text:
\section{Introduction}
Knowledge graphs have turned into a versatile and universal data representation mechanism and can be used in many data-intensive applications.
While many applications require information from different knowledge graphs, the parallel use of multiple knowledge graphs often requires integrating the data from those graphs into a common graph first. To that end, matching both the schema and the instances of the knowledge graph is required.
To solve that challenge, different knowledge graph matching tools have been proposed.
One limitation is that those tools usually take only a pair of knowledge graphs as input. In contrast, there are quite a few scenarios where the number of knowledge graphs is larger. This is also the case for knowledge graph construction from diverse sources, where one possible approach is to first create an isolated knowledge graph from each source, and then integrate those graphs later. This requires solutions which can handle the matching of multiple knowledge graphs.

So far, existing tools, as well as gold standards, are designed in a pairwise fashion.
Since there can be vicious circles of available gold standards and tools (i.e., tools are less likely to be developed for a task for which there is no evaluation dataset), we propose \emph{Gollum}, a gold standard for large-scale multi-source knowledge graph matching.
We describe the creation of the gold standard and present an evaluation of its quality.

\section{Related Work}
\label{sec:related}

In this section, we present and compare existing gold standards. We categorize them into entity matching and KG matching, and into 1:1 vs. multi source datasets.

In entity matching, the schema is fixed and the same across all sources while, at the same time, the number of attributes is quite small.
This means that the matching task boils down to comparing the attributes of the entities.
In comparison, knowledge graphs allow storing instances of different classes which might need different features/rules for matching.
Furthermore, the properties (attributes) are also not homogenized.
This makes the task even more difficult but at the same time more realistic.
Further, both flavors can exist as $1:1$ or multi source problems. In the latter case, more than two data sources are to be matched.

	\begin{table}[t]
		\centering
		\caption{Comparison of related work}
		\label{tab:relwork}
		\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
			\begin{tabular}{|c|l|l|r|r|r|r|r|l|}
				\hline
				\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{\textbf{}} &
				\textbf{} &
				\textbf{Dataset} &
				\textbf{\#sources} &
				\textbf{\#entities} &
				\textbf{\#attr} &
				\textbf{\#matches} &
				\textbf{\#clusters} &
				\textbf{generator} \\ \hline
				\multirow{9}{*}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}entity\\ matching\end{tabular}} &
				\multirow{4}{*}{1:1} &
				DBLP-ACM &
				2 &
				4,908 &
				4 &
				2,224 &
				- &
				no \\ \cline{3-9}
				&
				&
				DBLP-Scholar &
				2 &
				66,879 &
				4 &
				5,347 &
				- &
				no \\ \cline{3-9}
				&
				&
				Amazon-Google &
				2 &
				4,589 &
				4 &
				1,300 &
				- &
				no \\ \cline{3-9}
				&
				&
				Abt-Buy &
				2 &
				2,173 &
				4 &
				1,097 &
				- &
				no \\ \cline{2-9}
				&
				\multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}multi\\ source\end{tabular}} &
				Affiliations &
				1 &
				2,260 &
				1 &
				32,816 &
				330 &
				no \\ \cline{3-9}
				&
				&
				Geographic &
				4 &
				3,054 &
				3 &
				4,391 &
				820 &
				no \\ \cline{3-9}
				&
				&
				Music Brainz 20K &
				5 &
				19,375 &
				5 &
				16,250 &
				10,000 &
				yes \\ \cline{3-9}
				&
				&
				\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}North Carolina\\ Voters 5M\end{tabular} &
				5 &
				5,000,000 &
				4 &
				3,331,384 &
				3,500,840 &
				yes \\ \cline{3-9}
				&
				&
				WDC - LSPM &
				79,123 &
				26,000,000 &
				10 &
				40,582,671 &
				16,391,439 &
				no \\ \hline
				\multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}KG\\ matching\end{tabular}} &
				\multirow{2}{*}{1:1} &
				DB to WD &
				2 & 57,296,772
				&
				- &
				376,065 &
				- &
				no \\ \cline{3-9}
				&
				&
				OAEI KG track &
				8 &
				493,845 &
				- &
				15,359 &
				- &
				no \\ \cline{2-9}
				&
				\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}multi\\ source\end{tabular} &
				\textbf{Gollum}
				& 4,149
				& 10,704,943
				& -
				& 275,103
				& 87,926
				&
				no \\ \hline
			\end{tabular}
		}
	\end{table}

Table~\ref{tab:relwork} shows the overview of datasets.
The most prominent datasets are 1:1 entity matching datasets such as DBLP-ACM, DBLP-Scholar, Amazon-Google, and Abt-Buy.
The first two are initially presented in \cite{kopcke2008training} and originate from the bibliographic domain. The two E-commerce datasets are used in \cite{kopcke2010evaluation} to evaluate their entity resolution system.

Multi source entity matching datasets are more closely related to Gollum. Here, the schema is still the same across all datasets, but the matching system needs to deal with more than two sources.
The affiliations dataset\footnote{\url{https://dbs.uni-leipzig.de/research/projects/object\_matching/benchmark\_datasets\_for\_entity\_resolution}} is an exception because it only contains one source but this requires a clustering of entities (thus it is closer to a multi source scenario). It
consists of only one attribute which are affilations strings extracted from publications (entities need to be clustered). The geographic dataset~\cite{saeedi2017comparative} contains real-world entities from DBpedia, Geonames, Freebase, and NYTimes. It has been used at the instance matching track of OAEI 2011\footnote{\url{http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/2011/instance/}}.
The Music Brainz and North Carolina Voters datasets~\cite{saeedi2017comparative} are based on records about songs and persons. Those datasets are corrupted by tools like the DAPO data generator~\cite{hildebrandt2017large} and GeCo~\cite{christen2013flexible}.
Thus these datasets can be arbitrarily large but do not represent real-world matching problems. The WDC-LSPM dataset \cite{primpeli2019wdc} is about product matching.
It is created by extracting structured data from webpages (e.g. microdata and RDFa). They focus on products because they contain identifiers that are shared among those web pages. Thus a high number of sources and matches can be achieved.
\cite{zhao2020experimental} and \cite{leone2022critical} provide surveys about entity alignment approaches together with datasets on which they are evaluated.

In contrast, knowledge graph matching datasets only exist as $1:1$ problems.
\cite{azmy2019matching} presents a gold standard between DBpedia and Wikidata to evaluate their embedding based entity matching approach.
Their main focus is on disambiguating entities and thus they only use entities that appear multiple times with a similar label, e.g. a person with the name ``John Burt'' (can be the footballer, the field hockey player, etc.). The OAEI KG track~\cite{hertling2020knowledge} contains only eight KGs in a one to one matching scenario.

To the best of our knowledge, no further multi source KG matching datasets exist. The work presented in this paper aims at closing that gap.

\section{Generating the Gold Standard}
\label{sec:approach}
There are many ways of generating a gold standard for a multi source matching task.
In \cite{hertling2020knowledge}, we have shown that a crowd-sourced approach cannot yield a lot of \textit{interesting} correspondences, i.e., correspondences between entities that are very similar but not the same (candidates for false positives)
or very dissimilar but actually referring to the same entity (e.g. with different names or labels), and, at the same time, that it is very expensive to create a large-scale, high-quality gold standard.
Therefore, we pursue a different approach in this paper.
We create knowledge graphs from Wikis of Web pages representing entities and collect links between those Web pages. Then, we subsequently filter and enhance that set so that it contains mostly equivalence links.

\subsection{Knowledge Graphs and Alignments}
The KGs which are used in this work are generated by applying the DBpedia extraction framework \cite{auer2007dbpedia} to Wikis which are served by the MediaWiki framework. Wikiapiary\footnote{\url{https://wikiapiary.com}} lists such Wikis and also includes so-called \emph{wiki farms} (wiki-families). One prominent example is Fandom\footnote{\url{https://www.fandom.com} (formerly wikia.com)}. It allows the creation of collaborative Wikis for any topic. Those Wikis are crawled and processed by the DBpedia extraction framework. This framework is specially designed for Wikipedia and thus it needs to be modified to work with Wikis using other conventions, e.g. for guaranteeing stable link and abstract extraction. The extraction resembles the creation of DBpedia: each wiki page is transformed to a KG instance, and all templates (especially the infobox template) are used to extract properties and corresponding values. The name of the templates is further used to derive the classes. An example is shown in figure \ref{fig:example}.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figures/example-crop.pdf}
	\caption{Example of resources exrtacted from the Lord of the Rings Wiki (left) and the Dracula Wiki (right). Each wiki page is transformed to a KG resource and corresponding templates are used to create classes. Correspondences may exist between classes, properties, and instances.}
	\label{fig:example}
\end{figure}

With this approach, 307,466 KGs are generated which contain complementary information to Wikipedia/DBpedia. Thus more information about less famous entities (also called \emph{long-tail entities}) is included in these wikis. The disadvantage is that many Wikis contain the same entities and schemas which need to be aligned to create a consolidated KG. An alignment between those KGs is defined as a set of correspondences like $<A, B, =, c>$ where the first and second element represents the URI of the resources. The third component defines the relation which holds between those resources (here, we only consider equivalence). The last component is the confidence $c \in \left[0;1\right]$.
In the next section the wiki pages are analyzed to extract \texttt{sameas} links.

\subsection{Extracting Candidate Links}
To identify pages denoting the same entity, we look for specific sections on those pages that contain links to the same entities in other wikis. Typical titles for such sections are 'external links', 'trivia', 'weblinks', or 'see also'. This section title varies between Wikis but is usually used consistently \textit{within} a wiki.
In all subsequent steps, only links which point to another wiki page are used (so-called inter wiki links).
The goal of this step is to identify those sections which contain links to same entities in other wikis.

First, all links which point to a page with the \emph{same title} in another Wiki as the source page are extracted.
Those correspondences are assumed to link same entities.
The section titles of those links are extracted to find the best title which represents a section containing \texttt{same as} links.
It is later also used to extract links that do not share the same title (so called hard positives).

Given the section titles, the goal is to extract a rather large substring that covers at the same time most of the given links.
Thus is is feasible to cover e.g. 'external links' and 'external link' at the same time.
All possible substrings of the section titles are computed which are at least of length two. Afterward, we count how often each substring covers a section title.
Short strings cover a lot of titles, but longer substrings are preferable. Thus the length of the title as well as the number of covered links is normalized to the range between zero and one (diving by the longest title or respectively the maximum number of links). Due to the fact that both values should be high, the harmonic mean of both values is used to calculate the final quality $Q$ which is defined as:
\begin{equation}
	Q(text) = \frac{
		2 * \frac{coveredTitles(text)}{\#links} * \frac{length(text)}{length(longestTitle)}
	}{
	        \frac{coveredTitles(text)}{\#links} + \frac{length(text)}{length(longestTitle)}
    }
\end{equation}

The title substring with the highest quality value $Q$ is used to extract all links in sections that contain this substring.
This approach is only applied if (1) at least five links exist in sections sharing the same title and (2) the fraction of extracted links that share the same title is greater than 20\%. In all other cases, the default section title ''link'' is used.

The resulting alignment still contains many correspondences which do not represent the same entity, but rather related entities. Therefore, we perform further steps to refine the alignment.

\subsection{Normalization and Injectivity}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/links-crop.pdf}
	\caption{Example of links between Wikis A, B, and C. The upper and lower two can be removed as well as one of the three links in the middle.}
	\label{fig:links}
\end{figure}

As a very first step, the direction of the correspondences is normalized.
We compare the name of the wiki, to define one canonical direction. The confidence is set to 0.5 if the link only exists in one direction, and to 1.0 for bidirectional connections. This value will be further used to remove wrong correspondences.
In addition, all redirects are resolved.

We assume that each wiki contains only one page for each entity, and we use that assumption to remove further invalid links.
Figure \ref{fig:links} shows an example.
The dotted circles are Wikis named A, B, and C. The upper two correspondences are removed because an entity in A links to two entities in B which contradicts the assumption. One of these links might be correct but it is not easily possible to tell which one it is. To maximize the precision of the gold standard, all of these links are removed.
The lower two correspondences between A and C are removed using the same rationale.

The three links in the middle do also not satisfy the assumption (at least when considering the transitivity of the equivalence relation). This case is discussed in section \ref{sec:transitiveClosure}.

\subsection{Removing Links to Disambiguation Pages and Dead Links}

After an analysis of the resulting alignment, it turned out that some pages are disambiguation pages that should not be a part of the final alignment and whenever a source or target of a correspondence is a disambiguation page, it should be removed.
The DBpedia extraction framework detects such pages by searching for Wikimedia templates which contain the text \texttt{Disambig} and extracts all links which point to the disambiguated articles.
This works fine in a controlled scenario like Wikipedia where articles use a predefined set of templates.
In wiki farms such as Fandom this strict usage of specific names is not present.

Thus, a more robust disambiguation detection is needed.
Three approaches are implemented. They are listed here in the order of quality:  1) the text \texttt{disambiguation} appears in the label (title) of the article 2) one of the following variants of text appears in the first sentence of the article: \texttt{\{can, could, may, might\} refer to} 3) the article appears in a category which contains the text \texttt{disambiguation}.

To further clean up the alignment, so-called anchor links (links containing a hash sign '\#') are removed as well. They refer to a part of a page and not to the whole page.
These parts of the pages do not represent an entity in the corresponding KG and can thus not be used in the alignment.
Afterward, all pages which do not appear in the KG are removed as well. This usually corresponds to the situation where a page links to a nonexistent
or already deleted page (dead link). Furthermore, it is ensured that the entity can actually be found in the KG, i.e., it appears as a subject or object in a triple.

\subsection{Transitive Closure}
\label{sec:transitiveClosure}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/trans-crop.pdf}
	\caption{The confidence of the dotted edge (transitive edge) should be determined. (a) shows the best case, (b) the worst case, and (c) a case where the shortest path is long and the flow is high.}
	\label{fig:trans}
\end{figure}

In the next refinement step, the transitivity of the equivalence relation is used to remove additional correspondences.
First, the transitive closure of the whole alignment is calculated (implementation based on \cite{beek2018sameas} (Section 3.3)).
Afterward, each identity set is analyzed if two entities of the same wiki are contained (see also the middle part of figure \ref{fig:links}).
This would violate the basic assumption that no real-world concept is represented multiple times in a wiki.
Thus at least one of these correspondences which forms this identity set is wrong and should be removed.
The alignment is sorted by criteria described below and correspondences are removed as long as the identity set contains two entities in the same wiki.

The first sorting criterion checks if the identity set could be repaired by just removing one correspondence. Those correspondences are sorted higher than those which would not.
The second criterion is based on the confidence defined earlier. Correspondences with a confidence of 1.0 (where the entities link to each other) are sorted lower than the ones with a confidence of 0.5. To break ties, the algorithm of \cite{raad2018detecting} is applied which scales well to large identity sets and computes an error value of each link based on graph metrics like community detection. Links with a higher error value are removed first. In case these values are not sufficient to differentiate each correspondence, the levenshtein distance between the labels is used. To make the ordering deterministic, we finally order by the entity URI.
Based on these criteria, all identity sets are resolved such that there are no entities of the same wiki under the transitive closure by removing correspondences following the sorting order.
Similar approaches are also used in \cite{de2009towards}.

The transitive closure cannot only be used for removing, but also for adding correspondences.
For example, for links between entities $e_1$ and $e_2$ and $e_2$ and $e_3$ in three knowledge graphs $KG_1$, $KG_2$, and $KG_3$, we also want to include a link between $e_1$ and $e_3$ in our gold standard.
To that end, we also need to set a confidence value for the newly generated links.
Figure \ref{fig:trans} shows examples of correspondences to be added (dotted edges) for which the confidence needs to be determined. The optimal case is represented by (a):
There are a lot of connections between the source and target which indicates that the confidence should be set to a high value. In case the alignment is considered as a graph, this corresponds to a high flow between the two vertices. Thus the maximum flow is computed using Edmonds-Karp algorithm~\cite{edmonds1972theoretical}. Using the flow as the only measure can fail in case (c) where the flow is high but the paths are rather long (large $i$).
In general shorter paths are preferable to longer ones. In order to penalize paths through low-confidence edges, we compute the path weight by summing up the terms $1.5-c_i$ for each confidence $c_i$ of an edge in the path.\footnote{Essentially, this flips the 0.5 and 1.0 confidence.}
Case (b) represents the worst case which has a rather low maximum flow and the path between the entities is rather long.
For all graph-related algorithms, the implementations of JGraphT~\cite{jgrapht} are used.

To compute a confidence, given the length of the shortest path and the maximum flow, we use the harmonic mean of $1-\frac{1}{maxFlow + 1}$ and $\frac{1}{shortestPathLength}$. The reason for using these formulas is that the flow value can be between 0.5 and infinity (a high value of n in figure \ref{fig:trans}(a)) and a high flow value should result in a confidence close to one.
For the shortest path, a long path should result in a low confidence. Both values should be high to indicate a good connection between the entities, which is enforced by using the harmonic mean.
The confidence of correspondences generated under the transitive closure is between zero and one. To separate the direct extracted links from the transitive links, the latter ones are stored in an extra file.

\subsection{Schema Matches}

All correspondences extracted so far are only on the instance level but the KGs also contain classes and properties which are not aligned.
Therefore in the next step, all instance correspondences are used to extract a schema alignment.

The underlying idea is that two aligned classes also share at least a subset of their instances. Thus, for each combination of classes in two KGs,
the number of shared instances is computed.
Together with the number of instances for each class, it is possible to compute how likely the classes also match.
We experimented with two metrics: $Sim_{Dice}$\cite{diceSim} and $Sim_{Min}$\cite{kirsten2007instance} which are defined as
\begin{equation}
Sim_{DICE}(c_1, c_2) = \frac{2 * \vert I_{c_1} \cap I_{c_2}\vert}{\vert I_{c_1} \vert + \vert I_{c_2} \vert} \in [0...1]
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
Sim_{MIN}(c_1, c_2) = \frac{\vert I_{c_1} \cap I_{c_2}\vert}{min(\vert I_{c_1} \vert, \vert I_{c_2} \vert)} \in [0...1]
\end{equation}
where $I_{c_j}$ denotes the set of instances for class $c_j$. $I_{c_1} \cap I_{c_2}$ corresponds to the shared instances of $c_1$ and $c_2$.

Property matches are determined in the same way by just replacing $\vert I_{c_i} \vert$ with $\vert I_{p_i} \vert$ which denotes the number of occurences of property $p_i$ and $\vert I_{p_1} \cap I_{p_2} \vert$ denotes the number of occurences of two properties $p_1$ and $p_2$ with the same subject and object.

\subsection{Train/Test Split and Datasets}
 Many matching systems use supervised learning, e.g., to adapt their thresholds and weights. This is useful to generalize because each task might require different matching strategies and attributes to use. To account for those systems, multiple versions of this gold standard are released: (1) an unsupervised set that contains all correspondences (2) a supervised version where entities from each KG appear in the train and test set, and (3) a supervised version where all entities from each KG appear \emph{either} in the train or in the test set. For the latter two, an 80/20 split is used.

The test set for both supervised versions is optimized to contain none (or at least fewer) correspondences which could be inferred by computing the transitive closure of the training set. This is easier to achieve for version (2) than (3) because in (3) many KGs share at least one entity in the transitive closure.
Optimizing this requirement is achieved with the \texttt{Group\-Shuffle\-Split}\footnote{\url{https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.model_selection.GroupShuffleSplit.html}} class of scikit learn which allows specifying groups of examples which should be placed either in train or test.
For version (2) the groups correspond to the identity sets computed during the transitive closure. For version (3) the groups correspond to KGs. Those which share a lot of correspondences are placed in the same group.

 Up to now, only the gold standard is split. On the other hand, the KGs which serve as the input for the matching task are also available in different subsets.
 In the first subset (gold), only the KGs which actually participate in the gold standard are collected.
 This results in 4,149 KGs. The next larger dataset (40K) contains the largest 40,000 English KGs. Finally, the dataset (all) with 307,466 KGs is provided. The latter can be used to check for the scalability of multi source KG matching approaches.

 In the datasets, the links between pages are available during training and testing but not the actual structure of the pages including sections etc which are used to generate the gold standard.

 The datasets and gold standards are published in zenodo~\cite{zenodoDataset}
 under a CC BY-SA license\footnote{\url{http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/}} due to the license of the original source\footnote{\url{https://www.fandom.com/licensing}}.

\section{Analysis of the Gold Standard}
\label{sec:analysis}
\begin{table}[t]
\caption{Overview of the alignment size after each step.}
\label{tab:eval}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|}
\hline
\textbf{Step} & \textbf{\#Links} & \textbf{\#Trivial} & \textbf{\#Non-trivial} & \textbf{\#KG Pairs} \\ \hline
1) Extracting Candidate Links      & 218,528 & 121,082 & 97,446 & 10,209 \\ \hline
2) Normalization and Injectivity   & 156,146 & 109,961 & 46,185  & 9,203 \\ \hline
3) Disambiguation and Page Removal & 142,790 & 104,427 & 38,363  & 8,444 \\ \hline
4) Transitive Closure Removal      & 142,530 & 104,336 & 38,194  & 8,431 \\ \hline
5) Transitive Closure Addition     & 296,331 & 216,659 & 79,672 & 39,348 \\ \hline
6) Removal of exterior links     & 275,103 & 204,424 & 70,679 & 36,230 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\centering
\end{table}

In this section, the generated dataset is profiled and evaluated.
Table \ref{tab:eval} shows the corresponding number of extracted links for each step in the previous section. The reduction between the first and second steps is due to the normalization of directions and removal of links to ensure injectivity of the alignment. The fifth step does not only double the number of links but also increases the number of involved KG pairs by five, i.e., it adds a lot of links between graphs for which no links existed before.
Furthermore, we depict the number of trivial (i.e., sharing the same label) and non-trivial correspondences. In the final dataset, 25.7\% of all matches do not share the label and show that over a quarter of non-trivial cases (hard positives) are contained.

In the next step, the transitive closure is analyzed.
Overall, 87,926 identity sets exist, consisting of $2.56 \pm 1.66$ entities on average. The largest identity set has 75 elements, referring to the entity \emph{Human}.

The final set of correspondences still contains links to web pages that are not part of Fandom and thus not available as a KG (step 6). Those links are kept until this point because they might also help to find correspondences under the transitive closure. After removing those links as well, we end up with 275,103 links to use.
In the next step, the distribution of the confidence is analyzed. Out of the 132,961 links which are directly extracted (i.e., without exploiting transitivity), 125,407 have a confidence of 0.5 (only one direction) and 7,554 have links in both directions.
Overall 142,142 links could be generated by using the transitive property of the links.
There is a huge amount of correspondences with a confidence of 0.4. This usually represents the situation where the correspondences A-B and B-C are extracted with a confidence of 0.5 each, and the link between A and C is created (no further path between A and C exists). Thus the maximum flow is 0.5 and the shortest path length is 2.0 (because an edge weight of 0.5 corresponds to a length of 1.0).

Evaluating the gold standard was done by a survey with three participants.
They were asked to judge if the sampled correspondences are correct.
Each group of correspondences is evaluated on its own: (1) extracted links with the confidence of 1.0, (2) extracted links with the confidence of 0.5, (3) transitive links with a confidence greater than 0.4, (4) transitive links with confidence equal to 0.4, and (5) transitive links with a confidence lower than 0.4. The last three groups are chosen this way because there are so many correspondences with a confidence of 0.4. The sample size is determined by a sample size calculator\footnote{\url{https://www.calculator.net/sample-size-calculator.html}}.
The confidence level is set to 90\% and a 10 \% margin of error with a population proportion of 50\% (which is very pessimistic because more correct correspondences are expected).
Table \ref{tab:survey} shows the sample sizes and the precision of the subset. The majority vote of the participants' answers is used to compute the final decision. The Fleiss kappa (inter-rater agreement) is 0.707 which is according to \cite{landis1977measurement} a substantial agreement (even though \cite{landis1977measurement} only provides this interpretation for two annotators, the value should at least be the same or better for three annotators).
The precision is always above 0.927 which shows the quality of the dataset. Depending on the application, it is further possible to increase it by using specific subsets or cutting the alignment at a specific confidence. The schema matches are extracted where $Sim_{Min}$ is greater than 0.2. The class matches are evaluated once with the class equivalence relation in mind, and once where the class can also be a subclass of the other (the value in parentheses). It shows that it is not easy to differentiate between \texttt{owl:\-equivalent\-Class} and \texttt{rdfs:\-subClassOf} during the automatic extraction.
For properties, this works much better, because a property match requires having matched subject \textit{and} object, whereas for classes, only sets of entities can be compared.

The limitation of this dataset is the class matches which should further be improved to distinguish between equivalence and subclass relations.

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\caption{Evaluation of five subsets of the gold standard and the schema.}
\label{tab:survey}
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|}
\hline
                                     & \#All Links & \#Samples & Precision \\ \hline
(1) conf=1.0                         & 7,554       & 68        & 0.985          \\ \hline
(2) conf=0.5                         & 125,407     & 69        & 0.927          \\ \hline
(3) transitive conf \textgreater 0.4 & 8,098       & 68        & 0.985          \\ \hline
(4) transitive conf=0.4              & 109,064     & 69        & 0.941          \\ \hline
(5) transitive conf \textless 0.4    & 24,980      & 68        & 0.985          \\ \hline
classes ($Sim_{Min}>0.2$)    & 238      & 54        &  0.431 (0.922) \\ \hline
properties ($Sim_{Min}>0.2$)    & 786      & 63        &  0.921         \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\section{Application of the Gold Standard}
\label{sec:application}
As discussed above, there exist many KG and ontology matching systems -- especially those which participate in the OAEI~\cite{oaei2021}. The main drawback is that all systems focus on a one-to-one alignment and not on the multi source case.
But it is possible to reuse these systems also for a multi source scenario.
The idea is to invoke the matchers multiple times to well-defined one-to-one matching tasks while avoiding complete quadratic comparisons.
Based on~\cite{ordermatters}, we implemented the incremental merge approach where two KGs are matched and merged to create a union out of them. Afterward, those are used in further match and merge steps. The execution order is determined by the output of a hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC), trying to match more closely related KGs first. The features for this clustering are tf-idf vectors generated from each KG. For this, all literals in the KG which contain text and all URI fragments are used and the concatenated text is transformed to tf-idf vectors. The feature space is restricted to only those words which appear at least in 0.1\% and at maximum in 80\% of the wikis.

The described multi source matching strategy is applied to the 40K dataset by using two different $1:1$ matchers. The first is a string-based based matcher, the second is Alod2Vec~\cite{alod2vec}, one of the top-performing systems from OAEI 2021~\cite{oaei2021} for the KG track. For both matchers, a postprocessing step is added to ensure a $1:1$ alignment which is required by the multi source matching strategy in each execution step. For this, a naive descending approach~\cite{mappingextraction} is used which sorts the alignment by confidence and extracts the correspondences as long as no duplicate source or target appears.

\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\caption{Evaluation of the multi source matching strategy applied to the 40K dataset reusing $1:1$ matchers (leftmost column). For each category, precision (P), recall (R), and f-measure (F) is reported.}
\label{tab:application}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{|l|crr|crr|crr|crr|}
\hline
 &
  \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Instance} &
  \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Class} &
  \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Property} &
  \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Overall} \\ \hline
Matcher &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{P} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{R} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{F1} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{P} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{R} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{F1} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{P} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{R} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{F1} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{P} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{R} &
  \multicolumn{1}{c|}{F1} \\ \hline
Alod2vec &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.937} &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.390} &
  .551 &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.842} &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.432} &
  .571 &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.000} &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.000} &
  .000 &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.936} &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.390} &
  .550 \\ \hline
String-based &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.959} &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.679} &
  .795 &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.829} &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.392} &
  .532 &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.702} &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.549} &
  .617 &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.959} &
  \multicolumn{1}{r|}{.679} &
  .795 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{table}

Table \ref{tab:application} shows the results for both matchers used in the multi source matching strategy. Similar to the results of OAEI, Alod2Vec achieves higher scores for class matches than the string-based matcher. For instance matches the string-based matcher is better. One reason might be that the Alod2vec matcher does not work well with the multi source strategy (which further requires the transitive closure during evaluation). The recall values show that there is still room for improvement and that the gold standard contains enough correspondences which are not easy to find.
The runtime of the two matchers are quite different. The string-based matcher needs roughly one day for merging and one day for matching. Alod2Vec needs overall six days most probably due to costly matching approaches.

\section{Conclusion and Outlook}
\label{sec:conclusion}

In this paper, we presented \emph{Gollum}, a large scale gold standard for multi source knowledge graph matching. The extraction process from more than 300,000 KGs is described and the resulting dataset is analyzed. It showed a high quality which can be further adjusted by the confidence depending on the application. In addition, all KGs and reasonable subsets of them are published as well as training and testing sets to account for systems adapting to the matching task.
To this end, we also created two different splits: one which contains links of the same wiki pair in train and test and one where each KG is either in the train or test split. It is further optimized that the test set cannot easily be computed by the transitive closure.
In future work, it is planned to improve the multi source matching strategy by using the training set to optimize the resulting alignment which is generated in each matching step. Thus one to one matchers would also benefit from the supervision even if the system is not aware of it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Toronto, Canada, December 18, 2013 … Tafelmusik is proud to present the second annual Tafelmusik Winter Institute (TWI) January 5 to 11, 2014, culminating with a public concert on Saturday January 11 at 7:30 PM. Building on more than a decade of success with the Tafelmusik Baroque Summer Institute, last year Tafelmusik expanded its artist training programmes to include a week-long specialized institute for advanced students and professional players of baroque instruments. This season, 38 talented young artists hailing from across Canada and the United States, France and Taiwan were selected by audition from a pool of 90 international applicants.
Tafelmusik's Winter Institute provides an opportunity for in-depth study and training in aspects of specific repertoire — this year, orchestral suites from the French Baroque — and includes orchestra rehearsals, sectionals, seminars, and masterclasses with faculty members Jeanne Lamon, violin; Patrick Jordan, viola; Christina Mahler, cello; Charlotte Nediger, harpsichord and TWI Artistic Co-ordinator; Grégoire Jeay, flute; John Abberger, oboe; and Dominic Teresi, bassoon. The faculty members are committed to cultivating the individual excellence and collaborative spirit that the young musician requires and that the historically informed performance field demands. Tafelmusik Winter Institute will provide an encouraging and intimate environment to enable each musician to develop his or her own unique voice.
The public concert takes place on Saturday January 11 at 7:30 PM at Trinity-St. Paul's Centre, Jeanne Lamon Hall, with TWI participants performing music by Lully, Rebel and Rameau alongside faculty members. Admission to the concert is general admission, Pay-What-You-Can (suggested donation $20.00). This concert is free for youth on a first-come, first-seated basis — tickets are not required. Tafelmusik's Winter Institute is supported by the Silver Anniversary Fund established to mark the respective 25th anniversaries of Tafelmusik, and of Jeanne Lamon as Music Director.


text:
Cuba Human Rights
From Persecution to Acceptance? The History of LGBT Rights in Cuba
October 24, 2012 October 25, 2012 COHA	Cuba, gay rights, Homosexuality, Human Rights, Justin Halatyn
Since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the island nation has received low scores in many human rights indices for reported assaults on freedom of speech, expression, religion, and basic due process. Outside of these violations, historians regard the 1960s as an even more repressive decade for one Cuban community in particular: the country's homosexual population. Indeed this group has only recently witnessed an opening of civil liberties for them. While the record of their treatment today is certainly not perfect, there are clear signs of a gradual but serious shift from Cuba's previously anti-LGBT policies to a modern tendency of equal treatment and respect for all sexual orientations.
Source: Ludovic Bertron
Even in pre-Revolutionary Cuba, the island's society relegated the homosexual community to the few LGBT-friendly bars in Cuban cities. Moreover, strict laws criminalized homosexuality and targeted gay men in particular for harassment. In the 1930s, Cuba enacted the Public Ostentation Law, which encouraged the harassment of LGBTs who refused to hide their orientation.1 At this time, Cuba's legislation toward the LGBT community was essentially no different from what was being done in the rest of Latin America, nor the continent's colonial ancestors, Spain and Portugal.2
Homosexuality in Cuba Under Castro
The Cuban Revolution seemed to present hope for improved living conditions for the many afflicted members of the community, and hope for a new outlook on old social mores quickly spread across the island. Many gay men were in favor of the Revolution and even supported longtime Cuban President Fidel Castro. However, despite professed egalitarianism, Castro's government in reality was no kinder to the LGBT community than the pre-revolutionary governments. Castro and the other leading revolutionaries considered homosexuality a devious product of capitalism, which had to be rooted out entirely from society.3 For example, Che Guevara's definition of the socialist "New Man" in part necessitated a strong and unambiguously heterosexual male.4 This view was not unique to the Castro regime, and could be found in the ideologies of many leaders from other communist countries. For example, the USSR and China routinely persecuted the LGBT community.5 As ironic as it may seem, communist thinking at the time consistently ignored the LGBT community.
The Castro government continued to enforce the Public Ostentation Law following the Revolution. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, gay men were routinely imprisoned for soliciting sex in public locations, government workers lost their jobs because of their homosexuality, and homosexual artists were censored. From 1965 to 1968, openly homosexual men were rounded up and incarcerated in UMAP (Military Units to Aid Production) camps designed to turn them into the heterosexual ideal. Critics have since denounced UMAP camps as nothing less than military labor camps, which were described by some internees as brutal facilities, complete with physical and verbal mistreatment, dirt floors, and a chronic shortage of food.6 Though Castro himself has denied that they were forced labor camps, he recently acknowledged that gay men were mistreated in certain camps.7 In another case of historic persecution, the infamous Mariel Boat Lift of 1980, the Castro regime expelled thousands of homosexual Cubans he considered among other "undesirables."8
Source: AVERT
Policies Begin to Change
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Havana's policies toward its LGBT community began to change as communist leaders around the world began to lean toward a more tolerant policy regarding homosexuality. Some observers have pointed to the rise of the feminist movement in Cuba as a key component in the liberalization of social tolerance toward Cuba's LGBT community.9 For example, in 1977 the Cuban National Center for Sex Education (CENESEX) was founded by the Cuban Women's Federation, which "encouraged a more enlightened outlook on homosexuality and started to undermine traditional sexual prejudices and taboos."10 Around this period, the Cuban government began to pass laws that broke down the sexual division of labor in the traditional family unit. In 1979 the Cuban government finally removed homosexual acts among consenting adults from the Penal Code as a criminal offense.11 Certainly the situation regarding this practice was much improved in just the course of a decade.
However, as with most countries' early policies regarding homosexuality, changes in practice have occurred gradually. Despite the legislative reforms, the government continued to prohibit "ostentatious displays of homosexuality" along with "homosexual acts in public places."12 Cuba also received criticism from the international community during this period for quarantining people with HIV. Some have argued that another explanation for Havana's homosexual policies is that Cuba's continued dependence on the Soviet Union for trade and assistance led to a Stalinist-style intolerance of homosexuality throughout the earlier part of the decade.13 In other words, as in many cases, the LGBT population in Cuba had to wait for continued rights to be granted before discrimination was erased.
In 1986 however, a watershed shift against homophobia occurred in Cuba.14 The annulment of many of the remaining laws in the Penal Code that had prohibited homosexual conduct allowed authorities to release those who had been previously imprisoned for homosexual activity.15 During this period, the Cuban authorities began to show greater tolerance toward homosexuality in order to enforce safe sex and to gain political support for the regime from the LGBT community and from critical international observers. Finally, in 1993, the incarceration law for HIV patients was rescinded. The Cuban government began to produce films and documentaries condemning discrimination against homosexuality, and the medical community in Cuba began to describe homosexuality as a natural minority condition rather than a perverse choice.16 This medical outlook was particularly crucial in the reevaluation of policies toward the LGBT population.
Homosexuality in Cuba Today
Today, official legal penalties for gay men continue to be eliminated. For instance, in 1988 the penal code imposed fines on those who "hassle others with homosexual demands." However, in 1997, this language was modified to "hassling with sexual demands," gradually removing the distinction between heterosexual and homosexual behavior. In addition, previous public scandal laws that penalized those who "publicly flaunted their homosexual condition" were later changed to those who engaged in "sexual insult," indicating a more modest tone against homosexuality.17 Particularly progressive reforms have been made in the last few years under current President Raúl Castro, largely from the strong backing of his daughter Mariela Castro, who is also the director of CENESEX.18 The most revolutionary change occurred in June 2008, when the Cuban government permitted doctors to perform sex change operations.19 In the last year, the Cuban parliament proposed a law permitting same-sex unions.20 If this law does pass, it would signal a huge breakthrough in LGBT rights in Cuba.
Source: GlobalPost
Havana's rhetoric regarding homosexuality has grown more tolerant as well. Raúl Castro has publicly declared his support for LGBT rights.21 Fidel also has changed his tone dramatically since the 1960s. Although he once vulgarly referred to homosexuals as "agents of imperialism," and praised the Cuban countryside for supposedly being free of homosexuality, his recent declarations express a much more tolerant sentiment.22 In the last few years, Fidel has come to support LGBT rights, claiming he was distracted by other problems in the earlier period of the Revolution. Additionally, he now claims that the persecution of homosexuals in earlier years was "a great injustice."23 Considering that even Fidel has changed his outlook, it is unlikely the Cuban government will shift back anytime soon to a less progressive position.
Despite the recent announcements by the Castro regime to move towards an LGBT friendly community, the government remains inconsistent with all of its promises. For example, gay men have long been considered unfit to join the Communist Party. Within the last 20 years, a few prominent gay bars and organizations have been raided and shut down by the government.24 Gay rights activists, both in Cuba and abroad, have accused the Cuban authorities of applying the crime of "pre-criminal dangerousness" unfairly to homosexuals, and ignoring complaints of those who have been beaten or fired from their jobs because of their sexual orientation.25 Other gay rights activists have criticized Mariela Castro for her inconsistency and hypocrisy when it comes to gay rights, arguing that gay rights activists continue to be imprisoned, beaten, or simply disappear while she provides little more than lip service to the issue.26
In addition, while Cuban society is gradually warming up toward homosexuality and LGBT rights, many homophobic elements remain. For example, in 2006, the Cuban state television released "The Dark Side of the Moon," the first soap opera on Cuban television concerning issues of homosexuality. Although the soap opera was received favorably by many for bringing the issue into the public discourse, it also attracted enormous controversy, with many Cubans saying they were offended by the show's release and refused to watch it. The most negative reviews conceded the belief that the show was important, but as a way to warn people of homosexuality's consequences rather than a way to promote tolerance and acceptance toward it.27
Lastly, on October 16, the Cuban government announced it would end its exit visa requirements for its citizens to travel abroad.28 While the connection to gay rights is marginal at best, such an act does suggest yet another attempt by the Castro regime to modernize and adapt to the changing demands of its society. Whether this more lenient policy translates into greater rights for gays in the near future is unclear, but it certainly suggests a willingness to consider more progressive customs, which is another promising sign.
It is clear that the enactment of LGBT rights in Cuba is an ongoing struggle. Uncertainty still remains, and the government and society as a whole still display a certain level of uneasiness regarding homosexuality. Nonetheless, in comparison with pre-revolutionary times, the situation today has greatly improved. Penalties towards gay men have gradually been reduced, the government has expressed its support for gay rights, and even gay civil unions have been seriously proposed and considered.29
Justin Halatyn, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs
Please accept this article as a free contribution from COHA, but if re-posting, please afford authorial and institutional attribution. Exclusive rights can be negotiated.
1 Ellis, Jo. "Homosexuality in Cuba: Revolution Within the Revolution." Greenleft.news, July
4, 1999. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43b/172.html.
2 Bjorklund, Eva. "Homosexuality is Not Illegal in Cuba, But Like Elsewhere, Homophobia
Persists." Angelfire. http://www.angelfire.com/pr/red/cuba/homosexuality_in_cuba.htm.
4 Miroff, Nick. "Cuba: For Macho Island, a Shift on Civil Unions." Global Post, July 28,
2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/cuba/110727/Gay-Marriage-Cuba-Civil-Union-Church-Castro.
7 "LGBT Rights in Cuba." Wikipedia, June 15, 2012.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba.
10 Bjorklund, Eva. "Homosexuality is Not Illegal in Cuba, But Like Elsewhere, Homophobia
13 Ellis, Jo. "Homosexuality in Cuba: Revolution Within the Revolution." Greenleft.news,
July 4, 1999. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43b/172.html.
16 Tatchell, Peter. "The Defiant One." The Guardian, June 7, 2001.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2001/jun/08/cuba.artsfeatures.
17 "LGBT Rights in Cuba." Wikipedia, June 15, 2012.
18 Sweas, Megan. "Cuba's Gay Rights Revolution." Global Post, June 29, 2012.
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/cuba/120628/cubas-gay-rights-revolution.
19 "Cuba Approves Sex Change Operations." Reuters, June 6, 2008.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/06/06/idUSN06395397.
20 Miroff, Nick. "Cuba: For Macho Island, a Shift on Civil Unions." Global Post, July 28,
2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/cuba/110727/Gay-Marriage-Cuba-C Miroff, Nick. "Cuba: For Macho Island, a Shift on Civil Unions." Global Post, July 28,
2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/cuba/110727/Gay-Marriage-Cuba-Civil-Union-Church-Castro.ivil-Union-Church-Castro.
21 "Raul Castro's Daughter Says Dad Supports Gay Rights." Havana Times, May 14, 2012.
Raul Castro's Daughter Says Dad Supports Gay Rights
23 "Fidel Castro Takes Blame for 1960s Gay Persecution." Globe and Mail, August 31, 2010.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/fidel-castro-takes-blame-for-1960s-gay-persecution/article1691613/.
25 Tamayo, Juan O. "Gay Activists in Cuba Demand that Parliament Respect their Rights."
The Miami Herald, June 28, 2012. http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/06/28/2873429/gay-activists-in-cuba-demand-that.html.
27 Ravsberg, Fernando. "Controversial Gay Soap Opera Grips Cuba." BBC News, May 3,
2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4962540.stm.
28 Orsi, Peter and Andrea Rodriguez. "Cuba Scraps Exit Visa Requirement, Eliminating
Major Impediment for Travel Overseas." Huffington Post, October 16, 2012. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/16/cuba-scraps-exit-visa_n_1969188.html
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Trading activities on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) resumed on Monday on a negative note with the market indices dropping by 1.04 per cent, amid sell pressure.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the All-Share Index lost 303.34 points or 1.04 per cent to close at 29,002.06 compared with 29,305.40 posted on Friday.
Also, the market capitalisation which opened at N10.064 trillion shed N104 billion to close at N9.960 trillion.
A breakdown of the price movement showed that Forte Oil topped the losers' chart, dropping by N9.51 to close at N180.83 per share.
Total Nigeria Plc trailed with a loss of N8.52 to close at N181.48, while Guinness shed N5.47 to close at N99.50 per share.
Lafarge Africa dropped by N3 to close at N67 and Nigerian Breweries lost N1.10 to close at N130 per share.
Conversely, Oando led the gainers' table, growing by 68k to close at N7.37 per share.
Ven Leer followed with a gain of 46k to close at N9.69, while Redstar appreciated by 21k to close at N4.51 per share.
Continental Reinsurance increased by 5k to close at N1.15 and NPF Micro Finance Bank also surged by 5k to close at N1.25 per share.
NAN also reports that FBN Holdings emerged the most traded stock, exchanging 21.79 million shares worth N83.12 million.
It was trailed by Zenith International Bank with 12.51 million shares valued at N189.69 million, while Access Bank sold 11.69 million shares worth N66.19 million.
Skye Bank transacted 10.83 million shares valued at N10.39 million and UBA sold 9.37 million shares worth N42.84 million.
In all, investors bought and sold 142.84 million shares valued at N1.35 billion achieved in 3,321 deals.
NAN reports that this was in contrast with 189.74 million shares worth N2.23 billion transacted in 3,486 deals on Friday.


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text:
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				} ?>
			</select>
			<input type="submit" class="button app-change-status-btn" value="<?php _e('Change Status','appointments'); ?>" />
		</form>

			<form method="get" action="<?php echo add_query_arg('page', 'appointments'); ?>" >
				<input type="hidden" value="appointments" name="page" />
				<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $type?>" name="type" />
				<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $service_id?>" name="app_service_id" />
				<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $worker_id?>" name="app_provider_id" />
				<select name="app_order_by" style='float:none;'>
					<option value=""><?php _e('Sort by','appointments'); ?></option>
					<option value="ID" <?php selected( $order_by, 'ID' ); ?>><?php _e('Creation date (Oldest to newest)','appointments'); ?></option>
					<option value="ID_DESC" <?php selected( $order_by, 'ID_DESC' ); ?>><?php _e('Creation date (Newest to oldest)','appointments'); ?></option>
					<option value="start" <?php selected( $order_by, 'start' ); ?>><?php _e('Appointment date (Closest first)','appointments'); ?></option>
					<option value="start_DESC" <?php selected( $order_by, 'start_DESC' ); ?>><?php _e('Appointment date (Closest last)','appointments'); ?></option>
				</select>
				<input type="submit" class="button" value="<?php _e('Sort','appointments'); ?>" />
			</form>

			<form method="get" action="<?php echo add_query_arg('page', 'appointments'); ?>" >
				<input type="hidden" value="appointments" name="page" />
				<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $type?>" name="type" />
				<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $worker_id?>" name="app_provider_id" />
				<select name="app_service_id" style='float:none;'>
					<option value=""><?php _e('Filter by service','appointments'); ?></option>
				<?php
				$services = $appointments->get_services();
				if ( $services ) {
					foreach ( $services as $service ) {
						if ( $service_id == $service->ID )
							$selected = " selected='selected' ";
						else
							$selected = "";
						echo '<option '.$selected.' value="'.$service->ID.'">'. $appointments->get_service_name( $service->ID ) .'</option>';
					}
				}
				?>
				</select>
				<input type="submit" class="button" value="<?php _e('Filter','appointments'); ?>" />
			</form>

			<form method="get" action="<?php echo add_query_arg('page', 'appointments'); ?>" >
				<input type="hidden" value="appointments" name="page" />
				<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $type?>" name="type" />
				<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $service_id?>" name="app_service_id" />
				<select name="app_provider_id" style='float:none;'>
					<option value=""><?php _e('Filter by service provider','appointments'); ?></option>
				<?php
				$workers = $appointments->get_workers();
				if ( $workers ) {
					foreach ( $workers as $worker ) {
						if ( $worker_id == $worker->ID )
							$selected = " selected='selected' ";
						else
							$selected = "";
						echo '<option '.$selected.' value="'.$worker->ID.'">'. $appointments->get_worker_name( $worker->ID ) .'</option>';
					}
				}
				?>
				</select>
				<input type="submit" class="button" value="<?php _e('Filter','appointments'); ?>" />
			</form>

			<form method="get" action="<?php echo add_query_arg('page', 'appointments'); ?>" >
				<input type="hidden" value="appointments" name="page" />
				<input type="hidden" value="<?php echo $type?>" name="type" />
				<input type="hidden" value="" name="app_service_id" />
				<input type="hidden" value="" name="app_provider_id" />
				<input type="hidden" value="" name="app_order_by" />
				<input type="hidden" value="" name="s" />
				<input type="submit" class="button" value="<?php _e('Reset sort order and filters','appointments'); ?>" />
			</form>

	<?php
		$appointments->myapps($type);

	?>

	<form action="<?php echo admin_url('admin-ajax.php?action=app_export'); ?>" method="post">
		<input type="hidden" name="action" value="app_export" />
		<input type="hidden" name="export_type" id="app-export_type" value="type" />
		<input type="submit" id="app-export-selected" class="app-export_trigger button-secondary" value="<?php esc_attr_e(__('Export selected Appointments','appointments')); ?>" />
		<input type="submit" id="app-export-type" class="app-export_trigger button-primary" value="<?php esc_attr_e(sprintf(__('Export %s Appointments','appointments'), App_Template::get_status_name($type))); ?>" data-type="<?php esc_attr_e($type); ?>" />
		<input type="submit" id="app-export-all" class="app-export_trigger button-secondary" value="<?php _e('Export all Appointments','appointments') ?>" title="<?php _e('If you click this button a CSV file containing ALL appointment records will be saved on your PC','appointments') ?>" />

		<?php do_action('app-export-export_form_end'); ?>
	</form>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Worker's safety law IRR out by November: labor department
Posted at Aug 24 2018 09:38 PM
Construction workers use jackhammers to demolish a building in Manila, December 11, 2017. Photo by Jonathan Cellona, ABS-CBN News
MANILA - The implementing rules and regulations (IRR) for the worker's safety law will "definitely" be completed before November ends, a labor department official said Friday.
President Rodrigo Duterte signed on Aug. 17 Republic Act 11058, a measure strengthening compliance with occupational safety and health standards for employees.
"The department has already created the composite technical working paper then the consultation will start," Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) director of the Bureau of Working Conditions Teresita Cucueco told ANC.
After consultations, the IRR will be reviewed, taking into consideration the comments and suggestions of partners and stakeholders, Cucueco said.
"Definitely, before the end of November, the IRR is out," she said.
Duterte signs workers' safety law
The law mandates employers, contractors, and subcontractors to provide workers a place of employment "free from hazardous conditions that are causing or are likely to cause death, illness, or physical harm to workers."
It will enforce the worker's right to refuse tasks that present imminent danger such as substandard safety measures in construction work or dealing with chemicals that could cause severe irritation, Cucueco said.
"The worker can refuse that kind of work and this is guaranteed in the law," she added.
Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) spokesperson Alan Tanjusay said the enactment of the law was a victory for workers despite it being passed at the expense of those who have suffered from unsafe and hazardous working conditions.
Hundred of workers have been killed and injured "because of poor enforcement of labor laws and most of all the non-compliance of employers to occupational safety and health," Tanjusay said.
ALAMIN: Mga karaniwang 'work-related' na sakit at aksidente
DOLE, Worker's safety law, occupational safety and health standards, Republic Act 11058, work accidents, jobs
Read More: DOLE Worker's safety law occupational safety and health standards Republic Act 11058 work accidents jobs
/news/08/11/18/labor-department-welcomes-bill-on-conditional-14th-month-pay
/news/08/22/18/alamin-saklaw-ng-workers-safety-law
/business/08/22/18/ca-asked-to-reconsider-ruling-favoring-pldt-on-contractual-workers
/news/08/22/18/govt-workers-ask-sc-to-reverse-ruling-taxing-allowances-bonuses
Ensure food safety in your business


text:
MPs oppose to Facebook's ''online wild west''
By Maisie Marston
Social media companies currently operate in what has been dubbed "an online wild west" by Chris Elmore MP, a lawless sphere without any regulation and accountability. With MPs even suggesting social media could be classed as a disease, they have suggested a series of new precautions to protect children and young people from the dangers associated with social media.
In the same way that MPs want companies like Facebook to take responsibility for disinformation or 'fake news,' they now demand change in the way the industry seeks to protect children and young people who use their sites. This comes as no surprise after the discovery of the distressing social media accounts of 14 year old Molly Russell, the young teen who took her own life. After seeing the distressing material exposed to his daughter online, Molly's father said that he had "no doubt that Instagram helped kill [his] daughter". Whilst the report published by the Royal Society for Public Health accepts that there is still not much strong scientific evidence linking the use of social media and mental health problems in young people, it is clear that social media has been used to publicise and glamourise methods of self harm and suicide.
Action has already been taken to ensure children are safe and healthy by the UK's chief medical officers. In February they recommended a series of steps for parents including keeping devices out of the bedroom at bedtime and encouraging parents to police their own use of devices. More recently, in the Royal Society for Public Health's report, recommendations have included a suggested tax of 0.5% on social media companies' profits in order to create a Social Media Health Alliance. This alliance would fund research in order to fund research and produce better guidance for the public, reviewing the "growing evidence on the impact of social media on health and wellbeing".
Within the next few weeks, the government is expected to publish its own proposals in a White Paper from the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. These will be informed by the inquiry carried out by the All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Social Media and Young People's Mental Health and Wellbeing. Whereas previously social media companies have regulated their users by limply insisting on a 13+ age limit, they could now be forced to police their younger populations much more rigorously or face legal consequences.
Welsh Government report finds welfare cuts affect half of Welsh households
Trump administration allegedly attempts to water down global agreements on women's rights
Poorer Children at Risk of Bad Mental Health Due to…
Facebook is out of control
It's not just social media
Is Facebook untouchable in a social media world?
The unspoken plight of male body image


text:
package dk.teachus.frontend.components.list;

import org.apache.wicket.Component;
import org.apache.wicket.model.IModel;

public abstract class IconFunctionItem<T> implements FunctionItem<T> {
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

	private final String title;
	private final String icon;
	private final String buttonStyle;

	public IconFunctionItem(final String title, final String icon) {
		this(title, icon, null);
	}

	public IconFunctionItem(final String title, final String icon, final String buttonStyle) {
		this.title = title;
		this.icon = icon;
		this.buttonStyle = buttonStyle;
	}

	@Override
	public Component createComponent(final String wicketId, final IModel<T> rowModel) {
		return new IconFunctionItemPanel(wicketId, title, icon, buttonStyle) {
			private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

			@Override
			protected void onEvent() {
				IconFunctionItem.this.onEvent(rowModel.getObject());
			}

			@Override
			protected String getClickConfirmText() {
				return IconFunctionItem.this.getClickConfirmText(rowModel.getObject());
			}
		};
	}

	public String getClickConfirmText(T object) {
		return null;
	}

	protected abstract void onEvent(T object);

}


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text:
English Language & Usage Meta
English Language & Usage Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts. Join them; it only takes a minute:
Origin of the expression "to do someone in"
I've seen the expression "to do someone in" for the first time today and from what I found, it means "to kill someone." Where does it come from?
The trailing "in" implies something following and makes the expression sound incomplete.
The actual preposition "in" is arbitrary. In fact it looks like do someone up was around earlier, but that version sounds really odd to my modern ear. The earlier instances in that link are predominantly American, but my gut feeling is to agree with @Aaron that the in version sounds more Cockney than Yankee. – FumbleFingers Jul 4 '13 at 21:47
In latin, interficere (litt. "do into") means "to kill" too. – user109759 Feb 16 '15 at 9:24
I'm sure the origin can be argued, but this almost certainly came from the east end of London.
When you say 'do him' or 'he did him' it means to beat someone up. So 'do him in' goes further.
Other common cockney phrases are 'Kick his head in' or 'punch his face in' so it only makes sense.
'In' being invasive, meaning entering inside, which is generally how you kill someone.
Coming from London myself it seems perfectly normal to to use 'in'.
AaronAaron
+1. It was 'cockney slang' when Shaw wrote Pygmalion; I doubt whether further sleuthing would be worthwhile. – TimLymington Jul 4 '13 at 21:24
@Aaron The word 'in', with the definition you gave seems to fit, and brings more sense to the expression. I still think that it doesn't match up really well with the verb 'do' as opposed to 'kick' or 'punch', or could use some complements. (Maybe that's just because English isn't my native language.) – user36216 Jul 4 '13 at 22:01
@KaivoAnastetiks You may not think " it ... match[es] up really well with the verb 'do'" - but that is the expression, and similar comments could be made about prepositional use in very many English expressions. But the only rule is that "there ain't no rules" and many uses just have to be accepted as 'that is the way it's developed', and 'that is the way it is'! – TrevorD Jul 4 '13 at 23:01
Hmm. Most of these (except for "do him" w/o the "in") sound fine in US-EN, too. This is interesting and plausible, but I'm not wholly convinced. I can't do better, but I'd like to see someone else try (or at least have a more thorough/cited version of this). – hunter2 Jul 5 '13 at 7:14
I looked up the meaning of this expression as it is part of the Eliza Doolittle conversation during the Ascot Race scene. The British 'aristocrats' don't understand the expression and ask for the meaning. Professor Higgins has to explain it.In the context of the hilarious sketch, it is clear that the expression is 100% Cockney.
Marc Van PouckeMarc Van Poucke
Thanks for contributing an answer to English Language & Usage Stack Exchange!
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Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) buses run regularly and are listed below. For more information about routes and schedules, check the TTC website. TTC customer service number is 416-393-4636.
Effective January 1, 2014, a support person accompanying a person with a disability will not be required to pay a fare when travelling on the TTC. TTC riders with disabilities who travel with a support person on the TTC must apply for a TTC Support Person Assistance Card to be eligible for this fare exemption.
Wheel-Trans provides door-to-door accessible transit services for registered customers with physical disabilities.
As of January 1, 2017, there have been significant changes to the Wheel-Trans eligibility criteria and application process. For more information on eligibility and how to apply, please visit the TTC website.
To apply, you can fill out the eligibility application form on the TTC website, or contact the Wheel-Trans customer service office at 416-393-4111, Monday to Friday between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m.
To better accommodate families and clients, we provide accessible parking close to the main entrance and a covered drop-off area.
Parents are permitted to visit anytime.


How can I create an user account menu link that shows up only to registered/authenticated users in Drupal 8? I do not want anonymous users to see it.
For example, I want to have "add node" menu link.
Long story short, you create 2 different Menu versions and give each version different visibility rules.
Now create another Menu (/admin/structure/menu) which does not have the "add node" link. Then go to blocks (/admin/structure/block) in Primary Menu (Assuming you're using Bartik, may have a different name if you're using a custom theme) click add, and add the Menu you just created and configure it.
PS: In pages you can restrict so it only shows up in certain pages.
An "add node" menu link is only shown to users who have the permission to create such node. So if you give the permission to authenticated users, and not to anonymous users, you're done.
If you have other samples of links that have a related permission, then use a similar approach for that permission (don't grant it to anonymous users). If some link doesn't have such permission, then go for the approach described in the answer from @No Sssweat.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged users 8 or ask your own question.
How can I make downloads available only to authenticated users?
how to show a panel node only to authenticated users?
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How to add a Login / Logout link in Main navigation menu?
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text:
Oklahoma Supreme Court Approves Program Giving Taxpayer-Funded Scholarships to Religious Schools February 23, 2016 Hemant Mehta
Oklahoma Supreme Court Approves Program Giving Taxpayer-Funded Scholarships to Religious Schools
In 2010, Oklahoma passed a law called the Lindsey Nicole Henry Scholarships for Students with Disabilities act which provided vouchers to students with special needs. It meant students who qualified could attend one of several dozen private schools with the help of taxpayer funding.
The problem with that law was that the vast majority of those schools were religious. (And most of them did not actually specialize in special needs students.)
In short, the scholarship was a sneaky way to get taxpayers to pay for the religious education of students.
It goes on like this for a while…
The law was challenged at the district level and the judge agreed it was unconstitutional because of all the taxpayer funding going to religious schools. But Attorney General Scott Pruitt (who also fought for the Ten Commandments monument on the Capitol grounds) appealed. The ball was then in the hands of the state's Supreme Court. Until that Court reached a decision, schools receiving the funds were stuck in legal purgatory:
"We were anticipating a ruling this summer, but nothing ever happened. We are on pins and needles. Our parents are on pins and needles. It's very unnerving," said Loretta Keller, executive director at Town and Country School in Tulsa, the biggest recipient of state scholarship dollars. "We were told once it has been ruled unconstitutional, the money will stop immediately. We have students who are in limbo because it could happen any day now, and many of our parents have told us their child would not be able to continue at Town and Country without a scholarship."
Through a request under the Open Records Act, the World obtained the most recent full-year data showing scholarship payments broken down by private school and sending public schools. It shows that 61 percent of the $2.5 million paid out in 2014-15 went to 42 religious schools, while the other 39 percent was split among five non-religious schools.
What's sad is that Town and Country was one of the few non-religious schools receiving money, but it would be shut out if the entire scholarship was found to be unconstitutional. (A new law would have to be written to give them disability scholarship funding.)
Well, the Oklahoma Supreme Court has finally ruled on the matter. And they say the scholarships are constitutional. Somehow.
Students with disabilities and their parents are celebrating after the Oklahoma Supreme Court unanimously ruled the Lindsey Nicole Henry Scholarship program is constitutional.
A district court had ruled the scholarship program was unconstitutional, threatening the future of students at the school; but, this week, the Oklahoma Supreme Court reversed that decision.
Congratulations, Religious Right. You found a way to give taxpayer money to Christian schools legally.
As much as I like that these students will get the attention and help they need, using taxpayer money for religious indoctrination isn't the way to do it. Lawmakers should have known that years ago when they passed the bill.
Or they did know it and chose this path on purpose. If that's the case, their plan worked brilliantly.
(Thanks to Beau for the link. Large portions of this article were published earlier)
The American Family Association Has Quietly Removed the "Bigotry Map" from Its Website
February 23, 2016 Proposed Illinois Law Would Deny Support from Mothers Who Don't List Father on Birth Certificate


text:
On Congress Blog
Congressional news and analysis
Dems: GOP budget will slash 1 million jobs
By SHIRA TOEPLITZ
Senate Democrats derided House Republicans Wednesday saying their proposed budget cuts will slash 1 million jobs.
Senate Democratic Leaders Dick Durbin (Ill.), Chuck Schumer (N.Y.) and Patty Murray told reporters that House Republicans' plans to tackle the budget are the equivalent of taking a "meat axe approach" to a process that requires a "sharp but precise scalpel" instead.
"Republicans view the budget like a piñata," said Durbin "They believe that if you put on the blindfold and swing away no matter what you hit, it's wasteful. That is a mindless view when it comes to the budget."
Earlier in the day, the Congressional Budget Office announced that the deficit will reach $1.5 trillion this year. The three Democrats acknowledged that this was an astounding number, but said this number still does not merit the treatment of the across-the-board cuts proposed by House Republicans.
"These new deficit figures are still unacceptable," said Schumer. "We must attack the problem in a bipartisan way, but we need to be balanced in our approach just like the president suggested last night."
Flanked by bright-colored signs highlighting job losses that could come with such deep cuts, Democrats cited 4,000 FBI agents, 3,000 food safety inspectors and 6,000 nuclear safety workers that would lose their jobs. They said two-thirds of the jobs that would potentially be lost as a result of House Republicans' budget would be from the private sector.
They argued that the greatest opportunities to tackle this will come March 4, when the continuing resolution on the federal budget expires and congress will be forced to pass a measure to finish funding for the current year.


text:
Icons, Abstract Thee EP
by Rob Mitchum
Rather than coming across like a set of castoffs from this year's outstanding Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?, this tour EP instead reads like the condensed version of its parent album's themes and sound.
Fickle sadists that we are, we want our artists to lay their suffering out for us without being, you know, too emo-obvious about it. So even though Of Montreal's Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer? leads off with the thesis statement "we just want to emote 'til we're dead," we find ourselves too distracted by the shiny synthesizer baubles and merrily chugging machine rhythms to immediately pick up on the record's gloomy words and themes. By the time we realize the record is an auditory record-keeping of Kevin Barnes' marital and psychiatric struggles, the hooks are already sunk and we're singing along to his pain and agony, and feeling really good and terrible about it.
You'd think that trick wouldn't work again, that the bite-size format of Hissing Fauna's sister EP, Icons Abstract Thee, would be an easier and happier pill to swallow. Wrong. Rather than cobbling together the chaff from Hissing Fauna, it's more like a condensed version-- the Reader's Digest summary of its parent album's themes and sound. In this highly concentrated form, Kevin Barnes' romantic anguish is even more difficult to voyeurize. Bearing in mind that the record is only 20 minutes long, there's a disturbingly high proportion of dear-diary lyrics dripping with self-loathing and anger:
"Every thing is in the trash, and it's my fault/ I destroyed us, I know, it's unrecoverable"
"I am a flaw/ I'm a mistake/ I am faulty/ Always break"
"My heart is juvenile/ And my character's not so hot"
"Please don't lose any sleep over me/ Baby, I hardly exist"
"Is happiness even possible?"
"Tonight I feel like I should just destroy myself"
"I lost so much in our collapse/ Now my only hope is gone"
"I'm killing myself, but it's not suicide"
"I never ever wanted to write this song/ I always thought things would change somehow/ And we would start getting along/ But it's hopelesssss" (italics for multi-Barnes overdub emphasis)
Yikes. But like Hissing Fauna before it, Barnes' bitter self-reflection is largely surrounded by a candied sugar shell, the same techno-updated hyper-pop the group is known for. Opening track "Du Og Meg", in fact, is probably closer to Of Montreal's early sound than anything on Hissing Fauna; its sunny guitar riffs and horn-section breakdown are vintage Elephant 6, and only the drum programming dispels the throwback illusion. A fairytale retelling of Barnes meeting his wife abroad, bringing her on tour to hock merch, and eventually proposing, the song's innocence also recalls the group's more romantic days, songs in love with love like Coquelicot's gorgeous "It's Just So".
But this moment of fleeting happiness is just a cruel setup by narrator Barnes, and the rest of the EP is a headlong descent into DSM-IV depression. "Voltaic Crusher" is a peppy number more in line with the band's current synth-pop leanings, a busy rhythm track underscoring a melody competition between bass, guitar, and keyboards as Barnes pleads with God to send his wife a better man than him. "Derailments in a Place of Our Own" and "Miss Blonde Your Papa Is Failing" come closer to the sad-sack approach the band has astutely avoided, both largely solo acoustic tracks lacking the giddy complexity of the Hissing Fauna material, the arrangements trading gleeful escapism for seething anger and fragile honesty.
These stripped-down tracks are just a mellow calm before the climactic storm of "No Conclusion", the most ambitious and breathtaking portion of Barnes' pop opera of depression and despair. Consisting of roughly five songs sutured together Fiery Furnaces-style, "No Conclusion" is among the most complexly catchy contemplations of suicide ever committed to tape. Here, Barnes doesn't attempt to even flimsily cloak his feelings, going so far as to address himself by name within the song ("Don't worry, Kevin"), while the music hops maniacally from idea to idea behind him. The track is filled with meta-moments, most blatantly the two instances when Barnes mentions "repeating" before a multi-track loop is triggered; a clever joke, until the sad realization that there's not even a band present to share his pain, just a computer running Reason. By the end, Barnes reaches his most desperate point (see #9 above) and loops it relentlessly like self-flagellation...until a mournful string section echoing the chord progression gently ushers him off-stage.
Those 10 minutes of music make Icons, Abstract Thee worthwhile all by themselves; after all, it is half the EP's running time, and will likely end up as one of 2007's finest musical accomplishments. It's a worthy final sequence to the saga that Hissing Fauna and Icons, Abstract Thee comprise, bravely integrating real-world emotion into Of Montreal's cartoonishly sugar-high sound while the band finishes its metamorphosis into a more electronics-based state. It's enough of an achievement that we can forgive being seduced by Barnes' pop talents into dancing to his anguish; let's just hope he has happier experiences to report on next time around.


text:
DEAL's first webinar on 'Downscaling the Doughnut'
Changemakers in Berlin, Brussels, and Cambridge shared their experiences bringing the Doughnut 'City Portrait' to life
On 25 November, 2020, the DEAL Team hosted a webinar, entitled 'Downscaling the Doughnut: what's cooking in Brussels, Cambridge and Berlin?'. It was a big moment for us because it was the first DEAL-hosted webinar, and we were excited (and nervous!). We were also amazed and humbled to be joined by more than 500 people from all over the world.
The webinar put into practice one of DEAL's core visions of how change happens: we believe that people are often most inspired by people like themselves who are already doing things that they hadn't considered or thought were possible.
It was the first webinar in an ongoing series that DEAL will be hosting to bring together people with a shared interest in translating the global Doughnut to many smaller scales, from neighbourhoods to nations, in both the global North and global South.
Our aim was to host a space for members of the DEAL Community to learn from the work of changemakers in three global North cities, Berlin, Cambridge, and Brussels, to take inspiration from their diverse approaches, and to feel even better equipped to put Doughnut-thinking into practice in their own contexts.
We were delighted to welcome Georg Wagener-Lohse and Sebastian Wolf Siebzehnrübl (Berlin), Councillor Katie Thornburrow and Clara Todd (Cambridge), and Laure Malchair and Tristan Dissaux (Brussels) to share their distinct experiences bringing the Doughnut 'City Portrait' tool to life in the context of their own cities.
Watch the 2-hour recording of the session below. If you want to jump to sections of the session:
Introduction to Downscaling the Doughnut by DEAL (first 15 minutes)
Presentation from Berlin initiative (starts at 15 minutes)
Presentation from Cambridge initiative (starts at 38 minutes)
Presentation from Brussels initiative (starts at 1 hour)
General Q&A with all panelists (starts at 1 hour and 21 minutes)
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Future webinars in DEAL's series on Downscaling the Doughnut will feature changemakers putting the Doughnut into practice in the global South, as well as those working at the neighbourhood, district, regional or national level.
We welcome you to join us and take inspiration from the wide range of countries and contexts in which this work is happening. Or maybe you have ideas for future sessions or feedback? If so, please do share them in the 'comments' below.
Creating City Portraits
Posted by The Thriving Cities Initiative
Methodology | Research | Video
Justin Tuohy
Galway, Connacht, Ireland
Hillary Waters
Allan 'Big Al' Connolly
Kingsley, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
Katharine Lewis
Helston, Cornwall, United Kingdom
Lauren Guillery
Clonakilty, Ireland
Kathy Gibbs
Deston Tanner
Tarentum, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Liliane Mavridara
Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States of America
Derek von Behr
Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil


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