
Brooks, G. [Geraldine]. (2005). March. New York, NY: Viking.
Brooks, G. [Gwendolyn]. (1949). Annie Allen. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.
When no author is listed, exclude the author information and start the citation with the title followed by the year in parentheses.
When citing an entire edited book, place the names of editors in the author position and follow it with Ed. or Eds. in parentheses. See below for examples of citing edited books in their entirety and also chapters in edited books.
How to Structure Publication Dates:
Place the date that the source was published in parentheses after the name of the author. For periodicals, include the month and day as well. If no date is available, place n.d. in parentheses, which stands for no date.
How to Structure the Title:
For book titles: Only capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title and the same for the subtitle. Capitalize the first letter for any proper nouns as well. Place this information in italics. End it with a period.
For articles and chapter titles: Only capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title and the same for the subtitle. Capitalize the first letter for any proper nouns as well. Do not italicize the title or place it in quotation marks. End it with a period.
The correlation between school libraries and test scores: A complete overview.
For magazine, journal, and newspaper titles: Write the title in capitalization form, with each important word starting with a capital letter.
If you believe that it will help the reader to understand the type of source, such as a brochure, lecture notes, or an audio podcast, place a description in brackets directly after the title. Only capitalize the first letter.
New World Punx. (2014, February 15). A state of trance 650 [Audio file]. Retrieved from https://soundcloud.com/newworldpunx/asot650utrecht
How to Structure Publication Information
For books and sources that are not periodicals, give the city and state (or city and country if outside of the U.S.) for the place of publication. Abbreviate the state name using the two-letter abbreviation. Place a colon after the location.
Philadelphia, PA:
Rotterdam, Netherlands:
For journals, magazines, newspapers, and other periodicals, place the volume number after the title. Italicize this information. Place the issue number in parentheses and do not italicize it. Afterwards, include page numbers.
Journal of Education for Library and Information Science,57(1), 79-82.
If you're citing a newspaper article, include p. or pp. before the page numbers.
How to Structure the Publisher:
The names of publishers are not necessary to include for newspapers, magazines, journals, and other periodicals.
For books and other sources: It is not necessary to type out the name of the publisher exactly as it is shown on the source. Use a brief, but understandable form of the publisher's name. Exclude the terms publishers, company, and incorporated. Include Books and Press if it is part of the publisher's name. End this information with a period.
Little Brown and Company would be placed in the citation as: Little Brown.
Oxford University Press would be placed in the citation as: Oxford University Press.
How to Structure Online sources
For sources found online:
include the URL at the end of the citation
format it as: Retrieved from URL
do not place a period after the URL
If you're citing a periodical article found online, there might be a DOI number attached to it. This stands for Direct Object Identifier. A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a unique string of numbers and letters assigned by a registration agency. The DOI is used to identify and provide a permanent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is assigned when an article is published and made electronically. If your article does indeed have a DOI number, use this instead of the URL as the DOI number is static and never changes. If the source you're citing has a DOI number, after the publication information add a period and then http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx. The x's indicate where you should put the DOI number. Do not place a period after the DOI number. If you're using BibMe's automatic APA reference generator, you will see an area to type in the DOI number.
Lobo, F. (2017, February 23). Sony just launched the world's fastest SD card. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2017/02/23/sony-sf-g-fastest-sd-card/?utm_cid=mash-prod-nav-sub-st#ErZKV8blqOqO
Chadwell, F.A., Fisher, D.M. (2016). Creating open textbooks: A unique partnership between Oregon State University libraries and press and Open Oregon State. Open Praxis,8(2), 123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.2.290
Citations and Examples
Citations for Print Books
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year published). Title of book. Location of publisher: Publisher.
Finney, J. (1970). Time and again. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
Looking for an APA formatter? Don't forget that BibMe's APA citation generator creates citations quickly and easily.
Notes: When citing a book, keep in mind:
Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and any subtitles, as well as the first letter of any proper nouns.
The full title of the book, including any subtitles, should be stated and italicized.
Citing an E-book from an E-reader
E-book is short for "electronic book." It is a digital version of a book that can be read on a computer, e-reader (Kindle, Nook, etc.), or other electronic devices.
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year published). Title of work [E-reader version]. http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx or Retrieved from URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx is used when a source has a DOI number. If the e-book you're citing has a DOI number, use it in the citation. DOIs are preferred over URLs.
Eggers, D. (2008). The circle [Kindle version]. Retrieved from www.amazon.com
Citing an E-book found in a Database and Online
When citing an online book or e-book, keep in mind:
A DOI (digital object identifier) is an assigned number that helps link content to its location on the Internet. It is therefore important, if one is provided, to use it when creating a citation. In place of the x's in the doi format, place the 10 digit DOI number.
Notice that for e-books, publication information is excluded from the citation.
Sayre, R. K., Devercelli, A. E., Neuman, M. J., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Investment in early childhood development: Review of the world bank's recent experience. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0403-8
Citations for Chapters in Edited Books
Chapter author's Last name, F. M. (Year published). Title of chapter. In F. M. Last name of Editor (Ed.), Title of book (p. x or pp. x-x). Location: Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx or Retrieved from URL
Longacre, W. A., & Ayres, J. E. (1968). Archeological lessons from an Apache wickiup. In S. R. Binford & L. R. Binford (Eds.), Archeology in cultural systems (pp. 151-160). Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=vROM3JrrRa0C&lpg=PP1&dq=archeology&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q=archeology&f=false
Citations for Edited Books
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year published). Title of edited book. Location: Publisher.
Gupta, R. (Ed.). (2003). Remote sensing geology. Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Citations for Websites
Citing a general website article with an author:
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Day published). Title of article or page. Retrieved from URL
Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved from http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/
Citing a general website article without an author:
Article title. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL
Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: Police. (2015, January 16). Retrieved from http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-Posed-as-Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-288810831.html
Citations for Journal Articles found in Print:
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year published). Article title. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.
Nevin, A. (1990). The changing of teacher education special education. Teacher Education and Special Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children,13(3-4), 147-148.
Citations for Journal Articles found Online
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year published). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page range. http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL
Spreer, P., & Rauschnabel, P. A. (2016). Selling with technology: Understanding the resistance to mobile sales assistant use in retailing. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 36(3), 240-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2016.1208100
Notes: When creating your online journal article citation, keep in mind:
This citation style does NOT require you to include the date of access/retrieval date or database information for electronic sources.
You can use the URL of the journal homepage if there is no DOI assigned and the reference was retrieved online.
A DOI (digital object identifier) is an assigned number that helps link content to its location on the Internet. It is therefore important, if one is provided, to use it when creating a citation. All DOI numbers begin with a 10 and are separated by a slash. Don't forget, BibMe's free APA generator, which is an APA citation maker, is simple to use!
Citations for a Newspaper Article in Print
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp. xx-xx.
Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective legal weapon. The New York Times, p. D5.
Notes: When creating your newspaper citation, keep in mind:
Begin page numbers with p. (for a single page) or pp. (for multiple pages).
Even if the article appears on non-consecutive pages, include all page numbers, and use a comma to separate them. Example: pp. C2, C5, C7-C9.
Citations for Newspapers found Online
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from URL of newspaper's homepage
Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective legal weapon. The New York Times, Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Notes: When citing a newspaper, keep in mind:
This style does NOT require you to include the date of access for electronic sources. If you discovered a newspaper article via an online database, that information is NOT required for the citation either.
Multiple lines: If the URL runs onto a second line, only break URL before punctuation (except for http://).
Citations for Magazines
Citing a magazine article in print:
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year, Month of publication). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), page range.
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15), 3-40.
Notes: When citing a magazine, keep in mind:
You can find the volume number with the other publication information of the magazine.
You can typically find page numbers at the bottom corners of a magazine article.
If you cannot locate an issue number, simply don't include it in the citation.
Citing a magazine article found online:
Author's Last name, F. M. (Year, Month of publication). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from URL
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15). Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1179361,00.html
Notes: When creating an online magazine citation, keep in mind:
*The volume and issue number aren't always on the same page as the article. Check out the other parts of the website before leaving it out of the citation.
Citations for Films
Producer's Last name, F. M. (Producer), & Director's Last name, F. M. (Director). (Release Year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Bender, L. (Producer), & Tarantino, Q. (Director). (1994). Pulp fiction [Motion picture]. United States: Miramax.
Citations for Films & Videos from YouTube
Person who posted the video's Last name, F. M. [User name]. (Year, Month Day of posting). Title of YouTube video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL
If the name of the individual who posted the YouTube video is not available, begin the citation with the user name and do not place this information in brackets.
Smith, R. [Rick Smith] (2013, September 20). Favre to Moss! [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOP_L6hBjn8
Citations for Photographs
Citing a photograph found in a publication or museum:
Photographer's Last name, F. M. (Photographer). (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of photograph [Photograph]. City, State of Publication or Museum: Publisher/Museum.
Roege, W. J. (Photographer). (1938). St. Patrick's Cathedral, Fifth Avenue from 50th St to 51st Street [Photograph]. New York, NY: New York Historical Society.
Citing a photograph retrieved online:
Photographer, A. (Photographer). (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of photograph [Digital image]. Retrieved from URL
Ferraro, A. (Photographer). (2014, April 28). Liberty enlightening the world [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/afer92/14278571753/in/set-72157644617030616
Citations for TV/Radio Broadcasts
Writer, F. M. (Writer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year of Airing). Episode title [Television series episode]. In F. M. Executive Producer's Last name (Executive Producer), TV series name. City, State of original channel: Channel.
Kand, K. (Writer), & Fryman, P. (Director). (2006). Slap bet [Television series episode]. In C. Bays (Executive Producer), How I met your mother, Los Angeles, CA: CBS.
TV/Radio Broadcasts found Online:
Writer, F. M. (Writer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year of Airing). Episode title [Television series episode]. In F. M. Executive Producer's Last name (Executive Producer), TV series name. Retrieved from URL
Kand, K. (Writer), & Fryman, P. (Director). (2006). Slap bet [Television series episode]. In C. Bays (Executive Producer), How I met your mother. Retrieved from https://www.hulu.com/watch/1134858#i0,p30,d0
Note: When citing a TV show or episode, keep in mind:
*IMDB is a great resource for finding the information needed for your citation (Director, Writer, Executive Producer, etc.) This information can also be found in the opening and closing credits of the show.
Citations for Interviews:
A personal interview should NOT be included in a reference list. They are not considered recoverable data (they cannot be found by a researcher). You should reference personal interviews as in-text citations instead.
(J. Doe, personal communication, December 12, 2004)
Citations for Encyclopedia Entries
Author's Last name, F. M. (Publication Year). Entry title. In F. M. Last name of Editor (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia (pp. xx-xx). City, State abbreviation or Country: Publisher.
Kammen, C., & Wilson, A. H. (2012). Monuments. Encyclopedia of local history. (pp. 363-364). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
How to Reference a Lecture
This style of reference would be used if you were citing a set of notes from a lecture (e.g. PowerPoint or Google slides provided by your instructor).
Citing online lecture notes or presentation slides:
Author's Last name, F. M. (Publication year). Name or title of lecture [Lectures notes or PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from URL
Saito, T. (2012). Technology and me: A personal timeline of educational technology [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/Bclari25/educational-technology-ppt
Tip: If you want to cite information from your own personal notes from a lecture, this is considered personal communication. It is considered personal communication since the lecture notes may not be available online for others outside of the class to access. Refer to it only in the body of your essay or project. You can follow the style guide for personal communication available in the Interview section.
In-Text and Parenthetical Citations
What is an In-Text Citation or Parenthetical Citation?
The purpose of in-text and parenthetical citations is to give the reader a brief idea as to where you found your information, while they're in the middle of reading or viewing your project. You may include direct quotes in the body of your project, which are word-for-word quotes from another source. Or, you may include a piece of information that you paraphrased in your own words. These are called parenthetical citations. Both direct quotes and paraphrased information include an in-text citation directly following it. You also need to include the full citation for the source in the reference list, which is usually the last item in a project.
In-Text Citations for Direct Quotes
The in-text citation is found immediately following the direct quote. It should include the page number or section information to help the reader locate the quote themselves.
Buck needed to adjust rather quickly upon his arrival in Canada. He states, "no lazy, sun-kissed life was this, with nothing to do but loaf and be bored. Here was neither peace, nor rest, nor a moment's safety" (London, 1903, p. 25).
In-Text Citations for Paraphrased Information:
When taking an idea from another source and placing it in your own words, it is not necessary to include the page number, but you can add it if the source is large and you want to direct readers right to the information.
At the time, papyrus was used to create paper, but it was only grown and available in mass quantities in Egypt. This posed a problem for the Greeks and Romans, but they managed to have it exported to their civilizations. Papyrus thus remained the material of choice for paper creation (Casson, 2001).
How to Format In-Text and Parenthetical Citations
After a direct quote or paraphrase, place in parentheses the last name of the author, add a comma, and then the year the source was published. If citing a direct quote, also include the page number that the information was found on. Close the parentheses and add a period afterwards.
If the author's name is included in the text of your project, omit their name from the in-text citation and only include the other identifying pieces of information.
Smith states that, "the Museum Effect is concerned with how individuals look at a work of art, but only in the context of looking at that work along with a number of other works" (2014, p. 82).
If your source has two authors, always include both names in each in-text citation.
If your source has three, four, or five authors, include all names in the first in-text citation along with the date. In the following in-text citations, only include the first author's name and follow it with et al.
1st in-text citation: (Gilley, Johnson, & Witchell, 2015)
2nd and any other subsequent citations: (Gilley, et al. 2015)
If your source has six or more authors, only include the first author's name in the first citation and follow it with et al. Include the year the source was published and the page numbers (if it is a direct quote).
1st in-text citation: (Jasper, et al., 2017)
2nd and any other subsequent citations: (Jasper, et al., 2017)
If your source was written by a company, organization, government agency, or other type of group, include the group's name in full in the first in text citation. In any in-text citations following it, it is acceptable to shorten the group name to something that is simple and understandable.
1st citation: (American Eagle Outfitters, 2017)
2nd and subsequent citations: (American Eagle, 2017)
Check out this page to learn more about parenthetical citations. Also, BibMe creates your parenthetical citations quickly and easily. Towards the end of creating a full reference citation, you'll see the option to create a parenthetical citation in the APA format generator.
Your Reference List
The listing of all sources used in your project are found in the reference list, which is usually the last page or part of a project. Included in this reference list are all of the sources you used to gather research and other information.
It is not necessary to include personal communications in the reference list, such as personal emails or letters. These specific sources only need in-text citations, which are found in the body of your project.
All citations, or references, are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name.
If you have two sources by the same author, place them in order by the year of publication.
Thompson, H. S. (1971). Fear and loathing in Las Vegas: A savage journey to the heart of the American dream. New York, NY: Random House.
Thompson, H. S. (1998). The rum diary. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
If there are multiple sources with the same author AND same publication date, place them in alphabetical order by the title.
Dr. Seuss. (1958). The cat in the hat comes back. New York, NY: Random House.
Dr. Seuss. (1958). Yertle the turtle. New York, NY: Random House.
If a source does not have an author, place the source in alphabetical order by the first main word of the title.
Need help creating the citations in your APA reference list? BibMe creates your citations by entering a keyword, URL, title, or other identifying information.
How to Format Your Paper in APA:
Need to create APA format papers? Follow these guidelines:
In an APA style paper, the font used throughout your document should be in Times New Roman, 12 point font size. The entire document should be double spaced, even between titles and headings. Margins should be 1 inch around the entire document and indent every new paragraph using the tab button on your keyboard.
Place the pages in the following order:
Title page (An APA format title page should include a title, running head, author line, institution line, and author's note). (Page 1)
Abstract page (page 2)
Text or body of research paper (start on page 3)
Page for tables (if necessary)
Page for figures (if necessary)
Appendices page (if necessary)
Page numbers: The title page counts as page 1. Number the pages afterwards using Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, 4…).
What is a running head?
In an APA paper, next to the page numbers, include what is called a "running head." The running head is a simplified version of the title of your paper. Place the running head in the top left corner of your project and place it in capital letters.
On the title page only, include the phrase: Running head
Title page example:
Running head: QUALITY LIBRARY PROGRAMS
For the rest of the paper or project, do not use the term, Running head.
Example of subsequent pages:
Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and many other word processing programs allow you to set up page numbers and a repeated running head. Use these tools to make this addition easier for you!
If you're looking for an APA sample paper, check out the other resources found on BibMe.
Using BibMe to Create Citations for your Reference List or Bibliography
Looking to cite your sources quickly and easily? BibMe can help you generate your citations; simply enter a title, ISBN, URL, or other identifying information.
See more across the site here and if you'd like to cite your sources in MLA format, check out BibMe's MLA page. Other citation styles are available as well.
Background Information and History of APA:
The American Psychological Association was founded in 1892 at Clark University, in Worcester, Massachusetts. APA style format was developed in 1929 by scholars from a number of different scientific fields and backgrounds. Their overall goal was to develop a standard way to document scientific writing and research.
Since its inception, the Style Manual has been updated numerous times and it is now in its 6th edition. The 6th edition was released in 2010. In 2012, APA published an addition to their 6th edition manual, which was a guide for creating citations for electronic resources.
Today, there are close to 118,000 members. There is an annual convention, numerous databases, and journal publications. Some of their more popular resources include the database, PsycINFO, and the publications, Journal of Applied Psychology and Health Psychology.
*Disclaimer: The American Psychological Association was not involved in the making of this guide.
Features Of Types Of Essay Introductions
Bibliography Page For The Bible
Mr Hall Author Biography Essay
Media Influence On Body Image Dissertation Format
Uw Madison Transfer Essay
Essay On Gay Marriages Should Be Illegal
List Of Great Words To Use In Essays
World Book Encyclopedia 2007 Bibliography
Force Et Faiblesse De L Onu Dissertation Outline
19 Crimes Shiraz Descriptive Essay


Food packaging is an important predictor of the purchase and use of healthy dietary products. Under supervision of Peeter Verlegh (VU), Marieke Fransen (UvA), and ACHC board member Edith Smit, Iris van Ooijen studied the effects of food packaging design on (amongst others) perception of the healthiness of food products. Her PhD research was funded by SWOCC.
Amongst other findings, studies from the PhD project showed that slim packaging is not only judged in a more positive manner, but is also more easily noticed by people who are searching for healthy products. These results suggest that not only textual information about health is necessary for persuasion, but that food packaging in itself has persuasive impact for health promotion.
Mw. I. van Ooijen: Packaging Design as Communicator of Product Attributes. Effects on Consumers' Attribute Inferences.
Promotor: prof. dr. E.G. Smit en prof. dr. P.W.J. Verlegh (VU).


PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 3, 2016 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Researchers today unveiled results from a new blood test to help identify which patients are at an elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease. The findings, presented at the 68th AACC Annual Scientific Meeting & Clinical Lab Expo in Philadelphia, showed that the biochip test, which allows multiple tests to be run on one blood sample, was as accurate as existing molecular tests that analyze DNA.
"This is the first time that we have used this biochip technology to test for an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease," said Emma C. Harte, PhD, a research scientist at Randox Laboratories. "This type of testing is important in our quest to understand and diagnose Alzheimer's and empower patients to understand risks, consider medication, and even make early lifestyle changes."
This test detects the presence of a protein in the blood produced by a specific variation of the apolipoprotein gene (ApoE4), which is associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The apolipoprotein gene is inherited from each parent and when a patient inherits the ApoE4 variant from one parent they have a three times greater risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, whereas a patient who inherits ApoE4 from both parents is eight-to-12 times more likely to develop the disease.
To verify the accuracy of the biochip test, 384 samples were analyzed and results compared to those from a standard molecular diagnostic test. Researchers from Randox Laboratories collaborated with research colleagues at the Medical University of Vienna and found that results from the two tests were in 100% agreement. As biochip tests allow clinicians and researchers to quickly run multiple tests on one sample of blood, this new test is also faster and more affordable than the standard DNA test, producing results in only three hours. This enables doctors to predict the risk of an individual developing Alzheimer's disease.
"Pairing this test with medical and family history for risk of Alzheimer's disease has the real potential to advance personalized medicine," said Harte. "This fast, accurate testing will allow doctors and patients to make more informed choices earlier to potentially slow the possible progress of Alzheimer's."
All scientific posters will be on display in the Terrace Ballroom at the Pennsylvania Convention Center in Philadelphia.
The AACC Annual Scientific Meeting offers 5 days packed with opportunities to learn about exciting science from July 31–August 4. Plenary sessions feature the latest research on the use of and testing for cannabis, combating premature death due to preventable causes such as tobacco and alcohol, the development of an "intelligent" surgical knife, programmable bio-nano-chips, and the epigenetic causes of disease.
At the AACC Clinical Lab Expo, more than 750 exhibitors will fill the show floor of Philadelphia's Pennsylvania Convention Center, with displays of the latest diagnostic technology, including but not limited to mobile health, molecular diagnostics, mass spectrometry, point-of-care, and automation.


text:
Q: Is there a standard higher order function for applying a transformation several times? I'm thinking of a function like this:
> let applyN (initial : 't) (n:int) (f : 't -> 't) = seq {1..n} |> Seq.fold (fun s _ -> f s) initial;;

val applyN : initial:'t -> n:int -> f:('t -> 't) -> 't

> applyN 0 10 (fun x -> x + 1);;
val it : int = 10

Note: The code is F# but I tagged the question with haskell, ocaml and ml tags because if the function doesn't exist in F# libraries but it exists in other languages I would like to use the same name

A: You would have gotten (very close to) an answer by using for example Hayoo (or Hoogle, but Hoogle's not as flexible — iterateN was not found):

*

*a search for Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> a revealed several functions that do what you want but are not part of the stdlib.

*a search for applyN returned a function of exactly the same name with the type signature you are looking.

*by laxing the return value by searching for Int -> (a -> a) -> a instead (note the missing -> a at the end), you get the iterateN :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> Seq a function which erdeszt has already mentioned.
P.S. Hoogle seems to be more capable of flipping around argument order: (a -> a) -> Int -> a -> Seq a successfully returns 'iterateN :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> Seq a`, which Hayoo does not.

A: There is an iterateN function for Haskell in the Data.Sequence module that looks like the one you are looking for.
It's actually just a combinaton of iterate + take:
let iterateN n f x = take n (iterate f x)
Here's an F# version of iterate (from here), Seq.take is part of the F# standard library:
let rec iterate f value = seq {
   yield value
   yield! iterate f (f value) }

A: A possible solution:
> import Data.Monoid
> import Debug.SimpleReflect -- not really needed, just for showing the result
> (appEndo . mconcat . replicate 5 . Endo $ f) a
f (f (f (f (f a))))

Another (already mentioned):
> iterate f a !! 5
f (f (f (f (f a))))

(add lambdas if you want to turn it into a function)
However, don't forget that Haskell is lazy: the above methods will first build a thunk by applying f many times and only then start evaluating. Sometimes f could be iterated in constant space, e.g. when f :: Int -> Int (and f itself works in constant space), but the above approaches only work in linear space.
I would define by own strict iteration combinator, e.g.:
iter :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> a
iter 0 _ x = x
iter n f x = iter (pred n) f $! f x

or even,
iter n f x = foldl' (flip $ const f) x [1..n]

which is more of less the Haskell translation of what was already posted in the question.
Alternatively, we can can define a strict version of iterate (which IMHO should already exist...)
iterate' :: (a -> a) -> a -> [a]
iterate' f x = x : (iterate' f $! f x)

A: To add to the list of other ways to do it,
import Control.Monad.State.Lazy

applyN initial n =
  flip execState initial . replicateM_ n . modify

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tuesday January 21st 2020, 11:21 pm
That light gray-blue Mecha wool hat a few weeks ago that I didn't quite get to finish while the garage worked on my tire?
Guess which idiot light came back on in the car?
Sure, you can bring it over right now, he said on the phone.
When I told him the tire light had blinked for several blocks on the way there before going solid, his own light bulb went off and he was glad I'd mentioned it so he knew what to check.
It was a different tire this time but it was also the sensor that tells the car about it. The car's an '07; he said the other three would probably start failing, too, but at least hopefully not all at once.
He's such a gentle, kind man.
Today though he looked like the world was heavy on his shoulders, and all I could think of was how much he reminded me of my cousin John.
I hadn't unpacked my purse from the trip yet. That hat he'd seen me working on the last time was in there. I also had a brighter blue one (London Sky) I'd knitted on the plane, with a third (Piedras) on the needles I'd started at the airport on the way home.
Again, I almost finished it before he called me over.
After he'd rung the work up I presented my own and offered him his choice. He was blown away. He picked the London Sky, and as he went to put it on his head I told him, "Happy Birthday!"
He looked at me in surprise: "Did you know it was my birthday?!"
Me, surprised but delighted: "No!"
"It was the 17th," he said, "but, yeah, it was my birthday." It was cold. He told me his ears were warm already and that he'd needed that. He told me his girlfriend was going to love it, so I asked his girlfriend's favorite color and unlike quite a few men I've met he knew it without hesitation.
Pink? Suddenly I have an excuse to buy a skein of yarn. Twist my arm.
Anything I can do, when I know I can do at least that one small thing. John would want me to. Can you just picture the man's happy anticipation towards making her happy once he gets it?
The way my tires are going, I'll get everybody in the shop by the end of next month.
I dream of gene-ey
Tuesday January 14th 2020, 10:47 pm
Filed under: Knit,Life
So this got started: that's an instant-gratification swatch from the weekend with the water smushed out of it and the towel there on the footrest straight from the sink. Good enough for measuring where you don't have to worry about the fit.
But having just finished a project that for weeks took my thoughts when it wasn't taking my actual time, today I just didn't touch the new one at all. I had work to do.
My yarn storage is now more organized and the room is straightened up and vacuumed, and I made good headway on that other room, too.
It's good to know there's at least one organizing gene in there. It may be recessive but when it's expressing itself you run with what you've got.
SnowDad
Sunday January 12th 2020, 9:23 pm
This Calvin and Hobbes strip. One commenter said that Calvin would never forget those moments with his dad.
My little sister and I were about seven and nine years old. There had been one of the bigger snowstorms we'd ever seen and we were set on making the biggest snowman ever and certainly the biggest one in the neighborhood. I'm pretty sure our older brother was part of it at the beginning.
This was in a neighborhood of five and seven bedroom homes in a predominantly Catholic state and we were all big-family baby boomers: we knew we had our competition close by.
We skunked'em.
Anne and I collected that snow and we rolled and rolled those balls (and I remember a small pang of regret that we were wrecking how pretty the blanket of snow had been in the yard) and after several hours' work we did, we had the parts to the biggest snowman ever outside our parents' bedroom window–possibly because that was slightly downhill as the front yard went. Thank you gravity.
But that ball for the middle section: it was ambitious but as we stopped and considered and even tried just a bit there was no way we were going to be able to heft that thing onto the giant bottom ball.
I'm pretty sure I ran inside to ask for help because at that age Daddy could still do anything, but it may be that he looked out the window instead. Either way, he was soon out there with us all bundled up and helping us roll the snowballs for just a bit longer. He declared it good and that it was all big enough.
Combination of, But Dad! and (ohthankyoufinallywecanstopnow).
And then he had a plan.
He disappeared for just a moment towards the shed on the other side of the house and came back with a large wooden plank, and together–it took all of us–we all rolled that middle ball right on up there. We did it!!!
It would have taken a way longer plank than anything around to get the head on that thing, so Dad lifted the smallest one. It was heavy but doable.
Scarf, carrot, eyes, the works. Classic.
Later we saw that some of the kids up the street in both directions had indeed made snowmen, and ours was indeed the biggest.
But then, we had Dad.
And hot cocoa on the stove from Mom when we came inside and stomped our feet and took off our boots on the slate entryway.
Cousin John
Monday January 06th 2020, 10:37 pm
Filed under: Family,Knitting a Gift,Life
John sent me this selfie, looking up, and it took me awhile to figure out what seemed so odd about it: it's that I always saw my 6'7″ cousin from well below. The perspective was so different.
His father had Parkinson's with dementia and his mother was becoming frail; he took them into his own home, and when it became clear that that was a full time job now he quit his to take care of them.
He never married, but his father is why my parents met: our dads served Mormon missions together across French-speaking Europe right after the war. Dad later went to Utah to go visit his close friend David, and David's little sister heard an unfamiliar voice across the house and ran a few steps back to her room to dress in something nicer and then Mom came back out and met Dad.
Uncle David and Aunt Bonnie met playing in the symphony together, so music was an important part of their and their childrens' lives. John played piano and French horn.
Uncle David died a few years ago; one year ago, I flew into town for Aunt Bonnie's funeral.
Everybody wanted to thank John for all that he'd done for them and everybody wanted to rally around him in his loss–what do you do when everything is different now.
He wasn't one to say much. But if you talked to him you knew he loved you. Period. Everybody. I just got off the phone with my older son who said, Yes, I saw him at Grampa's funeral in October and we talked for several minutes and he was just the nicest guy.
John mentioned to me about twenty years ago that he was allergic to wool, although, other fibers seemed fine.
There was a cousins-only get-together after the service, a reunion for our generation. I asked John when it seemed a good moment for it if we could step into the other room where the noise level wasn't quite so bad for my hearing.
He, a bit quizzically, followed me over there.
He nearly cried when I pulled out a keyboard for his head. Baby alpaca, silk, cashmere: no wool. I'd remembered. He was intensely grateful at being thought of, at being seen. He exclaimed in the rawness of his loss, "She was my best friend!" We held each other and I wished I could make it better.
I had no idea from where I lived that that fog of grief never lifted for him and that the depression was spiraling him so far downward. I would have done anything, we all would have. I was stunned when my brother called with the news today. It is unfathomable that my beloved cousin John, the one whose kindness and empathy were why I named my son after him in hopes of raising a man as good as he was, is gone from us.
He had lost how to love himself as much as he loved each of us.
I am gutted.
Sometimes you just need to dive in like that
Saturday January 04th 2020, 11:32 pm
(Photo from early on where I was trying to capture how the same stitches looked blocked vs not. Even if the one is upside down from the other. Water is magic.)
A friend who's a grad student at Stanford asked for help and we invited him over for the resident geek to coach him.
It turned into an eight-hour marathon.
Which meant a marathon knitting session for me, interrupted by a quick trip for groceries and I made myself stop every now and then and go do something else with my hands, but essentially I knitted from ten a.m. past six. Icepacks were my friend.
I lined up the lightly blocked afghan with the not at all blocked bottom border, measured the blocked side border and counted repeats and went back and added one more to the edging piece. It's now blocking. But not cast off yet, with the thought that if I need to add another before the sewing I can.
So now at least I know how long it will take to knit its twin for the upper side.
But that moment with everything lined up, standing back and taking in how it looked: there was this immediate sense of YES! *This* is how it was supposed to look! It made it all worth it.
Mend and replace
Thursday January 02nd 2020, 10:59 pm
Filed under: Friends,Life,Politics
I was sitting in the little waiting room at the garage while they tested my tire–yup, a second leak close to the whitewall, too close, can't mend it this time, they're ordering me a new one but at least it's partly covered by the warranty.
There was a man studying what I took to be a textbook at the other end of that long table. (It was.)
I had my needles in hand–Mecha yarn for a hat that was six rows in when I arrived–and was quietly knitting away for that classic little old lady look.
About forty minutes in, he gave it a break for a moment to strike up a conversation with me. I had to make him wait till the air compressor on the other side of the wall stopped so I could hear him.
He wanted to ask my take on the election goings-on.
Which led to my asking if he had a favored candidate, (since he was pushing for me to tell him mine and I wasn't doing so) and he got a grin on his face and pulled the sides of his button-down open Superman style to show the Superman-styled t-shirt underneath in dark blue.
I recognized that logo and grinned right back. Good for him! We need more involvement!
Turns out that he'd been volunteering as a fundraiser for Yang's campaign.
We talked about some of Yang's ideas that we both really like. He didn't like it quite so much when I said that even if Yang were to lose, so often the best of a candidate's ideas win out even when the candidate him/herself doesn't and they do us all good by putting them out there.
I didn't fully believe in his man, his face said. He was disappointed.
I said I hope the best candidate wins whoever it may be and I don't even know yet for sure who that might be but I do know that every single one of them is better than…
We moved on from that and it was clear he totally loved being able to talk politics to someone who loved to talk politics, too. And from DC!
Every candidate he admired was a Democrat. And yet it just killed him that, he said, You can't be a conservative on campus. If you say anything and people find out you're a conservative they just totally go after you.
I agreed that we all have to be respectful of each other. Absolutely. My grandfather and uncle were Republican Senators, I said, and I quoted what Uncle Bob once told me about how the Republicans believe you should work hard, you should take care of your own, and the Democrats believe the government should help you do so. And they're both right. The work of Congress is to come together and hammer out the differences between.
I had to add, But I cannot be respectful of some of what's been done in conservatism's name: separating children from their parents, caging them for seeking asylum–one of my friends got her law degree at Stanford and now works as an immigration lawyer at the border, trying to get the Feds to honor Federal law re asylum statutes. And they won't. They don't. She sees the effects day in day out and it's very hard.
He agreed with me that none of that should be happening and that we need to do something.
His candidate had ideas and indeed, plans to DO things. To look at the problems and come up with solutions.
The mechanic came over to say the guy's car was done, and the young man got up, more than a little reluctant to leave. But I knew he had a lot of other things on his mind, too.
He is defending his thesis tomorrow at Stanford.
"What's your area?"
"Math," he answered. I was proud of him. He'd worked his tail off to get to this point.
I sent that tall child of Asian immigrants off with, "Good luck on your thesis! I'm rooting for you!"
And that clearly made his day most of all.
Wednesday January 01st 2020, 9:18 am
Wishing everyone a happy new year. All the best to you and yours.
That one year in Indiana
Someone else got me remembering back when…
I was a new mom, doing the grocery shopping with my first baby sitting in the cart; she was just a bit over a year old.
A woman I'd never seen before and never would again came up to us exclaiming over how cute she was and reached out and felt up her blonde curls and asked me if I'd permed it?
I was too staggered to think of the perfect comeback till much, much later:
So did that mean she thought my baby was a bottle blonde?
He opened his car door
Filed under: Food,Friends,Life
The doorbell rang.
It was the son of the elderly woman next door, the one who fell two months ago and after her kids couldn't reach her from out of state and called us neighbors and then 911 was found by the firemen breaking in her door for the rescue.
Previously, she had been adamant to me that she did not want to go into assisted living.
She doesn't know how many days she was down but it could have been as many as four. Even before that she could barely walk and clearly she just could not continue to live alone.
She has not returned.
He was coming by to let me know he was taking her home. There was a place a mile from his house, she had seen it before and actually liked the place and she has decided for herself that that's where she'd like to be now. He wanted me to know her story had a happy ending after all, and that he would be right there to look out for her.
And he will. And his wife is a love of a woman who will be right there with him on it. They are all deeply good people.
I thanked him for letting me know, and told him, "I miss her." A lot.
I knew she would want to know that, to really know that, not just assume that I would. Of course I would. I have, for all these weeks. But I knew he would tell her and that it would feel good for both of them to say it and to hear it on their long trip to where everything will be different now, again.
I sent him off with a box of Andy's peach and honey-stuffed figs, glad for the surprised delight in his face at the mention of Andy's Orchard. Taking the best of California with them on their long way north–he knew they were in for a treat.
And I just wanted to say, Thank you, Andy. That helped.
Wednesday December 25th 2019, 11:49 pm
You don't have to bring anything, just come…
But I really wanted to contribute, so she said, I know–bring a pie.
I didn't know just how many were coming and just in case it didn't get done because you never know and so since we were at Costco anyway I bought one of their giant pecan pies.
And fresh fruit. Enough for…
I didn't know exactly how that blueberry cream pie (Betty Crocker 1952 recipe) would come out, but really, how could it go wrong.
Got it cooled and into the fridge last night.
I didn't worry about how the cherry Meyer lemon pie would come out today but I was glad I'd written it down last time. Whipped fresh cream on top again.
For the record: the people who say use a chopstick to skewer cherry pits out? They never had to fish a piece of bamboo out of one. Those stones are harder. I retrieved the 7-cherry pitter out of the cupboard and mentally thanked Sur La Table for selling a better version; should have used that in the first place. This is why I'd gone for the easier blueberry yesterday.
I opened every single one. No pits got past it. There was no second sliver of bamboo (I knew but I'd needed to really know.) Into the cuisinart, then. Done.
We arrived.
She had a giant Costco pumpkin pie in the fridge just in case something hadn't worked out.
We started pulling pies out of the big bag.
Eleven of us with family elsewhere, all of us friends, all of us well fed in body and soul as we helped her clean up afterwards, telling her to take it easy and rest. Her car and that of the person who hit her a few days ago were totaled and we were all all the more aware of what a privilege it was to be able to spend this time together. No reason she should have to hurt to bring us together if we could help it.
You can get a lot done really fast when that many people are doing it.
The cherry had that one last small piece left that people do out of politeness in case someone else wants it more.
The blueberry was half gone.
The pecan had a slice out.
The pumpkin didn't even get to sneak past the fridge.
Blessings to you and yours
Filed under: Garden,Life
Wishing everybody a Merry Christmas, a Happy Hanukkah, a Happy New Year, Happy Maddy's Birthday and every greeting of good will along with a peaceful return of the light.
My three-year-old Sungold cherry tomato plant finally passed on but its progeny lives. It was 34F last night but there was a smidgen more sun time than the day before so the younger tomato opened more blossoms to greet it.
Someone's got to feed the bees in December, right? Welcome. Pull up a chair and c'mon in.
Christmas Eve Eve (wait, make that one more Eve)
Sunday December 22nd 2019, 3:39 pm
About thirty years ago I was offered an assignment at church: to be the Compassionate Service leader.
I was young and had no experience and got no answers when I asked what that meant I was supposed to do. The Relief Society leader, for whatever reason, never once included me in a meeting, never talked to me about what she wanted done except for one single item two years in, and waved me away any time I brought any questions or ideas up. She would get back to me.
She never did.
I still have no idea why nor why she chose me in the first place. Maybe she felt just as inexperienced as I did, even if she was a generation older.
Well, alright then, but I still felt I had that responsibility even if I had to be the one who decided what it meant.
We had just moved into a house whose previous owner had loved roses. I knew nothing about roses other than that they look great in a vase.
And so: I kept an eye out at church for whoever looked like they might be having a rough time of it, and then one day I showed up on the doorsteps of a bunch of people with a rose in hand to tell them simply that I was thinking about them and have a nice day and there's a whole 'nother story about that part that I've probably told here before.
But I kept thinking, y'know, it's the teenagers who most need to know that an adult is looking out for them–someone who doesn't have to, someone who's not family and under no obligation but just does simply because they exist so they matter to them. I wanted to make a second round of deliveries.
The problem was, I didn't know the teenagers at church. And there were none in our neighborhood, either: in a square block there were old folks and our little kids.
So I called up the one at church that I had at least interacted with enough to feel I could make the request: could he come up with the names of his peers who could use a rose and a moment's cheering-on like that?
Robert was not only happy to, he loved the idea and offered to show me how to get to each of their houses.
And so we spent not a lot of time, not a lot of roses, but we did that run that fine afternoon.
One girl, her parents were in the middle of a divorce. Definitely the right call.
One, I came away quietly smiling to myself thinking, oh, I hadn't realized you were sweet on her. Best stealth flower ever with the best excuse–blame it on me. Happy to help.
I don't remember who the others were, just that we did, but in that hour or so we discovered a mutual admiration that has stayed with us ever since. He was a nice kid.
Last night I finished the one-repeat self-quota of the day on the afghan project and had time to do a bit more.
I looked at the clock. I looked at the mostly-done hat from last week's return flight: it needed five more rows and then the decreasing, which doesn't sound like much but would probably take about an hour.
Ever-tightening stitches of thick yarn on small needles to keep out any gaps between decreases is the not-fun part of hat knitting and I didn't particularly want to do it. But I found myself saying a prayer, asking which would be the best use of my time right this very minute.
That hat leaped straight into my hands and fifty minutes later it was bedtime and done. I even got the ends run in. I really liked how it had come out, that bright royal blue soft Mecha. Such a pretty color.
Then came the prayer: okay, then, if this is supposed to be for someone please help me get it to the right person who needs it most. Please make it obvious so I don't mess this up; help me get it right.
We happened to be parking the car at church a little early just as an older guy and his son (where did his hair go?) visiting from out of state walked past, with the son looking in that moment as if… Like, man, he could sure use a hug about now.
It was Robert.
He was inside by the time we got out of the car and I didn't see him, which gave me time to say a little prayer again–am I just thinking what I want to think, should I look for someone else?
Okay, then.
I didn't see him. Church let out and I wondered if he'd gone off to his folks' house.
But it being Christmas Eve Eve, there was a Linger Longer afterwards, with food and chairs set out for people to sit around and munch and chat with no time pressure, and I found him after all.
A mutual, So good to see you again! How ya doin'!?
"Do you…" I started to ask. "If this isn't your color I could make it in a different one," and with that I pulled the little ziplock out of my purse that the hat was tucked away in.
His eyes went big as he exclaimed, "I LOVE that color! It's my favorite!" He exclaimed over it, he loved it, he tried it on, it was just right, it so made his day.
Y'know? I probably could have/should have knit and mailed him one ages ago.
But today it was ready, today was when he needed it, and today was the day.
For we need a littles' Christmas right this very minute
They've had their (allergy-friendly fake) tree up since just before Thanksgiving because Mathias was declaring every pine they passed "Christmas tree!" when they moved to their new state. Whether he remembered that phrase and concept from a favorite book or somehow from last year I don't know, but in Washington, that's what the pines all are. He said so.
I'm not quite sure what he'll make of it when theirs comes back down till next year.
We were on FaceTime and their box had just come. With assurances that everything was wrapped (other than the figs stuffed with peaches stuffed with honey from Andy's I'd wangled in there at the post office on my way back from his farm), Sam opened it up.
Ooh! Bright! Shiny! Colors!
Mathias took each red or gold one out in delight and had to be reminded not to tear them open yet–so he didn't. But he put them under the tree, he put them in another box, he toddled off with this or that towards his room, he crinkled and wrinkled and made fun sounds and giggled.
And then he decided it was clean up time. So he put them each back in the box.
Then he took them out and played with them some more and stuffed some in a different box again.
Then he put them away back in our box, only now they were overflowing and there was at least one extra whose wrapping paper sure hadn't come from our house. But you put away your toys, so he was doing that every time he decided it was time to.
The baby needed attention at last and so we signed off.
A little later a picture popped up on our phones: chocolate, butter, sugar. Mathias was helping his mom make cookie batter and that's as far as she got before she had to confiscate his shirt before what had missed his face got worse.
I so love two year olds!
Put your mitt on and catch one
Somebody's big brothers had batting practice and he wanted to play, too.
Coming out of there, there was a busy street with three of these old trees in a row planted in the center divider.
And they were loaded with persimmons. Hachiyas, as far as I could make out from the distance, ie, the kind you don't want to eat until they're as soft and sweet as loose bowls of jelly barely held in by the soft skins.
I love Hachiyas, and I know a lot of people around here who don't because it's too easy to have the side away from the sun have a bit of that unripe banana puckeriness right in the middle of the bite. You have to wait till they really are ripe. Which they are about now.
But can you imagine sitting in your car at a red light, along with the guy behind you and the guy behind him, while those orange softballs go plop on your paint job? And all the raccoons, possums, and skunks that would be drawn to the middle of the street in the night? I was surprised there wasn't a flock of crows caahing away there; they certainly do around the tree in my neighborhood.
I'm picturing a guy with a shovel and three close-outs from the nursery at the end of bare-root season who maybe didn't have a yard of his own so he just planted them where they would benefit everybody. Right?
Plop. Plop plop plop plop plop plop plop.
I just want to know: who pranked their neighbors' future?
Wait. Maybe they're all that's left of a long-ago farm?
Saturday at the IHOP
Sunday December 15th 2019, 11:10 pm
Filed under: Family,Food,Friends,Life
Photo from later that afternoon, after his big brother's game.
Saturday late brunch at IHOP.
To our right: two grandmothers, possibly even great grandmothers–they were clearly too old to in any way be the mother of the six or seven year old girl with them, who had a nice dress on.
When there are two grownups talking and you've eaten your food and they're not done, it gets boring fast for a kid. She was trying very hard to be good on her special outing, though.
We were hoping to get the littler ones fed and done in not too much time ourselves with a busy day ahead.
Peruvian handknit finger puppets for the grandkids, three more for those women and their child and you should have seen their faces light up. They so much gave me what I hope for when I offer those to strangers for their kids.
There had just been no way I was going to leave that little girl out when my own had theirs to play with. A pink bird to go with her dress, after getting their okay, I had just the right one for her.
But it wasn't enough distraction for one little guy: Spencer had had a bad night and his morning wasn't going much better. He wanted–he didn't know what he wanted or how to begin to say whatever the words were to describe it but he was determined to announce he didn't have it. Crayons, paper, food, everything got that emphatic arm sweeping with fingers splayed that small toddlers do to send stuff to the floor.
Except that, at the big table past ours, there was a family reunion going on, about ten people all in their 50s and 60s, and they were swapping stories and do-you-remember-whens, laughing, laughing, laughing: so much love at that table that just echoed around our section of the restaurant.
He started to pay attention.
Finally, Kim headed out with the kids; since we didn't all fit in one car, Richard and Richard and I took a moment more to finish up, and then it was time for us to go, too.
But standing up and taking the first few steps away, I hesitated.
I managed to catch the eye of one of the women, and then they all turned to me a moment, love and curiosity just radiant in their faces.
I told that beautiful African-American family, You guys are SO happy, and you made our tired, cranky baby happy. Thank you!
That just totally made their day.
Like they had made ours.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Obtaining IT certifications from highly regarded companies such as Microsoft and Cisco can help boost the resume for those just entering the networking field. Courses include topics from various certifications such as Microsoft MCSA certification and Cisco CCNA certification, however, to enrich the networking experience, our program adds non-certification subjects to expose students to additional real-world IT solutions and emerging technologies. Students need to pass exam(s) in order to obtain Microsoft certifications and Cisco certifications. These exams are administered outside of SCIT.
IT careers involve significant problem solving and troubleshooting skills, which creates excellent opportunities for those with analytical abilities. Due to IT being an integral part of many modern businesses, the demand for IT professionals is likely to increase as investment in network infrastructures increase. For example, significant investment is being placed in the healthcare industry to digitize patients' medical records which requires significant investments in IT. Examples of IT careers include server administrators, network administrators, and help desk support.


text:
Warning: A non-numeric value encountered in /var/www/dmopc15.com/wp-content/themes/thekeynote-v1-00/include/gdlr-admin-option.php on line 10
» Major General Emmanuel Sfakianakis
dmopc18.com
DMOPC.ORG
Major General Emmanuel Sfakianakis
Major-General
Head of the Department of Electronic Crime, Greek Police.
He has worked in the police force for 32 years, 25 of which have been devoted exclusively to the investigation of electronic crimes.
He studied Computer Analysis and Programming and was trained in London in Plastic Crime. He was also trained by the FBI in matters related to Cyber Terrorism.
He had dealt with more than 7,500 serious cases related to cybercrime by 2014.
Between 2001 and 2014, he took part, as a core speaker, in 848 national and international conferences organized by Interpol/Europol, University Institutions/International Organizations/Multi-National Companies and so on.
He has organized and spoken at 3,500 one-day events through tele-conferences which have been held in all the schools in Greece and at the same time has organized and been a core speaker in more than 218 conferences and one-day events a) in the educational institutions of Greece, at all three levels; b) in various towns in Greece, explaining safe Internet navigation. In 2012, 2013 and 2014 he was one of the organizers of three conferences for the World Internet Day, which enjoyed international resonance.
He teaches at the Police Academy, at the Staff Colleges of the Greek Police and at the Hellenic Naval Academy.
By 12/2014, he had been awarded 81 honours
A) by the President of the Republic for his outstanding social contribution to Greece.
B) by the Ministry of Defence for his contribution to Internet research in the Greek Armed Forces.
C) by the Finance Ministry for combatting cybercrime in Greece and as the best manager of a public service for the year 2008
D) by the Ministry of Education for preventing suicides among young people, school pupils and students through the Internet (1008 before 1/8/2014)
E) by UNICEF, as Guardian Angel to our children
F) by the FBI- three times- for the investigation of Internet crimes, twice involving child pornography and once for smart cyber crime.
G) by a variety of public and private agencies, municipalities in Greece, organizations, associations and schools for his contribution to combatting Internet crimes, as well as for educating school-children on safe surfing on the Internet.
H) and, finally, on 8/7/2014 by Facebook, which publicly honoured the Department of Electronic Crime and its Head for the detection of a serious cybercrime which had an international impact on cyberspace.
He has written two books:
a) Addiction and High Risk Internet Behaviours
b) Internet Crime and Punishment, in which he sheds light on new facets of cybercrime.
High-risk online behaviors
Questions-Discussion (C3)
In our own time, which is characterized by the prevalence of electronic means of information and communication, the life-giving message of the Resurrection must be present in the language used by our contemporaries. Today, when expression and communication between people is undergoing a seismic shift, with web pages, social networks, e-mail, the abolition of distances of time and geography, distance learning and digital identities, the need for an authentic spiritual validation of human life is even more imperative.
Registration is compulsory for those who wish to receive the formal certificate of attendance as well as the proceedings in digital form.
© Copyright GoodLayers, All Right Reserved