The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) adopted strict new rules on Thursday that ban debt settlement companies from charging advance fees for elimination of credit card balances and other consumer debt. Effective October 27th, for-profit companies that sell debt relief services by telephone will no longer be allowed to charge a fee before they successfully settle or reduce a consumer's outstanding debt obligation.
The rule concerning upfront fees covers for-profit debt relief telemarketers, including credit counseling, debt settlement and debt negotiation services. It does not cover Internet sales or nonprofit firms, but does cover companies that falsely claim nonprofit status.
Scheduled to take effect on September 27th are three additional Telemarketing Sales Rule (TSR) provisions that will require debt settlement companies to make specific disclosures to consumers; prohibit them from making material misrepresentations; and extending the TSR to cover calls consumers make to these firms in response to debt relief advertising.
Since the start of the recession, consumers from all 50 states have filed complaints with the Federal Trade Commission and the Better Business Bureau (BBB) about debt settlement companies. In addition to the BBB, angry customers have taken their complaints to their state Attorney General. The FTC and state enforcers have brought a combined 259 cases in the past decade to stop deceptive and abusive practices by debt relief providers that have targeted consumers in financial distress.
Attorneys General from Florida, Maine, Texas , Idaho, Missouri, New York, Illinois, West Virginia, Vermont and Minnesota have taken action against companies such as Debt Settlement America, Debt Rx USA, Financial Freedom of America, Clear Your Debt, Swift Rock Financial Solutions and Credit Solutions, a company that has received over 1,600 complaints in the past 36 months.
The rule further specifies that fees for debt settlement services may not be collected until a debt has been successfully renegotiated, settled, reduced or the contract terms have been changed. Moreover, there must be a written settlement agreement, debt management plan or other agreement between the consumer and the creditor and the consumer must have made at least one payment as a result of the agreement negotiated by the debt relief provider.
If a consumer has enrolled multiple debts in one debt relief program, the rule specifies how debt relief providers can collect their fee for each settled debt. To ensure providers do not front-load their fees, the fee for a single debt must be in proportion to the total fee that would be charged if all of the debts had been settled. Alternatively, if the fee is based upon a percentage of what the consumer saves, the percentage charged must be the same for each of the debts.
The rule further specifies that consumer's may maintain fees and savings for creditor payment in a "dedicated account." However, providers may only require a dedicated account under the following five conditions: the dedicated account is maintained at an insured financial institution; the consumer owns the funds (including any interest accrued); the consumer can withdraw the funds at any time without penalty; the provider does not own or control or have any affiliation with the company administering the account; and the provider does not exchange any referral fees with the company administering the account.
If you have been victimized by a debt relief program, file a complaint with the Attorney General's Office by calling (866) 9-NO-SCAM (866-966-7226) or visiting their website at http://www.myfloridalegal.com. The Federal Trade Commission also offers a variety of resources detailing consumer rights at http://www.ftc.gov.
Posted in bill lewis, Fraud, ftc, scam, Uncategorized, william e. lewis, william e. lewis jr, william e. lewis jr & associates, william lewisTagged Advance Fee better business bureau bill lewis federal trade commission florida fraud ftc scam William E. Lewis Jr.


text:
Q: Calling several of the same component in Modelica I seem to struggle with a modeling problem in Modelica (using Dymola), and I hereby seek your help. The idea is this:
I have modeled some components (models) that I want to connect together through their ports. The models are working. The thing is I want to connect several of the same unit (called myUnit in the pseudo code below) in a series. If the number of units were, let's say, only 5 then I could easily dragged them out 1-by-1 and connected them in a standard manner, but let's say I want 100 units. Is there an easy and elegant way to do this? I don't believe for loops to be working outside the equation part of the model, and I want an elegant way of naming the units. I'll try to illustrate this by doing a pseudo code below, explaining what I wish to achieve:
model someModel
    parameter Integer n = 100 "Length of series";
    parameter Real optionValue = 123;
    myLibrary.myStartUnit startUnit(someOption = optionValue); // First unit
    for i in 2:n-1 loop
        myLibrary.myUnit unit_'num2str(i)'(someOption = optionValue); // i'th unit
    end for;
    myLibrary.myEndUnit endUnit(someOption = optionValue);     // Last unit
equation
    connect(startUnit.outPort,unit_1.inPort);
    for i in 2:n-1 loop
        connect(unit_'num2str(i)'.outPort,unit_'num2str(i+1)'.inPort)
    end for;
    connect(unit_'num2str(n-1)'.outPort,endUnit.inport);
end someModel;

I hope I've managed to explain my problem properly, now.
Any tips for solving this problem? I greatly appreciate both strategic advice as to solve the problem as well as purely syntactic advice.
In advance, thanks for all help. :)

A: You can use arrays to achieve this. For example, using models of the Modelica standard library:
model ArrayDemo

  parameter Integer n = 10 "Number of springs/masses";

  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Sources.ConstantForce constantForce(f_constant=100);
  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Components.Spring springs[n];
  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Components.Mass masses[n];
  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Components.Fixed fixed;

equation
  connect(constantForce.flange, springs[1].flange_a);
  for i in 1 : n - 1 loop
    connect(springs[i].flange_b, masses[i].flange_a);
    connect(masses[i].flange_b, springs[i + 1].flange_a);
  end for;
  connect(springs[n].flange_b, masses[n].flange_a);
  connect(masses[n].flange_b, fixed.flange);

 end ArrayDemo;

The idea is to declare the components using arrays and then connect them using for loops.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Higher choline doses during pregnancy may boost infant brain function: Cornell study
© Getty Images / CreativaImages
Related tags: Choline, Nutrition, Essential nutrient
Children of mothers given choline supplements during pregnancy at doses double the recommended level displayed significantly higher information processing speeds at all ages, says a new study.
Data from the study, published in the FASEB Journal, indicated that infants of mothers receiving 930 mg of choline per day, over twice the current 450 mg per day recommendations, experienced greater cognitive benefits than children of women consuming 480 mg per day.
"In animal models using rodents, there's widespread agreement that supplementing the maternal diet with additional amounts of this single nutrient has lifelong benefits on offspring cognitive function," said Marie Caudill, professor of nutritional sciences and the study's first author. "Our study provides some evidence that a similar result is found in humans."
Widespread inadequacies
Choline does have an RDI, which is set at 550 mg per day for adult males. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recognized choline - found naturally in beef and chicken liver, egg yolk, salmon, milk, and soybeans among other things - as an essential nutrient in 1998. The adequate intake for women was set at 425 mg/day (rising to 450 mg for pregnant women and 550 mg for breastfeeding women).
Yet according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, 90% of children, adults and pregnant women are not getting enough. On average, pregnant women actually consume 319 mg of choline per day, which is just 70% of the AI and less than two-thirds of the control group's 480mg daily intake in the Cornell FASEB study.
Prof Caudill and her co-workers included 26 women entering their third trimester of pregnancy in their clinical trial. All the women consumed exactly the same diet and provided with supplemental choline at doses of 480 mg or 930 mg per day. The supplemental choline provided by Balchem. Intake of choline and other nutrients were tightly controlled, which was important since the metabolism of choline and its functions can overlap with such nutrients as vitamin B12, folic acid and vitamin B6.
"By ensuring that all the nutrients were provided in equal amounts, we could be confident that the differences in the infants resulted from their choline intake," Caudill said. In this study, half the women received 480 mg/day of choline, slightly more than the adequate intake level, and the other half received 930 mg/day.
Using well-established cognitive tests to evaluate the newborns' memory, information processing speed, and visual attention span at four, seven, 10 and 13 months of age, the researchers found that the infants whose mothers consumed the 930mg choline dose experienced higher information processing speeds at all ages, significantly faster than the control group. Interestingly, the control group also showed a linear effect of exposure duration, which suggests that even moderate increases in consistent choline intake may support improved cognitive development.
These findings are consistent with other research that supports the important role choline plays for pregnant women and newborns. In fact, the American Medical Association (AMA) recently recommended that choline be included in all prenatal multivitamins as a result of the clear science and demonstrated benefits.
Implications for choline recommendations
The study was funded by the Egg Nutrition Center, the Beef Checkoff, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Institute for the Social Sciences, the Bronfenbrenner Life Course Center, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Despite being a relatively small study, the findings suggest that current recommendations for daily choline intake may not be enough to produce optimal cognitive abilities in offspring, said Richard Canfield, a developmental psychologist in the Division of Nutritional Sciences and the senior author of the study. Current choline intake recommendations are based on amounts required to prevent liver dysfunction, and were extrapolated from studies done in men in part because no studies had investigated requirements during pregnancy.
"A prudent approach would be to increase dietary choline intake by consuming more animal source foods during pregnancy – egg yolks, lean red meats, fish and poultry," said Caudill. "For women who restrict animal-sourced foods, consuming a choline supplement that provides choline at a level comparable to 450 mg/day may be needed."
"Access to choline for pregnant women is a priority"
The study's findings were welcomed by Tom Druke, Director of VitaCholine Brand Development, Balchem Human Nutrition and Pharma, which provided the choline used in the study.
"The growing body of science, along with the newly established Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 550mg and the recent AMA endorsement, make it clear that increasing awareness of and access to choline for pregnant women is a priority," said Druke.
"We are proud to have provided VitaCholine as the supplemental choline source for this important study and we continue to invest in clinical research showing how important choline is to good health, particularly during the first 1000 days of life when the demand is so high and the benefits so substantial."
Source: FASEB Journal
Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1096/fj.201700692RRf
"Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study"
Authors: M.A. Caudill, et al.
Related topics: Research, Vitamins & premixes, Cognitive function, Maternal & infant health
Balchem exec: 'This is an exciting time for choline, after many years of being overlooked'
Study on piglets shows that deficient choline harms brain development
Acquisitions, higher choline profile boost Balchem's bottom line
NIH awards $2.6 million grant to researchers developing choline status lab test
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Meredith is a doctoral candidate in the clinical psychology program at the Derner Institute for Advanced Psychological Studies at Adelphi University. She received her BA in psychology from Montclair State University and studied abroad at Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence, Italy. Meredith's research interests include depression and other mood disorders, social anxiety, subjectivity, identity formation, the repetition and transmission of intergenerational trauma, family narratives, the psychological impact of the limitations of language, and the capacity for various religious beliefs and their psychological effects and implications. She is currently conducting pilot qualitative research on intractable depression with the desire to understand more about its origins, the way it is experienced, and its existential effects while keeping the voice of the individual as an intact narrative. She presented this research at the Narrative Matters conference in Paris in May of 2012 and hopes one day to publish this work. Meredith has also chaired, organized, and participated in multiple round table panels of current doctoral students and recent graduates at the Association for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society (APCS) annual conferences in 2011 and 2012. She was a clinical psychology extern at Beth Israel Medical Center and a psychodiagnostic testing extern at the Robert F. Kennedy Middle School from 2011 to 2012. She is currently completing an externship at Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center and hopes to continue doing work in the areas of psychoanalysis and trauma. Meredith also sees patients as a staff psychologist-in-training at the Psychological Services Clinic at the Derner Institute.


text:
Angela Bowie - Backstage, Lipstick, & All
Baby boomers everywhere remember when a strange artist hit American airwaves with some captivatingly strange tunes. Songs like "Space Oddity", "Ziggy Stardust", "Suffragette City", "Changes", "Rebel Rebel", "1984" and a whole slew of otherworldly songs.
Of course, I'm talking about David Bowie. And, if you were an awe-struck teen like I was then, you'd know that he and his then-wife, Angela, were taking the media world by a storm with their application of non-comformity in every area of their lives. Their lack of convention and their thumbing of their noses at societal norms captivated us all.
Married in early 1970, Angela and David's marriage ended with the decade of the seventies. So then, Angie has been a prolific author, actress, and recording artist. One of the books she's written is her 1993 book, Backstage Passes. I had recently re-read the tome and instinctively reached out to her for an interview.
It turned out to be quite serendipitous because she is in the midst of re-recording the audio version of the book as well as re-releasing the print version of it as well as other of her work.
Over the course of two phone conversations and notes back and forth, Angie and I chatted about what she's been up to and what is about to be released. Reaching her at her home in the Southwestern U.S., she was immediately gracious and warmly welcoming.
We started out about comparing notes about living in the Knoxville, Tennessee, area, Atlanta traffic, and the arid southwest. Commenting about her time in the suburban-Atlanta burg of Acworth, she said:
"It was lovely. We had a great time there. I lived in Acworth very comfortably without going into Atlanta, except maybe once or twice a year because I really have no time for that (heavy traffic). No, I'm not interested in dying in a traffic jam or a traffic crash. I have to be convenient and Acworth was convenient. It was wonderful. Everything was there within - at the furthest - six or seven miles. More like three miles in perimeter. You know what I mean? So, I had a good time. We stayed at that house for two years. It was so comfortable and so convenient."
I told her that I had experienced Atlanta gridlock for the Rolling Stones' 2015 show there. She commented:
"So, while I like the Rolling Stones, I'm happy to watch them on TV and listen to them on radio or record. I have no desire to be part of the claustrophobia of going to a live concert. I wouldn't even consider it. I've never seen the Stones ever. Never. I have no interest whatsoever. I can see them perfectly well on television or in a movie. I really don't need to go and, you know, be hot and start to feel faint. F*** that.
Shifting our attention to her time in the Knoxville area and why I wanted to chat with her, Angela shared:
"I have to say to you, Randy, that your providence is enticing. We had the most wonderful time in Tennessee. Michael (Angela's current husband) and I - we lived there for a year. And just outside of - we lived in a fabulous place, Tellico Village, which was 30 miles from the job site. The job site was in Alcoa.
"We found the people to be so charming and so wonderful. We had an absolutely magical year there. And, so, when I saw it on Facebook all the different things that you did. I wasn't surprised when it turned out that you had a blog. You know what I mean? You asked me to do it because - I don't often care sometimes for particular locations, but it has nothing to do with the people."
During our second chat, Bowie added: "I don't have so much experience, you know, with the United States because I lived outside of the United States for so long. It's taken me 20 - 25 years living with Michael, to get a grip on all the various different parts and the relevance of those parts where we've lived as part of his job. And so, yeah, but when you mentioned that, I thought, yeah. Knoxville is such a lovely place. We really had a good time there."
"You know, Acworth was perfect. It was so convenient. It was amazing. It really was. Tennessee was an absolute - it was gorgeous. The people were lovely. You know, we had a great time there. And, so, I just I took it as written that we would do this and that it would be fabulous. And I so appreciate you asking me. There it is: synchronicity, and it's very cool."
Shifting the subject to her 1993 book, Backstage Passes, Angie said:
"I'm delighted to talk to you about Backstage Passes, because there's all kinds of great news about it. It's a been out of print for a while. And as of the last couple of weeks, we've done a deal with some guys in England who are going to do the e-book. Then, we'll be putting out the print version. I've already in the middle of doing the audio book. So, this will all tie-up and I would think that Backstage Passes in three or four different formats - E-book, audio book and print version of the book will be available by the end of October. I'm very excited about that!
Photo by Federico Mastrianni "It's been out of print since I did Celebrity Big Brother as they sold out. And that was a reissue. It's done extremely well. And that was a reissue. And they sold every book they had, and I thought, well, you know, maybe it would be a good idea to hold back and not let them pick up that again. Now I've got the rights returned to me and now we're anxious to make a bigger splash with it. 2016 was when they sold out of those and in January and now it'll be coming up to 2020 when we're able to put the book out again.
"Because of Celebrity Big Brother, because of the surname. It's not like they can't place me. They know who I am and they either like me or they don't. If they don't like me, they're not going to read the article anyway.
"Every year was filled with all the things that I did in those first eight, nine years, and we were able to produce and delivered eleven albums in those eight years. Eleven!
"It was breathtaking how hard everybody worked. You know, we had a costume factory at Haddon Hall with Freddie Burretti and the people that he got into work with him.
"There was a rehearsal room downstairs. They would rehearse. They would go off to the west end and go into the studio. Then they would go out on tour. It was extraordinarily busy and interesting."
With Backstage Passes having been out 26 years now - and the passing of David Bowie almost four years ago - I asked if there have been any repercussions or change of view towards her in recent years.
"Oh, I don't really pay much attention to it. I haven't really. I've been too busy writing other books. I'm not the slightest bit interested, but it is a useful revenue stream for one's retirement. So, you take it seriously. I had to start thinking about the fact that it is wanted by an audience and when an audience want something then - if you're a marketer, and a promoter, and a writer like I am, then you have to pay attention, you know what I mean?
"You know, I recently had an offer from someone in England for the e-book of it. That enables us to put out the print version. I'm also doing the audio version, so. There it is, in three formats, Backstage Passes will be alive and well by the end of November. So, this is a good thing.
I asked Angie if there was anything, she wished she had done differently in the book.
"No. That's how I am."
Anyone who has ever experienced a divorce knows that there is more than a marriage that is divided. There are outside relationships that are affected, as well. During our second call, I asked Ms. Bowie if she had lost any friends as a result of her divorce from David.
"To be honest with you, Randy, I haven't even thought about it. The people that David and I were friendly with were basically in England or New York or Los Angeles. And I don't really have much interest in those kinds of large cities. I didn't really even notice it, to be honest.
"I knew that when we got divorced, I was quite young. I was, I think, 29 or 30. And I really didn't expect much more because I Photo by Sergio Kardenasknew that people would get a line out to prove their solidarity today. That happened a lot. People did that a lot. I really didn't care. You know, I expected it. So, I guess I buttoned it up and refused to even think about it.
"It is another system of the protocol of divorce. If they don't line up with the other partner, they don't feel like they joined in the divorce proceeding. I just I wasn't going to get involved because I thought to myself, 'Would you really care about losing a friend who is so fair weather that they're going to side with David . . . who wants friends like that?' I think it's the nature of human beings. I think that if they got the opportunity of being judgmental, then, oh, good! Let's get judgmental! Let's rave on about whose fault it must've been!' - whether they know or not, they just listen to a bunch of propaganda and go for it."
In conclusion, Angela said, "Like I said, I didn't pay too much attention to it because I thought - I suspected that it would occur, and I really thought that's not worth wasting time on. It had to be a normal repercussion of divorce."
In Backstage Passes, Bowie shared an incredible story about a paranormal experience at a home she and David were renting. You'll have to read the book for the details of it. I asked her if she experienced anything like that since.
"No, I think I've experienced some stuff like that before that. As a young schoolgirl in Switzerland, from 9 to 16, there were some extraordinary events that occurred. No, no, I never experienced anything since then, but I had experienced a few things like that before."
She continued, "I try not to be too concerned if I can't fathom stuff. My mother was sort of instrumental in that. She would say, 'Well, reserve judgement.' I would keep saying that. I'd think, 'OK, I'll reserve judgment.' And she was very instinctive and intuitive about people and I was also.
"So sometimes - she just - there was certain people she would not deal with. She would not go to functions where they were going to attend or anything like that. And she said that, you know, it's better to stay away. That was why - even though it was bizarre and 'out there', I thought, 'Well, what are you doing within yourself that you are bringing this kind of strangeness into our lives?' And I really just kind of let it go at that."
Then, with a bit of humor, she concluded: "You know, I kept thinking to myself, 'Well, this is a good omen for me to get the f*** out.' You know, I really had no interest in standing around and watching all that kind of weirdness. I was like, 'Oooo! F*** this! I'm out of here.'"
We then shifted our conversation to Angela's other, more current pursuits.
"Well, I decided that I was going to do audio versions of some of the books that I have written recently. So, Lipstick Legends has become an audio book. We're doing another audio version of Backstage Passes. There was one done years ago at the same time in the early 90s when Backstage Passes came out. But we're doing an audio - another one - because the company that had the rights to doing the Backstage Passes audio book has gone out of business and so there are no further copies available. So, we decided that we would go ahead and rerecord that.
"I'm also doing an audio book of Pop Sex because it's one of my most favorite books that I've written. And it's a really romping tale through history of just how church and state have dominated the sexual lives of their citizens and how that became a power tool and a power lever in and of itself.
"In the meantime, we have some new stuff coming out. I'm very excited, Michael and I've been thrilled to be involved in this. Rick Hunt worked with us on Catastrophe. And my book of lyrics and poetry, Fancy Footwork. And we had always said that we wanted to do a book of his art.
"Gaucho Visions is the first of four or five projected books of his art. And it's turned out magnificently. He's very, very happy. So, on the 5th of October, we will be launching Gaucho Visions. And, then, before Christmas - it's Gaucho Visions Part One and Gaucho Visions Part Two will come out, hopefully, before Christmas. There's no hopefully about it. It will come out before Christmas. And, then, I've been working on so many other things. I mean, literally there is a list that's about two pages long and so I'm working on all of that as well.
As if that's not enough to keep her busy, she added:
"I've got Take Out Your Troubles, which is a song that Chico (Rey) and I recorded about five years ago. I was in Los Angeles about a month ago and I went to see my pal, Larry Treadwell, and I said to him that we were going to take Take Out Your Troubles and do a remake, a remix. Well, a remix, a final mix which we had never actually done and mastered the tune because I wanted to have a track contribute to the GoFundMe for Chico Rey's medical expenses.
"Larry unbelievably managed to pull it out in 10 days, and he took care of it all. When I got to L.A., he had the track for me, and it sounds incredible. So, we'll also have some new music. And I've got a new album which is recorded already, but I'm going to do the same thing with that - is to do the final mixes and the mastering. And that will come out in 2020. It is called, Sterling Moon Lynx, which is a name that was bestowed upon me by Rick and Carolyn Hunt - an Indian name, an Avanaki name. I decided that that was it was so impressive that I would just use it as the title for the album."
As I often do when I've chatted with an icon from my youth, I reflect on their life, their contributions, and the experience I've had during my conversation with them. It was no different after my visits with Angela Bowie. We often think that they live on a different plain that us mere mortals. Yet, they, too, are mere mortals who know that life is short and that, like us, are responsible for making the most of it. Angie is certainly still doing that.
I encourage you to keep up with Angela and her latest work by visiting AngelaBowie.net. You can order her books by ordering through her website or by clicking on the ads on this page.
Tony Bongiovi
Posted October, 2011 I'm not an audiophile but I think I know good sound when I hear it. ...
Dave Getz Talks About Janis Joplin
Cosmo Clifford Shares A Glimpse Through The Magic Window


On the June 4th weekend, Selkirk, Manitoba was the setting for the Henry Shingoose Traditional Pow Wow and it took a little more work than usual this year. Because of the wet weather and flooding in the province, pumps had to be brought in to clear the field. The effort was a success and everything went as planned. Even the weather cooperated.
Drum groups, dancing, and a traditional feast were some of the highlights. Everyone had a good time, especially some of the younger participants.


text:
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS v. Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, 1949-90
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS
v. Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, 1949-90
I. Diplomatic relations.
There were three distinct periods in Chinese-Persian diplomatic relations: 1328-49 Š./1949-70, 1350-57 Š./ 1971-78, and 1358-69 Š./1979-90.
The period 1328-49 Š./1949-70. During the earlier stages of the Cold War and the hostile rivalries that followed World War II Persia was influenced by two paramount and interrelated foreign policy considerations: first, an obsessive fear of Communism and, second, a strong desire to ensure political, military, and economic support from the United States. These considerations prompted Tehran to follow Washington, D.C., with respect to the People's Republic of China, which emerged in 1329 Š./1949 and initially followed the policies of the Soviet Union (Abidi, 1982, p. 80). The refusal of the Persian government to recognize the People's Republic of China and its position on Chinese representation in the United Nations reflected these twin preoccupations.
The Chinese attitude toward Persia in the 1330s Š./1950s and early 1340s Š./1960s, despite strong ideological overtones, was somewhat more subtle, differentiating among various foreign-policy positions taken by Persia. For example, in the early 1330s Š./19508 China supported Premier Moḥammad Moṣaddeq's policy of nationalizing the Persian oil industry as an act of resistance to British and American imperialism (Foot, p. 100). The coup d'état of 28 Mordād 1332 Š./19 August 1953, which toppled Moṣaddeq, and the reinstatement of Moḥammad Reżā Shah Pahlavī were denounced in turn as orchestrated by the United States and directed against the Soviet Union (Ramazani, p. 9). At the Afro-Asian Solidarity Conference, held in Farvardīn 1334 Š./April 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia, Premier Chou En-lai of China strongly opposed presumed attempts by the United States to forge anti-Communist alliances among third-world countries, yet his tone toward Persia, a presumed target of such policies, was relatively mild. China's own third-world policy did not preclude peaceful coexistence with Persia, but the Persian government saw little difference between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic in their attempts to dominate other countries through Communist movements (Abidi, 1982, pp. 85-87).
In Mehr 1334 Š./October 1955 Persia joined the anti-Communist Baghdad Pact; in 1335 Š./1956 it established diplomatic relations with the anti-Communist government in Taiwan (known at that time as the Republic of China). On both occasions Persia was severely reproached by the People's Republic, but "American imperialism" was branded as the main culprit, responsible for the positions assumed by Tehran (Foot; Entessar, 1356 Š./1977, p. 62; Abidi, p. 33). In the 1340s Š./1960s ideological and political strains caused an open division between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. At the same time, though maintaining a strong pro-American stance, Persia adopted more flexible and independent policies, commensurate with its growing economic and military strength.
In 1347 Š./1968 the British government declared its decision to leave the Persian Gulf in 1350 Š./1971. China initially attempted to compete with the Soviet Union in securing a foothold in the area, seeking to win the allegiance of local Communist-inspired insurgents of the Dhofar Liberation Front and People's Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf, with both of which Peking had had links since the early 1330s Š./1950s (Shichor, p. 152; Hurewitz, p. 28). This policy, which clashed with Tehran's assumption of the role of defender of the Persian Gulf area against "foreign intervention" and local "subversion," gradually gave way to an attempt to prevent Soviet domination of these revolutionary groups. The latter policy was unsuccessful and eventually evolved into an open anti-Soviet stance, in which Persia was favored as the main power broker in the states of the Persian Gulf littoral (Abidi, 1979, pp. 144-51).
In 1345 Š./1966 the Persian council of ministers officially authorized trade between Persia and China (Šāhanda, pp. 24-25; Wezārat-e omūr-e ḵāreja,1347 Š./1968, p. 60). In 1346 Š./1967, in an interview with the official press agency of the Federal Republic of Germany, the shah explained the reasons why he favored admission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations (Pahlavī, V, pp. 4289-90). Several other developments, especially strengthening of relations between the Soviet Union, on one hand, and Iraq and India, on the other, in the late 1340s Š./1960s, as well as the disintegration of Pakistan in Esfand 1349 Š./March 1971, brought Persia closer to the People's Republic. But in 1349 Š./1970 the Tehran government was still primarily concerned not to outpace Chinese-American rapprochement (Chubin and Zabih, pp. 297-98). Kuwait recognized the People's Republic in Esfand 1349 Š./March 1971, and in Farvardīn 1350 Š./April 1971 Turkey announced plans to do the same; Persia was also taking the final steps toward closer relations with China. On 25 Farvardīn 1350 Š./14 April 1971 Princess Ašraf Pahlavī, the shah's twin sister, visited Peking at the invitation of the Chinese government. On 10 Ordībehešt/30 April the shah's younger sister Princess Fāṭema also visited. The announcement on 15 July 1971 that President Richard Nixon would visit China set the stage for the establishment of formal diplomatic ties between Persia and the People's Republic: On 25 Mordād 1350 Š./16 August 1971 the ambassadors of the two nations, meeting in Islamabad, Pakistan, signed a document in which Persia recognized the Peking government; a formal announcement was released simultaneously in both capitals the next day
The period 1350-58 Š./1971-79. The new relationship between Persia and the People's republic was tested almost immediately, at the twenty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly, in Šahrīvar-Āḏar 1350 Š./ September-December 1971. Representation of the People's Republic and the expulsion of the Taiwan delegation were the focus of two competing draft resolutions. One, originally prepared by Albania, called for seating the delegation of the Peoples Republic as the sole representative of China; the other, known as the "American" draft resolution, required a two-thirds majority for expulsion of the Taiwan delegation, which had occupied China's seat for more than three decades. Persia, having recognized the People's Republic, voted for the Albanian resolution but abstained on the American resolution in order not to embarrass a "traditionally friendly" nation, the United States (Keyhan International, 20 October 1971, p. 3).
Persian-Chinese relations improved steadily; they were marked by frequent high-level visits and a convergence of policies on a number of regional and global issues. In Šahrīvar 1351 Š./September 1972, Queen Faraḥ Pahlavi led a delegation that included Premier Amīr-ʿAbbās Hoveydā on a ten-day official visit to the People's Republic. In Mordād 1352 Š./June 1973 Ji Peng-fei, the Chinese minister of foreign affairs, visited Tehran, followed in Farvardīn 1354 Š./April 1975 by Deputy Premier Li Xian-nin. On 2 Tīr 1355 Š./24 July 1976 Princess Ašraf again visited China. During all these official contacts, the Chinese consistently emphasized a range of themes that basically reflected their strategic preoccupations vis-à-vis Soviet diplomatic initiatives but also coincided with major Persian concerns and aspirations in foreign policy. They thus supported Persian views on the security of the Gulf area and the Indian Ocean and the shah's extensive military-procurement program as a "necessary" measure to counter "subversive" and "hegemonistic designs" in the Persian Gulf (Abidi, 1982, pp. 104-08, 112-13). The Persian officials who played host to Chinese delegations usually stressed the themes of Persian national sovereignty and territorial integrity but did not join in the virulent Chinese attacks on the superpowers, especially the Soviet Union, with which Persia had cultivated a balanced relationship (Keyhān, 26 Ābān 1355 Š./17 November 1976, p. 28; Rastāḵīz, 27 Ābān, 1355 Š./18 November 1976, p. 21). After the deaths of Premier Chou En-lai (Zhou Enlai) and Chairman Mao Ze-dong in 1976 China dispatched to Tehran, on 24 Ābān/15 November, a delegation led by Olan Fu, deputy chairman of the standing committee of the People's National Congress, to assure the Persian government of the continuity of Chinese foreign policy.
In Šahrīvar and Āḏar 1356 Š./September and December 1977 two further Chinese delegations visited Tehran, the latter headed by Teng Yeng-chao (Deng Ying-zhao), Chou En-lai's widow and chairperson of the standing committee. Foreign minister Huang Hua arrived in Tehran on 26 Mordad 1357 Š./16 June 1978, at a time when both Persia and China were very alarmed at the increased Soviet activity in the horn of Africa and South Yemen and in particular the establishment of a pro-Soviet Communist regime in Afghanistan in Farvardīn 1357 Š./April 1978 (Eṭṭelāʿāt, 7 Tīr 1357 Š./28 June 1978).
By that time, however, Persia itself was in deep turmoil, as revolutionary fervor against the shah spread rapidly. The Chinese, on the other hand, determined to neutralize what they called "Soviet hegemonistic designs," were either unaware or did not understand the seriousness of the situation in Persia. Premier Hua Guo-feng arrived in Tehran on 7 Šahrīvar 1357 Š./29 August 1978, while the Persian government was struggling for its very survival. The shah himself acted as host, but the welcoming ceremonies were subdued. Nevertheless, the customary statements of common positions were reiterated at official functions. Hua even praised the shah's internal leadership and international role, but, in deference to the shah's critical situation, his attacks on the Soviet Union were more circumscribed (Keyhān, Šahrīvar 1357 Š./30 August 1978, p. 8). A cultural agreement was signed by Persia and China on 9 Šahrīvar/31 August, and Hua departed the next day, expressing the hope of seeing the shah and the queen in China (Abidi, 1982, pp. 165-66).
The period 1358-69 Š./1979-90. On 25 Bahman 1358 Š./14 February 1979 China officially recognized the new revolutionary government in Persia. The latter, however, was initially unreceptive to Chinese overtures. Only the outbreak of war between Persia and Iraq on 31 Šahrīvar 1359 Š./22 September 1980 brought a more favorable attitude toward China in Tehran. The Soviet Union was the main supplier of arms to Iraq, and Persian relations with traditional Western arms suppliers, particularly the United States, were strained or had been broken off. China was thus an important potential partner and source of armaments. On 25 Tīr 1361 Š./16 July 1982 an eighteen-member Persian economic delegation arrived in Peking (Middle East Economic Digest 26/30, 23-29 July 1982, p. 10). In Šahrīvar/September, as the war escalated and spread to the Gulf, the Persian minister of foreign affairs visited China, in order to sign a technical and cultural agreement (Foreign Broadcast Information Service, China 83-179, 14 September 1983, p. 11). No mention was made of an arms deal, but rumors of such a deal were rampant, and China found it necessary to issue an official denial (Middle East Economic Digest 28/9, 28 March 1984, p. 30). As Persia's need for sophisticated arms, including missiles, increased, the speaker of the Islamic Majles, ʿAlī-Akbar Hāšemī Rafsanjānī, led a delegation to China, on 6 Tīr 1364 Š./27 June 1985 (Middle East Economic Digest 26/29, 29 June-5 July 1985, p. 10). A new memorandum of understanding on economic and trade cooperation was signed, but what was believed to be the main purpose of the visit, to elicit Chinese military support and armaments, was unsuccessful (Middle East Economic Digest 29/22, 6-12 July 1985, p. 10). In 1365 Š./1987 reports that Persia had installed missiles near the strait of Hormuz were circulated (The New York Times, 15 March 1987, p. 1), and that summer the possible sale of Chinese Silkworm missiles to Persia was discussed in the United States as a threat to the security of the Persian Gulf (Wall Street Journal, 8 June 1987, p. 3). Both Chinese officials and the Persian foreign minister, who was visiting in Peking, were quick to deny such a sale (The New York Times, 14 June 1987, p. 6). Despite these denials, the high level of contacts between the two countries suggested that important policy decisions affecting their political and economic relations were taking place; these relations continued even after the war with Iraq came to a halt on 29 Tīr 1367 Š./20 July 1988. In Ordībehešt 1368 Š./May 1989 President the ʿAlī Kāmenaʾī led yet another delegation to China (Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report, Near East and South Asia [FBIS-NES], 19 May 1989, pp. 51-52). Among the results were three agreements: for cultural and artistic cooperation in the year 1368 Š./1989-90, for dispensing with mutual visa requirements, and for joint administration by the Bank of China and the Central Bank in Tehran (See banking in iran ii. banking in the islamic republic of iran) of accounts related to economic and technical cooperation between the two countries. In Tehran the visit was characterized as "successful," a "turning point," "positive," and a result of the People's Republic of China's positive positions during the war with Iraq (Tehran Times, 9 May 1989, p. 2; Tehran Television Service in Persian, 1700 GMT, 14 May 1989, cited in FBIS-NES, 15 May 1989, pp. 5, 52). In Mehr 1368 Š./October 1989 the Chinese minister of foreign affairs, Qian Jin-jian visited Persia (FBIS-NES, 10 October 1989, pp. 58-61).
II. Economic and commercial relations.
The People's Republic of China first indicated interest in promoting commercial links with Persia early in 1337 Š./1958 but without result. At that time there were no Persian economic interests strong enough to outweigh opposing political considerations (Abidi, 1982, p. 237). From 1339 Š./1960 to 1345 Š./1966, however, China was importing oil from Persia at the rate of 199,000 tons a year (Carlson, pp. 25, 28). The change of attitude emerged in 1345 Š./1966, when the council of ministers authorized trade between Persia and China through official channels (Entessar, 1978, p. 82). The level of commercial exchanges in the 1340s Š./1960s nevertheless remained very low. In 1345-49 Š./1966-70 Persian exports to China, exclusive of oil, totaled about $3.2 million and corresponding imports about $3 million (Abidi, 1982, p. 238).
With the establishment of diplomatic links on 26 Mordād 1350 Š./17 August 1971, trade and economic relations began to expand. On 9 Ābān/31 October Persia authorized the free flow of goods and services to and from China, and an official trade delegation, including representatives of Persian private industry and business, arrived in Peking in Ābān/November (Wezārat-e omūr-e ḵā reja, 1350 Š./1971, p. 176). A subsequent series of mutual visits in 1350-51 Š./1971-72 led to some commercial deals, official arrangements, and agreements (Āyandagān, 1 Dey 1350 Š./22 December 1971, pp. 1, 8; 14 Farvardīn 1351 Š./3 April 1972, pp. 1, 3; 21 Farvardīn 1351 Š./10 April 1972, p. 2). On 19 Farvardīn 1352 Š./8 April 1973 in Peking the two governments signed a five-year trade-credit agreement embodying some significant features. For example, it was the first time that the Persian rial had been accepted as the basis for various calculations in a foreign-trade agreement. The volume of trade, only 780 million rials in 1350 Š./1971, reached 3.65 billion in 1351 Š./1972 and more than 4.5 billion in 1352 Š./1973. Persia exported mostly industrial goods like minibuses, trucks, refrigerators, television parts, chemical fertilizers, and agricultural machinery, as well as some traditional export items, including wool, cotton, and dried fruits. Paper and stationary items, sporting goods, food, tea, some machinery, and steel products were among Chinese exports to Persia (Wezārat-e omūr-e ḵāreja, 1353 Š./1974, p. 98; Āyandagān, 2 Ordībehešt 1352 Š./22 April 1973, pp. 3, 8). China also imported about 200,000 tons of Persian oil at the official rate established in 1353 Š./1974 by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC; Schichor, p. 175). To promote further trade relations and economic cooperation, Li Qiang, the Chinese minister for foreign trade, visited Tehran in Āḏar 1353 Š./November-December 1974, following the signing of a protocol for expansion of technical cooperation between the two countries, especially in the production of oil and petrochemicals (Wezārat-e omūr-e ḵāreja, 1354 Š./1975, p. 120).
Agreements for the export of approximately $30 million worth of Persian products to China, $28 million of which was for 300,000 tons of oil, were signed in Tehran in 1356 Š./1977 (Rastāḵīz,19 Mordād 1356 Š./10 August 1977, p. 24; Būrs, 14 Šahrīvar/5 September, p. 16; Āyandagān, 10 Šahrīvar/1 September, p. 3). In a new protocol signed in Tehran, on 10 Ābān 1356 Š./1 November 1977 the volume of commercial exchanges in the year 10 Ābān 1356 Š./-9 Ābān 1356 Š./1 November 1977-31 October 1978, was projected at a total of 9,152 billion rials ($130.7 million), or about $65 million for each side (Wezārat-e bāzargānī, p. 7). The total volume of trade between the two countries increased several times between 1350 Š./1971 and 1358 Š./1979, but, owing to differences in economic outlook, planning, and capacity, the level of exchange remained marginal in comparison with the total volume of foreign trade for each country. The projected volume never exceeded $65 million, and the quotas were often not met (Entessar,1978, p. 88; Gomrok-e Īrān, chart 1).
For about three years after the Revolution of 1358 Š./1978-79 the level of commercial exchange did not increase substantially, but economic cooperation accelerated again in 1361 Š./1982, after the economic delegation to China (see above). In Esfand 1364 Š./March 1985, following the visit of a Chinese economic delegation to Tehran, a memorandum on economic, trade, and technical cooperation was signed (Xinhua News Bulletin, 6 March 1985, pp. 52-53). In Tīr 1366 Š./July 1987 the Chinese minister of commerce, Liu Yi, headed an economic and trade delegation to Persia, and on 14 Mordād/5 August a trade agreement was signed, in which the projected volume of trade between the two countries was increased from $200 million to $500 million (Xinhua News Bulletin, 7 August 1987, pp. 51-52). The visit of President Ḵāmenaʾī to China in 1368 Š./1989 was hailed as an economic and commercial watershed in Chinese-Persian relations. The two governments agreed on several important economic, commercial, banking, and technical exchanges for the future (FBIS-NES, 15 May 1989, pp. 51-52).
A. Abidi, "China and the Persian Gulf. Relations during the Seventies," in IDSA Journal 12/2, December 1979, pp. 143-68.
China, Iran and the Persian Gulf, New Delhi, 1982.
S. Carlson, "China's Urgent Need for Stability in the Middle East," New Middle East 36, 1971, pp. 25-34.
S. Chubin and S. Zabih, The Foreign Relations of Iran. A Developing State in a Zone of Great Power Conflict, Berkeley, Calif., 1974.
N. Entessar (Enteṣār), "The People's Republic of China and Iran. An Overview of Their Relations," Asia Quarterly 1, 1978, pp. 79-88.
Idem, Pažūhešī pīrāmūn-e sīāsat-e ḵāreji-e Čīn, Tehran, 1356 Š./1987.
R. Foot, "China's New Relationship with Iran," Contemporary Review 22/1309, 1975, pp. 100-04.
Gomrok-e Īrān, Našrīa-ye āmār-e bāzargānī-e ḵārejī-e Īrān sālhā-ye 1350-1361, Tehran, 1362 Š./1983.
J. C. Hurewitz, The Persian Gulf Prospect for Stability, London, 1974.
M. R. Pahlavi, Majmūʿa-ye taʾlīfāt, payāmhā, moṣāḥebahā, wa bayānāt-e Šāhanšāh Āryāmehr 1320-1340, 5 vols., Tehran, 1340 Š./1981.
R. Ramazani, The Northern Tier. Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, Princeton, N.J., 1969.
B. Šāhanda, Rawābeṭ-e Īrān wa jomhūrī-e ḵalq-e Čīn, Ph.D. diss., Tehran, 1360 Š./1981.
Schichor, The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy, 1949-1977, London, 1979.
Wezārat-e bāzargānī, Markaz-e toseʿa-ye ṣāderāt-e Īrān, Gozāreš dar mawred-e kešvar-e Čīn, Tehran, n.d.
Wezārat-e omūr-e ḵāreja, Rawābeṭ-e ḵārejī-e Īrān dar sāl-e 1346, Tehran, 1347 Š./1968.
Idem, Rawābeṭ-e ḵārejī-e Īrān dar sāl-e 1350, Tehran, 1351 Š./1972.
(Parviz Mohajer)
Cite this entry:
Parviz Mohajer, "CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS v. Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, 1949-90," Encyclopædia Iranica, V/4, pp. 438-441, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-v (accessed on 30 December 2012).
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xvi. Impact of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS i. In Pre-Islamic Times
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS ii. Islamic Period to the Mongols
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iii. In the Mongol Period
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iv. The Safavid Period, 1501-1732
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vi. Relations with Afghanistan in the Modern Period
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS viii. Persian Language and Literature in China
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS ix. Persian Language Teaching in Modern China
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS x. China in Medieval Persian Literature
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xi. Mutual Influence of Chinese and Persian Ceramics
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xii. Mutual Influences in Painting
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiii. Eastern Iranian Migrations to China
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiv. The Influence of Eastern Iranian Art
CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xv. THE LAST SASANIANS IN CHINA
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The Dark Knight Falls
Remember last November when Matt Harvey was plowing through the Kansas City Royals in New York during the 2015 World Series? He was pitching on his biggest stage and having arguably one of the better starts of his young career. The fans in New York were rocking, Citi Field was loud, and the entire baseball community was in awe of the greatness that Matt Harvey was showcasing. As the 8th inning came to a close, there was uncertainty if Harvey would come back to pitch the 9th. Everyone, except his manager, wanted him to finish his brilliant game. After all, this was HIS night. This was HIS game. He's NYC's Dark Knight. For eight innings, he was the hero the Mets needed but didn't deserve. You could see him arguing with Terry Collins during the bottom of the 8th, clearly begging to pitch the 9th inning. Collins didn't want him to – he wanted to use his closer instead. But, against his better judgement, he let Harvey finish the game. When Harvey emerged from the dugout in the 9th inning, every fan in New York yelled and cheered at deafening decibels that perfectly encapsulated the grandiosity of the moment. Then, like how every Hollywood movie seems to end, the Royals shellacked him in the 9th, effectively erasing one of the most important and impressive starts we had ever seen from Matt Harvey. He stayed one pitch too long, pitching just long enough to see himself become the villain.
If there has ever been a game that could summarize Harvey's short career, it would be that game. Harvey, to put it simply, is capable of being an ace, yet he has somehow never gotten there. He was the highly-touted pitcher who was supposed to save the Mets, the man who was supposed to lead a rotation. He was deemed the ace before he had a chance to prove himself worthy of the title. He was gifted with the spoils of being a superstar player in NYC before he had the chance to earn them. He got the girls (okay, the models), the best tables at the best restaurants, the fame, the glory, the most badass nickname…He had it all before he established himself as a proven ace.
But what happens when a burgeoning superstar has to struggle to earn the adulation? That's exactly what Matt Harvey is trying to figure out right now. After posting yet another abysmal start (if you can even call 2 & 2/3 innings a "start") last night, every sports writer worth his/her salt is wondering what is happening to Harvey. The Nationals spanked him for 9 hits and 6 earned runs, and almost all of the balls where hit hard. Yes, there were some serious defensive miscues (the Mets defense is a hot mess this year), but the bottom line is that Matt Harvey made terrible pitches, chose terrible pitches to throw, and missed his spots. Even Nats slugger Bryce Harper expressed that he felt bad for Harvey last night (you know it's bad when the opposing team's superstar feels bad for you).
Except it wasn't just a problem last night: his whole season has been one long stretch of miserable starts. Barring injury, Matt Harvey has nothing and no one but Matt Harvey to blame for his shortcomings this year.
So is Harvey's poor performance psychosomatic? Could it be all in his head? Is this a residual effect of him pitching over his 200 inning limit last year? Is there something wrong with him physically? He has been accused of being more out of shape this year, and perhaps that is part of the problem, but is it something more?
I personally think this stretch of bad starts is good for Harvey. To be blunt, he is a guy who needed to be humbled. I have to admit that I was always annoyed by Harvey because his attitude and behavior never matched the product he was putting on the field. He is a guy who's reputation has always outpaced the results, and he certainly hasn't made it easier on himself. He has been late for practice because he "lost track of time". He has ignored his team's and doctor's orders about limiting his innings post-Tommy John. He has openly lived a lavish lifestyle while basking in the glory of the biggest media market in the country. Harvey has built himself up to be a baseball titan, and perhaps now the baseball gods are doing everything they can to humble him.
Now, Harvey will have to rely on his skill-set and pitching weapons instead of his reputation to prove he can be an ace pitcher. Hell, at this point, he should be gunning for the title of "second-best" pitcher on the team (Noah Syndergaard has claimed the title of "Best Pitcher" for the Mets and it's not even close). Harvey will need to spend that extra time in the gym to prepare his body for the rigors of a full season. He will need to spend that extra time with the coaching staff to figure out what he can do to improve. Maybe he just needs to skip a start so he can get his head right. Regardless, Harvey is going to have to rely on more than his reputation to become to the hero New York needs. But, maybe this skid is the best thing that could happen to a man who acts like a superstar without the credentials, a man who acts like a superhero without a cape.
Baseball is humbling game and his manager stated it perfectly – "There are two kinds of people in this game: those who have been humbled and those who will be."
Harvey needed to be humbled and, boy, is he getting a big piece of humble pie. But, hopefully he can take his pie, eat it, and get his groove back. When Matt Harvey is on, he is ON and a lot of fun to watch. Even the petty haters like me can't hate on that.
Author shestealssecondPosted on May 21, 2016 Tags Mets, Royals
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Phidias created the 40ft (12m) tall statue of Zeus at Olympia about 435 BC. The statue was perhaps the most famous sculpture in Ancient Greece, imagined here in a 16th century engraving
Source:Wikipedia
Zeus (in Greek: nominative: Ζεύς Zeús, genitive: Διός Diós) in Greek mythology is the king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus, and god of the sky and thunder. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull and the oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical Zeus also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently envisaged by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.
The son of Cronus and Rhea, he was the youngest of his siblings. He was married to Hera in most traditions, although at the oracle of Dodona his consort was Dione: according to the Iliad, he is the father of Aphrodite by Dione. Accordingly, he is known for his erotic escapades, including one pederastic relationship with Ganymede. His trysts resulted in many famous offspring, including Athena, Apollo and Artemis, Hermes, Persephone (by Demeter), Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen, Minos, and the Muses (by Mnemosyne); by Hera he is usually said to have sired Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus.
His Roman counterpart was Jupiter, and his Etruscan counterpart was Tinia.
Cult of Zeus
Panhellenic cults of Zeus
The major center at which all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god was Olympia. The quadrennial festival there featured the famous Games. There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash - from the accumulated remains of many centuries' worth of animals sacrificed there.
Outside of the major inter-polis sanctuaries, there were certain modes of worshipping Zeus that were shared across the Greek world. Most of the above titles, for instance, could be found at any number of Greek temples from Asia Minor to Sicily. Certain modes of ritual were held in common as well: sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar, for instance.
Colossal seated Zeus from Gaza, Roman period Istanbul Archaeology Museum)
Zeus, poetically referred to by the vocative Zeu pater ("O, father Zeus"), is a continuation of Diēus, the Proto-Indo-European god of the daytime sky, also called *Dyeus ph2tēr ("Sky Father"). The god is known under this name in Sanskrit (cf. Dyaus/Dyaus Pita), Latin (cf. Jupiter, from Iuppiter, deriving from the PIE vocative *dyeu-ph2tēr), deriving from the basic form *dyeu- ("to shine", and in its many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god"). And in Germanic and Norse mythology (cf. *Tīwaz > OHG Ziu, ON Týr), together with Latin deus, dīvus and Dis(a variation of dīves), from the related noun *deiwos. To the Greeks and Romans, the god of the sky was also the supreme god, whereas this function was filled out by Odin among the Germanic tribes. Accordingly, they did not identify Zeus/Jupiter with either Tyr or Odin, but with Thor (Þórr). Zeus is the only deity in the Olympic pantheon whose name has such a transparent Indo-European etymology.
Aside from forced transformation, Zeus is known to punish those who veered out of his pleasure with lightning bolts.
Role and epithets
Zeus played a dominant role, presiding over the Greek Olympian pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes and heroines and was featured in many of their stories. Though the Homeric "cloud collecter" was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near-Eastern counterparts, he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity.
The epithets or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide-ranging authority:
Bust of Zeus in the British Museum
- Zeus Olympios emphasized Zeus's kingship over both the gods and the Panhellenic festival at Olympia.
- A related title was Zeus Panhellenios, ('Zeus of all the Hellenes') to whom Aeacus' famous temple on Aegina was dedicated.
- As Zeus Xenios, Zeus was the patron of hospitality and guests, ready to avenge any wrong done to a stranger.
- As Zeus Horkios, he was the keeper of oaths. Liars who were exposed were made to dedicate a statue to Zeus, often at the sanctuary of Olympia.
- As Zeus Agoraios, Zeus watched over business at the agora, and punished dishonest traders.
- As Zeus Meilichios, "Easy-to-be-entreated", he subsumed an archaic chthonic daimon propitiated in Athens, Meilichios.
Some local Zeus-cults
In addition to the Panhellenic titles and conceptions listed above, local cults maintained their own idiosyncratic ideas about the king of gods and men. A few examples are listed below.
Cretan Zeus
On Crete, Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at Knossos, Ida and Palaikastro. The stories of Minos and Epimenides suggest that these caves were once used for incubatory divination by kings and priests. The dramatic setting of Plato's Laws is along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing archaic Cretan knowledge. On Crete, Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult, and hymned as ho megas kouros "the great youth". With the Kouretes, a band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan paideia.
The Hellenistic writer Euhemerus apparently proposed a theory that Zeus had actually been a great king of Crete and that posthumously his glory had slowly turned him into a deity. The works of Euhemerism have not survived, but Christian patristic writers took up the suggestion with enthusiasm.
Zeus Lykaios in Arcadia
The epithet Lykaios ("wolf-Zeus") is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the archaic festival of the Lykaia on the slopes of Mount Lykaion ("Wolf Mountain"), the tallest peak in rustic Arcadia; Zeus had only a formal connection with the rituals and myths of this primitive rite of passage with an ancient threat of cannibalism and the possibility of a werewolf transformation for the ephebes who were the participants. Near the ancient ash-heap where the sacrifices took place was a forbidden precinct in which, allegedly, no shadows were ever cast. According to Plato (Republic 565d-e), a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf, and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine-year cycle had ended. There were games associated with the Lykaia, removed in the fourth century to the first urbanization of Arcadia, Megalopolis; there the major temple was dedicated to Zeus Lykaios.
Apollo, too had an archaic wolf-form, Apollo Lycaeus, worshipped in Athens at the Lykeion, or Lyceum, which was made memorable as the site where Aristotle walked and taught.
Subterranean Zeus
Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored a local Zeus, who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored Zeus Meilichios ("kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had Zeus Chthonios ("earthy"), Katachthonios ("under-the-earth) and Plousios ("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented indifferently as snakes or men in visual art. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did chthonic deities like Persephone and Demeter, and also the heroes at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.
In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the daimon to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in Boeotia might belong to the hero Trophonius or to Zeus Trephonius ("the nurturing"), depending on whether you believe Pausanias or Strabo. The hero Amphiaraus was honored as Zeus Amphiaraus at Oropus outside of Thebes, and the Spartans even had a shrine to Zeus Agamemnon.
Oracles of Zeus
Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to Apollo, the heroes, or various goddesses like Themis, a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus.
The Oracle at Dodona
The cult of Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, where there is evidence of religious activity from the 2nd millennium BC onward, centered around a sacred oak. When the Odyssey was composed (circa 750 BC), divination was done there by barefoot priests called Selloi, who lay on the ground and observed the rustling of the leaves and branches (Odyssey 14.326-7). By the time Herodotus wrote about Dodona, female priestesses called peleiades ("doves") had replaced the male priests.
Zeus' consort at Dodona was not Hera, but the goddess Dione - whose name is a feminine form of "Zeus". Her status as a titaness suggests to some that she may have been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity, and perhaps the original occupant of the oracle.
The Oracle at Siwa
The oracle of Ammon at the oasis of Siwa in the Western Desert of Egypt did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world before Alexander's day, but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era: Herodotus mentions consultations with Zeus Ammon in his account of the Persian War. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at Sparta, where a temple to him existed by the time of the Peloponnesian War (Pausanias 3.18).
After Alexander made a trek into the desert to consult the oracle at Siwa, the figure arose of a Libyan Sibyl.
Other oracles of Zeus
The chthonic Zeuses (or heroes) Trophonius and Amphiaraus were both said to give oracles at the cult-sites.
Zeus and foreign gods
Zeus was equivalent to the Roman god Jupiter and associated in the syncretic classical imagination with various other deities, such as the Egyptian Ammon and the Etruscan Tinia. He (along with Dionysus) absorbed the role of the chief Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic deity known in Rome as Sabazius.
Zeus in myth
The Chariot of Zeus, from an 1879 Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church
Cronus sired several children by Rhea: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon, but swallowed them all as soon as they were born, since he had learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overcome by his own son as he had overthrown his own father - an oracle that Zeus was to hear and avert. But when Zeus was about to be born, Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to save him, so that Cronus would get his retribution for his acts against Uranus and his own children. Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Crete, handing Cronus a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he promptly swallowed.
Rhea hid Zeus in a cave on Mount Ida in Crete. According to varying versions of the story:
1. He was then raised by Gaia.
2. He was raised by a goat named Amalthea, while a company of Kouretes - soldiers, or smaller gods - danced, shouted and clashed their spears against their shields so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry.
3. He was raised by a nymph named Adamanthea. Since Cronus ruled over the Earth, the heavens and the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his father.
4. He was raised by a nymph named Cynosura. In gratitude, Zeus placed her among the stars.
5. He was raised by Melissa, who nursed him with goat's-milk and honey.
6. He was raised by a shepherd family under the promise that their sheep would be saved from wolves.
Zeus becomes king of the gods
After reaching manhood, Zeus forced Cronus to disgorge first the stone (which was set down at Pytho under the glens of Parnassus to be a sign to mortal men, the Omphalos) then his siblings in reverse order of swallowing. In some versions, Metis gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the babies, or Zeus cut Cronus' stomach open. Then Zeus released the brothers of Cronus, the Gigantes, the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes, from their dungeon in Tartarus (The Titans; he killed their guard, Campe. As gratitude, the Cyclopes gave him thunder and the thunderbolt, or lightning, which had previously been hidden by Gaia.) Together, Zeus and his brothers and sisters, along with the Gigantes, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes overthrew Cronus and the other Titans, in the combat called the Titanomachy. The defeated Titans were then cast into a shadowy underworld region known as Tartarus. Atlas, one of the titans that fought against Zeus, was punished by having to hold up the sky.
After the battle with the Titans, Zeus shared the world with his elder brothers, Poseidon and Hades, by drawing lots: Zeus got the sky and air, Poseidon the waters, and Hades the world of the dead (the underworld). The ancient Earth, Gaia, could not be claimed; she was left to all three, each according to their capabilities, which explains why Poseidon was the "earth-shaker" (the god of earthquakes) and Hades claimed the humans that died.
Gaia resented the way Zeus had treated the Titans, because they were her children. Soon after taking the throne as king of the gods, Zeus had to fight some of Gaia's other children, the monsters Typhon and Echidna. He vanquished Typhon and trapped him under a mountain, but left Echidna and her children alive.
Zeus and Hera
Zeus was brother and consort of Hera. By Hera, Zeus sired Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus, though some accounts say that Hera produced these offspring alone. Some also include Eileithyia as their daughter. The conquests of Zeus among nymphs and the mythic mortal progenitors of Hellenic dynasties are famous. Olympian mythography even credits him with unions with Leto, Demeter, Dione and Maia.
Among the mortals: Semele, Io, Europa and Leda.
Many myths renders Hera as jealous of his amorous conquests and a consistent enemy of Zeus' mistresses and their children by him. For a time, a nymph named Echo had the job of distracting Hera from his affairs by incessantly talking: when Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to repeat the words of others.
Zeus miscellany
- Zeus turned Pandareus to stone for stealing the golden dog which had guarded him as an infant in the holy Dictaeon Cave of Crete.
- Zeus killed Salmoneus with a thunderbolt for attempting to impersonate him, riding around in a bronze chariot and loudly imitating thunder.
- Zeus turned Periphas into an eagle after his death, as a reward for being righteous and just.
- At the marriage of Zeus and Hera, a nymph named Chelone refused to attend. Zeus transformed her into a tortoise (chelone in Greek).
- Zeus, with Hera, turned King Haemus and Queen Rhodope into mountains (the Balkan mountains, or Stara Planina, and Rhodope mountains, respectively) for their vanity.
- Zeus condemned Tantalus to eternal torture in Tartarus for trying to trick the gods into eating the flesh of his butchered son.
- Zeus condemned Ixion be tied to a fiery wheel for eternity as punishment for attempting to violate Hera.
- Zeus sunk the Telchines beneath the sea for blighting the earth with their fell magics.
- Zeus blinded the seer Phineus and sent the Harpies to plague him as punishment for revealing the secrets of the gods.
- Zeus rewarded Tiresias with a life three times the norm as reward for ruling in his favour when he and Hera contested which of the sexes gained the most pleasure from the act of love.
- Zeus punished Hera by having her hung upside down from the sky when she attempted to drown Heracles in a storm.
- Of all the children Zeus spawned, Heracles was often described as his favorite. Indeed, Heracles was often called by various gods and people as "the favorite son of Zeus", Zeus and Heracles were very close and in one story, where a tribe of earth-born Giants threatened Olympus and the Oracle at Delphi decreed that only the combined efforts of a lone god and mortal could stop the creature, Zeus chose Heracles to fight by his side. They proceeded to defeat the monsters.
- His sacred bird was the golden eagle, which he kept by his side at all times. Like him, the eagle was a symbol of strength, courage, and justice.
- His favourite tree was the oak, symbol of strength. Olive trees were also sacred to him.
- Zelus, Nike, Cratos and Bia were Zeus' retinue.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Zeus"
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The bull never has been lost. What need is there to search? Only because of separation from my true nature, I fail to find him.
In the confusion of the senses I lose even his tracks. Far from home, I see many crossroads, but which way is the right one I know not.
Greed and fear, good and bad, entangle me.
Why is prayer necessary if you believe in an omnipotent being?
How does light gain momentum?
Understanding the teaching, I see the footprints of the bull.
Then I learn that, just as many utensils are made from one metal, so too are myriad entities made of the fabric of self.
Unless I discriminate, how will I perceive the true from the untrue?
Not yet having entered the gate, nevertheless I have discerned the path.
When one hears the voice, one can sense its source.
As soon as the six senses merge, the gate is entered.
This unity is like salt in water, like color in dyestuff.
The slightest thing is not apart from self.
He dwelt in the forest a long time, but I caught him today!
Infatuation for scenery interferes with his direction.
Longing for sweeter grass, he wanders away.
His mind still is stubborn and unbridled.
When one thought arises, another thought follows.
When the first thought springs from enlightenment, all subsequent thoughts are true.
Through delusion, one makes everything untrue.
Delusion is not caused by objectivity; it is the result of subjectivity.
Hold the nose-ring tight and do not allow even a doubt.
This struggle is over; gain and loss are assimilated.
I sing the song of the village woodsman, and play the tunes of the children.
Astride the bull, I observe the clouds above.
Onward I go, no matter who may wish to call me back.
All is one law, not two. We only make the bull a temporary subject.
It is as the relation of rabbit and trap, of fish and net.
It is as gold and dross, or the moon emerging from a cloud.
One path of clear light travels on throughout endless time.
Mediocrity is gone. Mind is clear of limitation.
I seek no state of enlightenment. Neither do I remain where no enlightenment exists.
Since I linger in neither condition, eyes cannot see me.
If hundreds of birds strew my path with flowers, such praise would be meaningless.
From the beginning, truth is clear.
Poised in silence, I observe the forms of integration and disintegration.
One who is not attached to "form" need not be "reformed."
The water is emerald, the mountain is indigo, and I see that which is creating and that which is destroying.
Inside my gate, a thousand sages do not know me.
The beauty of my garden is invisible. Why should one search for the footprints of the patriarchs?
I go to the market place with my wine bottle and return home with my staff.
I visit the wineshop and the market, and everyone I look upon becomes enlightened.
cosmictraveler, shlunka and dan hunter like this.
the child is searching, searching!
Where does the dear child go from here?
She follows her heart, to freedom's shore, right?
thick -- did she find the way?
This ox is hard to herd or follow.
zero and ten are one in the same?
Ten 'most harmful' books ever. Really.


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Home » Latest » Front Page » Continue strict action against miscreants, ensure smooth yatra: Home Minister to security forces
Continue strict action against miscreants, ensure smooth yatra: Home Minister to security forces
Special Secretary Internal Security (Ministry of Home Affairs) AP Maheswari addresses a news conference in Srinagar on Wednesday.
Union Home Minister Amit Shah on Wednesday directed the heads of various security agencies to continue their "strict action against miscreants" and to ensure a violence-free Amarnath yatra that begins on July 1.
Shah arrived on a two-day maiden visit to Kashmir along with Union Home Secretary Rajiv Gauba, Special Secretary Internal Security (Ministry of Home Affairs) AP Maheswari and Additional Secretary (MHA) Gyanesh Kumar.
He chaired two meetings at the SKICC. He was briefed about security preparations for the yatra, counter insurgency operations and overall law and order situation in Kashmir at the security meeting.
After the security meeting, he reviewed developmental schemes, including the Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS).
Addressing the media after the meetings, Maheswari said Shah directed all security agencies to stay alert and take all preventive steps to ensure a violence-free yatra.
Also Read | Amit Shah's message in J&K: Zero tolerance for militancy
"He (Shah) said there should be no laxity. Strict enforcement of the Standard Operating Procedure (SoP) should be ensured and senior officers should personally supervise the arrangements," Maheswari said.
He said Shah told the meeting that security forces should ensure optimum use of latest technologies and gadgets not only for security of the yatra but also to facilitate movement of the devotees and tourists.
"He (Home Minister) specifically drew attention of the security forces towards anti-sabotage as well as anti-subversion drills and the access control procedures. In this context, he firmly underscored the need for prompt response of security forces towards counter IED measures," Maheswari said.
He said Shah stressed on the importance of the SoP for yatra and timely convoy movement in particular.
"The Home Minister also stated that after the cut-off timings, barricades should be erected at suitable locations and no differentiation should be made between yatris and tourists. He stated that barricades be used at all lateral entry points during convoy movement and all lateral points should be manned round the clock," Maheswari said.
He said that Shah advised all security forces and various agencies to continue taking "strict action against miscreants".
"The Home Minister reiterated the need to cover all sensitive and vulnerable places including possible points of infiltration throughout the state in order to obviate any type of risk to yatra," Maheswari said.
"While laying emphasis on essential facilities for those deputed on the arrangements of yatra, he underscored the need for all duty personnel to ensure proper conduct. He stressed that daily feedback of any shortcomings be taken and real-time rectifications be made." Maheswari added.
Maheswari said that there should be no complacency on part of security forces or duty staff at any point of time during the entire yatra period and best possible facilities should be provided at the base camps.
Besides Jammu and Kashmir Governor Satya Pal Malik, Union Home Secretary Rajiv Gauba, Chief Secretary (J&K) BVR Subramanyam, Northern Army Commander Lieutenant General Ranbir Singh, heads of various security agencies, J&K Home secretary Shaleen Kabra and other officers were present at the meeting.
REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Briefing the media persons about the review taken by the Union Home Minister about developmental projects, Additional Secretary (MHA) Gyanesh Kumar said the meeting focussed on accelerating development, building infrastructure, inclusive growth for all communities and employment generation schemes for youth.
Also Read | Rajnath for making peace a permanent feature in J&K
"The Home Minister asked the state government to ensure that the poorest people should get benefits of governance in all spheres. He also issued various directions, which include strict adherence to the State Public Service Delivery Act," Kumar told reporters.
"The Home Minister stressed that more services should be brought under the ambit of PSDA. He also stated that Anti-Corruption Bureau must investigate rampant corruption and fast-track its investigations on priority."
Kumar said that the Home Minister also mentioned that the state officers should be fully sensitive towards balanced development of all three regions of the state—Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.
"The Home Minister also mentioned that the officers of the state government should adopt inclusive approach for all communities and no community should feel neglected, be it border residents, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe or any other category like socially and educationally backward classes or economically backward classes," Kumar said.
He said that the Home Minister also stated that public hearing programs should be supervised by Advisors to the Governor and grievances received should be addressed in a time-bound manner.
"The Home Minister stressed that grievances of the poor should be disposed of in all districts and villages. The Home Minister stressed that the benefits should reach the last man in the line," Kumar said.
Also Read | Amit Shah reviews J&K situation as GoI mulls to set up delimitation commission
He said Shah also reviewed the major flagship programs of the central government, such as pensions for widows and old-age people, Prime Minister's Koshal Vikas Yojna, Himayat for youth, Ayushman Bharat, Swach Bharat, Smart City Mission and other schemes.
"The Home Minister directed that he would like to review all these programs during his next visit and assess the improvements made. He also reviewed the PM's Development Package of Rs 80000 crore. About 82 per cent of funds under the package stand sanctioned for the 60 projects that include two AIIMS, Ring Roads, IIM, widening of national highways and power projects," Kumar said.
He said that the Home Minister stated that he will be reviewing these schemes regularly.
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