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Justia Patents With Spectral AnalysisUS Patent for Speckle mitigation for coherent detection employing a wide band signal Patent (Patent # 6,184,981)
Speckle mitigation for coherent detection employing a wide band signal
Mar 26, 1999 - Textron Systems Corporation
Multiple independent spectral measurements of light reflected from a target are produced concurrently by illuminating the target with a train of laser pulses wherein the train of pulses produces a line spectrum within the illuminating signal. A characteristic dimension of the receiving aperture is established based on illuminating wavelength, a cross-sectional dimension of illuminated region of a target, and the range between a target and the receiving aperture or image plane. The characteristic dimension corresponds to the spacing of peaks in a speckle pattern of an image plane. The use of multiple receiving telescopes having the characteristic dimension allows for independent measurements concurrently by each of the receiving telescopes. The train of illuminating pulses is generated by mode-locked operation of the laser for synchronization of sinusoidal components at line frequencies of the pulse train spectrum, and wherein the spacing of the spectral lines is at least a decorrelation frequency. The number of spectral lines preferably equals the number of independent measurements concurrently attainable during reception of the reflected pulse train. Alternatively, the laser frequency may be linearly swept such that the overall bandwidth is equal to the bandwidth encompassed by the line spectrum of the generated pulse.
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This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/094,461, filed Jul. 28, 1998, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to measurement of spectral characteristics by transmission of a coherent beam of radiation, such as infrared light, to measure atmospheric properties.
Lasers are ideally suited for making a class of long range measurements involving the transmission of an optical beam from a source to a distant target, the scattering of the illuminating radiation from the target, and the detection of the scattered energy by a receiver (or multiple receivers coincident with or in the vicinity of the transmitter. Information is obtained by measuring the return signal strength and other parameters, such as the round-trip travel time, Doppler shift of the returned radiation, and polarization changes. The information includes target properties (size, distance, velocity, and range-resolved rotational velocity) as well as properties of the medium through which the optical beam is traveling to and from the target. Information pertaining to the target may be grouped under the general category of laser radar (ladar) while the measurements pertaining to the optical medium are generally grouped under remote sensing (lidar).
For example, with a ground-based source and airborne target, measurement of signal strength yields information about a target's physical properties. Measurement of the round-trip travel time to and from the target provides the target's range measurement. Determination of the frequency shift of the return radiation provides a direct measure of the target's velocity relative to the source. This is the basis for an optical radar system.
If the illuminating source is airborne and the target is the ground, one may also infer the presence of absorbing atmospheric species along the optical path at the transmitted wavelength by measuring the strength of the back-scattered signal. This is the essential technique for remote sensing of chemical species, such as airborne pollutants. This can be achieved by standard path-integrated or range-resolved differential absorption measurements using pulsed laser sources. Path-integrated systems rely on topographical returns of an echo signal, while range-resolved sensors use aerosol back-scattering.
A pollutant can be identified, for example, from its spectrally resolved absorption signature. The absorption measurements are generally performed in the infrared atmospheric windows (3-5 microns and 8-12 micron wavelength) although the techniques described below will provide equivalent benefit in the visible and near infrared region (0.4→2.0 micron wavelength). The measurements can be conducted using standard direct detection or, in the infrared region, much more sensitive, coherent (heterodyne) detection.
The utility of these lidar and ladar measurements depends upon the capability to operate at long range. At a given range, the signal-to-noise ratio determines overall system parameters such as target size, reflectivity and surface quality and the system's transmitted energy, transmitter and receiver aperture sizes, and detection sensitivity.
One strives to achieve single photon detection sensitivity to optimize system performance. In the visible and near-infrared regions where thermal-noise sources produce little competing signal, direct detection, which depends upon the return signal energy or power and is proportional to the square of the return electric field amplitude, affords single photon detection capability. In the longer wavelength, infrared region, where thermal radiation-induced noise can mask the return signal strength, coherent detection, which depends upon the amplitude of the return signal electric field and requires an additional optical source to serve as a local oscillator, delivers single photon detection capability. Although spectral operating range, hardware complexity and desired sensitivity dictate the detection mode, both methods take advantage of the laser beam's high brightness and directionality which is a result of the laser's beam spatial coherence.
Temporal coherence causes a problem for both detection modes by producing a speckled pattern in the receiver plane as a result of interference among electric field contributions scattered from a rough (diffuse) target surface. The surface may provide specular or diffuse reflection of the illuminating radiation depending upon the scale size of the surface roughness. When the scale size for surface irregularities is small compared to the illuminating wavelength, the return is specular. For surface roughness scale sizes comparable to or larger than the illuminating wavelength, the scattering is diffuse and speckle is produced.
Speckle degrades system performance by adding a random, pulse-to-pulse fluctuation to the return signal electric field. The fluctuation is a result of small changes in the optical path length (comparable to the wavelength of the illuminating radiation). Such changes in the optical path length may be produced by target or source motion, or by atmospheric fluctuations appearing within the optical transmission path between successive pulses of the laser radiation. The pulse-to-pulse speckle generated fluctuations increases the variance in the return signal measurement which serves to decrease the effective signal-to-noise ratio and, thereby, decrease the measurement precision.
For direct detection systems which measure the square of the return signal electric field and are insensitive to its phase, speckle can be accommodated (and the resulting variance reduced) by increasing the receiver aperture to collect a number of speckles simultaneously. The resulting detector output represents an average over the individual speckle intensities and more closely represents the mean power scattered from the target. This technique, however, is not applicable to coherent detection since the output signal depends upon the electric amplitude and phase. Well known analyses have shown that the variance in the coherently detected signal does not diminish as the aperture size decreases. In the past, the lack of an effective means of speckle-induced variance reduction have discouraged the use of coherent detection and have made unavailable its significantly greater sensitivity in the infrared region as compared to direct detection.
Systems employing coherent illumination and either direct or coherent detection methods can offer the possibility of achieving the long ranges which are desirable in many surveillance type functions providing that the aforementioned interference due to speckle can be overcome. The invention below provides a method to reduce the speckle-induced fluctuations for both detection modes.
In accordance with the present invention, reduced variance is provided in the spectral measurement of airborne substances, such as pollutants, by use of laser illumination, either in a ladar or lidar system. Mitigation of such variance, or so-called speckle interference, is obtained by concurrent independent measurements of spectral characteristics combined with an averaging of the independent measurements to reduce the random-speckle induced perturbations of return signal amplitudes. The concurrent independent measurements can be obtained either by use of multiple receiving apertures and/or by transmission of a laser signal having multiple carrier spectral lines so far apart that each carrier component of the laser signal permits performance of a measurement independent of measurements performed by laser signals at other carrier frequencies.
With respect to the utilization of multiple receiving apertures, consideration is given to the speckle pattern in a plane of the receiving apertures resulting from illumination of the target with coherent radiation. The effect of the speckle is to introduce variations in amplitude of the received signal as one progresses across the receiving plane. The variations may be described as being quasi periodic with peaks and approximate nulls in the receiving pattern due to constructive and destructive interference in the speckled return signal. The spacing between the peaks may be described in terms of a characteristic dimension of received signal which, in the case of monostatic radar, is equal to diameter of a circular transmission aperture employed for transmission of the laser signal. Thus, by limiting a diameter of a receiving aperture to the characteristic dimension, the signal received by the aperture is constrained to be a region of constructive interference for maximum signal response. Furthermore, in order to insure independence of measurement, the receiving apertures are spaced apart, on centers of the receiving apertures by spacings equal to an integral number of the characteristic dimension. Thereby, an array of receiving apertures can be constructed wherein the respective receiving apertures are operative in the conduction of independent measurements of the spectral characteristics of the environment through which the laser beam propagates.
With respect to the concurrent independent measurements made with a train of pulses of the transmitted laser signal, a mode-locked laser is used to produce a comb spectrum wherein the bandwidth of the spectral components of the transmitted pulse, and the spacing of individual components of the spectrum is related to the repetition frequency of the pulse train. The spectral parameters are adjusted by appropriate selection of the length of the laser resonator. This spectrum is centered on a nominal value of carrier frequency of radiation (typically infrared radiation) radiated by the laser. This provides the pulse train as a set of sinusoidal components at line frequencies wherein the sinusoidal components are synchronized, as distinguished from randomly occurring, and wherein the spacing of the spectral lines is large enough to provide for a decorrelation of the speckled patterns produced by each of the sinusoidal components.
The number of wavelengths of each of the respective spectral components is an integral number of wavelengths in the round-trip propagation path within the resonant chamber of the laser. Thereby, by decreasing the length of the resonant chamber, the fractional increment of frequency difference between spectral components increases, while an increase in the round-trip path of the resonant chamber results in a decrease of the fractional increment in frequency difference between the successive frequency lines of the transmitted spectrum. Independence of measurement is obtained by providing a sufficiently large frequency difference among the various spectral lines such that concurrent components of the transmitted signal at the various portions of the spectrum produce component return signals which are decorrelated from each other. The magnitude of the frequency difference between adjacent spectral lines to achieve decorrelation depends upon the target geometry as discussed below.
In the case of a laser beam directed downwardly towards the ground at an elevation angle in the range of 5-10 degrees, typically 7-8 degrees, the train of the pulses of radiation is seen to progress along the target area. In the case of a beam of circular cross section, the low elevation angle produces an elliptical shape to a footprint of the beam on the ground, and the pulses of radiation propagate along this footprint. Here too, there is an interference pattern having both constructive and destructive interference resulting in a series of maxima and minima in the amplitude of the return signal. The dimension of the elliptical footprint (major axis) determines the required frequency difference. A sufficient jump in frequency from one sinusoidal component to a second sinusoidal component provides a difference in phase accumulation over the illuminated region, between the sinusoidal components, enabling the return signals of the various sinusoidal components to be decorrelated. The requisite frequency shift is referred to as the decorrelation frequency shift.
The resonant chamber of the laser is selected to provide for the requisite difference frequency among the laser components of the outputted laser signal to achieve decorrelation. Thereby, the return signal provides the set of concurrent independent measurements at respective values of the frequency components. This provides the requisite multiplicity of independent measurements of the spectral characteristics of the environment through which the laser beam propagates. In order to extract the independent measurements from the return signal, a Fourier transform of the signal is provided at the time of the transmission of the signal and also at the time of reception of the return signal. The first Fourier transform is employed as a reference spectrum, and the second Fourier transform is employed to correlate the spectrum of the received signal against the spectrum of the transmitted signal. The result of the Fourier transformation and correlation is to provide a comparison of the transmitted and the received power in various spectral lines of the return signal. This provides the desired data of the environment through which the laser beam propagates.
The foregoing data processing procedure may be repeated for each of the receiving apertures, in the case wherein an array of receiving apertures is employed, to provide for averaging of the independent measurements. Thus, there are two modes of attainment of an averaging effect, namely, the composite measurements from the comb spectrum and the averaging of the measurements from the various receiving apertures. The result is a highly precise measurement of the spectral properties of the environment accomplished with far greater rapidity than has been possible heretofore.
The aforementioned aspects and other features of the invention are explained in the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawing figures wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a stylized view of a laser system located on the ground and transmitting a beam of radiation upwards to a target in the form of an aircraft.
FIG. 2 shows a stylized view of a laser system located on an aircraft and transmitting a beam of radiation downwards to a target represented as a portion of the surface of the earth.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing variations in intensity of a signal reflected from the target of FIG. 2 and received in a speckled pattern at the laser system.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the laser system wherein additional telescopes are employed for observing a received signal.
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of transmitted and received signals propagating between the laser system of FIG. 2 and a target shown a footprint on the earth's surface.
FIG. 6 is a plan view of the footprint of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 shows a line spectrum of a mode-locked laser.
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of the laser system of either FIGS. 1 or 2.
FIG. 9 is a graph presenting a stylized representation of a pulse train outputted by a laser.
FIGS. 10A and 10B, taken together, constitute a flow chart of the process or the invention.
Identically labeled elements appearing in different ones of the figures refer to the same elements in the different figures but may not be referenced in the description for all figures.
FIG. 1 shows a laser system 20 located on the ground 22 for transmission of an optical signal to an aircraft 24, the system 20 including a transmitter 26 for generating an outgoing optical signal, a receiver 28 for sensing an optical signal reflected from the aircraft 24, and a telescope 30. The optical signal is a sequence of pulses of radiation. The telescope 30 is employed with the transmitter 26 for focusing the outgoing signal to provide a beam 32 which propagates through the atmosphere to the aircraft 24, and serves also to gather radiant energy of the reflected signal for operation of the receiver 28. The received signal has the characteristics of the transmitted signal, but is modified from the transmitter signal by the aircraft physical properties and its motion 24 and by pollutants 34 found in the atmosphere. Such modification in the received signal may include a Doppler frequency shift and selective attenuation of various spectral components. Detection and analysis of such modifications is provided by a signal processor 36 connected to the receiver 28.
FIG. 2 shows an arrangement for measurement by means of transmitted and reflected optical energy, the arrangement being the reverse of that shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the laser system 20 is carried by the aircraft 24, and directs the beam 32 of radiation downwards towards the ground 22. The outgoing signal is transmitted by the transmitter 26 and via the telescope 30 which forms the beam 32. The beam 32 illuminates a portion of the ground 22 designated as a footprint 38. The ground 22 has sufficient roughness to reflect the radiation over a large region of space included a reflection of rays back towards the telescope 30. The roughness of the surface of the earth 22 is constituted by perturbations, or irregularities, in the surface of the earth 22, the magnitude of an individual one of the perturbations being on the order of a wavelength of the illuminating radiation. The radiation transmitted by the laser system 20 is coherent radiation produced by a mode locking of a laser as will be described hereinafter in greater detail. As a result of the coherence of the radiation, there is interference among the waves reflected from the numerous perturbations throughout the footprint 38, this interference giving rise to the phenomenon known as speckle.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of speckle wherein there is constructive and destructive interference observed in an image plane 40 at the foregoing receiver 38. FIG. 3 is a probability distribution governing the speckle pattern of received radiation intensity. The image plane 40 is represented by a vertical line. An axis 42 of the foregoing telescope 30 is represented by a horizontal line intersecting the image plane 40. The vertical line of the image plane 40 also serves to measure distance off of boresight of the telescope 30, and the horizontal line, axis 42, also serves as a measure of intensity of radiation received at the image plane 40. A trace 44 shows the intensity of the received radiation in the image plane 40 as a function of distance from the axis 42. The graph shows that a peak value 46 of intensity is received at the axis 42. The intensity falls off with increasing distance on both sides of the axis 42. Still further peaks, not shown, are present with further distance from the axis 42. The three peaks 46, 52, and 54 have approximately the same width along the image plane 40.
It is convenient to describe the resulting speckle pattern on the image plane 40 in terms of a characteristic dimension, r, which is proportional to the range, R (showed in FIG. 5), of the target, or footprint 38, from the image plane 40 (shown also in FIG. 5). The characteristic dimension, r, is proportional furthermore to the ratio of the wavelength, &lgr;, of the radiation divided by the width, D (shown in FIG. 5), of the footprint 38. It has been found that the characteristic dimension, r, is essentially equal to the spacing between each of the peaks 46, 52, and 54, this being indicated in the graph of FIG. 3. The speckle pattern can very in time as a result of small changes, comparable to the wavelength of the radiation, in the optical oath length. The small changes in optical path length result from any relative motion between the source of radiation, represented by the system 20, and the target, represented by the footprint 38, as well as from atmospheric fluctuations between successive pulses of radiation transmitted by the system 20.
FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of the system 20, indicated as system 20A, wherein additional telescopes are employed in conjunction with the telescope 30 in an array 60 to realize the benefit of coherent detection. Two such telescopes 56 and 58 are shown by way of example. The telescope array 60 is constructed by providing each of the telescopes 30, 56 and 58 with an optical aperture having a diameter equal, to the characteristic dimension, r. Fortunately, such a diameter for the telescope apertures permits emplacement of the telescopes 30, 56 and 58 side by side in an array, such as the array 60, as shown in FIG. 4. This enables additional receivers 62 and 64 connected respectively to the telescopes 56 and 58 to operate in joint fashion with the receiver 28 connected to the telescope 30 to observe a single speckle. Any fluctuation in received signal, between successive pulses of illumination of the target, has the same characteristics as received by each or the telescopes 30, 56 and 58. This allows the respective receivers 28, 62 and 64 to operate in the aforementioned joint fashion to provide a significant decrease in signal variance for an improved measurement of spectral characteristics of the received signal.
With reference also to FIG. 3 wherein the trace 44 is shown in one dimension, it is to be understood that the trace 44 of FIG. 3 is symmetrical about the axis 42 in two orthogonal dimensions of the image plane. Accordingly, while the array 60 is shown as a linear array in only one dimension in FIG. 4, the array 60 may be provided as a two dimensional array (not shown) of telescopes positioned symmetrically around the telescope 30 for further improvement in the spectral measurement.
In order to make the measurement of the return signal intensity for accurate representation of the mean value of the return signal energy, it is necessary to average over a number of pulses of the received signal to reduce the variability of signal intensity of the received signal to a desired level. The uncertainty in a given return signal intensity measurement decreases in accordance with the reciprocal of the square of the number of independent measurements.
In accordance with the invention, the averaging can be accomplished by simultaneously viewing a single echo pulse from the target concurrently in a plurality of locations, wherein the locations are spaced apart by the aforementioned characteristic dimension, r, to insure independence of measurement. This can be accomplished also by viewing a succession of received signal pulses wherein the signal of one pulse is independent, in the sense of the signal of one pulse is independent, in the sense of being decorrelated, from each other pulse. Such independence can be attained also in the case of a concurrent viewing of plural spectral lines produced simultaneously within each pulse of a pulse train, the amount of frequency difference between the spectral lines being referred to as a decorrelation frequency. Attainment of the decorrelation frequency will be described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.
FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 2, and shows the beam 32 being directed downwardly by the telescope 30 of the system 20 toward the ground 22 at a small elevation angle &thgr; having a value typically in the range of 5-10 degrees, typically 7-8 degrees. The beam illuminates a footprint 38 having a length. x. and a width, D, as shown in FIG. 6. The diameter of the beam, near the earth is in the range typically of 10-15 meters. The length, x, and the width, D, are related mathematically by the equation x=D/sin(&thgr;). Transmitted rays are shown at 66 and reflected rays are shown at 68. Pulses 70 of the transmitted radiation have a duration of approximately one nanosecond, which corresponds to a distance of approximately one foot along the footprint 38 as the radiation propagates along the footprint 38.
As noted above, averaging over a succession of pulses can be employed for improved measurement. However, this is time consuming and, hence, disadvantageous. This disadvantage is overcome by the invention by providing that each of the pulses 70 is a composite of numerous spectral lines of light or radiation, wherein each of the numerous concurrent spectral lines differs in frequency from the frequencies of the other lines. The frequencies differ sufficiently, by an amount referred to as the decorrelation frequency, Fd, such that a measurement performed by use of any one of the concurrent spectral lines is independent of a measurement produced any other one of the concurrent spectral lines. Thereby, multiple independent measurements can be accomplished by use of a single one of the pulses 70. This results in a significant reduction in the time required to perform the measurement.
In order to accomplish the foregoing independence of measurement among the concurrent pulses at differing carrier frequencies, the decorrelation frequency, Fd, must be greater than or equal to the ratio c/(2x) wherein c is the speed of light, and x is the aforementioned length of the footprint 38. This relationship may be understood by considering the differential buildup of phase between two sinusoidal components of a pulse as the pulses propagate along the footprint 38. The round trip phase shift, &thgr;, between the signals at 66 and 68 (FIG. 5) is given by 2(Π/&lgr;)cos(&thgr;), wherein cos(&thgr;) is approximately unity at the low elevation angle, &thgr;, and &lgr; is the radiation wavelength. A differential amount of the round trip phase shift, &thgr;, between two signals of different carrier frequency is to be considered. An amount of &Dgr;&thgr;, equal to Π/2 in magnitude, provides for a maximum or minimum value of speckle in the image plane 40 (FIGS. 3 and 5). Using this criterion for decorrelation to determine a minimum value for Fd produces the relationship that the magnitude of &Dgr;&thgr; is equal to 2 (Π/&lgr;) (2x) (⅛x). [Assuming that the transmitted radiation is infrared radiation with a wavelength, &lgr;, equal to 10−5 meters, and that the length, x, of the footprint 38 is 25 meters, Fd must be equal to or greater than 1.5 MHz (megahertz). While the foregoing values of wavelength and footprint length are provided by way of example, these values are employed in the preferred embodiment of the invention.
In the foregoing embodiment of the invention, and assuming that there are N such spectral lines within a single one of the pulses 70, then there are N independent measurements, or speckle realizations, which reduce the variance of the reflected signal for a single pulse 70 by the square root of N. By way of alternative embodiments in the practice of the invention, instead of providing N concurrent pulses of differing carrier frequencies, there may be provided a single pulse wherein the carrier frequency is swept over a frequency range equal to N (Fd) This also enables the N independent measurements, or speckle realizations, which reduce the variance of the reflected signal for a single pulse 70 by the square root of N.
By use of a mode-locked laser in the laser system 20, as will be described in FIG. 8, the laser can produce concurrently a plurality of carrier frequencies in the nature of a line spectrum with equal spacing in frequency, or mode spacing, between the end mirrors by a relationship, namely, that the mode spacing is equal to c/(2L). Herein, c is the speed of light in the laser. Within the region of operation of the laser wherein there is sufficient gain to produce oscillation, there is sufficient bandwidth to generate numerous spectral lines with the foregoing mode spacing. Such a spacing of concurrently generated spectral lines for a mode-locked laser is shown in simplified fashion in FIG. 7.
A modulator within the laser resonator, to be described in greater detail with reference to FIG, 8, is operated to produce mode-locking pulses having the pulse duration of one nanosecond, this resulting in the generation of the pulses 70 with the plural spectral lines described above in reference to FIG. 5. While other durations of the pulses 70 may be employed, the duration of one nanosecond is employed in the preferred embodiment of the invention. The bandwidth of the frequency spectrum of the one nanosecond pulse is 1000 MHz in the case of a single pulse, the spectrum is continuous. However, upon generating a repetitive train of the pulses, the spectrum becomes a line spacing proportional to the reciprocal of the time interval between pulses. Thus, a higher repetition frequency of the pulses of the pulse train results in a larger frequency difference between the lines or the spectrum. The length, L, of the resonator is selected to produce a mode spacing of 25 MHz. By operating the modulator at a frequency commensurate with the mode spacing, a modulator frequency of 12.5 MHz being employed for reasons to be explained hereinafter. The modulator allows passage of reflected radiant energy for each round trip of reflection between end mirrors of the laser for the mode locking. Pulses are outputted at a 25 MHz rate. Thus, the laser produces a line spectrum of 40 lines spaced apart from each other by 25 MHz. Thereby, the laser enables the concurrent measurement of N independent measurements with N=40.
FIG. 8 shows details in the construction of the laser system 20, previously discussed with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 including the telescope 30 and the signal processor 36 and their interconnections with the transmitter 26 and the receiver 28. The receiver 28 is a heterodyne type of receiver and comprises a local oscillator 72, a semi-reflecting mirror 74, a heterodyne detector 76 and receiving circuitry 78. The transmitter 26 comprises a laser 80 having a lasing medium 82 disposed between two end mirrors 84 and 86. A beam 88 of infrared radiation is developed within the medium 82 in response to energization of the medium 82 by a source 90 of input power, and is reflected between the mirrors 84 and 86 to build up in intensity. The mirror 86 is partially transparent to allow a portion of the beam energy to exit the laser 80 and propagate via a transmit/receive switch 92 to the telescope 30 to exit the system 20 as the beam 32. The beam 32 illuminates a target in the form of the aircraft 24 (FIG. 1) or the ground 22 (FIG. 2). In order to provide the line spectrum of FIG. 7, the laser 80 includes a modulator 94 driven by a driver 96 for mode-locking the laser 80.
As described hereinabove, the mode-locking results in the outputting from the laser 80 of a train of pulses 70, as is depicted in FIG. 9, wherein each of the pulses 70 is a composite of numerous mode-locked spectral lines within each of the pulses 70. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the pulses 70 each have a width of one nanosecond with interpulse spacing of 40 nanoseconds, as described hereinabove. Also, the laser 80 employs a carbon dioxide lasing medium 82 providing a wavelength of approximately 11 microns. The pulse train extends over an interval of time of approximately 3-5 microseconds.
The modulator 94 may be constructed as a Bragg cell of piezoelectric material wherein the driver 96 energizes an acoustic wave within the piezoelectric material. The wave gives the appearance of a grating to the cell with peak values, whether positive or negative, serve to compress the piezoelectric material to form the grating. Thus, the spatial frequency of the grating is double the excitation frequency of the driver 96. Accordingly, to produce the mode spacing of 25 MHz, the driver 96 outputs a driver signal at half the foregoing frequency, namely, 12.5 MHz. The grating of the Bragg cell tends to deflect the laser beam away from the longitudinal axis of the laser, this resulting in a termination of a laser pulse and serving to control the length and time of occurrence of each pulse of light outputted by the laser 80.
If desired, the laser 80 can be operated in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein, instead of producing the line spectrum, the laser 80 is modified by replacing the mirror 84 with a grating, such that by tilting the grating, the frequency of radiation outputted by the laser 80 is swept in frequency over an interval of time. For example, the tilting can be accomplished by a controller 98, indicated in phantom view, which rotates the grating about an axis perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the laser 80 at a fixed rate of rotation during an interval of time such as the duration of a pulse 70 outputted by the laser 80. This sweeps the carrier frequency of the beam 98 linearly during the duration of a pulse 70.
In operation, during reception of an echo reflected from the target, the switch 92 is operated to direct received light through the mirror 74 to the detector 76. The local oscillator 72, which may also be a laser operating continuously for outputting a single frequency, directs a reference signal via the mirror 74 to the detector 76. The frequency of the local oscillator 72 is offset from the carrier frequency of the laser 80 so as to output from the detector 76 a base band signal to the circuitry 78. The base band signal is filtered, amplified and converted from analog to digital format in the circuitry 78, and is then outputted as a digital signal to the signal processor 36. The signal processor 36 includes a Fourier transformer 100, a memory 102 and a correlator 104. Prior to conduction of the spectral measurements, a sample the laser signal is drawn via the switch 92 and applied to the detector 76. The detected sample signal is applied to the Fourier transformer 100 to provide a reference spectrum which is stored in the memory 102. The Fourier transformation is conducted digitally with sample points at each frequency of the line spectrum of the transmitted signal. In the case of the alternative embodiment of the invention employing the swept frequency, the sweeping of the frequency extends across the same spectral band as is present in the case of the embodiment utilizing the pulse train without the sweeping of the frequency. Also, in the swept-frequency embodiment, the digitally sampled points in the frequency spectrum for the Fourier transformation include at least sampling points spaced apart in the frequency spectrum by the decorrelation frequency Fd. Subsequently, during conduction of the spectral measurements, the Fourier transforms of the received signals are correlated against the reference spectrum stored in the memory 102. The results of the correlation are applied to a data output unit 106 which may be a printer, or display or storage, by way of example, serving to present the output data to persons using the system 20.
The foregoing processing of the received signal can also be accomplished for the system 20A of FIG. 4, in which case data is outputted by the correlator 102 for each of the telescopes 30, 56 and 58, and is then averaged by an averaging unit 108 prior to outputting to the data output unit. In the case of the swept frequency embodiment of the invention, sampling of frequencies by the Fourier transformer takes place over the same spectral band as in the case of the processing of the comb spectrum. Therefore, the spectral data can be obtained by the signal processor 36 in both embodiments of the invention. This applies whether there is a single telescope 30, as in FIG. 2, or multiple telescopes 30, 56 and 58 as in FIG. 4.
The methodology in the practice of the invention is set forth in the flow chart of FIGS. 10A-10B. The procedure begins at block 110 wherein a selection is made as to the type of target to be illuminated by the laser. Thus, with reference to block 112, the target may be an airborne target wherein the target is to be illuminated by the laser system positioned on the ground, as shown in FIG. 1. Alternatively, as set forth in block 114, the target may be on the ground, as shown in FIG. 2, wherein the laser system is carried at higher altitude, as by an aircraft. After the selection of target in block 110, the procedure continues with block 116 wherein there is establishment of the cross-sectional dimension D of the footprint of the illumination region upon a diffusely scattering target. Then, at block 118 there is a selection of a wavelength of the laser light to be employed in illuminating the target. The procedure continues at block 120 wherein the target viewing distance R between the target and the receiver of the laser system is established.
The foregoing information is employed at block 122 to determine a characteristic dimension r of the speckle in the image plane of the receiver for configurations of the invention employing a monostatic or bistatic radar for the viewing of radiation reflected from the target. The characteristic dimension, r, is given in terms of the wavelength of the illuminating light, the cross-sectional dimension of the illumination footprint and the range between the target and the image plane of the receiving equipment, whether the radar be in a monostatic configuration, as is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, or in a bistatic configuration (not shown). The characteristic dimension, r, established in block 122 is employed to construct a cross-sectional dimension of a viewing telescope so as to maximize the signal reception of a speckle. In the case of the monostatic radar configuration disclosed in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the optimum telescope receiving aperture is equal to the transmission aperture of the telescope. At block 126, it is noted that the target footprint x is equal to the ratio of the characteristic dimension and the sine of the elevation angle of the beam from target to transmitter. The procedure then advances from block 126 via terminal A to block 128 on FIG. 10B.
In block 128 of FIG. 10B, there is a calculation of decorrelation frequency shift, Fd, of the illuminating laser light in terms of the speed of light, c, and the length, L, of the laser resonator. Fd is to become the spacing of spectral lines of a pulsed mode-locked laser producing a train of light pulses. The procedure advances to block 130 wherein there is a selection of a range of frequencies of light within each light pulse, the range encompassing a frequency band having a number, N, of intervals along the frequency axis of Fd. These intervals are the mode spacing between the spectral lines as shown in FIG. 7. Since the mode spacing is equal to the decorrelation frequency, the frequency band permits transmission of a total of N spectral components within the pulse train for concurrently attaining N independent measurements of the spectral characteristics to be made during each light pulse received at the receiving equipment.
Thereafter, at block 132, the target is illuminated with the pulse train of laser light. There is synchronization of the individual spectral lines of the pulses of the pulse train attained by operating the laser in a mode-locked manner. In the absence of such mode locking, the individual sinusoidal components of the waveform at the various spectral lines may drift relative to each other, this interfering with the precision of the measurements. By way of optional embodiment in the practice of the invention, at block 134 there may be established additional receiving apertures to give a total of M receiving apertures for viewing back scattered laser light from the target as shown in FIG. 4. Also, by way of alternative embodiment in the practice of the invention, the carrier frequency may be swept linearly during a pulse of transmitted radiation wherein the bandwidth of the signal transmission is the same as the bandwidth set forth above in block 130. Use of the plural receiving apertures, as disclosed in block 136, provides for observation of back scattered light to produce additional independent measurements is given by the product of NM. The independent spectral measurements are accomplished, at block 138, by operation of a signal processor employing the transformation, storage of a reference spectrum, and correlation (shown in FIG. 8) of signals received by each of the receiving apertures. Thereupon, at block 140, there is an averaging of the measurements produced from each of the receiving apertures, the averaging being disclosed in FIG. 8.
It is to be understood that the above described embodiments of the invention are illustrative only, and that modifications therefore may occur those skilled in the art. Accordingly, this invention is not to be regarded as limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but is to be limited only as defined by the appended claims.
1. A method of performing multiple concurrent independent spectral measurements for mitigating the effect of speckle in a system employing coherent radiation, comprising steps of:
operating a laser in mode-locked fashion to produce a signal comprising a train of pulses of radiation characterized in the frequency domain by a line spectrum wherein the lines are sufficiently spaced apart in frequency to ensure decorrelation of respective ones of the frequency components of the pulse-train signal;
directing a beam of light from the laser to a target for illumination of the target, the beam of light having the pulse train signal, the beam of light illuminating a region of the target in the form of a footprint;
determining the dimension of length of the footprint and the magnitude of the decorrelation frequency, wherein the decorrelation frequency is inversely proportional to the length of the footprint;
performing a Fourier transform on a signal reflected from the target to provide a received signal spectrum; and
comparing the received signal spectrum with a reference spectrum of the signal transmitted from the laser to obtain data from independent spectral measurements.
2. A method according to claim 1 further comprising steps of:
determining a dimension of width of the footprint;
establishing a characteristic dimension of speckle in an image plane at a location of reception of light reflected from the target, the characteristic dimension being proportional to a wavelength of the radiation and to a distance between the target and the location of reception, the characteristic dimension being inversely proportional to the width of the footprint; and
providing a plurality of receiving telescopes located in an array at the image plane wherein points of location of the telescopes are separated by the characteristic dimension.
performing Fourier transformations on signals received by respective ones of said plurality of receiving telescopes; and
averaging spectral measurements produced by the Fourier transformation of said signals received at said plurality of telescopes.
operating a laser by sweeping the frequency of a signal outputted by the laser;
directing a beam of light from the laser to the target for illumination of the target, the beam of light having the pulse train signal, the beam of light illuminating a region of the target in the form of a footprint;
performing a Fourier transform on a signal reflected from the target to provide a received signal spectrum, said Fourier transformation being accomplished digitally with samples of frequency being taken across the frequency band of the signal transmitted by the laser, wherein sampling points in the frequency domain include at least spectral lines spaced apart by the decorrelation frequency; and
establishing a characteristic dimension of speckle in an image plane at a location of reception of light reflected from the target, the characteristic dimension being proportional to a wavelength of the light and to a distance between the target and the location of reception, the characteristic dimension being inversely proportional to the width of the footprint; and
performing Fourier transformations on signals received by respective ones of said plurality of telescopes; and
3819920 June 1974 Goldfischer
3973852 August 10, 1976 Moore et al.
4176959 December 4, 1979 Keene et al.
4450356 May 22, 1984 Murray et al.
4475816 October 9, 1984 Mooradian et al.
4496839 January 29, 1985 Bernstein et al.
4648276 March 10, 1987 Klepper et al.
4934816 June 19, 1990 Silver et al.
5015099 May 14, 1991 Nagai et al.
5026991 June 25, 1991 Goldstein et al.
5241315 August 31, 1993 Spinhirne
5252060 October 12, 1993 McKinnon et al.
Date of Patent: Feb 6, 2001
Assignee: Textron Systems Corporation (Wilmington, MA)
Inventors: Victor H. Hasson (Winchester, MA), Mark A. Kovacs (Windham, NH)
Primary Examiner: Frank G. Font
Assistant Examiner: Reginald A. Ratliff
Attorney, Agent or Law Firm: Hamilton, Brook, Smith & Reynolds, P.C.
Current U.S. Class: With Spectral Analysis (356/303); By Dispersed Light Spectroscopy (356/300); By Particle Light Scattering (356/336); With Photocell Detection (356/338); By Particle Light Scattering (356/337)
International Classification: G01J/340;


Sadly, Bitty Baby Jordan got attacked by our puppy and lost a few fingers. I was so excited to find out that she could be fixed and rushed her to the American Girl store here in Denver. They were amazing. They filled out hospital paperwork, put her in a little gown and sent her off. A few weeks later the box arrived. Check it out.
Inside, Jordan was so thrilled to find a repaired doll.
Bitty Jordan was cleared with a certificate of health.
As a mom, I am so thankful for this service. I am so thankful that Jordan got to experience this and that her first and favorite American Girl doll is healthy.
Cheers to American Girl for their great doll hospital!!
Too cute! I once had to send my doll Kit to the hospital for an eye repair! And I was very happy and satisfied when she came back!
These photos are adorable! I'm so glad that Bitty Jordan is all better and safely home.
Glad she came back okay! I sent in my historical Kit to the hospital because she came pigeon-toed. They fixed her for free since it was a manufacture defect but she came back with a pen mark on one arm and two shine marks on her face!! They replaced the arm at the store but they said they can only replace the head with a BeForever head which is VERY different. I am very disappointed and will never send a doll back unless absolutely necessary (which in your case it looks like it was). Glad your doll is now safe at home!
I sent my Kirsten doll in for an eye replacement and I was very pleased. You need to be careful though, some cases it's a replacement instead of a repair. They are usually very good about informing you which one they will need to do.
Welcome back Bitty Jordan! I have never sent a doll to the hospital but I might someday!
She looks so good! I'm glad she came back okay.
Awwww Jordan is so cute! When are you goring to show the winner to the Lea giveaway?
Bitty Baby looks as good as new.
When is the Lea giveaway winner to be announced?


text:
Q: How to auto-fill the row's column based on the row above? I have a Google sheet where the 1st row is the date and it will autofill every day. So does the row "Value 1" & "Value 2". Now, I've added manually a row name "SUM" with sum formula.
My question is, how can the row be automated every day so that I do not need to manually drag the formula to the right?
Here's the example sheet:-
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1gkKn-tDxosXQGvOdYMj8CupEdG9YXi4sB8PegojDS58/edit?usp=sharing

A: paste in B1 cell:
=ARRAYFORMULA(TRANSPOSE(TEXT(ROW(INDIRECT("A"&
 DATEVALUE("2019-9-1")&":A"&
 DATEVALUE(TODAY()))), "d/m/yy")))

paste in B4 cell:
=ARRAYFORMULA(MMULT(TRANSPOSE(ROW(
 INDIRECT(ADDRESS(2, 2)&":"&ADDRESS(ROW()-1, MAX(IF(1:1<>"", COLUMN(1:1), ))))))^0,
 INDIRECT(ADDRESS(2, 2)&":"&ADDRESS(ROW()-1, MAX(IF(1:1<>"", COLUMN(1:1), ))))))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
— японская фамилия.

Известные носители
 Камада, Даити (род. 1996) — японский футболист.
 Камада, Митиаки (1890—1947) — японский вице-адмирал, военный преступник.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Digital Silver Imaging provides fine art printing services for the world's leading photographers, galleries, museums, and all people passionate about the photographic print. We pride ourselves on our quality, attention to detail and customer service. We are passionate about not just printing for our customers but collaborating with them.
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Stop by our booth and say hello to Eric and Andrea, find out about our PSPF special offers and raffles, and attend our seminar Creating Strategic Partnerships with Industry, Wednesday, May 8th, 9:00 AM.


I would use the HTML2PDF extension to create reports in PDF.
But I would not use the URL but dynamically create PDF with my choice tables. Any of you have some examples already done, or any suggestions to follow?
If you want to dynamically create a PDF, take a look at e.g. the iTextSharp component. With HTML2PDF it is not possible to do so.
How i can use iTextSharp in order to create PDF?
I have not used it myself. Did you install it? Look at the available actions? Etc.?
iTextSharp characteristics seem to be related to already existing PDF. How can I, through this, create a new PDF?
Since the .NET iTextSharp library can also be used for creating PDFs, I assumed that functionality was also included in the Forge component, but it seems it isn't, apologies. In that case, I don't think there's a ready to use component.
You can create a page that receives as query string parameters the tables that you choose to include in the report. That page will build your dynamic report, then just use HTML2PDF with the URL of that page, passing as query string parameters the tables that you want to include.
No, the comment is related with HTML2PDF converter.


One of the most groundbreaking designs in hoops history is back from the vault. The futuristic Jordan Jumpman Swift is engineered to the original year-2000 specs with an iconic zippered closure and court-ready cushioning.
Nike Air technology in the forefoot and heel delivers responsive cushioning.
Leather, synthetic and textile upper provides durable, long-lasting wear.
Zip closure gives a secure, snug fit.
Have your say. Be the first to review the Jordan Jumpman Swift.


Another not food post. Time for my birthday letter for my daughter.
PRE-SCHOOLER? Are you freakin' kidding me? It's as though you are on fast forward and you're speeding past me full force. Recently we were talking about when you were born and you asked me if I remembered it? Remember it? I feel like it was a few hours ago and here we are, FOUR YEARS later.
You have become an excellent storyteller and an even more accurate reporter of the events of the day. Each night at dinner we talk about the best thing that happened and what we're thankful for that day. You'll often say that the best parts of your day included being with your favorite friends at "school" and you're often thankful for "seeing you, Mumma." Which makes me want to cry every single time because how'd I get so lucky?
You still adore your brother and can often amuse yourself with him. I'm still getting asked if you guys are twins and as you are currently wearing the other's clothes, almost exclusively, I guess I can't even say that the size should be a giveaway that you're not. As M. is getting bigger and more verbal, the two of you are finding more about which to disagree. Fortunately, you're also finding more places that you have in common. I hope that you will keep this close, loving, fun relationship as you grow. We keep reminding you that brothers and sisters are partners, not competitors. We'll see how long that can keep up.
You are so capable now, of so many things. I am often astounded at what you can do independently. From getting dressed to difficult puzzles, you are able to actually help me now by either doing what I ask or keeping yourself busy. Of course you have figured out how to put in a DVD and how to use my iphone to find games so I'm not always sure this is the best thing.
You're even old enough to go to the ballet. You went a few weeks ago with OGWO and saw Cinderella. OGWO reported that you were entranced by the story and that you sat up and followed the dancers with your eyes. You sat quietly and behaved like a girl twice your age. I'm so grateful that you can have these experiences.
Sweet, darling, wonderful, headstrong, stubborn, strong, smart, funny, amazing girl, I feel so lucky every day that I got to be your mother. Even when I'm frustrated. Even when I'm at my wit's end. Even when I've been sucked into a power struggle that neither of us can win. Even then, I feel blessed.
And when you look up at me and say, out of nowhere, "Mumma, I really love you!", my heart melts and I know I'm exactly where I'm supposed to be.
I love you, sweetie. Happy 4th birthday!
I hope your daughter had a great birthday! I'm Heather and I wanted to know if you would be willing to answer a quick question I have about your blog! If you could email me at Lifesabanquet1(at)gmail(dot)com that would be great!
Hi Heather, I'd be happy to answer your question- please post it here and if you don't want me to publish it, I won't.


text:
You are here:Go to April
Drug treatment program clients increasingly older—more treated for amphetamine use
The age profile of people accessing publicly funded alcohol and other drug treatment agencies is changing, with the proportion of clients aged over 40 increasing, according to statistics released today by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).
The new information, available at Alcohol & other drug treatment services, shows that over the 5 years to 2013-14, the percentage of people being treated who were aged 40 and over rose from 30% to 33%, while those aged 20-29 fell from 29% to 27%.
'This points to an ageing cohort, with data indicating that alcohol is more commonly the drug of concern for older clients than it is for younger people presenting to these services,' said AIHW spokesperson Geoff Neideck.
In 2013-14, around 122,000 clients received treatment from publicly funded alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment agencies across Australia. This equates to a rate of 520 clients per 100,000 people, or about 1 in 200 people in the general population.
Two-thirds of all clients receiving treatment were male, and Indigenous Australians continue to be over-represented (14% of clients were Indigenous Australians, despite only comprising 2.7% of the general population).
Around 40% of closed (completed or ceased) treatment episodes were for alcohol as the main drug of concern, 24% were for cannabis, 17% for amphetamines, and 7% for heroin.
These drugs have remained the most common principal drugs of concern for the last 10 years, however, in the 5 years to 2013-14, treatment for amphetamine use has risen from 7% to 17% of all closed treatment episodes.
Counselling continues to be the most common treatment type for clients (2 in every 5 closed treatment episodes), followed by assessment only (16%) and withdrawal management (14%).
The median duration of closed treatment episodes was 29 days for clients receiving treatment for heroin and amphetamines, 25 days for alcohol and 16 days for cannabis. Around 4 in 5 closed treatment episodes ended within 3 months.
'As a whole, the duration of treatment in AOD agencies has fallen slightly over the last 2 years,' Mr Neideck said.
'This may be partly due to an increase in the number of clients who have been diverted from the criminal justice system into AOD treatment for cannabis use, which generally has shorter treatment duration.'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thank you Jesus for paying the ultimate price. The only price that would cover my debt.
Though my sins are scarlet, you have washed me white as snow.
You have tasted death so that I may have life.
I praise you for your sacrifice, Father - your one and only son who was nailed to that tree, mocked, beaten and bruised.
You gave it all for us - a sinless man paying the price of sinful men.
Thank you for tearing the veil so that we are no longer separated.
As children of the King, we can boldly enter into your throne room.
Thank you Jesus for declaring us FULLY FORGIVEN.


text:
Cramer Explains Why These 2 Stocks Will Be Big Winners in Trump's Foreign Policy
'I think that the whole world seems to be misinterpreting Trump,' Cramer says.
Jun 14, 2018 1:47 PM EDT
"I think that the whole world seems to be misinterpreting Trump," said Jim Cramer during the June Action Alerts PLUS members' call.
While many have taken President Donald Trump's foreign policy to mean that the Cold War is over and the threats from Russia and North Korea diffused, Cramer sees another version of reality. According to him, Trump's policy means "many countries that needed to start defending themselves instead of us defending them."
For that reason, Cramer's team is optimistic on defense firms Raytheon Co. (RTN) - Get Free Report and Textron Inc. (TXT) - Get Free Report . Cramer added that only a "moron" would miss the opportunity at hand in Raytheon.
"It is senseless to trade these on headlines and ignore the global expansion of defense budgets...They are the secular winners in an era where we will no longer pick up the tab for others to defend them. We aren't rich enough," Cramer said.
Do you want more exclusive investing insight from Jim Cramer? Get 24/7 access to Jim's charitable-trust portfolio with a free trial to Action Alerts PLUS! You can also watch all of Jim Cramer's New York Stock Exchange live shows on YouTube.


text:
namespace Pi.Framework
{
    public class Summary : ICsv
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Path { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Weekender: This Weekend's Top Five Events
FRIDAY. Here's what's up this weekend:
Alameda County Fair
Last year, the Alameda County Fair made the Guinness World Records for producing the world's largest "commercially available" hamburger (it weighed in at a whopping 777 pounds). This year marks a less caloric (though no less weighty) landmark for the annual fete: the fair's centennial. Festivities are already well underway at the Alameda County Fairgrounds (4501 Pleasanton Ave., Pleasanton), but you can still catch events like the hot-dog eating contest on Wednesday, July 4; the diaper derby on Friday, July 6; and all the barbecued, battered, and fried delights that keep us coming back each year. Through July 20. Tue.-Thu. 11 a.m.-10 p.m; Fri.-Sun. 10 a.m.-10 p.m.; July 4 11 a.m.-9 p.m. $6-$10, free for kids under six. 925-426-7559 or AlamedaCountyFair.com — Cassie McFadden
Stones Throw crooner Mayer Hawthorne isn't the only current pop artist to traffic in old paradigms — so-called "revival music" has enjoyed wide currency for at least a decade. And it continues to proliferate, as more young musicians realize that the best way to honor their Seventies forbears isn't via chopped samples, but rather through capable, exacting imitations. That notion helped fuel the success of artists like Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings, the late Amy Winehouse, cloying balladeer Bruno Mars, and even Hawthorne's labelmate, Aloe Blacc. But 33-year-old Hawthorne stands out in particular, not only because he's mastered the high falsetto warble and dapper sartorial choices of a doo-wop singer, but also because he's given the style his own contemporary spin. Hawthorne draws as much inspiration from J. Dilla and Madlib as from old Isaac Hayes records — many of his songs have the ultra-clean polish of contemporary hip-hop or R&B. For a nostalgia act, he's remarkably fresh. Hawthorne and his band, The County (a catch-all moniker for a rotating cast of backup musicians) will open for Foster the People at The Greek Theatre (2001 Gayley Rd., Berkeley) on Friday, June 29. 7:30 p.m., $37.50. APEConcerts.com — Rachel Swan
Metaphysical Graffiti
There are only a couple days left to see one of the best shows of the year. At Art Murmur's newest gallery, Famous Four Colors (1525 Webster St., Oakland), Chicago artist Hydeon and Oakland-based artist Billy Sprague combine their visions for Metaphysical Graffiti, a show of drawings featuring magical landscapes populated by dreamlike creatures that aim to rule and hypnotize all they encounter. While pattern-based fantasy art — if that is indeed a genre — is already becoming blasé in many graphic-oriented art circles, these two shirk that trend by reaching deep down into a motif-filled grab bag of prisms, owls, swords, scales, and other medieval-like symbols, and pull out an entirely fresh, even revelatory mix of wildly imaginative work. Through June 30. 510-999-5059 or FamousFourColors.org — Obi Kaufmann
The Kipling Hotel
To watch Don Reed's 2009 one-man show, East 14th: Tales of a Reluctant Player, was to fall in love with his style. He displayed an uncanny knack for chopping a four-year period out of his autobiography, shaping it into a perfect narrative arc, conveying the story through a repertory of character impersonations, and squeezing a moral from the end. And Reed managed to accomplish all that without resorting to platitudes (not until the end, at least) or sacrificing any humor. His new show, The Kipling Hotel, is about serving brunch to senior citizens as a part-time job while studying speech and debate at UCLA. Reed uses his endlessly elastic body to morph easily from character to character — he even throws in an over-the-top E.T. impression — while providing a vivid account of what it was like to be an African-American college student who'd come up from the inner-city. The historical backdrop — Los Angeles during the era of Reaganomics, crack cocaine included — heavily informs Reed's story, though he manages to find humor in even the most unfair and painful circumstances. Through March 25 at The Marsh Berkeley (2120 Allston Way, Berkeley). $20-$35. 510-704-8291 or TheMarsh.org — Rachel Swan
An average DJ is someone with hand-eye coordination, nice gear, and a tasteful record collection. A great DJ has all of those things, plus the technical skills to treat his turntables as a melodic instrument. But a superlative DJ is someone with real ingenuity and imagination. Los Angeles-based turntablist Nu-Mark is one such example. In two years of slinging wax, he's accumulated more than 35,000 records, served in the alt hip-hop group Jurassic 5, and incorporated children's toys into his sets — including a wind-up monkey with cymbals, a tiny miniature drum set, and even a rubber band. He'll perform at The Rock Steady (1741 San Pablo Ave., Oakland) on Sunday, July 1, alongside Platurn and Enki, two locals whose fixation with seven-inch records led them to create the popular 45 Sessions dance party. For them to bag someone of Nu-Mark's caliber was definitely a coup, and should be a treat for Oakland's hip-hop scene. If you want to see a high level of craftsmanship restored in DJing, look no further. 3 p.m., $5. TheRock-Steady.com — Rachel Swan
Get your cheapskate on:
This is how much we love you guys: Here are our searchable listings of every single free event happening in the East Bay this weekend.
Feed Us: Got any East Bay news, events, video, or miscellany we should know about? Holler at us at Ellen.Cushing@EastBayExpress.com.


text:
Joseph  H. Hogsett, né le  à Rushville dans l'Indiana, est un homme politique et ancien procureur fédéral américain, actuel maire démocrate de la ville d'Indianapolis.

Biographie

Secrétaire d'État
En 1986, Hogsett sert comme directeur de campagne pour la candidature comme secrétaire d'État d'Evan Bayh. Hogsett a ensuite dirigé la campagne réussie de Bayh comme gouverneur de l'Indiana, et deux ans plus tard, a été proposé par Bayh pour le poste de secrétaire d'État que celui-ci avait quitté. Hogsett a remporté l'élection pour le poste et a servi jusqu'en , quand il a refusé de se représenter.

Maire d'Indianapolis
Le maire d'Indianapolis, Greg A. Ballard, annonce qu'il ne se représentera pas pour un troisième mandat. Sept jours après l'annonce, Hogsett annonce sa candidature. Le , il bat son challenger Chuck Brewer en recevant 62 % des voix.

Articles connexes
 Liste des maires d'Indianapolis

Références

Personnalité du Parti démocrate en Indiana
Personnalité politique américaine du XXe siècle
Naissance en novembre 1956
Naissance dans le comté de Rush (Indiana)
Maire d'Indianapolis
Étudiant de l'université de l'Indiana


text:
"Paul McCarthy's Low Life Slow Life"
CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Art
February 8–April 5, 2008
Curated by Jens Hoffmann and Paul McCarthy
Fresh from cutting a cultural swathe across Europe with shows in Munich, Stockholm, and London, among other cities, Paul McCarthy returns to his home base, California, but disguised as a curator. Organized in collaboration with Wattis director Jens Hoffmann, whose recent curatorial gymnastics have pounded new life into flabby exhibition protocols, the show gathers and refracts McCarthy's early memories of art, from roughly 1960 to 1970. (A second part, opening February 2009, brings us up to date.) Look for experimental films (by Andy Warhol, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Connor), Vietnam photographs, issues of Life, and works—some in photographs, as McCarthy first encountered them—by Henry Moore, Marcel Duchamp, Yves Klein, and two Tony Smiths (one, McCarthy's former teacher).
— John C. Welchman
"The Way That We Rhyme: Women, Art, and Politics"
March 29–June 29, 2008
Curated by Berin Golonu
With feminism surveys on both the East and West coasts, 2007 seemed like the Year of the Woman in the art world. Thankfully, that "year" may not be over come 2008, which promises yet more exhibitions exploring feminism in all its expansiveness. This Bay Area show ostensibly features the collaborative practices of younger women artists, but its participants, whether embracing trans-identifications or blurring the lines between artist and activist, restlessly question such categorization. Accompanied by a nontraditional catalogue— a "handbook" featuring extensive contributions from the artists—the exhibition comprises more than thirty works. The listening station of riot grrrl music seems kind of hokey, but any show that brings together the knitted protest works of Lisa Anne Auerbach, a performance by Nao Bustamante, and an installation by drag queen Vaginal Davis seems perfectly irreverent.


text:
Over the course of American history, African Americans have repeatedly revitalized American music. At no time was this impact greater than around the turn of the twentieth century. This era—which is often considered the low point in American race relations—saw the growing influence and popularity of three styles of African American music: ragtime, the blues, and jazz. Syncopation, improvisation, the use of flattened or bent notes, and a soulful style would exert a powerful influence on conventional popular and even classical music.
The turn of the century also marked the birth of a new era in the commercialization of American popular music. Sheet music publication became centralized in a part of New York City nicknamed Tin Pan Alley, supplanting Chicago and Philadelphia. A new style of music emanated from Tin Pan Alley, faster, brasher, and more up tempo than anything that had come before. The new mood was typified by the most popular song of the 1890s—Ti-Ra-Ra-Boom De Ay. There were also the marches of John Philip Sousa and a syncopated, ragged rhythm piano playing we associate with Scott Joplin and call ragtime.
Meanwhile, new generation of commercial composers appeared. Typified by Charles Harris. They were not products of American Victorianism; many were immigrants and a disproportionate number were Jewish.
Tin Pan Alley produced songs the way that industry manufactured factory goods. A song was a commodity that had to fit a pre-determined formula. All had a catchy, memorable tune. Many had a dance rhythm. The music of Tin Pan Alley changed over time. It is possible to identify three distinct generations.
The first generation produced songs that we now think of as timeless and traditional, such as "When You Were Sweet Sixteen," "My Wild Irish Rose," "In the Good Old Summer Time," "Meet Me In St. Louis, Louis," "Wait 'Til the Sun Shines, Nellie," "Sweet Adeline," and "Take Me Out to the Ball Game." Rather than drawing on traditional music, the first generation of Tin Pan Alley composers and lyricists created traditional music.
The second generation was led by George M. Cohan, who single-handedly reshaped the American musical stage as a actor, director, playwright, and composer. His songs — "Give My Regards to Broadway," "Yankee Doodle Boy," "You're a Grand Old Flag," and "Over There" — were brash, pugnancious, and aggressively patriotic. A growing number of songs reflected the influence of ragtime, like "Hello! Ma Baby."
A third generation emerged in the second decade of the twentieth century. This was the golden age of Tin Pan Alley. The songwriters of the period—Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, Jerome Kern, Cole Porter, and Richard Rodgers—were perhaps the greatest this nation has ever produced. Many of these songwriters were better educated in music than their predecessors, and were able to produce more complex and sophisticated works. They produced standards that continue to be recorded today.
Finally, the Progressive Era saw the emergence of new kinds of protest songs, more popular than any in the past. Social movements used songs to build morale and spread their message. The women's suffrage movement produced a vast assortment of songs. One, "The New America," sung at an 1891 convention, included the following lines:
Our country, now from thee, Claim we our liberty, In freedom's name Guarding home's altar fires, Daughters of patriot sires, Their zeal our own inspires, Justice to claim
Some of the best known protest songs were produced by the Industrial Workers of the World, and distributed through the organization's Little Red Book. Perhaps the most famous IWW song, "Solidarity Forever" by Ralph H. Chaplin, expressed the union's militancy in powerful words:
When the Union's inspiration through the worker's blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun, Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one? But the Union makes us strong.
Alexander's Ragtime Band
Listen to this music
Band of Gideon
Beulah Land
Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home?
Blue and the Grey
Break the News to Mother
Caissons Go Rolling Along
Cake Walk in Coontown
Castle House Rag
Castle Walk
Colonel Bogey March
Come Josephine in My Flying Machine
Conscientious Objector
Dixie Land
Don't Bite the Hand That's Feeding You
Down by the Old Mill Stream
Down Home Rag
Down Where the Swanee River Flows
Harrigan
He was Nailed to the Cross for Me
Hesitating Blues
Hungarian Rag
I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl
In My Merry Oldsmobile
In the Good Old Summertime
In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree
Just Because She Made Dem Goo-goo Eyes
King Porter: A Stomp
Land of Hope and Glory (Pomp and Circumstances)
Lanky Yankee Boys in Blue
Let's All Be Americans Now
Livery Stable Blues
Ma Rag Time Baby
Meet Me in St. Louis, Louis
Moonlight Bay
Oh, You Beautiful Doll
On the Banks of the Wabash
Shine on Harvest Moon
Sweetheart of Sigma Chi
Take Me Out to the Ball Game
That's an Irish Lullabye
Tiger Rag Blues
Too Much Mustard
Too-a-Loo-Ra-Loo-Ral
Under the Bamboo Tree
Waitin' for the Robert E. Lee
Waiting for the Robert E. Lee
When We Are Married
Who Threw the Overalls in Mrs. Murphy's Chowder?
Yankee Doodle Boy
You're a Grand Old Flag


If you wish, you may join FMCA through Pay Pal. Clicking on the PayPal Donate icon below will take you to their site. Near the top, under where it says, "Please enter your donation amount," there is a blank where you can designate the purpose of the donation. Simply write, "Membership," and then enter $35.00 for the amount.
I want to support the "Friends" efforts for the animals. Enclosed is my $35.00, tax deductible, membership fee. I understand my dues entitle me to receive personal invitations to a Spring luncheon and annual meeting at a private home, a Fall luncheon at TPC, Avenel, and two informative newsletters each year.


text:
Women's Marathon Record Mystery
Supposed 1926 showgirl loses title.
Violet Piercy is famous for running a marathon. But did she really do it?
"Violet Piercy--GBR3:40.22.0--Chiswick--03 OCT 1926"
That entry tops the women's marathon world-record progression in David Martin and Roger Gynn's classic The Marathon Footrace (1979).
There have long been questions. That year, London's annual Polytechnic Marathon from Windsor finished at Stamford Bridge, not Chiswick, and was on May 29, not October 3. Nothing else was known about Piercy. There was a suggestion that a variety show performer was called Violet Piercy, but no link was forged to the marathoner.
Now the mystery woman has to move aside. Research by Britain's Andy Milroy and Peter Lovesey, and America's John Brant, shows that Piercy in fact did a solo run, starting at Windsor and ending at Battersea. It was about 22 miles. "Marathon" at that time often meant merely "long road run." Piercy's 3:40:22 for 22 miles was admirable, in an era when no women ran so far. But it cannot qualify for lists for the 26.2-mile race.
Piercy may have belonged to the Mitcham Athletic Club, and if so would have been a regular runner. From birth records, Milroy and Lovesey have identified five candidates for this woman--unless Piercy was her married or stage name, or she was born elsewhere.
Founding heroine? Marathon precursor? Showgirl? She was a long-distance running pioneer. But the mysterious Violet Piercy has lost her place at the top of the formal world-record list.
Lists give us a sense of certainty, but real history is often more like negotiating a muddy lane on a dark night. Course measurement was an approximate art until the 1970s. With the early women's marathon, things are even more unsure, as performances were by definition unofficial, and often officially discouraged or suppressed.
But we need a list to replace the one that Piercy headed. So here is my best shot--not a formal world-record progression, but a timeline sequence of possible early "marathon" performances by women. Think of the destination women's marathon we could have if Greek scholars would only confirm the story of Stamata Revithi.
1896: Stamata Revithi (sometimes referred to as Melpomene) may have run the Athens Olympic marathon course, but accounts vary widely as to whether she did it.
1918: Marie-Louise Ledru runs a "marathon" in Paris, reported as 5:40, though there is no certainty about the distance, as France was slow to accept 26.2 as standard.
1926: Violet Piercy runs the first world marathon record, in fact a solo 22 miles.
1931: Gazella Weinreich, age 16, attempts to enter a marathon from Laurel to Baltimore, but is excluded by the AAU. Later reports suggest she may have run behind the men.
1959: Arlene Pieper completes the Pikes Peak Marathon in 9:16.
1963: Merry Lepper and Lyn Carman jump into the Western Hemisphere Marathon, Culver City, Calif. After dodging officials, Lepper finishes in 3:37:07, though the course is now believed to have been short.
1964: Dale Greig (Scotland) is accepted in the Isle of Wight Marathon. She finishes in 3:27:25, the first documented world record on a reliable course. Two months later, July 21, 1964, Millie Sampson runs an official 3:19:33 in Auckland, New Zealand.
1966: Lyn Carman wins the Santa Barbara Marathon, the first of her three victories there. Roberta Gibb jumps into the Boston Marathon (unofficially 3:21:40).
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Pace Chart: 10:00 - 10:59 Pace per Mile
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Women's Half Marathon World Record Falls
In Indiana, a Women's Indoor Track Marathon Record
The Women's Marathon Record Dust-Up and Chicago


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The University Center for Human Values seeks qualified scholars to teach precepts for the fall 2019 course "Practical Ethics" at Princeton University. Applicants must have taken a course in ethics. Interested applicants must submit a CV, a letter detailing their knowledge of ethics and their teaching experience, and names and contact information for up to three professors who can testify to their teaching experience. Letters of recommendation will only be requested if candidates are shortlisted.
Course description: Should we be sharing our wealth with people who will otherwise die from poverty-related causes? Is abortion wrong? Does a human embryo have a greater claim to protection than a chimpanzee? Are we justified in eating animals? Can the traditional doctrine of the sanctity of human life be defended? And why should we act ethically, anyway? Students will be encouraged to question their own ethical beliefs on these and other issues, and in the process to explore the extent to which reason and argument can play a role in everyday ethical decision-making.
Review of applications to begin immediately and continue until positions are filled. Any appointment will span the five months of the fall 2019 semester, starting September 1, 2019.
Degree Requirement: Advanced Degree required; Ph.D. preferred.


Adobe Systems today released an update to plug a dangerous security hole that hackers first began exploiting in January. The update, available here, is for Adobe Reader and Acrobat programs on both Windows and Mac systems.
Adobe said it expects updates for Adobe Reader 7 and 8, and Acrobat 7 and 8, to be available by March 18.
If you've chosen to read PDF documents using the popular alternative to Adobe -- Foxit Reader -- you also need to update. On Monday, Foxit shipped an update that fixes at least three serious vulnerabilities in its Reader products. That update, which brings Foxit Reader to version 3.0, is available from this link.
I went to the Adobe site and attempted to download Reader 9. My firewall (Comodo) gave me the strongest-worded warning I've ever received from a firewall. It said it detected behavior that had a high probability of being a buffer overflow attack. It isolated Firefox from further execution and strongly advised that I choose to terminate Firefox rather than sip the warning.
Is anyone else getting warnings about Adobe's download?
I received the same warning, but took the leap and told Comodo to "Skip" (rather than "Terminate") Firefox. My conjecture is that Adobe's proprietary software for downloading and installing updated versions runs foul of some heuristic technique also used by some malware that Comodo monitors. Obviously, if my conjecture is correct, it would be nice if the firewall were more discriminating in its warnings.
avoid bad things. I'm comfortable with the download.
I don't use Adobe Acrobat Reader anymore. Foxit Reader works well enough that I don't miss it. Thanks for the heads-up about the Foxit update.


It's coming to PC, but consoles get it first.
Codemasters has released a new trailer for Onrush, the studio's forthcoming arcade racer. As you'll notice, it's tonally at odds with any racer Codemasters has released of late, with the focus being on speed and "absolute carnage" rather than mastering finicky hairpins.
According to a new blogpost, all footage in the trailer is derived from actual unscripted gameplay footage, which means you can expect plenty of jumps, plenty of grinding along the side of opponents' vehicles, and plenty of edgy music. You may not notice, but the trailer shows each of the game's eight vehicle classes, each of which has "its own unique style, handling and abilities".
The blogpost doesn't describe each class in detail, though they will vary between offensive playstyles through to support playstyles. There's an open beta coming to consoles in May but, as far as PC goes, we still don't have a release date. We do know for sure that it's coming, though.


text:
Modern Swedish () is the linguistic term used for the Swedish language from the Bible translation of 1526 to the development of a common national language around 1880. The period can further be divided into Early Modern Swedish (1526–1750) and Late Modern Swedish (1750–1880).

Early Modern Swedish

Bible
Early Modern Swedish was established in 1526 with a complete Swedish translation of the Bible. The translation followed the spoken word rather closely, as opposed to the more Latin-inspired way of writing commonly used in the Middle Ages.

The Vasa Bible is considered  to be a reasonable compromise between old and new; while not adhering to the spoken language of its day it was not overly conservative in its use of old forms. Though it was not completely consistent in spelling, particularly when it came to vowels, it was a major step towards a more consistent Swedish orthography. It established the use of the letters "ä" and "ö" in place of the older "æ" and "ø" and introduced the completely new "å" in place of "o" in many words. It also introduced conventions such as using ck instead of kk in words like tacka; "thank". The ongoing rivalry with Denmark can be argued to have some influence on the new translation, with infinitive suffixes like -a being favored over the -e more typical of Danish. While the influence of individual translators should not be exaggerated, the fact that all three came from provinces in central Sweden (Andreæ was from Västmanland and the Petri brothers were from Närke) is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible as well as the fact that the royal printing house was situated in Stockholm. Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards, spelling actually became more inconsistent in the following century. It was not until the end of the 17th century that the issue started being discussed, around the time when the first grammars were written. Some important changes in sound during the Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into  and the softening of /g/ and /k/ into /ʝ/ and  before frontal vowels.

The 16th century was further marked by inconsistencies in the Swedish language throughout the country. Some regions did not adhere to the standards the Bible used and continued to use their old way of writing. Books printed in Swedish were scarce. Most were theological texts intended to spread the Lutheran doctrines through Sweden.

Also of importance were the national hymnals. A first draft was created in the 1530s. These set the mark for young people as they sang the hymns in Church.

17th century
In the 17th century there were attempts to establish Swedish as a genuine language. An early linguist and author was Georg Stiernhielm, who is today almost universally labelled "Father of Swedish Poetry". He was the first to introduce the hexameter into the Swedish language with his epic Hercules in 1658. The hexameter is used in the Latin language and is sometimes considered unsuitable for  Germanic languages because of the differences in prosody. However, it had been adapted to German and English more than a century earlier with the alternating long and short syllables of Latin being replaced with stressed and unstressed syllables of the Germanic languages. The hexameter would later be used by many other Swedish poets.

Stiernhielm was a learned man, and has been labelled the most knowledgeable man in Sweden of his time. He was probably the first to be so fascinated by the Norse languages, and spent much labor tracing the similarities between Icelandic and old Swedish. Realizing the common inheritance they shared, he traced their origin from ancient times, descending them from a Biblical tribe.

Late Modern Swedish
Late Modern Swedish is considered to have begun in 1732 when Olof von Dalin published the weekly publication "The Swedish Argus" in Stockholm. It dealt with current events in Sweden, mainly Stockholm with its population of 50,000, in a publicly appealing way. Often it used irony and satire to portray royalty and other notable people.

This popular style characterizes the entire period. Bellman was a Stockholm poet of the late 18th century whose poetry represented the drinking habits of the time.

In 1825 a professor of Lund University and later Bishop of Växjö, Esaias Tegnér, published Fritiof's Saga, a Viking epic directed to a general audience. It gained great popularity and was later set to music and sung in the homes of the Swedish middle class. It was reprinted several times in the 19th century, up until the 1880s when the newer realistic poetry set the mark with names such as Strindberg.

See also
Old Norse
Swedish literature

References

L. Lönnroth, S. Delblanc, et al. Den Svenska Litteraturen

Swedish language
16th century in Sweden
17th century in Sweden
18th century in Sweden
19th century in Sweden


Alcoy, Cebu fired up last August 23, 2012 during the "Search For Southeast Festival Queen 2012" to highlight its town fiesta, rendered for their patron saint Sta. Rosa de Lima. A number as rare as Alcoy's Siloy was offered by the competing queens, showcasing their best qualities to buy the crown.
Mantalongon's bet Lorraine Mitzi Ambrad, a fourth year student of Mantalongon NHS was proclaimed "Ms. Southeast Festival Queen 2012". The 16-year-old student bested 5 (five) candidates representing different municipalities. Furthermore, she got 3 (three) minor awards namely: Miss Photogenic, Best in Festival Costume and Best in Production Number. And of course, the Southeast Festival Crown.
Family, friends and most of Mantalongon were very proud of her.
MNHS's teacher-protégé tandem, Miss Jocelyn Lajos and Lorraine Mitzi Ambrad, set off for the "Healthy You: Nutri-Quiz Tilt" last July 27, 2012 at the Marcelo Fernan Bldg., Lahug, Cebu City.
The said event was organized to help the "Tulong Dukha Foundation" and to educate both the teachers and students on health and nutrition. It was participated in by more than 50 schools from the different parts of Region VII.
At the competition, the teachers' and their students' score was combined. Garnering a total of 146 points, the Lajos-Ambrad tandem ranked Second (2 nd) all over the region bringing the name of Mantalongon National High School.
Annually, the month is commemorated as the month of the Holy Rosary – wherein MNHS students are obliged to pray the rosary every noon. To culminate this month-long activity, a campus-wide "Rosary Pilgrimage" was initiated by the SSG last October 29, 2012 at the MNHS quadrangle.
The event was started by the formation of the human rosary. It was followed by the procession and enthronement of the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Readings were also included for the listeners to reflect. In addition, intentions and songs were also offered.
To end the celebration, the student and teachers launched a giant rosary balloon with hopes raised that their dreams can come true.
As a way of commemorating the heroic deeds of all MNHS teachers, the school launched Teachers' Month 2012 last September 5, 2012 at the school quadrangle, having the theme: "My Teacher, My Hero".
Mr. Ramon M. Cortes, principal 1 of Mantalongon NHS formally opened the program with its red carpet words of wisdom.
Different eye opening intermission numbers presented by the students added taste and color to the said event. Much more this, our true-to-life heroes were able to dance together with the MNHS dance troupe members.
Ms. Lorraine Mitzi Ambrad, the SSG President of the school announced the different contests and activities for the entire month celebration. These were the following: Texter's Choice Award, Facebook Choice Award, Student's Choice Award, Essay Writing Contest, Card Designing Contest and Letter Sending.
The awarding of winners as well as the nerve-breaking games then, featuring "Laro Ng Lahi" will be done at the end of the month.


text:
Q: How to compile and run java source code using classes from a jar file in a separate directory I am trying to compile and run a .java file using classes that are present in a jar file located in a separate directory.
PROJECT
├───build
│   └───IN HERE
├───checkstyle
├───doc
│   └───yourusername
├───lib
└───src
This is the directory structure, the .jar file is in the lib directory, and my .java file is in "IN HERE". I am completely unsure of how to import the classes from the .jar to my file. I have seen both import package.name;, and simply package name;.
I have the absolute path for both "IN HERE" and "lib" within my system classpath environment variable, but nothing still seems to work.
The java file is simply:
package dnd.models;
//import java.lang.Throwable;

public class Dungeon {

    public static void main(String [] arg){

        //ArrayList
        //private double roll;
        System.out.println("hello world");

    }

}

The .jar is entitled dnd.jar and supposedly has the packages dnd.die and dnd.models.
I have tried compiling and running as the following from the main PROJECT folder:
javac Dungeon.java

javac: file not found: Dungeon.java

Usage: javac <options> <source files>

use -help for a list of possible options

This seems odd to me because the classpath should prompt it to look through the classpath folders, should it not? After that I attempted to use "IN HERE" as my working directory to compile/run, but then I get this error:
javac Dungeon.java --This works

java Dungeon.java

Error: Could not find or load main class Dungeon

I have also tried with commands like

javac -cp .;MYDIRS\PROJECT\lib\dnd.jar Dungeon.java

But they do not work either. I have tried dozens of different ways of formatting these kinds of statements, so I am hoping there is something obvious I missed as this is majorly holding me up.
I would expect the java to compile and recognize the package and print hello world without any errors. Anything helps, I'm at a loss.


text:
Charles de Tornaco va ser un pilot de curses automobilístiques belga que va arribar a disputar curses de Fórmula 1.

Charles de Tornaco va néixer el 7 de juny del 1927 a Brussel·les, Bèlgica i va morir el 18 de setembre del 1953 degut a les ferides rebudes en un accident disputant el Gran Premi de Modena.

A la F1
Va debutar a la tercera temporada de la història del campionat del món de la Fórmula 1, la corresponent a l'any 1952, disputant el 22 de juny el GP de Bèlgica, que era la tercera prova del campionat.

Charles de Tornaco va participar en quatre curses puntuables pel campionat de la F1, repartides en dues temporades, 1952 i 1953.

Resultats a la Fórmula 1

Resum

Torraco, Charles de
Pilots d'automobilisme morts en competició
Esportistes de la Regió de Brussel·les-Capital
Morts a Mòdena


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4.39" x 2.34" x 1.06" D. Equivalent to Hammond P-H1590B.
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Chassis Box - Hammond, Unpainted Aluminum, 4.37" x 2.37" x 1.22"
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