Today, when you order "Michael Rubinstein LIVE 2", you'll instantly be emailed a Penguin Magic gift certificate. You can spend it on anything you like at Penguin, just like cash. Just complete your order as normal, and within seconds you'll get an email with your gift certificate.
Michael Rubinstein LIVE 2 (Penguin LIVE) Remarkable coin magic with challenging moves and techniques for money manipulation. SUPPORT LIVE MAGIC. DOWNLOAD THE FULL LECTURE TODAY.
"Michael Rubinstein is a walking encyclopedia of coin magic. He is everything you wanted to know or see about coin magic.
Case Solved - A signed coin and selected card disappear and wind up in the card case.
Oil and Water - An updated handling of the classic plot using coins, with a brand new KILLER ending!
Imagine a Coin - A NEW Three way spellbound!
- Smileys Junior - A non gimmicked version of the popular commercial trick sold for many years where a sad face drawn on a borrowed quarter changes to a happy face.
- The Bent Coin - An interlude trick where a coin is bent, and restored using first aid.
- Signed Bill Through Quarter - A different take on the old cigarette through coin routine, where a signed bill is used instead of a cigarette.
Giant Four Coins Through the Table - The classic routine done with JUMBO coins.
Expansion of Texture, Copper Penetration, Copper Silver transposition in a Spectator's Hand - A Trio of effects right out of Bobo, but with an updated handling incorporating JW Grip to give a very clean look.
Magnetic Coins Routine - A streamlined handling of Rubinstein's routine from the NYCMS dvd series.
Thumb Through Coin - A triple penetration of your thumb through a coin, using some very clean displays.
The Black Hole - Rubinstein's take on Roth's classic plot, where four coins vanish into a black hole, with a delightful climax.
The Specciolini Brothers - Rubinstein's opening act is BACK, as Mario, Franco, and Guido once again perform their incredible acrobatics. This all new handling is perfect for table hopping, and is all done in the hands.
The Wishing Well - A NEW and simpler handling of Rubinstein's four coin production, with a sweet story that reels in your audience.
The Substitution Trunk Mystery - the classic roiutine, done with a copper and silver coin, and an Okito Box.
Michael Rubinstein, was born in New York in 1956. He became interested in magic when his aunt bought him some magic tricks at the age of nine, but didn't become serious until after someone showed him how to do the French Drop at age fifteen. He got his parents to buy him the Modern Coin Magic book for his birthday and after reading the book cover to cover he began developing his own moves and techniques.
In 1977, Rubinstein moved to Italy to study Veterinary Medicine. It was there that he hooked up with the Italian Magic Organization, and began lecturing, and developing many of the retention techniques that have since defined his style. Michael Rubinstein won first place in the International Close up Competition in Bologna Italy in 1983 (the most important competition in Europe in an off FISM year), and repeated his success by winning first place at the International Close up Competition in St.. Vincent in 1984. In 1985 Rubinstein produced the Master Coin Technique video series in Germany, which was later turned into the Encyclopedia of Coin Sleights, sold by L&L. Many famous magicians, like Reed McClintock and Giacomo Bertini, got their start in coin magic by studying these videos. In 1986 with Videonics, Rubinstein released his Knockout coin Magic video series, which were the first videos ever produced to release unpublished material to magic audiences.
After a brief hiatis from magic, Michael Rubinstein came back with a vengence, forming the The York Coin Magic Seminar along with David Roth, Geoff Latta, and Mike Gallo, Their 16 volume 17 disc DVD set, the New York Coin Magic Seminar DVD series, is the biggest collection of coin magic ever produced on DVD, and contains additional contributions from Kainoa Harbottle, Giacomo Bertini, Scotty York, Bob Fitch, Al Schneider, Eric Jones, Bill Citino, Marc DeSouza, Eric DeCamps, Doug Brewer, Vic Trabucco, Scott Robinson, and Dan Watkins. It has been called by Bill Wells the video Bobo for the 21st century.
Dr. Rubinstein has also published his magical creations in Apocalypse, Richard's Almanac, Magic Magazine, Genii, Looking Glass, Ruminations,. Best of Friends II, and Spectacle, and appeared on the Coinvention DVD, LVMI 2003 DVD, and the European Coin Magic Symposium DVD set. Most recently Dr. Rubinstein was the guest of Honor at the Second European Coin Magic Symposium, held in Milan, Italy, in 2011. He has performed and lectured all over the world, and most recently was a featured close up performer and lecturer at the Magic Castle. Dr. Michael Rubinstein currently lives in New York where he works as a Veterinarian, along with his wife Karen, son Matthew, 4 cats, and Angie the wonder dog.
If you've never been to a magic lecture, there''s never been a better time. Sunday, August 28th, at 7:00pm, we're streaming Michael Rubinstein LIVE in a spectacular 2-hour online lecture. Watch and learn things you won't find in any book or DVD.
Purchase the Michael Rubinstein LIVE "product". This is your ticket.
On Sunday, August 28th, anytime before 7:00pm Eastern, click the "MyPenguinMagic" area at the top of the Penguin site. You'll see the livestream appear 1 hour before showtime. At 7pm sharp, Michael Rubinstein will hit the stage and begin his JAM-PACKED professional lecture.
Sit back and watch over 2 hours of DVD-quality streaming magic from the comfort of your own home.
Reserve your seat anyway. Within 24 hours of ending, you'll be able to download and/or watch the full lecture on-demand, and go over all the great routines and subtleties as many times as you want. It''ll be waiting for you in your "MyPenguinMagic" area.
Nice lecture. I do a version of his Coins Through Table, It's so clean. I think everyone doing coin magic should watch this lecture. Rubinstein knows how to make coin magic entertaining, and there is a lot to learn from this experienced artist.
I watch his material over and over again.
Great show and lecture. He is one of the old school classic coin magicians along the likes of David Roth and Mike Gallo. Plenty of fresh new ideas and great routines. There is something for everyone here and you will not be disappointed. I wish Mike would publish a hardcover edition book with all of his material.
I've been a card magic nerd for awhile, but I've never really looked into coin magic. When I saw this video coming out, it intrigued me and I thought I'd take the plunge! I picked up this as well as his first Penguin Live lecture.
While the first lecture is a super beginner-friendly introduction into the world of coin magic, this one is quite a bit more advanced. I can't personally do many of the tricks he shows, but after seeing his previous video, it gives me something to aspire to!
If you consider yourself to be a strolling magician or a table hopper...if you ever desire to be one, then this lecture is for you! Michael has shares many close up coin effects here that are quick and visual...many requiring no table. Some will take a bit of practice on your part while others are quite simple. All in all, they are simple in plot and highly effective for lay audiences (even magicians).
Of course if you are more into formal style magic then there are several effects here as well...including Michaels take on David Roths purse glass and coins. What makes this so effective is that it is done standing up!
Michael RUBINSTEIN was again so great. All the routines can be performed. When i was younger my first step in coin magic was his book "Coin Technique". He is a real master of the Coin Magic Art. Today we can see a lot of card magic, but it is very difficult to create in coin magic and find new effects and routines. For example the Oil and Water with coins is quite great and new. In his magic you have a lot of thinking.
Really enjoyed this one and learned a ton. This doesn't just teach coin sleights and tricks...these are solid and entertaining routines that are all done standing up. If you really want to up your coin magic game, buy and learn this stuff!
He is one of the several most knowledgeable coin men in the world and it is interesting to see his facility with coins. No one is better with coins. I enjoyed his presentation.
What a professional. Great material and could not be presented any better.
A nice dash of theory and discussion on history of some moves. Then going into better detail on moves such as nowhere palm, ROPS, JW grip and several others throughout the routines. A bit of talk on his "prop management".
Overall, I enjoyed it as much as his first Penguin lecture.


A model is a representation or a simplified copy of something more complex. Architects use models to examine large or complicated structures which are difficult to work with directly. For example, engineers test models of air plane wings or create scale models of buildings.
A data model is a tool which allows the Architect to construct a picture of the data within an organization or a part of an organization. It is not a picture of what the computer sees, but of what the user and business sees.
Logical Data Models are high level or conceptual models which describe data in terms of the user perspective and business rules.
A logical data model represents the business.
A logical data model looks at the basic pieces of information and the inter-dependencies between the information. Logical data models are defined in terms of entities, attributes, and relationships. They reflect the business, its information and rules. It is not designed to represent the Architect's perception of the physical database to be implemented.
A logical data model is platform independent. It is not based on hardware, software, or tool. Logical data models are a description of the business information and not a physical database design.
Physical data models or database designs are low level models which describe data in terms of files and how the information is stored in the computer. When physical modeling, you think of header and detail files, logical views of data, joins of data, etc.. Physical models reflect the technical implementation of the database.
A physical data model represents the computer database.
Physical models look at data files and database design in terms of their implementation. Physical models are defined in terms of fields, record formats, and files. It is a technical representation designed to support the programs and programmer that will use the database.
A physical data model is usually platform dependent. It is designed for a specific computer platform. The hardware, database management system, software language and tool used are all factors in developing a physical model.
As a result, physical models tend to be very inflexible. A physical model cannot be easily moved from one environment to another, or implemented on another hardware platform.


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Tag Archives: toilet training
Hello, my darlings!
We've actually had a heat wave – a mini heat wave they say – which has brought us the hottest April day since 1949! Love it!
We're also in the process of major detailing work on the top floor of this house, and like everything else once we began the project other things appeared like extra plumbing and electrics and plasterwork. Bleh.
Don't know about you, but I need a bit of Ludlow love, or hate as the case may be when it comes to the Ferranti twins, Sophia and Luca.
The Dower House…
"How's Tonio?" Rosie Ludlow asked Bronte as they jogged down a dirt trail behind Ludlow Hall. They both wore knee length yoga pants and fitted T-shirts, their hair pulled back from flushed faces. The sun's rays filtered through the tree canopy. The air was filled with the scent of years of leaf mould. A brook babbled into a stream as it made it's lazy and winding way down to the river Ludlow.
Bronte jogged on the spot, checked her watch. "His shoulder's doing a lot better and the bruising across his clavicle is improving every day. He knows he's been lucky, and trying not to fret about no football practice for six weeks, but he's a bit down in the mouth at times. Poor boy."
"Kids," Rosie said. "They're tricky little buggers."
Bronte sent her a dark look. "Mine are a nightmare at times."
Rosie grinned. "You're crazy about them."
"You know Sophia's top in math and English and music?"
Rosie bit down hard on her bottom lip as she joined Bronte in leg stretches.
"Luca mentioned it. He is most displeased."
Bronte had to laugh. "He'll never be her equal. When it comes to brains she's in a class of her own."
"That girl could rule the world."
"She does her level best to rule our house, except she's gotta go through me so that'll never happen."
"Now Emily's back from vacation, she'll keep Sophia entertained."
Bronte rolled her eyes. "The latest is they want to join a circus."
Rosie snorted a laugh. "The Greatest Showman?"
"Yup. Grace is taking them to a double sitting tomorrow. They know every single word to every single song."
"Did you know Emily asked her for a baby tiger?"
Bronte closed her eyes. "I don't want to even think about it. Bubblegum and Jimmy Chew are more than enough to deal with."
When they reached Bronte's Range Rover in the car park of Ludlow Hall, they took a long drink of water before jumping in.
As Bronte drove down the long driveway lined by huge elm trees, she turned to eye Rosie. "You took it nice and slow today, you feeling okay?"
"Nothing that seven months won't fix. I'm pregnant."
When Bronte did an emergency stop, screamed her head off, and grabbed her in a hug, Rosie just held on tight.
Bronte shifted to check her colour. She looked fine. More than fine. "I didn't know you two were trying for another baby!"
Rosie made a face. "As soon as we talked about it, voila, super-sperm struck again."
A beaming Bronte hugged her once more. "Aw, Mila's gonna be a big sister."
"She's just found her feet. Alexander's a great daddy with her."
"Of course he is!"
Rosie's big brown eyes went all teary. "I can't believe how I nearly messed it up with him."
Bronte turned on the ignition and shook her head. "That's baby hormones speaking."
"I ran away."
"You did. But you needed alone time to think about your relationship. Nothing wrong with that."
Rose sniffed. "That's not what you said at the time."
"No. Well, I'd been worried sick that something bad had happened to you. Thank God your mother kept us in the loop. AND you cut your hair."
Rosie took a deep breath. "Self inflicted punishment. It's taken years to grow it back. The curse of curly hair."
The car turned into the driveway of The Dower House.
"Aw, another baby in the family," Bronte said.
Her wistful tone had Rosie give her big eyes.
"Are you broody again?"
Bronte blinked.
"Me? No!"
Rosie got out, grabbed her fitness bag from the trunk, eyed a thoughtful looking Bronte.
"You sure? I bet Nico would be up for another one."
Hoisting her bag on her shoulder, Bronte locked the car.
"He's always up for it."
"Mama!" Sophia raced out the door, closely followed by her best friend in the Whole Wide World, Emily. The girls were dressed as athletic fairies, at least that was the best description of pink leotards, white footless tights and white wings, Bronte could come up with. They'd also been in the kiddy makeup and by the looks of it experimenting with 'smoky eyes'. Goth fairies, maybe.
Rosie opened her arms and Sophia gave her a hug.
"What's this? You been watching 'Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Never Beast' again?"
"How did you know?" Emily asked, her big blue eyes wide.
Rosie gave her a hug too. "A lucky guess."
Sophia spun around to face Bronte. "Mama!"
"That's the second time you've said that, what's up, Buttercup?"
"There's a disgusting stink in the downstairs toilet."
Emily wrinkled her cute little freckled nose and nodded her head so hard in agreement that her red curls danced around her head.
"Is it blocked again?"
Sophia shook her head.
"Nope. But it stinks of wee."
Bronte made a bitch-face, as Rosie called it, and marched into the house.
Her emerald gaze swept through the kitchen-dining-family space, and found it immaculate, which was just as well since she'd bottomed out the place the day before.
However, the yells and howls from the 'man cave' told her a soccer game was in full flow.
As she marched past the door to the 'man cave' she threw it a dark look and headed on down the hallway to the ground floor toilet. She opened the door and surveyed the scene, the vile splashes on the wall and floor tiles.
With a face like thunder, she threw open the window.
Rosie, always interested in how a domestic goddess ran her home, poked her head in the door and the smell of a urinal hit her between the eyes. "Jeez, what the hell is wrong with guys? Can't they pee into the toilet bowl?"
"Nope," Sophia said. "They're disgusting. Mama, you should make them sit on the toilet like girls do."
Emily piped up. "But how would that work? Wouldn't their penis just stick up and wee would go everywhere?"
"Not if they hold it down into the bowl," Sophia told her in a tone that meant business. "How hard can it be?"
Meanwhile Bronte, busy gathering cleaning products from the built in cupboard beneath the sink, picked up two pairs of pink rubber gloves, and stalked down the hall and into the 'man cave.' The men in her life, unshaven, all laid back in belly scratching mode, plus the empty soda bottles, coffee cups, and water bottles told her all she needed to know.
"You!" She shot a finger at Nico and tossed him a pair of rubber gloves and cleaning spray. And then she aimed her finger at her brother and tossed him gloves too. "And you! With me! Now!"
By this time Rosie, Emily and Sophia were in the hallway, their arms folded and wearing their own unique versions of the bitch-face.
Now, Nico Ferranti was not stupido.
He followed the stiff shoulders of his wife, couldn't help but admire her tight little ass in those yoga pants, the swing of her white-blonde ponytail, and in his mind he made plans for an early night.
"Don't even think about it, boyo!" Bronte shot over her shoulder.
However, when the love of his life behaved like she was in the military and ready for war, he knew something was up.
Alexander, meanwhile, was not a happy man. "Aw, what's the matter with you? The game's just come alive. We'll miss the good bits."
"That whiney voice is not a good look on you," his sister told him sharply as she came to a halt outside the toilet. She threw open the door. "I want this cleaned right now and then we're all gonna have a little talk on how to pee in my house."
Alexander took a big step back, held up his hands.
"Whoa! I'm not touching it. This isn't my house. Why do I need to clean it?"
Bronte went nose to nose with her big brother. "Did you pee in here today?"
Alexander ignored his wife's shaking shoulders, but shot her a dark look anyway. "Might have. Once."
"Were you in a hurry?" Bronte lifted her chin.
Alexander scratched the scruff on his jaw. "Maybe."
"So you weren't exactly focused on what you were doing?"
"I've been peeing all my life. I don't splash."
"Wanna bet?" his sister said.
"Twenty."
"I cannot believe I'm even hearing this conversation," Nico said on his knees. Wearing pink rubber gloves, he sprayed disinfectant spray on the walls, the floor and thoroughly inside and outside the toilet bowl. "It must have been the boys. And Tonio's handicapped at the moment."
Luca and Tonio, wondering what all the fuss was about, peered into the room.
"I didn't use this toilet," Tonio said, and missed the sharp look Nico shot him.
"I didn't use it either," Luca said. "We use the main bathroom upstairs."
"Oh well then," Bronte threw up her hands. "That's means another bathroom to clean. Guys, the weather is warm and if you don't drink enough fluids then your wee is concentrated and smells vile. We need to talk about this."
"Nope. I am not talking about peeing in my own home," Nico said.
When the rhetoric between her mama and papa descended into a row, Sophia grabbed Emily and they made their way to her bedroom and peace and quiet.
"Wow," Emily said. "That was pretty disgusting."
Sophia, busy rummaging around in her shelf unit, nodded, and emerged with notepad and pencil.
"We need a plan. My mama can't do everything in this house."
Emily followed her to a desk and chair. "What are you gonna do?"
Sophia sat and drew six lines down and six lines across. She wrote the names of her papa and her brothers and her Uncle Alexander in a box.
"We need to track who uses the toilet and when and then check it to see who's the culprit. We can't do anything without proof."
A baffled looking Emily leaned on the desk, her chin on her hand. "Okay, but how to you get proof?"
"We put squares of toilet paper all around the toilet. If they get wet then we know who did it."
"But that means we might wait for ages to see who needs to pee."
Sophia thought about it, nodded. "Okay, then we need a better plan."
Emily snapped her fingers. "I know! My mummy put a ping pong ball in the toilet and told my daddy to aim for it! It worked! No more smelly loos! And when he flushed, the ping pong ball doesn't flush!"
Sophia sat back and grinned, then gave Emily a high five. "I like it! And I know just the place to get ping pong balls!"
A few minutes later, the girls are in the triple garage and rummaging through boxes.
"Got them!" Sophia held up a plastic box filled with ping pong balls. "How many do we need?"
"One's enough in each one," Emily said.
"Can someone tell me why there's a ping pong ball in the toilet?" Luca asked.
The Ferranti family were eating dinner.
Bronte blinked. "Omigod. Now what?"
Sophia, eyeing her brothers and papa, shrugged. "It worked in Emily's house."
Bronte turned to her. "What worked?"
"Emily's daddy aimed for the ping pong ball and no more splashes."
Bronte's brows flew into her hairline. "I like it! Aim for the ping pong ball, guys!"
The males in her life didn't exactly look enthusiastic.
Luca, carefully removing any sign of broccoli from his meal with the precision of a brain surgeon, said, "How come there are boy toilets and girl toilets?"
Nico, trying to think of a logical way to answer the random question caught Sophia, chewing her food, staring unblinking at her twin.
When she opened her mouth, Nico jumped in.
"Privacy," he said. "It's a basic human right."
"Oh, and by the way," Bronte said and sent him a big toothy grin. "You owe me twenty pounds."
Nico placed his knife and fork on the plate, sat back and did his level best to out-stare his wife, and failed.
"I did not splash."
"Twenty pounds, boyo."
He stared at his sons.
"How do you know it was me?"
"You dripped."
His jaw dropped.
"Did not!"
"Did too." Then she grabbed her phone. "Wanna see proof?"
For the first time in his life, Nico Ferranti felt his cheeks go hot."
"You did not!"
"Yup. It's X-rated, btw."
Fiercely aware of the way his children watched him, Nico grabbed his wallet from his pocket and flicked a twenty towards his wife.
How embarrassing was this.
Later, much later, the kids were in bed and Nico was enjoying a glass of Chianti before bed. He poured his wife a glass of white wine, and waited.
He heard her upstairs doing her nightly round of checking on their kids, and then the sound of her bare feet pad down the stairs.
When she entered the family room wearing an ivory silk dressing gown, he studied her scrubbed face, her slim figure and thought he'd never seen anything more beautiful in his life.
Dio, he adored her.
"The ping pong ball is freaking me out," he said.
When she threw back her head and laughed so hard she clutched her stomach, he had to smile.
"Omigod," she said. "You should see your face…"
He sat back and placed bare feet on a stool.
His eyes held hers."Tonio and Luca are drinking lots of water to see who has the best aim."
Bronte bit down hard on her bottom lip, gave him wide eyes.
"Boys will be boys."
"There is nothing sacred in this house," he muttered.
She slid onto his knees and wrapped slim arms around his neck.
Emerald eyes filled with love and fun stared into his.
"You sulking?"
His nose kissed hers.
"I don't sulk."
"Okay, I'd call it a pout."
"I don't pout."
When his hands slid inside the silk to find skin her breath hitched.
Then his mouth took hers…….
Ah, I well remember the ping pong ball in the toilet.
So does my H and my son….
Posted in Ludlow Hall short story, The Ludlow Hall Series | Tagged blogging, cc mackenzie, contemporary romance, family, Humour, Kids, love and marriage, Marriage, relationships, toilet training, USA TODAY BESTSELLING AUTHOR, writing | 2 Replies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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You are here: Home Ships
There are huge commitments in terms of ships being made to the exercise; including the Irish Naval Vessel LÉ Orla and the Commissioner of Irish Lights vessel ILV Granuaile. These are being made in collaboration with the Irish Coast Guard, the Irish Defence Forces, Shannon Foynes Port Company, Sea-Pt, and the Naval Reserves.
In addition to these vessels, many smaller vessels will be on site for demonstration days, including several spectator boats and semi-inflatable rhibs.
LE Orla
L.É. ORLA was formerly the HMS SWIFT a British Royal Navy patrol vessel stationed in the waters of Hong Kong. She was purchased by the Irish State in 1988. The primary armament is a 76mm OTO MELARA compact gun and RADAMEC electro optical fire control system. L.É. ORLA is a high speed vessel, designed to move rapidly about the patrol area and to bring her considerable firepower to bear when necessary.
Granuaile
The Commissioner of Irish Lights' new aids to navigation vessel ILVGranuaile was bult by Damon Shipyards and delivered in January 2000. The third Irish light ship to be named Granuaile replaces the vessel of the same name, which was a familar sight around the coast of Ireland for over 30 years. The new vessel, at over 79m, is equiped with state-of-the-art technology including dynamic positioning.
Shannon 1
The Damen Multicat "Shannon 1", owned and operated by the Shannon Foynes Port Company, is used as a mulit-purpose workboat which includes servicing of naviagational aids as well as routine silt removal in the various ports along the lenght of the Shannon Estuary.
The Oil Spill Containment and Recovery vessel (OSCAR), which is stationed in Shannon-Foynes is held in joint ownership between Irish Coast Guard and Shannon Estuary Anti-pollution team (SEA-PT).
Celtic Rebel
Celtic Tugs was launched in 1995 with the aim of providing towage services in ports in Ireland and around the Irish coast and is the largest privately owned port towage and salvage fleet operator in Ireland.


More than four decades after the decriminalization of cannabis use in the Netherlands, the Dutch parliament finally voted to also decriminalize the cultivation of cannabis. This vote opens the way for regulation of the coffeeshop supply chain.
For 40 years, suppliers of coffeeshops and the coffeeshop owners have risked prosecution due to this deadlock.
The new measures were drafted by Vera Bergkamp of the liberal D66 political party, and passed 77 votes to 72. "This is an important step to end a stalemate that has lasted far too long." Bergkamp told Dutch press.
Due to the slim margin of votes in favour of the new legislation, and the reshuffle of parliament after the 2017 general election, it's possible that new policy maybe derailed, slowed down, or haulted. For example, present prime minister Mark Rutte, who's liberal-conservative party is currently leading the polls, does not support the new measures.
Dutch Style 'Coffeeshops' In Colorado?


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Cyber Security Games Hacking Hacks Nintendo Switch Technology
A Vulnerability Has Been Discovered in the Nintendo Switch
Apr 26, 2018 Cyber Security, Games, gaming, Nintendo, Nintendo Switch, Technology, Vulnerability
With all of the security breaches that have happened lately, I'm not surprised that we have a vulnerability on our hands. It's not to the magnitude of Equifax, mind you, but as I've been saying for a while now, we have to keep our data safe and protected. Security researchers from ReSwitched have discovered a vulnerability in the Nintendo Switch. The problem is that this could let hackers run arbitrary code on all current consoles. Known as "Fusée Gelée" ("Frozen Rocket"), it exploits code in the NVIDIA Tegra X1s USB recovery mode, bypassing software that would normally protect the critical bootROM.
The biggest concern is that this appears to be something that can't be patched, and could allow users to run pirated games. While no vulnerability is good, I think on the scale of good versus bad, this certainly isn't bad. I mean, the worst thing you can do is run a pirated game. Oooh. Too bad, Nintendo. Like I said before, it's not the magnitude of Equifax, for example, because no confidential data should be present. But again, that doesn't mean that you shouldn't keep your data protected.
The exploit involves kicking the Switch into USB recovery mode by shorting a pin on the right-hand Joy-Con connector. A payload is then sent at a crucial point during a USB check, forcing the system to "request up to 65,535 bytes per control request," much more than it can handle. That causes a DMA buffer overflow in the bootROM, giving hackers access to the normally-protected application stack. From there, they can run whatever code they want.
This is where it becomes a problem for Nintendo. Much like the one on your PC, the Tegra X1 bootROM on the Switch is hardcoded and can't be changed once it leaves the factory. This would be fine if it was secure, but unfortunately, it has the bad length error built into it. Which means, there's nothing that NVIDIA or Nintendo can do about it. And that's bad news for Nintendo because they have shipped 14.8 million units already, according to ReSwitched.
By exposing secret code in the Application stack, the exploit might allow hackers to reverse engineer application security and run pirated or emulated software. It could also be useful for less dodgy functions, like finally giving users the ability to backup game saves in case their Switch is stolen or broken. Again, this isn't extreme, but it is a pretty good way to be able to get around some of the rules imposed on us by Nintendo.
Nintendo does have one method of recourse. If they can detect users taking advantage of this bug, they can block them from being able to play online. Which may be a small price to pay for someone wanting to get around the system. There are a number of hacks online but beware of using any of them. As with anything – it may or may not harm your actual device.
Instagram Introduces "Data Download" Feature to Let You Keep Your Information
Here's Why You Shouldn't Blindly Trust Autonomous Car's "Autopilot" Feature
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Edderkoppen Teater, tidigare mellan 1967 och 2003 kallad ABC-teatret, är en teater på St. Olavs plass i Oslo. På repertoaren har man framförallt revy, fars och musikaler.

Externa länkar
 Edderkoppens webbplats

Teatrar i Norge
Byggnader i Oslo
Kultur i Oslo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Grumpy sure is one cutie patootie. He definitely doesn't look grumpy to me either. I hope you have many many years of love and happiness with your little guy.
Aaawww! Doesn't look "grumpy" to me. How precious! Mini's are so irresistable, aren't they?


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New 'Star Wars' Commercial Celebrates 40 Years of the Franchise
lizzy-buczak
"Stars Wars" is a force to be reckoned with.
An emotional trailer for the final chapter, "The Rise of Skywalker" aired during the commercial segment of the 2019 American Music Awards.
But rather than showcasing snippets from the upcoming film, the "special look" tapped into the love of the "Star Wars" fandom over the last 40-years.
The nearly 2-and-a-half minute trailer paid homage to the legacy of the franchise and the fandom that has made it such a global phenomenon.
"Star Wars" has touched the lives of fans all over the world, even if they've never seen a movie.
There were tributes to late Carrie Fisher and Peter Mayhew, who brought to life Princess Leia and Chewbacca, interspersed with behind-the-scenes footage dating back to the original filming alongside red carpet premieres from the past and present.
A sweet clip featuring the new wave of "Star Wars" actors, John Boyega and Daisy Ridley, geeking out over getting a Harrison Ford signed Hans Solo action figure underlined the franchise's generational impact.
To showcase the film's pop culture impact since its inception in 1977, there was footage from various fan conventions, cosplay outfits, and TV show clips referencing the film from the likes of "The Simpsons" and "How I Met Your Mother."
But the best retrospective clip came from footage of the midnight premieres with lines wrapped around the theater.
"I sat outside the theater to watch them at midnight with my dad," "Scandal" star Kerry Washington recalled nostalgically.
Sadly, all good things must come to an end, and that end is coming to theaters on December 20, 2019.
May the force be with you one last time.


text:
As Caeleb Dressel chases Team USA gold in Tokyo Olympics, family watches on edge of seats
Clayton Freeman
By now, Olympic fans the world over have seen the tears of jubilation from Caeleb Dressel after his long-awaited first individual gold medal.
And they've watched his family screaming along with every stroke.
"He's just a little guy," said his older sister, Kaitlyn, "but somehow he made it on the big-time TV, and it's just crazy."
While Caeleb Dressel challenges the world's best in the Olympic swimming competition at the Tokyo Aquatics Center, the Green Cove Springs native's family has been riding a tsunami of emotion from halfway around the planet in Florida.
"We're still in disbelief, excited, happy for him, all of those things kind of meshed together," Mike Dressel said.
Golden moment:Watch Caeleb Dressel break down in tears after winning gold in Tokyo Olympics
Not his first emotional win: Caeleb Dressel's 2019 World Championships run was another tear-jerker
Two records, eight hours:Florida's Caeleb Dressel breaks second Olympic record in 100 fly
Tough to watch:High-stakes anxiety as families of Olympic swimmers Dressel, Murphy also feel the pressure
Caeleb Dressel's family glued to the TV for every race
Gathered in Kissimmee for the Olympic week, the Dressel family — including father Mike, mother Christina, wife Meghan and siblings Tyler, Kaitlyn and Sherridon — has been glued to every move.
The heats. The semifinals. The finals. Watching the medals mount.
That is, for the ones who can even watch.
"Everybody reacts to the races differently," Tyler said. "Some people stand up and they're screaming their heads off. Other people kind of freeze up and internalize everything."
Because of COVID-19 protocols, organizers aren't allowing spectators, families included, at the Olympic venues in Tokyo for these virus-delayed Games.
"That's one thing we miss, being here and not in Tokyo," Mike said. "We've seen a lot of these races at big meets every year. We get the parents on our team and kind of bond with them, and then we make friends with parents on the other teams as well."
But regardless of the time zone or the ZIP code, the Dressels aren't just viewing the Olympics.
They're living them.
Tonight's big race:How to watch Caeleb Dressel in tonight's Olympics 100-meter butterfly
Wild workload:Caeleb Dressel's long road from Green Cove Springs to Team USA and 2021 Tokyo Olympics
From the archives: Dressel shares a special bond with Clay High teacher
They've watched the 24-year-old grow from his Clay High School days into a world-record holder, a 13-time FINA champion (seven gold medals in 2017, six in 2019), and the rapidly-rising face of American swimming, a status that extends from his "Make Waves" campaigns with Speedo — the swimwear manufacturer is hosting the family's watch party for Saturday night's finals — to his appearances on national broadcasts, even the Today Show, throughout the Games.
And they've endured the year-plus of uncertainty about the Olympics' status amid the coronavirus pandemic.
"That has been the hardest year. That's the emotions of all that hard work, waiting that extra year," Christina said. "It's just hard."
Olympic trials were enough of an emotional ride
The U.S. Olympic Trials, which wrapped up in June in Omaha, Neb., had already steered the family through one week-long emotional roller coaster.
Multiply the thrill of competition with the spotlight of the Olympics and the emotional strain of the 7,000-mile distance from Tokyo to Florida.
The resulting tension: off the charts.
The world watched the family's thrill ride during Caeleb's 100-meter freestyle final on Wednesday night. He launched from the block in front — his spring-loaded start that rockets him into the early lead in virtually every race he swims — but after he turned for home and edged ahead of Russian rival Kliment Kolesnikov, a yellow swim cap surged into view two lanes away.
The hard part was watching Australian Kyle Chalmers, Olympic champion in 2016, claw through the water stroke by stroke by stroke. The lead was shrinking. The wall was approaching.
"You're watching in real-time, you're cheering, and all these races are so close," Mike said. "On the TV there was an OR [Olympic Record], and that was his lane, so I knew he had won it. But it's so quick to process everything that's going on."
The long-awaited individual Olympic gold brought tears to Caeleb's eyes as he spoke with NBC following his victory.
"They're happy tears, but it's very emotional, especially for him but for us here... we're very, very proud," Tyler said. "It kind of hits home."
By Thursday evening, he had captured two gold medals in Tokyo. He's not slowing down. The tension isn't letting up.
The Dressels are weathering the tension. But they're also looking forward to the day when they can gather again, now as the family of an Olympic individual champion.
"He's just going to want to come back and chill," Mike said.
"I know all of us would love to run up and hug him and be cheering with him in person," Kaitlyn said. "But at the same time, I just think we're so excited that the athletes finally get to compete. It really doesn't matter that we're halfway across the world."


GIFT IDEAS: This meaningful sign makes the perfect gift idea for the Husky lover, friend or mom in your life and for yourself.
PHOTO PROP: Perfect prop for taking a picture of your beloved Husky. Show your Husky pride when taking pictures.
DECOR: Show off the love you have of your Husky. Word art decorates any wall and gives a special meaning for your love of animals.


For every beginning, there's an end. The end, no matter if time is viewed as linear or cyclical, can through a change of perspective or a process of amelioration be considered the instigator of new beginnings. Yearly, by day, and by the minute things begin, and others end. Somethings are dragged out and others pass from birth to death in such quick succession we barely notice their passage from one to the other.
Much in the same way as time, baseball is fathomed, compartmentalized, and measured as either linear or cyclical. For instance, it is easy to grasp a single game in linear terms; there's a beginning and end. Seasons have a beginning and end. Streaks have a beginning and end. However, when you're wrapped up in it, experiencing it and studying a game, games, a season, the cyclical aspect of baseball opens up passages that were once obscured. Games begin to look the same, months aren't counted by day but by series, the distinction between at-bats rounds off into the average of their operator's greater body of work. You lose yourself in the constant stream of cause and effect.
Dee Gordon and Edwin Diaz are the Alpha and Omega of the Mariners. One is a lead-off hitter and the other a closing pitcher. One is built to add and the other to subtract. One represents life, the other, death.
It's speed and calculation that unites them. Dee Gordon has led the league in steals three times in his career and currently leads the league in steals this year. Gordon is dangerous because any ball he puts into play needs special care when delivered to a bag. His speed compacts time and diminished a fielder's probability to correctly execute whatever action they must make to retire him. When recently asked in an interview why the legendary Cool Papa Bell was his favorite player of all time, Gordon said, Cool Papa was fast, hit well, and was fast. Dee knows how his gift to manipulate time gives him more control of the game on the base paths than most players and he generates runs as a result. This season, nearly a quarter of the M's total runs have come in the 1stinning.
In the inverse, Edwin Diaz uses speed to kill. Throwing in the high 90s to over 100 MPH Diaz's arm comes down on his opponents like a scythe and they end their at-bat how it began, inert.
In eight games, Diaz has registered a 0.00 ERA, with seven saves, only one hit, and 16 strikeouts. He's been nearly unhittable—His pitches a manifestation of perfectly calculated chaos. Watching him this season has been otherworldly. His talent looks as though it surpasses man's abilities to combat it.
Gordon and Diaz bookend a highly talented group of ballplayers and energize the lot through their electric polarity. One begins the assault and the other ends it. One ends it, and the other begins where he left off. Nearly every day for the next five months one will begin where the other ended and so forth and so on. Games will bleed into series, and into a cyclical narrative of success, failure, and tomorrow.
If Gordon continues to get on base and manufacture runs through his incredible speed and baseball acumen then he'll continue to be the spark that Jean Segura, Robinson Cano, and Nelson Cruz need to drive in early runs. Likewise, if Diaz can maintain at 85% of what he's doing now, he'll still be otherworldly.
They are the alpha and omega of this team and hold the keys to the two most fundamental components of the game of baseball: scoring runs and getting outs. They truly are the beginning and the end of why we're all here watching this game.


You are about to start a new chapter in your life: college! So as you begin, you run down the checklist. Applied to college? Check! Got accepted to a college? Check! Decided on a major…? Well, maybe! Spoken to your advisor? Check! Enrolled in your classes? Check!
This list seems pretty comprehensive, like you have got all of your bases covered. But wait! There is one step that many students overlook, which can often be to their detriment. That step is… ordering the textbooks you need for your classes!
It is easy to forget about ordering the textbooks for class because most high schools provide the textbooks each student needs for class. But in college, it is up to you to make sure that you have the materials necessary for the course. Your professor often cannot provide these books for you.
It can also be difficult to know what textbooks you need to order, especially if your professor has not uploaded a syllabus to your course site before the semester has started or if you have not completely settled on what your course schedule will be. How can you order books when you have not been told which ones to order? And how can your order books when you do not know what class you will be in, in the end? Sometimes you may have to wait until the semester starts, which can feel a little late, or until you have finally decided on what classes you will be taking.
Textbooks for college courses can also be incredibly expensive! Many believe that this is simply a myth, but it is very, very true! Studies have proven how expensive college textbooks can be. The American Enterprise Institute's Mark Perry showed 812% rise in the cost of course materials since 1978, as captured in the Bureau of Labor Statistics' consumer price index data, which is way higher than even the rate of inflation over the same period!
And the National Association of College Stores reports that the average college student pays about $655 for textbooks and supplies annually. This can really financially drain college students that are already struggling to make ends meet.
While many students, professors, and institutions alike have rallied against the tyranny of the textbook and have sought ways to combat its rising prices or find alternatives to them, it seems like the textbook is here to stay.
If the textbook really is here to stay, you might as well embrace it and figure out how to buy it, no matter how expensive or how elusive the book list may seem. So now you are committed to it, you know you have to buy the textbook. But where? How? What is the place to start?
Most college students buy their textbooks online. While your professors may recommend that you go and buy your books from the campus bookstore, there are many more pros to purchasing it online that both outweigh the pros of the campus bookstore and has fewer cons as well. The biggest pro that purchasing your textbooks online can have (usually) is that the cost of your textbook will be cheaper. As keeping costs down is usually of utmost importance to college students, you will most likely want to purchase your textbooks online as well.
But if you have ever even tried to purchase a textbook online, you might have noticed that there are hundreds of sources to get your books from online—which textbook finder website is the right one for you? How can you get the best deal, find everything you need, and have the best customer service experience?
Read on to learn the details of the leading textbook finder websites so you can find the best fit for you and have the best experience possible!
"TextSurf helps you find the best price for your books — whether you want to buy or rent — by searching all book retailers at once," Textsurf describes itself. It compares all the prices that retailers are selling their books at and lays the prices side by side, so you can compare them and know for sure that you are getting the best deal possible. The site also lets you see what the price difference would be if you bought the textbook versus if you rented it, so you truly know what the best option is for you and can make the most informed choice possible.
Another positive aspect of Textsurf is their library of articles, giving advice to students trying to do their best and find the most affordable options for their textbooks. From articles like "Should You Buy or Rent Your Textbooks?" to "Textbook vs. E-Book: What's the Better Choice?" to "10 Textbooks You'll Want On Your Bookshelf After Graduation," you can really find any piece of advice you are looking for or learn the best option for you for anything related to books right from their own website.
DealOz is a great website to help you get started on purchasing your textbooks. What is awesome about this textbook finding website is that it shows you the price of the textbook you are looking for, for every single option. These factors can include condition or if you want to rent or purchase. With DealOz, you can compare prices, as the site allows you to search over 20,000 online stores in one place. You also have the ability to scan a barcode on a product to help you to search prices.
You can receive Cashback rewards from selected stores, which is an awesome perk for any college student. If you are on the fence about which site to purchase a textbook from in order to get the best deal, DealOz will allow you to set price alerts to buy products at any price you set it to. DealOz also sends really great and exclusive coupons right to your email, which offers you even more savings. Last but not least, DealOz allows you to sell or sell back your used textbooks to them in return for cash, and at competitive prices.
One of the nicest features of DealOz is that it includes shipping fees in the final price that it projects for you. The site automatically displays shipping cost in addition to book prices, helping you to make sure that you are not being bamboozled and are truly getting the best final price for your buck. It will also help you to search and apply any coupon codes that may be available to you, which is awesome. Many sites do not want you to really use their coupon codes and will not go out of their way to present that code to you if you were not already aware of it.
DealOz even has an app now, which means you have the added bonus and convenience of doing all of this from your phone instead of your laptop, so you can search out the best textbook deals even on the go.
It was founded in 1997 by then 19-year-old Anirvan Chatterjee, who was a University of California Berkeley undergraduate student at the time, and who recognized how hard it could be to find textbooks and find textbooks at an affordable price, at that. It was one of the earliest vertical search engines for books online, so it has a long, illustrious, and trustworthy history.
One awesome benefit of using BookFinder is that it compiles textbook prices from many different sellers, and then returns that information to you sorted by author. Once you choose the correct book and author, it will put all of your options on display from cheapest to most expensive. Its interface is also really user-friendly—the design and layout are simple, making it easy to use, and there is not too much on the page. It sticks to the bare bones and essentials of what you need in order to not get distracted or bogged down during your search for the best textbook option possible. The site focuses on what it considers the two most important elements: the book price and the shipping price.
One con to the site though that you might want to keep an eye out for is that BookFinder will not seek out extra or additional coupon codes or discounts that might be available, that if you knew about, might have changed your mind about which textbook to purchase and from whom. You would have to do research on promotions and coupons yourself to make sure that you were truly getting the best price possible before making your final purchases.
"AbeBooks is an online marketplace for books, fine art, and collectibles where you can discover and buy the things you love. Trusted independent sellers from around the world offer for sale millions of new, used and rare books, as well as art and collectibles through the AbeBooks websites," The website explains about itself.
Abebooks is special because you can get more than just books from the site, though this article focuses more on the details of its textbook selling capabilities. And the books it sells come in such a wide variety. Abebooks is often compared to eBay or called the eBay for books because it compiles the prices it displays from a plethora of used bookstore retailers.
Unfortunately, the site does have its share of negative aspects. This first con can be a real deal breaker for college students who need to get the textbooks they order in a timely fashion so that they receive it with enough time to actually read it and get their assignments from the book done on time, so be aware. As Abebooks just connects you with used book retailers, they cannot control shipping time. If you are not careful when checking the shipping dates when making a purchase, it could take between three to five weeks before you receive your book. You do not want to get stuck in a pickle because the book you ordered is not going to arrive on time for you to use it for your class. And you most certainly do not want to have to pay for the same book twice when the first copy your order is not going to make it to you on time.
Another con to the website is the unreliability of its merchants. While this is often outside the scope or control of Abebooks directly, it is the site's choice to partner with these merchants who are often deceptive about their wares in order to get them sold. Users often complain about inconsistencies in their purchases from the descriptions of their textbook merchants listen once they actually received them, including the condition the book was in. There are also often shipping errors or issues and many of the vendors are unreliable with refunds should a book need to be returned or is not what the vendor promised. Slant reports that only about 20% of orders from Abebooks are actually fulfilled as promised, which is not a very high margin. You may want to do yourself a favor and order from a website that will give you less hassle and less headache, even if the price is a little bit more.
What is truly special about Occupy the Bookstore is how it works: as a plugin. It works with most schools' "find my textbooks" function. Once it recognizes the textbooks the student is looking for, the plugin compiles a list of all available sources with a price comparison. The site does not replace popular textbook retailers but instead helps users find the best source.
Another nice feature to this site is that you do not have to retype the information on the textbook over and over again. Because it is a plugin, once it latches on to the book you need, it remembers it and you do not have to keep retyping your ISBN number in, which can be a hassle as you search for the best deal.
But because this is a plugin, it is not compatible with every college's campus bookstore. The plugin will only work if the university bookstore's web address ends in Neebo.com, BKSTR.com, or BNCollege.com. If the university bookstore does not use these services, then its website will not be compatible with the plugin yet. Another con to the plugin is that it is limited on which servers it is compatible with. At this time, the plugin is only compatible with Google Chrome and will not run on other internet servers such as Firefox.


text:
Q: Divi child theme refuse override parent CSS - body if this question is duplicate of some other, i do apologize. But i am not able to find the right answer.
I am building some web page. I use Divi theme via WordPress. I've created child theme of Divi theme.
I've attached custom style.css via function.php in child theme:
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'enqueue_parent_styles' );
function enqueue_parent_styles() {
wp_enqueue_style( 'parent-style',
get_template_directory_uri().'/style.css' );
}

But when I want to change some main elements, like body{}, it does not override parent style. Mine actual customization process is:

*

*Find which id/class have the element, which i wanna change.

*Via additional CSS in the theme customize the element with class/id I've found.

*Hope that it will have the exact behavior I want.

I can't find any good source to learn how this all parent->child customization works and I struggle with basic things. Can you help me, how to easily change many elements of parent's theme?
Any help would be nice. Thank you guys!
Edit: There is code from site:
site_inspect
And there is code in my css:
body.custom-background {
background-image: url("images/pozadie_B5.png");
background-color: black;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-position: center -25%;
}

When i place this in Additional CSS in THEME customizer, then it works. But in style.css in my child theme it does not.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Is there such thing as a LPD (little printed dress)?!? If so, this is it! Perfect for a night out, this fitted, cutout mini is a summer must.
Model is 5' 6" and wearing a small.
Measured from size small: Length is 36" from shoulder and 32" from neckline. Skirt width is 12" adjustable due to smocking.


text:
Q: react createref was returning the error due to wrong implementation This is the edited question after submitting the answer
In this code, my file browser will now directly open but when I am submiting the final button then I am not getting the updated state.
uploadImage() will be converting the image to base 64 and then update the value on the state.
uploadCode() will be used to final send the data after clicking on submit button. I have checked that I am not getting the updated value of state in this function according to this logic i.e label & htmlFor.
My earlier logic was fine when click on upload image div then set the state variable show image from false to true; Choose file button only visible when state is true. Rest all implementation is same and that was working fine. But now I am be able to getting the updated state that is why when submit button click I am not getting the image as state is not updated.
 constructor(props, context) {
    super(props, context);
    this.inputFile = React.createRef()
    this.onButtonClick = this.onButtonClick.bind(this);
}
uploadImage = (e) => {
    console.log('function called')
/*************New Edit*************/
// getting the image through base64 string and then update it on state;
this.setState({image: myBase64String}, () => { console.log(this.state.image )});
// Return the string through above console
  }

uploadCode = () => {
const {image} = this.state;
console.log(image);//returns undefined;
}
render(){
 return (

<Button onClick={()=>this.uploadCode()} >SUBMIT</Button>

        <FormControl
          style={{display: 'none'}}
          id="formControlsFile"
          type="file"
          label="File"
          onChange={this.uploadImage}
          name="image"
          ref={this.inputFile}
        />
        <label
          style={{display: 'inline-block'}}
          // onClick={this.onButtonClick}
          htmlFor="formControlsFile" <---- binding to the input tag using the same id
        >

)
}

A: You are trying to open the file explorer when user clicks on the . However, you do not need to simulate the click behaviour to achieve that. You can make use of the html  tag to bind the onclick functionality of <input type="file" />. Here's how -
class App extends Component {
  constructor(props, context) {
    super(props, context)
    /* You won't need these
    this.inputFile = React.createRef()
    this.onButtonClick = this.onButtonClick.bind(this)
    */
  }

  uploadImage = (e) => {
    console.log('function called')
/*************New Edit*************/
// getting the image through base64 string and then update it on state;
this.setState({image: myBase64String}, () => { console.log(this.state.image )});
// Return the string through above console
  }

  /* You won't need these
  onButtonClick = () => {
    console.log('div clicked')
    this.inputFile.current.click()
  }
  */
uploadCode = () => {
const {image} = this.state;
console.log(image);//returns undefined;
}
  render() {
    return (

<Button onClick={()=>this.uploadCode()} >SUBMIT</Button>

        <FormControl
          style={{display: 'none'}}
          id="formControlsFile"
          type="file"
          label="File"
          onChange={this.uploadImage}
          name="image"
          ref={this.inputFile}
        />
        <label
          style={{display: 'inline-block'}}
          // onClick={this.onButtonClick}
          htmlFor="formControlsFile" <---- binding to the input tag using the same id
        >

    )
  }
}

You can find more information about  tag here.


We have a vision, a compelling picture of the future that drives us forward. But what do we do to get there? We daily pursue the mission in order to see the vision realized. And what is our mission? To make disciples of all people. Pastor John opens up Matthew 28 and Jesus' Great Commission to his disciples.
Our mission is to make disciples of all people in the reconciling Good News of Jesus Christ through Gospel proclamation (salvation by grace through faith in Christ alone) and Kingdom demonstration (Spirit-led deeds of love, justice and mercy).


text:
Diagram tříd popisuje statickou strukturu systému, znázorňuje datové struktury a operace u objektů a souvislosti mezi objekty. Znázorňuje datový model systému od konceptuální úrovně až po implementaci. Datové struktury zařazuje do tříd a zobrazuje vztahy těchto tříd.

Základní definice
Patří do skupiny UML diagramů a je hlavním stavebním kamenem objektově orientovaného modelování. Používá se jak pro běžné koncepční modelování, tak i k detailnímu modelování či převodu modelů do programového kódu. Diagram tříd může být také použit pro modelování dat.

Části diagramu
Diagram tříd kromě datové struktury obsahuje třídy systému, jejich atributy, metody či operace a také vztahy mezi jednotlivými objekty.

Třídy

Základním objektem diagramu tříd jsou pochopitelně třídy. Ty jsou většinou zastoupeny podobnými "boxy", jako jsou na obrázku. Třídy jsou rozděleny do 3 základních částí. Jsou to tyto:
 V horní části třídy je tučným písmem název celé třídy. Ten by měl začínat velkým písmenem. Pokud by byl název víceslovný je vhodné použít CamelCase.
 Ve střední části jsou atributy třídy. Ty začínají dle standardů malým písmenem. Opět je zde pří víceslovných názvech použit CamelCase. Atributy jsou vlastně vlastnosti, které tato třída obsahuje. Na vzorovém příkladu na obrázku vlevo jsou to pro entitu zákazník vlastnosti jako adresa, telefon atd.
 Ve spodní části třídy jsou obsaženy metody a operace, které může tato třída provést. Stejně jako u atributů začínají malým písmenem, podléhají CamelCase a jsou na konci označeny ještě závorkami.

Viditelnost
Další součástí tříd jsou také symboly, které označují viditelnost jednotlivých částí diagramu a tříd. V příkladu na obrázku 2 jsou u atributů znaky "-" a u metod znaky "+". Ty zde nejsou náhodně. Označují viditelnost jednotlivých částí diagramu. Pro přehled, co který znak znamená, poslouží následující tabulka.

Vztahy
Nedílnou součástí jsou jednotlivé vztahy dle UML, které propojují jednotlivé instance (třídy) v diagramu.

Mohutnost (Multiplicity)
Než přejdeme k jednotlivým vztahům mezi instancemi diagramu, je třeba probrat mohutnost vztahů. Ve zkratce můžeme použít tuto definici. Mohutnost vztahu udává, kolik instancí jedné třídy může být svázáno s instancí třídy druhé.

Pro upřesnění si uvedeme pár příkladů.

Abychom shrnuli tuto část. Na obrázku 3 je zobrazen jednoduchý vztah mezi instacemi A a B. Podle definice v této kapitole je tedy jasné, že instance ze třídy A může být svázáno s jednou nebo více instacemi ze třídy B.

Vztahy na úrovni instance

Závislost (Dependency)
Závislost je vztah mezi závislými a nezávislými prvky modelu. Je vytvořena mezi dvěma prvky. Pokud dojde ke změně definice jednoho prvku (server nebo cíl) můžou se změny projevit i na straně druhé (dále jen klient nebo zdroj). Tato asociace je jednosměrná.

Asociace (Association)
Dalším ze vztahů je asociace. Ta představuje statický vztah sdílené mezi objekty dvou tříd.

Nejčastějším typem asociace je binární asociace (se dvěma konci). Ta je obvykle reprezentována jako čára. Asociace však může propojit libovolný počet tříd. Asociace se třemi odkazy se nazývá ternární asociace. Samotná asociace může být v grafickém UML vzhledu pojmenována, mít přiřazena jména rolí, mohutnost, viditelnost či jiné další vlastnosti.

Existují čtyři různé typy sdružení: obousměrný, jednosměrný, agregace (zahrnuje agregaci složení) a reflexivní. Obousměrné i jednosměrné sdružení jsou nejobvyklejší. Například, třída, je spojena s rovinou třídy obousměrně.

Agregace (Aggregation)
Agregace vyjadřuje slabší vztah mezi objektem a jeho částmi. Objektu reprezentujícímu celek se říká agregační (seskupený) objekt, jeho částem pak konstituční objekty (konstituenty).

Vlastnosti agregace jsou:
 Seskupený objekt může existovat bez svých konstitučních objektů.
 Konstituent může být součástí více seskupení.
V UML jazyce je graficky znázorněna jako nevyplněný diamant.

Příklad: Knihovna má studenty a knihy. Student však může existovat bez knihovny. Vztah mezi studentem a knihovnou je tedy agregace.

Kompozice, složení (Composition)
Kompozice vyjadřuje silnější vztah mezi objektem a jeho částmi. Objektu reprezentujícímu celek se říká kompozitní (složený) objekt, jeho částem pak komponentní (složkové) objekty.

Vlastnosti kompozice jsou:
 Složený objekt nemůže existovat bez svých komponent.
 Komponentní objekt může být součástí pouze jedné kompozice.
V UML jazyce je graficky znázorněna vyplněným diamantem.

Příklad: Faktura se skládá z jedné nebo více položek. V okamžiku, kdy faktura z nějakého důvodu zanikne, jsou nám k ničemu i položky pro tuto fakturu.

Vztahy na úrovni třídy

Dědičnost (Generalization)

Dědičnost je hierarchický vztah mezi třídami. Jeden ze dvou příbuzných tříd (podtříd), je považován za specializovaný druh druhého (super typu). V praxi to znamená, že každý případ potomka je také instancí rodičovské třídy.

V UML jazyce je grafický symbol pro dědičnost trojúhelník.

Jako vysvětlující příklad použijeme jednoduchý příklad z biologie.

Lidé jsou podtřídou opic, Ty jsou zase podtřídou savců atd. To znamená, že všechny opice jsou savci, mají jejich vlastnosti atd. Jsou zvláštní podtřídou savců a mají své specifické atributy, ale ty základní, dědí od své rodičovské třídy, tedy savců.

Realizace (Realization)
Realizace je vztah mezi zdrojovou (mateřskou) třídou a její realizací dceřinou třídou. Nejčastěji je to vztah mezi rozhraním a třídou. Ve chvíli kdy jsou tyto 2 třídy propojeny vztahem realizace, označujeme tak fakt, že třída implementuje všechny operace z daného rozhraní.

Realizace může však být také vztah mezi třídami, rozhraní, komponenty a balíčky, které spojuje klientský prvek s prvkem dodavatelským.

Závislost (Dependency)
Závislost je slabší forma vztahu, která naznačuje, že jedna třída závisí na jiné, protože používá v určitém okamžiku v čase parametr, proměnnou nebo místní proměnnou závislé třídy. Někdy je vztah mezi dvěma třídami velmi slabý.

Reference

Externí odkazy

Unified Modeling Language


text:
Ige Asks Hawaii County Mayor To Take Over TMT Talks - Honolulu Civil Beat
Ige Asks Hawaii County Mayor To Take Over TMT Talks
UPDATED: The governor finally visits the mountain on Day 9 of massive protests against the Thirty Meter Telescope construction.
By Anita Hofschneider / July 23, 2019
Hawaii Gov. David Ige wants Hawaii County Mayor Harry Kim to take the lead on negotiating with opponents of the planned Thirty Meter Telescope who are engaged in a massive protest to prevent its construction on Mauna Kea, a mountain they consider sacred.
The governor issued a statement Tuesday morning on the ninth day of protests before visiting activists camping on the mountain in the late afternoon. Hundreds of people were gathered peacefully at Puʻu Huluhulu across from Mauna Kea Access Road to oppose the project.
The governor was greeted with lei and hugs by activists, Hawaii News Now reported around 5:45 p.m.
Anti-TMT demonstrators conduct ceremonies to welcome the sun at the base of Mauna Kea on July 15. Cory Lum/Civil Beat/2019
Earlier, Kahoʻokahi Kanuha, one of the activists' leaders, told news media that he's encouraged by Ige's decision to pass control to Kim.
"He lives in this community. He knows this community," Kanuha said, adding that Kim, a Hilo resident, had visited the activists' camp three times. Ige flew to Hawaii Island last week but did not go to Puʻu Huluhulu.
Meanwhile, a three-judge panel of the First Circuit Court ruled Tueday that Paul Neves must be allowed to ascend to the summit of Mauna Kea to conduct his cultural practice. Neves had sued to challenge Ige's emergency proclamation allowing the state to more strictly control access to the mountain.
The judges allowed the rest of the emergency proclamation to stay in place, and exception is for Neves alone.
While there wasn't a temporary halt of the emergency proclamation, attorney David Kopper of the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation still has 10 days to file for an injunction that could put a stop to Ige's proclamation.
In another court ruling Tuesday, a judge in Hilo denied protesters' request for a temporary restraining order to stop TMT construction.
Mayor Harry Kim has been asked by Gov. David Ige to take the lead role in TMT negotiations. Cory Lum/Civil Beat/2019
Regarding Ige's statement about Kim, Kanuha said he was pleased that the governor referred to activists as "protectors" rather than "protesters." They call themselves kiaʻi, the Hawaiian word for guard.
"For the first time he has acknowledged us as protectors of Mauna Kea," Kanuha said. "We're encouraged and filled with hope by the governor's new language."
Kanuha still wants daily access for kupuna to conduct cultural practices on the mountain in exchange for allowing observatory staff to go up. The entire staffs of the existing Mauna Kea observatories evacuated the mountain last week amid concerns over inconsistent access.
Can The Thirty Meter Telescope Survive Growing Opposition?
Nick Grube/Civil Beat
Politicians Weigh In On TMT Protests As Standoff Continues
A Look At The Science Of The Thirty Meter Telescope
Activists have allowed support and emergency staff to pass their blockade on Mauna Kea Access Road but won't permit observatory staff to pass. They have requested one vehicle of cultural practitioners be allowed drive up to the summit daily but state authorities, who have a checkpoint a few yards up the Mauna Kea Access Road from the protesters' own checkpoint, have denied the request for a week.
Ige is under pressure from both supporters and opponents of the TMT to take decisive action — either clear the road for construction, which was supposed to begin last week, or give up on the telescope being built in Hawaii. The state made dozens of arrests last week but didn't remove all the activists blocking the road. Since then, opposition to the project has spawned protests across Hawaii and elsewhere in the U.S.
Ige said in his Tuesday morning statement that he's asking Kim to "coordinate both county and state efforts to peacefully attempt to reach common ground with the protectors of Maunakea and the broader community."
"Mayor Kim is closest to the situation and the impacts are greatest on the island he leads," Ige said. He said both of them share the goal of achieving a peaceful resolution that satisfies most people in the community.
"I support the vision he has widely articulated for Maunakea as a beacon of hope and discovery for the world that brings us together rather than divides us," Ige said. "And we both understand that the issues underlying what is taking place today are far deeper than TMT or Maunakea. They are about righting the wrongs done to the Hawaiian people going back more than a century."
Ige said he will continue to work with Kim to determine the next steps for the project.
Kim did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Ige's statement. The mayor's staff said he was talking to the governor at the time.
"Things are happening fast and it's a fluid situation," said Dan Meisenzhal, spokesman of the University of Hawaii, when reached about the governor's statement. "We're just being made aware of that statement as well."
This is a developing story. Check Civil Beat later for more updates. Civil Beat reporters Blaze Lovell, Jason Armstrong and Chad Blair contributed to this report.
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Anita Hofschneider
Anita Hofschneider is a reporter for Civil Beat. You can reach her by email at anita@civilbeat.org or follow her on Twitter at @ahofschneider.
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text:
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Agree Ceasefire after Border Clashes
Olzhas Auyezov, Olga Dzyubenko, Nazarali Pirnazarov
Protesters hold a rally to demand of authorities to hand over weapons to volunteers willing to support residents of Kyrgyzstan's southern Batken province following clashes with Tajik troops, near the government house in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, May 1, 2021. REUTERS/Vladimir Pirogov
BISHKEK (Reuters) - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan agreed what they called a complete ceasefire on Saturday after reports of fresh shooting and troop build-ups in the aftermath of border clashes earlier this week that killed 49 people.
The heads of the countries' state security bodies announced the agreement in a joint briefing in Kyrgyzstan hours after Kyrgyzstan's border guard service said Tajik troops opened fire on Kyrgyz vehicles on their side of the border.
The presidents of the two Central Asian nations also spoke on the phone on Saturday to discuss further steps, their offices said.
"The tragedy that happened in the border area must never happen again," Saimumin Yatiyev, head of Tajikistan's State National Security Committee, said as he stood next to his Kyrgyz counterpart Kamchybek Tashiyev.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov spoke by phone with his counterparts in both countries, urging them to stick to the ceasefire agreement, the Russian Foreign Ministry said.
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which are former Soviet republics, host Russian military bases and consider Moscow a strategic ally.
The clashes broke out this week along the frontier between Tajikistan's Sughd province and Kyrgyzstan's southern Batken province because of a dispute over a reservoir and pump, claimed by both sides, on the Isfara River.
Villagers from opposing sides hurled rocks at each other and border guards joined the fray with guns, mortars and even, according to Kyrgyz border guards, a Tajik attack helicopter.
At least one Kyrgyz border outpost and a number of houses on both sides were set ablaze and Kyrgyzstan said it had evacuated thousands of people from the area.
Kyrgyz authorities reported 34 people killed, all but three of them civilians, and 132 wounded. Local government sources in Tajikistan said 15 people had been killed on its side, including six border guards and one policeman.
KYRGYZSTAN, TAJIKISTAN, CEASEFIRE, CENTRAL ASIA, BISHKEK


text:
State testing results show improvement at all Quay County schools
QCS Senior Writer
The 2015-2016 Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers tests show growth in all three Quay County public schools.
PARCC scores were released last week.
Logan, Tucumcari and San Jon elementary, middle schools and high schools all showed growth in student proficiency in English language arts and math.
PARCC tests students from third grade through 11th grade in English language arts and math, including algebra and geometry, said Arron McKinney, Tucumcari's superintendent.
McKinney said the PARCC testing is actually measuring the yearly growth of students. He said this system is new and educators and administrators are still learning how to interpret the results.
The PARCC test is in its second year of use by the New Mexico Public Education Department. It was developed to replace another state-standardized test for a more modern assessment, said Logan Municipal Schools Superintendent Dennis Roch.
Roch said the PARCC test provides ways for teachers and parents to determine where a student needs help, or is excelling, so they are able to enhance instruction to meet individual student needs. He said teachers can also use the data to change and improve the way they teach the curriculum.
PARCC records scores from Level 1 — did not meet expectations — through Level 5, which means exceeded expectations.
All three Quay County public school systems showed areas of growth in proficiency and decreases in the percentage of students not meeting proficiency.
"For Logan Elementary, we had more than 53 percent of the fifth-grade students meet or exceed the expectations and state average in English language arts," said Roch. He said in this type of testing you want to come in below the state average on failing to meet and be above the state average of meeting and exceeding.
"In theory, the test is designed to help (ensure) our teachers' methods of teaching the curriculum is successful," said Tucumcari Public Schools Assistant Superintendent Dave Johnson.
Johnson said administrators and school principals are working on breaking the PARCC results down to better understand where they stand. He said there are many bright spots on the list, including the middle schools algebra 1 testing that shows 37.8 percent meeting and exceeding expectations.
"However, if you would combine the score of the eighth-grade math it would show that more than 52 percent of the students tested were meeting or exceeding expectation, or the state average," Johnson said.
"Our goal is the same as the state to have every student meet or exceed expectation on the test," Johnson said. "Although as educators, we know that simply will not be the case."
Johnson said, in theory, the system is supposed to help educators compare how the third grade is progressing and if the now fourth-graders are showing a year's growth when tested again.
"In a way, this gives teachers what they need, a measuring stick, to be able to see their progress and identify the areas that need improvement," he said.
McKinney said the PARCC test is a measuring tool for the schools to see student growth.
Roch said the PARCC system helps educators see if they have been able to close gaps and help students in areas where they are or have been struggling. He said in the long run, this system is designed to help the development of the student throughout school into high school where the stakes are much higher with competency testing and college readiness tests.
"The PARCC system is working toward making students successful as they transition through the different levels of their education," Roch said. "Ultimately, it is designed to have our students better prepared for success in their pursuit of higher education after graduation."
Roch said one of the main reasons for an increase of proficiency in the math portion of the PARCC for Logan schools is the change in math curriculum. He said in the first year of the PARCC, Logan schools were using a new style of math curriculum that didn't go over so well with the students.
"It was decided that the previous math curriculum worked better for the students," Roch said.
In addition to the growth by the students at San Jon schools, graduating students had also scored higher on their college-entrance exams, said Colin Taylor, San Jon superintendent.
"I am very pleased with the PARCC results but we still have some work to do," Taylor said.
Taylor said the main area for improvement is in math. He said the school is working on developing curriculum to improve the math growth at the school.
"This year's results did, however, show the effort put in by the teachers to improve the reading and language arts," Taylor said. "The schools have done really well. There is still room for improvement and plans are in place to make those improvements possible."
Overdose deaths increase in Tucumcari
Jail Log— Oct. 5
Menus—Oct. 5
Racino pushed for Quay County
Calendar—Oct. 5


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text:
Evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of 20% Punica granatum, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite used alone or in combinations against Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro study
Laxmish Mallya1, Ramya Shenoy2, Kundabala Mala1, Suchitra Shenoy3
1 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Affiliated to Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Affiliated to Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Affiliated to Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Date of Decision 21-Jul-2019
Date of Acceptance 09-Oct-2019
Objectives: The study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy of 20% Punica granatum, 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite used alone or in combinations against Enterococcus faecalis.
Materials and Methods: Aqueous extract of pomegranate peel was prepared in the Pharmacology Departmental Laboratory. A total of 240 wells were prepared (40 for each group) with 5 wells per with a diameter of 6 mm and depth of 4 mm at equidistant from each other. Using a pipette, each well was filled with 50 μl of the test irrigant solution. CHX (0.2%), 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and aqueous extract of pomegranate peel and their combinations were tested as root canal irrigants against a standard strain of E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) on sheep blood agar plate by calculating the zones of inhibition. The mean diameter of zones was calculated and tabulated. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. Descriptive statistics was obtained using SPSS software (version 11.5) with P established at < 0.05.
Results: Combination of Punica granatum with sodium hypochlorite and CHX showed maximum mean zones of inhibition with mean of 23.9 and 25.7 mm, respectively, and showed significantly better results than all other groups either irrigants used alone or in combinations.
Conclusions: Punica granatum and CHX was proved to be a very good combination among experimental groups against E. faecalis, and sodium hypochlorite was least effective against E. Faecalis.
Keywords: Chlorhexidine gluconate; Enterococcus faecalis; Punica granatum; sodium hypochlorite
Mallya L, Shenoy R, Mala K, Shenoy S. Evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of 20% Punica granatum, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite used alone or in combinations against Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2019;22:367-70
Mallya L, Shenoy R, Mala K, Shenoy S. Evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of 20% Punica granatum, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite used alone or in combinations against Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro study. J Conserv Dent [serial online] 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 20];22:367-70. Available from: http://www.jcd.org.in/text.asp?2019/22/4/367/270495
The success of root canal therapy mainly depends on the complete disinfection of the infected root canal system. The endodontic therapy can fail if bacteria persist in the canal or periradicular region; if the canal is obturated inadequately; or if there are overextensions of root filling materials, improper and leaky coronal seal, missed canals, irreparable mishaps, and iatrogenic procedural errors.[1] Persistence of pathogenic bacteria and their toxins and byproducts play a critical role in infecting the root canal system including the radicular dentinal tubules, in primary as well as failed pulp space therapy.[2] Several researchers have recovered numerous species of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria from failed root canal cases.[3],[4] Seven major phyla of microbes associated with endodontic infections are Actinobacteria, Bacteroids, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochetes, and Synergistes. In addition, Fungi, Archaea, and viruses are found.[5] The Gram-negative anaerobic rods found in the canal are Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella spp., and Campylobacter rectus. The Gram-positive bacteria found are Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Olsenella uli, Parvimonas micra, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Propionibacterium spp., Actinomyces spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Eubacterium spp. Sometimes, yeasts, commonly Candida albicans, are also found in small amounts,[6] among which E. faecalis was found to be the most prevalent bacterium that plays a major role in the persistence of periradicular lesions even after root canal therapy. Nearly 22%–77% of endodontic failure cases found that E. faecalis could survive in the root canal as a single organism or as a major component of the flora. Due to its ability at biofilm formation, E. faecalis can survive severe conditions, making them more resistant to phagocytosis, antibodies, and antimicrobial agents.[7] Enterococci have capacity to form biofilm which make them more resistant to most of the antibacterial agents. Among the Enterococci, E. faecalis is considered to be one of the most resistant species which is found in the infected root canals, and is often associated with failed endodontic treatment.[8]
Disinfection of the root canal system is done by chemo-mechanical preparation which involves precise instrumentation to reach all the nooks and corners of the canal system by the chemical irrigants, not only to eradicate all the microbes, but also to remove the biofilm. Hence, irrigants should have the ability to dissolve pulp tissue debris, to remove the smear layer and biofilm, and also be antimicrobial in nature.[9] Currently, sodium hypochlorite is the irrigant which is preferred by most clinicians for various reasons such as pulp-dissolving capacity, eradication of microbes from biofilm, and excellent antimicrobial capacity.[9] Moreover, it is a very good irrigant for eliminating even spore-forming organisms, thus disinfecting the canal system completely. Sodium hypochlorite has proved to be an effective antimicrobial agent against E. faecalis. Unfortunately, its adverse effect on vital periradicular tissues still persists.[10],[11] Other irrigants used by most clinicians are bis-biguanide, chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate, which is a very good antimicrobial agent and proved to be effective against E. faecalis. It is supposed to have lower tissue toxicity compared to sodium hypochlorite. However, CHX lacks the tissue-dissolving property because of that it has failed to replace sodium hypochlorite. As CHX does not remove the smear layer, it cannot replace ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid too.[12]
Various civilizations have been using medicinal herbs (phytomedicine) for the treatment of dental caries and periodontal disease.[13] Punica granatum which is an extract of pomegranate fruit peel (PPE) has been used effectively in Iranian medicine for its bactericidal, antifungal, antiviral, immune modulation, and anthelminthic effects. The active ingredients of PPE are flavonoids, tannins, and other phenolic compounds.[14] PPE has a shelf-life of 2 months due to antimicrobial effect of the extract.[15] In the prevention of some of the oral diseases such as caries and gingivitis/periodontitis, polyphenols and tannins have been tried with encouraging results which are extracted from different natural products such as Punica granatum peel extracts, Acacia nilotica, Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare, and Coffea canephora aqueous extract.[16],[17],[18] However, the impact of this extract from the Punica granatum peel on the usual endodontic pathogenic bacteria involved in root canal infections has not been reported in literature.
Hence, the present in-vitro study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of 20% Punica granatum, against E. faecalis when used alone and also in combinations with other routine endodontic irrigating solutions.
Preparation of extract
Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruits were obtained. Following thorough washing, of these fruits, the mesocarp of pomegranate was separated and dried. Preparation of aqueous extract of pomegranate peel was done in the laboratory of pharmacology based on a previous study by Pai et al.[17] Initially, 10 g of the material was boiled in 100-ml sterile distilled water for 15 min on a low flame, allowed to cool for 45 min. To remove any impurities, contents of the flasks were filtered following cooing with double filter paper and sterile filters.[17],[19] To obtain 20%, each extract was diluted with sterile water, then stored in a sterile container in a refrigerator, and transported to the department of microbiology for microbiological assays. CHX (0.2%) and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite were the other two test irrigants used for comparison. All the samples were stored in the refrigerator at 4°C following which the samples were transported to the department of microbiology for analyses. The standard strain of E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was used as a test strain. Using a wire loop, from an agar medium, morphologically similar colonies were picked up. The growth of the strain was transported to a test tube containing 4 ml of sterile peptone water. According to the standard protocol of inoculum preparation, sheep blood agar (Hi-Media Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis.[20] The McFarland tube lawn culture was done following adjusting the inoculums to 0.5 on blood agar plates. A total of 240 wells were prepared (40 for each group) with 5 wells per plate with a diameter of 6 mm and depth of 4 mm at equidistant from each other. Using a pipette, each well was filled with 50 μl of the test irrigant solutions.
The samples were divided into the following groups:
Group A (POME) – 20% pomegranate peel extract
Group B (HYPO) – 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite
Group C (CHX) – 0.2% CHX gluconate
Group D (POMO+HYPO) – Combination of 20% pomegranate peel extract and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite
Group E (POME+CHX) – Combination of 20% pomegranate peel and 0.2% CHX gluconate
Group F (HYPO+CHX) – Combination of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% CHX gluconate.
The agar plates were incubated in a CO2 incubator (NuAire Inc., Plymouth, MN, USA) at 37°C for 48 h. Using a millimeter scale, the zones of inhibition were measured; the scale was passed through the diameter of the zones formed and to the point of complete inhibition of growth on either side. The mean diameter was calculated and tabulated. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test. Descriptive statistics were obtained using SPSS software (version 11.5) with P established at <0.05. Finally, conclusions were drawn from these analyses.
Results and Analysis
A total of six groups of irrigating solutions were checked for efficacy on E. faecalis. The diameter of zones of inhibition is tabulated for all the groups with their mean and standard deviation [Table 1]. Using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test, data were statistically analyzed with significance level at P < 0.05 [Table 2].
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of zone of inhibition of all the experimental irrigants with mean zone and standard deviation
Table 2: Comparison of groups of experimental irrigants for their zones of inhibition against Enterococcus Faecalis
Among all the experimental groups, the best result with the largest zone of inhibition was obtained with statistically significant difference by the combination of Punica granatum and CHX (mean zone 25.7 mm). The zone of inhibition was least in group where only sodium hypochlorite was used (mean zone 15.8950) [Table 1]. All the groups showed statistically significant difference with other experimental groups except CHX with the combination of CHX and NaOCl [Table 3]. Combination of Punica granatum with sodium hypochlorite and CHX showed maximum mean zones of inhibition with mean of 23.9 and 25.7 mm, respectively, and showed statistically significantly better results than all other groups either irrigants used alone or in combinations (P < 0.05) [Table 2].
Table 3: Inter-group comparison of mean difference in the zone of inhibition
In the present study, the combination of Punica granatum and CHX showed the largest zone of irrigation against E. faecalis, among all the experimental irrigants. This could be because of the synergistic action of Punica granatum and CHX. Numerous studies have concluded that CHX is very effective against E. faecalis. It is a bis-biguanide which is an excellent antimicrobial agent that is effective against E. faecalis.[12],[13] Punica granatum has antiviral, bactericidal, and antifungal properties due to the immune modulation and anthelminthic actions of pomegranate.[14] Polyphenols and tannin extracts from Punica granatum help prevent biofilm-related oral diseases such as dental caries and gingivitis/periodontitis. Hence, Punica granatum must have acted on endodontic biofilms too.[14],[15],[16],[17]
Adding Punica granatum to CHX must have enhanced the antibacterial effect of CHX against E. faecalis. Hence, it has resulted in larger zone of inhibition.[13] Moreover, combination of Punica granatum along with sodium hypochlorite and CHX showed better results than when these irrigants were used alone as well as combination of hypochlorite and CHX. This shows that when we combine Punica granatum with routinely used irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite and CHX, it enhances the effect with synergistic action. This could be because of the disturbance of polyglycans synthesis due to the presence of ellagitannin and punicalagin which interfere the adherence mechanism of these organisms to the dental surface. Moreover, the tannin present in PPE penetrates the cell wall of the microorganisms and binds to its surface, leading to the precipitation of proteins and suppressing enzyme such as glycosyl transferase which is a key enzyme for the breakdown of carbohydrates, which provides nutrition to organisms. The phenolic compounds present in PPE make the microorganisms difficult to survive by bacterial cell wall disruption. Antioxidant property of Anthocyanins present in the pomegranate is highly bioactive. When PPE is combined with hypochlorite and CHX, the antibacterial property must have enhanced.[21] Further in-vivo studies are required to confirm the results in a polymicrobial endodontic environment of root canal system.
Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that,
Punica granatum and CHX was the best combination of irrigants among experimental groups against E. faecalis followed by the combination of Punica granatum and sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite was least effective against E. faecalis among the experimental groups.
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Dr. Kundabala Mala
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Affiliated to Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka
Mallya L
Shenoy R
Mala K
Shenoy S
Chlorhexidine gluconate; Enterococcus faecalis; Punica granatum; sodium hypochlorite