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Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) encapsulation technique has long been emerged in tissue engineering as it plays an important role in implantation of stem cells to regenerate a damaged tissue. MSC encapsulation provides a mimic of a three-dimensional (3D) in vivo environment to maintain cell viability and to induce the stem cell differentiation which regulates MSC fate into multi-lineages. Moreover, the 3D matrix surrounding MSCs protects them from the human innate immune system and allows the diffusion of biomolecules such as oxygen, cytokines, and growth factors. Therefore, many technologies are being developed to create MSC encapsulation platforms with diverse materials, shapes, and sizes. The conditions of the platform are determined by the targeted tissue and translation method. This review introduces several details of MSC encapsulation technologies such as micromolding, electrostatic droplet extrusion, microfluidics, and bioprinting and their application for tissue regeneration. Lastly, some of the challenges and future direction of MSC encapsulation technologies as a cell therapy-based tissue regeneration method will be discussed.
To treat tissue and organ injuries, cell-based therapy through the transplantation of stem cells into the damaged site to generate new tissue has been the novel approach for tissue regeneration. Among the various types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are commonly used for cell therapy because of many advantages, such as their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into multi-lineages without ethical issue. Moreover, they have a low risk of teratoma development and low immunogenicity [1, 2]. MSCs can be derived from many types of tissues, for example, the bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, placenta, lung, liver, and skin [3, 4]. Thus, MSCs have been observed to differentiate into many types of tissue including bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, tendon, ligament, and other connective tissues . Moreover, MSCs secrete various cytokines and growth factors such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) which regulate the immune system as well as many intercellular signaling pathways [6, 7]. These secreted bioactive molecules stimulate organotypic cells, enhancing their activities, and reduce fibrosis and apoptosis . Therefore, MSCs are not only capable of differentiation, but also of affecting various reactions and signaling pathways in the human body.
To deliver MSCs and maintain their advantages (i.e., their capacity for viability and differentiation) in damaged tissues, it is essential to mimic the in vivo microenvironment through three-dimensional (3D) construction and as such retain the cell's various effects under the 3D environment, such as their phenotype, adhesion, metabolism, and response signal to soluble factors . In fact, cells show different physiological and morphological results in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D environments . In particular, MSCs have better osteogenic , adipogenic , and hepatic [13, 14] differentiation behavior in the 3D environment. Moreover, MSCs show improved differentiation when they are co-cultured with other types of cells such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) , osteoblasts , and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs)  compared with those cultured alone in the 3D environment. This is because MSCs interact with other cells differently in the 3D environment compare with the 2D monolayer environment, which enhances the co-culture effect and results in increased cell expansion and tissue regeneration.
The encapsulation of MSCs, by entrapping the viable cells in a 3D semi-permeable hydrogel matrix, is one of the simple methods to introduce a 3D environment. The cell encapsulation is accomplished through the solidification of a cell-suspended liquid material . The 3D cell-encapsulating matrix should safely deliver the MSCs and maintain their viability and function in vitro and in vivo to ultimately have therapeutic potential. Successfully encapsulated MSCs can then differentiate into the targeted lineages, for example, tendon , intervertebral disk , bone , and articular cartilage . Accordingly, the encapsulation of MSCs into a 3D matrix is a very efficient and effective method in tissue regeneration, and many 3D encapsulation technologies have been developed as powerful tools for regenerative medicine. A variety of cell encapsulation technologies can produce 3D matrices of various shapes and sizes, which affect the viability and differentiation of MSCs. For effective tissue regeneration, the shape and size of the 3D matrix must be determined selectively, depending on the property of the target tissue and the materials used (Table 1). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the principles and processes of the various MSC encapsulation technologies in order to select the most efficient and effective one for the intended purpose.
In this review, we discuss the various MSC encapsulation technologies, from the old methods to the recently developed ones. We also describe several applicable tissue regeneration strategies with the introduced encapsulation technologies. Finally, the challenges of MSC encapsulation and its future direction for tissue regeneration will be presented.
To overcome the 2D environment, the first attempt of a 3D network for cells was the hanging drop tissue culture system developed by Ross Harrison in 1906 . However, the first introduction of cell encapsulation occurred in the 1960s, when Chang proposed the development of semipermeable microcapsules using nylon membranes by an emulsification method in 1964 . In other studies, using emulsification methods, collagen-agarose  and peptides  were introduced as the 3D microenvironment for cells. After the early successful strategy by Chang, cell encapsulation within beads and matrices was studied extensively. One of the most common methods for cell encapsulation is entrapment of cells within hydrogel beads which is a very convenient technique that is still being used at present because of its simplicity and stable formation. It was easily achieved by dropping the alginate hydrogel from a syringe into a calcium chloride solution . Aside from the alginate material, this method was also applied to fabricate various cell encapsulation membranes through ionic crosslink formation [28–30]. In addition, processes such as coaxial air jet application and the liquid jet method were developed for cell-entrapped droplet formation. Other developed methods including the macromolecular collagen type I matrix , hollow fibers produced by injection and co-extrusion , and photopolymerization by UV to reduce cell death without organic solvent were developed. Among these preliminary methods, some technologies are still being used in the same or better way to this day. The widespread and newly developed cell encapsulation technologies, including micromolding, electrostatic droplet extrusion, microfluidics, and bioprinting have been studied since 1958. Recently, microfluidics and bioprinting are widely applied for cell encapsulation. Also, 4D printing technology in which biomaterials or cells are responsive to external stimuli has been developed . With the increasing interest in MSCs, many research groups have started to encapsulate MSCs for cell-based therapy (Fig. 1). Therefore, in this section, we will review the principles behind these technologies with a focus on MSC encapsulation.
The micromolding method was used to fabricate the cell-laden constructs on a massive scale using specialized lithography equipment. For cell encapsulation, micromolding is a powerful tool that regulates the cellular microenvironment while encapsulating MSCs using specialized lithography equipment (Fig. 2a). Micromolding is the proper technology to manufacture a uniform capsule with excellent reproducibility, which is the reason for its extensive use. There are several types of micromolding methods, including replica, capillary, imprinting, and microtransfer molding. Among these methods, replica molding and capillary molding are easy to manufacture and have excellent repeatability at low cost, so they are currently widely used.
Replica molding is a process in which structures of various shapes and sizes are fabricated by diverse types of molds, using the gelation of a precursor polymer . Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes are the most commonly used templates for the gel structures. The polymer solution is poured onto a master made of a silicon substrate and microstructure, and the cured PDMS is then peeled off from the master . To encapsulate cells with molding, the membrane is immersed in a cell-suspended polymer solution and then removed after solidification of the solution. Trkov et al. studied the vasculogenic potential of MSCs through replica molding microfabrication . Vorwald et al. claimed that proper biomaterials should be considered as the molding resource for MSC transplantations; for example, the alginate hydrogel effectively encapsulates MSCs as spheroids . Hamilton et al. designed and implemented a hydrogel replica molding, which successfully cultivated two or more cell types in a highly customized environment that represented the 3D tissue physiology . They have developed a 3D hydrogel co-culture system by separating and isolating different cell populations using enzyme-sensitive glues. This platform enabled co-culture effects and cultivation to test the persistence of paracrine signals and provided great potential for the future study of various basic cell signals.
Micromolding in a capillary is a convenient technique for producing a patterned microstructure of an organic polymer on the surface of a solid substrate. This technology is achieved by flowing a polymer solution (e.g., PDMS fluids) to a prepared capillary patterned mold, whereupon the PDMS adheres tightly to a flat substrate and hardened to create a capillary channel. Then, cell-containing polymer solution is placed at the ends of channels to create cell encapsulating microtube and filled automatically into microchannel by capillary force. The resultant PDMS microchannel creates a partial vacuum inside the cavity and plays a role in attracting the polymer solution [39–41].
As an advanced facile technology relative to the simple syringe extrusion method, the electrostatic droplet extrusion method has been widely studied for MSC microencapsulation (Fig. 2b). Compared with other extrusion techniques such as air jet extrusion and vibrational encapsulation, electrostatic droplet extrusion provides manufactures with smaller beads with a diameter of less than 50 μm . Moreover, the advantage of this technology is that it can be performed under less stressful conditions without the use of organic solvents that reduce cell viability . Even though a high electronic field is loaded for the process, the electrical potential does not affect cell viability because the main principle of electrostatic droplet extrusion is the disruption of a liquid jet by electrostatic forces. In this process, liquid is extruded through a needle connected to the high-voltage generator. Upon application of a potential to the needle, the liquid surface is transformed into a Taylor cone-like droplet, and the liquid cone expands to create a thin strand. At the end of the electrostatic droplet extrusion steps, small polymer droplets are formed by detaching from the aperture of the needle . Furthermore, several factors can affect the size of the droplets, such as the electrostatic potential, the distance between the collecting device and syringe pump, the diameter of the needles, the flow rate, the type of polymer solution used, and the concentrations and viscosity of the solution .
As already mentioned above, the biopolymer alginate has been commonly used for cell encapsulation by electrostatic droplet extrusion because of its fast gelation process based on the ionic crosslinking mechanism. To be more specific, alginate is a biodegradable and biocompatible copolymer containing β-d-mannuronic acid (M) and α-l-guluronic acid (G). It has been reported that the G blocks contribute mainly to the gelation of alginate because when divalent cations (e.g., Ca2+) are introduced to an alginate solution, the G blocks in the alginate backbone form an ionic inter-chain bridge with the cations . Moreover, the alginate hydrogel has a higher mechanical property than that of other biopolymers and as such is a suitable material for tissue regeneration. In addition, alginate-agarose , collagen-terpolymer , and arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD)-modified alginate microcapsules  have been used to encapsulate cells with the electrostatic droplet extrusion technique.
Using this technology, Yao et al. produced alginate microspheres for rat adipose-derived stem cells (rADSCs) . The rADSC-laden microspheres were formed by dropping the cell-suspended alginate solution into a calcium chloride solution. The authors considered four parameters such as voltage, electrode distance, push speed, and an inner diameter of the needle for the encapsulation and transplantation. They found that the critical factor affecting the microencapsulation was the electrode distance, that is the distance between the needle point and the copper sheet. Furthermore, it was shown that increasing the flow rate enhanced the production efficiency. In another study group, Moyer et al. developed human-ADSC (hADSC)-laden microbeads for efficient delivery into the body by percutaneous injection . They encapsulated hADSCs in alginate microbeads using an electrostatic droplet generator and confirmed that smaller beads could be manufactured by increasing the electrical potential to 7 kV and decreasing the flow rate to < 5 mL/h. They proved that at 3 months after percutaneous injection of the encapsulated hADSCs, stable protection of the cells during injection and in the body had been achieved.
Microfluidics is a technology based on the manipulation of a fluid in a microscopic environment, such as a microchannel . It involves a variety of microfabrication processes and presents a promising approach toward the rapid and high-throughput containment of cells in microgels [53, 54]. The advantages of this technology are that it enables precise environmental control, uniform size control with low shear stress, and device structure control according to various encapsulation conditions . These microfluidic systems for cell encapsulation can be categorized into two major types: droplets and microfibers (Fig. 2c).
The microfluidic flow-focusing device is applied to cell encapsulation with various junction types. To control the generation of droplets, T-junction and flow-focusing methods can be applied according to the channel geometry . T-junction is coaxial capillary, and micro-nozzle cross-flow system and the size of the orifice of the T-junction greatly affect the size of the droplets formed. In the T-junction method, the main channel of the continuous phase and the inlet channel of the dispersed phase intersect perpendicularly with each other. The two phases form a contact at the junction with continuously flowing fluid in the main channel, and the tip of the dispersed phase enters the main channel. The size of the droplet is changed by controlling the flow rate or channel width, or by varying the relative viscosity [56–58]. In the flow-focusing method, the dispersion and continuous phases are allowed to pass through a narrow region of the microfluidic device. To better control and stabilize the droplets, symmetric shearing is used to place the continuous phase on the dispersed phase. The size of droplets can be reduced by increasing the speed of the fluid in the continuous phase [54, 58, 59]. In hydrogel solutions, cells are generally encapsulated by gelation of the cell suspension to form a coagulated matrix. The gelation depends on the encapsulating material (e.g., gelatin, agarose, alginate, and chitosan) and the cell-laden hydrogel droplets horizontally distributed to the dispersed phase.
Li et al. demonstrated that human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBMSCs) encapsulated in protein-based microgels can be a therapeutic candidate for the long-term maintenance of articular cartilage regeneration under biocompatible microfluidic processing . Zhao et al. reported a process that utilized this technology to facilitate bone regeneration with minimum invasion . To generate injectable osteogenic tissue constructs, growth factors and rat BMSCs (rBMSCs) were entrapped in photocrosslinkable methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) microspheres. As a result, rBMSCs encapsulated in GelMA microspheres showed enhanced osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
Microfluidic encapsulation in microfibers is defined as the formation of fibers within a microchannel using the coaxial flow of the initiating polymer and crosslinker . Microfluidic fibers can be formed with various polymers, including gelatin-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, alginate, chitosan, gelatin, and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Microfluidic spinning is the proper technology for cell encapsulation because the fibers can be continuously produced and cover the cells without the need for a high voltage or temperature . In microfluidics, PDMS-based and glass-based microfluidic chips are mainly used. These types of devices are easily extruded using similar materials and methods [63, 64]. Liu et al. reported mouse BMSC encapsulated alginate microfibers using microfluidic technology for vascular grafts . The generated microfibers were controlled by the different flow rates and the diameters of a capillary glass tube.
Bioprinting is an emerging technology for tissue regeneration because of its advantages, such as precise control of the cell density, high-resolution cell deposition, controllable scale, and cost-efficiency. The ultimate goal of bioprinting is the production of a living organ on a larger scale for transplantation which is required for many patients. Furthermore, the printed tissue becomes a possible tool for studying cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in microenvironments by mimicking the 3D extracellular matrix (ECM). The basic concept of this technology is the layered deposition of cell-laden building blocks or cell aggregates using several types of rapid prototyping. There are three primary technologies, namely, inkjet bioprinting, laser-assisted bioprinting, and extrusion bioprinting that each with different processes and benefits (Fig. 2d).
Inkjet bioprinting was the first technology of bioprinting and has a similar concept as conventional inkjet printing because it uses a cell-bearing pre-polymer solution (called a bioink solution) for ink cartridge dispensing . The bioink is squeezed to produce bioink droplets through stimulation of the printer heads by a thermal piezoelectric activator . Despite its low cost and high-throughput production of the parallel cell arrays, it is limited as a proper technology for tissue regeneration because it can only generate 2D tissue structure. Moreover, the disadvantages of nozzle clogging when used with high cell densities, non-uniform droplet size, lack of structural integrity between droplets, and the possibility of cell exposure to high heating temperature or mechanical stress are substantial challenges of this technology .
Although inkjet bioprinting fabricates a 2D structure, the attempt to generate 3D tissue constructs through a layer-by-layer method has been widely studied by many research groups. Gao et al. developed a highly mechanical bone and cartilage using inkjet printing with hMSCs . They generated a bioprinted PEG-GelMA composite scaffold layer by layer to introduce a 3D structure for embedding hMSCs. They confirmed the osteogenesis and chondrogenesis of the hMSCs for 21 days, with a high compressive modulus ranging from 1 to 2 MPa. Another research group studied the differentiation ability of hMSCs in hydrogel blends of type 1 collagen- and chitosan-agarose that were printed by inkjet bioprinting . The single drops of hydrogel were dispensed on top of one another to form a solid column. The hMSCs showed differentiation tendency toward osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, confirming that an anisotropic soft collagen-enriched 3D matrix was suitable for adipogenic differentiation, whereas an agarose-enriched matrix induced osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, these results showed that a 3D matrix printed by inkjet bioprinting was suitable for guiding MSC differentiation fates, and different types of tissue can be realized through control of the matrix stiffness.
The most common type of 3D bioprinting is extrusion bioprinting, which was developed from the inkjet bioprinting technology. It involves extrusion printers, such as pneumatic and mechanical (piston or screw) dispensing systems, to extrude bioink droplets sequentially by forming cylindrical lines under a steady force. The major advantage of extrusion bioprinting is the ability to dispense bioinks with high cell density, which is essential for forming 3D tissue-derived organs . Furthermore, since a wide range of viscous materials can be used, the selection of a variety of materials to encapsulate the cells is possible. Extrusion bioprinting is also able to produce multicellular spheroids for forming self-assembled tissue and organ constructs .
Using a customized microextrusion bioprinter, Du et al. fabricated a 3D bioprinted structure of rBMSC-laden GelMA scaffolds in the micrometer scale with a collagen-binding domain . They confirmed the high cell viability (> 90%) and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs for 14 days in the osteogenic medium by evaluating the gene expression of osteogenic markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin (OCN), and collagen type I. Another study group Levato et al. also established bone constructs from MSC-laden poly(lactic acid) microcarriers encapsulated in a GelMA-based hydrogel through extrusion bioprinting . However, there is an obstacle of decreasing cell viability because of the extrusion pressure and the small diameter of the nozzle . Therefore, enhancement of the cell viability and maintenance of the cell function in bioprinting composites are critical challenges for extrusion bioprinting technology.
Laser-assisted bioprinting, which is based on laser-induced transfer, consists mainly of three components: a pulsed laser source, a donor layer, and a receiving substrate . The donor layer is composed of an energy-absorbing layer (e.g., gold or titanium) on the top and a layer of mixed bioink solution (e.g., hydrogel and/or cells) on the bottom. A high-pressure bubble is formed at the interface of the bioink layer after the energy-absorbing layer is stimulated by focused laser pulses which evaporate donor layer part, and then the cell-containing solution is propelled to the receiving substrate . The advantage of this technology is the high cell viability achieved as a result of the low mechanical stress on the cells due to the non-direct method between the bioink and dispenser. Furthermore, it is possible to deposit highly viscous materials with the high cell density concentrated bioink , and the bioprinter is able to use various types of bioink.
Gaebel et al. used modified laser-assisted bioprinting to develop a polyester urethane urea cardiac patch seeded with hBMSCs and HUVECs in a controlled pattern for cardiac regeneration . They demonstrated that the co-printing of hBMSCs and HUVECs in the cardiac patch enhanced both the angiogenesis and the functional neo-vasculature that improves the functionality of an infarcted heart after transplantation. In another study group, Gruene et al. generated porcine BMSC-embedded 3D constructs by laser-induced forward transfer to confirm the viability and functionality of cells and their differentiation into bone and cartilage phenotypic cells . They verified that laser-assisted bioprinting was capable of printing with a high cell density, which is essential for 3D tissue formation, and maintained cell viability during the printing process. Moreover, the MSC differentiation ability was observed from the expression of the osteogenic markers OCN and ALP and the chondrogenic markers collagen type II and aggrecan.
Cell encapsulation technologies provide a biomimetic 3D environment for MSCs to maintain their viability and functionality, resulting in their differentiation into many types of tissue. The spatiotemporal 3D environment affects MSC fate by matrix composition, substrate stiffness, porosity, and substrate structure. The different 3D environments influence integrin interaction and clustering between the MSCs and matrix which have cell adhesion and proliferation. These affect the signaling of the cell, that is transduced to the nucleus to regulate gene expression and consequently to alter the cell phenotype . Therefore, tissue regeneration requires various environments depending on a tissue type, because of their distinct ECM parameters, respectively. In addition, biomechanical stimuli are not enough to enhance MSC differentiation, so the combination with biochemical components such as growth factors including BMP-2, TGF- β1, VEGF, and FGF is critical . 3D encapsulation technologies can provide physicochemical effects on MSCs by encapsulating both MSCs and growth factors. Thus, MSC encapsulation technologies that can provide diverse shapes, sizes, and matrix compositions with biochemical cues must be optimized depending on a targeted tissue. Among the various types of tissue, cartilage and bone are representatives of well-studied hard tissues. Moreover, the skin is a normal soft tissue that has been extensively studied. Blood vessel regeneration is also an important consideration because it is an essential requirement for all tissue regenerations. In this section, we will discuss the use of the MSC encapsulation technologies described above for the regeneration of these four types of tissue.
Injured cartilage is one of the most difficult tissues to regenerate because it is one of the avascular tissues with a limited supply of oxygen and nutrients. As a conventional treatment, autologous chondrocyte cell therapy has been widely applied, but it has drawbacks, such as its complexity, loss of cell functionality, and incomplete healing. Therefore, the method of MSC delivery to the defective site to induce differentiation toward chondrocytes is an emerging therapy for cartilage regeneration. Many research groups have examined various types of 3D environment scaffolds for delivering MSCs and inducing chondrogenesis. Peter et al. used extrusion bioprinting to encapsulate hBMSCs and human nasal chondrocytes creating human cartilage in vivo (Fig. 3A) . Encapsulated hBMSCs enhanced the proliferation of chondrocytes and the formation of cartilage clusters. In addition, using a microfluidic device, Alireza et al. established a co-delivery system of TGF-β1 and human dental MSCs (hDMSCs) in RGD-coupled alginate microspheres (Fig. 3B) . In their study, the hDMSCs (2 × 106/ml in alginate) differentiated into chondrocytes upon the presentation of TGF-β1 as an inductive signal. The alginate microsphere-using microfluidic device was simple and maintained MSC viability and chondrogenic differentiation properly.
The implantation of a cell-laden 3D scaffold is important for the induction of osteogenesis in MSCs and the reconstruction of bone tissue. Leslie et al. encapsulated rADSCs in alginate and alginate-lyase combination hydrogel microbeads (< 200 μm) at a concentration of 25 × 106 cells/ml using an electrostatic droplet generator (Fig. 4A) . They controlled the degradation rate via the ratio of alginate-lyase to alginate for maintaining rADSCs viability in the injured site. The rADSCs released from the alginate-lyase microbeads were still viable after 12 days, and they released a high level of bone morphogenetic protein 2, VEGF-A, and FGF2, which are factors that stimulate bone regeneration. In another study group, Daniela et al. encapsulated hBMSCs in 3D agarose-collagen scaffold using inkjet bioprinting . They confirmed that agarose is important to increase bioprinting contour accuracy, and collagen is crucial to enhance hBMSC proliferation resulting in osteogenic differentiation. As a result, high collagen concentration of scaffold was effective for bone regeneration. Chan et al. studied assembled cell spheroids by application of the microfluidic-based water-in-oil-in-water double-emulsion method . The aggregated hBMSCs formed spheroids in the alginate and RGD-modified alginate droplets using 8 × 106 cells/ml. Furthermore, the hBMSC spheroids in the RGD-modified alginate showed enhanced osteogenic differentiation after 7 days in culture. The successful bone regeneration was clarified by alizarin red staining and an increase in ALP activity (Fig. 4B).
There has been a lot of research to reconstruct damaged skin, which covers most of the human body. Generally, burned tissue and chronic wounds have been successfully treated with scaffold-based tissue constructs . Kim et al. introduced a skin-derived ECM bioink to fabricate a 3D thickness skin construct by bioprinting . They made a 3D-printed skin patch with hADSCs and endothelial progenitor cells for wound healing. In vivo results demonstrated that the hADSCs enhanced wound healing, re-epithelialization, and the formation of new blood vessels that realize skin regeneration using 6 × 106 cells/ml in media (Fig. 5A). Skardal et al. also used bioprinting technology to form full-thickness skin tissue on mice wounds . hBMSCs and human amniotic fluid MSCs (hAFMSCs) that were suspended separately in a fibrin-collagen gel were printed over the wound site of mice. The hBMSC- and hAFMSC (5 × 106 cells/scaffold)-encapsulated scaffolds accelerated wound closure and re-epithelialization more significantly than did a cell-free fibrin-collagen scaffold. They concluded that growth factors secreted by hAFMSCs had induced angiogenesis and wound closure at the injured site (Fig. 5B).
The reconstruction of blood vessels plays a key role in tissue regeneration because they supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues. As the source for regenerating blood vessels, MSCs are good candidates considering their unique antithrombogenic properties, immune response, and multipotency to differentiate into vascular phenotypes. Trkov et al. emphasized that unraveling the mechanism of blood vessel formation would offer therapeutic solutions because there are many limitations in oxygen and nutrient supply . HUVEC- and hBMSC-encapsulated hydrogels were localized for each channel using microfluidic patterning (106 cells/100 μl in PBS). The authors used a simple and robust mold to study communication within the cells of relevance for vascularized tissue engineering (Fig. 6A). Liu et al. investigated small diameter of vascular grafts through microfiber using microfluidic device. Encapsulated mouse BMSCs proliferated in the microfibers with VEGF and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) showed stable vascular regeneration (Fig. 6B) . Jeon et al. described a number of factors related to vessel development, and the non-endothelial cell-specific growth factors, such as the proteins of the TGF family that are also required for angiogenesis . They demonstrated that two endothelial cell-related molecules, angiopoietin and TGF-β1, released from encapsulated hBMSCs (6 × 106 cells/ml in hydrogel suspension) using a microfluidic device, played an important role in angiogenesis.
Tissue regeneration is one of the most prominent and vital approaches in diverse biomedical applications. MSCs, which are known to have a lot of potential and play an increasingly leading role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, have only recently been applied as a biomedicine. In this review, we have investigated various MSC encapsulation technologies and their applications in tissue regeneration. For clinical applications, we need to use a variety of techniques, but among them, we have looked at four technologies: micromolding, electrostatic droplet extrusion, microfluidics, and bioprinting. The advantages of MSC encapsulation technologies are improvement of MSC viability, proliferation, differentiation capacity, and protection of MSCs from the immune system in the body. These technologies which are composed using 3D environment structure can provide safe delivery of MSCs into a specific site of defection, which can provide long-term cell-based therapy for tissue regeneration. Therefore, mass production of MSCs and scaled-up matrix are critical challenges that are to be considered for clinical application of the tissue regeneration. In other words, cost, time, and labor efficiency of cell encapsulation and transplantation are challenges. Additional challenge is to consider the encapsulation biomaterial as the immune response to the implanted MSC-encapsulated matrix. Thus, the simple and easy technique to encapsulate MSCs and a combination of biocompatible materials must be improved for effective tissue regeneration.
Previous tissue engineering methods using MSC encapsulation have used each technology of micromolding, electrostatic droplet extrusion, microfluidics, and bioprinting individually. However, we need to combine these technologies to overcome the limitations of each and thereby increase their advantages. Besides this, although MSCs are considered to be an attractive cell source owing to their multipotency, it is difficult to ignore their possible differentiation into an abnormal tissue. Through a preliminary study of the differentiation of MSCs and their effects, diseases caused by unexpected differentiation can be prevented and treated. Therefore, MSC encapsulation technology has the potential to be utilized infinitely in therapeutic medicine by suppressing the abnormal differentiation and side effects of MSCs. In conclusion, MSC encapsulation is a very promising technology for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, depending on the occasion and purpose.
Hyerim Kim and Chaewon Bae contributed equally to this work.
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2016M3A9B4919711, 2017M3A9E9073680, and 2017M3A7B4049850; K. Lee, 2018R1C1B6002333; M. H. Park). This work was also supported by NRF (National Research Foundation of Korea) Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2017-Global Ph.D. Fellowship Program) and a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI15C1744; W. G. Koh).
The sources for the information discussed in this review can be obtained from the papers cited in the references.
HK and CB conceived and wrote the manuscript. YMK and WGK revised the paper. KL and MHP reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


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iPhone X goes on Sale in Ghana: Price, Deals and Where to Buy
PhonesApple
By Shepherd Yaw Morttey	 On Nov 7, 2017 Last updated Sep 19, 2019
The iPhone X is in commemoration of the iPhone's 10th year.
Apple's £999 iPhone X, the company's most expensive phone to date, goes on sale starting, 7th November 2017 finally launching the highly-anticipated flagship smartphone.
About the iPhone X
How can I buy the iPhone X?
Confirmed Price of the iPhone X in Ghana
The iPhone X comes with an edge-to-edge OLED display, wireless charging, and facial recognition security. It joins the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus in Apple's smartphone range.
The iPhone X, as with all other iPhone releases is no easy phone to get. There are already queues and campers outside of Apple's London stores. However, the iPhone is in Ghana and hopefully, you are able to get one for yourself.
The iPhone X sale is up in Ghana.
The flagship phone does not come cheap. Apple has released two versions, a 64GB version, and a more expensive 256GB version.
The iPhone X is available from today and Mfidie.com has gathered that Telefonika is the first shop to have the phone in stock. This was confirmed on their Facebook Page.
The iPhone X 64GB is Ghc6990 while the high-end iPhone X 256GB is GHc7990. Available Colours are Silver and Space Gray.
Also on Mfidie.com:
Shepherd Yaw Morttey
Shepherd Morttey is an SEO Expert in Accra and Abuja with over 7 years of experience working with businesses that want to see their Google search rankings surge. Apart from being keen on Online Consumer Behaviours, he loves to discover how the online can influence offline sales and conversion. He is the founder of Mfidie.com, the biggest tech-focused blog in Ghana, a former EIT at MEST Africa and current CTO at ZuriHQ.com.
Shepherd is available for consultations on [email protected] or via LinkedIn.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The "green" or environmentally friendly home has become more common than not. More and more we are finding that there are new materials and paints that are eco-friendly. So many options are currently available; you don't have to compromise on quality or suffer through high prices when painting your Jacksonville home or business.
Why use zero VOC paint? Regular paints and stains release low-level toxic emissions into the air after applying. These toxins come in the form of solvents called (VOCS) Volatile Organic Compounds, which until recently were important to create quality paint. VOCs release gases that can be detrimental to your family's health. Symptoms include: eyes, throat and even lung issues, headaches, nausea and dizziness.
3. What are VOCs? When painting a wall or other surfaces, as the paint dries, and for many years down the road, it releases gases from its liquid form. These are harmful gases emitted by the paint aid in helping it cure. These are Volatile Organic Compounds. Some of the worse VOCs are: benzene, naphthalene, toluene and formaldehyde. They aid in drying and spread rates. These VOC gases harm humans, pets; and especially the very young or older lungs. Today, there is easy access to quality zero VOC paints.
4. Are eco-friendly paints expensive? No, they aren't. Now that there is a huge demand for zero VOC products manufacturers have set the prices comparable to those of traditional paint.
5. Does eco-friendly mean less quality? No way! Low or zero VOC paints are among the highest quality paints on the market. They are used in a variety of applications. From residential to commercial painting projects. There are so many options to choose from; it makes perfect sense!
Pro Color is a "Green Painting Company" who knows of the dangerous products used in the painting industry. We are constantly taking steps necessary to reduce the carbon impact of our painting company. We are dedicated to learning and implementing new products and techniques that will be safer for the environment and our families.
Being an environmentally responsible painting company involves dedication, and education of our employees.Not just in the field, but in our everyday office and administration as well. In the world today, green painting is much to important to bypass.
Pro Color Jax is a environmentally conscious painting company in Jacksonville, FL. Local Jacksonville painters offering interior painting, exterior painting and wood repairs. Click here to view a Jacksonville painting Contractors blog.


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Archiviato dal Winter 2013 Archivio Moderno Quarterly
The Poetry Review, published quarterly by The Poetry Society, is home to the world's best contemporary poetry and writing about poetry. Since first publication in 1912, it has featured new poems, essays and reviews by internationally renowned and emerging poets, both Nobel Prize winners and newcomers. Famous contributors include T.S. Eliot, Allen Ginsberg, Derek Walcott, Philip Larkin, Seamus Heaney, Carol Ann Duffy, Jackie Kay and Alice Oswald.
The trial issue, published Summer 2015, spans old and new trends: 'Prufrock' in its hundredth year, the hunt for new ways to ironise the self in Charles Whalley's essay on post-internet poetry, and St Francis and Flaubert in D.A. Powell's 'Letter from San Francisco'. There are new poems by Nick Laird, Graham Mort, Daljit Nagra, Sara Peters, Jennifer L. Knox and the winner of the Geoffrey Dearmer Prize, Zaffar Kunial. The review section includes new collections by Claudia Rankine, Sean O'Brien, Frances Leviston and Michael Hofmann's selected essays.
The Winter 22 issue of The Poetry Review is guest edited by Denise Saul and W.N. Herbert who 'turned both to the elegy and to the act of weighing up' for their edition. This Winter Review attempts 'an assaying of the poetry scene, an account of the countries of verse and a reckoning of the regions of rhyme. Our contributors consider where our publishing, performance and practice is at today, in the "post"-pandemic, post-everything present. How are we, wherever we are?' Poems include new work by Seán Hewitt, Nick Makoha, Stephen Sexton, Rushika Wick, Julian Stannard, Muñoz, Alec Finlay, John Kinsella, Pascale Petit, Tara Bergin, Malika Booker and also Ian Macartney, who was a top 15 winner of the Foyle Young Poets of the Year Award 2015. A 'review–essay' by Karen McCarthy Woolf exploring grief has also been specially commissioned.
Argomenti: Literature, Poetry
Primo numero Winter 2013
Ultimo Numero: Winter 2022
Pubblicato: Quarterly


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Bute Park - Bute Park is an easily accessible 56 hectare. Bute Park is currently undergoing a £5.6 million restoration project - maybe they will even be able to aford to publish some accessibility info!
St Fagans: National History Museum - Disabled access to much of the site is fairly easy, with signposted routes where required. However, St Fagans Castle and a few other attractions are some distance from the main entrance and their access is uphill.
Forest Farm Country Park - Council have created a series of ponds, scrapes and wetlands which encouraged water loving birds to feed and nest on them. These can be viewed from two bird hides, which have contributed greatly to the enjoyment of visitors as has the improved access and disabled facilities.
Disability Sport Wales - Cardiff - There are a wide range of sports and activities on offer throughout the daytime and evenings so most people can find a recreational activity to suit them. Whether you are looking for a healthy lifestyle, to socialise and make new friends, keep fit, or strive to be a future participant in the Paralympics, Deaflympics or Special Olympics there should be something out there for you.
Pedal Power - Pedal Power is home to one of the best, if not the best, accessible cycling centres in the UK. We operate out of two centres, one near the city centre and one in Cardiff Bay. We have an extensive range of specially adapted cycles designed for disabled adults and children.


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Home St. Martin News Network Attorney General Guus Schram issued instruction on how and when Landsrecherche (National...
St. Martin News Network
Attorney General Guus Schram issued instruction on how and when Landsrecherche (National Detective).
illemstad/PHILIPSBURG:— The Attorney General of Curacao, St. Maarten and the BES islands has issued an instruction to Chief Prosecutors on Curacao, St. Maarten and the BES islands. The instruction was also copied to the various Ministers of Justice, and department heads such as Chiefs of Police. The instruction goes into effect on February 1st 2016.
In a press release the Schram said that the Landsrecherche (National Detectives) falls directly under him therefore in order to be open and transparent he has decided to make it known in writing how the officers of this particular department can be deployed.
Cases that are handled by the national detectives are cases or crimes committed by civil servants, judges, and foundations that are fully subsidized by government. Also included are the directors of Government owned companies and polticians.
The Landsrecherche is an investigative body with a special task. It focuses on the detection by (semi-) government officials that committed crimes. The instruction clearly states that not all crimes committed by these officers/civil servants can be investigated by the National Detectives since it would be impossible for the department due to the lack of capacity.
The scope of the Landsrecherche should therefore be defined. These remarks contain before a decision framework and thereby seeks to ensure that the Landsrecherche mainly operates in the field of the criminal conduct which seriously affect the integrity of the justice and the integrity of public administration.
This designation refers to the Landsrecherches of countries St. Maarten and Curacao. As for Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba (BES) provides for the designation of the PG that the Dutch designation tasks and deployment Department will continue to apply.
For the text of the instruction refers to the Prosecutor General Prosecutor log on to the prosecution's website (OM): http://www.openbaarministerie.org/images/AanwijzingTakenEnInzetLandsrecherch e_januari2016.pdf
Establishing and publishing instructions and guidelines is part of the development of the Public Prosecutor for a professional and transparent law enforcement partner.
Source: St. Martin News Network Attorney General Guus Schram issued instruction on how and when Landsrecherche (National Detective).
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Jenni 'JWoww' Farley and Roger Mathews Welcome Baby Girl!
Looks like Snooki's Lorenzo has a new friend to play with now!
Jenni "JWoww" Farley, 28, and her fiance Roger Mathews, 38, welcomed a baby daughter into the world on Sunday, July 13-- and their little meatball seems to already fit right into the Jersey Shore family.
"Jenni and Roger are so excited to welcome the newest guidette Meilani Alexandra Mathews to the world weighing 7 lbs., 13 oz.," JWoww's rep told ET. "Meilani and her parents are doing great and are happy and healthy. Meilani is already looking to trade her baby bottle for barbells."
RELATED PICS: You Named Your Kid What?!
MTV added of the baby news, "We're fist pumping in celebration of Jenni 'JWoww' Farley and Roger Mathews' new baby girl Meilani Alexandra Mathews. We're so excited for the new parents and to welcome the newest member to the MTV family."
The clock is still ticking for Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi's bun in the oven. JWoww's Jersey Shore bestie is expecting her second child, and it's to also be a girl. The 26-year-old and her fiance Jionni LaValle already have a son, Lorenzo Dominic LaValle, who turns two in August.
"They're basically cousins. There's no option. You're sisters," the new mom told People of her and Snooki's kids.
Congrats to JWoww and Roger!


Penny's story, 'Getting into Narnia', is to be published by Henshaw Press in an anthology. Her poem 'Ruth walking' will soon be published in South poetry magazine. Mary won 2nd prize at the Story Slam which was part of the Purbeck Literary Festival, in Bere Regis. Her story, 'Blue Pig', will soon be published by Tethered by Letters . Julie, Penny and Mary have all recently had flash fiction stories published on Paragraph Planet. Congratulations, everyone! The afternoon group of Wimborne Writing Group had its inaugural meeting yesterday. There were interesting discussions and very good writing was read during the two-hour seminar. We met at the Community and Learning Resource Centre where the morning group has also been meeting for a number of years now.


Finely ground herbal powders are gently rubbed into the body in this dry massage. The herbal powders are chosen according to what will most benefit the client. Urdvartana is traditionally the final detoxifying step after an abhyanga oil massage. It gently stimulates, exfoliates, smoothes, and tones the skin. It is also an excellent method to reduce excess adipose tissue, impart mobility to the joints, and strengthen muscles. If added after a massage, urdvartana is 10 minutes.


Title compound were synthesised by the simple method by the melt condensation of the tetracarboxy metal phthalocyanine with 2-amino-5-phenyl thiazole. Proposed method is better method for the synthesis of heterocyles substituted soluble metal phthalocyanine. Soluble phthalocyanine obtained in good yield and purity was characterized by various spectral techniques like H NMR, Mass spectra, IR and UV-Visible spectroscopic techniques.


She eventually formed a vocal band with college friends, but due to her gaining popularity through the internet as a model she put those goals on hold.
Hye-Sun then signed with YG Entertainment and still harbored dreams of singing. can't wait to watch ur upcoming movie you are too much hope it get the recognition it deserve all over the world. Hoping that I will see u someday in personal and Thank u because with you KHS, keeps me inspiring to strive hard for a better future and one day in God's perfect time I will go to KOREA as I promise it to myself. KHS Saranghae forevermore:)« @lisa, you must be one of those who is so overwhelm with jealousy of Ku Hye Sun to make such a rude comment. If u really don't like her there is always an option just SKIP her drama.. who feels that life will be better if u throw some negative comments and criticize others..me remind u life doesn't work that way.. But, I'll settle for just seeing a constant stream of her film, television, and modeling work for as long as she continues showing us her cheerful, smiling face. http;//com i started watching korean dramas on netflix and came across boys over flowers. ) which makes me feel old for watching, i am totally entranced with this girl's abilities. Maybe that was a hair & makeup decision to reflect how she's viewed at her school, I'm not sure, but it's unusual to see in the female lead of a romantic comedy. This girl is a painter, director, actress, singer and what-not! Then i went on to see Pure 19, she made me cry a lot. So we are all waiting for her new drama, "The Musical". Thank you for making us happy because of F4 (Boys over Flower). you take your portaryal of the character very good. i have been hearing rumors that Korean women have been turning down marriage proposals from non-Korean men. but i have to agree with the Korean women on this one.
Ku Hye-sun's family consists of her mother, father, and one older sister.
Although "Stairway to Heaven" boosted Park Shin-Hye's profile among the Korean public, the roles she took after "Stairway to Heaven" were initially less successful.
Meanwhile, in her personal life, Park Shin-Hye was pretty much a normal student during this time, frequently text messaging with friends and having picked up the nickname "Park Pig," because of her fondness for food. It wasn't until 2009, when Park Shin-Hye was cast for the female lead in the hit SBS drama series "You're Beautiful," that Park Shin-Hye found herself in another hit title. i will watch all your drama/CF/movie, etc, good or bad, popular or not... I've seen "stairway to heaven", "goongs", "hi's beautiful", "cyrano agency" and also "heartstring".
Park Shin-Hye was born on Feburary 18th, 1990 in Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, South Korea.
Her family consists of her parents and one older brother.
She used to be a trainee under SM Entertainment, before switching over to DSP Media and preparing to debut in a girl group called Ria.


DETROIT – American Axle & Manufacturing (NYSE: AXL) was named a GM Supplier of the Year by General Motors during its 26th annual Supplier of the Year awards ceremony held Friday, April 20 in Orlando, Florida.
GM recognized 132 of its best suppliers from 17 countries who have consistently exceeded GM's expectations, created outstanding value, or brought new innovations to the company. The announcement represented the most suppliers GM has recognized since debuting the Supplier of the Year event in 1992. This is the second year in a row AAM has received the award.


Remote-controlled helicopters on bridgat website bring fun and action in the nursery. But also outside the home, the helicopter thrills by their rapid flight and their precise control. Thet are great fun for young and young-at-heart fans of technology.
Here, you will find many models: mini helicopters, who easily find place on the palm of your hand, up to feature-rich new developments, everything is here. The range is rounded off by practical accessories and spare parts sets.
The remote control of helicopter requires tact and skill. Here also the concentration and coordination skills are trained.
Who's got the hang of it is capable of acrobatic maneuvers and performs tricks.
In addition to helicopters see motorcycle models and other equipment for kids. Discover fascinating technology in the online shop and buy a radio controlled helicopter today!
How to Design a Glider Plane Model at Home?


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Bill McGann has had his life inextricably tied up with bicycles for about as long as he can remember. His first date with his wife Carol was a bike ride. A former a Category 1 racer, he has been a contributor to several cycling magazines, is the author of the 2-volume The Story of the Tour de France and is widely acknowledged as an expert on road bikes and cycling history. Since his father gave him a small 1-speed English lightweight bicycle when he was 5 years old Bill has been in love with everything about bikes.
Being too young to know better, he opened the cleverly named "Bill's Bike Shop" in 1974. Distressed to find that running the bike shop amounted to real work, he sold the business in 1987.
Carol, a former college biology instructor is also an accomplished rider, having cycle-toured extensively. Together they started Torelli Imports in 1981, a firm specializing in high-performance cycle equipment. The McGann's sold the firm in 2007 and moved to the Ozarks.
Considered by most to be a harmless drudge, he now spends his time working on a history of the Giro d'Italia, publishing Bike Race Info, riding and sending crank e-mails to Padraig.


Last night a sweet friend of mine invited me to the Rachel Hollis documentary film for a mompreneur night out.
I'm sure most of you know who Rachel Hollis is, for those that don't, she is the author of the NY Times bestseller "Girl, wash your face". She is an inspiration to many, including me!
Before the movie, we met for dinner learning more of what each other does for those I didn't know that well and catching up with those I did. I was in great company, inspirational women that were hustlers in business and really rocked the mom life as well. Dinner was filled with great conversation, it was nice, but I also learned a lot. Even better! I learned even more during the documentary!
From what I'm told this documentary is only in a few theaters across the US with very few showings for ONE day and sold out in 27 minutes! The documentary was based on the author's first conference "RISE UP". (Just a side note: Funny how a lot of coincidences and events in my life share that same title! The irony!). Anyway, after the 90 minutes highlighting the conference and learning more of how she started and her intentions, we were told after Rachel would come on and speak for 30-40 minutes. So we obviously hung out after the trailer anxiously waiting. You can tell some woman didn't know this because they were leaving, WOW did those girls miss out. EVERY woman that stayed walked away with something. If you see this come in your area again, if it does, grab some friends and make it a girls night. I highly recommend!
I wanted to share a few tips that I walked away with last night. Perfect timing for this New Year, and the new season of my life.
1. We ALL have things! We all have things in our lives that we must deal with. Either things that have happened to us or things we're experiencing. Unless we FACE OUR THINGS we can't accept and grow from them. Something I've been trying to do for so many years. Harder than it sounds.
2. The OPPOSITION OF THE TRUTH is the easiest way to battle your inner conscious. Instead of beating yourself down with the negative, look for the positive and focus on that.
3. What women don't realize is they have more in common with each other than what they think! We all face a lot of the SAME ISSUES.
4. GIVE YOURSELF credit! There's a lot of things in your life you should give yourself credit for, as women, we don't tend to celebrate all we accomplish!
5. We are the combination of the 5 people we spend the most time with! This is powerful! There is POWER IN PROXIMITY! My father in law has preached this to us for years. Same thing as "Show me your friends and I'll show you your future" he says. If your the wealthiest of your group, find a new group. If your the smartest in your group, find a new group. If your the most motivated/successful of your group, find a new group. Balance your environment. You need to FEED from your group, not pour yourself empty.
Last night was awesome! Girl time I feel recharges you… but girl time filled with motivation …EMPOWERS you!
I hope YOU put time aside to recharge and empower yourself because I went to bed last night as Melissa but with a new spark but I woke up… Superwoman!
EVERY girl needs this! Especially girl time that's motivational with other women that can LIFT YOU.
Happy Eve of the weekend Mom Queens!
Loved sharing this experience with you beautiful lady!!
It was so fun! Thank You Robyn! I can't wait for July! ?


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Lack of TV time spoils Tokyo Paralympics' big opportunity
KYODO NEWS - Sep 6, 2021 - 08:24 | Sports, Arts, All, Paralympics, Coronavirus
Television coverage of the Paralympics has introduced many relatively unknown athletes and sports to Japanese viewers during the stay-at-home summer of 2021.
But not all Para sports were equal when it came to television coverage of the games, and banning spectators from the Tokyo Paralympics did not help the obscure and unique disability sports get the air time many would argue they deserve.
Photo taken with a fisheye lens shows a Paralympic three agitos monument in front of the National Stadium in Tokyo on Aug. 24, 2021, ahead of the Tokyo Paralympic opening ceremony later in the day. (Kyodo) ==Kyodo
The more popular sports like athletics and swimming were broadcast live, starting with the qualification rounds, during the Aug. 24-Sept. 5 games, but niche sports without Japanese medal contenders like powerlifting and taekwondo were absent.
"It's disappointing, to say the least. It must be hard for the athletes," said Japanese powerlifter Hajime Ujiro, who placed sixth in the men's 72-kilogram competition.
Powerlifting is effectively a bench press competition, of which there is no Olympic equivalent. Athletes compete in different weight categories and some Paralympians have been known to surpass able-bodied bench press world records.
"Many people don't understand the charm or depth of the sport. If there was live broadcast coverage it would have been an opportunity to familiarize them with our sport," said Tomohiro Kose, who competed in the 59 kg division.
Yuki Ota, a two-time Japanese Olympic fencing silver medalist, felt it was a pity that impressive athletes like Italian wheelchair fencer Beatrice Vio, who has 1.1 million Instagram followers, were unable to showcase their talents to a national audience.
Japan Fencing Federation President Yuki Ota speaks in Tokyo on April 25, 2019. (Kyodo)
"It's so sad that there are zero live broadcasts," he tweeted.
Media visibility and representation of people with disabilities in Japan is generally poor. But with the focus on the Paralympic Games this summer, the athletes had hoped to get their moment in the sun.
The coronavirus pandemic forced a one-year delay of the games, then a spectator ban, turning the games into a TV-only event.
But some of the must-see moments of the Paralympics were not available for the Japanese public to see on TV. For example, there was no television channel that Para archery fans could tune into to get full coverage.
"The spectator ban can't be helped, under the coronavirus situation. But I wish they had broadcast our matches for ticket holders," said Para archer Miho Nagano, whose event got little attention.
National broadcaster NHK had over 540 hours of Paralympic coverage planned across all its channels and online, more than any previous host broadcaster, bettering Channel 4's previous record from London 2012, according to the International Paralympic Committee.
Photo taken Jan. 27, 2020, shows the logo of Japan's public broadcaster NHK at its headquarters in Tokyo. (Kyodo) ==Kyodo
Outside of NHK, live coverage of the Paralympics moved to Japanese commercial TV for the first time, but until the Paralympics get equal national and international television coverage to the Olympics, the brand equity gap will remain.
Powerlifter Hiroshi Miura is hoping his sport increases its fan base which will in turn improve the quality of those taking part and, with medal hopes lifting at the games, draw a larger television audience.
TV personality So Takei, who was appointed head of the Japanese Fencing Federation in June, has been doing his part in promoting Para sports by hosting inclusive sport shows.
He said Para athletes and organizations should make an effort to use social media and video platforms to reach out to an untapped fan base. He understands that viewing habits are changing, and television is not enough to satisfy the Japanese appetite for sports.
"The battle starts now," he said.
Sep 6, 2021 | KYODO NEWS
North Korea will not participate in Beijing Winter Olympics, blames U.S.
Jan 7, 2022 | KYODO NEWS
Gymnastics: Two-time all-around Olympic champ Kohei Uchimura retires
Sumo: Ozeki Takakeisho out of New Year basho with sprained ankle
Rugby: Folau stars as Shining Arcs win thrilling League One opener
Tennis star Novak Djokovic deported after losing 2nd court battle
Sumo: Mitakeumi eases past Okinoumi, stays 1 win clear of Terunofuji
Tennis: Naomi Osaka wins opener as Australian Open starts without Djokovic
Golf: Hideki Matsuyama wins playoff to clinch 8th PGA title at Sony Open
Football: Okugawa scores in 4th straight game in German Bundesliga
Snowboarder Yuto Totsuka targeting Olympic redemption in Beijing
Sumo: Mitakeumi beats Daieisho, stays 1 win clear of Terunofuji
KYODO NEWS - 6 hours ago - 22:30 | Sports, World, Olympics, All


Difference between revisions of "Dm-crypt/Encrypting an entire system"
Securing a root filesystem is where dm-crypt excels. When a system's root filesystem is on a dm-crypt device, nearly every file on the system is encrypted. Unlike selectively encrypting non-root filesystems, an encrypted root filesystem can conceal information such as which programs are installed, the usernames of all user accounts, and common data-leakage vectors such as mlocate and /var/log/. Furthermore, an encrypted root filesystem makes tampering with the system far more difficult, as everything except the boot loader and kernel is encrypted.
In encrypted root filesystem scenarios, dm-crypt is often combined with other disk abstraction technologies such as LVM and RAID, although it is by no means necessary.
While an encrypted root filesystem provides much greater protection from outside threats than encrypted secondary filesystems, any user of the system is able to decrypt the entire drive, and therefore can access other users' data. However, it is possible to use a combination of root and non-root filesystem encryption and reap the advantages of both. It is important to balance the benefits with the effort, as an encrypted root filesystem is more difficult to setup than an encrypted secondary filesystem.
Prior to creating any partitions, securely erase the disk as described in Dm-crypt/Drive Preparation#Secure erasure of the hard disk drive.
Then create the needed partitions, at least one for / (e.g. /dev/sdaX) and /boot (/dev/sdaY), see Partitioning.
If you created separate partitions (e.g. /home), these steps have to be adapted and repeated for all of them, except for /boot.
See Dm-crypt_with_LUKS/Encrypting_a_non-root_file_system#Automated_unlocking_and_mounting for automated unlocking and mounting of additional partitions at boot.
Note that each blockdevice requires its own passphrase. This may be inconvenient, because it results in a separate passphrase to be input during boot. An alternative is to use a keyfile stored in the system partition to unlock the separate partition via crypttab. See Dm-crypt/Device Encryption#Using LUKS to Format Partitions_with a Keyfile for instructions.
At Installation Guide#Mount the partitions you will have to mount the mapped devices, not the actual partitions. Of course /boot, which is not encrypted, will still have to be mounted directly.
HOOKS="... encrypt ... filesystems ... shutdown ..."
This article or section is a candidate for merging with Encrypted LVM#LVM on LUKS.
This method will not allow you to span the logical volumes over multiple disk, even in the future. For a solution that allows to do so, see #LUKS on LVM.
Prior to creating any partitions, securely erase the disk as described in Dm-crypt/Drive Preparation#Secure erasure of the hard disk drive (the necessary tools are on the installation ISO).
HOOKS="... encrypt lvm2 ... filesystems ... shutdown ..."
Note: In the past, it was necessary to ensure the correct ordering of the encrypt and lvm2 hooks, but the order no longer matters with the current implementation of lvm2.
Note: When reinstalling GRUB, you may receive warnings like /run/lvm/lvmetad.socket: connect failed: No such file or directory or WARNING: failed to connect to lvmetad: No such file or directory. Falling back to internal scanning. This is because /run is not available inside the chroot. These warnings will not prevent the system from booting, provided that everything has been done correctly, so you may continue with the installation.
"genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab" will make the proper entry in fstab, so that no further manual intervention is needed and the /boot partition is automatically mounted when the system starts.
This article or section is a candidate for merging with Encrypted LVM#LUKS on LVM.
To use encryption on top of LVM, the LVM volumes are set up first and then used as the base for the encrypted partitions. This way, a mixture of encrypted and non-encrypted volumes/partitions is possible as well. Unlike #LVM on LUKS, this method allows normally spanning the logical volumes over multiple disks.
Note that /home will be encrypted after rebooting.
Now after setup of the encrypted LVM partitioning, it would be time to install: Arch Install Scripts.
HOOKS="... lvm2 encrypt ... filesystems ... shutdown ..."
Below we will be editing /etc/crypttab. This is necessary to unlock each non-root LUKS container (like /home, /media, etc) -- these logical volumes are just as important as /root, and if they are not visible the entire system will fail to boot! LVM must have all volumes present and accounted for. Now, in order to avoid typing in multiple passwords (1 per container) every boot, we may generate some strong encryption keys and save them in /etc. Some more background about possible encryption keys, you find here. When the PC is powered off, these keys are perfectly safe: they are being saved inside the root LVM container, which must be unlocked by you at boot with a password. As well, having different passwords for each disk makes breaking the encryption even more difficult -- even if one password is compromised, the LVM WILL NOT activate without the other partitions.
Note: If you do not want to use a keyfile, simply leave the third column empty (/etc/luks-keys/home in the example) and you will be asked for a password at boot.
The encrypt hook only allows for a single cryptdevice= entry. For example, take "LVM on LUKS": The entire LVM exists inside a LUKS container. This is perfectly fine for a single-drive system: there is only one container to decrypt. But what happens when you want to increase the size of your LVM? This is in fact the main advantage of LVM: you can add and remove entire drives without having to change the underlying partition.
This article or section is a candidate for merging with Plain dm-crypt without LUKS.
dm-crypt plain mode does not require a header on the encrypted disk. This means that an unpartitioned, encrypted disk will be indistinguishable from a disk filled with random data.
The boot loader options required to open/unlock a plain encrypted device are detailed. Typing them each boot is error prone, storing them on an unencrypted /boot partition on the same device results in security concerns.
This scenario uses a key file, storing the keyfile on a second USB stick for security again. A passphrase with good entropy may be used instead.
This article focuses on system disk encryption using plain dm-crypt without LUKS. Note that for most use cases, the methods using LUKS described above are by far better options for both system encryption and encrypted partitions. Below are some considerations for choosing one over the other.
dm-crypt does not require a header on the encrypted disk. This means that an unpartitioned, encrypted disk will be indistinguishable from a disk filled with random data. This may be useful in a country that can force you to give up an encryption key where a reasonable suspicion of encrypted data exists.
plain dm-crypt encrypted disks are more resilient to damage than LUKS encrypted disks, because of the one-to-one mapping of unencrypted data to encrypted data.
dm-crypt does not allow multiple pass-phrases, nor does it allow changes to the pass-phase or key-file after initial set-up. LUKS allows for up to eight passphrases, and key-files and passphrases can be changed without having to re-encrypt the entire disk or partition.
plain dm-crypt requires manual configuration of encryption options each time a device is opened, whereas LUKS stores those details in its header.
LUKS uses pass-phrase salting and hash iteration, and as such can be more secure than plain dm-crypt. It is essential that a pass-phrase or key-file with very high entropy is used with dm-crypt.
A separate /boot partition is required, as it needs to remain unencrypted to be accessed by the bootloader. In the scenario that follows, it is assumed that no evidence of encryption is to be left on the main system drive, and so we install the /boot partition and the bootloader to a separate USB stick, and the encryption key to yet another USB stick. Throughout the guide, the system disk will be shown as /dev/sdX, the USB stick containing /boot will be shown as /dev/sdY, and the USB stick containing the encryption key will be shown as /dev/sdZ, where X, Y and Z represent their respective device letters.
Note: It is vital that the mapped device is filled with data. Without doing so, the encrypted data that is written to disk will be easily distinguishable from areas not yet written to. See Disk_Encryption#Preparing_the_disk for a more comprehensive discussion.
Unlike encrypting with LUKS, the above command must be executed in full whenever the mapping needs to be re-established, so it is important to remember the cipher, hash and key file details.
HOOKS="base udev ... encrypt ... filesystems ..."
HOOKS="base udev ... encrypt lvm2 ... filesystems ..."
See Installation Guide#Install and configure a bootloader and then return to this guide.
Where /dev/sdX is the physical disk containing the encrypted data, and <mapped name> is the name once mapped to /dev/mapper/<mapped name>.
Which one used will depend on whether the key has been written as a file to a partition, or as a bit stream to unpartitioned space. See here for details on different keyfiles.
Here, the arguments hash, cipher, keysize, offset and skip relate directly to the cryptsetup options --hash, --cipher, --key-size, --offset and --skip.
The crypto argument must still be specified, but each entry can be left blank. This will prompt for the pass-phrase on boot.
Although it should not be necessary.


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Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence and Weizmann Institute of Science establish joint AI Program
– New collaborative projects will facilitate joint research projects, training programs, conferences, student exchange programs and more
ABU DHABI, UAE, Feb. 24, 2021 /PRNewswire/ — The Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI) and the Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS) have announced the establishment of the MBZUAI-WIS Joint Program for Artificial Intelligence Research (the AI Program). The new program will promote collaborative initiatives in fundamental artificial intelligence research and will explore AI applications in domains such as healthcare, genomics and more.
H.E. Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE Minister of Industry and Advanced Technology and Chairman of the MBZUAI Board of Trustees, Professor Eric Xing, President of MBZUAI, and Professor Alon Chen, President of Weizmann Institute of Science
Drawing upon the combined expertise of MBZUAI and the Weizmann Institute, the AI Program will carry out both basic and applied research in Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing, Computational Biology, Neural Sciences, and more, toward the vision of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). The collaboration will encompass joint research projects, joint training programs, mutual visits, AI conferences and workshops, and student and staff exchange programs.
Professor Eric Xing, President of MBZUAI, and Weizmann Institute President, Professor Alon Chen, inked the new partnership agreement during a virtual ceremony in the presence of officials from both establishments.
H.E. Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE Minister of Industry and Advanced Technology and Chairman of the MBZUAI Board of Trustees, attended the event and delivered opening remarks. Speaking on the announcement, he said: "The collaboration between MBZUAI and WIS aligns with our leadership's vision of extending and strengthening bridges of collaboration in the service of our nation and humanity and seeks to enable socio-economic progress through AI innovation. We are confident that partnerships that leverage talent, technological and research capabilities will deliver breakthroughs in AI that will empower the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and contribute towards finding solutions for the greatest challenges we face as an international community – such as COVID-19, food security and more. MBZUAI is proud to work with leading institutes such as the Weizmann Institute of Science, to bring about a future built on knowledge, sustainability and resilience."
Professor Alon Chen said: "The implications of AI are vast, and will affect every aspect of our lives. Through the MBZUAI-WIS Joint Program for Artificial Intelligence we are bringing together some of the greatest minds in the fields of AI, natural and exact sciences, with the ambition of extending boundaries and empowering our scientists with access to exceptional resources. Together we will advance AI, discovering new means of leveraging the immense possibilities of this diverse and exciting technology for the benefit of humanity."
Professor Eric Xing said: "Collaborative efforts amongst leaders in the field of AI will enable us to achieve significant progress. The establishment of the AI Program further strengthens our partnership with the Weizmann Institute, laying the foundation to enhance the global AI ecosystem and further advance in areas of science, technology and higher education. This will provide our students and faculty with access to world-class resources beyond our own University, fostering a culture of international partnership and knowledge-sharing."
Tanu Chopra
[email protected];
Photo: https://mma.prnasia.com/media2/1443724/mbzuai_and_weizmann_joint_ai_program.jpg?p=medium600
ZTE i5GC Enables Private Networks for Digital Transformation of Vertical Industries
Trend Micro updated its blog saying vulnerabilities discovered in SHAREit have been fixed


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Home » Issues » July 2006 » Mark Blundell
The former GP racer, Le Mans winner and ITV F1 pundit on how driver management works, how it can help a young driver's career and why it's more than just a business to him
The impetus to start 2MB, the management company I run with Martin Brundle, goes back to the time when we were on the BRDC committee which distributed funds to promising young drivers. When the BRDC stopped doing that, there was nowhere for people to go. We talked and decided we could put something back into the sport.
From our point of view 2MB is different, because we've both been grand prix drivers. We've been there done that, seen the film. We've got huge experience that we can put into a young driver's career. There are holes that we've fallen into and we can try to shortcut those for our drivers. We've said to each other 'if only we'd been able to tap into that experience when we started.'
There is a lot of passion involved from our side and we're offering a service that we think can make a real difference to the right youngsters. It's got to stand on its own two feet commercially, and we're not offering blank cheques to drivers, but equally we don't expect to find ourselves on the Sunday Times rich list.
We've got four drivers on our books — Gary Paffett, who is a test driver for McLaren in F1, Mike Conway, who is in British Formula Three, Tim Bridgman in ChampCar Atlantic in the States and Will Stevens, who is just 14 and racing karts in Italy. They're all established champions in their own right.
It's a fact of life that nobody succeeds in motorsport without financial backing, whether it be from commercial sponsorship, family money in the early days, or from a management company prepared to put money in after seeing potential. Our drivers have their funding and we have pulled in some commercial partners too.
We pick on ability, but they've got to be a complete package now. They've got to be able to deal with media, represent a sponsor and so on. There's an attitude and a confidence level that's needed to succeed. We know what's required, so if they don't put that in, then it's time to end the relationship.
Not everyone will make it to the top, but with the right support they stand a good chance. It will still always be down to the guy behind the wheel, but we need to extract the best from each of them and to open the right doors for them.
It's all about being in the right place at the right time and having the right people to make contacts for you. That's where we try to operate at a high level. Between us we can get to most places, and get an audience with most people.
I think we have had 95 applications for management across the board, but we only represent four drivers — they have to tick all our boxes. We won't be right all the time, but we think we've got a pretty good handle on it all now.
It's quite difficult to find a real star. It requires instinct, gut feeling, as well as the stats which quantify a driver's talent. Then there are so many circumstances that can derail a career. Ultimately, though, the stopwatch never lies.