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4 Quality training
5 Access and equity
Learner needs
12 Issuance and credit
Chapter 9: Digestive and excretory system (C5695502)
Permalink: https://mrshum.com/pre-med/biology/digestive-and-excretory-system/
1 Digestive system
2 Excretory system
Last modified: 1279d ago
Word count: 4,148 words
Legend: Key principles // Storyline
Apart from the molecules already discussed, another important dietary requirement are dietary minerals, which are inorganic elements required by living organisms. Inorganic means compounds not containing carbon and hydrogen, and therefore nitrogen and oxygen usually bonded to either carbon and/or hydrogen. Minerals typically exist as ions in the body, and are used to create electrochemical gradients, for use as cofactors to permit a protein to function, and for use in bone matrix.
The digestive system from the mouth and through the alimentary tract (aka gut) to the anus, including, going from top to bottom–
Mouth, where food is first acquired into the mouth, known as ingestion. Food is then digested by mechanically chewing. And chemically by hydrolysis, which as stated , breaks down all macromolecules, including carbohydrates (disaccharide, polysaccharide), protein, nucleic acids and fats (mostly triglyceride), but require an enzyme for the reaction to be meaningful. Disaccharide is ingested as sucrose (from sugarcane or sugar beet, composed up of monosaccharides glucose and fructose) and lactose (from milk, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose). About 80% of absorbed dietary sugar is glucose; galactose and fructose make up the difference. Polysaccharide is ingested as glycogen (from animals such as meat and fish), starch and cellulose (from plants), and chitin (from the cell wall of fungi, see for more). Humans cannot digest cellulose (as mentioned ) or chitin. Mouth contains saliva, which contains salivary amylase, which is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into disaccharides and trisaccharides (but not monosaccharides). Mouth also contains mucus, which helps soften the food and form into a ball, known as a bolus. Swallowing not only involves the first voluntary channeling back of food, but involuntary closure of the anterior windpipe by the cartilaginous epiglottis, thereby redirecting food down the [posterior] esophagus
Esophagus, which pushes bolus down to the stomach via peristaltic contraction. Digestive activity in esophagus is entirely mechanical, and not chemical
Stomach, which stores and breaks down food, before slowly releasing the semifluid mass, known as chyme, into the intestine. Stomach churns and physically breaks down food. Stomach also has a low pH, denaturing proteins. Acidic environment is also conducive to pepsin, which is an enzyme that degrades proteins into peptides. Pepsin, is a endopeptidase, which are proteases which break peptide bonds in the middle of the peptide (cf. breaking peptide bonds from end pieces), thereby being unable to create monomer amino acids. Types of cells found in stomach include:
Mucous cell, which secrete viscous alkaline mucus to protect stomach epithelium from highly acidic stomach environment and physical abrasion
Parietal cell, which secrete gastric acid (containing hydrochloric acid)
G cell, which secrete gastrin into the bloodstream. Gastrin is a peptide hormone which stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid
Chief cell, which secrete pepsinogen, which as indicated by the "-ogen" suffix is a zymogen, expressed as an inactive enzyme precursor. Pepsinogen is activated by hydrochloric acid ([mathjax]HCl[/mathjax]), the optimal pH of pepsin being 2
Small intestine, consisting of:
Duodenum, which is involved mainly with digestion. Duodenum produces various hormones in response to the presence of nutrients or increased acidity in the duodenum, including secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide, which are peptide hormones which increase insulin in blood, remembering from that insulin lowers blood glucose. Pancreas secretes bicarbonate ion and digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct, and through the Ampulla of Vater, into the duodenum. Bicarbonate ion offsets the acidity of, and caused by the stomach. Digestive enzymes secreted by pancreas [into the duodenum] include:
Pancreatic amylase, which is analogous to salivary amylase
Protease, including trypsin and chymotrypsin, which is used to further break down protein. These protease are secreted as their zymogens, which are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen respectively. Trypsinogen is activated by the intestinal brush border enzyme enteropeptidase, to form trypsin. Trypsin then activates the rest of the trypsinogen, as well as chymotrypsinogen, the latter which forms chymotrypsin. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are also endopeptidases (as just defined ). Pancreas also secretes an exopeptidase, which cleaves a single amino acid from the end
Nuclease, which breaks down nucleic acids
Lipase, which breaks down lipids into its constituent fatty acids, for example, triglyceride into monoglycerides and fatty acids. Because fat coagulates in the presence of the water soluble digestive tract, the surface area lipase can work on is reduced. Liver secretes bile stored in gallbladder, through the common bile duct, and through the Ampulla of Vater [per the pancreatic duct too], into the small intestine. Bile emulsifies fats. Fat emulsification is the physical "breaking" of fat into a liquid, as they normally don't mix. Bile is amphipathic, thereby aggregating around fat droplets to form spherical micelle, which are fat-soluble facing in, and water-soluble facing out
Jejunum, ileum, which is involved with absorption, which is the diffusion of nutrients across the epithelial wall of the small intestine, into blood. As a result, jejunum and ileum is covered with small, finger-like projections, known as villi. The epithelium of villi is known as enterocyte, which have microvilli on their apical surface (side facing the lumen, as mentioned ). Both villi and microvilli function to increase surface area of the small intestine, and therefore the ability to uptake nutrient into the enterocyte. Because each villi contains many microvilli, it appears as a fuzzy fringe, known as brush border, which contain digestive enzymes to further break down content
Brush border enzymes further break down disaccharide and trisaccharide into monosaccharide for absorption. Glucose and galactose is absorbed by the sodium-glucose symporter (secondary active transport, mentioned ). Fructose is absorbed via facilitated diffusion. Because fructose must be absorbed along its concentration gradient, it is not absorbed as efficiently. Glucose, galactose and fructose transport out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane (facing the rear, as defined ), via facilitated diffusion, and absorbed into the capillary network [of each villus, discussed ]. In the liver, fructose and galactose is then metabolized into glucose in the liver. The liver stores unrequired glucose as glycogen
Exopeptidase (just mentioned ) is another brush border enzyme, which further breaks down peptides into amino acids. Amino acids, di- and tripeptides are absorbed by the sodium-dependent amino acid cotransporter (also, secondary active transport). Some amino acids can be absorbed via facilitated diffusion. Although some di- and tripeptides can be absorbed, brush border enzymes assure they are broken down into amino acid before transporting out of the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte
Micelle permits fat to be transported to the brush border [of enterocyte]. As fat is fat-soluble, it can be absorbed by simple diffusion through the enterocytelipid bilayer membrane. Once in the enterocyte, the products of fat digestion are reversed in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, for example, monoglycerides and fatty acid reformed back into triglyceride. The fats (triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol) are packaged into chylomicrons, which are released via exocytosis from the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte, and absorbed into lacteals. Lacteal is a lymphatic capillary network in the villi [of small intestine], which drains into the thoracic duct, which as stated , in turn drains into the left jugular vein [of the neck], eventually draining into the heart. In blood, chylomicron transports its constituent lipids to the liver, and even adipose tissue
Large intestine (consisting of ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon), which functions to absorb water. Accordingly, diarrhea, which is the condition of liquid excrete, is a symptom of problems in the large intestine. Due to loss of fluid, diarrhea causes dehydration. Various bacteria have established a mutualistic relationship with, and therefore resides, in the large intestine. Mutualism is a relationship in which both species derive a benefit. For example, E. coli benefits humans by producing vitamin K. Other intestinal bacteria produce Vitamin B12, thiamine, and riboflavin. In return, bacteria benefit from a stable supply of nutrients
(Anus.)
© 2014 MR. SHUM
Liver receives oxygen rich blood via the hepatic artery. Liver also has another supply of blood, but this time rich with nutrients glucose, amino acid, monosaccharide, from the capillary networks of the villi, via the hepatic portal vein. Liver has a type of capillary known as sinusoid, which have large pores which increase permeability of the wall to nutrients, including protein. Sinusoid can also store blood. Sinusoid walls have Kupffer cells, which are specialized macrophages, can phagocytize old or defective RBC, and bacteria that have entered bloodstream from digestive tract. Liver responds to hormones to regulate blood sugar levels, by carbohydrate metabolism, including gluconeogenesis. Although glucose absorption in the small intestine [as well as kidney] is by secondary active transport, most tissue uptake glucose by facilitated diffusion. As expressed , facilitated diffusion must be in the direction of concentration gradient, meaning if glucose concentration in blood is lower than glucose concentration in cells, glucose will not only be unable to be taken up by cells, but will actually diffuse out of the cell. Additionally, liver is involved with protein metabolism. Liver is also involved with lipid metabolism, including synthesizing bile from cholesterol, converting unrequired carbohydrates into fat, and synthesis of a bulk of the lipoproteins. Liver is also involved with detoxification.
Kidney excretes waste such as urea, ammonia, uric acid, and phosphate (when relating to bone, as mentioned ); salt and water balance between the blood and interstitium; and maintaining the pH of blood. The latter two functions are homeostasis, which means regulation of an internal environment. Kidneys are paired structures, meaning there are two, each approximately the size of a fist. Kidney can be divided into the renal cortex, and renal medulla. Analogous to adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, renal cortex is the outside portion, and renal medulla is the central portion.
Nephron is the functional unit of kidney. Nephrons can be either cortical or juxtamedullary, the majority the former, but irrespective, all nephron have their glomerulus in the cortex.
Nephron can be divided into, in the order of movement:
Renal corpuscle, which is composed of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Blood flows into glomerulus, which is a capillary network which filters blood through its fenestration, into Bowman's capsule, to become to-be urine fluid known as filtrate. Fenestration (from Latin "fenestra" meaning "window") are small pores, which are large enough to permit water, glucose, amino acid, ion, and some protein passage; but restrict larger and/or charged molecules, such as all cells, including RBC, due to size; and protein albumin due to both size and charge. Albumin is involved with regulating osmotic pressure. Glomerular blood pressure provides the driving force for filtration out into Bowman's capsule, and therefore determines the amount of filtrate produced, known as glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Osmotic pressure also affects GFR. Filtrate then moves to the renal tubule
Renal tubule, which is composed of:
Proximal [convoluted] tubule (PCT), which is where the majority of the reabsorption, and secretion [of medication], occurs. Reabsorption is the absorption of solute by the epithelial cells of the tubule, from the to-be urine filtrate, back into blood. Secretion is the secretion of solute by the epithelial cells of the tubule, from the blood (evidently, not successfully filtrated by the glomerulus), into the to-be-urine filtrate. Reabsorption occurs to recycle wanted solute (such as glucose, amino acid, protein), and secretion occurs to remove unwanted solute. Analogous to enterocyte [of small intestine], proximal tubule utilizes sodium-glucose symporter protein to reabsorb glucose. As active transport doesn't have concentration gradient requirements, [in a healthy person] all glucose should be reabsorbed. Analogous again to enterocyte, as amino acid can be transported either by cotransporter (active transport) or facilitated diffusion, as facilitated diffusion has concentration gradient requirements, only 99% of amino acid is reabsorbed. Protein (small, as bottlenecked by glomerulus) is reabsorbed by pinocytosis (which as expressed , is a type of active transport)
Loop of Henle, which is U-shaped, and in the juxtamedullary nephron (from Latin "juxta" meaning "near"), stretches deep into the medulla [whereas cortical do not, staying at the cortical level only]. Loop of Henle includes descending limb, thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb. Descending limb has high permeability to water, but has low permeability to ions, causing water to passively diffuse out of the [to-be urine] filtrate. Both thin and thick ascending limb are impermeable to water, but permeable to ions. Thick ascending limb is distinct however, in that it can also reabsorb by active transport. Loop of Henle thus changes the osmolarity [until now, unchanged] of the filtrate [to the outside], concentrating filtrate going down the loop of Henle, but diluting filtrate going up the loop of Henle. Note the purpose of Loop of Henle is not to concentrate filtrate, but to create a concentration gradient in the medulla
Distal [convoluted] tubule (DCT), which is impermeable to water, but involved with further reabsorption, therefore further diluting filtrate. As mentioned , ADH acts on the distal tubule [in addition to the collecting duct] to permit water reabsorption (reiterated ). As also mentioned , aldosterone acts on the distal tubule, to reabsorb sodium, and secrete potassium
Collecting duct [system] receives from the distal tubule [of both cortical and juxtamedullary nephron], and stretches deep into the medulla. Like distal tubule, collecting duct is largely impermeable to water without the action of hormones. ADH creates pores in the [distal tubule, as well as the] collecting duct, to permit water to passively diffuse through the membrane, which can be memorized with the mnemonic that ADH stands for "always digging holes". Because the medulla is concentrated due to the loop of Henle effect, water passively diffuses [out of the to-be filtrate into blood], thereby concentrating urine.
Although only present in juxtamedullary nephron, vasa recta is a capillary network, which traverses the length of the loop of Henle. As vasa recta mimics the structure of loop of Henle, it too has both a descending and ascending limb, and therefore concentrating effect (like loop of Henle). Although vasa recta runs in the same direction as loop of Henle, as the structures lie side-by-side, note that the descending limb [of Henle] and ascending limb [of vasa recta] run in opposite directions [thereby, furthermore, creating an additional concentrating effect].
Macula densa cells lining the distal tubule, monitor sodium and water concentration. If macula densa cells detect that water concentration is low, the efferent arteriole is constricted, which increases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus, which promotes increased filtration [thus filtrate created, and as defined earlier, known as GFR]. Efferent arteriole is the continuation of the glomerulus capillary network, following traversing the distance of Bowman's capsule. Additionally, decreased water concentration (low blood pressure) encourages more reabsorption [of sodium], resulting in decreased concentration of sodium [in to-be-urine filtrate]. As just stated , decreased sodium is detected at the distal tubule. This causes juxtaglomerular cells to release the renin into blood.
As a part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), renin is an enzyme which cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I, which is further converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II (a peptide hormone) constricts the efferent arteriole [further], to further increase [hydrostatic pressure, per and thus] GFR. Angiotensin II also stimulates the release of aldosterone (which as just mentioned , increases reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule).
"Oh, so many jokes made in class regarding the Zac Nephron- see what I did there Jamie?" Mandy giggled.
Urine leaves the medullary pyramids by the renal papilla, emptying into the renal calyces, renal pelvis, and then the tubular ureter into the bladder. Bladder stores urine before it is disposed by urination via the urethra.
Assessment e-submission
(Formative assessments are not assessed for marks. Assessments are made on the unit level.
(MED5118352)
Core Unit 1: Physics
Core Unit 2: General chemistry
Core Unit 3: Organic chemistry
Core Unit 4: Biology
• Chapter 1: Enzymes and metabolism
• Chapter 2: DNA and protein synthesis
• Chapter 3: Eukaryotes
• Chapter 4: Microbiology
• Chapter 5: Generalized eukaryotic cell
• Chapter 6: Specialized eukaryotic cells, tissues
• Section 7: Nervous and endocrine system
• Chapter 8: Circulatory, lymphatic, and immune system
• Chapter 9: Digestive and excretory system
• Chapter 10: Muscle and skeletal system
• Chapter 11: Respiratory system
• Chapter 12: Skin system
• Chapter 13: Reproductive system, development
• Chapter 14: Genetics
• Chapter 15: Evolution
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Chapter 9: Digestive and excretory system - Biology - Pre-med science - MR. SHUM'S CLASSROOM


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Nintendo-pony up!
Mail Art Monster
Have you turned in your mail art? Get it in NOW so you can be part of the April 2nd show for our 2009 Annual Campaign. Big thanks longtime artist mentor and volunteer Kedrin Frias for the awesome box.
posted by Jason at 8:52 AM 11 comments
We went on a field trip yesterday to see New Urban Arts Alum Adrienne Adeyemi's show at Clark University. Three cars, two mentors, three staff and nine students! And the Banks Brigade was born. But that's another story....
The pictures are beautiful (you can see some of them here), but it was her approach to using low-tech holga cameras and making art with her cousins that really touched me. That as individually talented and driven she is, her creative practice requires community, connection and collaboration:
Revenge Of The Mentors
Janelly wreaks havoc upon the mentors (and Erik), only to get a taste of her own medicine.
posted by ben at 5:28 PM 14 comments
On Talking about Hard Things
March 25: On Talking about Hard Things
A Conversation with Jane Androski, artist mentor at New Urban Arts who is assistant director of Difficult Dialogues at Clark University.
This conversation will focus on the idea of Dialogue as Creative Practice. Jane will share the ways that dialogue is a thread that weaves through the (seemingly disparate) areas of her work – i.e. the role that dialogue plays in her my life as a designer, in her work with the Difficult Dialogues program at Clark (that's the "talking about hard things" part!), as well as how she sees dialogue in her work at New Urban Arts. This will be a participatory conversation, so come prepared to have a dialogue about dialogue!
Wednesday March 25, 6PM
Providence RI 02903
A Sense of Belonging
Opening Thursday from 5-7pm. The event will be held in the gallery on the second floor of Dana Commons (see map: http://www.clarku.edu/campusmap/index.cfm#top).
A Sense of Belonging: A Photographic Journey through Nigeria is the culmination of Adrienne's trip to Nigeria in the summer of 2008 (she won a very competitive fellowship from Clark in order to go). You can see the full description of the event on their website: www.clarku.edu/difficultdialogues
There will be refreshments too, as well as music/sounds from Nigeria – recorded during Adrienne's trip.
Take Route 146 North into Worcester until it ends (at a set of traffic lights), immediately after the exit for RTE290. At this intersection, take a left onto Cambridge Street. Proceed on Cambridge street for roughly 1 1/2 miles, through 3 traffic lights. At fourth light take a sharp right onto Main Street. Go to the first traffic light at Maywood Street. Take a left onto Maywood Street and proceed to the next stop sign, which brings you to the corner of Maywood and Florence. Our building, Dana Commons, is located on this corner (to your right). The entrance to the building is around the other side (facing into campus).
Tamara on Creative Pratice
Tamara Kaplan is currently our Operations Manager, she is our former Program Director and has played probably every imaginable role here at New Urban Arts. Here are her thoughts on creativity.
First, toddlers scribble and color. They spin in circles with their arms stretched out. They sing to themselves out loud with conviction. They draw stick lines and fill in shapes with color. They make rainbows stretch over flat houses with red chimneys. They draw families holding hands while they stand in front yards.
In moments when young people become more aware of the world around them, of people who might judge them, these drawings, personal and risky by their nature, are lined up next to one another. Teachers and students compare and criticize, perhaps without intention, deciding who can draw more realistically. In these moments, they decide who is creative and who is not.
Inspiring the Imaginer in All of Us: A Framework for a Sustainable Creative Practice
by Tyler Denmead
There is a great children's book called The Dot by Peter H. Reynolds. It is about this young girl who thinks she can't draw. Her art teacher asks her to make a dot on a piece of paper. After some examination she asks the young girl to sign it. When the young girl came into the class the next day, she saw her dot in a gilded gold frame above her teachers desk. To herself, the girl thinks, "I can make a better looking dot." And she makes more. After experimenting with big dots, little dots, and different colored dots, the young girl had an exhibition of her work at school. A little boy came up to her and said, "you are a great artist, I can't even draw a straight line." She gave him a piece of paper and said "show me." Once he was finished, he showed her the wavy line he drew. And the young girl said, "sign it."
To me, little kids have an inherent way of exploring life without "grown-up" rules inhibiting their imagination. Once we as adults put constraints around imagining possibilities, creativity can be stifled. Now, don't get me wrong...I am not saying that we need to make art everyday for kids to have imaginations or not making art will make kids not have an imagination. As a mom and educator, it just makes me nervous, when the word "talented" gets thrown around. The pedestal we can put our children on or not on could set a child up for failure.
What always excites me at New Urban Arts, is this non-judgmental lens in which we look at how art is made. It is about a process we go through. We may never get to a "finished" product but imagine what we are learning along the way. I always reflect on my high school art experience, where my teacher would have us paint or draw from wildlife books. If we could not get a line or color "perfect" he would take our brush or pencil and finish our work for us. I got A's, but did I really learn anything? Sure. I always learn in every situation, good or bad. I believed that there were different ways of teaching and learning. I believed that if I worked with young people, I would engage them in the exploration of seeing, making, and doing. It had nothing to do with the finished product but how one truly sees the world.
As I sit at my desk daily, I look up to see a great quote by Deborah Meier. "Democracy demands that we acknowledge everyone's inalienable capacity to be an inventor, dreamer, and a theorist--to count in the larger scheme of things." Just dream of a world of possibilities, where people can explore at any age the world of creativity. A world were we celebrate each line and dot, whatever shape it might be.
This morning, my 3 and a half year old daughter handed me a plastic photo sleeve. She told me it was a "blopert." I said, "that's cool."
Passin' the Hat...
Hats On!
Join the New Urban Arts Board of Directors and a diverse community of supporters for an evening of music, food and fun while helping support after school arts programming for Providence public high school students. Wear your favorite hat or one of ours!
•Support our nationally recognized arts mentoring programs
•Meet some of our young artists and Artist Mentors
•Show off your own creativity with a hat you wear or make that night – you could even win an award
•Join in recognizing those who have demonstrated unwavering commitment to New Urban Arts
•See your friends, meet some new ones and have fun!
Join us Thursday, April 2, 2009, 7 pm
Wine, beer and tasty treats will be served
Creative Practice Through The Eyes Of An Alumni Student
One of our alumni students ('08), Rebecca Volynsky, was selected as as an Honored Artist by the Women's Resource Center at Boston University. Her work is on display at 775 Commonwealth Avenue in Boston throughout the month of March 2009.
Read the artist statement below in which Rebecca describes her creative practice and how it connects to her experience with New Urban Arts. To view her artwork visit, http://rvolynsky.tumblr.com/
"The fulfillment after creating something with my own two hands is what fuels me to make artwork. The process is more about taking advantage of a variety of media (everything from screen prints to image transfers of passages from novels and poems) without even knowing what I want the final piece to exactly look like. This dissolves the pressure of creating something that solely aesthetically pleases the viewer, but eventually results in a balance of weight, energy, and personal meaning.
New Urban Arts, a non-profit studio space in Providence, Rhode Island, that provides after-school mentor programs for local students and emerging artists, gave me a space to begin my creative practice. Whenever I walked into the studio, I was practically punched in the stomach with creative energy. There are students with various levels of artistic experience, and who come from different ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds. I am strongly interested in social change, and what we can do to break the barriers between each other in order to be content and fully accepting individuals. In addition, each and every single student goes to this space to simply create.
This is what inspired me to become an artist, to come to Boston University and study graphic design and printmaking, and pursue my eventual goal of establishing a similar studio space like New Urban Arts. This is why I continue to make, because the act of creating something with my own two hands is quite possibly the most fulfilling aspect of producing artwork. I am able to give myself a voice through my art, and hope that tunnels right into the viewer and inspires them to do the same.
Creating has become a necessary aspect of my personal growth, as both an artist and a person. In fact, the word create emerges from the Latin word, creatus. This is akin to crescere, which literally means to grow. In order to grow anything, it is necessary to preserve, prune, uproot, reseed and rotate "plants". In our daily lives, these are the conflicts, difficult situations, and challenges that must be dealt with. By accepting such issues, and what is- rather than what is not, I have been able to change, transform, nurture myself, and therefore- grow. The themes of growth, change, and the female voice are particularly evident within my work. I tend to use images of female figures, body parts, birds- all of which transform and emerge from one portion to the other, inevitably conveying symbolic elements of growth."
A message from Adrienne
This exhibition of photographs and audio by me, a 2008 Steinbrecher
Fellow, is the culmination of my journey to Nigeria, in the Summer of
The opening reception is on Thursday, March 26th from 5-7pm at
Dana Commons 2nd Floor
Worcester MA 01610
All are invited to come, see art, and enjoy refreshments and conversation.
This event is free and open to the public.
The exhibition will end Sunday May 17th.
Also feel free to check out my blog
adrienneadeyemi.blogspot.com
Conversations on Creative Practice Kicks Off!
Tomorrow inaugurates this years Conversations on Creative Practice Series. Stop by New Urban Arts from 6-8pm for some snacks and a chat with Arley-Rose Torsone- Artistic Director of Design Providence.
Arley-Rose Torsone wants to make the world a better place through graphic design. Although her pieces may not be Nobel Peace Prize Winners themselves, however, she believes that her graphics are small steps towards a greater good. With a firm belief that "A wise person makes more opportunities than they find," she is thoroughly invested in her work at AS220 as the in-house graphic designer and manager of the Design Providence Cottage Industry, where she also teaches design classes to the amazing young people of Broad Street Studio. Since her graduation from Parsons the New School for Design and moving to Providence in 2004, she has dedicated her professional career to designing for causes which have socially-responsible roots and sustainable practices. She believes that "good design is not just about profit or beauty, but creating social value" (Patrick Butler).
A.R.T. is also very lucky to work amongst - and therefore be inspired by - other innovative Cottage Industries at AS220, such as the Community Printshop, Labs and Darkroom, while receiving the guidance and support from AS220's All-Star Admins! Since her introduction to letterpress and silkscreen, she takes every opportunity she can to output her work in "the good ol' fashioned way." Waste, toxins, and choice of materials are all factors when she gives birth to a piece and considers the environmental impact that her pieces generate. (She always enjoys seeing posters around town printed on old AS220 calendars). She also loves hanging out with hot air balloonists, typographers, special collections librarians and offset printers who are total curmudgeons.
*New Urban Arts Series: Conversations on Creative Practice is made possible through generous support of The Rhode Island Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. This event is organized by New Urban Arts Mentoring Fellows, Andrew Oesch and Peter Hocking. For more information, visit www.newurbanarts.org.
Giant Robot (in progress)
Now collecting Sandra Olson Award Nominations!
I'm receiving Sandra Olson award nominations in my e-mail inbox and I love reading them.
A little background on what they are:
When I was a student at RISD, I never thought I would be doing non-profit managament, fundraising or a lot of the stuff I've done over the course of my (still in-progress) career as a non-profit executive.
I just wanted to make art, hang out with young people and hopefully in that messy, exploratory process, help some young people find their own creative voices.
Unfortunately, our society doesn't support/appreciate those kinds of activities near the levels it should. So my professional life has taken on a drastically different path to try to change that.
Fundraising and the idea of charity and the unequal power dynamics tied up in that word always made me uncomfortable. But reading Kim Klein helped me get through that. I've always felt she approaches fundraising as a form of community organizing, as a way to mobilize a community to make change for itself, as a mutually beneficial transaction between equals.
Our Annual Campaign exemplifies this. It's a 12-month campaign made up of gifts from individual and businesses that range from as small as $25 to as large as over $5,000. It's grown steadily in our 11 plus-year history and now supports close to a third of our annual operating costs. Some of the costs are sexy, but some of are not. (Does anyone out there want the naming rights for our electric bill?).
This is everything from rent, to art supplies to the utilities bills, all the things we need year in and year out to enroll 150 Providence teens, 20 plus artists and run public exhibitions, performances and events that reach over 2,600 attendees. That's not to mention the countless alumni students and mentors who keep in touch with us and continue to contribute volunteer hours and are now doing amazing things in the world.
A big part of our Annual Campaign event is the Sandra Olson Awards. It honors Sandra Olson, a woman who once mailed New Urban Arts a $2 check each week over the course of two years. Her gifts totaled over $250.
We are now collecting Sandra Olson award nominations.
New Urban Arts introduced this annual award in 2002 to recognize individuals and organizations who demonstrate extraordinary commitment to New Urban Arts. Board members, staff, artist mentors and students can nominate candidates.... people who share extraordinarycontributions of time, expertise, money, energy or support - often without solicitation, going beyond what is askedof them in support of New Urban Arts and its mission.
New Urban Arts has grouped the candidates as follows:
1. Individual volunteer: Board members, volunteers, consultants, etc.
2. Organization & Business: Corporation, small business, foundation, community-based organization
3. Full-time staff, artist mentor, student, alumni
Each year, New Urban Arts gives a Sandra Olson Award to one individual or organization in each category. Under special circumstances as determined by the review panel, more than one Sandra Olson Awards in each category may be given.Awards will be given at the Annual Campaign Event, April 2.
Sandra Olson Award Nominations are due Monday March 23rd to
jason AT newurbanarts DOT org
How do I nominate a candidate for a Sandra Olson Award?
Please submit the following:·
Name and category (see above) for the candidate you are nominating;
The reasons why you are nominating this candidate;
Additional information that the review panel should know
Who are past winners of the Sandra Olson Awards?
2002 - Peter Hocking, Jephry Floral Studio, Marly Louis, Echoing Green Foundation
2003 – Kathleen Connolly, Jason Yoon, Gasbarro's Wines
2004– Michael Fournier, Kedrin Frias, Jennifer Rice, Cornish Associates
2004 – Jesse Banks III, White Electric, Craftland
2006 – Priscilla Carrion, White Whale Web Services, Tamara Kaplan, Judy Vilmain
2007- John Tabor Jacobson, Mary Adewusi, Esther Chak, Simon Moore, Jack Richter
2008 - Sarah Meyer, Myrth York, Aneudy Alba, Andrew Oesch

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


S5/6 have been presenting an aspect of Scotland before 1914. We have examined culture, Balmoralism, the textile and shipbuilding industries, relations between Scotland and England, the economy, the rise of the Labour Party, the popularity of the Liberals, and the role of Scotland of the empire.
Each pupil had worked hard and had various interesting thoughts on the aspect they had examined.


text:
Improve FDA's Rare Disease Review Process
By Jonathan Jacoby August 11, 2010
The Jewish community has long been a leader in supporting medical research and education efforts, especially with regard to those diseases that disproportionately afflict people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Creating coalitions with other patient advocates in the rare disease community would give American Jews an opportunity to advance efforts to fight diseases that disproportionately affect Jews, as well as to participate in an important public policy debate involving millions in this country.
For example, Jewish agencies should get behind suggestions made by John Crowley, the biotech executive whose efforts to find a treatment for his children's genetic disease were dramatized in the recent film "Extraordinary Measures." Testifying on behalf of the Biotechnology Industry Organization last month before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, Crowley pressed for improving the federal regulatory environment for pediatric rare diseases, including establishing a specialized review office at the Food and Drug Administration for genetic and biochemical diseases.
Most genetic diseases are rare, including those that afflict Jews in greater numbers. Patient advocates for rare diseases are confronted with the stark reality that, until recently, few biopharmaceutical companies have been interested in developing therapies for uncommon disorders. Indeed, the definition of a rare or orphan disease is based on the assumption that the prevailing financial model for drug development will only be effective when there is an affected population of 200,000 people or more.
Twenty-seven years ago, Congress approved the Orphan Drug Act to provide incentives to the biopharmaceutical industry to develop more products for rare diseases. Despite this act's achievements (1,892 orphan designations and 326 treatments approved), 95% of rare disorders remain without a specific treatment approved by the FDA. Treatments for many of these diseases may never be developed, because complexities of the regulatory environment make it hard to attract investment for some rare or difficult diseases, even though the science may be available.
A specialized FDA review office for genetic and biochemical diseases — which has been heavily promoted through a growing campaign of patient advocacy groups called Cure the Process — could focus on specific diseases needing increased expertise and provide assistance on rare disease issues to other FDA review offices. A more specialized drug review by experts at the FDA who understand complex genetic disorders would stimulate and facilitate the development of more therapies to effectively treat rare diseases.
The creation of this new division would send a strong signal to the biopharmaceutical industry and to investors that the FDA is working to improve the regulatory path for thousands of rare disorders. This new division would help drive more investment in early stage biopharmaceutical companies focused on rare diseases.
Regulatory changes can have a huge impact. For instance, an FDA policy change in the early 1990s spurred a remarkable explosion of biomedical innovation leading to the approval of 29 new AIDS drugs. These drugs helped make HIV into the chronic but managed disease that it is for many patients today.
Establishing a new division at the FDA may seem like an esoteric objective to the layperson, but it is, in fact, a critical policy matter affecting the lives of millions of Americans, including a significant number of our fellow Jews.
Jonathan Jacoby is CEO of the R.A.R.E Project, which works with rare disease patient-advocates to promote rare disease advocacy, research and education.
Jonathan Jacoby is the former executive director of New Israel Fund and president of Israel Policy Forum. He currently directs the Nexus Task Force, which is affiliated with the Center for the Study of Hate at Bard College.
A new portrait collection showcases 90 Holocaust survivors who lived long and full lives
By Jackie Hajdenberg 6 min read
In Jonah Hill's offensive new movie, a Black-Jewish love story comes with a side of conspiracy theories
By Mira Fox 4 min read
How Barbra Streisand and Robert Redford changed the way we are
By Misha Berson 6 min read
How film brought Nazis to justice at Nuremberg


Chef Will has worked all over the country in some of the top hotels in the industry, including Peninsula Hotel in Chicago and Aria Resort and Casino in Las Vegas.
He is currently a chef instructor at GRCC's Secchia Institute for Culinary Education where he teaches baking and pastry courses. When he is not in class he is in the kitchen working on chocolate candies, confections, and showpieces!
Register for Chef Will's workshop.
Chef Josef Huber recognized his passion for cooking early in his career. His journey to culinary excellence began at age 16 in the 5 star, 5 diamond Elisabeth Park Hotel in Salzburg, Austria. This initial foray into the culinary realm caused a world tour of training and employment opportunities. Chef Huber's resume includes training in the Imperial and Bristol Hotel in Vienna, Austria; The Regency in Bangkok, Thailand; the Breakers in Palm Bach, Florida; and the Mandarin Oriental in Hawaii and California. Notable chefs he has trained with include: Bocuse, Verge, Palmer and Le Notre. For the past fifteen years Chef Huber has displayed his considerable talent and management expertise as the Executive Chef at the world-renowned Amway Grand Plaza Hotel. During this time, Chef Huber has orchestrated a culinary brigade which was awarded the first ever and only AAA, 5-diamond restaurant in the state of Michigan. Josef Huber is known for combining multi-ethnic cuisine with traditional cooking to bring forth a tour de-force for the palate. His recipes have been featured in Gourmet Magazine, The Palm Beach Post, Food Arts Magazine, the San Francisco Chronicle and Examiner, and Rogue and Noir. He has appeared on several cooking shows including the development of his own cooking video series, "Culinary Extraordinaire," in 2004.
Chef Raymond Kusmack is the catering chef for Aramark Higher Education at Grand Valley State University. Chef Ray received his American Culinary Federation Executive Chef, Certified Chef D'Cuisine and Pro Chef II certifications from the Culinary Institute of America, San Antonio. He is also a graduate of The Culinary Institute of America, Hyde Park, New York.
Chef Ray has held several high profile positions as an executive chef at Tapawingo, an acclaimed Michigan restaurant, cooking for star chef Mario Batali on several occasions; and corporate chef for Dow Chemical. Chef Ray has also been an executive chef at Kellogg World Headquarters ARAMARK Business Services where he has taken gold medals for the district and regional ARAMARK Culinary Education (ACE) competition, and the bronze medal for the national ACE competition judged by chefs Charlie Trotter and David Burke. Chef Ray has also apprenticed at acclaimed restaurants while working with some of America's best chefs: The French Laundry (Thomas Keller), Trio (Grant Achatz), Handkes Cuisine (certified master Chef Hartmut Handke).
The wine counselor Michael Schafer Esq. is a charismatic speaker, educator Sommelier, certified specialist of wine who entertains while educating. His humorous and fun approach is reflected in his trademark phrase "I taste bad wine so you don't have to."
Michael is an adjunct professor at The Culinary Institute of Michigan at Baker College. He created the Dorsey Schools Beverage program. He is an international keynote speaker at spirits and wine events around the globe. Michael has authored numerous articles in various publications, including cover stories for Hour Detroit, Michigan Wine Country and Edible Grand Traverse. His quarterly articles are found in the Tasters Guild Journal and the Journal of the American Wine Society.
Michael is on the board of directors of the Detroit Wine Organization, a charitable organization over 6,000 strong, dedicated to funding charities through entertaining education.
Laugh, learn and have fun as the wine counselor "edutains" you about wine and spirits.
Chef Kathleen is a hometown girl and graduate of the GRCC Culinary program. She has traveled the world studying foods, traditions and international customs, and also attended stints at Ecole de Cuisine LaVarene in Burgundy, The French Pastry School in Chicago, and the CIA in Napa Valley.
She brings her highly respected talents as a chef, 18-year veteran of the catering industry, wine judge, adjunct professor, former owner of a specialty food and wine shop, writer and teacher to all of her classes, giving a perspective that is dashed with tales of history, splashed with inspiration, and baked with practical real-life experience.
Chef Robert Stritzinger is an award-winning chef whose passion is to inspire, inform, and empower others to take control of their health and well-being through diet. He is a graduate of GRCC's Secchia Institute for Culinary Education and recently returned for the Craft Brewing program.
Chef Robert's journey has taken him to New Mexico, Arizona, and Yosemite National Park in California. Along the way he became a certified Chef de Cuisine through the Culinary Institute of America's rigorous Pro Chef certification program and then a certified Executive Chef through the American Culinary Federation (ACF).
As the ACF Chapter Chef of the Year, Chef Robert has won numerous accolades including three gold and one bronze medal in ACF culinary competitions. He has also served on a Santa Fe committee for Wine and Chilies, appeared on two of Rachel Ray's cooking shows, has published recipes in five cookbooks, and is currently working on his first cookbook.
In conjunction with the Grand Rapids Sport and Social Club (GRSSC), Chris directed his passion back to food, taking it to the next level. Chef Wessely pursued his culinary degree and graduated as valedictorian of his class in the spring of 2011 from the Secchia Institute for Culinary Education. Chef Wessely retains a strong fine-dining culinary work experience from Louis Benton's Fine Dining Steak House here in Grand Rapids, to the Bay Harbor Yacht Club's a la carte restaurant in Bay Harbor, Michigan.
In addition to an A.A.S. in Culinary Arts, Chris has a B.A. in Political Science, Communication, and Japanese. He completed a highly competitive immersion exchange program in Tokyo where he also furthered his Japanese culinary studies. Chef Wessely was the co-founder of the Personal Chef Group company, successfully building up the business and eventually sold it in 2011 to pursue further endeavors via the GRSSC.
Today, Chef Wessely has combined his love of cooking with the "socialness" of the GRSSC's events. The result: Simple Sushi! Chef Wessely truly embraces the mission to share his culinary knowledge and passion for sushi and finds that cooking classes are a wonderful medium to pass on skills, allowing individuals to create healthy, delicious food on their own in the comfort of their home.
Chef Wessely also teaches sushi classes at the GRCC Cooks program as a guest chef and his professional awards include the Extraordinary Culinary Student Award, Steven Raichlen's Ultimate Grilling Recipe Contest, and first place in the Hudsonville Chili Cook-Off.


Tomorrow on Saturday 19th March 2011 two of the very important ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 matches will be played in Group A and Group B that will decide the placements of many teams on both the groups. In tomorrow's first match in Group B the Bangladeshi team will take on South Africa in Mirpur.
This match will start at 9 Am in the morning. If Bangladesh lost this match then it might be out of World Cup and England may go to Quarterfinals. In case if Bangladesh wins it then it will go to Quarterfinals while England will be out.


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COP9 signalozom (CSN) je proteinový komplex s izopeptidázovou aktivitou. Katalyzuje odštěpení proteinu NEDD8 z cullinové podjednotky cullin-RING ubiquitinligáz. Katalyzuje tedy proces deneddylace – zároveň je zřejmě i schopen vázat deneddylované cullin-RING komplexy a udržovat je v neaktivní formě. Ve výsledku tedy slouží jako výhradní deaktivátor těchto enzymů. Vyskytuje se u všech studovaných eukaryotických organismů včetně člověka; poprvé objeven byl u rostlin. Lidský COP9 signalozom (celková velikost ~350 kDa) obsahuje osm podjednotek – CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7, CSN8. Všechny jsou nezbytné pro plnou funkci komplexu a mutace některých z nich je u laboratorních myší letální.

Reference

Proteázy
Neddylace
Proteinové komplexy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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We are at the Ritz Carlton Half Moon Bay's Sunday Brunch that is so popular in the Bay area that people drive an hour or more to indulge.
Perhaps what makes this brunch different than those at most hotels is that much of the food is locally sourced—all the fruits, vegetables, the chicken, the beef, the ham, the lamb. Chef Salomon says he's most proud that the food at the brunch is so fresh coming from a dozen local farms and purveyors with 11 chefs cooking, slicing and serving as we eat—shucking oysters, carving beef, cutting chicken—so that nothing sits in chafing dishes.
This is one of the best brunches I've ever experienced and I've seen a lot of them—likely because of the freshness of everything that is served. This is an area after also known for its farms and the variety of what is served from the Thai chicken curry to the seared miniature lamb chops and lavender honey glazed ham to Dungeness crab and baby carrots.
You've got to come hungry and plan to stay awhile which we do, taking in the spectacular Pacific Ocean views just outside.
That goes for kids too. "Parents want the kids to experience different foods," the chef says. Out of maybe 1000 covers on a Sunday, he says, he might have only two requests for chicken fingers or fries which he will of course bring. That's not the same for room service, he adds, when kids' items are far better sellers than the petite filet or broiled chicken breast that is on the kids' menu.
"I grew up in France," the Chef says."We never ate all of this fried food like they do here!" And with food like this, there's no need to. Pass the sushi.


text:
Ida Friederike Görres (* 2. Dezember 1901 auf Schloss Ronsperg, Böhmen; † 15. Mai 1971 in Frankfurt am Main) war eine Schriftstellerin und katholische Intellektuelle.

Familie und Lebenslauf
Ida Friederike Görres (Geburtsname: Friederike Maria Anna Reichsgräfin Coudenhove-Kalergi) war das sechste von sieben Kindern des k. u. k. Diplomaten Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi und seiner japanischen Frau Mitsu Aoyama. Sie ist eine Schwester des Gründers der Paneuropa-Union Richard Nikolaus Graf von Coudenhove-Kalergi.

Ida Friederike von Coudenhove-Kalergi besuchte das Internat der Sacré-Cœur-Schwestern in Wien, dann von 1916 bis 1918 die Mary-Ward-Schule der "Englischen Fräulein" in St. Pölten. Später war sie selbst 18 Monate Novizin der Congregatio Jesu. Nach dem 1923 abgelegten Abitur begann sie zunächst ein staatswissenschaftliches Studium in Wien, absolvierte dann an der Sozialen Frauenschule in Freiburg im Breisgau eine Ausbildung zur Fürsorgerin und studierte dann noch ein paar Semester Geschichte, Kirchengeschichte, Theologie und Philosophie an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.

Ida Friederike von Coudenhove-Kalergi engagierte sich in der katholischen Jugendbewegung, zunächst im Bund Neuland, dann im von Romano Guardini geprägten Quickborn-Arbeitskreis. In diesem fungierte sie einige Jahre als Bundesführerin der Mädchen und schrieb Beiträge für die Zeitschrift Die Schildgenossen. Zusammen mit Walter Dirks und Ludwig Neundörfer leitete sie den 1930 gegründeten "Oktoberkreis" innerhalb des Quickborn. 1931 ging sie als Jugendsekretärin für Mädchenseelsorge nach Dresden und arbeitete dort beim Katholischen Bildungswerk. Im Frühjahr 1934 wurde sie Diözesansekretärin am Ordinariat des Bistums Meißen.

Ida Friederike von Coudenhove-Kalergi heiratete 1935 in Leipzig den Ingenieur Carl-Josef Görres. Ihr Schwager war der Psychologe und Professor Albert Görres. Das Paar zog anschließend nach Stuttgart-Degerloch. Ida Friederike Görres verfasste eine Reihe von Büchern über religiöse Themen und ist bedeutend für die Entwicklung der Hagiographie. In den Frankfurter Heften veröffentlichte sie im November 1946 einen "Brief über die Kirche", der Aufsehen erregte und sowohl Zustimmung als auch Widerspruch hervorrief. Er brachte ihr eine Rüge aus der Römischen Kurie und ein Redeverbot in einigen Diözesen ein.

Ab 1950 litt Görres unter einer schweren Gehirnerkrankung, die sich in Spasmen äußerte und ihre Arbeit stark erschwerte. In dieser Zeit lebte sie wieder in Freiburg im Breisgau. Nach dem Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzil wurde sie 1969 in die Würzburger Synode berufen, an der sie trotz ihrer Beschwerden teilnahm. Sie starb nach einer Synodensitzung in Frankfurt am Main an einer Gehirnblutung. Das Requiem wurde im Freiburger Münster gehalten, die Gedenkrede hielt Joseph Ratzinger. Beigesetzt ist sie auf dem Bergäckerfriedhof in Freiburg-Littenweiler.

Vorfahren

Literarische Arbeit
 Sie bemüht sich […] um einen modernen, zwar an das alte Glaubensgut gebundenen, aber auf Durchbrechung klerikaler und traditioneller Schemata bedachten Katholizismus. (Brockhaus-Enzyklopädie Band 7 Wiesbaden 1969: 484)

Werke
 Gespräche über die Heiligkeit. Ein Dialog um Elisabeth von Thüringen (1931)
 Von der Last Gottes (1932)
 Das große Spiel der Maria Ward (1932)
 Germanische Heiligkeit (1934, über Radegundis und Heinrich von Seuse)
 Von den zwei Türmen (1934)
 Die siebenfache Flucht der Radegundis (1937)
 Der Kristall (1939)
 Des anderen Last (1940, verteidigt die Nächstenliebe gegenüber den Anmaßungen der staatlichen Wohlfahrtspflege des Naziregimes)
 Johanna (1943)
 Das verborgene Antlitz (1944, über Therese von Lisieux)
 Von der Heimatlosigkeit (1945)
 Brief über die Kirche (1946)
 Von Ehe und Einsamkeit (1949)
 Der verborgene Schatz (1949, Gedichte)
 Die Braut des Alexis und andere Mädchengeschichten (1949, Mädchenbuch)
 Nocturnen (1949, Tagebuch 1937–1947)
 Die leibhaftige Kirche (1950)
 Aus der Welt der Heiligen (1955)
 Laiengedanken zum Zölibat (1962)
 Hedwig von Schlesien (1967)
 Der Geopferte. Ein anderer Blick auf John Henry Newmann (1949), posthum veröffentlicht
 "Wirklich die neue Phönixgestalt?" Über Kirche und Konzil. Unbekannte Briefe 1962–1971 von Ida Friederike Görres an Paulus Gordan. Herausgegeben von Hanna-Barbara Gerl-Falkovitz (2015)

Literatur
 Anna Findl-Ludescher: Stützen kann nur, was widersteht. Ida Friederike Görres, ihr Leben und ihre Kirchenschriften. (Salzburger theologische Studien Bd. 9) Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1999. ISBN 3-7022-2160-3
 Hanna-Barbara Gerl-Falkovitz: "O letztes Licht, verschimmernd über mir …": zum 100. Geburtstag von Ida Friederike Görres am 2. Dezember 2001. in: Internationale katholische Zeitschrift Communio 30 (2001), S. 583–586.
 Michael Kleinert: Es wächst viel Brot in der Winternacht. Theologische Grundlinien im Werk von Ida Friederike Görres. (Studien zur systematischen und spirituellen Theologie Bd. 36), Echter, Würzburg 2002. ISBN 3-429-02460-9
 Jean-Yves Paraiso (Hrsg.): "Brief über die Kirche". Die Kontroverse um Ida Friederike Görres' Aufsatz. Ein Dokumentationsband (Kölner Veröffentlichungen zur Religionsgeschichte, Bd. 35, hrsg. von Michael Klöcker und Udo Tworuschka). Böhlau, Köln 2005, ISBN 3-412-11905-9.

Weblinks

 Ida Friederike Görres. In: Die Zeit, Nr. 27/1950.  Rezension des Gedichtbands "Der verborgene Schatz" und "Die 'siebenfache Flucht' der Radegundis"
 Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg: Görres, Ida Friederike
 Hanna-Barbara Gerl-Falkovitz: Tapfer wie eine Kirschblüte – Ida Friederike Görres. Website der Paneuropa-Union Deutschland e.V.

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Christliche Literatur
Ida Friederike
Literatur (Deutsch)
Deutscher
Geboren 1901
Gestorben 1971
Frau


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🤮 - experience never/Movies
SPACE JAM: A NEW LEGACY 🤮
What could've been a fun opportunity to see Lebron James play the only basketball we'll see him in this summer quickly becomes one of the worst films of 2021. This movie misses the mark more than the Lakers playoff run this post-season. Audiences should earn a gamer's badge for surviving this monstrosity.
Here are the top five reasons the new SPACE JAM doesn't provide a new legacy:
It's not fun! It's for kids with LOONEY TUNES, and it's somehow less fun than a Kawhi Leonard post-game interview.
The script. Taking a company's famous IP (intellectual property) and putting them into a two-hour Warner Media onboarding video does not pass for an actual movie.
Don Cheadle turns in the worst performance of the year as an algorithm. Yes, that's right. He's a computer algorithm. 🤦🏼
Notorious P.I.G. – a freaking rapping pig makes a cameo that's cringe-inducing.
It sets up future sequels for more SPACE JAM. Nooooooo. 😬
It's available theatrically and on HBO Max. That's all, folks…
BROAD CITY – ENTIRE SHOW REVIEW 🤩
THE MYSTERIOUS BENEDICT SOCIETY S1E5 THE ART OF CONVEYANCE AND ROUND TRIPPERY 😊
ALICE, DARLING 🤩
BIG 🤩
TARUSH'S BEST FILMS OF 2022


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Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital
Best Hospitals for Pediatrics
South Florida Parenting |
These hospitals stand out for pediatric care.
Miami Children's Hospital
3100 SW 62nd Ave., Miami
www.mch.com
Miami Children's Hospital shows its creativity above and beyond other hospitals. The focus here is solely on the children. The staff works tirelessly to make the experience less traumatic for every little patient. Performing clowns and strolling dogs give children a reprieve from the medical treatments they are going through. Radio Lollipop, an in-house station, plays tunes to help children get through the day. Kids can also play in a colorfully decorated playroom. But entertainment isn't the reason that our readers -- and parents of Miami Children's Hospital's patients -- swear by this place. The quality of care is second to none, with top pediatric specialists in every field on staff.
8900 N. Kendall Drive, Miami
www.baptisthealth.net
4300 Alton Road, Miami Beach
www.msmc.com
St. Mary's Medical Center
901 45th St., West Palm Beach
St. Mary's has added the Nicklaus Children's Hospital, which houses the largest pediatric intensive care unit and the only pediatric cancer program in Palm Beach County. St. Mary's is the home of Quantum House, a home-away-from-home for families of pediatric and neonatal patients. St. Mary's campus includes the Ranes Children's Pavilion, a 24-bed general pediatrics unit, a 22-bed pediatric hematology and oncology unit, and a 22-bed intermediate care and overflow unit. The hospital is a member of the Pediatric Oncology Group Childhood Cancer Cooperative Clinical Trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute.
1309 N. Flagler Drive, West Palm Beach
www.goodsamaritanmc.com
Palms West
13001 Southern Blvd., Loxahatchee
www.palmswesthospital.com
1000 Joe DiMaggio Drive, Hollywood
www.jdch.com
The playful exterior of Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital tells the community from the get-go that this is no ordinary hospital. The caring, experienced staff is ready to take care of any childhood illness or trauma, often with unique treatments for complex medical conditions. The hospital specializes in minimally invasive, endoscopic surgeries. The Conine House was created as a home-away-from-home offered free of charge to families of sick children. The motto at Joe DiMaggio's is "we treat your children like our own," and doctors and nurses within the hospital try to be an example of the phrase every day.
Memorial West
703 N. Flamingo Road, Pembroke Pines
www.memorialwest.com
Northwest Medical Center
2801 N. State Road 7, Margate
www.northwestmed.com
Back to Important Matters Awards
Back to Main Awards Page


Press release: MHRA updates advice for metal-on-metal hip replacements : MHRA.
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) today issued updated advice to surgeons that patients with a particular type of metal-on-metal hip replacement should be monitored annually for the life of the hip replacement. This updates previous advice from April 2010 that patients with this type of hip replacement need only be monitored for a minimum of five years after their operation.
The updated advice is included in a new MHRA Medical Device Alert that has been issued to clinicians today for the management of patients with these hip implants to minimise the risk of having to undergo further surgery to correct complications.
An expert advisory group was set up by the MHRA to look at the management of patients with soft tissue swelling associated with metal-on-metal hip implants. This group meets regularly to evaluate new scientific advice and observations from clinicians. This updated advice is based on updated evidence that patients with hip replacements with head diameter of 36 millimetres or more need to be monitored every year.
"Clinical evidence shows that patients have a small risk of suffering complications from having metal-on-metal hip implants. These implants have in most cases completely transformed the lives of patients who in the past were subject to increasingly severe pain and progressive lack of mobility.
"As a precautionary measure, we have today issued updated patient management and monitoring advice to surgeons and doctors that they should annually monitor patients for the lifetime of their metal-on-metal total hip replacements that are sized 36 millimetres or more because this particular type of hip replacement has a small risk of causing complications in patients. This updates previous advice that patients with this type of hip replacement need only be monitored for a minimum of five years after their operation. By monitoring patients every year, any complications will get picked up earlier and more complex surgery on the patient can be avoided.
1. The MHRA takes its post-market surveillance role very seriously and works with other Member States to ensure that only compliant medical devices are placed on the market. Following reports of problems with large metal-on-metal hip replacement/resurfacing in the late 1990s the National Joint Registry (external link), the British Orthopaedic Association (external link), the British Hip Society (external link) and the MHRA formed a close working relationship as an expert advisory committee to investigate the possibility of potential problems associated with some of these types of joint replacements. Whilst there had been reports from other countries, the UK was the first in the world to issue guidance through its regulatory authority the MHRA as a result of these closer working practices. Other counties have now followed this lead.
2. The MHRA is the government agency responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work, and are acceptably safe. No product is risk-free. Underpinning all our work lie robust and fact-based judgements to ensure that the benefits to patients and the public justify the risks. We keep watch over medicines and devices, and take any necessary action to protect the public promptly if there is a problem. We encourage everyone – the public and healthcare professionals as well as the industry – to tell us about any problems with a medicine or medical device, so that we can investigate and take any necessary action.
I get so angry when I read these stories. Well it's a bit too late now, the damage has been done. I hate the fact so many of has had to be the guinea pigs ! Where is the list of manufactures? My hip will never be the same…risks of dislocations, damaged muscle, constrained cup, health problems, never doing the things I could do in the past. Enough said, I/we have no control of this matter. AND yes, I am very much thankful for what I do have, especially both legs, after 6 operations and 23 dislocations. There are many of you with real horror stories.


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An Analysis of the Depiction of Time in the Films of Richard Linklater
Written by Jocelyn Illing
Linklater's cinema combines form and content to explore the human experience of time, thus prompting the audience to question both how time is functioning within his films and how time affects us in our everyday lives.
Paris Three Ways:
A Comparison of the Depiction of Paris in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's Amélie (2001), François Truffaut's The 400 Blows (1959) and Mathieu Kassovitz's La haine (1995)
Jeunet's tries to construct his own Paris, or to conceal its contents, Truffaut chooses to present Paris in a broader sense, through the eyes of a child. Finally, and most radically, Kassovitz's film reveals a side of Paris often ignored by cinema: the banlieue.
When Did They Get So Fast?
An Analysis of Allan Cameron's "Zombie Media: Transmission, Reproduction, and the Digital Dead"
The evolution of the zombie in the horror film has aligned itself with the changes in technology, with the zombies becoming stronger and faster as we move from the analog and the digital, creating a new, contemporary zombie film.
David Lynch and the Actualization of the Virtual
Written by Elias Stang
One particularly interesting idea one can attribute to these films, specifically Mulholland Drive is that of Gilles Deleuze's work on the time-image and the Virtual. This paper intends to identify in what specific ways Mulholland Drive expresses Deleuze's philosophy of a direct time-image and how it invokes the idea of the Virtual as an approach which favors Lynch's more unconventional style.
An Analysis of the Lack of Independent Sequels
in Relation to Richard Linkater's Before Trilogy
Independent films often comment on society and include controversial topics that aren't normally fleshed out in mainstream films. However, although we have become aware of the independent film, what is rarely discussed is the idea of an independent sequel or series.
Horror. Terror. Lynch.
Written by Anton Charpentier
By defining horror and terror as two separate terms; horror describing the potential phycological trauma and terror describing the physical embodiment of danger. I hope to assert that Lynch is not only unique to the genre but in fact a realization of what the genre should be.
A Circuit Board of Worlds: Electricity in the Works of David Lynch
Written by Zach Green
Electricity is a frantic, affective motif that frequently acts as a bridge to "incompossible worlds" at play in Lynch's films. Thematically, sequences of flashing lights often have a strong connection to domestic abuse and patriarchy, as the play of light and dark evokes the conflict of male and female, abuser and survivor. Using a Deluzian framework, this paper will chart the use of electricity across three distinct areas of Lynch's filmography.
In many other ways, Breillat's Fat Girl deviates from much of the description and discussion of New French Extremism. Throughout this paper, I will tackle how Fat Girl is simultaneously a part of New French Extremism and how it differs.
Did you get a A or an A+ on your last film essay. Why not share your great work with the rest of the U of C film community! We're interested in growing an academic based section of Crash/Cut, where you can find researched articles on some of the most interesting film out there.
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Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-Calif.) has defeated Rep. Jim Jordan (R-Ohio), 159 to 43, in the election to lead the Republican minority.
What's next: McCarthy, who played a key role as chief deputy whip in flipping the House in 2010, will replace Paul Ryan as House Republican leader in January. McCarthy was widely expected to win.


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Marvel Comics & April 2021 Solicitations Spoilers: Reign Of X Sees Surprise New X-Men Team Debut With Preview, But Where Is X-Corp?
John Babos | January 9, 2021 | News, Top Story | No Comments
Marvel Comics and April 2021 Solicitations Spoilers follows.
Reign Of X Sees Surprise New X-Men Team Debut With Preview, But Where Is X-Corp?
Marvel reports.
Nightcrawler Leads the Way to the X-Men's Future in New Series
Writer Si Spurrier and artist Bob Quinn push the frontiers of Krakoa this April in 'Way of X'!
Since 2019's HOUSE OF X and POWERS OF X, writer Jonathan Hickman and a host of amazing creators have revolutionized the X-Men franchise. Now begins the REIGN OF X, the latest chapter in Hickman's grand vision for mutantkind, and acclaimed writer Si Spurrier brings fans a groundbreaking new series: WAY OF X.
Known for his high-concept storytelling on titles like X-MEN LEGACY and X-FORCE, Spurrier returns to the X-Men with a series that will explore some of the most pressing questions that have been raised in this thought-provoking new era. Led by Nightcrawler, a brand-new team of mutants will assemble to confront the dark mysteries of the X-Men's new way of life.
Mutantkind has built a new Eden…but there are serpents in this garden. Some mutants struggle to fit in. Some mutants turn to violence and death. And the children whisper of the Patchwork Man, singing in their hearts… Only one mutant senses the looming shadows. Snared by questions of death, law and love, only Nightcrawler can fight for the soul of Krakoa. Only he—and the curious crew he assembles (including fan-favorites Dr. Nemesis, Pixie, and Blink)—can help mutants defeat their inner-darkness and find a new way to live. This is the WAY OF X.
Here's what Spurrier had to say about this bold new series:
"I should probably just tell a lie for the sake of a neat elevator pitch and say that WAY OF X is a story about the creation of a new mutant religion. But it's not—not really. That's kinda where it starts, for sure. Nightcrawler realises something's wrong with the hearts and minds of mutantkind and sets out to fix it. But as he quickly discovers, this isn't a job for priests and prayers… The question is, what do they have to become in order to fight it? Preachers? Cops? Executioners? Or something entirely new?
"WAY OF X is a smart, psychedelic tale about faith, science, culture, love and law. And Bamfing. Bamfing just for the joy of it."
Joining Spurrier to bring these unique mysteries to life will be rising star artist Bob Quinn.
"I'm incredibly excited that Marvel gave me the opportunity to launch a new X-Men series with Si," Quinn says. "Nightcrawler is one of my favorite X-Men, and he along with the recent developments in the X-Men universe really gives us the opportunity to explore some pretty wild concepts and ideas. Bringing them to life is really a dream come true. Si is a great storyteller and this story gives X-Men fans something they've never seen before."
Be there for this unmissable entry of REIGN OF X when WAY OF X hits stands this April!
WAY OF X #1
Written by SI SPURRIER
Art by BOB QUINN
Cover by GIUSEPPE CAMUNCOLI
So, do these teaser and preview pages intrigue you enough to pick up this Marvel Comics title in April 2021?
Tags: comic book solicitations, Marvel, Nightcrawler, Reign of X, Way of X, X-Corp, X-Men
John Babos
John is a long-time pop culture fan, comics historian, and blogger. He is currently the Editor-in-Chief at Comics Nexus. Prior to being EIC he has produced several column series including DEMYTHIFY, NEAR MINT MEMORIES and the ONE FAN'S TRIALS at the Nexus plus a stint at Bleeding Cool producing the COMICS REALISM column. As BabosScribe, John is active on his twitter account, his facebook page, his instagram feed and welcomes any and all feedback. Bring it on!


These DIY draft socks are super simple to make, inexpensive, and work well to stop the chilly drafts from under doors or from window sills.
Oh, and they are freakin' adorable too! Here's how to make your own.
1. Measure the length of the doorway or window you would like to use the draft sock on. Cut a length of fabric that is 1 inch longer than your measurement and 10 inches wide (you want the sock just slightly longer than the doorway, so it fits in snugly). Fold the fabric in half and pin. Using your sewing machine or needle and thread sew one end and the length of the fabric so that you have a long tube that is open at one end.
2. Fill tube alternately with dried popcorn and the stuffing you have chosen. Popcorn is used for weight, but it is also inexpensive and won't go rancid like some other dried goods. The stuffing helps to give the sock a nice shape and insulates against the cold air. When the tube is really packed full all the way to the end, pin the end and sew it shut.
3. Turn socks inside out and sew the heels straight so that when the sock is covering the tube, the heels don't protrude.
4. Pull the sock over your hand still inside out. Grab the end of the filled tube with your sock hand and unfold the sock over the tube.
5. Add the second sock of the pair to the other end, and overlap the first sock.
That's it! An easy, cheap, effective, and stylish door sock in no time at all.


Dr. Joslin is Board Certified in family practice, treating entire families from infancy through adulthood. Dr. Joslin grew up in Brighton, Michigan and graduated from Mercy High School in Farmington Hills. She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan. She attended medical school at Michigan State University and subsequently completed residency training in family practice at Brody School of Medicine in North Carolina. She is Board Certified in Family Medicine. Dr. Joslin has special interest in sports medicine, women's health issues, and preventive medicine. Dr. Joslin treats chronic and complex medical conditions including diabetes and hypertension. Osteopathic manipulation therapy is also offered for lower back and neck pain, sports injuries, repetitive stress injuries, and some types of headaches. She received the Governor's Award for Diabetes Management in 2006. When not working, her interests include traveling, cooking, running, and spending time with family.


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Акрокоринф () — «Верхній Коринф», акрополь античного Коринфа, розташований на скелі висотою 575 метрів на рівнем моря на південний схід від древнього міста Коринфа, Греція. Акрокоринф був місцем проживання з архаїчних часів до XIX ст. В епоху елінізму він разом з Деметріадою та Халкідою утворював форпост македонців для контролю над грецькими містами-державами.

Історія
Акрокорінт був уперше укріплений Кіпселом та його сином тираном Періандром у VII–VI ст. до н. е. і поступово перетворився на акрополь. З 338 р. до н. е. Акрокоринф перейшов до рук македонців, які відремонтували та зміцнили його стіни. Згодом їх переміг Арат, і таким чином місто у 243 р. до н. е. стало членом ахейського союзу. У IV столітті до н. е. македонці відремонтували та зміцнили стіни. У 146 р. до н. римський генерал Луцій Муммій знищив Коринф і його акрополь, офіційно окупувавши Грецію. У 44 році до н. е. Гай Юлій Цезар відремонтував укріплення. Ще один ремонт був зроблений у VI столітті Юстиніаном I, а деякі доповнення вносились ще до XII століття. У 1210 році після трирічної облоги замок був окупований франками під проводом Оттона де ла Роша та Жоффрея де Віллардуена, а її захисник деспот Лев Сгур покінчив життя самогубством стрибнувши зі стін на коні.

Акрополь був відремонтований франками і послідовно віддавався лордам Іоанну (герцогу Дураццо) та Ніколо Ацагіолі, який відремонтував укріплення та доповнив їх. У 1395 році він перейшов у володіння деспота Феодора I Палеолога, який, проте, з фінансових причин продав його лицарям госпітальєрам, які володіли ним до 1404 року, коли він повернувся до складу Морейського деспотату. У 1458 році Мехмед II Фатіх захопив замок у візантійців.

У 1687 році замок перейшов до рук венеціанців, які його відремонтували (в період до 1711 року) та надали йому нинішній вигляд. Через кілька років, у 1715 році, турки обложили Акрокоринф і захопили його та володіли ним до 1821 року, аж поки він перейшов до грецьких повстанців. У липні 1822 року його знову захопили турки під проводом Махмуда Драмалі-паші.

На початку 1823 року Акрокоринф знов обложили грецькі революційні сили. В результаті облоги 19 жовтня 1823 року був підписаний договір про капітуляцію і 26 жовтня 1823 року турки покинули укріплення, які втратили оборонну цінність.

Укріплення
До входу в фортецю, розташованого із західної сторони, невидимої з міста веде єдина дорога, в деяких місцях прокладена, а в деяких висічена в скелі. Стіни та ворота замку зведені у три рівні, нижній, середній та верхній, де знаходиться головний замок. Їх периметр складає приблизно 3000 м, а внутрішня площа складає 240 000 м². Перші склепінчасті ворота знаходяться на нижньому рівні, по обидва боки від якого зведена невелика стіна. Перед цією брамою в середні віки був глибокий оборонний рів, над яким був підйомний міст. Майже все навколо цих воріт зруйноване. Приблизно через 100 метрів на північний-схід розташовані другі ворота та стіна більша за першу. Звідси дорога продовжується по спіралі, де вона закінчується на верхньому рівні брамою головного замку, що має стіну унизану вежами, що охоплюють усе плато. Північна, східна та південна сторони гори захищені крутими, скелястими схилами та скелями. Північна стіна має інші окремі ворота, які більше використовувалися для спостереження або втечі, ніж для проходу. У верхній частині фортеці збереглись лише руїни старих веж та різних будівель (наприклад, храм пророка Іллі), підземні ходи, криниці, склади та цистерни. З часу останньої венеціанської окупації під час правління Франческо Морозіні було привезено кілька гармат. Також збереглись руїни храму Афродіти (V—IV ст. до н. е.), джерело Ано Періні.

Дослідження та відновлення
Дослідження руїн розпочались у 1926 році, коли Американська школа класичних досліджень в Афінах розпочала перші розкопки фортеці. Будівлі та стіни тяжко датувати, оскільки вони складені з каменів різних епох та руїн інших будівель.

Було відновлено численні ділянки стін та ряд будівель. Так у 1965-1966 роках було відновлено міст через рів та сторожку при першій вежі, а у 1970-х роках були відновлені перші дві вежі та секції стін, що їх оточували. Далі у 1993-1995 роках замінено дерев'яний міст на в'їзді.

Примітки

Фортеці Греції
Акрополі Греції
Коринф


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Home Whats Hot UK PROGRAMMED TO MAINTAIN CLASSIC CAR SKILLS WITH UNIQUE APPRENTICESHIPS – NEWS...
UK PROGRAMMED TO MAINTAIN CLASSIC CAR SKILLS WITH UNIQUE APPRENTICESHIPS – NEWS FROM THE ZOO
The United Kingdom has a proud record of preserving history in just about every aspect. One of its latest ventures involves building a resource of people with skills to be used for the preservation of classic cars and motorcycles. This is particularly heart-warming in view of the number of aging people still involved in classic vehicle restoration worldwide.
I was able to see this wonderful initiative first-hand when I attended an open day at Bicester Heritage during a recent visit to Britain. Bicester, which is one of the fastest growing towns in the UK and situated near Oxford, is proving a very important centre for such a vital project.
The site is a revitalised former World War II bomber station and is at the heart of the initiative by the Federation of British Historic Motor Clubs (FBHMC) to train young apprentices in the skills needed to maintain and restore classic vehicles as the number of experienced and knowledgeable technicians in Britain declines.
Founded in 2013, Bicester Heritage has gone from a standing start of a host of old buildings to home for over 40 specialised businesses and growing. It now has a collective annual turnover of more than R720-million, making it the largest single UK player in the industry. The British classic vehicle industry, in all its facets, is estimated to have an annual turnover of R80-billion and employs over 34 000 skilled people.
At its heart Bicester Heritage has a vision: to secure a robust and dynamic future for motoring past, present and future, the businesses that serve this market, the people who work in those businesses and the owners and enthusiasts who enjoy their specialist vehicles. Bicester Heritage is now a component part of Bicester Motion, a ground-breaking development which plans to create the UK's principal destination for anyone who wants to experience motor cars from all eras, including the future. (The site includes a test track and is still active as a base for those wanting to fly gliders).
What is different and very important about Bicester Heritage, compared to other, similar, classic industrial groupings, is that each of the companies located on the beautiful 170-hectare site has to employ young people as apprentices to promote skills transfer for the classic vehicle industry. More than 100 apprentices have enrolled on the scheme to date.
This is all an integral part of the fairly recent decision by the British Government's Department of Education to support the development of Heritage Engineering Apprenticeships financially. Prior to this announcement the FBHVC had been operating apprenticeship accreditation for more than 60 young people at various stages in their training, both at Bicester Heritage and the P&A Wood in-house Apprentice School. (The latter organisation, based in Essex, specialises in the restoration of Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars).
Bicester Heritage continues to expand and this year a further eight buildings will be completed, at a cost of R200-million, doubling the former RAF Technical Centre's floorspace. The new participants in the scheme will include a major coachbuilding and trim company.
All the companies located at the Bicester Heritage's Centre of Excellence for Historic Motoring also benefit from valuable support from the Heritage Skills Academy (HSA) which advertises vacancies, interviews candidates, shortlists suitable candidates and arranges interviews with the relevant company's management as well as looking after the interests of the apprentices and employers to ensure the apprentices receive the best possible training.
Four public open days, known as "Scrambles", are held at the Bicester Heritage site annually, the first in January, then one in April, the second in June and the third in October, for 2020. I attended the latter. There are no tickets sold at the gate. You must book online, and it is sold out at 6 500 visitors to prevent overcrowding. Those arriving in pre-1990 cars have a dedicated parking area; we went in a 1964 Daimler 250 V8, which is basically a Jaguar fitted with a Daimler Dart V8 engine instead of a straight six, so qualified to park amongst a wonderful selection of classic cars.
Besides being able to visit the many companies located on the site – most of them working – there is also an amazing array of classic cars parked in the open and grouped as car clubs or interest groupings, many of the cars being unusual for South African eyes.
But the most important takeaway from this memorable day for me was to watch the young apprentices at work and to chat to some of them. They were all enthusiastic and keen to talk about what specific skill they were learning. Although they are working on restoring classic vehicles, they have the advantage of using the latest technology – including CNC machines and 3D modelling – to do their work.
Yes, Britain is certainly setting a wonderful example to the global classic vehicle world that now is the time to ensure the continuation of the specific skills used in this work environment. And the British government is backing the initiative as it is seen (correctly!) to be in the national interest!
By Roger Houghton
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Program started at Mon-03-Oct-2011 09:08.
Analysed requests from Thu-01-Sep-2011 00:00 to Fri-30-Sep-2011 23:59 (30.00 days).
Busiest week: week beginning 11/Sep/11 (70,451 requests for pages).
Busiest day: 8/Sep/11 (13,191 requests for pages).


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There's an air of mystery about Jacquemus' Spring '19 woman - you wouldn't know whether she's dressed for the beach or a glamorous night out in the Italian Riviera, says the designer. Cut from voile that's embroidered with navy polka-dots, this oversized dress has a seamed placket and handkerchief hem that sways as you move. Wear it casually with slides, or with the 'Bergamo' sandals from the runway.
Shown here with: Jacquemus Tote, 1064 Studio Earrings.


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King's American Dispensatory, 1898. >
Mucuna.—Cowhage.
Mucuna urens
Corylus americana
Corylus cornuta
The hairs from the pods of Mucuna pruriens, De Candolle (Mucuna prurita, Hooker; Dolichos pruriens, Linné; Stizolobium pruriens, Persoon; Carpopagon pruriens, Roxburgh).
Nat. Ord.—Leguminosae.
COMMON NAMES: Cowhage, Cowage (Seta siliquae hirsutae).
ILLUSTRATION: Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, 78.
Botanical Source.—This is a perennial plant, with a fibrous root and a twining, herbaceous, much-branched stem, and of considerable length. The leaves are alternate, pinnately trifoliate, distant, and on long petioles; leaflets entire, ovate, acute, smooth above, hairy beneath; lateral ones oblique at the base, middle one slightly rhomboidal. The flowers are rather large, have a disagreeable, alliaceous odor, are disposed in axillary, lax, many-flowered, interrupted racemes, 1 to 1 ½ feet long. The corolla is papilionaceous; vexillum cordate, incumbent on the wings, much shorter than they and the keel, without callosities, and flesh-colored; wings oblong-linear, connivent, purple, or violet; keel or carina straight below, slightly falcate in the upper part, terminated by a smooth, polished, acute beak, and greenish-white. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), alternately longer; anthers alternately longer and ovate. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, with 2 very caducous bracteoles as long as the tube, hairy, pink, bilabiate, with narrow lanceolate segments; upper lip broad, entire, or emarginate; lower, trifid, middle segment the largest. Style long, slender, and hairy below; stigma small. The legume is about 3 inches long, as thick as the finger, and closely covered with strong, brown, stinging hairs. The seeds are oblong and variegated, with a white hilum (L.).
History, Description, and Chemical Composition.—This plant inhabits the West Indies, and other tropical parts of South America; it is found in woods along river courses, upon fences, and in waste, neglected places. The medicinal part of the plant is the hair of the pods, which are generally imported into this country attached to the pod, and from which they are carefully removed, so that they do not fasten to the operator's hands. They are straight, about ⅛ of an inch in length, quadrangularly prismatic, with upper half retrorsely serrated, and acutely pointed at the apex. They are brown and glossy, and inclose a granular brown substance, which but partially fills the hair. Mucuna, according to Martius (1827), contains resin and a small amount of tannin. The shorter, darker-hued spicula of the Stizolobium urens, Persoon (Mucuna urens, De Candolle; Dolichos urens, Linné), is used for the same purposes as cowhage. The seeds of this species are employed in dysuria in the West India Islands. In India the root of the cowhage plant is a reputed remedy for cholera. Mucuna was first introduced to the notice of English physicians by Bancroft, about the year 1769 (see Dymock's Vegetable Materia Medica of India, p. 229).
Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—Cowhage was formerly regarded as a mechanical anthelmintic, acting by irritating the body of the worms; its decoction or tincture has no anthelmintic properties. It was used in the treatment of intestinal worms, which are expelled alive. It is very probable, however, that its setae did very little mechanical harm to the worm, for when the spiculae are moistened, they largely lose their irritating properties. It has no effect on taenia, but appears more serviceable in removing the lumbrici and ascarides. Dose, from 1 drachm to ½ ounce, in syrup or molasses, and followed a few hours afterward by a purgative. The application of oil is the best to allay the heat and itching it produces when rubbed on the skin. Cowhage has been recommended in the form of an ointment, as a cutaneous irritant, in the place of croton-oil and tartar-emetic; also as a good medium for the endermic application of various substances, as hydrochlorate of morphine. The proportions are, 7 ½ grains of the hairs of cowhage to 1 ounce of lard. This must be rubbed in from 10 to 20 minutes; 7 or 8 grains are usually sufficient. The immediate effect is the production of a sensation resembling stinging with nettles; but the burning sensation, and the itching diminish during the friction, and entirely pass off in less than half an hour. The skin generally becomes covered with white, flat papulae, which soon disappear, leaving a sensation of heat. It produces no inconvenience, and children bear it easily. It is seldom used.
Related Species.—The following species of Corylus are indigenous to (one cultivated in) the United States, one of which has covering the involucre spiculae, which are employed like mucuna, as a vermifuge. They belong to the natural order Cupuliferae.
Corylus rostrata, Aiton, Beaked hazel.—Canada, northern United States, and along the Appalachian ranges. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high. Fruit inclosed in along, scaly involucre, which is hirsute, and terminates in a prolonged, tube-like beak. The spiculae are reputed to act as a mechanical vermifuge.
Corylus americana, Walter.—North American thickets. Fruit wide and long, surrounded by an involucre at least double the length of the fruit.
Corylus avellana, Linné, Hazel.—Europe, North Asia, in wood and thickets. Cultivated in the United States. A shrub, from 10 to 15 feet high, flowering in early spring and bearing fruit in the autumn. The fruit is known as the filbert, and is a hard nut, with a pale-brown, ligneous shell, surrounding a sweetish, oleaginous, white kernel. It is about an inch long. The seeds yield about 50 per cent of hazelnut oil, a light-yellow, fixed oil, without odor, but tasting somewhat like the nuts. It is composed of olein, palmitin, arachin, and stearin, freezing at near the zero point, 0° F. (-17.8° C.).
King's American Dispensatory, 1898, was written by Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D., and John Uri Lloyd, Phr. M., Ph. D.
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