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Episode 3: My Old Kentucky Home, Or The Decline And Fall Of Practically Everybody
by Barbara Lippert , Featured Columnist, September 1, 2009
Roger performs in blackface! Red sings and plays the accordion! Sally steals! And Peggy inhales!
There wasn't much action in this rather opaque episode -- at least in the classic car-crash sense. But the character details that emerged were like ice sculptures at a fancy shindig. You find them both tacky and beautiful, and can't stop staring.
Didn't that consummate old Princetonian himself, F. Scott Fitzgerald, maintain that "plot is character?" Certainly, we got ghosts of Gatsby types aplenty wandering around the grounds of Roger Sterling's Long Island country club on Derby Day. And then there was the mention of that other-famous-writer's "A Midsummer's Night's Dream" at the bar, where we found Don craving an honest day's work -- rather than work disguised as a hoity-toity party -- and an old-fashioned. Add in a song (Cole Porter's "C'est Magnifique") a dance (the Charleston) and peeing not in your pants, but in some stranger's trunk, while perhaps reading Edward Gibbon's "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" and you have quite a mess. Or a chasm. The episode was all about the generation gap starting to divide the culture, and the elaborate, ritualized and codified social and class structures that would also soon give way. Timber!
But let's start back at the agency, where the pot smoke is hitting the fan, or, in this case, the mohair sweater, which can't possibly absorb the stink. (Was there supposed to be some sort of joke in which Moliere and mohair rhyme?) More importantly, was the announcement, "I'm Peggy Olson and I want to smoke some marijuana!" one of the most glorious lines ever offered? It reminded me of a story that Hillary Clinton famously tells about meeting Bill: that she walked right up to him in the Yale library and said, "I'm Hillary Rodham. And if you're going to continue to stare at me, and I'm going to stare at you, I think we should be introduced." Or some such. It's that direct, wide-eyed, earnest, ambitious, steely, yet at the same time still slightly frumpy and uncool energy of both that's so poignant, and perhaps also off-putting.
This episode takes place a decade earlier. And even given Paul Kinsey's faux beatnik ways, would these guys really be lying around on the floor of the agency, smoking weed in the early 1960s? (And calling it "grass"?) One guy I know who started working in the biz in the early '70s said it wasn't till then that the divide between the booze drinkers and pot smokers became evident, but that even then, the chairman of the agency was still celebrating Fridays by opening a bottle in his office for the invited few.
While we're quibbling over details, I've wanted to point out for a while that much of the way Peggy talks about creative also seems ahead of its time. The idea that she wanted to make fun of Ann-Margret in "Bye Bye Birdie" wouldn't happen for a client like Pepsi, maybe ever. (In the early 2000s, BBDO used Britney Spears to recreate song and dance numbers from Marilyn through Madonna for a Pepsi Super Bowl spot, and that piece of work didn't have an ounce of satire in it. And the latter-day Harry Crane equivalents were still slobbering over the performance.)
Certainly, after the recent death of "60 Minutes" producer Don Hewitt, his obituary showed that in those days, he just made it up as he went along (and that's how he invented the idea of putting supers on the lower third of the screen to identify people being interviewed on camera.).
Creatives were also operating in the land of the new. So even having the concept of adapting the iconic opening of a popular movie into a commercial was breakthrough enough entertainment at that point. (Until then, TV ads were "radio with pictures.")
Along the same lines, Smitty's initial idea for Bacardi -- "Bacardi-licious," which Peggy picked up on by supplying "Barcardi-lightful" -- reminded me of the Snickers work that's running right now. (And that might have evolved from the seminal lyrics gracing singer Beyonce's hit song, "Bootylicious." )
Peggy really took to that strong cigarette. Once sufficiently baked, she came up with a vacation situation for the rum that had legs: a hammock set up on a city rooftop, among the clotheslines. (Very "West Side Story," which was a hit on Broadway at the time.) Olive, Peggy's new secretary, has a name that conveys a person who is drab and self-effacing -- as opposed to the previous secretary's "showgirl" name, Lola. Peggy's post-weed-induced realization -- that Olive is afraid -- sets her apart from the previous generation of women, and also sets her apart from female convention. I am pot-smoker, hear me roar, she seems to be saying. Who needs connubial bliss when you have cannabis?
And now to the Derby party, where it became clear that those to the country club born -- Betty, Trudy, Pete, Roger, Bert-- were separated from the have-nots -- Don, Harry Crane, and poor drunken, anorexic Jane. (Boy, is she doomed! Talk about "Valley of the Dolls," real soon!)
Speaking of the haves -- where was Pryce and his wife? They of all people would have appreciated Roger's performance in blackface, complete with singing about darkies and corncobs. Add to that Pete and Trudy's beautifully choreographed rendition of the Charleston, the dance of the crazy rich kids of the 1920s, (and they both could really swing! Vincent Kartheiser has the moves!) and the afternoon ended with a shocking one-two punch of entitlement and antique notions: class distinction and extinction.
Betty enjoyed meeting a mysterious stranger whom she allowed to palm her belly, a weirdly intimate gesture. Certainly, she showed more interest in him than she does in her children, whom she generally ignores. She orders Sally upstairs to zip her up, and then barks at her not to bother Grampa Gene and to go watch TV. Leaving for the party, she walks right by both kids after kissing her daddy goodbye.
So obviously, Sally is feeling left out -- and acting out. Something compelled her to steal five bucks from Grandfather Hofstadt, and then hamhandedly try to return it without being caught.
I know that Matthew Weiner likes to set up ominous storylines that foreshadow nothing and merely mess with our heads, but I have a terrible fear about the relationship between Sally and Gene. Emotional abuse? Physical abuse? Was there ever a history of sexual abuse in the family? We don't know for sure. To some extent, it will be Betty redux, whatever that was, just as Gene is calling Carla "Viola." His deft handling of the return of the fiver also shows that he's not as demented as one might think. And while it's cute that Sally can pronounce all those sophisticated, polysyllabic words in Edward Gibbon's tome as she reads to the old man, hearing her stumble over terms like "licentiousness" just seems too creepy.
And then there's Joan. Joan can do everything, perfectly, but is about a decade too early to be Martha Stewart and will suffer mightily for that. When I got a glimpse of her hubby vacuuming in the preview, I was hoping that all was well on the domestic front.
What we see from her dinner party, however, is that husband Greg is not only sexually insecure, but also defensive about not doing well professionally, and hiding his problems from his wife. (Thus he freaked out over whether the seating chart was toadying enough to the chief.)
To change the subject from his botched surgery, he drags out his wife's (matching red) accordion, and forces her to perform. (He obviously can't.) He's not proud of her, but rather, grasping and desperate for what she can do for him.
Still, Joan has so many untapped talents, and the result is utterly charming. The guests love it. She sings "C'est Magnifique" in French -- a song written in 1953 for the musical "Can-Can." ( Mid-century, placing her right in the middle of the cultural chasm, between the Charleston crowd and the potsmokers.) The scene is as unexpected and delightful as when Uncle Junior sang in Italian on "The Sopranos."
Whether Joan, she of the long-line bra and the beautiful singing voice, can carry not only a tune, but also Greg, remains to be seen. The chief of surgery's wife already warned her not to get pregnant. That goes for quitting her job as well.
Meanwhile, back at the country club, with the 23-skidoo-ers, Don has a run-in with Roger, after a soused and stick-thin Jane, who seems nothing like the would-be poet who shared Roger's hotel room, reveals to Betty that she knew she and Don had split. A glass of milk is ordered for Jane (the child-drunk gets the elixir that big daddy Roger hopes will fix everything.) It's already spilt. Roger thinks everyone's jealous of his happiness. Don tells him, "No one thinks you're happy. They think you're foolish."
At the very end of a long day, Don wanders the grounds, holding Betty's wrap and purse, when he sees Roger and the new Mrs., dancing closely.
He spies Betty, alone in her white dress, like a ghost or a stood-up bride, up ahead, shrouded in gloom. In "A Midsummer Night's Dream," the Shakespeare play that Don's new mysterious friend Connie mentioned earlier, Puck begs the audience for its forgiveness and approval. Like Puck, Don goes to Betty and holds her tight and kisses her, as if to beg her to forget the past, as though it had all been a dream.
22 comments about "Episode 3: My Old Kentucky Home, Or The Decline And Fall Of Practically Everybody".
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Jonathan Hutter from Northern Light Health, September 1, 2009 at 2:18 p.m.
Dorothy I love reading your columns about Mad Men, it's like watching it again, without taking an hour. But, you missed that Connie was Conrad Hilton (frankly, I did too, I had to watch again and read blogs to confirm).
Do you think that making a proper Old Fashioned might be all it takes for Sterling Cooper to open the door and land the Hilton account? Only on TV could it be so. Here's my suitably dark prediction - S/C comes thisclose to winning Hilton, only to have Barron Hilton rebel against his father and shun S/C, unless they agree to have Joan work for Hilton.
Richard Brayer from Car-X, September 1, 2009 at 2:22 p.m.
a very unique episode and a great analysis- except you missed the fact that Olive is a man who is really a Russian spy
seriously I , too wonder about Grampa as creepy sexual predator- let hope not
Ron Boyd from 1969, September 1, 2009 at 2:25 p.m.
The actual quote by F. Scott Fitzgerald is, "action is character." It's from his notebooks.
Kate Lafrance from Hartford Woman Online Magazine, September 1, 2009 at 2:32 p.m.
I was so glad to see this today because, for some reason, I was re-examining this episode as I went to sleep last night. Although I'm a die hard fan of the show I do recall that 2nd season I stopped watching after the first few - the way that the shows tend to get all "Twin Peaks" really bothers me. It's a great premise, cast and set that I can't help feel is getting under utilized while Weiner goes off on his artistic indulgences. Half the show dedicated to pot smoking? Out of context, focusing on every detail, nuance, facial expression and the weirdness of it all ... I was just waiting for the dancing midget to appear. I really hope this doesn't alienate viewers and cause the eventual cancellation of a show that started out with so much promise.
Erin Ulicki from Centro, September 1, 2009 at 3:14 p.m.
I love this column! Thank you for writing it every week as everybody's insight either clarifies what I was thinking or puts it in a new light. I too was creeped out by Grandpa's choice of bedtime reading and don't really want to walk down that path.
I also am wondering where Joan's story will lead. It seems as though she has physically grown this season and I assume it is because all is not well in married life (or you don't have to diet once you land the man). But am also hoping she will heed the advice to not have children yet and stay on at S/C to see how far she can take her role.
What's the over-under on Betty's baby having asthma and low birthweight?
Oh - and Jane's hat when she came into the office - very mod, but it was like a giant bubble on her head.
Paula Lynn from Who Else Unlimited, September 1, 2009 at 3:55 p.m.
Gene's actions will not improve or even prove he molested his daugher because of his illness. He can do things that would otherwise embarrass himself so watch when he starts to blurt out things while the audience may never know if they are true or not. As for Betty, she is more of a cold hearted icon than Don can ever be since Don - not that it excuses his actions- has used his intellegence and is showing more affection for his children than she has regard. Poor Jane. She reminds me, so far, of those older head bookkeepers of the 70's who never got passed calling the boss Mr. They were put in the position where they showed you how complicated filing punch cards numerically are just to make their positions more important. Jane could almost be the Ann Margaret of Patio.
And yes to hearing, "they always hate creative" where food disappears many times certainly not at S/C either. Remember, goodie closet stuff was not shared with the creative back draft.
Randall Hoffner from ABC, Inc., September 1, 2009 at 4:18 p.m.
I think you are right that this was historically too early for a pot party at an ad agency office. It wasn't until a few years after this that it became a thing in the counterculture, and it didn't get nearly so mainstream for some time after that.
And wasn't that Charleston the best?!
Gordon Plutsky from 21 Advisors, September 1, 2009 at 4:34 p.m.
Jonathan - great catch on Hilton - where did you read that?
Great job on the recap as always, I look forward to them. Watching the reactions while Roger did blackface was interesting. Who would think Pete would look disgusted?
Borgie from wttw, September 1, 2009 at 4:47 p.m.
I already love the show for all its attention to historical detail in the set decoration and mention of current events. But when Kinsey shows up in the same mohair cardigan my dad wore the 60s....wow, Mad Men, I'm yours forever.
Ray George from HawkPartners, September 1, 2009 at 5:29 p.m.
Wonderful recap on the many details in this episode. My favorite moments were at Joan's dinner party and the many exchanged glances, particularly at the end when Joan realizes she far outshines her husband. I had been hoping they would come back to the thread from last season about her obvious talents - definitely rooting for her.
And I am frankly astounded that someone figured out the Conrad Hilton reference - amazing (and pretty cool, if you think about the currently tainted Hilton legacy).
Thanks as always for the wonderful recap - almost as good as the show itself.
Cynthia Amorese from JAL Enterprises NY, September 1, 2009 at 5:44 p.m.
Performances, performances, performances. Two unwilling, two calculated, one just plain bad. The best was Joan's, eye's flashing anger at her husband for again forcing her into an unwanted situation, proving with an improbable accordion and Little Sparrow voice that she outclasses him on every front. The most unsettling was Sally's command reading at her grandfather's bedside (like others, I'm wondering why her parents don't remember the sexual grab he made for Betty, perhaps momentarily mistaking her for his dead wife). The worst performance was Paul's (both the a capella stuff and the beat poetry). And the most embarrassingly self-serving were Pete and Trudy's Charleston (I would only have liked it if they had fallen into a pool at the end) and Roger's blackface crooning to Jane (it never works, just ask Ted Danson and Whoopi Goldberg). The only performance prompted by joy seemed to be Roger's, proving that love does, indeed, make you foolish.
Alan Stamm, September 1, 2009 at 5:49 p.m.
These are among the blogs where Jonathan likely spotted the Connie Hilton connections:
* Slate TV Club: Mon. night post by Julia Turner, deputy editor [http://www.slate.com/id/2225274/entry/2226878/]
* NYTimes Arts Beat: Mon. afternoon post by David Itzkoff [http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/did-don-draper-meet-the-guy-you-thought-he-met/]
While kinda-sorta brainstorming Daiquiri Beach ideas for Bacardi rum, Paul asks about making a frappe and Smitty suggests a trip to the roof, but neither has the sense to develop those elements into a compelling ad concept, as I'm sure Peggy will (Tar Beach with the world's first frozen daiquiris). Clever, but I still can't warm to Peggy. I appreciate her achievements and admire her doggedness and facility at borrowing from other people (whether it's Don's approach to developing creative concepts or Joan's approach to starting conversations with men), but nothing she ever says or does really surprises or moves me. She tries all sorts of things, but never fully engages. She has no friends, no social life, and I've only once seen her crack a smile (when the Twist came on and she squealed like everyone else). Detached, boring and humorless -- not my kind of heroine.
Royelen lee Boykie from Mad Men Musings, September 1, 2009 at 7:05 p.m.
This blog just makes me happy. Hello EVERYONE and thank you, as always, Dorothy.
Remember last season when the Draper family was out having a picnic? Son Bobby was roaming around the park, neither Betty nor Don had a care where. Of course, with our modern day sensibilities, we had a queasiness in our stomach. But it was all a setup OF US.
That doesn't mean Grandpa won't do something inappropriate but the context will be VERY different. And even so, this concern we have is modern. Parents didn't worry about this the same way then. Yes, it was happening, yes, they were in denial, yes they put kids in dangerous positions.
Grandpa is likely to do something like set a fire though and Weiner will have set us up AGAIN.
Oh, I LOVED the ending of this past episode. How unexpected. Do you think they ever got out of there? It seemed like an inescapable party -- another Alice in Wonderland kind of adventure.
Joe Bobblog from DBI, Inc., September 1, 2009 at 8:03 p.m.
The break with Roger, the frustration with the Brits, and now he hits it off with Hilton. My guess is Don leaves S/C to start his own agency with Hilton as his first major client. Takes most of S/C with him except Peggy who gets Don's old job.
Jonathan Hutter from Northern Light Health, September 1, 2009 at 10:13 p.m.
On the Conrad Hilton thing, it was on several discussion boards (I just googled it). Believe it or not, it is now also on Conrad Hilton's Wikipedia biography.
Cynthia Amorese from JAL Enterprises NY, September 1, 2009 at 11:06 p.m.
I'm so glad to see a growing number of fans for Joan, who radiates unexplored power the way Betty radiates barely suppressed rage and resentment. I don't know where or how she learned the things she knows (what's her background? what made her so perceptive and cunning and resilient? how did she learn about men? who on earth taught her to play an accordion?), but she conveys the sense that she's always learning and always paying attention. Like Ray, I think she's definitely realizing that Greg isn't her equal and that her future with him won't play out as planned. The admiring Irene Ettinger gave Joan plenty to think about, both about Greg and herself.
P.S. Hats off to Jonathan for uncovering the Connie connection. The name kept sticking in my mind and I thought it had to be significant, but nothing about the character, though interesting, rang any bells. Now I'll have to researc the Hilton dynasty. All I remember was that Liz Taylor was once married to Nicky Hilton and that he or one of his children (or siblings?) was the subject of some awful tragedy like suicide. Connie seemed like a pretty decent guy.
Ej Meany from IPC, September 2, 2009 at 5:39 p.m.
The Connie thing is a great twist... though I kinda winced at Don's pissing-in-the-trunk tale! I watched again last night, and noticed that Roger fed Don an idea for the future Hilton account, the line about how you can be happy here in a club, and choose the guests you want to invite. So many layers. And killer gazes from my favorite gals. Poor Joan, she's tied herself to a loser. And Betty. She's gonna have to deal with a teenage Sally (mini Don!). It's funny, I work in a creative post like Peggy ("they hate creative"!), but I am definitely drawn to the plights of the more desperate women. Powerful storytelling.
Tommy Hollis from GAM.TV, September 4, 2009 at 6 p.m.
If Cliff's Notes were as interesting as your summations, Dorothy, I would have finished school.
But, as for the show itself, the plotlines have been reduced from interesting turns (Draper's identity, Peggy's B.I.C. religiosity and her entry into the world of commerce and the jackass men you meet, Pete's socioeconomics, an interracial relationship, the Kennedy-Nixon clash, Joan's efficacy in an office of low lives who all should be working for her, Draper's relationship with a smart client who sees him finally as he is, and the Cuban Missile Crisis) into figuring out whether the Hilton Hotels or Diner's Club will be the account and whether Pete beats the literateur to become "Head of Accounts." (An odd title--sounds British or Scottish maybe.)
In fact, the second year when plotlines were added on seamlessly and long-lost issues paid off, I wondered once whether if the show lasted long enough, Weiner would solve the Pine Barrens story left unanswered by The Sopranos.
I tried to remember Polly Bergen as the actual Pepsi Girl...thought it was 1962 or so...but found it to be 1953-1955. Weird was that someone in Pepsi's marketing Department or agency in that era saw something in being light and watching weight and had Polly sing "Pepsi Cola's up-to-date with modern folks who watch their weight. Who made it light, just right for you. Refreshes without filling you." Instead of two full glasses and a nickel too. I guess they flummoxed after that until someone saw that youth had arrived with the baby boom and you were, by the 60s, asked to come alive because you were in the Pepsi generation.
Cathy Carrier from Ashland Indy Film Festival, September 4, 2009 at 7:46 p.m.
Was that John Waters playing Connie? I kept thinking Connie has got to be someone big......Hilton...good one.
Did Betty have a one night stand last season? Do you think the kid could be from that?
Love this blog. Had to wait four days to read it until I had time to watch the DVR..
Thanks for taking the time to dish Dorothy, and everyone. It's great.
Jody Quinn from Edelman, September 11, 2009 at 1:54 p.m.
Interrupting my catch-up marathon to agree with the Midsummer Night's Dream scape of the episode. And to note that Roger's blackface performance is an imitation of an imitation of the Al Jolson, the legendary song-and-dance man of burlesque and vaudeville. The artifice is too precious to ignore..whether it's "Bottom" in Midsummer Night's Dream as the consummate ass, just one of the "players"; the "mask" of dishonesty; the foretelling of Roger's downfall, the growing civil rights movement, etc.
Even creepier is absolute match print of Roger's and real-life trainwreck actor Larry Parks' portrayal of Jolson in "The Jolson Story" (1946) and "Jolson Sings Again".
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MediaPost Editor-At-Large Barbara Lippert (barbara@mediapost.com) covers the intersection of pop culture, advertising and marketing. For many years, Lippert was the award-winning author of the Adweek Critique. She speaks at conferences and appears on TV as an expert on media trends and advertising imagery.
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Location: Brown County OH
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Citadel Makes Over $1 Billion Trading Commodities In 2020
Thursday, Dec 10, 2020 - 05:20 PM
It's not just J PMorgan that made a $1 billion trading commodities, at roughly the same time that it paid a record $1 billion fee for manipulating the gold market: Ken Griffin's Citadel, where Ben Bernanke is a senior advisor, also had a great year in the sector with Reuters reporting that Citadel's investments in commodities returned more than $1 billion this year, helping to drive strong overall performance for one of the world's largest funds.
This is a repeat performance for Citadel's commodities business, which was also up by at least $1 billion in 2019, boosted by strong gains in European natural gas and power trading.
Citadel "benefited from gains across the commodities business in oil, power, natural gas and agriculture markets this year" Reuters' sources said, with Citadel's flagship multi-strat Wellington fund up by 21.2% this year through November, putting it on track to have its best year since 2012. Citadel has materially outperformed the HFRI Fund Weighted Composite Index - which tracks the performance of the global hedge fund industry - and which gained 6.2% in November, the strongest monthly gain since December 1999, and is up 7.3% year-to-date.
Citadel, which had about $35 billion in assets under management as of Oct. 1, recently hired a former Glencore energy derivatives trader to head its first commodities trading team in Asia, and recruited former Morgan Stanley commodities trading chief Jay Rubenstein. The fund also hired Eike Schick, former head of the European natural gas desk at Freepoint Commodities, as a portfolio manager in London, and Mark Tawney, who ran Munich Re Trading, joined the company to lead a weather derivatives team earlier this year.
According to Bloomberg, Citadel's Wellington fund returned 21% this year through November. All five of the fund's core investment strategies contributed to the gain and have positive returns for the year.


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Orm bases this on Luke 1:18.
Ker notes that Vliet supplied the Latin pericope for Homily 2: Evangel. II. S. Luc II. Expositio largior. Dixit Zacharias ad Angelum. Unde hoc sciam? Ego sum senex.
All thus was Zachary there unsure in his belief that God's angel said to him the truth, and that was wrong and ill because God's angel saw and heard what he said, that it ought not to be them evidently. For what he should believe and all that God's angel does, it is good to follow completely, and because Zachary was unsure in his belief of that which was declared to him there by Gabriel the archangel and, therefore, began to ask him by what he might believe it.
Sequitur exposition: We ought to understand well that God's angels are before God the same time that man sees them on earth.
Euang. II.: We surely ought to be for all that God's angel commands, though we surely will not be for all that man commands us, for many a man is full of mockery and bestows on you little and commands very many things of you that do not last.
All that was commanded of him there and that which Zac [Zac.] was always at the temple, day and night, completely until his week's end, to serve God with offerings, and then after him, and each one after another, so that each one protected him well completely until his week's end. He did not go to his wife or abode, which God gave such an example to our priests: noble, steadfast, strong against all sins.
That was those set through Lord God because it should signify to us that our folk who are unlearned and stand at the mass ought to ask Christ inwardly that he receive their priest's offering and their priest's prayers with a humble heart so that he can serve God and make offerings to please him.
[…] wholly mute out of the temple and took to beckoning them with [his] hand etc.
[…] who should set Christianity through his disciples [lerning cnih(h)tes] and teach those etc.
[…] and free will might, between them very heavenly, settle to choose heaven's light and gleam or hell's darkness.
Sic et postea de eadem Elysabeth: For five months, Elizabeth hid her blessing, that she was with child, of which she was very happy.
And she said because then [there] was a great need to beget [a child], for the Lord had then said through his prophet's tongue that same man is a cursed man and separated from God's kingdom who does not make the seed of the race in the people of Israel. The seed that was named there signified good deeds and cursed is the same man, which you know well truly etc., who does not continue, nevertheless, to please Christ with deeds.
[…] and also he could not speak among the people but took to beckoning them with [his] hand that which he wished to speak.
paulo post: […] was made with child from her mate's company.
[someone?] with virtue should produce offspring and beget good children.
That he then should soon beget John, who signifies to us all that which is pleasing to God.
So very foolish were those who knew not what they beheld, the offering that then was offered […] nor all what was said to them through the prophets, nor even how the law was understood spiritually because they could not speak [spellen] about their laws.
[…] the law book was full of profound and secret instruction that Moses, the Lord's servant, wrote for us and spoke secretly of the many ways of the kin, and secretly he wrote it for us and hid in secret so that few understand it. In all that long time that was divided in five valleys, Christ's coming was secretly told in many ways from the Creation continually to Noah's flood.
[…] the priest was appointed by God and ordained.
hic metra et parecbasis sequitur: His duty was to serve God with prayers and offerings all clothed with a priest's holy garments before God's altar. His duty was to go in before his people to reconcile them with their God if they were not. Always when the Lord was angry with them for any of their sins, the priest should make him glad with offerings and prayers so that they might overcome it and obtain God's mercy. His duty was to serve God with many kinds of offerings to obtain and to cleanse of such faults and sins so that they should well be able to please God and obtain God's mercy through innocent life and sincere belief. He can bless all those whom the Lord would bless, and also he can curse those whom the Lord would curse.
And then you should go forth with them at your life's end to begin to enjoy eternal life with all of God's angels. Now I have shown you some part by my Lord's help.
[…] and bear properly with knowledge and reason each happiness and each unhappiness and endure with perfect patience, gladly for love of Christ.
[…] ought to continue to govern well his heart and his thoughts and his desires constantly so that he eagerly desires not to go against God's commandment nor against his will.
[…] ought to continue and take care to follow completely the example of all that holy flock. They gave an example of all that is good help to the soul concerning true patience, concerning true meekness, concerning true obedience, concernting true love to God etc.
To permit [uþen?] and to kill all evil, they gave examples of true cleanliness, of rejecting pride, etc. And the desires for worldly things, they gave examples of restraint and moderation in meat and in drink and of shielding you from cold with very plain clothes; of rejecting deceit and all witchcraft; of rejecting each immorality and cunning guile and hate and malice and fighting and rage and boasting and all idleness and sinful abundance; to speak evil; to injure in accusing and prattling and all that is unpleasing to Lord God in each folly, in each idleness in foolishness and in trifles; of being obedient to the priest and town's lord; of lawfully leading you against your [leȝ(h)e sweȝȝness]; of always helping unfortunate people in the same way that the Patriarchs [Pat.] gave examples to us.
And [a person] ought to follow them both, the learned person and unlearned, and that was shown to us very clearly through their names.
[…] was clothed completely throughout externally in his holy shroud with little white bells that the Lord had commanded him to do.
NB: Van Vliet's excerpts in Ker for the missing folios (columns 13-28) end at l. 371, so the text below comes from Holt (beginning at l. 899, p. 28) again until the next batch of missing folios at the end of the homily.
[…] and to us ourselves both, and God of heaven himself always wished to hear those bells ringing whenever the priest was clothed with them to go to God's altar, to serve and to worship God with prayers and with offerings. And it was a great need to him that God heard those bells ringing so he would not fall dead there by God's wrath and vengeance, for if God could not hear the bells ringing whenever the priest was clothed with them to go to God's altar, God would take vengeance on him the priest so that he should perish because he did not take care to fulfill his duty completely.
Now, lordings, we look at what this can mean for us, how it teaches us a great good of our soul's need. The bell-sound means to you that sound you ought to hear whenever the priest tells us a sermon before God's altar, and if he does not preach to you the Gospel book's teaching, he falls certainly for that crime in God's wrath and vengeance, just as the Jewish priest should perish through the Lord if he were negligent to ring his bells. Now look to your priest, he who happily preaches to you, he who teaches you least of all at the same Sunday, all about how you ought to conduct yourself and believe in Christ and love God and love humanity and keep God's laws; and you ought to turn yourself very happily to his instruction and keep it and follow it always according to your ability. Now, if your priest and you thus go between one another, then [you] can be good to your priest and to yourself both, that which the Jewish priest was so hung round with bells and which was such a great need to him that God heard them ringing.
And of that shoulder-linen and his breast-linen both and of those twelve names also that were put on there, somewhat I have shown you for your soul's food, if you will follow it and you turn to good.
And now I will show you some part, with God's help, of that Jewish folk's offering that was very pleasing to the Lord and great help to the folk, to the learned and unlearned, before the Lord Christ was born here to people. But now it is not useful to them to obtain each bliss, though they stand day and night to serve God and to make offerings, for it is completely against God, though they do not think so, because they do not have regard for either Christ or Christ's mother. Nevertheless, now I will disclose to you about their offerings, how they signify a great good to us about our soul's need because all that offering was set through God, for it should signify how Christ's servant ought to make offerings to Christ spiritually in good practices with all that which was signified through all their offerings.
That folk's offering was sheep and goat and ox and dove and turtle[-dove] and their offering was bull and lamb and two bucks together and incense smoke and bolted bread that was baked in an oven and smeared well with oil and made fat and soft. And at times that offering was completely unleavened bread, and at times it was baked very hard and firm in an oven; and at times that offering was burned and turned completely to ashes. And salt was always offered with each gift before the Lord and it was done, which you know well, to signify a great thing. All their offering was such and such to signify another thing that is such a great necessity for us to follow and to believe, for we ought to offer all those gifts to God now properly in that way that is signified to us through those offerings.
And you know that one wall-covering was spread from wall to wall before an altar that was inmost in their temple. That wall-covering was hung there because it should hide all that which was within there from unlearned folk and learned, except the bishop himself, with blood and also with incense, should come there one time a year and him completely alone. And angels come there often and speak with the bishop on God's behalf about many a thing, to comfort him and his folk. And by that altar stood always the sacred things of that folk, which were in an ark well and appropriately kept there. And there over that ark was an overwork ["sepulchral monument" in Old English, according to the Oxford English Dictionary] built well.
That was called Propitiatorium in Latin speech, from that word that is called Propitiari in Latin, which can be called in English "mercy" and "to show mercy," for whoever does his mercy on the tibi propitiatur, according to that, it can be said well enough in Latin speech.
And there upon that overwork [← marginal insertion], they had painted the likeness of cherubim and had painted it in two places. All the angel-host is divided into nine kinds of people, and cherubim and seraphim are the two people that are nearest of all to the Lord and highest up in heaven. And concerning that one, the cherubim, they had painted the likeness upon that overwork that was built above the ark. And at the temple door there was an altar outside, and by that altar the offering was prepared in many ways by priests, as the true book tells us, of Aaron's children. And on that altar they prepared the glowing coals. And concerning that (sacrificial) animal that was prepared there to honor the Lord, the bishop took the blood from him, just as his book taught him. And he took coals in his censer there on that altar and put enough incense in there to serve the Lord, always when he should walk in up to that other altar, which was always once a year, and always he himself alone, to signify to us a great thing, which we all ought to believe. He took the incense and the blood and went up to that altar that was within the wall-cover, just as I have shown, and then he burned incense there to serve God acceptably so that there was great smoke from the incense at that altar so that he himself was hidden completely there and looking within there. And then he took that same blood that he had prepared there, that blood that he had brought there, and scattered it there with sprinkling everywhere upon that holy table and everywhere on that altar. And then he went out from there to sprinkle in the temple outside their wall-covering, just as his book taught him. And then he came to the folk and washed his clothes himself, but, nevertheless, he was unclean all day up to evening.
Now I have shown you some part of the Jewish offerings, which the Lord took very graciously before Christ's coming, and of that priest who was then and of that bishop both. And also I have shown you some part of their duty, and now I will show you all that which it signifies and how it can turn all to your soul's help and how you may serve God spiritually in good practices with all the Jewish offerings that I have shown you, for now you ought to offer all those gifts before God, completely in that way that is signified to you through those offerings. Those offerings can cleanse them of faults and of sins and make God glad, if he was angry at them for their crimes. And you know well that Latin book makes known to us very certainly some gift was offered for the priest, some offered for the bishop, and some was offered for the folk to cleanse them of sin.
The ram was offered for the priest to cleanse him of sin; and for the bishop the dove was offered in their way; and for the folk the bull was offered to praise and worship the Lord, he who forgave them their crimes by his mercy. I have shown you here three offerings for three kinds of people, for the bishop and under-priest and folk's need. And our Lord Jesus Christ bade his three prayers before he was taken and nailed upon the rood. And there he asked, for all those who should believe in him, for the bishop and for the under-priest and also for unlearned people—and his prayer was worth more than all their offerings—to free and cleanse people of all kinds of guilt, and, nevertheless, their offering, before Christ's coming, was very pleasing to the Lord in all those who upheld God's laws.
And now I will show you, with my Lord's help, completely how you can make an offering to God spiritually in good practices, with all those Jewish offerings that is shown to you earlier. If you follow true meekness and true innocence, then you make an offering of a sheep to the Lord spiritually in your practices so that it can greatly help you obtain God's mercy, for a sheep is a completely innocent and meek and gentle animal, and it does not make much noise if one wishes to bind it; not even when one kills it does it resist greatly. And because that Latin book says, which does not lie throughout, that our Lord Jesus Christ took on our human nature patiently without struggle, him whom people bound with wickedness, just the same as the sheep meekly accepts when one shears it.
And if you quench in yourself and learn from me to quench in me the foul stench of lust and their foul lusts and follow always the path of cleanness and learn to follow me, you who make an offering with a goat to the Lord spiritually in your practices so that it can greatly help you obtain God's mercy, for a goat is, which you know very well, a lustful animal and stinks foully and, therefore, it signifies very well the hot stenches of wantonness. And, therefore, they are all those who should [be] made equal to a goat and called a goat in hell, in the Gospel book's instruction, because that foul stench of sin shall separate them from Christ.
And if you follow reason and discernment and wisdom in good practices and you have it, though you may be young, you appear as an alderman and you lead skillfully and properly and fairly and reflect on, forever and ever, how you might please the Lord and love him and fear him and keep his laws; with an ox you make an offering to the Lord spiritually in your practices so that it can greatly help you obtain God's mercy. Because the ox goes on cloven feet and separates his claws, by that he signifies reason and discernment and wisdom in good practices, and an ox walks skillfully and exists solemnly and gives an example of that which concerns you completely, skillfully and properly leads you without struggle and anger, and it shows you, though you may be young, you appear as an alderman. And an ox chews his cud where he walks and where he stands and chews and, moreover, where he lies to give you an example that you ought to think about always and chew in your heart how you can please your Lord and obtain eternal bliss. Thus, you can make an offering to the Lord God with an ox in good practices if you lead yourself with reason and discernment and fair[ness] and think day and night about how you can please the Lord.
And if you assist strange people always according to your power and are yourself always mild and meek and completely without gall, you make an offering to your Lord spiritually with a dove in your practices so that it can greatly help you obtain God's mercy, for a dove is mild and meek and sweet and completely without gall, and feeds the brood of other doves just as if it were their own.
And if you lead a clean life and murmur in your heart, you who dwell here so long so far from God's kingdom, and yearn to be allowed to ascend into heaven swiftly, up to your Lord Jesus Christ, to love and obey him, with a turtle[-dove] you make an offering to your God spiritually in your practices so that it can greatly help you obtain God's mercy. For the turtle[-dove] leads a mournful life, which you know very well because, when her mate is dead, she keeps no other but searches always because she cannot find him anywhere. And if you are very anxious to come up to Christ and you choose not to follow nor to serve another god without Christ who was and is your Lord and your chief, you make an offering spiritually to God with a turtle[-dove] in your practices.
And if you quench pride in yourself completely throughout and teach others also to do through instruction and also through example, you make an offering to your God spiritually with a bull in your practices so that it can greatly help you obtain God's mercy, for the bull conducts himself proudly and carries his head up and drives other cattle from him and holds himself completely for the lord.
And if you properly know your God and attend to his preaching [spelless] and lay all your heart in him and follow and submit to him and, for the love of him, you avoid all heathen gods and are yourself always mild and meek and soft and still and gentle, you make an offering to your Lord spiritually with a lamb in your practices so that it can greatly help you obtain God's mercy. For a lamb is a soft and still animal and meek and mild and gentle, and it can know very well where his mother bleats among a thousand sheep, even though they all bleat. And also you ought to know well your God and all his instruction and completely reject heathendom and all other gods, just as the lamb flees other sheep and follows always his mother.
The Jewish folk's book told them that they are compelled to bring two goats together to the priest at the temple door, and then they did happily, just as the book taught them, and brought two goats there to make an offering to the Lord with them. And at the temple door the priest took those two goats and in that one he laid there all their enmity and sin, and let it run immediately completely out into the wild desert; and [he] took and slaughtered that other goat to make an offering to the Lord with it. All this was done for their need and also for our need: for them it helped to cleanse them of sin before God, and it can also help you if you will very inwardly believe with complete faith all that which was signified there, to worship and to believe, those may, who believe, aid you in obtaining God's mercy.
Those two goats signify to us one god of two natures, which is Lord Jesus Christ who is of two natures, for Jesus Christ is very certainly True God in divine nature and he is also very certainly True Man in human nature. For Christ is both God and Man, one head of two natures, and each person who yearns for God's mercy ought to believe this. One goat ran away from there completely alive with all the folk's sin, and Christ's divine nature was completely alive and completely unhurt where Christ was nailed upon the rood-tree for our need. And Christ's living and completely without pain divine nature bore our sins away there where Christ's human nature drank the drink of death on the rood-tree for our wrong deeds. And as the other goat took the pain of death with it to honor the Lord as a sacrifice there for all folk's sin, so too Christ's human nature received the pain of death on the rood-tree because he wished to be offered as a sacrifice to the Lord there, to cleanse us of impure sins through his death.
And just as the living goat went into the wild desert, so too Christ's divine nature went completely alive up to heaven, which before Christ's death was as if it were a desert because both angels and humans had rejected it before. For angels had lost the place of heaven completely justly because they wished to make themselves equal to God through pride, for which they fell immediately down from heaven to hell to eternal woe because they rejected eternal bliss. And all those who fell in this way are loathsome devils, and persevere to supplant people's souls through hate and malice, but you can defend yourself from them by right belief in Christ and by that work that pertains to Jesus Christ's help there. And our two first humans that the Lord shaped from earth also lost heaven's bliss with proper judgment for their crime, by which they rejected the Lord's counsel for the devil's counsel. And, therefore, all the place of heaven was completely just as if it were a desert because both angels and humans had rejected it before, and Christ's divine nature came living into heaven's desert with our sin, completely just as that goat ran away out into the wild desert completely alive and bore away with it the folk's enmity and sin.
And if that is what you wish to believe now with complete faith, that Christ is both God and Man, one head from two natures; and if that is what you wish to believe now with complete faith, that Christ's divine nature was completely alive and completely unhurt where Christ was dead on the rood-tree for all humankind's need; and if that is what you wish to believe now with complete faith, that Christ, where he was nailed on the tree for our need, suffered severe and heavy pain enough through five grim wounds, then you can make an offering to your Lord spiritually in true belief with all that was signified for you to believe by those two goats.
And if you please your Lord by days and by nights, with fasting, with prayer-song, with kneeling, with watching [vigil], then you make an offering with incense in this way to your God in your practices so that it can well help you obtain God's mercy, for just as the smoke of incense is sweet before humans, so too the good prayer of humans is sweet before God.
And if your heart is merciful and mild and soft and tender so that you can show mercy well to him who is rendered guilty against you and completely forgive him very near the right punishment of judgment, then you always make an offering to your God spiritually in your practices with a loaf that is completely smeared with oil and softened. The right judgment is firm and hard and completely the right punishment, just as if it it were a scorched loaf that is without crumbs. And mercy and pity and mildheartedness and right forgiveness, that is the loaf that is smeared with oil and softened. And if you wish to make a loaf, you thresh your sheaves, and then you winnow your corn; and you separate it from the chaff and gather together in such a way the clean corn completely from the chaff and grind it and kneed it and harden it with heat. Then you can make an offering to your Lord with it acceptably if you lead a holy life in thought, in word, in deed.
And you can also prepare a loaf spiritually in another way, and you make an offering with it to your Lord very well, very acceptably. If that is that you turn, through your speech [spell], that company, which was scattered before by many kinds of errors, to right belief, then you thresh your corn with a flail in that which you show them, how they led a sinful life before and how they pleased the devil and how they had earned well to suffer eternal pain and how the Lord had despised them all for their wickedness. With such you thresh well the folk if you deride them, for if you show me my wickedness, blame my works, say such, and you were such, you thresh me with words. And if you tell them about God and about his mildness, how well he can always receive those who seek God's mercy; and if you show them what reward is prepared for them in heaven if they receive Christianity and uphold Christ's laws and succeed with your speech so well that they undertake it and turn to Christianity and the right belief and separate from the heathen folk that is completely unpleasing to God because it is that same chaff that shall burn in hellfire when you winnow your threshed corn and separate it from the chaff and you gather together in such a way the clean corn completely from the chaff, for through that which you teach them to be of one voice and reconciled to serve Almighty God alone with one right belief and always to be about that alone to obtain eternal bliss, through that you gather them in God; you make them into catechumens and preach to them and teach all to reject pride, and hard and angry heart, and always to follow true meekness with desirable humility. Thereby you break well your corn and grind and soften it, and through that which you baptize them and dip them under water, you gather all your meal in one and kneed it together so that they shall all be one body and one soul; and Jesus Christ himself shall be the head upon that body, to feed and foster them, to direct and to save. And through that which you teach them to endure each unhappiness with inward heart and true patience, all for the love of Christ, all for that love that is hot in Christ's servants' hearts, thereby you bake God's loaf and harden it through heat; through that you hardened them with speech to endure each unhappiness with true patience, all for that fire that follows true love. Because true love burns always, see if you can find something in it, and wherever it is, it hardens completely the good heart of a person, to endure with perfect patience all that which is unhappiness. And as soon as your loaf is totally well prepared by you thus and made ready, then you can make an offering to God in addition spiritually very acceptably, for the Lord receives humility by those who turn to him.
And if you lead a clean life in all kinds of ways, then you make an offering to your Lord in such a way spiritually in your practices with unleavened bread so that you can obtain God's mercy. For unleavened bread is clean bread because it is unfermented, and it signifies clean life and completely clean practices and clean thought and clean word and completely clean deeds.
And if your heart is hard and firm and steadfast in Christ, to endure for the love of him all that which is suffering, then you make an offering to your Lord in such a way spiritually in your practices with firm and heavy loaf, and hard within and without, so that it can well help you obtain God's mercy. And if you can reject here your father and mother and wife and child and house and home and friend and land and goods, and completely refuse to dwell among all people here; and lead a hard and holy life completely alone in the wild desert; and there always torment your body with cold and thirst and hunger, with fasting and with labor and sweat, with prayers and with watchings [vigils], then you can make an offering in such a way to your God spiritually in your practices with a gift that will be burnt completely throughout to praise and worship the Lord so that it will be right enough for you to obtain God's mercy. For you cannot lead here a better life on earth than if you completely scorn and completely reject all worldly life and desire; and flee from people to the desert; and there will be eager, with a hard and holy life, to please Christ because such a life is all completely dead from desires of worldly things, and it is turned to dust completely through fire from true love of Christ because such people follow true meekness.
And salt was always with each loaf because it should signify all that which you desire to offer to God if it shall please him. It all ought to be offered with reason and completely with an admirable heart so that it is done cleanly from rightly-obtained goods so that the Lord Jesus Christ kindly takes it. This was signified through the salt that purifies our meat, if, that is, a person will do it with intelligence and reason therein, because intelligence and reason are signified well enough through taste of salt and because intelligence and reason are good in all things, just as salt is very good there were it is appropriate. And, also, because salt was always offered with all the gifts, therefore, nothing can be done to please Almighty God unless it is with intelligence and reason and admirably performed completely, thus you can now make an offering to God spiritually in your practices with all that gift that was offered before Christ's coming.
I said to you now a little before here in this lesson some part concerning: that one wall-covering was spread from wall to wall before an altar that was innermost in their temple among the Jewish folk before Christ's coming; and also I said that it was hung there in that corner because it should hide there all that there was within from learned and unlearned folk and completely from their sight. Outside that, the bishop himself, with blood and also with incense, should serve there one time in the year and by himself completely alone. And also I said here a little before in this lesson that by that altar stood one of that folk's holy things that was well and worthily kept in an ark there; and that there was also an overwork built over that ark, and they also had painted above that the likeness of cherubim and seraphim, of the two angel-folk for them; and that the bishop one time in the year and by himself alone came into that place to serve God with blood and also with incense; and that he burned incense there so much at that altar that he was completely hidden with the smoke to signify a great thing; and that then he scattered the blood with sprinkles on that altar and on that table and then outside there in the temple; and that he came out himself then and washed his clothes; and that he was unclean, though, that day up to evening. I said all this to you here a little before above more than a little, and I ought to show you this, what it can signify to you, and with which it can resolve you in your right belief.
All that was signified there before Christ's coming; it was totally fulfilled, each part, by Christ in Christ's time, and your priest discloses it all always when he sings Mass there where he handles, hallows, and offers Christ's flesh and blood. The Lord Christ himself was signified to us by that bishop because Christ is completely a good bishop to save his people, and his clothes that he washed signifies Christ's servants, whom Christ himself washes here always because he forgives sins. And that bishop's censer alone was very open to receive of Christ's body, which was full of the power of divine nature, properly just as if it were completely full of glowing coals to burn all that is evil away in his servants. That incense that the bishop burned before the altar there, that incense that was very certainly burned there to signify those prayers that the Lord Christ made for his servants, that he may give them bliss. And so much smoke came out of that burnt incense there that the bishop was completely hidden and looked there within; that great smoke signified to them and to us and to all people that Christ's holy prayer can go to his father unspeakably more enough than any being can think. That blood that was sprinkled on those things there by the bishop, that blood signified Christ's blood that was poured out on the rood. That overwork that was built above God's ark, that overwork signifies well the Father up in heaven because the Father, eternal God, is over the christened group, to comfort and to encourage it, to teach and to direct; and the christened group is under the Father's mercy in this life, and it is God's ark and is completely full of holy things, completely full of good and clean people that are very peasing to God. That altar, which animal-blood was sprinkled on everywhere, that altar, truly indeed, signified God's angels because God's angels always bear up to the Father's sight the offering that our priests here hallowed on God's altar, and, therefore, they are always with priests […].
NB: The next batch of missing folios, columns 45-52, begin here at Holt l. 1,797. The rest of Homily 2, which is fragmented, comes from van Vliet via Ker (ll. 372-415).
[…] and heaven's region was signified through that lot of the temple. It was signified through that lot that then was dispersed outside all the wall-covering.
[…] For the angel-host [Engleþed] was increased through that blood with holy souls.
[…] and they should be deserving to be in heaven.
[…] and our Lord Jesus Christ appeared [ansihte] and wholly moved up to the region of the kingdom of heaven himself alone.
[…] But he was all day, nevertheless, unclean up to the evening.
[…] he sends the Holy Spirit to comfort his servants.
[…] to comfort and to cleanse them of their sins.
[…] and your priests disclose to you all this in their Mass.
[…] and oil and bread, now unleavened, now sour, now firm and hard, now soft; such an offering was a very simple offering.
[…] and, therefore, those priests may, by God's permission, marry because their offering was all the yearly offspring of things.
[…] Moreover, he discloses to you always all that which was signified to you through that bishop's duty.
[…] he has mercy on those who keep Christ's laws.
[…] But she [ȝho] will not follow it.
[…] So great is that duty that Christ's priest is ordained to.


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text:
package com.palantir.remoting3.servers.jersey;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import javax.ws.rs.BadRequestException;
import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;

public final class WebPreconditionsTest {
    @Rule
    public ExpectedException expectedException = ExpectedException.none();

    @Nullable
    private static Object nullReference = null; // circumvent findbugs

    @Test
    public void testCheckNotNullWithMessage() {
        String message = "here's a message";

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is(message));

        WebPreconditions.checkNotNull(nullReference, message);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckNotNullWithNullMessage() {
        String message = null;

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is("null"));

        WebPreconditions.checkNotNull(nullReference, message);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckNotNullWithMessageAndValues() {
        String message = "message with %s %s";
        String replacedMessage = "message with two percents";

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is(replacedMessage));

        WebPreconditions.checkNotNull(nullReference, message, "two", "percents");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckNotNullNoExceptions() {
        Object reference = new Object();

        assertSame(reference, WebPreconditions.checkNotNull(reference, "message"));
        assertSame(reference, WebPreconditions.checkNotNull(reference, "message", "args"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckNotEmptyWithMessage() {
        String message = "here's a message";

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is(message));

        WebPreconditions.checkNotEmpty("", message);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckNotEmptyWithNullMessage() {
        String message = null;

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is("null"));

        WebPreconditions.checkNotEmpty("", message);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckNotEmptyWithMessageAndValues() {
        String message = "message with %s %s";
        String replacedMessage = "message with two percents";

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is(replacedMessage));

        WebPreconditions.checkNotEmpty("", message, "two", "percents");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckNotEmptyNoExceptions() {
        String string = "here's a string";

        assertSame(string, WebPreconditions.checkNotEmpty(string, "message"));
        assertSame(string, WebPreconditions.checkNotEmpty(string, "message", "args"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckArgumentWithMessage() {
        String message = "here's a message";

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is(message));

        WebPreconditions.checkArgument(false, message);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckArgumentWithNullMessage() {
        String message = null;

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is("null"));

        WebPreconditions.checkArgument(false, message);
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckArgumentWithMessageAndValues() {
        String message = "message with %s %s";
        String replacedMessage = "message with two percents";

        expectedException.expect(BadRequestException.class);
        expectedException.expectMessage(Matchers.is(replacedMessage));

        WebPreconditions.checkArgument(false, message, "two", "percents");
    }

    @Test
    public void testCheckArgumentNoExceptions() {
        WebPreconditions.checkArgument(true, "message");
        WebPreconditions.checkArgument(true, "message", "args");
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Graphiques. I'm hoping you can as it.
Graphiques images gallery you should adhere to this specific hyperlink.
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There will be some changes to East Midlands Trains services on some routes on Sunday 27 December due to a short term issue with driver availability. The majority of services will continue to run as planned. However, customers are strongly advised to check the timetable before travel as some services will not operate.
An East Midlands Trains spokesperson said: "We are sorry for the inconvenience this will cause to some customers. We are running as many rail services as possible, as well as replacement bus services on some routes, and we are arranging for other train operators to accept our tickets. Extra staff will be on hand at stations throughout the day to help customers with their journeys."
Customers planning to travel on Sunday are strongly advised to check eastmidlandstrains.co.uk or Twitter @EMTrains for the latest advice and service information.


France, flowers, white horses, Photo Workshop.
Lavender, Sunflowers, Horses, and the Glory of South France!
Picture beautiful white horses running in the Camargue. Glorious Lavender and Sunflower fields bathed in exquisite light while the flowers fragrant aromas fill your senses. Lusitano horses, 4 star lodging, and the most picturesque villages in France. And this is only the start of our equine photography workshop in Provence France as we have a few surprises in store.
With very special access for all our shoots, we will have the best of Provence and the Camargue laid out before us. Yes, people have been going there for decades for very good reason! Come along with us for the extra special events that tourists do not get to participate in. We'll stay out of the crowds and take advantage of the light of early morning and late evening. We will walk the paths and fields that so inspired Van Gogh and Bonnard and Cezanne. Revel in the excitement of photographing the white horses thundering across the etang (a string of lagoons that stretch along the French coast).
This workshop lead by Jess Lee and professional photographers Tamara Gooch and Keron Psillas giving an all unparrelled learning experience. This workshop is going to be kept low key and fun. It is up to each individual as to the amount of learning they wish to receive. Everyone will see how we set up shots, know our settings, and we will be reviewing your images in camera between shoots. Plus we have quite a few lively discussions during our drives to and from locations. Post processing will be offered for those interested during our mid-afternoon breaks.
We will begin our workshop in Marseille France on July 1st, 2019. The group will travel together via private coach to Sts. Maries de la Mer.
All internal transportation via private coach, van or private taxi is included.
Four shoots with the white horses in the Camargue.
Knee-high rubber boots sized for you, for shooting in the marshes and shoreline included.
Special shoot with performer, date to be determined.
Three visits to Lusitano breeders, shooting at farms.
Visit and private shoot at Abbey de Senanque Lavender plantation.
Visit and private shoot in sunflowers and olive groves with horses and model.
4 star Lodging in Sts. Maries de la Mer and St. Remy de Provence.
Visits to villages of St. Remy de Provence, Les Baux en Provence, Gordes, Avignon, Arles.
Visits to local breeders and 'manades' to photograph horses and bulls.
Cost of the workshop is $7100. Single Occupancy (private room). $6500. double occupancy (sharing a room). A $2000. non-refundable deposit will hold your spot. The remaining balance is due 90 days prior to the workshop. Those wishing to pay by debit or credit card my do so below. Fees apply. If you prefer to mail a check, please contact Tamara at tamaragoochphoto@gmail.com to get my mailing address.
As always I recommend "trip insurance" to all of my workshop participants. I will be happy to share the names of some insurance providers for those interested.


Interventional radiologic procedures offer a significant and expanding role in the management of various renovascular diseases including renal artery stenosis, renal artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm, renal vascular malformations, renal tumours, trauma, and resistant hypertension. In this article, we discuss these entities in the context of currently accepted definitions, incidence, modes of diagnosis, and management as they pertain to the practice of interventional radiology. Particular emphasis is placed on current interventional procedures for managing and treating these diseases as well as emerging procedures and technologies.
The role of interventional radiology in disease management is rapidly advancing. With ongoing innovation, interventional procedures are playing a growing role in the treatment of various renovascular diseases. This article highlights the literature on renovascular diseases with an emphasis on the current endovascular procedures for managing and treating these diseases as well as emerging procedures and technologies.
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a narrowing of the renal arteries, often associated with renovascular hypertension and an increased risk of renal insufficiency. Atherosclerotic RAS constitutes 90 % of RAS cases, increasing in prevalence in patients with diabetes, hypertension, aortoiliac occlusive disease, and coronary artery disease, as well as with age . Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) accounts for fewer than 10 % of RAS cases. FMD occurs nine times more frequently in females than in males , tending to affect women aged 15 to 50 .
Numerous physiologic and imaging-based modalities exist for the evaluation of patients with clinical suspicion of RAS . Generally, noninvasive evaluations by duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), or computed tomographic angiography (CTA) serve as initial diagnostic tools . Subsequent catheter-based angiography permits confirmation of the RAS, aetiology, extent of intrarenal vascular disease, as well as intervention planning [1, 2]. Contrast medium must be used cautiously in patients with renal failure given the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. Digital subtraction techniques may decrease the required contrast volume, thereby minimising impact on renal function .
RAS resulting from atherosclerotic disease typically involves the ostium and proximal third of the main renal artery (Fig. 1a). FMD refers to a collection of vascular diseases of the intima, media (90 %), and adventitia (periarterial) . RAS secondary to medial FMD is characterised by a beaded, aneurysmal appearance localised to the distal two-thirds of the renal artery and its branches (Fig. 2a), whereas intimal and periarterial FMD is commonly associated with progressive vessel dissection and thrombosis . Bilateral renal artery FMD is observed in greater than 35 % of patients [2, 3].
The role of percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) in the treatment of renovascular hypertension caused by RAS is debatable. While improvement or cure of hypertension is consistently shown in 70–98 % of FMD-induced hypertension cases , the success of atherosclerotic RAS angioplasty remains unclear. Retrospective and registry analyses have demonstrated enhanced blood pressure control and improved or stabilised renal function following RAS angioplasty [4–6]. Despite these findings, several randomised trials have consistently failed to reflect similar clinical benefit—both with and without stenting—when compared to medical therapy alone [4, 7–9]. Furthermore, while demonstrating no clear clinical benefit with regards to renal function, blood pressure, renal or cardiovascular events, or mortality, angioplasty carried substantial risk, including pulmonary oedema, myocardial infarction, renal embolisation, and renal artery perforation .
Nonetheless, many experts continue to advocate for PTRA in specific cases of RAS, such as resistant hypertension, haemodynamically significant atherosclerotic RAS (Fig. 1b), FMD-associated RAS (Fig. 2b), deteriorating renal function, bilateral atherosclerotic RAS, tight atherosclerotic RAS in a single kidney, unexplained CHF, and recurrent episodes of flash pulmonary oedema [4, 10].
Renal artery aneurysm (RAA) is a dilatation of a segment of the renal artery exceeding one and a half times the normal diameter . RAAs are relatively uncommon (prevalence <0.1 %), often identified incidentally on MRI or CT imaging studies (Fig. 3a) . RAAs may be asymptomatic or progress to cause hypertension (most common finding), haematuria, and flank pain in cases of rupture [13, 14]. Classification exists on the basis of location, aetiology, and morphology of the aneurysm. The majority of RAAs are extraparenchymal, 70 % of which are saccular lesions. Fusiform and dissecting RAAs account for the remainder of extraparenchymal lesions while only 15 % of RAAs are intraparenchymal [15, 16].
True aneurysms are saccular or fusiform in morphology, encompassing all layers of the vascular wall. Generally, these lesions are secondary to underlying inherited disorders such as FMD and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome .
Indications for therapeutic intervention of RAAs include rupture, diameter >2.0 cm, renovascular hypertension, dissection, rapid expansion on serial imaging, localised symptoms (haematuria), and distal embolisation impairing renal function . While uncommon (5.6 % incidence), mortality rates from RAA rupture may be as high as 80 % . Pregnancy carries a high risk of rupture—80 % in women with pre-existing RAA—and thus some studies suggest treatment of RAAs in all women of child-bearing age [14, 15, 17].
Aneurysm location, morphology, and size; branches arising; artery of involvement; condition of the artery; age; patient health; and renal function are all determinants in guiding endovascular treatment (Fig. 3b, c) [13, 16]. Table 1 outlines RAA anatomic considerations and treatment guidelines. Recent case reports and small studies have demonstrated satisfactory visceral aneurysm thrombosis and shrinkage (including RAA) by flow-diverting devices. These stents function to reduce flow velocity within the aneurysm sac and promote thrombosis while maintaining main artery and branch vessel flow .
Complications of the endovascular intervention in RAA include non-target embolisation (potentially resulting in renal failure or loss secondary to infarction), worsening hypertension, stent thrombus, infection, and radiation skin burns . Available short-term data have demonstrated promising findings with respect to safety, successful aneurysm exclusion, and improvement in hypertension and renal dysfunction . Unfortunately, studies analysing the long-term efficacy of endovascular RAA intervention are currently lacking.
Unlike true aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms are periarterial haematomas resulting from a tear of the arterial wall . Typically, pseudoaneurysms are acquired because of blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma, iatrogenic injury, or inflammation, and they possess subsequent potential for enlargement and/or rupture [20, 21]. These rare lesions are often saccular in appearance and may be either intraparenchymal or extraparenchymal.
Due to a propensity for severe haemorrhage, early detection and management, particularly in haemodynamically unstable patients, are essential. CT angiogram provides the mainstay in diagnosis . Subsequent angiography offers the benefit of guiding the intervention, allowing for target vessel localisation and assessment of inflow and outflow vessel size prior to management.
Currently, selective coil embolisation of the affected artery is the accepted treatment modality for most intraparenchymal renal pseudoaneurysms (Fig. 4) [20, 21]. Extraparenchymal aneurysms of larger vessels may often be managed using covered stents without causing renal infarction. Studies have demonstrated endovascular management of renal artery pseudoaneurysm to be both effective and safe, rarely resulting in long-term renal impairment . Complications of embolisation are similar to those discussed earlier.
Renal arteriovenous malformations (RAVMs) and renal arteriovenous fistulas (RAVFs) represent arteriovenous communications of the renal vasculature. An RAVM is a congenital network of abnormal vessels characterised as cavernous (single arterial feeder) or cirsoid (multiple arterial feeders with corkscrew appearance) in nature . Large-scale autopsy studies have indicated the prevalence of RAVMs to be approximately 1 in 30,000, with cirsoid-type RAVMs occurring more frequently than cavernous types [16, 22].
An RAVF represents a direct communication between an artery and a vein [16, 23]. Greater than three-quarters of these lesions are acquired, often resulting from iatrogenic causes such as renal biopsy, percutaneous nephrostomy, or accidental trauma .
These renovascular abnormalities are often identified during workup for gross haematuria, flank pain, and hypertension . Colour Doppler US, CT, and contrast-enhanced MRA are all useful imaging modalities in the diagnosis of these malformations (Fig. 5a, b; Fig. 6a) . Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) demonstrates the detailed vascular anatomy and is typically performed prior to embolisation.
Pain, persistent haematuria, cardiac failure, and hypertension are all indications for potential interventional treatment of RAVMs . First-line management of RAVMs typically consists of malformation destruction and arterial occlusion with sclerosing agents such as absolute alcohol. These agents stimulate thrombus formation through toxic effects on the endothelium, arterial spasm, and perivascular necrosis . Autologous clot, polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin sponge, and n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue are also proven embolic agents in this setting . Selective coil embolisation of arterial feeders may be useful in the treatment of larger RAVMs (Fig. 5c) and RAVFs as well as to rapidly decrease blood flow in acute haemorrhage (Fig. 6b) [16, 23].
Transcatheter embolisation (TCE) as treatment for RAVMs and RAVFs is considered safe and effective with studies demonstrating excellent technical success (100 %) and resolution or improvement in clinical symptoms [25, 26]. Risks include non-target infarction, toxic effects from entry of absolute alcohol into the systemic vasculature, and coil migration to non-target/venous circulation [16, 27].
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common primary renal malignancy, accounting for over two percent of all adult cancers . Dedicated renal CT (Fig. 7a) and MRI provide optimal imaging for the characterisation of renal tumours with comparable accuracy. Ultrasound may also play a role in early investigation and characterisation of renovascular anatomy [28, 29].
Renal artery transcatheter embolisation serves a variety of roles in RCC management (Fig. 7b, c). Preoperatively, TCE is useful in devascularisation to ease surgical resection and minimise blood loss. In the palliative setting, RCC TCE may provide symptom relief from haematuria and flank pain through reduction of tumour size [28, 30]. Technical success may be achieved with a variety of embolic agents. Ethanol, polyvinyl alcohol, and embospheres are often used for renal parenchyma capillary occlusion with subsequent coil embolisation of the main renal artery and any extrarenal feeding vessels . Controversy exists regarding the long-term benefit of pre-operative embolisation with one study reporting increased 5-year survival benefit over patients who undergo nephrectomy alone [31, 32], while others demonstrated no long-term survival benefit [31, 33].
The most prevalent benign renal tumour is angiomyolipoma (AML), which is composed of fat, vascular, and smooth muscle elements . These benign lesions carry an incidence of 0.02–0.3 % and occur in up to two-thirds of tuberous sclerosis patients . A combination of hypervascularity and inherent vessel weakness in AML leaves these tumours prone to pseudoaneurysm formation and subsequent haemorrhage . Commonly used embolic agents for these lesions include microcoils, nonresorbable particles (polyvinyl alcohol, embospheres), and ethanol . Embolisation by liquid embolic/sclerosing agents, such as ethanol, has been found to be particularly effective in the management of large (>4 cm) AML tumours as well as those associated with haemorrhage or haemodynamic instability (Fig. 8) [28, 30]. Technically, selective TCE is successful in up to 90 % of cases with function preservation in nearly all patients . Despite therapy, however, tumour recurrence may be as high as 30 % .
Post-embolisation syndrome—consisting of flank pain, fever, nausea or vomiting, and leukocytosis 24–72 h post-procedure—is the most common complication following TCE, occurring in over 90 % of patients and generally resolving with conservative symptomatic management . Less frequently, coil migration, non-target embolisation, and impairment of renal function may occur following TCE.
Renovascular injury is relatively uncommon, the majority of cases resulting from blunt trauma or iatrogenic causes . Three-quarters of traumatic renal artery injuries are minor (contusions or superficial lacerations), requiring only conservative management .
Renovascular injury secondary to trauma may result in haemorrhage, devascularisation, or urinary tract laceration. Regardless of the suspected injury, CT with intravenous contrast enhancement is the test of choice in the evaluation and diagnosis of renovascular trauma . Occasionally, emergent angiography with embolisation in major renal vascular disruption may be both diagnostic and therapeutic.
Therapeutic management is implemented in cases of high-grade injuries, including those involving persistent haemorrhage and/or haemodynamic instability. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial as prolonged periods (>3 h) of renal ischaemia may result in severe tubular necrosis and renal dysfunction . In these instances, coil embolisation with the aim of decreasing or arresting haemorrhage is the principle means of therapy (Fig. 9). With embolisation, care should be taken to minimise or avoid nontarget infarction and preserve renal function by selectively targeting the injured vasculature. Entire-organ embolisation by Gelfoam, particles or vascular plugs is generally reserved for cases of trauma to non-functioning kidney .
Haemorrhage control by embolisation has been shown to be successful in 84–100 % of renal trauma cases [31, 38]. As outlined earlier, complications from embolisation include renal infarction, iatrogenic vascular injury, and post-embolisation syndrome .
Renal artery dissection, avulsion, or laceration secondary to trauma may result in devascularisation. Traumatic dissection develops secondary to intimal tearing and subsequent thrombus formation. Endovascular stenting can be used to restore arterial flow in these cases. Nephrectomy or early surgical vascular reconstruction is avulsion and laceration given propensity for significant haemorrhage .
Renal artery pseudoaneurysms, AVFs, arteriocalyceal fistulas, and urinomas are rare lesions that may also develop secondary to renal trauma. Arteriocalyceal fistulas often present as either gross or persistent haematuria following penetrating trauma or iatrogenic injury to vascular and collecting systems. These lesions are typically amenable to selective renal artery embolisation .
Resistant hypertension (RH) is defined as "blood pressure that remains above goal in spite of concurrent use of three antihypertensive agents of different classes" or hypertension requiring four or more medications for effective management . RH affects 9 % of all hypertensive patients and 13 % of those receiving antihypertensive therapy . These patients are at an increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events.
Various factors, including renal artery stenosis, have been implicated in the development of RH. Physiologically, RH has been associated with elevated activity in both the efferent and afferent renal sympathetic nerves. Fittingly, renal denervation is an emerging endovascular treatment modality in the management of this disease [41, 42].
The denervation procedure implements the delivery of catheter-based radiofrequency ablation through the main renal artery. Thermal energy generated in this process acts to effectively disrupt the sympathetic nerves in the adventitia, thus decreasing vascular tone. While studies are ongoing, suggested indications for renal denervation include patients with uncontrolled systolic BP (>160 mmHg; >150 mmHg in diabetics) despite optimised lifestyle factors and antihypertensive medications (>3 synergistic drugs) .
Studies comparing the effectiveness of renal sympathetic denervation to standard medical therapy have demonstrated contradictory results. Early nonrandomised studies and randomised, unblinded trials have shown significant blood pressure reduction in denervation patients (BP reduction of 33/11 mmHg at 6 months) with no evidence of decline in kidney function, renal artery stenosis, or aneurysmal dilatation [41, 42]. A more recent blinded, randomised trial that incorporated a sham control procedure and a significantly larger patient population did not demonstrate a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure at 6-month follow-up .
The role of endovascular intervention in the management of renovascular disease is vast and inevitably expanding. As outlined in this review, a variety of minimally invasive procedures have been employed to treat renal artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm, renal arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, renal tumours, and renovascular trauma in a safe and effective manner. Endovascular intervention in renal artery stenosis remains debatable, with indications in specific circumstances, and unclear in circumstances of resistant hypertension.