There are many different options available to the philanthropist in terms of the vehicle or structure used for giving and the choice made will depend on a number of considerations. However, the key thing is to get proper tax and legal advice so that the tax obligations are clear and there is a shared understanding of the limits placed on the philanthropist by the various legal structures. Some banks and other professionals also provide good, bespoke advice on structuring philanthropic giving.
There are a few different approaches to structuring giving, some of which are outlined below.
Firstly, at the very basic level, the philanthropist could choose to keep things really simple (but possibly not very tax efficient) and make donations in her own name to various causes that align with her values. This provides her with complete flexibility, quick response times and little administrative or legal obligations. Alternatively, she can decide to do the bulk of her giving in her will and leave bequests to various organisations. It is quite likely that many philanthropists start out this way and then, when the value and the complexity of giving increases, start to look for alternatives.
Secondly, a very simple solution is to find another grant-making organisation (such as a closely related family trust or an independent foundation or an international grant maker operating in the same area) that is willing to also receive your funds. It would obviously need to be closely aligned with the philanthropists' values and an organisation in which she can place high levels of trust. The advantage is that she "piggy backs" on their work. Some grant-making organisations are also set up as grantreceivers and will provide the donor with a tax rebate. Some foundations may not have consciously considered receiving donations but may well be very happy to do so and the philanthropist may find this is also tax efficient. Certainly, from a management perspective it is very efficient to "piggy back" on a Foundation that shares similar values and which the philanthropist believes is doing good and important work. If the philanthropist wants to be more involved with the ultimate beneficiaries she can negotiate reporting and site visit arrangements with the foundation. If she wants greater oversight, she may be able to be appointed as a board or trustee member.
Thirdly, if the philanthropists' intention is to leave a legacy that lasts beyond her lifetime and/or provide a vehicle for giving that her children and grandchildren can be involved in, then she may wish to consider a testamentary trust or establish a charitable trust during her lifetime. Establishing a trust formalizes giving as it requires the philanthropist to think about the purpose of the trust, approve a trust deed, appoint trustees and comply with the various regulatory reporting and other requirements. Different countries will have different laws applicable to charitable trusts and there is a need to take legal advice.
Fourthly, another way to formalize giving is through the creation of a non-profit company (NPC). Again, different countries may have alternative names and scope for non-profit companies but in South Africa non-profit companies came into existence in 2011 when the South African Companies Act 2008 came into force. The Act prescribes the rights and limitations of a non-profit company but generally speaking, there is considered to be slightly more onerous governance requirements for an NPC than a trust. In South Africa, if it is registered as a Public Benefit Organisation (PBO) it can receive donations.
Fifthly, a founding donor may also wish to consider whether donating through a private, family business is more appropriate – this could be considered as a "corporate philanthropy" solution. If the donor and/or the donor's family have significant control over the company, then it may be quite easy for her to align her personal values and the values of her company and run her philanthropy out of her business. One way to do this is to establish a stand-alone trust or non-profit company that uses the business's brand and other financial and non-financial resources. For example, the family-owned company could establish the Company X Foundation, which could be based at the company and could provide value to the company brand. It is not necessary to establish an independent trust: many companies are involved in charitable giving of some sort but simply run it out of their public relations, marketing or human resources department.


text:
A number of computer-assisted translation software and websites exists for various platforms and access types. According to a 2006 survey undertaken by Imperial College of 874 translation professionals from 54 countries, primary tool usage was reported as follows: Trados (35%), Wordfast (17%), Déjà Vu (16%), SDL Trados 2006 (15%), SDLX (4%),  (3%), OmegaT (3%), others (7%).

The list below includes only some of the existing available software and website platforms.

See also
Machine translation
Comparison of machine translation applications

References

Language software
Translation
Computer-assisted translation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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My name is Elitsa, shortly Eli, 24 years old. I graduated "Psychology" in UK.
1. How did you decide to contact Kiril Tanev and why?
My ambition and motivation to start a healthy lifestyle emerged in 2013. In my school years, I was beyond any healthy weight and BMI limits and by March 2013, I was already the horrible 120 kg. I was reading, experimenting and testing all kinds of nutrition methods (detoxication, intermittent fasting, low carbohydrate diets etc.), meanwhile I was training and managed to reduce my weight to 89 kg for the period of 1 year. I contacted Kiril Tanev in September 2014! I decided to seek professional help because my experience and knowledge were not enough, to some extent a little bit wrong and I was not happy with my results!
With his help, within 1 year, I further reduced my weight and became 76kg, with 1-2 months break (2014-2015). In 2016 due to the very difficult last year at university, a very stressful eating habits and irregular training, I gained my weight back.
Once again, I asked for his help in March 2017 and by July 2017 I was already 78kg and this time we won't stop:)!
2. How did proper nutrition and training change your life?
Ever since my own initiative for changing my lifestyle, I was feeling better but with the help of Kiril Tanev my attitude to food changed and I thought of it as my friend, not enemy (especially the carbphydrates:)) and the trainings turned into even bigger pleasure!
3. What was the biggest challenge for you and how did you overcome it?
Maybe the periods when I didn't see any results despite my enormous and strict efforts. With his knowledge and experience, Kiril taught me to focus on the progress in my measurements and not to be so shocked if the scale doesn't show a better number!
4. What were your expectations from his work and did he manage to meet them?
I didn't know Kiril personally but I read all the positive feedback and excellent results in www.bodyconstructor.com where I ordered my nutrition and training plan. I decided to count on his professionalism and big experience and do not regret at all. I have been working with him for 3 years with several periods of rest and I am sure that I will choose him again for my next goal:).
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I would advise them to decide what they want from themselves. To think of every beginning as a test of their soul and character and to consider it as a unique opportunity for a positive change and success in long-term future. They should not be afraid to rediscover what they are capable of every day. They should not think about failure in the very beginning and if it happens to learn from it and get even more motivated:).
If you want to transform your body with me Kiril Tanev, follow me in Instagram and like my page in Facebook.


text:
Boozy Häagen-Dazs Exists, And Life Will Never Be The Same
By Allie Flinn
Move over, Justin Trudeau, we've got a whole new reason to relocate to Canada. Häagen-Dazs has a Spirits line, which is exactly what you're thinking it is—a delicious combination of booze and ice cream. There are five flavors: Rum Ginger Cookie, Vodka Key Lime Pie, Irish Cream Coffee and Biscotti, Whiskey Chocolate Truffle and Rum Vanilla Caramel Blondie.
Oh, that sound you hear? It's us grabbing our passports, wrestling our way through the lines at LAX, arriving in Canada and stuffing our faces full of boozy ice cream. (Clearly we're operating on a Game of Thrones season seven timeline over here.)
Unfortunately, the line is only available in Canada as of right now—but we're holding out hope it'll make its way stateside in the very near future. Until then, at least we have rosé ice cream and alcoholic Otter Pops.


text:
> A low-vertex explosion script for Unity

A script that creates low-vertex polygon explosions for Unity.

![Sample explosion](http://jehna.github.io/mobileboom/sample.gif)

## Try out

You can try this script out at:

http://jehna.github.io/mobileboom

## License
The work is licensed under MIT license

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The apusomonads (order Apusomonadida) are a group of protozoan zooflagellates that glide on surfaces, and mostly consume prokaryotes.  They are of particular evolutionary interest because they appear to be the sister group to the Opisthokonts, the clade that includes both animals and fungi. Together with the Breviatea, these form the Obazoa clade.

Characteristics and morphology
Apusomonads are small gliding heterotrophic biflagellates (= with two flagella) that possess a proboscis, formed partly or entirely by the anterior flagellum surrounded by a membranous sleeve. There is a pellicle under the dorsal cell membrane that extends into the proboscis sleeve and into a skirt that covers the sides of the cell. Apusomonads present two different cell plans:
Derived cell plan, represented by Apusomonas, with a round cell body and a mastigophore, a projection of the cell containing both basal bodies at its end.
"Amastigomonas-like" cell plan, with an oval or oblong cell that generally forms pseudopodia from the ventral surface, with no mastigophore, and the proboscis comprising solely the flagellum and the sleeve. These characteristics are considered 'primitive' or 'ancestral' in comparison with Apusomonas. Organisms with this body plan, although historically assigned to the same genus Amastigomonas, are a paraphyletic group from which Apusomonas has evolved.

Evolutionary relationships

External relationships and importance
The apusomonads are the sister group to Opisthokonta, the lineage that includes animals, fungi and an array of related protists. Because of this, apusomonads occupy an important phylogenetic position to understand eukaryotic evolution. They retain ancestral characteristics, such as the biflagellate body plan, which in opisthokonts evolves into a uniflagellate plan.

Apusomonads are vital to understanding multicellularity. Genes involved in multicellularity have been found in the apusomonad Thecamonas, such as adhesion proteins, calcium-signaling genes and types of sodium channels characteristic of animals. The genome of the strain "Amastigomonas sp." presents the integrin-mediated adhesion machinery, the primary cell-matrix adhesion mechanism seen in Metazoa (animals).

Internal relationships
Apusomonads are a poorly and narrowly studied group. Currently, the diversity of described apusomonads consists of the round Apusomonas and a wide array of "Amastigomonas-type" organisms that have been reclassified into the genera Thecamonas, Manchomonas, Podomonas, Multimonas, Chelonemonas and, most recently, Catacumbia, Cavaliersmithia, Karpovia, Mylnikovia and Singekia. The relationships between these genera are depicted by the cladogram below.

Classification
The current classification of Apusomonadida does not utilize the rank of family to divide the different genera. However, the group itself is an order-level taxon, and is sometimes included in the monotypic class Thecomonadea. There are 10 recognized genera, as well as the "Amastigomonas-like" archetype that includes primitive forms not yet transferred to new genera.
"Amastigomonas"
A. caudata  [Amastigomonas borokensis ]
A. debruynei
A. marisrubri
Apusomonas  [Rostromonas ]
A. australiensis
A. proboscidea  [Rostromonas applanata ]
Catacumbia
C. lutetiensis
Cavaliersmithia
C. chaoae
Karpovia
K. croatica
Manchomonas
Manchomonas bermudensis  [Amastigomonas bermudensis ]
Multimonas
M. koreensis
M. marina  [Cercomonas marina ; Amastigomonas marina ]
M. media
Mylnikovia
M. oxoniensis  [Thecamonas oxoniensis ]
Podomonas
P. capensis
P. gigantea  [Amastigomonas gigantea ]
P. griebenis  [Amastigomonas griebenis ]
P. kaiyoae
P. klosteris  [Amastigomonas klosteris ]
P. magna
Singekia
S. franciliensis
S. montserratensis
Thecamonadinae  [Thecamonas/Chelomonas clade]
Chelonemonas
C. dolani
C. geobuk
C. masanensis
Thecamonas
T. filosa  [Amastigomonas filosa ]
T. muscula  [Amastigomonas muscula ]
T. mutabilis  [Rhynchomonas mutabilis ; Amastigomonas mutabilis ]
T. trahens  [Amastigomonas trahens ]

References

External links


Tucson's Natural History Museum features over 400 species of insects, birds and mammals in a variety of dioramas and interactive exhibits.
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text:
Trump's New Executive Order Slaps a Bandaid on Election Interference Problems
Trump's order creates a framework to sanction foreign meddling in elections, but experts say it's not...
Canadian Regulated Bitcoin Trust Achieves Mutual Fund Trust Status
A Canadian regulated bitcoin trust has achieved the mutual fund trust status, allowing eligible investors to invest in the trust through government-sponsored tax-efficient investment plans. The investment is approved by the Ontario Securities Commission and the British Columbia Securities Commission. Also read: 160 Crypto Exchanges Seek to Enter Japanese Market, Regulator Reveals Mutual Fund Trust Status First Block Capital...
Mt. Gox Victims Must Take Claims to Tokyo, Not US, Judge Rules
Since its implosion back in 2014, the Mt. Gox exchange hacks continue to loom large within the cryptocurrency ecosystem. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania determined recently it does not have jurisdiction in a case involving Gox victims and a bank closely associated, in effect condemning victims to redress their grievances at the scene of the crime, Tokyo, Japan. Also read: Philippines Okays PDAX Crypto...
FINRA Issues Its First Crypto Disciplinary Action
The U.S. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority has taken its first disciplinary action involving cryptocurrencies. The authority charges a broker with fraudulent and unlawful distribution of unregistered crypto securities. The owner allegedly "attempted to lure public investment in his worthless public company" by issuing "the first minable coin backed by marketable securities." Also read: 160 Crypto...
Government-Funded Drug Trafficking Makes USD the World's Dirtiest Currency
Pablo Escobar. Joaquín 'El Chapo' Guzmán. Rick Ross. Household names, each and every one of them; drug lords collectively responsible for punting billions of dollars' worth of narcotics. Yet their crimes pale in comparison to those their prosecutors have been perpetrating for years. After decades of fueling proxy wars and trafficking, the US government has powder on its hands – a combination of...


text:
Tim Küchler (* 29. Juli 1986 in Hamburg) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Schauspieler.

Karriere

Von 1996 bis 1997 spielte er in 13 Folgen bei Neues vom Süderhof die Rolle des Benjamin "Ben" Brendel und in der Serie Die Kinder vom Alstertal spielte er von 1998 bis 2001 in 39 Folgen eine Hauptrolle als Tobias Sommerland. 2004 absolvierte er einen Schauspiel-Workshop bei Mira Amari und war 2005 bei TKKG im Kinderkanal zu sehen. Anschließend zog er sich offensichtlich von der Schauspielerei zurück.

Filmografie
 1996: Mensch, Pia! (Fernsehserie, Episode 1x01)
 1996–1997: Neues vom Süderhof (Fernsehserie, 13 Episoden)
 1998–2003: Die Kinder vom Alstertal (Fernsehserie, 39 Episoden)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Kinderdarsteller
Deutscher
Geboren 1986
Mann


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There are certain stories that just seem to require more steeping and brewing. They're the ones that journey back in time, or they're about the experiences that have left the deepest impacts.
Grab a cup of coffee and get immersed!


text:
\section{Introduction}

Polarons, conduction electrons or holes with self-induced lattice polarization, are known to exist in most transition metal oxides (TMO) and deeply affect their optical and carrier transport properties \cite{reticcioli2019small}. In these materials, much of the interest has been related to the role of small polarons (SPs) that form when the induced lattice polarization is localized in a volume on the order of the unit cell. In particular, for many important TMOs, including \ce{Fe2O3}~\cite{sivula2011solar,ling2011sn,smart2017}, \ce{NiO}~\cite{gong2014nanoscale,hu2014efficient}, \ce{Co3O4}~\cite{wang2018,aijaz2016}, \ce{MnO}~\cite{jin2015partially}, \ce{BiVO4}~\cite{wu2018,zhang2018,seo2018,kim2015}, \ce{CuO}~\cite{cardiel2017electrochemical,smart2018-2}, it has been found that the formation of SPs is responsible for the low carrier mobility and conductivity, which hinders their practical application as electrochemical catalysts and photoelectrochemical (PEC) electrodes \cite{lee2019progress,tachibana2012artificial,roger2017earth,yan2016review, liao2013new}. It is also well-established that the transport of SPs in these TMOs can be characterized through the thermally activated hopping conduction mechanism and a logarithmic temperature dependence of the materials carrier mobility \cite{mott1968conduction}.

Unlike the distinct signature of SPs on the carrier conduction discussed above, the effect of polarons on electronic structure and optical transitions in TMOs is rather complex and difficult to elucidate. For example, in several TMOs, such as WO$_3$~\cite{gerosa2018role,Ping2013}, TiO$_2$~\cite{TiO22018,Moser2013,Kang2010} and SrTiO$_3$~\cite{verdi2017origin,Wang2016}, the presence of large polarons that are delocalized over several unit cells may lead to a strong band gap renormalization through electron-phonon coupling. By contrast, the formation of SPs may introduce isolated gap states away from the band edges due to their spatially localized nature, which could be easily misinterpreted as band edges that define the fundamental band gap. A prime example is \ce{Fe2O3}, where recent time-resolved spectroscopy experiments have shown that its mid-gap states are indeed associated with optically active polarons, which in turn lead to transition energies that are significantly lower than the fundamental band gap \cite{carneiro2017excitation,biswas2018ultrafast}. This conclusion is also consistent with Lohaus \textit{et al.} \cite{lohaus2018limitation}, where the authors showed that while the band gap of \ce{Fe2O3} is 2.2~eV, an effective gap of 1.75~eV is observed due to the formation of small polarons.
Nonetheless, distinguishing mid-gap states due to SP formation from other sources such as defect-bound states \cite{huda2010electronic,neufeld2015platinum,sanson2015polaronic} and surface states \cite{yatom2015toward} is still not well understood in literature. Despite extensive experiments on these TMOs, theoretical studies of SP effects on electronic structure and optical properties of TMOs are limited. More importantly, challenges remain in first-principles methods that accurately describe polarons and electronic structure of TMOs.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,width=6cm]{diag_poly_label.png}
\caption{Normal spinel atomic structure of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$. Octahedral Co are shown in green, tetrahedral Co are shown in blue/light blue (distinguishing spin polarization direction), and O are shown in red.}  \label{fig:struct}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In this paper, we discuss the role of SPs (hereinafter referred to as ``polarons'' for simplicity) in tricobalt tetraoxide (Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$), an anti-ferromagnetic oxide with a normal spinel structure. Despite that Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ has been extensively investigated for a wide range of technologies \cite{wu2010,li2005,ma2014,wang2018,hamdani2010,aijaz2016,meher2011,xia2011}, a fundamental understanding of the optical properties of this material remains largely lacking, and conflicting results have been reported, e.g., for the band gap of bulk Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$. For instance, a value of 1.5-1.7~eV has been commonly reported for the optical gap of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$~\cite{lohaus2016,jiang2014,waegele2014,shinde2006,belova1983,lima2014,cheng1998}. On the other hand, several experimental studies conclude that, despite a transition being observed around 1.5-1.7~eV, the true band gap of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ is significantly smaller, yielding a value of around 0.7-0.9~eV~\cite{qiao2013,singh2014,sousa2019,martens1985}. This conclusion, however, is not supported by time-resolved optical spectroscopy measurements, which suggest the state at $\sim$0.8~eV above the valence band maximum is a localized polaron state \cite{waegele2014,jiang2014,wheeler2012}. Along this direction, other experiments have indicated that the intrinsic carriers in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ are hole polarons that are characterized by a nearest-neighbor hopping conduction mechanism; and such a signature implies that hole polarons may affect the optical properties of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ in a similar way as in \ce{Fe2O3} \cite{ngamou2010,tronel2006,shinde2006,lohaus2016,sahoo2013,sparks2018,cheng1998,koumoto1981}. Collectively, the existing results indicate that much is left to be understood regarding the nature of the optical transitions near the band edge of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, and how it is related to polaron formation.

The aim of this work is to resolve the conflicting results in the literature on Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, and provide a coherent description of its electronic structure, carrier conduction, and optical properties through first-principles calculations. In particular, we discuss the level of theory needed for a proper description of the electronic structure of the material. In addition, we elucidate the role of polaron formation on the electronic band gap and optical spectra of p-doped Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, and we discuss how uniaxial strain can be used to distinguish polaron related transitions in the optical spectra. This work provides a straightforward method for considering SP effects in the optical absorption, alongside unambiguous SP peak assignment in agreement with previous experimental studies of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$. Furthermore, our study distinguishes the role of SP formation from other optical factors that are often considered in the literature (e.g. exciton formation, thermal broadening of optical spectra and electron-phonon renormalization of band edges). Beyond Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\, our study presents a roadmap for first-principles calculations in the investigation of SP effects on the optical properties of TMOs.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,width=9cm]{koop.png}
\caption{\textbf{a.} Generalized Koopmans' condition for electron polaron (EP) and hole polaron (HP) in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$. The exact exchange $\alpha$ for the PBE0($\alpha$) method is varied until the condition $\text{HOMO}_q=\text{LUMO}_{q+1}$ (at fixed geometry where polaron has formed) is met. In both cases, we find that at an exact exchange of 0.12 Koopmans' condition is satisfied. The corresponding pristine gap is computed to be 1.70 eV. \textbf{b.} Localized and \textbf{c.} delocalized hole wavefunction, subject to the value of the exact exchange. Isosurface plots use a cutoff of 10\% the maximum.}
\label{fig:IPEA}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We begin by discussing our computational strategy for addressing the electronic properties of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}${} (spinel structure shown in Figure \ref{fig:struct}). It is well known that density functional theory (DFT), with conventional local or semi-local exchange-correlation functionals, is not sufficient to provide a proper description of polarons in transition metal oxides and often severely underestimates the band gap of these materials \cite{dudarev1998}. In order to mitigate this issue, several approaches have been proposed, including DFT+$U$ with an orbital specific Hubbard $U$ correction, and hybrid functional that includes a fraction of Hartree-Fock exchange ($\alpha$), hereinafter denoted as PBE0($\alpha$). However, these calculations are known to highly depend on the choice of the Hartree-Fock exchange or Hubbard $U$ correction. For instance, a wide range between 0.8 and 2.0~eV has been reported in the literature for the band gap of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, depending on the level of theory employed \cite{singh2014}. In this context, it is also necessary to emphasize that, despite significant development has been made, establishing a first-principles approach that allows for an accurate prediction of the electronic properties of TMOs remains a significant challenge \cite{kent2018toward}.

Here, we implement both hybrid functional and DFT+$U$ calculations to provide an unbiased description of the electronic properties of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$. Notably, in variation with previous hybrid functional calculations, we invoked the generalized Koopmans' condition to determine the value of $\alpha$ from first-principles. We stress that this strategy has been shown to successfully predict the band gap of materials with band gaps up to 14 eV and has been particularly successful for polaronic systems \cite{miceli2018,smart2018,liu2018electron,lany2011predicting}. Specifically, the generalized Koopmans' condition enforces the condition $\text{IP}_q=\text{EA}_{q+1}$ at a fixed geometry for an isolated state in the materials, where $\text{IP}_q$ is the ionization potential of an occupied state at the charge state $q$, whereas $\text{EA}_{q+1}$ is the electron affinity of the same state when it is unoccupied at the charge state $q+1$.  Here, we determine the value of $\alpha$ by enforcing the condition $\text{IP}_q=\text{EA}_{q+1}$ for both the hole and electron polaron (see Figure~S1 for more details of the electron polaron), and we obtained a value of 0.12 for the Hartree-Fock exchange $\alpha$ in both cases, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:IPEA}. We note that hole polarons do not form for $\alpha$ below 10\%, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:IPEA}b-c). The value of $\alpha$ determined in this manner is an intrinsic property of the bulk system, and the choice of defect used to enforce the Koopmans' condition is proper as long as it has minimum hybridization with the bulk Bloch states \cite{bischoff2019adjustable,miceli2018,smart2018}.

We then determined $U$ parameters based on the hybrid functional results, and the stable formation of electron and hole polarons (see Table~S1 for more details). In particular, we find that the use of $U$ values of $U_\text{Co(O)}=4$ eV and $U_\text{Co(T)}=3$ eV provides consistent results with the Koopmans' compliant hybrid functional (band gap agrees within 0.1~eV), as well as a proper description of the electronic properties of the system, as discussed later in this communication. We also note that hole polarons do not form for $U$ values below 2.5 eV (see Figure~S2).

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,width=8cm]{crystal.png}
\caption{\textbf{a.} Projected density of states (PDOS) of Co(O) on $t_{2g}$ and $e_g$ orbitals. Schematic representation of the electronic configuration of \textbf{b.} octahedral Co$^{3+}$ and \textbf{c.} tetrahedral Co$^{2+}$ in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ due to a crystal field splitting ($\Delta_{oct}$ and $\Delta_{tet}$, respectively). \textbf{d.} PDOS of Co(T) on $t_2$ and $e$ orbitals. All the PDOS was computed with DFT+$U$.}
\label{fig:split}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

All the calculations were then carried out using the plane-wave code Quantum ESPRESSO \cite{QE1} with norm-conserving pseudopotentials \cite{ONCV1}. A plane  wave cutoff of 100~Ry was used in all PBE+$U$ calculations, while a reduced cutoff of 50~Ry was implemented for the more demanding hybrid functional calculations (geometry and electronic structure are converged at 50 Ry). The calculations were generally performed within the 56 atom cubic cell with a $2\times 2\times 2$ k-point mesh for integration over the Brillouin zone. In addition, a $\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{2}\times 2$ supercell with 224 atoms was utilized for comparison, particularly to understand the finite-size effects on polaron formation. Nevertheless, we find that the wavefunction character, energy level splitting, and band structure look largely unchanged between the 56 atom cubic cell and the 224 atom supercell (see Figure~S3 for further details). In all calculations with electron or hole polarons, the charged cell correction scheme as developed in Ref.~\citenum{PingJCP} was employed, which is necessary in order to remove the spurious interactions of the polarons with their periodic images and with the uniform compensating background charge \cite{kokott2018first}. For the rest of the manuscript, unless otherwise noted, the results presented here were obtained at the DFT+$U$ level of theory that is computationally less demanding compared to hybrid functional calculations.

To set a baseline for the discussion of polaron effects in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, we briefly summarize the electronic structure of the pristine system. As shown in Figure \ref{fig:struct}, Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ assembles in a normal spinel structure, where two thirds of Co occupy octahedral sites (denoted by Co(O)) and the remaining third occupy tetrahedral sites (denoted by Co(T)). We find that Co(O) exhibits a low-spin $3d^6$ orbital configuration with the $O_h$ symmetry, leading to filled $t_{2g}$ and empty $e_g$ bands, as shown in the calculated projected density of states (PDOS) and band diagram presented in Figure~\ref{fig:split} a-b. On the other hand, Co(T) with the $T_d$ symmetry forms a high-spin $3d^7$ configuration with a half-filled $e_g$ band, yielding an overall magnetic moment of $\sim$3.2 $\mu_B$ as already reported in experiments \cite{roth1964}. These Co(T) sites experience an anti-ferromagnetic interaction mediated through a super-exchange of mutually bonded oxygen; in addition, the presence of a large Hund's spin exchange results in a splitting of the $t_{2}$ band. This is shown in Figure \ref{fig:split} c-d, where we find that the $t_{2}$ minority spin states are formed at a higher energy level, whereas all majority spin states occur at lower and similar energies \cite{lima2014,chen2011} (also see Figure~S4 for further details). Overall, the behavior of the spin states and band splitting presented here are consistent with results reported in existing theoretical studies \cite{chen2011,wu2016}.

Next, we discuss the nature of polaron formation in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$. Our calculations show that, among the Co(O) and Co(T) sites where hole polarons can form, the total energy of a hole polaron forming at Co(O) is lower than that of Co(T) by at least 70~meV. A more stable formation of the polaron on Co(O) is also reflected in the calculated density of states of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\, where a larger contribution of Co(O) $d$ states is found at the valence band edge compared to the Co(T) $d$ states (see Figure~S4). Finally, our conclusion is consistent with the experimental study reported by Ngamou \textit{et al.} \cite{ngamou2010}, where the authors show that the hopping of polarons takes place in the octahedral sites and are responsible for driving the electrical transport in the oxide. Collectively, these results indicate that the computational approach employed here provides a proper description of polaron formation in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$.

\begin{figure*
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,width=0.98\linewidth]{hole_diag_224.png}
\caption{\textbf{a.} Pristine band structure of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ with a 224 atom supercell (primitive cell band structure shown in SI Figure~S5). \textbf{b.} Hole polarons create a low-spin (LS) $d^5$ configuration at Co(O) along with a Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion which results in a $D_{4h}$ configuration and the creation of several mid-gap states. \textbf{c-e.} Wavefunction isosurface plots (yellow cloud) of the three polaron induced states under hole formation of $a_1(\uparrow)(d_{x^2-y^2})$, $b_1(\uparrow)(d_{z^2})$, and $b_2(\downarrow)(d_{xy})$ character, respectively. Isosurface plots use a cutoff value of 10\% the maximum. \textbf{f.} Band structure of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ with a hole polaron which shows several induced gap states (blue = spin up, black = spin down).}  \label{fig:hole}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

Beyond the findings on the thermodynamical stability of hole polaron formation in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, our calculations show that the hole polaron at Co(O) leads to several mid-gap states. As shown in Figure \ref{fig:hole}, we find that upon the hole polaron formation, Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion occurs at the Co(O) site due to an uneven occupation of the $t_{2g}$ band, and splits the degeneracy of the $O_h$ states. In addition, the uneven occupation of up/down states splits the spin degeneracy due to the on-site Coulomb repulsion of the $d$ orbitals. Specifically, we find that the majority spin states (e.g. $b_2(\uparrow), a_1(\uparrow), b_1(\uparrow)$) are located at a lower energy, whereas the minority spin states (e.g. $b_2(\downarrow), a_1(\downarrow), b_1(\downarrow)$) are pushed higher in the energy. Such splitting and ordering is consistent with the previous time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of Co(O) \cite{wu2016,belova1983}.
In addition, these mid-gap states are consistent with the experiment reported in Ref.~\citenum{jiang2014}, where it was found that mid-gap excitations are associated with $a_1(\uparrow)$ and $b_1(\uparrow)$ states of Co(O). As a result, our analyses point to significant effects of hole polarons on the electronic structure of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, most notably in the formation of mid-gap states in a similar way as found in \ce{Fe2O3}.

We now turn to a more quantitative discussion of polaron effects on the electronic structure of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$. In particular, we obtain a band gap of 1.6~eV and 1.7~eV with the current choice of $U$ and $\alpha$ (respectively), which is in excellent agreement with the value of 1.5-1.7~eV reported in Refs.~\citenum{lohaus2016,jiang2014,waegele2014,shinde2006,belova1983,lima2014,cheng1998}. However, this is significantly larger than the result of 0.7-0.9~eV claimed by other experiments. \cite{qiao2013,singh2014,sousa2019,martens1985}
We note that exciton binding energies are usually less than 150 meV in many TMOs \cite{ping20132,le2014,Ping2013}, and we show later that the calculated optical spectra, by including excitonic effects, cannot explain the low energy transition at 0.7-0.9~eV.
Interestingly, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:hole}b, at the current level of theory, we find that the mid-gap states are located at 0.8~eV away from the valence band maximum, and are associated with the hole polaron formation. This observation suggests that a scenario similar to the one observed for \ce{Fe2O3} may also occur in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, i.e., the true gap of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ is $\sim$1.6~eV, and the mid-gap states are responsible for the transitions found at $\sim$0.8 eV in the experimental optical absorption spectra \cite{qiao2013,singh2014,sousa2019,martens1985}.
In order to verify our hypothesis and to further elucidate the role of polaron formation, we calculated the optical absorption spectra of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ with and without a hole polaron, and we compared the results with available experimental data. Absorption spectrum with a hole polaron was computed with a 56-atom supercell \cite{concentrationNote}, which better represents experimental hole concentrations of p-type Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ \cite{waegele2014,lohaus2016} due to abundant cation vacancies \cite{tronel2006,godillot2013}.

Therefore, we computed the imaginary part of the dielectric function in the random phase approximation (RPA) with local field effects (as shown in Figure 5) and solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation that includes excitonic effects (as shown in SI Figures S8 and S9), as implemented in the YAMBO-code \cite{YAMBO}, using the single particle eigenvalues and wavefunctions derived from DFT+$U$. We note that this choice of starting point considers the balance between accuracy and computational cost, similar to this work in Ref.~\citenum{Claudia2012}. In addition, for a direct comparison with experimental measurements, we calculated the absorption coefficient from the dielectric function \cite{jackson1999}.
\begin{align}
    A(\omega)=\frac{\omega}{c}\frac{\epsilon_2(\omega)}{\sqrt{\frac{\epsilon_1(\omega)+\sqrt{\epsilon_1(\omega)^2+\epsilon_2(\omega)^2}}{2}}}
\end{align}
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,scale=1]{abs.png}
\caption{Optical absorption of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ in the pristine system (black) and the p-doped system (blue). Notably, only p-type doping i.e. the formation of holes, will cause mid-gap transitions below 1.6 eV, in agreement with experimental optical spectrum of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ shown in green \cite{qiao2013}. The inset image displays the mid-gap transitions which are labeled according to the states formed from hole polaron formation as in Figure \ref{fig:hole}.
(Theoretical spectrum is an average of spectra with light polarized in the [100], [010], and [001] directions.)}  \label{fig:abs}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The calculated optical absorption spectra of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:abs}, together with the experimental spectrum. We find that the introduction of hole polarons leads to the formation of several lower energy optical transition peaks between 0.6 and 1.2 eV in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$. More importantly, we find that, in sharp contrast to the result obtained for the pristine system, the spectrum computed for Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ with a hole polaron is in very good agreement with experimental data, where three lower lying transitions were also found between 0.7 and 1.1~eV \cite{qiao2013,lohaus2016,jiang2014,waegele2014}. Our analysis indicates that these transitions can be associated with those occur between the $p$-$d$ hybridized dispersive valence states and the localized $d$ states formed at the hole polaron site, for which the wavefunctions are illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:hole} c-e. Collectively, these results clearly support the interpretation that the true optical gap of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ is $\sim$1.6 eV and that the optical transitions observed at $\sim$0.8 eV are due to hole polaron formation at Co(O) sites.
We note that electron polarons do not lead to the formation of low lying transitions (see Figure~S6), indicative of the p-doped nature of the experimental system.

In order to rule out the possibility that the low energy transitions $\sim$0.8 eV are caused by large excitonic effects~\cite{Laskowski2009,Bruneval2006,Wiktor2018,Rodl2012}, we also computed absorption spectra of pristine Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ including excitonic effects by solving the Bethe-Salpeter Equation, as shown in SI Figure~S7, S8. More detailed discussions can be found in SI.
Overall, no extra peaks in the BSE spectra show up at the energy range below 1 eV for pristine Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ (no hole polaron included), which confirms the excitonic effects do not explain the low energy transitions in the absence of SPs.

In addition, we note that we neglect electron-phonon coupling and thermal expansion effects on the band edge positions and absorption spectra at finite temperature, as discussed in Refs.~\citenum{monserrat2018phonon,bravic2019finite}. In the presence of temperature effects, the absorption edge may be subject to a red-shift, in addition to an overall broadening of the spectra, which is the subject of our future studies. However, we expect that these effects will not lead to an additional peak that are well separated from the main absorption in a direct band-gap semiconductor like Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, and therefore our conclusion on the contribution of small polarons to the low energy optical transitions still holds.

Finally, we propose an experimentally viable method for distinguishing optical transitions involving localized polaron states from  traditional  band-band  bulk  state  transitions. For Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, the JT distortion upon the introduction of the hole polaron extends the Co-O bonds along the $C_4$ axis, and this distortion may occur along any of the bond axis that aligns with the [100], [010], [001] directions of the cubic unit cell. Such a three-fold degeneracy can be broken if uniaxial strain is applied to the system along one of the crystal lattice directions, which in turn may affect the optical absorption spectrum.  In this regard, monitoring the change in the optical spectrum of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ in the presence of an uniaxial strain could potentially provide signatures of hole polarons associated with a specific JT distortion.

For demonstration, we considered a 1\% tensile strain applied along the [100] direction. We find that the three-fold degeneracy in the polaron states is broken upon the introduction of the strain; in particular, polaron formation with the JT elongation along the [100] direction is  lowered  in  the  energy  by  5  meV  compared  to  those  associated  with  the  [010]  or  [001] directions.   Here,  to  investigate  the  collective  and  individual  effects  of  these  polarons  on the absorption spectrum, we computed a thermally averaged ensemble spectrum by using a Boltzmann probability distribution of the optical absorption obtained for each case:
\begin{align}
    P_i = \frac{e^{E_i/kT}}{\sum_i e^{E_i/kT}} \quad , \quad A(\omega)=\sum_{i}P_i\,A_i(\omega)\label{eq:bolt},
\end{align}
where $E_{i}$ and $A_{i}$ are the energy and absorption spectrum of the system containing a polaron in the state $i$ ($i$ denotes different JT elongation direction), respectively.

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,width=7cm]{strain.png}
\caption{Optical absorption of p-doped Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ under 1\% uniaxial tensile strain along the [100] direction. Temperature dependence determines the probability for which direction the Jahn-Teller elongation will occur (as the degeneracy is removed under strain) and results in a red-shift of optical peaks related to the hole polaron.}  \label{fig:strain}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The calculated optical absorption spectrum presented in Figure \ref{fig:strain} clearly shows a red-shift in the first peak that is associated with polarons. In particular, we find that at lower temperatures where $kT$ is on the order of 5 meV or less, the resulting optical spectra follow that of the lowest energy polaron associated with JT elongation along the [100] direction. At higher temperatures, the clear red-shift remains, although a high temperature of 300~K is sufficient to quench the 5~meV energy difference between polaron states. In contrast to the transition associated with hole polarons, we find that bulk band-band transitions at higher energy (above 1.5 eV) remain mostly unchanged upon uniaxial strain (see Figure~S9). Accordingly, this allows one to clearly distinguish the local polaron state involved in optical transitions, whose JT distortion renders them quite sensitive to strain, from that of the band-band bulk state transitions which are insensitive to strain.

To summarize, we present a detailed investigation of the electronic structure and polaronic induced optical transitions in Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ based on first-principles calculations. We resolved several contradicting findings in the literature related to the character of the charge carrier and band gap of the material. In particular, we show that the optical gap of pristine Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$\ is 1.6 eV, whereas the lower lying transition around $\sim$0.8~eV is associated with the hole polaron, which was misinterpreted as the band edge of the material. We also demonstrated the important effects of uniaxial strain on the optical spectra of Co$_\text{3}$O$_\text{4}$, which in turn can be used to reveal the localized character of polaron-induced electronic states.

Our study also suggests a strategy for establishing a potential first-principles approach that can simultaneously achieve an accurate description of polaron states, electronic band structure and optical properties in polaronic magnetic oxides. Specifically, the generalized Koopmans' condition can be utilized to derive the fraction of exact exchange from first-principles, which in turn can be used in hybrid functional for investigating the electronic structure of the oxide. These hybrid functionals can also be used for benchmarking DFT-$U$ calculations, which offer a much lower computational cost, or to provide inputs for higher level electronic structure methods, such as many-body perturbation theory within the \textit{GW} approximation.

\medskip

This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. DE‐AC52‐07NA27344. T.S, T.A.P and T.O are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fuel Cell Technologies Office. Y.P. is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. DMR-1760260 and CHE-1904547. This research used computational support from the LLNL Grand Challenge Program, the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, which is a US DOE Office of Science Facility, and the Scientific Data and Computing center, a component of the Computational Science Initiative, at Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-SC0012704, the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) which is supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. ACI-1548562 \cite{xsede}. We acknowledge fruitful discussion with Lin-Wang Wang and Di-Jia Liu.

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text:
Home / Lifestyle / Culture & Society / Women in Their 20s Most Likely to Commit Suicide: Data
Women in Their 20s Most Likely to Commit Suicide: Data
Posted on October 4, 2021 by Korea Bizwire in Culture & Society, Most Viewed, National, Social Affairs, Top News with 0 Comments
This file photo shows a woman looking at a job recruitment bulletin board at an employment support center in western Seoul on Sept. 14, 2020. (Yonhap)
SEOUL, Oct. 4 (Korea Bizwire) — Young South Koreans in their teens and 20s, especially women in their 20s, are increasingly committing suicide due primarily to anxiety and a sense of desperation.
Statistics Korea reported that from 2010 to 2020, the number of individuals who committed suicide annually dropped by 15.2 percent from 15,566 people to 13,195 people. The decreasing suicide rate was seen throughout all age groups.
However, since 2015, the number of women in their 20s who committed suicide jumped by 64.5 percent from 378 to 622.
As the economic stagnation exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic drags on, unemployment is threatening the economic independence of young South Koreans.
Statistics Korea reported that suicidal impulses among young women are mainly caused by economic difficulties (21.5 percent) and unemployment (18.5 percent), which account for almost 40 percent of all reasons.
"South Korea's patriarchal labor market prefers men over women when both of them have the same qualifications," said Lee Yeo-bong, a sociology professor at Kangnam University.
"This pushes women away into low-income jobs, raising the likelihood of economic instability."
Depression is a major sign among women in their 20s who commit suicide.
The National Health Insurance Service reported that 671,425 women (66 percent) visited hospitals for affective disorders last year, which was two times more than men (345,302 people, 34 percent).
Sorted by age, those in their 20s (170,987 people, 16.8 percent) accounted for the largest total among all age groups.
The National Emergency Department Information System reported that 36,336 people were sent to emergency rooms for committing self-harm or suicide in 2019, with 15.6 percent (5,671 cases) reported as women in their 20s.
H. M. Kang (hmkang@koreabizwire.com)
Current, ex-POSCO Execs Face Summonses over Alleged Slush Fund
Gov't Proposes 2017 Budget in Excess of Record 400 Trillion Won
Cremation Continues to Dominate Funeral Industry in South Korea
Some Koreans Avoiding COVID-19 Tests as Daily Infections Top 600,000


Pubs are a beloved British institution. A safe place for people to hide away from the troubles of the real world, over a glass of something more interesting than their usual tea or coffee.
Former Big Brother contestant Andy West led the debate, after revealing that he thinks all children should be banned from pubs, so adults can relax and unwind.
Andy even went the extra mile and gave a live demonstration of how he feels children behave in pubs, running around the studio and kicking Rochelle and Phillip's chairs.
His appearance sparked huge debate on Twitter, with many viewers keen to share their views on the topic – and there were passionate views from each side of the argument.
#ThisMorning The parents of badly behaved children should be asked to leave - doesn't matter if it's a pub or cafe. After 8pm children should not be allowed. Dogs should be allowed as long as they're well behaved.
Good god yes. Why on earth do parents drag their kids to pubs. There are plenty of suitable places for families.
If it's a pub/restaurant then yes kids allowed for meals but no, kids shouldn't be allowed just in pubs unless theres a family members celebration party.
However, a handful of people defended children being allowed into our pubs, although many agreed that certain stipulations should be in place.
Children should be welcome in pubs up until a certain time, then parents should take the home. And pubs should have a child space so that if you dont want to be bothered by children, you aren't.
If it's a pub/restaurant it's ok to bring kids but if it's just a pub I'm not sure I'd bring my kids to it. It's boring for kid anyway.
Hundreds of tweets were posted following Andy's appearance on the show, and the general consensus is that children aren't as welcome in pubs as we'd think. But thankfully for now, the decision is still in the hands of the landlord.


text:
Dura-Europos  (Δούρα Ευρωπός), također poznat i kao Dura-Europus bio je antički grad čiji se ostaci danas nalaze na desnoj obali Eufrata, nedaleko od modernog sela Salhiyé u Siriji. Osnovali su ga godine 303. pr. Kr. Seleukidi kao postaju na putu između Antiohije i Seleukije na Tigrisu. U 1. stoljeću pr. Kr. je pao pod vlast Parta i tamo ostao sve do 165. kada su ga zauzeli Rimljani. Potom su ga godine 256./57. opsjeli Sasanidi te je nakon opsade za koju se vjeruje da je bila uspješna - trajno napušten. Napuštanje grada je omogućilo da veliki dio zgrada i brojnih vrijednih artefakata bude sačuvan sve do 20. stoljeća, zbog čega se naziva "Pompejima pustinje". Grad je bio izuzetno bogat i kozmopolitskog karaktera, o čemu svjedoče ostaci sinagoge, crkve i Mithraeuma.

Vanjske poveznice

 Simon James, "Dura-Europos, the 'Pompeii of the Desert'"
 The Dura-Europos Gospel Harmony

Arheološki lokaliteti u Siriji
Drevni gradovi u Siriji
Partsko Carstvo
Sasanidsko Perzijsko Carstvo
Starogrčki gradovi
Rimski gradovi


IN.DE is an artistic nod to Dundas East, a neighbourhood that's at the cusp of a great revival. Minutes from Ryerson University, and a short walk from Dundas Square and all its sensory wonders, it's an exciting address that has a lot to offer. A magnet for those who are open to adventure, open to new experiences.
A company founded over 50 years ago by Murray Menkes. Visionary. Entrepreneur. Businessman. He wanted his life story to be about building single-family homes that delivered outstanding quality and lasting value. Before long, he was building not just beautiful homes but entire master planned communities. Today, Menkes continues to raise the standard for outstanding quality design and superior value as a fully integrated, multi-disciplinary real estate development company.


The "Choose and Book" online - make it work or just give Tel. No.
I hated being mucked about trying to book on line when there is no such service.
I received my 2 pages of "Choose and Book" info. with a logon and password from my GP and all the relevent points highlighted. Brilliant..
I logged on to the site, to book an appointment and ................. nothing happened.
Oh, I forgot, neither the phone or the online "service" is available outside office hours. How rediculous is this!
Furthermore, don't believe the hype, as there is actually no Online Booking facility only the 0845 Tel. No. during working hours. No change there then!
I've tried this online service before to no effect. You would have thought that the Hospital would be obliged to have this up and running after all these years!


While you can enjoy many different styles of Big Dog's Brews around Las Vegas at neighborhood pubs and taverns, Las Vegas Strip restaurants and local retail outlets, the full slate of available Big Dog's Brews can be enjoyed at our brewery at Big Dog's Draft House. While there, enjoy our 7 Signature Brews that are available year round plus 4-10 seasonal brews at a time.
Big Dog's Beers are strictly for those of legal drinking age.


text:
Q: Function Question - Main Features Can anyone answer these 2 questions?
Consider the function $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ given by $f(x) = x^2e^{-x}$.
(a) Calculate local maxima/minima and points of inflection of f(x).
(b) Draw the graph of $y = f(x)$ indicating and explaining the main features.

A: Question (a)

$f'(x)=2xe^{-x}-x^2e^{-x}$
Critical points: $f'(x)=0 \Leftrightarrow 2xe^{-x}=x^2e^{-x}$
This gives $x^2-2x=0 \Rightarrow x(x-2)=0 \Rightarrow x=0\vee x=2$.
$f''(x)=2e^{-x}-2xe^{-x}-2xe^{-x}+x^2e^{-x}$
Inflection points: $f''(x)=0 \Leftrightarrow e^{-x}(2-4x+x^2)=0$
This gives $x^2-4x+2=0 \Rightarrow x=2-\sqrt{2} \vee x=2+\sqrt{2}$.

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The overall aim of the 'Cycle SuperHighways in greater Copenhagen' is to get more people to commute by bike over longer distances. What we intend to do is spoil the existing and coming bike commuters, by creating a network of Cycle Superhighways, making it even more attractive for them to use their bikes as a daily means of transport. We want people to perceive these routes as a serious alternative, equal to taking the car, bus or train. To succed in this 22 municipalities and the Capital Region of Denmark have joined forces to make the greatest region in the World. The ambition is to get more than 30 pct. more bike comuters than today.
Route C99, the Albertslund route, opened in April 2012 while route C95 (the Farum route) came into use in April 2013.The two routes are part of a fast-growing network of bike infrastructure targeted specifically at suburban commuters, featuring smooth pavement, good lighting, separation from traffic, safe road crossings, rain shelters and air pumps. A total of 28 routes with 467 km (290 miles) of cycle paths are planned. More than ten of these will be ready by the end of 2018.
The network priorities bikes, follows the optimum line as closely as posisible, connects and crosses through municipalities and has a high and uniform quality throughout the route.
90 % say, that it is easy to keep a good pace. In 2012 the equivalent was 74 %.
The sense of safety has gone up from 7,3 to 8,1 on a scale of 1-10.


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Welcome to the Mykins Family site. We've created this site to keep friends and family updated on the progress of Steffani, William and Garrett Mykins since their automobile accident on July 12, 2016. We have been overwhelmed by the outpouring of support and love from our friends and family in Annapolis and across the county, and truly appreciate the encouragement.
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It's an everyday occurrence. A little tickle in your throat, a wayward speck of pollen, perhaps — or a bit of water traveling down the wrong pipe — and then a full-on chain reaction in your body.
Your torso lurches forward with force as your esophagus slams shut then opens wide again. In between, your lungs compress in a short burst and abdominal and rib muscles contract to push the equivalent of most of a two-liter bottle's worth of air out of your windpipe in a fraction of a second. A cough has been born.
During a cold, a cough is the body's way of clearing excess mucous from the throat. Infections, smoke, cold air, allergies and even acid reflux can trigger bouts of coughing as well.
Under normal conditions, the air expelled in a cough travels roughly at the speed of sound. But at its most powerful, a cough can travel at velocities of up to 500 miles an hour — carrying enough force to break a rib.


This entry was posted in Funny Pictures and tagged Funny Pictures on February 15, 2014 by admin.	Viewed 456 times.
Turning Down S*xy Time And Wondering..
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Saint Louis University School of Law was founded in 1843 and is the oldest law school west of the Mississippi River. The strength of the faculty, breadth of course offerings and extensive clinical and professional skills experiences provide students with a well-rounded legal education.
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Last Tuesday, all MS students from Johanesburg visited the Woodrock animal shelter. They learnt to take care of animals, and had the chance to cuddle cats, rabbits, dogs and even donkeys. They met some hairy pigs, some noisy and posh gooses, some chickens and even chatty ducks. Then, MSB students chose 2 cute rabbits and get an adoption certificate. The rabbits are now living in the rabbit garden installed in the Maternelle playground where they are ready to be pampered all year long.
The Woodrock shelter welcomes abandoned animals. Those ones are in excellent health, sterilized and with updated immunizations. Please find more info if you wish to adopt a cute pet, or if you wish to make a donation in order to keep warmth within their new home.


Nutrition labeling of restaurant menu and vending machine items / Agata Dabrowska.
Dabrowska, Agata, (author.). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, (issuing body.).
Edition: [Library of Congress public edition].
The CRS report home page provides access to all versions published since 2018 in accordance with P.L. 115-141.
Description based on contents viewed on March 7, 2019; title from CRS report home page.
Subject: Convenience foods > Caloric content > Labeling > Government policy > United States.
Food > Caloric content > Labeling > Government policy > United States.
Restaurants > Menus > Government policy > United States.
United States. Food and Drug Administration > Rules and practice.
Food > Labeling > Law and legislation > United States.


text:
Q: What is this worksheet on "edit links" referencing? I have to make changes to a worksheet that references another worksheet in edit links.

However, I don't know how to tell what the references are. I don't see components of that worksheet references in any other excel dialog. Are there other places besides the following I should be looking?
Workbook Connections

Existing connections (and tables)

A: It looks like the range is referenced in the name manager:


How is Breeding Like Natural Selection?
This wheat was bred to resist pests and diseases. Such resistances also help wheat to survive in nature.
Llamas were bred from the wild guanaco, a sure footed animal well adapted to the mountainous, cold climate where it lives. Llamas are used for their meat, as pack animals, and most noticeably, for their wool.
Breeding is similar to natural selection in a few ways. The main idea of how it works is the same: The animals with the needed traits are able to reproduce, so in the next generation these traits are more common in the population. Mutations which enhance these traits are selected for, and they are also passed on.
1. Someone who wants to make goat-hair sweaters would breed goats to have long hair. If a population of goats lives in a cold climate, they could evolve long hair to stay warm.
2. A farmer might breed his wheat (or any other kind of plant or animal) to be resistant to pests and diseases, so that more of the plants survive. The wheat evolves immunities to diseases and pests naturally to be able to survive and reproduce.
3. People breed dogs for enhanced sense of smell, so that they can help people hunt animals or search for things. Dogs have and do evolve a strong sense of smell naturally, because it helps the dog to find prey and sense danger.
4. Flowers are often bred for brighter colors or a stronger scent for bouquets and other floral arrangements. Colors and scent are also selected for naturally, because the flowers that are brightly colored or have a strong, pleasant smell are the ones that attract the most bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, so they are able to reproduce.
These similarities are caused by the fact that people begin using organisms because of traits that they already have, and then breed them to enhance these traits.
Even though man and nature have different motives, sometimes they use the same means to meet their goals.
How is Breeding Unlike Natural Selection?
This sheep's wild ancestors had a lot of hair, and sheep have been domesticated and bred for generations to take advantage of and enhance this trait.


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Q: What's the advantage of using GLuint instead of unsigned int? I like to be more standard as possible, so why should I "constrain" my classes defining it's members as OpenGL types when I can use primitive types? Is there any advantage?

A: The type "unsigned int" has a different size depending on the platform you're building on. I expect this to normally be 32 bits, however it could be 16 or 64 (or something else -- depending on the platform).
Library-specific types are often created to be typedef'd according to platform-specific rules. This allows a generic application to use the right type without having to be aware of the platform it will be built for. Instead, the platform-specific knowledge is constrained to a single common header file.

A: i don't think it matters in this case because the spec says they are minimum sizes, not strict sizes. have a look at gl.h ~line 149
they're just typedefs of basic C types. they are just a convenience - for example there is a boolean type, so if you're using C89 and don't use any booleans then there's one set up for you to use with GL. GLuint is just a shorter way of typing unsigned int:
typedef unsigned int  GLenum;
typedef unsigned char GLboolean;
typedef unsigned int  GLbitfield;
typedef void    GLvoid;
typedef signed char GLbyte;   /* 1-byte signed */
typedef short   GLshort;  /* 2-byte signed */
typedef int   GLint;    /* 4-byte signed */
typedef unsigned char GLubyte;  /* 1-byte unsigned */
typedef unsigned short  GLushort; /* 2-byte unsigned */
typedef unsigned int  GLuint;   /* 4-byte unsigned */
typedef int   GLsizei;  /* 4-byte signed */
typedef float   GLfloat;  /* single precision float */
typedef float   GLclampf; /* single precision float in [0,1] */
typedef double    GLdouble; /* double precision float */
typedef double    GLclampd; /* double precision float in [0,1] */

A: Better cross-platform compatibility.


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Walt Disney World's Disney Hollywood Studios is getting its 'Star Wars' on.
When Disney purchased the Star Wars franchise from George Lucas we all knew it wasn't just to make more movies. Disney wanted the brand so they could incorporate it into their TV shows, video games and theme parks. And it appears fans have been pleased with how Disney has handled their purchase of Star Wars so far.
The Force Awakens is still earning gobs of money and rave reviews at the box office and Disney Infinity 3.0, the latest installment in their video game series, is one of the best games the house of mouse has ever released. But what about the theme parks?
The Star Wars Launch Bay opened at Walt Disney World's Disney Hollywood Studios in December and has become a popular spot among guests. It features galleries, props from the movies and photo ops with Star Wars characters, including newest villain Kylo Ren.
Other recent additions at Disney's Hollywood Studios include a revamped Star Tours attraction, First Order stormtrooper patrols, a re-imagined Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple, Star Wars-themed food and drinks and the cinematic experience Star Wars: Path of the Jedi.
On top of all that the company announced last week a few more reasons for Star Wars fans to visit the Florida park this year.
The live stage show Star Wars: A Galaxy Far, Far Away opens on April 4 and will run multiple times a day. It features classic moments from the Star Wars movies with characters like Chewbacca, Darth Vader and Darth Maul making appearances.
Along with the live show comes the Stormtroopers march, which sees a squad of First Order stormtroopers march in formation from the Star Wars Launch Bay to the Center Stage area. It will happen at various times a day with Captain Phasma leading the march.
And beginning this summer is the next generation fireworks display, Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular. This nightly show, which Disney says is "unprecedented in Disney's Hollywood Studios history" combines Star Wars-themed music and characters with fireworks, lasers, light projections and other special effects. Disney knows how to do fireworks and from the official description this sounds amazing.
Check out some concept art below of more Star Wars-themed attractions planned for both Walt Disney World in Florida and Disneyland in California.
Are you excited for all the Star Wars-themed attractions coming to Walt Disney World and Disneyland? Share your thoughts in the comments below or at facebook.com/bamcatBuzz.


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Home Entertainment Harrow Season 3: All the Recent Development on Release and Plot...
Harrow Season 3: All the Recent Development on Release and Plot !!
Levis Lane
It has been a year since the Harrow series premiered on ABC network. This Australian Television Drama has gained a lot of good reviews from the audience and critics. It is mostly praised for its medical drama, mystery, and the combination of puzzle thrill. The show is written and directed by Stephen M. Irwin and Leigh McGrath.
Now, Harrow fans are eagerly waiting for season 3. So without further ado, let's jump right into the topic. We have collected all the information such as plot, cast, and release date related to the upcoming season below.
When will ABC Network drop Harrow Season 3?
The thriller series debuted on March 9, 2018, on ABC network. After a year, the creators renewed and released the second season on May 12, 2019. It's more than a year since its previous season released, and fans are eagerly waiting for the next season. And now, fans are hoping for the new season this year.
But sadly, we haven't heard any official announcement about the renewal of season 3. So it may take some more time to get produced and released on the ABC network.
If we look at the release pattern of the first and second season, then we can see a one year gap. If the creators give green light to the third season, then it might take one year to complete the production. It might take a year or two for them to release it on the program. So once the production begins we can anticipate a launch date for the new season.
Who will return in the Harrow Season 3?
Fans are wondering who will return in season 3 of Harrow. According to the sources, all the main cast will reprise the roles. We can expect Ioan Gruffudd as Dr. Daniel Harrow, Remy Hii as Simon Van Reyk, Darren Gilshenan as Lyle Fairley, Ella Newton as Fern Harrow, Damien Garvey as Bryan Nichols, Tony Barry as Jack Twine, Anna Lise Phillips as Stephanie Tolson, Mirrah Foulkes as Sergeant SoroyaDass, and many more.
What is the expected Storyline of Harrow Season 3?
If you want to know what will happen in the upcoming season, then we have the plot details for you. When the previous season ended, fans were left with numerous questions. A young man who claimed himself as the son of Daniel was discovered dead in season 2. Whether he is his son or not, will be revealed in the next season. Also, fans will see Harrow trapped in the world of crime.
His family will be at a huge risk. Will he save them in the next season? Till what limit can he go to protect them? All these questions will surely be answered in season 3. For now, you will have to wait for the official announcement about the release date and plot from the showrunners. You can watch the trailer for season 2 below, and revise the show before the third part releases on the ABC network.
Harrow series is filled with suspense, and we are very sure that creators will bring back the new season soon with more thrill for their fans. So stay tuned for more updates.
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