Graphical facilities are an important and extremely versatile component of the R environment. It is possible to use the facilities to display a wide variety of statistical graphs and also to build entirely new types of graph.
The graphics facilities can be used in both interactive and batch modes, but in most cases, interactive use is more productive. Interactive use is also easy because at startup time R initiates a graphics device driver which opens a special graphics window for the display of interactive graphics. Although this is done automatically, it may useful to know that the command used is X11() under UNIX, windows() under Windows and quartz() under macOS. A new device can always be opened by dev.new().
Once the device driver is running, R plotting commands can be used to produce a variety of graphical displays and to create entirely new kinds of display.
High-level plotting functions create a new plot on the graphics device, possibly with axes, labels, titles and so on.
Low-level plotting functions add more information to an existing plot, such as extra points, lines and labels.
Interactive graphics functions allow you interactively add information to, or extract information from, an existing plot, using a pointing device such as a mouse.
In addition, R maintains a list of graphical parameters which can be manipulated to customize your plots.
This manual only describes what are known as 'base' graphics. A separate graphics sub-system in package grid coexists with base – it is more powerful but harder to use. There is a recommended package lattice which builds on grid and provides ways to produce multi-panel plots akin to those in the Trellis system in S.
High-level plotting functions are designed to generate a complete plot of the data passed as arguments to the function. Where appropriate, axes, labels and titles are automatically generated (unless you request otherwise.) High-level plotting commands always start a new plot, erasing the current plot if necessary.
One of the most frequently used plotting functions in R is the plot() function. This is a generic function: the type of plot produced is dependent on the type or class of the first argument.
If x and y are vectors, plot(x, y) produces a scatterplot of y against x. The same effect can be produced by supplying one argument (second form) as either a list containing two elements x and y or a two-column matrix.
If x is a time series, this produces a time-series plot. If x is a numeric vector, it produces a plot of the values in the vector against their index in the vector. If x is a complex vector, it produces a plot of imaginary versus real parts of the vector elements.
f is a factor object, y is a numeric vector. The first form generates a bar plot of f; the second form produces boxplots of y for each level of f.
df is a data frame, y is any object, expr is a list of object names separated by '+' (e.g., a + b + c). The first two forms produce distributional plots of the variables in a data frame (first form) or of a number of named objects (second form). The third form plots y against every object named in expr.
produces a pairwise scatterplot matrix of the variables defined by the columns of X, that is, every column of X is plotted against every other column of X and the resulting n(n-1) plots are arranged in a matrix with plot scales constant over the rows and columns of the matrix.
which produces scatterplots of a against b for every joint conditioning interval of c and d.
The coplot() and pairs() function both take an argument panel= which can be used to customize the type of plot which appears in each panel. The default is points() to produce a scatterplot but by supplying some other low-level graphics function of two vectors x and y as the value of panel= you can produce any type of plot you wish. An example panel function useful for coplots is panel.smooth().
Distribution-comparison plots. The first form plots the numeric vector x against the expected Normal order scores (a normal scores plot) and the second adds a straight line to such a plot by drawing a line through the distribution and data quartiles. The third form plots the quantiles of x against those of y to compare their respective distributions.
Produces a histogram of the numeric vector x. A sensible number of classes is usually chosen, but a recommendation can be given with the nclass= argument. Alternatively, the breakpoints can be specified exactly with the breaks= argument. If the probability=TRUE argument is given, the bars represent relative frequencies divided by bin width instead of counts.
Constructs a dotchart of the data in x. In a dotchart the y-axis gives a labelling of the data in x and the x-axis gives its value. For example it allows easy visual selection of all data entries with values lying in specified ranges.
Plots of three variables. The image plot draws a grid of rectangles using different colours to represent the value of z, the contour plot draws contour lines to represent the value of z, and the persp plot draws a 3D surface.
Forces the function to act as a low-level graphics function, superimposing the plot on the current plot (some functions only).
Suppresses generation of axes—useful for adding your own custom axes with the axis() function. The default, axes=TRUE, means include axes.
Causes the x, y or both axes to be logarithmic. This will work for many, but not all, types of plot.
Step-function plots. In the first form, the top of the vertical defines the point; in the second, the bottom.
No plotting at all. However axes are still drawn (by default) and the coordinate system is set up according to the data. Ideal for creating plots with subsequent low-level graphics functions.
Axis labels for the x and y axes. Use these arguments to change the default labels, usually the names of the objects used in the call to the high-level plotting function.
Figure title, placed at the top of the plot in a large font.
Sub-title, placed just below the x-axis in a smaller font.
Sometimes the high-level plotting functions don't produce exactly the kind of plot you desire. In this case, low-level plotting commands can be used to add extra information (such as points, lines or text) to the current plot.
Add text to a plot at points given by x, y. Normally labels is an integer or character vector in which case labels[i] is plotted at point (x[i], y[i]). The default is 1:length(x).
The graphics parameter type="n" suppresses the points but sets up the axes, and the text() function supplies special characters, as specified by the character vector names for the points.
Adds a line of slope b and intercept a to the current plot. h=y may be used to specify y-coordinates for the heights of horizontal lines to go across a plot, and v=x similarly for the x-coordinates for vertical lines. Also lm.obj may be list with a coefficients component of length 2 (such as the result of model-fitting functions,) which are taken as an intercept and slope, in that order.
Draws a polygon defined by the ordered vertices in (x, y) and (optionally) shade it in with hatch lines, or fill it if the graphics device allows the filling of figures.
Adds a title main to the top of the current plot in a large font and (optionally) a sub-title sub at the bottom in a smaller font.
Adds an axis to the current plot on the side given by the first argument (1 to 4, counting clockwise from the bottom.) Other arguments control the positioning of the axis within or beside the plot, and tick positions and labels. Useful for adding custom axes after calling plot() with the axes=FALSE argument.
Where x and y arguments are required, it is also sufficient to supply a single argument being a list with elements named x and y. Similarly a matrix with two columns is also valid input. In this way functions such as locator() (see below) may be used to specify positions on a plot interactively.
Hershey fonts can produce better output, especially on a computer screen, for rotated and/or small text.
Hershey fonts provide certain symbols that may not be available in the standard fonts. In particular, there are zodiac signs, cartographic symbols and astronomical symbols.
Hershey fonts provide cyrillic and japanese (Kana and Kanji) characters.
Waits for the user to select locations on the current plot using the left mouse button. This continues until n (default 512) points have been selected, or another mouse button is pressed. The type argument allows for plotting at the selected points and has the same effect as for high-level graphics commands; the default is no plotting. locator() returns the locations of the points selected as a list with two components x and y.
Allow the user to highlight any of the points defined by x and y (using the left mouse button) by plotting the corresponding component of labels nearby (or the index number of the point if labels is absent). Returns the indices of the selected points when another button is pressed.
The identify() functions performs no plotting itself, but simply allows the user to move the mouse pointer and click the left mouse button near a point. If there is a point near the mouse pointer it will be marked with its index number (that is, its position in the x/y vectors) plotted nearby. Alternatively, you could use some informative string (such as a case name) as a highlight by using the labels argument to identify(), or disable marking altogether with the plot = FALSE argument. When the process is terminated (see above), identify() returns the indices of the selected points; you can use these indices to extract the selected points from the original vectors x and y.
A separate list of graphics parameters is maintained for each active device, and each device has a default set of parameters when initialized. Graphics parameters can be set in two ways: either permanently, affecting all graphics functions which access the current device; or temporarily, affecting only a single graphics function call.
The par() function is used to access and modify the list of graphics parameters for the current graphics device.
Without arguments, returns a list of all graphics parameters and their values for the current device.
With named arguments (or a single list argument), sets the values of the named graphics parameters, and returns the original values of the parameters as a list.
Setting graphics parameters with the par() function changes the value of the parameters permanently, in the sense that all future calls to graphics functions (on the current device) will be affected by the new value. You can think of setting graphics parameters in this way as setting "default" values for the parameters, which will be used by all graphics functions unless an alternative value is given.
Note that calls to par() always affect the global values of graphics parameters, even when par() is called from within a function. This is often undesirable behavior—usually we want to set some graphics parameters, do some plotting, and then restore the original values so as not to affect the user's R session. You can restore the initial values by saving the result of par() when making changes, and restoring the initial values when plotting is complete.
produces a scatterplot using a plus sign as the plotting character, without changing the default plotting character for future plots.
Unfortunately, this is not implemented entirely consistently and it is sometimes necessary to set and reset graphics parameters using par().
The following sections detail many of the commonly-used graphical parameters. The R help documentation for the par() function provides a more concise summary; this is provided as a somewhat more detailed alternative.
A description of the parameter's effect. name is the name of the parameter, that is, the argument name to use in calls to par() or a graphics function. value is a typical value you might use when setting the parameter.
Note that axes is not a graphics parameter but an argument to a few plot methods: see xaxt and yaxt.
Character to be used for plotting points. The default varies with graphics drivers, but it is usually a circle. Plotted points tend to appear slightly above or below the appropriate position unless you use "." as the plotting character, which produces centered points.
Those from 21 to 25 may appear to duplicate earlier symbols, but can be coloured in different ways: see the help on points and its examples.
In addition, pch can be a character or a number in the range 32:255 representing a character in the current font.
Line types. Alternative line styles are not supported on all graphics devices (and vary on those that do) but line type 1 is always a solid line, line type 0 is always invisible, and line types 2 and onwards are dotted or dashed lines, or some combination of both.
Line widths. Desired width of lines, in multiples of the "standard" line width. Affects axis lines as well as lines drawn with lines(), etc. Not all devices support this, and some have restrictions on the widths that can be used.
Colors to be used for points, lines, text, filled regions and images. A number from the current palette (see ?palette) or a named colour.
The color to be used for axis annotation, x and y labels, main and sub-titles, respectively.
An integer which specifies which font to use for text. If possible, device drivers arrange so that 1 corresponds to plain text, 2 to bold face, 3 to italic, 4 to bold italic and 5 to a symbol font (which include Greek letters).
The font to be used for axis annotation, x and y labels, main and sub-titles, respectively.
Justification of text relative to the plotting position. 0 means left justify, 1 means right justify and 0.5 means to center horizontally about the plotting position. The actual value is the proportion of text that appears to the left of the plotting position, so a value of -0.1 leaves a gap of 10% of the text width between the text and the plotting position.
Character expansion. The value is the desired size of text characters (including plotting characters) relative to the default text size.
The character expansion to be used for axis annotation, x and y labels, main and sub-titles, respectively.
Many of R's high-level plots have axes, and you can construct axes yourself with the low-level axis() graphics function. Axes have three main components: the axis line (line style controlled by the lty graphics parameter), the tick marks (which mark off unit divisions along the axis line) and the tick labels (which mark the units.) These components can be customized with the following graphics parameters.
The first two numbers are the desired number of tick intervals on the x and y axes respectively. The third number is the desired length of axis labels, in characters (including the decimal point.) Choosing a too-small value for this parameter may result in all tick labels being rounded to the same number!
Orientation of axis labels. 0 means always parallel to axis, 1 means always horizontal, and 2 means always perpendicular to the axis.
Positions of axis components. The first component is the distance from the axis label to the axis position, in text lines. The second component is the distance to the tick labels, and the final component is the distance from the axis position to the axis line (usually zero). Positive numbers measure outside the plot region, negative numbers inside.
Length of tick marks, as a fraction of the size of the plotting region. When tck is small (less than 0.5) the tick marks on the x and y axes are forced to be the same size. A value of 1 gives grid lines. Negative values give tick marks outside the plotting region. Use tck=0.01 and mgp=c(1,-1.5,0) for internal tick marks.
A single plot in R is known as a figure and comprises a plot region surrounded by margins (possibly containing axis labels, titles, etc.) and (usually) bounded by the axes themselves.
Widths of the bottom, left, top and right margins, respectively, measured in inches.
Similar to mai, except the measurement unit is text lines.
mar and mai are equivalent in the sense that setting one changes the value of the other. The default values chosen for this parameter are often too large; the right-hand margin is rarely needed, and neither is the top margin if no title is being used. The bottom and left margins must be large enough to accommodate the axis and tick labels. Furthermore, the default is chosen without regard to the size of the device surface: for example, using the postscript() driver with the height=4 argument will result in a plot which is about 50% margin unless mar or mai are set explicitly. When multiple figures are in use (see below) the margins are reduced, however this may not be enough when many figures share the same page.
R allows you to create an n by m array of figures on a single page. Each figure has its own margins, and the array of figures is optionally surrounded by an outer margin, as shown in the following figure.
Set the size of a multiple figure array. The first value is the number of rows; the second is the number of columns. The only difference between these two parameters is that setting mfcol causes figures to be filled by column; mfrow fills by rows.
The layout in the Figure could have been created by setting mfrow=c(3,2); the figure shows the page after four plots have been drawn.
Setting either of these can reduce the base size of symbols and text (controlled by par("cex") and the pointsize of the device). In a layout with exactly two rows and columns the base size is reduced by a factor of 0.83: if there are three or more of either rows or columns, the reduction factor is 0.66.
Position of the current figure in a multiple figure environment. The first two numbers are the row and column of the current figure; the last two are the number of rows and columns in the multiple figure array. Set this parameter to jump between figures in the array. You can even use different values for the last two numbers than the true values for unequally-sized figures on the same page.
Position of the current figure on the page. Values are the positions of the left, right, bottom and top edges respectively, as a percentage of the page measured from the bottom left corner. The example value would be for a figure in the bottom right of the page. Set this parameter for arbitrary positioning of figures within a page. If you want to add a figure to a current page, use new=TRUE as well (unlike S).
Size of outer margins. Like mar and mai, the first measures in text lines and the second in inches, starting with the bottom margin and working clockwise.
Outer margins are particularly useful for page-wise titles, etc. Text can be added to the outer margins with the mtext() function with argument outer=TRUE. There are no outer margins by default, however, so you must create them explicitly using oma or omi.
More complicated arrangements of multiple figures can be produced by the split.screen() and layout() functions, as well as by the grid and lattice packages.
R can generate graphics (of varying levels of quality) on almost any type of display or printing device. Before this can begin, however, R needs to be informed what type of device it is dealing with. This is done by starting a device driver. The purpose of a device driver is to convert graphical instructions from R ("draw a line," for example) into a form that the particular device can understand.
For printing on PostScript printers, or creating PostScript graphics files.
Produces a PDF file, which can also be included into PDF files.
will produce a file containing PostScript code for a figure five inches high, perhaps for inclusion in a document. It is important to note that if the file named in the command already exists, it will be overwritten. This is the case even if the file was only created earlier in the same R session.
In advanced use of R it is often useful to have several graphics devices in use at the same time. Of course only one graphics device can accept graphics commands at any one time, and this is known as the current device. When multiple devices are open, they form a numbered sequence with names giving the kind of device at any position.
Each new call to a device driver function opens a new graphics device, thus extending by one the device list. This device becomes the current device, to which graphics output will be sent.
Returns the number and name of all active devices. The device at position 1 on the list is always the null device which does not accept graphics commands at all.
Returns the number and name of the graphics device next to, or previous to the current device, respectively.
Can be used to change the current graphics device to the one at position k of the device list. Returns the number and label of the device.
Terminate the graphics device at point k of the device list. For some devices, such as postscript devices, this will either print the file immediately or correctly complete the file for later printing, depending on how the device was initiated.
Make a copy of the device k. Here device is a device function, such as postscript, with extra arguments, if needed, specified by '…'. dev.print is similar, but the copied device is immediately closed, so that end actions, such as printing hardcopies, are immediately performed.
Terminate all graphics devices on the list, except the null device.
and these can be accessed from R via the package rggobi, described at http://www.ggobi.org/rggobi.
Also, package rgl provides ways to interact with 3D plots, for example of surfaces.


text:
Content for Friday, November 14, 2014
No jail time, but a $114,000 fine
Securities agency suspends SD lawyer Robert Weaver
The Securities and Exchange Commission on Wednesday suspended San Diego attorney Robert C. Weaver, Jr. for his role in a scheme to sell phony shell companies. Weaver wrote "opinion of legality" letters and filled out ...
Don Bauder
Congressman Peters and the dark arts
Newspaper king of attack campaigns bemoans "slimy affair"
Before it began, San Diego power players predicted that victory in the battle between Democratic House freshman Scott Peters and GOP ex-city councilman Carl DeMaio would ultimately come down to big money and the dark ...
Matt Potter
Johnny Marr's Playland
Since the demise of the Smiths, Johnny Marr has worked on collaborations with feverish intensity, so it was no surprise that it took so long for his debut solo record to happen, but it is ...
Robert Duffy
Quite the grand larceny, if proven true
Suit says CA public utilities commission violated 5th Amendment
Last evening (November 13), attorneys Mike Aguirre and Maria Severson filed a suit in federal court saying that the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and Southern California Edison took 17.4 million ratepayers' property (money) by ...
JW-Jones has got your blues right here!
Canada band heats it up at Tio Leo's
If you haven't heard about Canadian bluesman JW-Jones, you've got to get out more. The Ottawa guitarist picked San Diego as the last stop on a ten-day West Coast romp and he made it perfectly ...
T.E. Mattox
I'm with Bill Clinton
Investors get taken for $5.2 million in "reverse life insurance" scam
San Diegan Daniel Christian Stanley Powell this week was convicted in Orange County federal court of fleecing investors of $5.2 million with his "reverse life insurance" scam. The federal judge who heard the case sent ...
SD on the QT: Almost Factual News
Horror House
SDSU President defends decision to partner with fledgling FOX News movie studio.
Statement from San Diego State President Elliot "Moneyman" Hirsh: "We understand that some members of the University community — particularly those associated with the Kappa Delta sorority — are unhappy with our decision to go ...
Walter Mencken
Manchester golf-course deal collapses
Publisher, Mickelson had planned to buy Fairbanks
According to the publication Golf Digest, the plan by U-T publisher Douglas Manchester and pro golfer Phil Mickelson to buy Fairbanks Ranch Country Club has collapsed. The facility, which includes tennis courts and a clubhouse, ...
Feast! Restaurant Reviews
Rediscovering the endangered five-dollar sandwich
Grabbing and going through Little Italy.
I've driven by Grab & Go Subs I don't know how many times over the years, driving down Hawthorne into Little Italy, or on my way to the airport. I never once stopped prior to ...
San Diego Beer News
2014 San Diego Beer Week: Day 10
A comprehensive roundup of San Diego Beer Week events for November 16.
Barrel-Aged Victory at Sea Day: If ever there was a high-alcohol beer that's palatable all day long, it's Victory at Sea, a coffee-vanilla imperial porter from Ballast Point Brewing & Spirits. So, no matter when ...
Brandon Hernández
Yesterday's catch
November 13 dock totals H&M Landing 36 Anglers,3 Boats, 2 Red Rock Crab, 9 California Spiny Lobster, 4 Yellowtail, 3 Sand Bass, 21 Rockfish, 2 Bonito, 2 Barracuda, 5 Sheephead, 11 Vermilion Rockfish, 2 Lingcod, ...
Daniel Powell
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Online accounting is a crowded market. Multiple players want a cut of growing revenues, expected to top $4.5 billion by 2019.
In such a market there is room for both incumbents and challengers. In the incumbent corner today on Pricing Page Teardown is Intuit's QuickBooks Online. The upstart is New Zealand-based Xero.
QuickBooks Online (QBO) is the industry leader. Intuit's combined revenue reaches beyond this market, to over $5 billion, with QBOs 1.5+ million subscribers contributing significantly to that success. Six-year-old Xero, is behind Intuit on revenue, hitting $302 million last year, but not far behind in market reach, with over 1 million subscribers. Watch this episode to see why both Peter and Patrick would choose to join the Xero masses than go for the QBO behemoth.
Differentiation is two-fold for SaaS companies. You have to differentiate your packages internally so that your prospective customers can choose the right plan and pricing for them. It is an important part of your pricing strategy.
It is designed for the higher end of the market. Long feature lists and plenty of information for any accounting professional to make the right choice of plan. You also have to do plenty of math to figure out the right price for you, especially when choosing the "50% off for 3 months" option in lieu of a free trial.
Here, payroll is in the top right of the top right, showing that it is ideal for a differentiating feature. This is how Xero handle payroll. The Starter plan doesn't run payroll, so people looking for just invoices and basic features have a plan for them. But once you are into the Standard and Premium plans, payroll becomes the main differentiating feature of choice.
Instead, QBO treats payroll as an add-on. Add-ons should be features that few customers want, but those that do are willing to pay highly and that you can use for expansion revenue. For SaaS accounting, these are features such as reporting, time tracking, and multi-currency accounting. These are features that QBO are using as differentiators. It seems like they have their packaging backward.
70% of the market doesn't need to run payroll. Additionally, that role in the accounting ecosystem is now fulfilled by Gusto et al. and wrapped into full back office services such as Office Engine.
Xero may say they are a "...great fit for most small businesses," but they aren't priced that way. They do have $9 and $30 plans which would fit into the lower segments here, but the $9 plan offers no payroll and the $30 plan only offers payroll for up to 5 employees. This means that customers at these lower tiers will have to add Gusto or another HR service to get all the features they need.
Both are potentially missing out on the middle-range of customers. They could add another tier that better captures the needs of the 5 to 30 employee range of companies.
Xero also has the opportunity to go upmarket a little further, looking for a larger premium tier. At the moment, they segment their payroll options, with the largest option being 100 employees for $180/month. Our data show that this could a) be pushed up towards $200/month, or b) the cutoff for this option could be lowered to 50 employees.
Both have a lower tier for all those sole proprietors. But both could increase the price of these plans by 50% to capture higher ARPU without harming acquisition.
Both Patrick and Peter are clear: Xero has the greater momentum at the moment. QBO is the industry leader, but it is unclear where the product can go from here regarding growth. Xero still has a lot of growing to do. And because it appeals to a modern SaaS customer who wants clean design in their software and an obvious price and package to sign up for, it is the option with the greatest growth potential.


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Doctors prescribe benzodiazepines for a number of medical conditions. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, a patient might receive such a prescription when dealing with an anxiety disorder, insomnia or a spastic disorder, or after a certain type of surgery. The AAFP also found that 15 percent of all adults living in the United States received a prescription for one of these drugs at some point in their lives. While not everyone who uses the drug will develop an addiction, if you have a history of substance abuse or a family history of addiction, you're more likely to develop one.
Call a benzodiazepine hotline if you're worried that you might be addicted to benzodiazepines or you know someone who may have developed an addiction.
In larger doses, the drug can cause euphoric thoughts, delayed reaction times, mood swings and angry feelings. If you notice a loved one showing one or more of these effects, now is the time to find help for that person. Those who get help early on in the addiction recovery process are more likely to recover, so it's important to find a reputable benzodiazepine recovery hotline soon.
Withdrawal from benzodiazepines can be serious and requires medical supervision. Some of the symptoms can be dangerous and even fatal.
A benzo addiction recovery program with healthcare professionals can monitor someone during withdrawal, prescribe medications, and make sure the person is safe throughout the process. Often, a person will be tapered off a benzodiazepine gradually over a period of weeks or months.
Rehabilitation programs can vary widely, and you need to take into account your own needs and preferences as well as what the program offers.
Whether it offers medically supervised detox (if you know you'll need to go through withdrawal).
The location—would you prefer to travel for treatment or remain close to family and friends?
The experience and credentials of the staff.
Type of facility—inpatient or outpatient.
Reviews of other people's experiences there.
Whether you recently found yourself exhibiting some of the effects of taking benzodiazepines or you noticed these issues arising in a loved one, you can get help. A benzo addiction hotline can answer any questions you have about taking benzodiazepines or addiction to the drugs. It can also refer you to a reputable benzodiazepine addiction rehab and recovery center in your area.
Calling a helpline allows you to be anonymous. You might feel a little too nervous to talk to your doctor because you think that the doctor might judge you. With a toll-free hotline, your call remains completely anonymous. You can ask a few questions, talk to someone who is experienced in the area, and get the help that you need without revealing your name or any personal information. According to WebMD, the United States has 15 FDA-approved benzodiazepines currently on the market, including both short- and long-acting drugs. Even if you take the drug your doctor has prescribed, you might still become addicted to it. Calling an addiction recovery helpline lets you quickly find a solution to your problem.
Now is the right time to make the call that can change someone's life. Helplines are staffed with professionals who are ready and willing to walk you through the steps of finding a treatment center and overcoming your addiction. If you are ready to leave the world of benzodiazepines behind, call today. Hotline staff help hundreds of people just like you seek treatment to get back on their feet and learn how to stop using benzodiazepines. Take back your future by calling today.
The helpline representative will likely ask you certain questions when you call. Having this information ready can make it easier for them to place you in a treatment program that's a good fit.
How long have you been using benzodiazepines? How much do you use, and how often?
Are you abusing other drugs in addition to benzos?
Do you have any mental health or medical conditions?
. Government of South Australia. Benzodiazepine withdrawal management.


Bargello Quilts: Read the History and See Amish Handmade Bargello Quilts!
The patterns on our Bargello quilts leap from the bedspreads in bold and brilliant designs– blazing from the Bargello Flame quilts, waving in hypnotic lines on the Surf Song quilts, and sparkling from the Diamond Jubilee quilts. There's nothing subtle about these vivid patterns. If you love an eye-catching quilt, browse through our selection and claim one for your home!
Each of the Bargello quilts are made by artisans within the Amish and Mennonite community. While they sew the blocks together with sewing machine for added durability, all of the quilting is done by hand. You'll love the timeless art of these quilts as they grace your home!
Quilters didn't create the Bargello motif; it was first found in needlepoint embroidery, on the upholstered chairs from the Bargello palace in Florence, Italy, dating from the 17th century. With this origin, the pattern has variously been called the Bargello stitch and the Florentine stitch. It's even called the Hungarian point, since there is evidence that Hungarian royalty, including Queen Maria Theresa, also practiced this art.
Traditionally, Bargello Quilt's embroidery is sewn with wool thread on canvas, using mathematical patterns of stepped vertical stitches. Quilters adapted these patterns, sewing together long strips of material and cutting them crosswise to make lines of blocks, then offsetting the rows to each other. Cutting narrow strips and setting them in steep stairsteps creates the fiery, sharp points on the Bargello Flame quilts; cutting wide strips and placing them in gradual stairsteps produces the flowing waves of the Surf Song quilts.
By now, the Bargello Quilts pattern has morphed into many different variations–the criss-crossing weave of the Mystic Night pattern, the flowing hearts of the Love Within pattern, the interlocking diamonds of the Argyle pattern, and the joined hearts of the Linking Hearts pattern, in addition to the Diamond Jubilee, Bargello Flame, and Surf Song patterns already mentioned. Quilters love the challenge and beauty of this technique and continue to use it in creating an endless variety of new shapes.
Excited to own one of these fabulous quilts? Of course you are! Browse the links below to select the one you love best, or visit our store to make your choice in person. We'd love to answer any questions or provide more information you may have, by phone at (717) 354-1772, by email at sales@familyfarmhandcrafts.com, or by answering this form on our website.
Not ready to buy a quilt? No problem. We have many other homemade crafts in our store and on our website. Whether you need home decor or scented soaps, we have something you'll love!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Pryor receives endowment
By Staff | Jun 30, 2010
Sarah Beth Pryor
Fairmont State University honored students for their academic achievement and named scholarship recipients at the 33rd annual Academic Awards Celebration on May 7.
Scholarships and awards are made possible through generous gifts made to the Fairmont State Foundation, Inc.
Sarah Beth Pryor, a senior Elementary Education (Mathematics Education 5-9) major, received the Martha Flesher Endowed Scholarship.
A 2007 graduate of Paden City High School, she is the daughter of Kevin Pryor of Winter Garden, Fla., and the late Debra Blatt Pryor. She is the granddaughter of Ed and Ida Blatt of Paden City. She has been on the Dean's List and the President's List, is a member of Kappa Delta Pi education honor society, has been a student employee in the Student Employment Office, has been a peer counselor for math on campus and is a PROMISE Scholar.
Wow! Look who's 80!
Minors Mark 60 Years
Sophia Kinnard, Lance Binegar to Tie Knot


We are excited to announce that Ana Laura Acevedo, Senior Vice President, Marketing & Business Development at RCI Latin America,is joining the Portada Travel Marketing Board, one of the six units of Portada's Council System. The Council System next in-person meeting will be at Portada Miami on April 11, 2019.
With over 25 years of experience in different areas of the travel industry, Ana Laura has held different Management and Leadership positions in various companies like: GM for American Express travel agency, OCV & Hotel Association, Las Hadas Marina Golf & Resort and Brisas Hotels & Resorts. In 2004, Ana Laura joined RCI as Business Development Director for Mexico and Central America.
In 2009, she was promoted as VP of Marketing and Commercial Programs for Latin America, leading strategic areas including: new product development, affiliate services, B2C marketing, e-commerce, key accounts and The Registry Collection (the largest luxury exchange program globally). She was recently promoted to Senior Vice President, taking over Business Development for Latin America as well.
Welcome Ana Laura to the Portada Council System!


Are you looking for apparel that lets you represent the Palmetto State? Here at Barefoot Campus Outfitter, we love the great state of South Carolina, as it is our second home. We opened our doors in Columbia in 2016, and we have never looked back! Therefore, we love to offer the apparel you need to represent your favorite state in the Union. Whether you are from South Carolina or you just think of it as your home now, anyone who sees your sweet Carolina gear from Barefoot Campus Outfitter won't be able to deny your SC pride. If you are looking for a way to represent your favorite state, shop our online college apparel store today.


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Guillaume Mauviel (ur. 29 października 1757 w Fervaches, zm. 9 marca 1814 w Cézy) – francuski duchowny, biskup konstytucyjny Saint-Dominique (Les Cayes) w latach 1800–1805.

Przyjaciel biskupa i reformatora religijnego Henri-Baptiste Gregoire'a. Został prezbiterem w okresie rewolucji francuskiej. Święcenia kapłańskie otrzymał w Kościele katolickim w 1790 roku. Po reformie ustroju kościelnego we Francji złożył przysięgę na Konstytucję Cywilną Kleru. W 1797 roku został wybrany przez zgromadzenie narodowe biskupem dla kolonii zamorskich na Karaibach. W 1800 roku został konsekrowany przez arcybiskupa Paryża, Jean-Baptiste'a Royera. W tym samym roku z grupą kilkunastu księży konstytucyjnych wyruszył w podróż do Ameryki.

Jako duchowny Kościoła konstytucyjnego od 1801 roku prowadził działalność duszpasterską i dydaktyczną na terenie wyspy Hispaniola. Generał Toussaint L'Ouverture utrudniał mu jednak prowadzenie misji. Wielu księży, zwłaszcza z północy francuskiej kolonii Saint-Dominique, traktowało go otwarcie jako schizmatyka i odmówiło podporządkowania się jego jurysdykcji. Do 1802 roku biskup przebywał więc głównie w hiszpańskiej części kolonii (Santo Domingo) skąd zarządzał w miarę możliwości przydzieloną mu diecezją.

Po zawarciu przez konsula Napoleona Bonaparte konkordatu ze Stolicą Apostolską złożył zgodnie z otrzymanymi instrukcjami dymisję. Dzięki poparciu generała Charlesa Leclerca pozostał jednak na wyspie Haiti. W latach 1802–1804 pełnił prowizorycznie obowiązki administratora Kościoła katolickiego we francuskiej kolonii Saint-Domingue. Miał nadzieję na papieską nominację na biskupa ordynariusza i kanoniczne objęcie katolickiej diecezji na wyspie. Do 1804 roku jednak decyzji Kurii Rzymskiej w swojej sprawie się nie doczekał.

Po zakończeniu rewolucji haitańskiej i ogłoszeniu przez Haiti niepodległości powrócił do Francji. W 1810 roku bez zgody papieża konsekrował dwóch biskupów dla Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Jerusalem.

Bibliografia

Francuscy duchowni
Kościół rzymskokatolicki na Haiti
Urodzeni w 1757
Zmarli w 1814

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home LG
Redecorate Your Living Room and Up Your Entertainment Experience with New LG TVs
Do you remember the book Fahrenheit 451? Chances are you remember the book burnings, but there's a less apocalyptic aspect of the books that is coming true: televisions are evolving from a small part of our homes to central pieces of artwork that integrate deeply into the walls around us. LG is ready to help you decorate with their new lineup for 2020!
Gear Diary's Best of IFA 2019 Awards
Berlin's annual IFA show is the largest consumer electronics event in Europe with "more digital lifestyle products in one place than any other show worldwide." After walking the show floor, sitting in on private pre-briefings, standing inside packed press conferences, and attending media-only showcase events, these are the items we've chosen for Gear Diary's Best of IFA 2019 Awards.
LG G8X ThinQ and DualScreen Case Make for a Practical Dual-Screen Folding Phone
Until folding phones manufacturers are able to sort out all their devices' inherent issues, we can look to LG and their Dual Screen solution which we first saw on the V50 ThinQ at MWC. That Dual Screen case option wasn't available in the US, however. Now we have the LG G8X ThinQ, and yes — it's coming to the US!
LG Announces their Ultra Short Throw 4K Projector in LA with David Van Essen's Fragmented Art
Over the last few days, I've been in Santa Monica preparing to be wowed by LG'S latest innovation, the Ultra Short Throw 4K projector.
Gear Diary's 2019 Father's Day Gift Guide
Father's Day is fast approaching, and if you've been racking your brain for some great gifts that think outside of the sock drawer and toolbox, then we've got you covered. Regardless of your budget, this gift guide will have something perfect for the dads in your life.
LG's Memorial Day Weekend Sales Are Worth Checking Out
With Memorial Day Weekend in full swing, so are the sales. LG in particular has huge savings for many of their electronics including their TV's, sound bars and even their home appliances that you should pull out your wallet for.
LG G8 ThinQ: Even with Questionable Gimmicks, It's a Solid Phone
Mobile World Congress didn't disappoint this year; there were so many new smartphones shown, and that's where the LG G8 ThinQ made its debut. Loaded with tech, the G8 ThinQ is a compact communication device with fantastic sound, better than average cameras, a gorgeous screen, and minimalistic design.
Gear Diary's Best of Mobile World Congress 2019
Mobile World Congress has just wrapped up, and wow — it was a doozy. So many new devices were announced, and there was never a dull moment. We were in Barcelona for the event, and it was tough knowing that we could only pick 10 for our 'best of', but here they are — Gear Diary's Best of Mobile World Congress 2019!
Th LG G8 ThinQ Introduces Advanced Biometrics: Palm Vein Authentication!
While the LG G8 ThinQ may not have the V50 ThinQ's Dual Screen case, and its 5G connectivity, The G8 ThinQ does have another trick up its sleeve — or at the end of your sleeve, rather: Palm Vein Authentication. Whaaat?
LG V50 ThinQ Shines on Its Own, but the Dual Screen Case Makes It Exceptional
LG came out in full force at Mobile World Congress by announcing their latest G & V series flagship phones. LG's first 5G device is the LG V50 ThinQ. It will first be seen on Sprint's network; that's right, the 5G era has arrived, and it's looking great.
AT&T LG V40 ThinQ Review: The Flagship Smartphone with 5 Cameras
Does anyone really need five cameras on their smartphone? That's a question that LG wants us to figure out with their new V40 ThinQ. But beyond the cameras, the V40 ThinQ has a 6.4″ OLED display yet it's still pocketable and easily managed with one hand. Should it be your next phone? Let's talk about it.
Black Friday and Cyber Monday Are Here, and We've Got Deals for You!
There's no need to run around like a turkey with its head cut off: there are plenty of Black Friday and Cyber Monday deals available that don't require getting up at the crack of dawn or standing in any lines — there's no need to wrestle your chosen item from someone else's arms, either. Just sit back, relax, and click.
Hands-on with LG's First Google Smart Display and Their 2018 Audio Line-Up
At an event celebrating the company's 2018 audio lineup in New York last week, LG was showing off a somewhat surprising newcomer – their first ever Google Smart Display, the LG ThinQ WK9 Google Smart Display.
LG V35 ThinQ Is the Consolation Prize for AT&T Customers
If the LG G7 ThinQ got you all excited when it was announced, but the "Verizon-only" made the AT&T customer in you sad, you'll be glad to know that you'll soon be able to get your hands on something similar. Of course, similar does not equal same, but the AT&T LG V35 ThinQ is very close.
LG Gram Lounge Offers Free Workshops for Entrepreneurs in NYC and LA
LG Gram and WeWork have teamed up together to create the LG gram Lounge, a place where entrepreneurs can get together to network and learn how to grow their business by taking part in free workshops focused on business, design, technology and more.
LG Unveils ThinQ TVs Boasting Artificial Intelligence
Ahead of CES next week, LG is introducing a new smart TV line up, and not only do these TVs come with an advanced image processor, but they come with artificial intelligence as well. The ThinQ artificial intelligence technology will be rolled out into LG's 2018 OLED and SUPER UHD TVs.
The LG Styler Brings You Clean Clothes and One Step Closer to "The Jetsons"
Remember on the show "The Jetsons," how George Jetson would hop on a conveyor belt and get washed, dried, brushed, and dressed by a machine? We're not quite there yet, but LG is getting scarily close with their LG Styler, which is basically a Jetson shower system for your clothes!
Psst! Want to Win a Verizon #LGV30? Read This!
I've been testing the LG V30 since before it was ready for release. The phone is quick, smart, and it has an excellent camera. If you're intrigued by this latest flagship phone, here's a chance to get your hands on the Verizon version — all you have to do is enter our giveaway!
You Won't Believe That These 6 Short Films Were Made on an LG V30!
On Friday the 13th, I had the opportunity to attend an event at the New York Film Festival. Rather than being your typical movie premiere, I was treated to six short films created by emerging NYC filmmakers — ranging from thriller to docu-style — all had been shot on the LG V30.
LG TV Cinema House Pop-Up Tour Offers Exclusive Stranger Things 2 Sneak Peak
If you've ever wanted to experience the ultimate home theater set up, now is your chance. LG and Dolby are going on a roadshow with stops around the country. The roadshow starts today in New York City, just outside of Madison Square Garden. Visitors get to take a break from the hustle and bustle of New York city's busy midtown area while experiencing a truly immersive home theater experience.


I do not think it is wrong to 'debate' on a support forum in certain circumstances. Like, if someone asks for help because they are sad and depressed then that is not a debatable thing, they need help and support. But if someone asks for opinions on some things like: " are vaccines bad?" " "Is seroquel safe?" " Did I ignore my significant other" or "am I wrong?" I think answers to stuff like that can be at least be debatable.
"the board debated his proposal"
In this context as long as people are not mean, rude or abusive I think it can be healthy. Arguing by hurting (" You are stupid for believing that and even dumber for doing that") is never ok on a support forum. It all depends on context of course.
I find spirited debates stimulating and good for my critical thinking skills provided they are in the right context and not hurting or going against an OP's stated wishes. I think a lot of people are very sensitive to what they perceive as criticism or being wrong. Having your viewpoint challenged doesn't make you wrong and isn't always meant to be personal. The most important thing is to say if your feelings were hurt and apologize if you are the one doing the hurting. I do not have an issue apologizing and admitting mistakes. Sometimes my sarcasm gets away from me or I am too blunt. Sometimes my knee jerk reaction or runnaway mouth gets in the way. Other times I forget to take others' experiences into account or just plain screw up. Admitting you screwed up helps maintain humility, and can help the person you hurt, hurt less.
I wish everyone was kind and civil too.
There have been a few threads about wanting everybody to be polite and kind on PC.
While I learned The Golden Rule, and always try to adhere to it. I feel I just want to leave room here for everybody. I like that all walks of life kinds of people can find this place and express themselves; even if their expression is gruff and negative.
If you can't lie and be belligerent on a free, anonymous psych forum, then where can you? Lol.
We can all exist together, even with mean, obnoxious people being however they are. Yes, even though that's triggering to the sensitive people.
Hi sarahsweets. Perhaps I should clarify my post. I wasn't trying to suggest there is no place for discussion or civil debate here. I believe the original poster was talking about when it devolves into uncivil arguments, which happens all too often and can cause considerable trauma for some vulnerable people.
I was stating that I believe the support aspect takes priority. And that people should take care before getting into or continuing certain exchanges. It sounds like you do.
I was also referring to when people push "help" that isn't wanted. It won't work anyways and can do serious harm.
as a rule we do not permit debate here, there are sites out there specifically for that type of thing. We have to remember, many of us come here to get things off our chest or air our real world frustrations, we are real people with real life struggles and on top of that we have mental health issues and constantly fight the stigma too, it's exhausting.
From my own experience as a member, not every time a person puts forward whats eating them up,they may not be looking for an answer, they can simply be searching for the unburdening of frustration, then they use their own self care to adapt back to the stresses. We are all from different backgrounds, different life experiences and different issues with our mental health. We cannot forget that many of us are constantly in a process of change. It can feel like banging your head against a wall, trying in earnest to help a person who is in a situation you were in, try to give them advice based on experience, but they may not be ready and in a place to hear it yet. I'm sure many of us experienced this.
If i can just add, we don't know what somebody is dealing with. We should never attempt to engage in "debate" in somebody else's process of getting out their problems. A debate is supposed to be between two people in a professional forum discussing differing opinions NOT someone in emotional distress looking for help being subjected to scrutiny. Also please remember we do not offer therapy or answers, just a place for us to go and socialize and unburden ourselves BUT this does not mean that you have to engage in posts or threads that upset you, it literally is up to you to follow the golden rule as stated above.
I'm here quite a long time and that's just my two cents, be empathic, humble and treat each other with respect and most importantly, do your own self care.
I wish I could change my wording and not have used the word debate because the way you explain it makes sense.
Again I wish I had used a different word. Maybe discuss? Or Engage? I think what I try to do is manage my expectations. Some people here ask for advice or opinions. Some people ask for suggestions. Some people ask questions like..." Do I have xyz?" (which I try to remember to say that none of us are professionals) or "is this abuse?" in which case if I believe what the person is going through is abuse and they are asking if it is, I will say my opinion about it. If someone is venting or ranting it is helpful for them to say that but not everyone needs to say that either. Some people are obviously unloading serious pain and I think learning the nuances of how people express themselves is a good thing. I am trying really hard to balance all of that. The most important thing for me personally is to admit when I am wrong and apologize if I hurt AND not be offended when someone either: does not accept my apology, puts me on ignore, or attacks me for my apology. I am constantly learning how to manage my expectations and as a rule, we really cant have expectations about what other people should say do or feel. I guess I am just trying to remember to be kind and I hope that no one here thinks I am unkind or mean and that I am not trying to be supportive to the best of my abilities. I hope I haven't offended anyone on this thread.
For me, trying to learn how to exist with those who seem mean and obnoxious, or just lost in their own world, has been one of the things I have come to PC for, and have found helpful here.
I understand how the triggering can be very unhelpful to some people, though. And trying to push back, through the triggered emotions, can be overwhelming, especially if people didn't develop the skills and ability to do that growing up. Which is a good reason to come here for support! So, I think it's a kind of catch-22.
Hence, there are the moderators. They can point things out to members, with the voice, or keyboard, of "authority". And although I didn't like the idea of reporting things when I first came here, there is a place for that sometimes.
In the long run, for me, it has been more helpful to learn how to try to tolerate and exist with, and sometimes respond personally to, those I disagree with than it would have been if everybody was always nice.
I appreciate PC for many reasons but it is also a way for people to play out their worst impulses at times, just like any human interaction can be.
I find that some people passive aggressively play out their gripes with other members on the forum, rather than just PMing the individual to talk it out. All that accomplishes is antagonism and bad feelings.
I agree with the OP. It is very sad to me as well, that there seems to be a lot of aggression on here as opposed to getting along with one another in respectful and appreciative, compassionate ways. I had brought up a similar issue. There are so many people on here who are here for support and help. Why can't people just get along.
Last edited by golden_eve; 03-08-2019 at 06:08 PM.


January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 336 days remaining until the end of the year (337 in leap years).
904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
1595 - William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet is probably first performed.
1814 - France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne.
1845 - "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe is published in the New York Evening Mirror.
1861 - Kansas admitted as the 34th U.S. state.
1891 - Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii, its last monarch.
1900 - The American League is organized in Philadelphia with 8 founding teams.
1916 - World War I: Paris is first bombed by German zeppelins.
1936 - The first inductees into the Baseball Hall of Fame are announced.
1944 - World War II: The Battle of Cisterna takes place in central Italy.
1959 - Sleeping Beauty, an animated feature produced by Walt Disney based upon a fairy tale, is released.
1966 - The first of 608 performances of Sweet Charity opens at the Palace Theatre.
1996 - La Fenice, Venice's opera house, is destroyed by fire.
1998 - In Birmingham, a bomb explodes at an abortion clinic, killing one and severely wounding another. Serial bomber Eric Robert Rudolph is suspected as the culprit.
2002 - In his State of the Union Address, United States President George W. Bush describes "regimes that sponsor terror" as an Axis of Evil, in which he includes Iraq, Iran and North Korea.
1993 - Michelle Larcher De Brito, Portuguese tennis player.
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at January 29. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.


www.mymedicare.gov: Learn about the Medical Insurance Coverage with the Medicare Personalized Portal!
Learn about the Medical Insurance Coverage with the Medicare Personalized Portal!
Do you want to be able to access your Medical information online? If you want to but have concerns about how secure the integrated website is, you'll want to use Medicare's secure site, the Medicare Personalized Portal. Using the simple login process listed below, you can now view the insurance plans you are using.
To view your personal information on My Medicare, follow the guideline provided below.
Create an account by clicking the link to start registration online.
Provide your Medicare Number, Mailing Address, and Birth Order, as well as the Date for the Medicare Plan A.
Submit your information and clear the information provided on the screen.
Before you post your information onto the My Medicare website, agree to the Online Services and Web Confidentiality Agreement. Using this law, you can maintain your privacy online and keep your information safe. In addition to this, you can maintain the privacy of your information by using secure networks and avoiding staying logged on when using public computers.
Ability to view your medical insurance claims and track them as they are cleared.
Learn about the extent of your medical coverage and what you are eligible for.
Access a summarized report of your information so that you can give it to your doctors.
View your personal health information such as drugs and preventive services.
Medicare is a social insurance program in the United States. Started in 1966, Medicare is part of the US Federal government and provides insurance for over 55 million people, as of 2015.


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Dengue Infected Patients in Local Population of Lahore
Dengue Patients in Lahore
Khunsa Akhtar Department of Pathology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
LFTs, Dengue, Liver Function Test, Mosquito-Borne, Virus, Aedes aegypti
Over the past 20 years, dengue fever's demographic characteristics have significantly altered in Pakistan. Different facets of particular epidemics have been covered in small-scale research from around the nation during this time. However, there is a dearth of information on the country's general trend of dengue virus infection. Objectives: To examine liver function test of dengue infected patients, age and gender wise distribution of dengue virus infected patients. Methods: During August-November 2011, patients with clinical presentation of DF, who came to Emergency department of Mayo Hospital Lahore, were included in this study. Total 64 patients were included in this study and LFTs were performed photometrically to see the effect of dengue virus infection on liver of affected patients during early days of infection from 2-7 days. Results: Out of 64 patients, 47 were males and 17 were females. Dengue fever was more common among the age group of 16-25 years and less common among children and older age group. All the patients had low platelet level with 29 patients had complaint of bleeding. Serum raised level of ALT and ALP was observed in some patients. Conclusions: Presently widespread throughout the year with a high frequency in the post-monsoon season, dengue fever is currently endemic in Pakistan. The median patient age for dengue has dropped, and younger patients, particularly men, may be more vulnerable. Total and differential leukocyte counts can assist identify individuals who are at risk for bleeding, and LFTs can show whether dengue virus infection has an impact on the liver.
Shepherd SM and Shoff WH. Immunization in travel medicine. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 2011 Dec; 38(4): 643-79. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2011.07.005.
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Chye JK, Lim CT, Ng KB, Lim JM, George R, Lam SK. Vertical transmission of dengue. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997 Dec; 25(6): 1374-7. doi: 10.1086/516126.
Wagner D, de With K, Huzly D, Hufert F, Weidmann M, Breisinger S, et al. Nosocomial acquisition of dengue. Emerging infectious diseases. 2004 Oct; 10(10): 1872. doi: 10.3201/eid1010.031037.
Dejnirattisai W, Duangchinda T, Lin CL, Vasanawathana S, Jones M, Jacobs M, et al. A complex interplay among virus, dendritic cells, T cells, and cytokines in dengue virus infections. The Journal of Immunology. 2008 Nov; 181(9): 5865-74. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.5865.
Mousson L, Dauga C, Garrigues T, Schaffner F, Vazeille M, Failloux AB. Phylogeography of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variations. Genetics Research. 2005 Aug; 86(1): 1-1. doi: 10.1017/S0016672305007627.
Womack M. The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Wing Beats. 1993; 5(4): 4.
Hung NT, Lei HY, Lan NT, Lin YS, Huang KJ, Lien LB, et al. Dengue hemorrhagic fever in infants: a study of clinical and cytokine profiles. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004 Jan; 189(2): 221-32. doi: 10.1086/380762.
Kyle JL and Harris E. Global spread and persistence of dengue. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2008 Jan; 62(1): 71-92. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.163005.
Lima EQ and Nogueira ML. Viral hemorrhagic fever–induced acute kidney injury. Seminars in Nephrology. 2008 Jul; 28(4): 409-415. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2008.04.009.
Lombardi R, Yu L, Younes-Ibrahim M, Schor N, Burdmann EA. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in Latin America. Seminars in Nephrology. 2008 Jul; 28(4): 320-329. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2008.04.001.
Wichmann O, Stark K, Shu PY, Niedrig M, Frank C, Huang JH, et al. Clinical features and pitfalls in the laboratory diagnosis of dengue in travellers. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2006 Dec; 6(1): 1-8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-120.
Domingo C, de Ory F, Sanz JC, Reyes N, Gascón J, Wichmann O, et al. Molecular and serologic markers of acute dengue infection in naive and flavivirus-vaccinated travelers. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2009 Sep; 65(1): 42-8. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.05.004.
Tassniyom S, Vasanawathana S, Chirawatkul A, Rojanasuphot S. Failure of high-dose methylprednisolone in established dengue shock syndrome: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Pediatrics. 1993 Jul; 92(1): 111-5.
Billingsley PF, Foy B, Rasgon JL. Mosquitocidal vaccines: a neglected addition to malaria and dengue control strategies. Trends in Parasitology. 2008 Sep; 24(9): 396-400. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.06.003.
Erlanger TE, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Effect of dengue vector control interventions on entomological parameters in developing countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2008 Sep; 22(3): 203-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00740.x.
Gibbons RV and Vaughn DW. Dengue: an escalating problem. BMJ. 2002 Jun; 324(7353): 1563-6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.324.7353.1563.
Thomas SJ, Strickman D, Vaughn DW. Dengue epidemiology: virus epidemiology, ecology, and emergence. Advances in Virus Research. 2003; 61: 235-89. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(03)61006-7.
Gubler DJ. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1998 Jul; 11(3): 480-96. doi: 10.1128/CMR.11.3.480.
Petersen LR and Marfin AA. Shifting epidemiology of Flaviviridae. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2005 Apr; 12(suppl_1): 3-11. doi: 10.2310/7060.2005.12052.
Guzmán MG, Kouri GP, Bravo J, Soler M, Vazquez S, Morier L. Dengue hemorrhagic fever in Cuba, 1981: a retrospective seroepidemiologic study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 Feb; 42(2): 179-84. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.179.
Endy TP, Chunsuttiwat S, Nisalak A, Libraty DH, Green S, Rothman AL, et al. Epidemiology of inapparent and symptomatic acute dengue virus infection: a prospective study of primary school children in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 Jul; 156(1): 40-51. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf005.
Souza LJ, Nogueira RM, Soares LC, Soares CE, Ribas BF, Alves FP, et al. The impact of dengue on liver function as evaluated by aminotransferase levels. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007 Aug; 11: 407-10. doi: 10.1590/S1413-86702007000400007.
Murgue B, Deparis X, Chungue E, Cassar O, Roche C. Dengue: an evaluation of dengue severity in French Polynesia based on an analysis of 403 laboratory‐confirmed cases. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 1999 Nov; 4(11): 765-73. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00478.x.
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Akhtar, K. . (2022). Dengue Infected Patients in Local Population of Lahore: Dengue Patients in Lahore. Pakistan BioMedical Journal, 5(12), 02–06. https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i12.833


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The Color Work continues the institutional recovery of Maier, whose street photographs of New York and Chicago documented social reality during the cold war era
Vivian Maier. Self-portrait, Chicago area, June, 1978. Chromogenic print, printed in 2018, 16 x 20 in. © Estate of Vivian Maier/Maloof Collection, courtesy Les Douches la Galerie, Paris & Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
Les Douches La Galerie, Paris
19 January – 30 March 2019
by TOM HASTINGS
A queue of people snakes away from Les Douches La Galerie, their collars pitched against a freezing Parisian wind. As I leave the vernissage of Vivian Maier: The Color Work, I find myself picking out details on the cobbled street: an elderly couple in conversation, one of them momentarily distracted by a passing bird; three suitcases lodged against the kerb, a group of friends idling. For Maier's images entreat the viewer to document their own surroundings.
In fact, the incitement to observe the everyday arises from the photographer's decision-making process: the intuition the snapper brings to viewing angles, the moment of capture and wagered degrees of intrusion. Such split-second negotiations comprise the generic conventions of street photography, whose status as an art form relies on the commercial mythologisation of the – historically, predominantly male – photographer.
Vivian Maier. Chicago, October 1976. Chromogenic print, printed in 2018, 16 x 20 in. © Estate of Vivian Maier/Maloof Collection, courtesy Les Douches la Galerie, Paris & Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
Whether it be Diane Arbus or Lee Friedlander, the printed exposure is an index of the photographer's willingness to interrupt someone's passage, the subject's expression – startled or affable – indicating the artist's selected tactics. What occurred in the moments preceding the shot? Was this person accosted by the photographer, or were they conveniently left unaware? Who are we looking at? As I walk around the bustling gallery rooms, I scan Maier's photographs, seeking traces of causality, narrative and effect that might reveal the minor transactions that surely accompanied the production of each image.
In one, a middle-aged man, hunched over, is visible through the window of a dilapidated wooden shelter. It is unclear whether he is a fatigued vendor or is merely a passerby taking a rest, for bunches of newspapers – a recurring motif in Maier's work – are pinned to the wall outside. Bright red forms that could be petrol containers are obscured by the bottom right of the frame, hinting at a context. Scholar Pamela Bannos has noted that Maier, when she did print up her negatives, which was seldom, tended to enlarge her subject by cropping peripheral material. This editorial decision is here reinforced by the shelter's aperture, which, coupled with its pitch-black interior, imbues the man with a distinctly painterly quality, hitching the image to a realist tradition. We are afforded just enough information to locate this person in Chicago in the 1960s or 70s, but no more.
Vivian Maier. Self-portrait, Chicago area, July, 1975. Chromogenic print, printed in 2018, 16 x 20 in. © Estate of Vivian Maier/Maloof Collection, courtesy Les Douches la Galerie, Paris & Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
This attention to internal framing, most properly a hallmark of Maier's self-portraiture, is elsewhere facilitated by found mirrors. One crystalline example features Maier's jutting reflection caught in a mirrored sheet that lies on what looks like a trestle table. The hands of her young charge – Maier spent her life working as a nanny – are isomorphic with a skyscraper that looms over both figures, cutting the sky with sharp perspectival lines. In another image, we see Maier's reflection in a mirror that is divided into three consecutive circles and seen through the oblique screen of a shop window. The photographer's figure is split into head, thorax and abdomen, a playful dissection that allegorises the way her life and works have been retroactively assembled and institutionally framed.
Les Douches' third showing of Maier's work since 2014 forms part of her continuing recognition by the art world as a major figure in photography, whose story is now legend. In 2007, two years before her death, poverty compelled Maier to sell about 150,000 negatives. The historian John Maloof took a chance on a large box of them at a "look, but don't touch" auction. Digitally scanning several negatives, he recognised the particularity of her vision and, along with collectors, Ron Slattery and Randy Prow, went on a mission to forensically reconstruct her movements. This journey led Maloof to produce the acclaimed, though sentimentalising, 2013 documentary Finding Vivian Maier.
Vivian Maier. Untitled, undated. Chromogenic print, printed in 2018, 16 x 20 in. © Estate of Vivian Maier/Maloof Collection, courtesy Les Douches la Galerie, Paris & Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
Born in New York in 1926 to a French mother and an Austrian father, Maier nannied for several families in New York and Chicago. This job permitted her relative freedom, as she was able to walk the streets, children in tow, camera at the ready. As well as taking photos, she interviewed passersby on current affairs, made recordings using a dictation machine, and collected newspapers, which she hoarded away in her always-locked quarters. The intensity and obsessiveness of her practice chimes with the art museum's historical predilection for interesting figures; indeed, the challenge of regarding her work is to look beyond the construction of her personality as an outsider artist.
Vivian Maier: The Color Work, installation view, courtesy Les Douches la Galerie, Paris.
Les Douche is well matched to the task of foregrounding the work. Located on the first floor of a repurposed building, the gallery features parquet flooring, columns surrounded by white tiles, red lacquer, fat chrome banisters and house plants situated near floating floors, and room dividers installed to display the photographs. This melange of furnishings resembles a film set, an environment suited to the medium's address to fantasy. It contrasts with the staid interiors of Howard Greenberg, the New York Gallery from which the show has just moved, and which oversaw the accompanying monograph, published in 2018 by Harper Design and featuring a text by the curator Colin Westerbeck.
Vivian Maier. Untitled, 1976. Chromogenic print, printed in 2018, 16 x 20 in. © Estate of Vivian Maier/Maloof Collection, courtesy Les Douches la Galerie, Paris & Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
In its current iteration at Les Douches, The Color Work focuses on, although is not limited to, Maier's colour prints. One side of the gallery presents the greyscale images I am familiar with, while the other showcases the recently excavated colour work – she was more interested in the act of capture and the bulk of her work was never printed. The two series are given continuity by the formatting of a standard size, positioned at eye level, and the application of black frames. These curatorial decisions provide viewers with a carousel-like slipstream, meaning we bring a similar kind of focus to each image.
Vivian Maier. Self-portrait, Chicago area, May, 1977. Chromogenic print, printed in 2018, 16 x 20 in. © Estate of Vivian Maier/Maloof Collection, courtesy Les Douches la Galerie, Paris & Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
What distinguishes Maier from her peers – for she was surely conversant with histories of photography – is the variety of tactics and imagined scenarios on display. As I walk around the gallery, her shadow emerges as a key signifier, interpolating scenes ranging from a crumpled newspaper discarded by a park bench to the snowy banks of Lake Michigan and a domestic suburban fence. Caught on the medium-format Rolleiflex she used almost exclusively after 1953, four years before moving from New York to Chicago, her shadow, like the mirror, begins to describe a rule-bound logic. I discern the working through of certain interests: shoes and tights captured from behind at ground level; the silhouette of a back, whether clad in a suit or revealed by a swimsuit; the ironical sadness of happy things such as pastel-coloured balloons and a community noticeboard, and the regularised movements of blue-collar workers.
This material, which represents the stratified conformism and vulnerability of cold war-era American life, is finally what stops Maier from becoming a Netflix industrial product. At the same time, her social position infiltrates The Color Work, so that what we see is a record of her waged and gendered movements. That these prints were posthumously exposed and assembled by curators and gallerists finally sanctifies their status as documentary evidence, in a way that perhaps eludes the work of her "professional" peers.
Katya Kvasova – interview: 'People say that whatever someone paints or draws is always a self-portrait. That's true'
Bill Brandt: A Centenary Retrospective
Two parallel exhibitions of the work of the greatest British 20th century photographer provide a timely retrospective of two sides of Brandt. In the introduction to Paul Delaney's catalogue (published by Jonathan Cape 2004) is the defining statement, 'Bill Brandt was a man who loved secrets'. His world was protectively enigmatic, as the selection of subjects for this exhibition seems to emphasise.
Guy Bourdin at the V&A. Fashion photography as art
In the 1970s, fashion seemed to be at its lowest ebb. The 60s, when London was the style capital of the world, had passed; yet to come were the 80s and 90s when fashion would replace radical politics and rock & roll as the prime manifestations of youth culture.
Keith Arnatt: I'm a Real Photographer
Currently exhibiting at the Photographers' Gallery, Arnatt's work focuses mainly on images of waste. But in the spirit of John Cage, who emancipated extraneous sounds, the traffic hum or police siren, allowing them to intermingle with the sounds of violins and the like, Arnatt attends, through the lens, to things that have been forgotten, left, thrown away, discarded or orphaned.
Diane Arbus: Revelations
Diane Arbus's first retrospective exhibit in 1972 - several months after her suicide - shocked the public while mythologising the artist. Over 100 photographs celebrating her range of subjects, from drag queens, wealthy families and Jewish giants to the mentally ill, were lovingly selected by three of her closest companions: her daughter, Doon; her friend, Marvin Israel; and her biggest advocate, John Szarkowski.
Nobuyoshi Araki: Araki: Self, Life, Death
More than any other exhibition in recent memory, 'Araki: Self, Life, Death' comes closest to an unmediated glimpse inside the artist's mind. Since his teens, in the 1950s, Araki has never been without a camera; he uses more than 40 rolls of film a day and has recorded everything: from the immense changes in the Tokyo neighbourhood where he grew up to the prolonged illness and death of his wife.


I had some requests for the envelope to match the Valentine's card I posted recently, so I decided to post the template with a tutorial in case you want to make one. You can find the Valentine's card here.
Now if you have a very large music studio, cutting out a bunch of envelopes is probably not something you want to do. But if you have a child or grandchild who takes piano, or if you only have a few students, it really doesn't take much time to cut this out. And with an envelope, you can even insert a special treat!
This template is for standard 8.5″ x 11″ US letter size paper. I'm not sure if it will work with UK size paper since I don't have access to that size paper. But some of you on the other side of the pond might know how to do it.
When you print, it is important to select "Actual Size" or some words like that. If you choose "Fit Paper" or "Scale Paper" it is not going to fit the card. Also, it is a lot easier to fold the envelope and card if you don't use card stock! I used 24# pound paper, which is not that much more expensive. It is good for printing both sides because it doesn't see-through as much.
Thank you for sharing your talents! The graphics are gorgeous, and activities, fun! I actually cut up the page into the 4 sections, and will be using them as activity sheets for the students arriving for our Valentine Piano Party, while waiting for all to arrive. The cute picture, I attached their goodie bag. It looks adorable. Wishing you many blessings, and a Happy Valentine's Day!
Mary, what a wonderful idea! The students probably love little activity pages! I hope I can remember your idea and share it with teachers in the future. Thanks so much for sharing!
Thanks for the cute Valentine's Day cards and envelopes, Susan!
You're welcome, Peggy. Glad you like them!


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