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Protective Service Industry
Operational Security Specialist
Operational Security Specialist Overview
Get Alerts For Operational Security Specialist Jobs
Find The Best Operational Security Specialist Jobs For You
Working as an Operational Security Specialist
There is more than meets the eye when it comes to being an operational security specialist. For example, did you know that they make an average of $18.31 an hour? That's $38,088 a year!
Between 2018 and 2028, the career is expected to grow 4% and produce 40,600 job opportunities across the U.S.
What Does an Operational Security Specialist Do
There are certain skills that many operational security specialists have in order to accomplish their responsibilities. By taking a look through resumes, we were able to narrow down the most common skills for a person in this position. We discovered that a lot of resumes listed good judgment, patience and observation skills.
When it comes to the most important skills required to be an operational security specialist, we found that a lot of resumes listed 23.7% of operational security specialists included physical security, while 10.8% of resumes included customer service, and 4.8% of resumes included clearance. Hard skills like these are helpful to have when it comes to performing essential job responsibilities.
When it comes to searching for a job, many search for a key term or phrase. Instead, it might be more helpful to search by industry, as you might be missing jobs that you never thought about in industries that you didn't even think offered positions related to the operational security specialist job title. But what industry to start with? Most operational security specialists actually find jobs in the finance and technology industries.
How To Become an Operational Security Specialist
If you're interested in becoming an operational security specialist, one of the first things to consider is how much education you need. We've determined that 42.0% of operational security specialists have a bachelor's degree. In terms of higher education levels, we found that 12.6% of operational security specialists have master's degrees. Even though most operational security specialists have a college degree, it's possible to become one with only a high school degree or GED.
Choosing the right major is always an important step when researching how to become an operational security specialist. When we researched the most common majors for an operational security specialist, we found that they most commonly earn bachelor's degree degrees or associate degree degrees. Other degrees that we often see on operational security specialist resumes include high school diploma degrees or master's degree degrees.
You may find that experience in other jobs will help you become an operational security specialist. In fact, many operational security specialist jobs require experience in a role such as security officer. Meanwhile, many operational security specialists also have previous career experience in roles such as customer service representative or team leader.
Operational Security Specialist Jobs
Operational Security Specialist Career Paths
In addition to switching up your job search, it might prove helpful to look at a career path for your specific job. Now, what's a career path you ask? Well, it's practically a map that shows how you might advance from one job title to another. Our career paths are especially detailed with salary changes. So, for example, if you started out with the role of team leader you might progress to a role such as supervisor eventually. Later on in your career, you could end up with the title account manager.
Team LeaderSupervisorAssistant Manager
Team LeaderSupervisorManager
Team LeaderStore ManagerDistrict Manager
Operation SupervisorSupervisorAssistant Manager
Operation SupervisorManagerOffice Manager
Operation SupervisorSite Supervisor
Lead Security Officer
Top Careers Before Operational Security Specialist
Top Careers After Operational Security Specialist
Average Salary for an Operational Security Specialist
Operational Security Specialists in America make an average salary of $38,088 per year or $18 per hour. The top 10 percent makes over $53,000 per year, while the bottom 10 percent under $27,000 per year.
Dc Water and Sewer Authority
Specialist, Security Operations-(21-Sec)
Security Business Operations Specialist
G4S Secure Solutions (USA) Inc.
Switchboard/Security Operations Specialist
Security Supv Evening OP
Operational Security Specialist Demographics
Operational Security Specialist Education
Entry Level Jobs For Becoming An Operational Security Specialist
Top Skills For an Operational Security Specialist
The skills section on your resume can be almost as important as the experience section, so you want it to be an accurate portrayal of what you can do. Luckily, we've found all of the skills you'll need so even if you don't have these skills yet, you know what you need to work on. Out of all the resumes we looked through, 23.7% of operational security specialists listed physical security on their resume, but soft skills such as good judgment and patience are important as well.
Physical Security, 16.8%
Emergency, 10.8%
Security Procedures, 4.4%
Clearance, 4.2%
See All Operational Security Specialist Skills
Best States For an Operational Security Specialist
Some places are better than others when it comes to starting a career as an operational security specialist. The best states for people in this position are New York, North Dakota, Massachusetts, and Washington. Operational security specialists make the most in New York with an average salary of $52,709. Whereas in North Dakota and Massachusetts, they would average $50,976 and $46,478, respectively. While operational security specialists would only make an average of $45,743 in Washington, you would still make more there than in the rest of the country. We determined these as the best states based on job availability and pay. By finding the median salary, cost of living, and using the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Location Quotient, we narrowed down our list of states to these four.
1. Massachusetts
Total Operational Security Specialist Jobs:
View 997 Operational Security Specialist Jobs
2. Nebraska
3. District of Columbia
How Do Operational Security Specialist Rate Their Jobs?
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Top Operational Security Specialist Employers
1. Wells Fargo
Operational Security Specialists Hired:
2. United States Army
3. U.S. Bank
4. The Bank of New York Mellon
5. United States Navy
Operational Security Specialist Videos
How My Work Day As Security Forces Begins
Recently Added Operational Security Specialist Jobs
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Security/Customer Service
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Tag Archives: tseliot
Review: 'T.S. Eliot, anti-Semitism and literary form'
The strength of Anthony Julius's T. S. Eliot, anti-Semitism and literary form (Cambridge University Press, 1995) is also its weakness: the book does not linger on Eliot's motivations, his influences, or his reception, but instead focuses, almost to the point of exhaustion, on how Eliot used anti-Semitism – its images, its ways of thinking, its resonances – to make poems. The skill with which he did this, Julius argues, makes these poems a contribution to the anti-Semitic imagination, not simply a product of it.
The author is a barrister not a poet or a critic. He picks his ground carefully. Later in life, Eliot protested that as a devout Christian he could not possibly be anti-Semitic, since anti-Semitism was theologically unsound. That a little glance at history proves that far from the case is not the point: Eliot was deflecting the charge onto his own character, and away from the poems. Julius does not fall for the trap.
As Julius puts it, the poems he considers 'exclude' Jews by presenting them as objects of disgust and deirision. I have never been able to read the Collected Poems without them leaving a bad taste. 'Gerontian', the 'Sweeney' poems and 'Burbank with a Baedeker' squat at the beginning of the book, inevitably colouring the rest. Even reading 'The Wasteland' I am always waiting for some catty, coy suggestion that Jews are responsible for the state of the world. It never comes but only because Ezra Pound (of all people) excised a section known as 'Dirge', which depicts Bleistein's corpse decaying beneath the Thames. The phrase 'neither gentile nor Jew' remains, though, and I find it hard to read the word from Eliot without hearing a sneer.
T. S. Eliot, anti-Semitism and literary form is an uneven book. Partly this is a matter of style: Julius does not have any. He reads best when he is dissecting naïve notions about poetry's intrinsic lack of content, the idea that if a text includes an argument or a statement, or is morally suspect, then it is not a 'true' poem. (Critics have argued that the poems cannot be anti-Semitic, because no good poem could be). Sometimes it takes an outsider to treat arguments like these with the short shrift they deserve.
Yet Julius will also riff for pages on the implications of a particular line or image, and while this is part of his method, it is hard to follow and often feels overcooked: it is not necessary to believe that Eliot understood every single unsavoury implication of 'Rachel nee Rabinovitch' with her 'murderous claws' to believe he knew exactly what he was doing by putting her in the poem.
When the book came out, it caused a storm. But it was a storm which, as Tom Paulin observed in the London Review of Books, went nowhere. Instead, in the press, and in the LRB's letter pages, the issue settled swiftly into the familiar and largely irrelevant question of whether or not Eliot's other poetry could be enjoyed guilt-free (in effect, whether or not he should be cancelled).
That reception can partly be attributed to the book. Julius does not go into any depth about what writing anti-Semitic poems might have meant for Eliot's development as a poet, or for his influence as a writer and public intellectual: there are tantalising hints about the importance of defacement and ugliness to modernism, or about Eliot's conflicted notion of himself as an intellectual. There is even a suggestion that anti-Semitism might have been necessary to Eliot's own conversion to Anglicanism, in that it offered him a world-view with the Jew at one extreme, representing everything Eliot detested about modern society, and the Christian at the other (the English Christian, too, Paulin would stress).
In short, there is more to say about the connection between anti-Semitism and Eliot's reactionary modernism, and how appealing that world-view was to writers and readers here and in the US before and after the war, and still is. But Julius doesn't go there, and the debate about the book slipped into comfortable clichés about distinguishing between the art and the artist. As far as I can gather, the critical reckoning Paulin was calling for twenty-five years ago never got going.*
* As an example of how low the reception of Julius's book sank, the LRB published a letter in response to Paulin wondering whether Eliot was right about the Jews after all. It is a bucket of nonsense, but I will quote the worst bit: "It is an astonishing weakness of Tom Paulin's review that he shows no awareness of the insidious ambiguity of the term 'anti-semitism' or of the great damage done to the fabric of Western nations by Jewish interests during the last few hundred years." You can read the article and responses here.
This entry was posted in 1) Wastebook, 2) News and reviews and tagged anthonyjulius, antisemitism, eliot, poetry, thewasteland, tseliot on August 14, 2021 by Jeremy Wikeley.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Functions in C Headers? I've heard that you put function prototypes in header files and then put the function definitions in a .c file. However, what is this .c file. For example, if you were to include a file "foo.h", would you call the aforementioned .c file "foo.c", put the function definition in it, put it in the same place as the foo.h, and when you try to include foo.h, will the function carry over from the c file and will the function be ready to use?

A: No, just putting the .c with the .h and including it in your code doesn't magically carry over the definition of the functions too.
You need to compile the foo.c separately into an object file (in case of Linux, it is a .o file). For example using the command -
gcc -c foo.c -o foo.o

Now this foo.o needs to be linked to your actual program. This can be done by simply passing the object file while compiling as
gcc test.c foo.o -o test.out

If you do not link the foo.o with your program, your linker won't be able to find the implementations for the functions defined in it and will throw a linker error as -

Undefined reference to function foo_function.

A: Header files are just conventional. The C preprocessor is handling #include directives and the compiler sees the preprocessed input (but you might copy and paste huge amount of C code to get the equivalent of #include). Actually, the preprocessor don't care if you #include "foo.h" or #include "foo.c", but the later is often poor taste. Naming header files with a .h suffix is just a (very common) convention.
So, if you have a function definition in a header included in several source files (technically translation units), that function definition is in every such translation unit.
What happen then depends on that function definition (it should be static or even better static inline).
In practice, you should restrict function definitions in header to be static  or static inline. If you don't declare static  a function definition void foo(int x) { /* something */ } in a header which is included in several *.c  files you'll have multiple-definitions of foo errors at link time. And the main interest of putting a function definition in a header is to enable inlining (hence the inline hint); otherwise (the usual case), you don't need that and you just put the function prototype in the header file and the function definition in one of your *.c files.
If you have short and quick running functions, it could be wise to define them as static inline (so give their bodies) in your header files (but of course, that increases the compilation time). Otherwise, it is not worth the burden.
Some header files might have long macros (of dozens of physical lines, all of them except the last ended with a backslash) expanded to function definitions. Look into sglib for an example.
Notice that inline is today (like register was in the previous decade) just a hint to the compiler (for inline expansion optimization), which is allowed to ignore it (also, many optimizing compilers are able to inline functions without any annotation, provided they know the body of the called function).
Don't forget to enable all warnings and debug info. With GCC, use gcc -Wall -Wextra -g, perhaps with -Wstrict-prototypes. You could get the included files with -H (and the preprocessed form with -C -E).
Refer to some C reference site and to the C11 standard n1570 for more details. Read the GNU cpp reference manual about preprocessing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We always need to import the Mirobot module in Python before using it!
We always need to create the Mirobot object in Python before using it!
You can use any normal Python statements such as while, try, for, in, if else, return, and others.


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The Best Intentions? Politicization in the Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela
By John Polga-Hecimovich
Venezuelans refer to their country's slums and the individual improvised constructions as ranchos (ranches). These feats of engineering are ubiquitous throughout the country; they spill down the hills and mountains surrounding the capital city of Caracas, down to the port of La Guaira north of the city and south into the Tuy valleys, and dominate the periphery of even more intermediate cities like Maracay, Ciudad Bolívar, and San Cristóbal. Some Venezuelans claim that the rancho that has overtaken the colonial town of Petare in eastern Caracas is actually the largest slum in the world, with over 1.5 million inhabitants (although its official population is a mere 369,000). Not surprisingly, since Hugo Chávez took office in 1999, providing free or affordable housing has become a centerpiece of state policy.
Photograph 1 Ranchos on a hillside in Petare
The current iteration of housing policy, Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela (hereafter GMVV) was developed in 2011 and along with the Misión Alimentación, is the most ubiquitous and politically important social mission in the country. In fact, GMVV is not merely a policy of the national government or the Ministry of Housing and Habitat, it is the policy. From its inception in 2011, the GMVV has been the most costly social policy in Venezuela, costing an estimated USD 13.25 billion in 2011 (Transparencia Venezuela 2013: 244). The GMVV's objective is to build up to two million homes in hundreds of sites across the country. This includes entire cities, such as the "socialist city" of Ciudad Caribia, tucked in the mountains on the route from Caracas to the port of La Guaira, or Ciudad Tiuna, the enormous complex of nearly 20,000 units located within the confines of the country's largest military base in the middle of Caracas.
Photograph 2 Billboard for 25-unit housing complex in the border town of Ureña
Some Background
The GMVV was first proposed in 2011 as a program to provide dignified housing for the homeless, those living in geomorphological "high-risk" areas, and the poor. Anyone earning up to four times the country's minimum wage qualifies for the program (Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela 2013), and completed houses are given to recipients or purchased at a heavily discounted price. However, demand far exceeds supply, meaning that not all eligible citizens are provided housing. Applicants enroll through a registry kept by the Ministry of Housing and Habitat (MINVIH); houses are then given or raffled off, depending on the specific circumstances. As with most of Venezuela's social missions, the GMVV is funded in large part through PDVSA, the state oil company.
The GMVV is highly politicized. It is promoted on the front page of the governing Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (United Venezuelan Socialist Party, PSUV) website, and part of its logo features a beret-wearing Chávez with left fist raised in the air. On Thursdays, Venezuelans are treated to Jueves de Vivienda (Housing Thursday), an audacious example of political theater shown on the state-run Venezolana de Televisión (VTV). On the broadcast, reporters clad in chavista red interview red-clad government officials who hand over housing units to red-clad citizens (hyperlink: ).
These actions are consistent with the dual nature goals of other social missions: distributing funds directly to low-income populations while manipulating the political context (Penfold-Becerra 2007; Hawkins et al. 2011; Díaz Cayeros et al. 2012). What is more, the promotion is ubiquitous; billboards and official "graffiti" promote it from the heaviest-populated barrios in central and western Caracas to remote outposts on the Colombian border (see Photograph 2).
Some forms of politicking through the GMVV have changed since the death of Chávez in March 2013 and the ascension of his Vice-President, Nicolás Maduro. While units obviously provide a basic human right to poor Venezuelans, many of the completed buildings feature inspirational quotations from Chávez, as well as a twenty-foot font signature, or the stenciled eyes of the fallen president. Incompleted buildings also leave little doubt as to the responsible political party. From left to right in Photograph 3, the graffiti on the wall outside of the Villa Esperanza settlement in the Andean city of San Cristóbal reads: "Unity, fight, battle, and victory" ("Unidad, lucha, batalla y victoria"), a popular Chávez refrain; "Maduro PCV" (Partido Comunista Venezolano, The Venezuelan Communist Party); "Maduro Presidente"; "Loyalty to Chávez" ("Lealtad con Chávez"), with a stenciled outline of Maduro's face; and "I swear to you, Chávez, my vote is for Maduro" ("Te lo juro Chávez, mi voto es x [sic]Maduro").
Photograph 3 Housing units and walls around the Villa Esperanza Housing Complex in San Cristóbal
More Politicization: Choosing Where to Build
The Venezuelan president wields enormous power in choosing building sites. In theory, the Vice-President of Territorial Development coordinates a team that is supposed to determine housing development sites. However, through the Emergency Law for Terrain and Housing, the president is able to unilaterally decree "Vital Housing and Residence Areas" (Áreas Vitales de Viviendas y Residencias, AVIVIR) to be used for housing construction. As of 2013, there were 219 AVIVIR nationally, accounting for 5,155 hectares of land (MINVIH 2012: 17).
As the map in Figure 1 shows, housing projects built in the 2011-2012 period are concentrated in the most populous, coastal states of Zulia (40,960), Miranda (37,033 units), and Anzoátegui (29,434), as should be expected, but also include the sparsely populated llanero states of Barinas (20,568) and Portuguesa (16,557).[1] Notably, the three heavily populated states with relatively few houses built in these two years—the Metropolitan District of Caracas, Carabobo, and Táchira—represent three of only seven administrative units governed by opposition party politicians. Meanwhile, lightly populated states governed by the PSUV, such as Cojedes, Barinas, and Portuguesa, have high ratios of houses built per capita. The difference between chavista and opposition states is even starker after adjusting for the population.
Figure 1. Housing units constructed through the GMVV (2011-2012)
Note: Data from Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela (2013)
The plot in Figure 2 shows that the GMVV constructed approximately 8 housing units per thousand inhabitants in the 18 PSUV-governed states, and only 4.8 per thousand in the six opposition-governed areas. A statistical comparison of these values shows a statistical and substantive effect.[2] At first glance, then, it appears that it pays for a state to be governed by the president's party.
Figure 2. Boxplot of GMVV housing units built per 1,000 inhabitants in 24 states, 2011 and 2012, by governor's party affiliation
More sophisticated regression analyses using housing construction as the dependent variable and governor's party ID as a treatment, while controlling for the number of ranchos, confirm these results.[3] The results are shown in Table 1. In each analysis, party ID is negative and statistically significant. The number of units constructed per thousand inhabitants is nearly 8 when the governor belongs to the PSUV and decreases to fewer than 5 per thousand when the governor claims fealty to the opposition.[4] Other factors may indeed be at play in determining where houses are built, but these analyses point to a systematic process where decisions to construct new homes are based largely on partisanship. Of course, with such a personalist administration and in such a polarized political climate, this should come of no surprise to observers in or out of Venezuela.
Governors, of course, actually play little role in management and implementation of the GMVV. Their party affiliation, though, reflects the political preference of the state's population. Consequently, choice of where to build may reflect the government's desire to reward or punish state voters for their voting decisions. Opposition leader Henrique Capriles and other opposition state governors have long complained that the government deliberately withholds or delays payment of constitutionally obligated funds for opposition-administered states and municipalities while boosting PSUV-held districts with extra off-budget funds at its discretion. Capriles, for example, claimed in 2013 that his state office is owed 2.67 billion Bfs. (roughly USD 425 million), "over half the ordinary budget [for the state]" (LatinNews Daily Report 2013). In another case, when Táchira state governor César Pérez Vivas, a member of the opposition, sent in heavy machinery to repair the mountain highway between the state capital and the Colombian border, the National Guard intervened to prevent the maintenance, asserting that responsibility lay with the federal government. Roads remained unrepaired until the election of PSUV-affiliated José Vielma Mora in December 2012.
The Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela is an ambitious policy to that seeks to remedy provide dignified housing for the poor. At the same time, however, the GMVV resembles many other state policies utilized not only for electioneering, but as a way to punish and reward voters through state governors. In addition to bureaucratic disorganization, semi-institutionalized corruption, and shoddy workmanship, the partisan nature of GMVV implementation almost certainly undermines its ultimate success. It's a shame that "policy for the people" is often just policy for some of the people.
Díaz Cayeros, Alberto, Federico Estévez, and Beatriz Magaloni. 2012. Strategies of Vote Buying: Democracy, Clientelism and Poverty Relief in Mexico. Stanford University.
Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela. Vértice Ejecutores 2013 [cited October 23, 2013. Available from http://www.granmisionviviendavenezuela.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85&Itemid=100.
Hawkins, Kirk A., Guillermo Rosas, and Michael E. Johnson. 2011. "The Misiones of the Chávez Government." In Venezuela's Bolivarian Democracy: Participation, Politics, and Culture under Chávez, ed. D. Smilde and D. Hellinger. Durham: Duke University Press.
LatinNews Daily Report. 2013. "Venezuela: Deputy 99 ready to 'enable' Maduro." LatinNews Daily Report, October 30, 2013.
MINVIH. 2012. "Memoria y Cuenta 2011." Caracas: Ministerio del Poder Popular para Vivienda y Hábitat (MINVIH).
Patruyo, Thanalí. 2008. El estado actual de las misiones sociales: balance sobre su proceso de implementación e institucionalización. Caracas: Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales (ILDIS).
Penfold-Becerra, Michael. 2007. "Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chávez's Misiones." Latin American Politics and Society 49 (4):63-84.
Provea. 2012. "Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela." In Informe Anual. Caracas: Programa Venezolano de Educación y Acción en Derechos Humanos (Provea).
Transparencia Venezuela. 2013. "Análisis de riesgos de corrupción e integridad en Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela." Caracas: Transparency International.
[1] All construction data come from the mission's official website: Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela, "Vértice Ejecutores", http://www.granmisionviviendavenezuela.gob.ve/index, accessed October 4, 2013.
[2] A two-sample t-test shows the effect that t(46) = 3.24, to a p < .0011 (two-tailed test) level.
[3] Using state-year as the unit of analysis (n=48), percentage of homes that areranchos as a covariate, and clustering standard errors by state, I estimate two models. In the first estimation, I run an OLS estimation with units built per thousand inhabitants regressed on the treatment of governor's partisanship as well as a potentially mitigating factor, and percentage of homes that are ranchos. The second independent variable is necessary to control for the possibility that homes are simply being built in states with greater housing needs; that is, that opposition party governors tend to be elected in places where the GMVV need not be involved. In the second model, I use propensity score matching using a dummy variable categorizing the top and lower half of states according to percentage of homes that are ranchosas the matching variable. This technique attempts to estimate the effect of the treatment by accounting for the additional covariate that may also predict receiving the treatment. In other words, it tries to account for the fact that the difference in housing construction between the two groups of states may actually be due to the fact that the states' housing needs affected the party identification of those states' governors.
[4] The propensity score matching shows a slightly higher substantive effect—3.6 fewer houses built per thousand—while the estimation reaches a high level of significance (p<0.000).
John Polga-Hecimovich
John Polga-Hecimovich is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the U.S. Naval Academy. He has published peer-reviewed work on democracy and presidentialism in Latin America. He has lived and traveled in Venezuela, and his wife is Venezuelan. He has published articles in the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, Party Politics, Latin American Politics and Society, the Journal of Politics in Latin America, and Revista de Ciencia Política.
El Apagón en Venezuela: ¿Una Crisis, Una Conspiración, o Las Dos?
Mío, Mío, Mío: El Dilema de la Tierra en El Chaco
University Strikes in Latin America: The Political Influence of University Students and Protests
Detention of Migrants Under Bridge
Sexual Harassment During Carnaval
A Breakdown of the Meeting between Donald Trump and Brazil's 'Trump of the Tropics'


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text:
Q: Application structure if one object should be in many sub-domain apps I want to built game management. An user can play many games, each game has its own score, level, badges of user. So let me draw basic structure of this app:
Game-Management
    Game-1
       User: (internal logic of gameplay: how user move, how user buy item, how get user's score...)
    Game-2
       User: (other logic: how user add new user to friend list, how user get to battle, ...)
    ...
    Game-N

Back-end is very OK, because each game is developed by a team, these teams don't need to know each other.
But in front-end, I want to manage statistics of all user games. User goes to his profile page, this page list all game he played. When he clicks to a game, all statistics will be displayed. For example, he clicks to Game-1, he can view his score, all items he bought. If he clicks to Game-2, he can view his friend list, how many battles he joined.
But this is the critical point, because in back-end, my teams develop each game separately, and in front-end I want manage them in only one place. So this idea is good or bad? If it's good, how can I structure my application in both back-end and front-end? Otherwise, please give me other solution. Thanks!

A: I think I would suggest you use Space Based Architecture.
It is widely used by gigantic companies like Google and Yahoo to build different types of modules that are easily integrate-able.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_architecture
So basically you have manager object, which will manipulate your model.
The functions on your model will only receive one type of message object for one model.
The functions on your model will also return one type of message object for one model.
So, you have GameManager object as Processing Grid layer.
Then, you have Game1Message object as Message Grid layer.
Next, you have the DbModel: a.k.a User object as Data Grid layer.
Thank you,

A: This is a good point and i faced this issue a few times at the past.
I solved this in two different ways:

*

*Store Stats / Logs Locally on the server and collect this from a central server.
Pro:

*

*Easy to control the load

*There is no single point of failure

*you gain some backup space on the local servers

*each game can add more stats / data to the logs its easier to add this type of data

*Local disk write is a very fast action, faster then RestApi. there is no net layer here.

*You can control the work load on the central server

Cons:

*

*format should be met by all different servers

*Scaling up if one game is super popular can be a bit problematic

*You need to make sure the the files that write the logs are all synced

*Collecting with a central server can put high work load on one server

*at high volumes disks will always have a maximum capacity (~600 I/O SaaS , 5000 I/O SSD)

2.RestAPI on a central server that will handle all stats.e.g every game will report via API on Events that require Stats Tracking. You can also use a 3rd-Party Event recorder (Google Analytics events) and pull this report via API
Pros:

*

*Simple integration for the developers

*Easy to add new functions

*Scale up with the apps is easier. the API can direct to a load balancer that will direct to many
server that handle the load

Cons:

*

*Network Load is now added to the server load

*Depend on network latency / Downtime

*Depend the game on another server load

The implementation is very simple with API , Local Logs can be a bit tricky. you need to distribute the logs format. create a known folder for the logs and create a map for the main server to know from where to collect the data and then parse this to a Data Base. although it sounds more complex i found the first method to be very effective and it helped me to reduce server cost.
Hope this help..


Yoga has numerous health benefits for divers including increased flexibility, muscle strength, improved breathing and good circulatory health. All of which can contribute to better and safer diving with good buoyancy control.
Divers looking to try the ancient practice of yoga can combine it with a scuba diving package in crystal clear waters at various yoga retreats across the globe. Here are our top yoga dive centres, ideal for a break this festive season.
Koh Tao or 'Turtle Island' is well-known by travellers in Southeast Asia wanting to learn to scuba dive in the warm, clear waters surrounding the islands. The dive courses here are cheap and there are many dive sites for novices and experienced divers, including pinnacles with colourful fish life, swim throughs, Shark Island and the wreck of former US Navy ship Sattakut. Peaceful yoga studios can be found tucked away from the dive centres with classes for all experience levels.
Dahab water visibility can reach 30m and this area offers warm water, a great climate year-round and a variety of colourful shore dives ideal for novice divers such as coral reef dives and eel gardens. There is also the infamous Blue Hole, a 70-80m wide hole that is approximately 94m deep and nicknamed 'the most dangerous dive site in the world'. The Blue Hole should only be dived by experienced divers. Sunra Yoga offers dives in small groups and a Yoga Diving course suitable for divers, non-divers and those looking to overcome their fear of water.
Tanzania has abundant dive destinations, white sand beaches and dive options ranging from shore dives through to liveaboards. Zanzibar's coral reefs are home to over 400 species of fish and the area has a variety of dive sites including vertical walls dives, drift dives and Mnemba Atoll. This atoll is known for encounters with green turtles and common dolphins. Divine Diving offers a full array of dive courses and daily yoga classes.
Koh Lipe is a small island on the border of Tarutao National Marine Park and the calm waters found there are ideal for novice divers. Being close to other islands, Koh Lipe offers an abundance of accessible coral reef dive sites for novices and experienced divers. More challenging dive conditions with the possibility of seeing mantas and sharks can be found at 8 Mile Rock; a pinnacle 8 miles from land with a diving depth of 16-40m. Keirita's Yoga & Diving offers Kho Phi Phi and Koh Lipe diving options and a luxurious, liveaboard yoga and diving/snorkelling retreat.


text:
Il Teatro Comunale di Penna San Giovanni, erroneamente definito da alcuni Teatro Flora, fu edificato intorno al 1780 all'interno del palazzo dei Priori grazie all'istituzione di un condominio teatrale, sistema grazie al quale furono creati nelle Marche, tra la fine del XVII secolo e l'inizio del XIX secolo, un gran numero di piccoli e grandi teatri, primo fra tutti il Teatro della Fortuna di Fano (1677).

Storia
Il teatro, di modeste dimensioni, fu progettato e realizzato, in stile barocco, quasi interamente in legno dal pittore locale Antonio Liozzi (1730-1807). All'artista pennese, formatosi presso la scuola romana del pittore Marco Benefial, si deve sia la struttura, sia la decorazione pittorica caratterizzata da motivi floreali e dipinti trompe-l'œil.

Lasciato per anni in disuso e in stato di abbandono, dal 1974 si è iniziato il suo recupero ultimato circa venti anni dopo, nel 1993.

Il teatro, sia in documenti storici che in atti ufficiali, viene sempre definito come "comunale" o "teatro pubblico"; la denominazione "Flora" entrò sporadicamente in uso dal 1993, coniata dall'allora sindaco, quale omaggio per le "grazie" ricevute dalla componente di una compagnia di saltimbanchi che, alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale, ebbe modo di esibirsi nel teatro. La dicitura "Teatro Comunale" appare anche in un disegno/progetto a chine colorate, datato 1871 e presente in una cornice apposta a sinistra dell'accesso alla platea.

Descrizione
Il teatro riveste una particolare importanza essendo il solo costruito solo in legno nell'intera  provincia di Macerata ed esempio raro anche in tutto il territorio italiano. La struttura è quella di un tipico teatro all'italiana con una platea e palchi disposti in due ordini. I palchi sono retti da una serie di colonne esagonali sottili in legno dipinte per imitare il marmo. Le balaustre, pure in legno, sono decorate da finte cornici con festoni floreali.

La copertura della sala è ingentilita da una decorazione policroma. Le piccole dimensioni ne limitano la capienza a soli novantanove posti.

Note

Bibliografia
 Penna San Giovanni, aspetti storici culturali economici, a cura di Mario Fugazza, Fermo 1997
 Giambattista Bravi, Arte Pennese, Andrea Livi Editore, 2011
 Giuseppe Colucci, Antichità Picene, tomo XXX, 1796; Archivio Comune Penna San Giovanni

Voci correlate
 Teatri delle Marche
 Teatro della Fortuna
 Antonio Liozzi

Altri progetti

Comunale
Comunale
Penna San Giovanni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It started with him using our veg container that was intended for summer rolls. Carrot ribbons, cucumbers, peppers, tofu, etc…along with leftover marinara. During the week we created a container for him and other ingredients were added like beans, tofu/walnut crumble, tomatoes, mushrooms, pesto.
I prepared a batch of dough and divided it into 3 "large" rounds equal to about 3 slices each and also several slice sized rounds. (pizza dough recipe… Any dough recipe can be used.) As these were rolled out they were added to a pan preheated to medium and cooked briefly for a couple minutes, just long enough to cook slightly and hold its shape for storage. These were all stored in a large freezer bag in the fridge. When I had the forethought to preheat the oven, we did the final cook after toppings in the oven on the pizza stone for a few minutes. All the other times I used a preheated pan on the stove, covered and cooked for a few minutes until heated and was solid enough on the bottom for slicing and being sturdy for eating.
I'm sure he'll move on to something else soon, but for now he's having a blast!


text:
Telia Carrier and Telxius expand global connectivity from North America to Europe with Derio Communications Hub in Bilbao
First communications hub in EMEA fully integrated with MAREA
Stockholm, 27 January, 2021 – Telia Carrier announced today the launch of a new Point-of-Presence at Telxius' interconnection rich Derio Communications Hub located near Bilbao, Spain. The agreement enhances Telia Carrier's fiber backbone and connectivity for customers seeking gateway access to a completely new and diverse path from the Americas to Europe with low latency and high capacity between the two continents.
Strategically placed in Northern Spain, only a few kilometers away from MAREA's submarine cable landing station, the Derio Communications Hub is a unique combination of an expanded cable landing station and a fully-fledged PoP, the first of its kind in EMEA. It is specially designed to leverage the full potential of MAREA and connect it to the main communications hubs in Europe. The Derio Communications Hub is a carrier neutral facility with open architecture, offering high interconnection capacity as well as IP, Capacity, Colocation and Security services.
"We see this as a very strategic route that complements Telia Carrier's number one global backbone," said Art Kazmierczak, Director of Business and Network Development, Telia Carrier. "By bringing our two networks together, we are creating a fully integrated carrier-class route that can handle capacity at scale to drive new edge activities in the region while supporting customers from international and local markets seeking to diversify their network and reduce latency."
Customers in the region can now take advantage of Telia Carrier's number one ranked global backbone, AS1299, as well as the local availability of high-speed IP Transit, Cloud Connect, DDoS Mitigation, Ethernet and Internet Exchange (IX) Connect for operators, content providers and enterprises alike. The new expansion seamlessly connects to Telia Carrier's terabit scale DWDM networks extending throughout Europe and the Americas.
"The combination of Telia Carrier's extensive global network and our Derio Communications Hub is a win-win for the world's largest operators, content providers and enterprises," said Enrique Valdés, Sales VP Northern Region, Telxius Cable. "Colocating in Derio opens up a world of interconnection opportunities with the US via MAREA and with the main European hubs. We believe this will benefit large and small customers looking for flexible and innovative solutions that will adapt to the future demand of data services."
MAREA, which means "tide" in Spanish, is one of the highest capacity transatlantic submarine cables to date. It connects Virginia Beach in the US, with Sopelana, in Northern Spain, providing an alternative path to the main communication hub routes to Africa, the Middle East and Asia. With a length of 6,600 kilometers and 200 Tbps of capacity, MAREA revolutionized transatlantic communications, with ultra-high capacity and low latency, designed to evolve at the pace of the most advanced technology.
Telxius' Derio facilities leverage the full capacity of MAREA connecting to key communication hubs in Europe like Madrid, Paris, London and Marseille, providing customers with unprecedented levels of interconnection. Furthermore, to fully maximize Derio's reach, Telxius is finalizing two direct backhaul connections straight to Paris and Madrid, leveraging existing Telxius infrastructure and adding to the benefits of the MAREA subsea route.
With 2,000 sqm and up to 4 MW of power, the Derio facility is carrier neutral and features TIER III specifications, representing the newest innovative design in subsea cable infrastructure. The facility offers a unique combination of being an expanded cable landing station (CLS) with advanced cable transmission capabilities, and a fully-fledged international PoP. In addition, it was designed using environmentally friendly standards and runs on 100 percent renewable energy with free cooling.
Telia Carrier connectivity underpins today's digitally enabled society, providing the building blocks for digital enablement, transformation and innovation. With over 67,000 km of fiber, Telia Carrier is the leading global Internet backbone provider, connecting more than 300 Points-of-Presence in 35 countries across Europe, North America and Asia.
Telxius Opens Purpose-Built Infrastructure in EMEA: Derio Communications Hub (PR)
Telxius to land the Grace Hopper Subsea Cable at its Derio Communications Hub in Bilbao
Telia Carrier and Telxius announce major network capacity agreement
Martin Sjögren, Senior Manager PR and Analyst Relations, Telia Carrier
martin.sjogren@teliacompany.com
Margaret Carpo, Engage PR for Telia Carrier
mcarpo@engagepr.com
Telxius
comunicacion@telxius.com
Telia Carrier owns and operates one of the world's most extensive fiber backbones. Our mission is to provide exceptional network infrastructure and services – empowering individuals, businesses and societies to execute their most critical activities. By working close to our customers, we make big ideas happen at the speed of fiber. Discover more at arelion.com, and follow us on LinkedIn and Twitter.
About Telxius
Telxius is a leading neutral telecommunications infrastructure operator with an extensive tower and submarine cable portfolio. It has more than 33,000 sites including the commitment of 2,400 sites to be deployed in Germany. The sites are located in Europe and Latin America: approximately 80% in Spain and Germany, and 20% in Brazil, Peru, Chile and Argentina. Moreover, Telxius operates an international high-capacity fiber optic submarine cable network, to reach 100,000 km in 2021, with two of the largest capacity systems in the world, MAREA and BRUSA. Telxius provides flexible solutions, contributes to creating collaboration agreements in the sector and facilitates global communications to businesses. For more information please visit www.telxius.com.


text:
Last edited by Daiktilar
1 edition of Ur III tablets from the Columbia University libraries found in the catalog.
Ur III tablets from the Columbia University libraries
Steven J. Garfinkle
by Steven J. Garfinkle
Published 2010 by CDL Press in Bethesda, Md .
Texts,
Sumerian language,
Cuneiform tablets,
Includes indexes.
Statement by S. Garfinkle, H. Sauren, M. Van De Mieroop
Series Cornell University studies in Assyriology and Sumerology (CUSAS) -- v. 16, Cornell University studies in Assyriology and Sumerology -- v. 16.
Contributions Sauren, Herbert, 1934-, Van de Mieroop, Marc, Columbia University. Libraries
LC Classifications PJ4075 .G26 2010
Pagination xxv, 341 p. :
X. This website uses cookies as well as similar tools and technologies to understand visitors' experiences. By continuing to use this website, you consent to Columbia University Press' usage of cookies and similar technologies, in accordance with the Columbia University . In The Oxford Handbook of the Ancient State: Near East and Mediterranean, edited by Peter Bang and Walter Scheidel (Oxford University Press, ): Ur III Tablets in the Columbia University Library (with H. Sauren and M. Van De Mieroop). Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, Volume 16 (CDL Press, ).
Six of the tablets date from the Ur III period ( BCE), are written in Sumerian, and most likely come from the Umma and Drehem archives. Identifications, translations, and dates for these six tablets were determined in by Changyu Liu of the University of Heidelberg. The epic had gained popularity in much of the Middle East by the middle of the second millennium B.C.E. It was apparently the Middle Babylonian version that was the basis for most of the Ninevite recension, the c. line epic in twelve tablets discovered in the Assyrian Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh dating from the seventh century B.C.E.".
Tablets 1 and 2 are from the Puzriš-Dagan (mod. Drehem) provenience and dated to the Ur III (ca. BC) period. Tablets 5 and 4 are from the Umma (mod. Tell Jokha) provenience and dated to the Ur III (ca. BC) period. The provenience of Tablet 5 is uncertain and is dated to the Old Babylonian (ca. BC) period. The Third Dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire, refers to a 22nd to 21st century BC (middle chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state which some historians consider to have been a nascent empire.. The Third Dynasty of Ur is commonly abbreviated as Ur III by historians studying the period.
History of Steele and Waseca counties, Minnesota
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Problems and exercises in data processing
Planning for the Elderly Alternative Community Analysis Techniques
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The reconstruction of the spiritual ideal
Preliminary results from retorting Michigan antrim shale
Ur III tablets from the Columbia University libraries by Steven J. Garfinkle Download PDF EPUB FB2
Ur III Tablets from the Columbia University Libraries Palmiro Notizia - CCHS–CSIC, Madrid Albasanz, – The volume under review1, co-authored by Steven Garfinkle, Herbert Sauren, and Mark Van De Mieroop, is the sixteenth published in the "Cornell University Studies in File Size: KB.
: CUSAS Ur III Tablets from the Columbia University Libraries (): Garfinkle, Steven J., Van De Mieroop, Marc: Books Skip to main content Try Prime. The Columbia University tablet collection has been known for over a century but only a handful of tablets has ever been published.
Some years ago the entire collection was copied by Herbert Sauren but his copies never published. Ur III Tablets from the Columbia University Libraries Steven J.
Garfinkle, and Marc Van De Mieroop The volume contains complete transliterations with accompanying in-text copies by Sauren, along with full transliterations and comprehensive indexes.
Get this from a library. Ur III tablets from the Columbia University libraries. [Steven J Garfinkle; Herbert Sauren; Marc Van de Mieroop; Columbia University.
Libraries.]. Only the Ur III tablets of the collection have received the scholarly attention they deserve, with a string of publications that started in and culminated in the monograph, Ur III Tablets from the Columbia University Libraries, CU by S.
Garfinkle, H. Sauren, and M. Van De Mieroop. Other items in the collection have been published in diverse places, but a large number remain unstudied. The book, "Ur III Tablets in the Columbia University Libraries," includes transliterations of all the cuneiform tablets.
The documents are all administrative records from the 21st century B.C., most of them from the city of Girsu, part of a province called Lagash in Sumer. Isaac Mendelsohn, Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the Libraries of Columbia University: A list of Cuneiform Documents from the Sumerian, Old-Babylonian, Kassite, and Neo-Babylonian Periods, with Photographic Reproductions of Selected Seals, and Clay Objects (New York: Columbia University Libraries, ).
Includes tablets not also found in Garfinkle. Review of S. Garfinkle, H. Sauren, M. Van De Mieroop, Ur III Tablets from the Columbia University Libraries. CUSAS Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, SOAS Library Catalogue: SOAS, University of London - search for books and journals held in the UK National Research Library for Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
We present editions of five cuneiform tablets in the collection of Norwich Castle Museum and two held by Cambridge University Library.
The Norwich tablets comprise three tablets from the well-known "Mesag archive" or "Umma C" from the Sargonic period; one small tablet from Ur III Umma; and a fragment of an unprovenanced Old Babylonian account.
Ur III Tablets from the Columbia University Libraries (with Steven Garfinkle and Herbert Sauren), A History of Ancient Egypt, Translated into Turkish. Crossroads and Cultures. A History of the World's People (with Bonnie Smith, Richard von Glahn, and Kris Lane), Sources of.
COVID Libraries Support and Information - Updated 4/27/ Although the libraries physical spaces are closed, our expertise and many of our services remain fully operational. Have questions. Need help. Find the answers and support you need here.
Six of the tablets date from the Ur III period ( BCE), are written in Sumerian, and most likely come from the Umma and Drehem archives. Identifications, translations, and dates for these six tablets were determined in by Changyu Liu of the University of Heidelberg. Until his retirement in JulyEnglund taught at the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, within the Humanities Division at the University of California, Los has conducted his major research on the proto-cuneiform texts from late 4th millennium BC Mesopotamia, and, as principal investigator of the project Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (), Los Angeles/Oxford.
Van De Mieroop, who specializes in ancient Near Eastern history, was educated at Belgium's Katholieke Universiteit in Leuven and received his M.A. and Ph.D degrees at Yale. He is set to publish Ur III Tablets in the Columbia University Libraries this year.
Ur III Tablets from the Columbia University Libraries (with Steven Garfinkle and Herbert Sauren), A History of Ancient Egypt, Turkish translation. Crossroads and Cultures.
A History of the World's People (with Bonnie Smith, Richard von Glahn, and Kris Lane), Sources of. Ur III tablets from the Columbia University libraries () Die Zylinderinschriften von Gudea () Neo-Sumerian administrative tablets from the Yale Babylonian Collection ().
Ur III tablets from the Columbia University libraries () Neo-Sumerian administrative texts from Umma kept in the British Museum Part four (NATU IV) () Analytical Concordance to. The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) is an international digital library project aimed at putting text and images of cuneiform tablets online.
The RBML's collection, searchable here, is made up of more than cuneiform texts, diverse in contents, mostly from the Ur III period.
Cuneiform tablets from Ancient Babylonia The oldest items in the Rare Book Room are five cuneiform tablets that date from B.C. to B.C. This collection of five texts consists of three Ur III tablets, one cone of the king Sîn-kašid and one administrative text from the reign of the Neo-Babylonian king Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur II.Texts of all periods, from almost everywhere in ancient Mesopotamia and the Levant, and in every literary genre, are well represented.
A significant section of this collection comprises Sumerian and Akkadian third-millennium tablets, ca. 30, of them dated to the Neo-Sumerian period (or Ur III, ca.
B.C.) plus from earlier periods.Eight cuneiform tablets from the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods Around a dozen manuscripts in book form, ranging in date from ca.
to ca. Over leaves and fragments, including seventeenth century book collector John Bagford's manuscript leaves and fragments, Fragmenta Manuscripta, dating from the eighth to the seventeenth century.
allmusictrends.com - Ur III tablets from the Columbia University libraries book © 2020


text:
The Woman Codebreaker: Joan Clarke
Home/Science/The Woman Codebreaker: Joan Clarke
Joan Clarke may be a familiar name to you soon. She is featured alongside Alan Turing in the film "The Imitation Game". The film details the code breaking of German communications at Bletchley Park during World War II. Benedict Cumberbatch plays Alan Turing and Keira Knightley plays Joan Clarke. The movie won't be in my area until December 24th. Alas!
In the meantime, I've researched Joan Clarke on my own to learn about the woman that was once upon a time engaged to Alan Turing.
Joan Clarke – Image via Wikipedia
Joan Clarke, born June 24th, 1917, was born the youngest child. She had three older brothers and one older sister. After graduating high school in 1936, Joan entered Newnham College in Cambridge to study mathematics. In 1939 she completed two of the three parts of her mathematics degree. She finished part three of her degree in 1940 but it was only an honorary title. Full degrees were not given to women until after the war.
Decoding was needed during the war as German communications were encrypted by an Enigma machine. The machine had rotating wheels and rotors that scrambled messages. The settings on the Enigma were changed every day thus making the code seem unbreakable. The odds of deciphering a message were an extraordinary 150 million million million to one.
Joan was brought on to the Enigma decoding operation via Gordon Welchman. Joan was a classmate of his and he was highly impressed with her mathematical ability. She started doing clerical work at Bletchley Park along with a large group of women called "the girls" in the section known as Hut 8. The ratio of women to men was 8:1.
Bletchley Park – Image via Wikipedia
A linguist position was engineered for her to provide a pay raise in recognition for her hard work. Clarke struggled to be promoted further. She felt it was due to her sex. Events would turn in Clarke's favor as Turing created a new code breaking process known as Banburismus. Banburismus decreased the possible combinations that the Enigma wheels could make. Clarke was the only female on the team.
Clarke and Turing began arranging their work schedules so they could have the same shifts off to spend more time together. In the spring of 1941, Turing proposed to Clarke. The engagement had its trials as Turing later admitted his homosexual tendencies. Clarke was unfazed by his confession and kept the engagement going until late that summer when the engagement was mutually called off. Turing felt that the marriage would fail due to his homosexuality.
The team continued to work on the Enigma until the war ended in the spring of 1945. By the spring of 1946, all of the workers were gone and all of the evidence of the secret code breaking was disposed of. A year later, Joan was appointed a Member of the British Empire (MBE) for her code breaking work.
Even though the war had ended, code breaking did continue. Clarke met Lieutenant-Colonel Murray, a retired army officer. The two married in 1952. They did not have any children.
Joan retired at age 60 and began to research numismatics; the study and collection of coins, paper money and medals. She excelled at this as well. In 1987, Joan received the Sandford Saltus Medal by the British Numismatic Society for her contribution to numismatics.
In September of 1996, Joan passed quietly at home. Much of her work is still unknown due to the Official Secrets Act. Nevertheless, Joan Clarke's contribution to Enigma code breaking has saved many lives.
I hope after reading this you are as excited to see "The Imitation Game" as I am!
References: 1, 2
By Tharidra|2014-12-23T00:20:23+00:00December 23rd, 2014|Science|1 Comment
About the Author: Tharidra
Toni Conn lives and works in Southeastern Michigan with her gamer husband. She makes pinback buttons for geeky businesses so they can grow their community. She's an administrative assistant by day.
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text:
\section{Black Hole Spin Model}
\label{sec.model}

We employ the {\tt Geneva} stellar evolutionary code~\citep{Georgy2013} to
estimate the properties of massive stars prior to core-collapse. Models for
wide range of metallicities are used: $Z=0.014, 0.002, 0.006, 0.00004$. Stars
are initiated with equatorial velocity on the ZAMS equal to $40\%$ of the
critical velocity (at $100\%$ the centrifugal acceleration at the equator
balances the gravity).
There are two extremes of angular momentum transport: the case of no or very
weak angular momentum transport and the case of solid body rotation which
corresponds to a most efficient angular momentum transport~\citep[e.g., the
Tayler-Spruit dynamo][]{Spruit2002}.
Any coupling between these two extremes is called mild. This is the case
adopted in the {\tt Geneva} code, in which meridional currents smooth
the gradient of the angular velocity with respect to what would be obtained
in case of local conservation but are not efficient enough to make the star
rotate as a solid body.

\begin{figure}
\hspace*{-0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=9.2cm]{bhspin3c.pdf}
\caption{
Magnitude of natal (initial) BH spin as a function of CO core mass of
collapsing star. Results from Geneva stellar models are marked with
squares, while the color lines mark our adopted model for natal BH spin
and its dependence on metallicity (see eq.~\ref{eq.bhspin}). Star CO
core mass may be used as a proxy for a BH mass (App.~\ref{sec.COBH}).
}
\label{fig.bhspin}
\end{figure}

To determine BH mass at core collapse of a star, we use the CO core
mass formulae (rapid explosions) from \cite{Fryer2012}, corrected for a
typo in the original paper\footnote{Note that formula for ${\rm a_1}$ in eq.16
(rapid explosions) of \cite{Fryer2012} has a typo. The correct formula is:
${\rm a_1} = 0.25 - \frac{1.275}{M - M_{\rm proto}}$.} Additionally, we take
into account the effect of pulsation pair-instability supernovae and BHs do
not form with masses above $\sim 50 M_\odot$ \citep{Belczynski2016c}.

The stellar models provide the angular momentum in each zone corresponding to a
spherical shell in the star.  We assume angular momentum is conserved in the
collapse phase and calculate the angular momentum of a compact remnant by
summing the angular momentum of the zones with enclosed mass lower than the
compact remnant mass. Although number of processes can remove angular momentum
during neutron star formation, the angular momentum loss from these mechanisms
is minimal if the core collapses quickly to a BH~\citep{Ott2006}.

From the amount of angular momentum contained in the collapsing core, we
calculate the dimensionless BH spin magnitude $a_{\rm spin}$. In
Figure~\ref{fig.bhspin} we show the BH spins as a function of a progenitor CO
core mass. We approximate the natal BH spin by:
\begin{equation}
 \left\{ \begin{array}{rll}
a_{\rm spin}= &  0.85               & M_{\rm CO} \leq m_1\\
a_{\rm spin}= &  a M_{\rm CO} + b   & m_1 < M_{\rm CO} < m_2\\
a_{\rm spin}= &  a_{\rm low}        & M_{\rm CO} \geq m_2
\end{array}
\right.
\label{eq.bhspin}
\end{equation}
with $a=-0.088$ for all models,
and $b=2.258$, $m_1=16.0{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $m_2=24.2{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $a_{\rm low}=0.13$ for $Z=0.014$;
and $b=3.578$, $m_1=31.0{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $m_2=37.8{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $a_{\rm low}=0.25$ for $Z=0.006$;
and $b=2.434$, $m_1=18.0{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $m_2=27.7{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $a_{\rm low}=0.0$ for $Z=0.002$;
and $b=3.666$, $m_1=32.0{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $m_2=38.8{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $a_{\rm low}=0.25$ for $Z=0.0004$.

Stellar winds during massive star evolution can carry away considerable
amount of angular momentum \citep{Meynet2015}. For the most massive stars,
this mass loss is extensive, efficiently removing angular momentum and producing
slow-spinning BHs. Note that progenitor stars with CO cores less massive than
$\sim 20{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ tend to produce high spin BHs ($a_{\rm spin} \sim 0.8$--$0.9$),
but higher mass stars tend to produce low spin BHs ($a_{\rm spin} \sim 0$--$0.3$).
The data points also show non-monotonic dependence on metallicity which is the
result of a complex and metallicity-dependent interplay between the strength of
stellar winds, the H-burning shell extent and the element diffusion efficiency
within meridional current model (App.~\ref{sec.Geneva}).

\section{The case of GW170104}
\label{sec.gw170104}

\begin{figure}
\hspace*{-0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=9.2cm]{example10.pdf}
\caption{
Example of the formation of a BH-BH merger similar to GW170104. This example
follows from the classical isolated binary evolution channel and was obtained
with the upgraded {\tt StarTrack} population synthesis code. In this model (M20)
massive BHs do not receive natal kicks and their spins are aligned with binary
angular momentum ($\Theta_1=\Theta_2=0\deg$) producing an upper limit on the
effective spin parameter ($\chi_{\rm eff}$). Yet, this system $\chi_{\rm eff}=0.09$
is within LIGO $90\%$ credible limits for GW170104 $[-0.42$:$0.09]$. Both BH
masses are also within the limits: $M_{\rm BH1}=33.3{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ $[25.2$:$37.2]$ and
$M_{\rm BH2}=24.7{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ $[13.5$:$24.7]$ (for details see App.~\ref{sec.GW170104}).
}
\label{fig.evol1}
\end{figure}

Binary evolution calculations are performed with the upgraded population
synthesis code {\tt StarTrack} \citep{Belczynski2002,Belczynski2008a}.
The improvements include updates to the treatment of CE evolution, compact
object mass calculation with the effect of pair-instability pulsation
supernovae and pair-instability supernovae among other upgrades
(App.~\ref{sec.Binary}) and our new BH natal spin prescription
(Sec.~\ref{sec.model}).

We consider six different realizations (models) of our classical isolated binary
evolution to test whether it is possible to form a GW170104-like BH-BH merger.
First two models correspond to our previous calculations with fallback-decreased
BH mass-dependent (M10) and high mass-independent (M13) BH natal kicks with
otherwise standard input physics~\citep{Belczynski2016c}. The following four models
include updated input physics on mass transfer, BH accretion in common envelope
and take into account effects of rotation on the BH mass (App.~\ref{sec.Binary}).
These models are as follow: fallback-decreased BH mass-dependent (M20), small BH
mass-independent (M26; $\sigma=70{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$), intermediate BH mass-independent (M25;
$\sigma=130{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$) and high BH mass-independent (M23; $\sigma=265{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$) BH natal
kicks. Table~\ref{tab.models} gives an overview of the models (details in
App.~\ref{sec.Binary}).

In all cases, we assume the stellar spins are initially aligned
($\Theta_1=\Theta_2=0$) with the orbital angular momentum of the main sequence
binary, then we follow the evolution of massive binaries and note the formation
of double compact object mergers (NS-NS, BH-NS, BH-BH). For BH-BH mergers we
estimate the misalignment of spin vectors due to natal kicks and calculate the
spin magnitude increase due to accretion from the companion star to estimate the
effective spin parameter (see eq.~\ref{eq.xeff}). We do not allow for BH spin
realignment during mass transfer phases or due to tidal interaction between the
stars in a binary.

Although the BH spin can be modified by accretion from a binary component,
the amount of matter accreted in our calculations is very modest, and the a
ccretion-induced spin-up of BHs is not very significant. In other words,
LIGO/Virgo estimates of spins will probe natal BH spin distribution (note
that tides do not work directly on BHs).

Here we present a proof-of-principle case demonstrating that isolated binary
evolution can form BH-BH merger with BH masses and effective spin as observed
by LIGO for GW170104. We search for a system that will have both BH masses and
effective spin within LIGO $90\%$ credible limits:
$25.2<M_{\rm BH1}<39.6{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $13.5<M_{\rm BH2}<24.7{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$,
$-0.42<\chi_{\rm eff}<0.09$~\citep{Abbott2017a}. The upper bound on $\chi_{\rm eff}$
may be actually be as high as $\chi_{\rm eff}\approx0.2$ (App.~\ref{sec.Xeff}).
We search for such systems within our updated input physics models. For example,
model M20 indicates that it is indeed possible to form a BH-BH merger resembling
GW170104: $M_{\rm BH1}=33.3{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $M_{\rm BH2}=24.7{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$, $\chi_{\rm eff}=0.09$.
The evolutionary history of such a merger is presented in Figure~\ref{fig.evol1}
(see also App.~\ref{sec.GW170104}).
Note that model M20 is rather conservative regarding assumptions on natal kicks,
which are strongly suppressed by fallback material. Massive BH spins are mostly
aligned with the binary angular momentum ($\cos \Theta_1=\cos \Theta_2=1$), thus
maximizing the value of effective spin. For all the other models (with the
exception of M10) the BH spins will tend to be misaligned decreasing the value
of the effective spin and making it easier to produce systems with low effective
spin values as observed for GW170104.

\begin{table}
\caption{Binary evolution models}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c| l}
\hline\hline
Model & Main features\\
\hline
\hline
{\bf M10} & standard input physics: \\
    & \ \ -- standard BH masses \citet{Fryer2012} \\
    & \ \ -- with pair-instability pulsations and SNe\\
    & \ \ -- low-to-no BH natal kicks (set by fallback)\\
    & \ \ -- high NS kicks ($\sigma=265{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$ with fallback)\\
    & \ \ -- $50\%$ non-conservative RLOF\\
    & \ \ -- $10\%$ Bondi-Hoyle rate accretion onto BH in CE\\
    & \ \ -- no effects of rotation on stellar evolution\tablefootmark{a}\\
    & \ \ -- initial binary parameters \citet{Sana2012}\\
    & \ \ -- massive star winds \citet{Vink2001} + LBV\tablefootmark{b}\\
    & \ \ -- BH spin magnitude model adopted (eq.~\ref{eq.bhspin})\\

\hline
{\bf M13} & as in M10, but with:\\
    & \ \ -- high BH/NS natal kicks ($\sigma=265{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$)\\

\hline
\hline
{\bf M20} & modified input physics, as in M10, but with: \\
    & \ \ -- $80\%$ non-conservative RLOF (Sec.~\ref{sec.Binary})\\
    & \ \ -- $5\%$ Bondi-Hoyle rate accretion onto BH in CE\\
    & \ \ -- rotation increases CO core mass (by $20\%$)\\

\hline
{\bf M26} & as in M20, but with:\\
    & \ \ -- small BH/NS natal kicks ($\sigma=70{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$)\\

\hline
{\bf M25} & as in M20, but with:\\
    & \ \ -- intermediate BH/NS natal kicks ($\sigma=130{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$)\\

\hline
{\bf M23} & as in M20, but with:\\
    & \ \ -- high BH/NS natal kicks ($\sigma=265{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$)\\

\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\tablefoot{\\
\tablefootmark{a}{Binary component spins are followed (tides, magnetic braking and
change of inertia). However, stellar rotation does not alter internal star
properties (He/CO core mass).\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }
\tablefootmark{b}{$(dM/dt)_{\rm LBV} = 1.5 \times 10^{-4} {\rm ~M}_{\odot} {\rm ~yr}^{-1}$;}
}
\label{tab.models}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\caption{Local merger rates and LIGO/Virgo O1/O2 detection rates}

\centering
\begin{tabular}{c| c c c}
\hline\hline
Model & Rate density\tablefootmark{a} & O1/O2 rate\tablefootmark{b} & O2\tablefootmark{c}\\
Merger type   & [Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$] & [yr$^{-1}$] & [120 days] \\
\hline
\hline
   {\bf M10} &&&\\
   NS-NS                   &  68.0      &   0.088 &  0.03 \\
   BH-NS                   &  25.7      &   0.415 &  0.14 \\
   {\bf BH-BH}             & {\bf 206}  &   112.4 &  37.0 \\
   GW170104\tablefootmark{d} &            &       0 &     0 \\
\hline
   {\bf M13} &&&\\
   NS-NS                   &  51.1      &   0.068 &  0.02 \\
   BH-NS                   &  1.96      &   0.029 &  0.01 \\
   {\bf BH-BH}             & {\bf 6.14} &   3.133 &  1.03 \\
   GW170104                &            &   0.011 &  0.004 \\
\hline
\hline
   {\bf M20} &&&\\
   NS-NS                   &  84.3      &   0.105 &  0.03 \\
   BH-NS                   &  88.2      &   1.289 &  0.42 \\
   {\bf BH-BH}             & {\bf 350}  &   168.8 &  55.5 \\
   GW170104                &            &   0.067 &  0.02 \\
\hline
   {\bf M26} &&&\\
   NS-NS                   &   109      &   0.136 &  0.04 \\
   BH-NS                   &  36.0      &   0.502 &  0.17 \\
   {\bf BH-BH}             & {\bf 95.0} &   40.82 &  13.4 \\
   GW170104                &            &   0.391 &  0.13 \\
\hline
   {\bf M25} &&&\\
   NS-NS                   &   103      &   0.130 &  0.04 \\
   BH-NS                   &  13.9      &   0.203 &  0.07 \\
   {\bf BH-BH}             & {\bf 45.4} &   22.45 &  7.39 \\
   GW170104                &            &   0.462 &  0.15 \\
\hline
   {\bf M23} &&&\\
   NS-NS                   &  55.9      &   0.066 &  0.02 \\
   BH-NS                   &  3.13      &   0.045 &  0.01 \\
   {\bf BH-BH}             & {\bf 11.8} &   5.392 &  1.77 \\
   GW170104                &            &   0.126 &  0.04 \\
\hline
\hline

\end{tabular}
\tablefoot{\\
\tablefootmark{a}{Local merger rate density at redshift $z=0$.}\\
\tablefootmark{b}{Detection rate for LIGO/Virgo O1 and O2 observational run.}\\
\tablefootmark{c}{Number of detections expected in O2.\\}
\tablefootmark{d}{BH-BH mergers resembling GW170104, with:
$25.2<M_{\rm BH1}<39.6{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ and $13.5<M_{\rm BH2}<24.7{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ and
$-0.42<\chi_{\rm eff}<0.09$.}
}
\label{tab.rates}
\end{table}

We have estimated the double compact object merger rates using the methods
presented in \cite{Belczynski2016a,Belczynski2016b}. Table~\ref{tab.rates}
summarizes our predictions for the local (redshift $z\sim0$) merger rate
density, the detection rate in Advanced LIGO's first (O1) and second
LIGO/Virgo's (O2) observing runs ($\rm R_{\rm det}$ $yr^{-1}$), and the
predicted number of detected events during the full O2 observing run ($120$
days). The predicted BH-BH merger rate densities vary between $6$ and $350{\rm ~Gpc}^{-3} {\rm ~yr}^{-1}$
across our models, and are able to account for the entire allowable range
determined by the first six LIGO detections ($12$--$213{\rm ~Gpc}^{-3} {\rm ~yr}^{-1}$ \cite{Abbott2017a}).
The predicted NS-NS merger rates ($50$--$110{\rm ~Gpc}^{-3} {\rm ~yr}^{-1}$) are significantly below
LIGO/Virgo estimate based on the detection of GW170817 ($320$--$4740{\rm ~Gpc}^{-3} {\rm ~yr}^{-1}$;
\cite{GW170817}). This tension has already been reported by \cite{Belczynski2018a}.

In Table~\ref{tab.rates} we also include the predicted detection rate of BH-BH
mergers with both BH masses and $\chi_{\rm eff}$  within the LIGO $90\%$
credible intervals for GW170104. For most of our models (M13, M20, M23, M25,
M26) such systems appear in our calculations. Note that the predicted rate is
small: $\sim 0.15$ detections in O2 for models M25/M26, and even smaller for
other models. However, this is not a true estimate of the detection probability,
as this predicted rate depends on the adopted LIGO range for BH masses and
effective spin. For example, if $90\%$ credible intervals were very small,
the detection rate estimated within these intervals would become vanishingly
small, but it would not mean that such systems are not found in our
simulations. We show the detection rate within LIGO $90\%$ credible intervals
only to point out that systems similar to GW170104 can, in fact, be formed
in classical isolated binary evolution.

\section{The Origin of Low Black Hole Spins}
\label{sec.origin}

\begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{xeff.pdf}
\caption{
Detection weighted distribution of effective spin parameter of BH-BH mergers for
model M20 (fallback decreased BH kicks; no BH kicks for massive BHs) and M23
(high BH natal kicks with $1D\ \sigma=265 {\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$ for all BHs). Note that both
distributions peak at high values ($\chi_{\rm eff} \sim 0.8$).
Natal kicks decrease effective spin parameter (average $\chi_{\rm eff}=0.5$; M23)
as compared to model with almost no BH kicks (average $\chi_{\rm eff}=0.7$; M20).
For comparison we show $90\%$ credible limits (blue arrows) and the most likely values
(blue stars) of effective spin parameter for six LIGO/Virgo BH-BH mergers.
Although we can recover all the reported values, our predicted peak of $\chi_{\rm eff}$
distribution is not coincident with the current LIGO/Virgo data. It indicates that BHs
have typically lower spins than follows from our adopted model for BH natal spin, or
the detected BH-BH mergers are not formed in the classical isolated binary evolution.
}
\label{fig.xeff}
\end{figure}

Here we test our BH spin model to see whether we can reproduce the effective spin
distribution of all reported LIGO/Virgo BH-BH mergers.
In this calculation we ignore the potential effects of tides, mass transfer/accretion
and BH spin precession (see \cite{Gerosa2013,Wysocki2018} for alternatives and
discussion). We assume that the two stars are born with spins that are fully aligned
with the initial progenitor (ZAMS) binary angular momentum
($L_{\rm i}: l_{\rm i,x}, l_{\rm i,y}, l_{\rm i,z}$). Note that with our
assumptions, both stars retain their spin directions through entire evolution.
Both stars collapse to BHs and both BHs retain the spin direction of their
progenitor stars. However, at each BH formation, a natal kick may change the orbit
and its orientation in space. After both BHs are formed the binary orbital angular
momentum vector is pointing to a new direction in space
($L_{\rm f}: l_{\rm f,x}, l_{\rm f,y}, l_{\rm f,z}$). We can now estimate the
tilt (mis-alignment angle) between the two BHs and the BH-BH binary angular momentum
($\cos\Theta_1=\cos\Theta_2=(l_{\rm i,x} l_{\rm f,x} + l_{\rm i,y}
l_{\rm f,y} + l_{\rm i,z} l_{\rm f,z})/ (|L_{\rm i}| |L_{\rm f}|)$) and use this
mis-alignment angles to estimate the effective spin parameter ($\chi_{\rm eff}$;
see eq.~\ref{eq.xeff}). Note that, although misaligned spins are subject to
precession, the value of $\chi_{\rm eff}$  is expected to remain constant
during the long inspiral towards the LIGO band \citep{Gerosa2015}.

In Figure~\ref{fig.xeff} we show all LIGO/Virgo BH-BH measurements of effective
spin which all cluster around zero ($\chi_{\rm eff} \sim 0$). We contrast
these observations with our two models; the model with fallback-decreased BH
natal kicks (effectively no kicks for massive BHs, and small kicks for low mass
BHs; M20) and the model with high BH kicks that are independent of BH mass (with
1-dimensional $\sigma=265{\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$; M23). Our model distributions peak at high
values ($\chi_{\rm eff} \sim 0.8$) and then quickly fall off toward small values.

Mergers with high values of effective spin host BHs with high spins and in our
models these BHs can form both with low and high masses depending on chemical
composition of the progenitor stars (Fig.~\ref{fig.bhspin}). Mergers with low
effective spins originate predominantly from systems with high mass BHs.
For strong natal kicks (model M23), BH spins are getting more misaligned with
respect to the binary angular momentum vector during BH formation, and this
decreases the value of the effective spin. Note that although both distributions
are similar and they peak at high values, natal kicks decrease the effective spin
parameter (average $\chi_{\rm eff}=0.5$; M23) as compared to model with almost
no BH kicks ($\chi_{\rm eff}=0.7$; M20). Also the fraction of BH-BH mergers with
negative $\chi_{\rm eff}$ is noticeable in model M23 ($11.3\%$) while it is
negligible in model M20 ($\sim 0.1\%$).

Although we can recover all the reported values within both models (easier with
model M23 than with M20), our predicted $\chi_{\rm eff}$ distributions are not
consistent with the current LIGO/Virgo data. Note that to reach this conclusion
we have used two extreme natal kick models, and in particular we have tested a
model with high BH natal kicks that tends to maximize the BH spin-orbit
misalignment and therefore decrease our predicted effective spins. Although BH
natal kicks as high as adopted here (M23: average 3-dimensional velocity of
$\sim 400 {\rm ~km} {\rm ~s}^{-1}$) cannot yet be observationally excluded~\citep{Belczynski2016a},
it is unlikely that BHs receive larger natal kicks~\citep{Mandel2016b,Repetto2017}.
Note that we additionally did not allow for any processes to realign BH spins
or we did not allow for effective tidal spin up of stars in binary progenitors
of BH-BH mergers~\citep{Kushnir2017,Hotokezaka2017}.
These processes can possibly increase effective spin parameter for some of
BH-BH progenitors shifting our results even further away from the LIGO/Virgo
observations.

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}

In this study we explored the distribution of the expected BH spin magnitudes
and orientations of BH-BH mergers. We have introduced a physical model of the
BH spin. Our model indicates that while low-mass BHs can be rapidly rotating,
massive BHs will be born with small natal spins, which are at best modestly
increased by binary accretion over their lifetime.

We explored several models of input physics to test whether formation of
BH-BH mergers resembling GW170104 (with heavy BHs and low effective spin)
is possible not only by dynamical evolution in globular clusters but also
in classical isolated binary evolution in galactic fields. We demonstrated
that the formation of GW170104 is possible in isolated binary evolution
with both BHs born with small spin magnitudes at low metallicity environment.

If the spin magnitudes of the BHs in GW170104 were not small, then the
most natural explanation would be formation through dynamical capture or
high natal BH kicks in isolated binary evolution, which can produce
misaligned spins. However, LIGO measurements of the BH spin magnitudes in
GW170104 are inconclusive~\citep{Abbott2017a}.
Unfortunately, the spin magnitudes of massive BHs with $M_{\rm BH}>15{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$
are not constrained by other observational means. Indeed, the three most
massive BHs in wind-fed high mass X-ray binaries (which are potential
double compact object progenitors) do not reach such high masses\footnote{
The estimated masses and spins of these systems can be found online at
\url{https://stellarcollapse.org}}, but we list them here for
completeness: LMC X-1 $M_{\rm BH}=10.9\pm1.6{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ ($a_{\rm spin}=0.92$);
Cyg X-1 $M_{\rm BH}=14.8\pm0.1{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ ($a_{\rm spin}>0.983$); M33 X-7
$M_{\rm BH}=15.7\pm1.5{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ ($a_{\rm spin}=0.84$).

Our main conclusion is that heavy BHs with small spins are a perfectly viable
possibility in the context of isolated binary evolution. This means that the
current LIGO/Virgo observations of heavy BH spins cannot differentiate between
the dynamical and the classical isolated binary BH-BH formation scenarios.

We propose that BH mass and its spin magnitude may be a possible factor to
discriminate between the two formation scenarios based on a single observation.
If any of the two merging binary components is found in the mass range
$55 \lesssim M_{\rm BH} \lesssim 135{\rm ~M}_{\odot}$ with moderate spin
$a_{\rm spin} \approx 0.7$ this would indicate dynamical formation scenario.
The lower mass limit corresponds to pair-instability pulsation supernova
effects on the presupernova star and on the remnant BH mass~\citep{Woosley2017,
Belczynski2016c}, while the upper mass limit corresponds to the
end of the pair-instability supernova process, that is believed to disrupt
the entire star without BH formation~\citep{Fryer2001,Heger2002}. The lack of
BHs in this mass range is referred to as the ``second mass gap''
~\citep{Belczynski2014,Spera2015,Marchant2016}. It seems unlikely that
isolated binaries can fill this gap, but repeated BH-BH mergers in dense
environments could produce such heavy BHs, and then it is expected that these
BHs would have moderate spins $a_{\rm spin} \approx 0.7$~\citep{Fishbach2017}.
Alternatively, if a BH with mass within  the second mass gap is detected with
a low spin, it may point to {\em (i)} either some inconsistencies in
pair-instability supernova theory, or to {\em (ii)} the primordial origin of
such a BH~\citep{Green2017}.

If LIGO/Virgo observations of BH-BH mergers continue to be consistent with
$\chi_{\rm eff} \simeq 0$, this would (statistically) indicate that low natal
spins are common for BHs. In this case, our work suggests that stellar models
with weak or only mild rotational coupling between star interior (core) and
outer zones (envelope) are not supported by LIGO/Virgo observations. Such
models allow for the formation of BHs with low spins only at high BH mass
($M_{\rm BH} \gtrsim 30 {\rm ~M}_{\odot}$; Fig.~\ref{fig.bhspin}). This would imply the
need for modification of our adopted model of BH natal spin to inform stellar
evolution to allow for the formation of low spin BHs in a broad mass range
($M_{\rm BH} \gtrsim 15 {\rm ~M}_{\odot}$). Formation of BHs with low spins in even
broader mass range may be in tension with estimates of high BH spins in high
mass X-ray binaries ($M_{\rm BH} < 15 {\rm ~M}_{\odot}$). However, note that these spin
estimates are highly uncertain and that these systems are unlikely to produce
BH-BH mergers~\citep{Belczynski2012b}. Our study demonstrates how LIGO/Virgo
BH spin observations can be used to make astrophysical inferences and guide
stellar evolution astrophysics.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We appreciate pointers, comments and critical remarks from Selma de Mink, Enrico
Ramirez-Ruiz, Ilya Mandel, Cole Miller, Thomas Janka, Serena Repetto, Simon Stevenson,
Sambaran Banerjee, Tom Maccarone, Craig Heinke, Phil Charles, Doron Kushnir,
Tsvi Piran, Miguel Holgado, Antonio Claret, and Matt Benacquista.
We would like to thank thousands of {\tt Universe@home} users that have provided their
personal computers and phones for our simulations, and in particular to Krzysztof
Piszczek and Grzegorz Wiktorowicz (program IT and science managers).
KB acknowledges support from the Polish National Science Center
(NCN) grant: Sonata Bis 2 (DEC-2012/07/E/ST9/01360); KB and JPL of the grant
OPUS (2015/19/B/ST9/01099).
MG ans AA were partially supported by the National Science Centre, Poland,
through the grant UMO-2016/23/B/ST9/02732.
DG is supported by NASA through Einstein Postdoctoral Fellowship Grant No.
PF6-170152 awarded by the Chandra X-ray Center, which is operated by the
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for NASA under contract NAS8-03060.
TB acknowledges support from the Polish National Science Center
(NCN) Grant No. UMO-2014/14/M/ST9/00707.
EB is supported by NSF Grants No.~PHY-1607130, AST-1716715, and by FCT
contract IF/00797/2014/CP1214/CT0012 under the IF2014 Programme.
C.G., G.M., and S.E. acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science
Foundation (project number 200020-160119).
ROS is supported by NSF AST-1412449, PHY-1505629, and PHY- 1607520.
DAB acknowledges support from National Science Foundation Grant No.
PHY-1404395.
KB, CLF, DAB, GM, JPL are supported in part by the National Science Foundation
under Grant No. NSF PHY-1125915 (to KITP, UC Santa Barbara).
JPL was supported by a grant from the French Space Agency CNES.
We thank the Niels Bohr Institute for its hospitality while part of this work
was completed, and acknowledge the Kavli Foundation and the DNRF for supporting
the 2017 Kavli Summer Program.
\end{acknowledgements}

\bibliographystyle{aa}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Child support disputes are some of the most common issues faced by Illinois couples in a divorce. It may be difficult to prove that a support order is enforceable after years or decades, but these issues can be deftly navigated with the help of a knowledgeable attorney. As with all complex family law issues, it can be beneficial to seek a complete evaluation in order to understand one's legal options.


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text:
As views on race relations dim, Obama grasps for historical context
By Stephanie Condon
December 11, 2014 / 6:19 AM / CBS News
After President Obama was sworn in as the nation's first African-American president, Americans had a bright outlook on race relations: 66 percent of Americans in April 2009 said race relations were generally good.
More than five years later, the latest CBS News poll shows, views on race relations have dimmed dramatically. Just 45 percent say race relations are generally good, the lowest figure in CBS News polling since 1997.
The figure has also dropped 10 points since this past spring, before the deaths of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri and Eric Garner in New York City raised the national consciousness about persistent racial inequities in the justice system.
Protests Over Police Violence More
Protesters crash wedding of cop who fatally shot unarmed black man
Family outraged over patient's death after altercation in ER
Protesters return to the streets over ex-cop's acquittal
Ex-officer learns his fate in killing of black man
Prosecutors to consider charges in woman's fatal police shooting
More in Protests Over Police Violence
"It's hard to feel optimistic about race relations right now," Prof. Richard Ford, expert on civil rights and anti-discrimination law at Stanford Law School, said to CBSNews.com.
While public perception on race relations has gone up and down, Ford noted that the recent stories of police misconduct are "frustratingly similar" to past abuses, and the conversations taking place now have been had before.
"Everyone swore we would learn from the Rodney King incident in the 1990s, but here we are in 2014 with two similar cases having pretty much the same discussion," he said. "We need broad-based institutional change-- from our approach to crime prevention to more certain accountability for abuses."
CBS News poll: The police, use of force and race
Eric Holder releases new racial profiling guidance
The Obama administration is taking steps to resolve the systemic racial problems in the justice system. In the meantime, as people look to the president to explain the current strife and his proposed solutions, Mr. Obama has taken an academic tone and attempted to put the issue in a bit of historical context.
"This is something that's deeply rooted in our society, deeply rooted in our history," Mr. Obama said in a recent interview with BET. "But the two things that will allow us to solve it: Number one, is the understanding that we have made progress, and so it's important to recognize that as painful as these instances are, we can't equate what's happening now with what was happening 50 years ago. If you talk to your parents, grandparents, uncles, they'll tell you that things are better."
Clearly, the United States has made progress on issues of race since the Jim Crow era. But the tension between police forces and minority communities in the United States has been well-documented for decades.
In 1961, the Supreme Court limited police power after the recently-deceased Dollree Mapp, an African-American woman, challenged charges against her that were based on illegally-seized evidence.
In 1976, 24-year-old Adolph Lyons sued the Los Angeles Police Department for violating his rights when they pulled him over and placed him in a chokehold, forcing him to pass out. Lyons took his case all the way to the Supreme Court but lost.
Poll: Race relations in the U.S. at new low
"These questions of police brutality, the use of illegal searches, the way the police regulates communities of color, those have been with us for a very long time," Prof. Guy-Uriel Charles, director of the Duke Law Center on Law, Race and Politics, told CBS News.
As the "war on crime" started in the 1970s, leading to more militarized police forces and increased criminal penalties, minority communities were disproportionately affected.
"Even as we had improvement in overall racial attitudes, we also had a law and order crackdown that disparately affected racial minorities-- especially those in poor urban neighborhoods," Ford said. "This led to worsening relations between police and minorities."
In some ways, improving attitudes about race have made the more persistent social problems harder to root out, historians say.
"Whereas few publicly argue today that Jim Crow was justified, no one can dispute that law enforcement has a legitimate interest in ensuring public safety. Officers sometimes are justified in using force," Prof. Tomiko Brown-Nagin, a constitutional law expert at Harvard, told CBS. "The question is whether law enforcement officers police fairly, and whether there is accountability in the criminal justice system when officers engage in misconduct. "
As the first African-American president, raising those questions is a challenge for Mr. Obama.
"Racial subordination engulfs not only young black men, but also a black president who is powerless to take a strong position on racial issues," Prof. Roy Brooks, a civil rights expert at the University of San Diego School of Law, told CBS. "The fact is, most Americans, both black and white, are ignorant about racial dynamics in this country."
Consequently, the nation finds itself repeating conversations once a major controversy sparks it. As Mr. Obama told BET, "a country's conscience sometimes has to be triggered by some inconvenience."
"I think there are a lot of good, well-meaning people -- I think there are probably a lot of police officers -- who might have looked at [the circumstances of Eric Garner's death] and said that is a tragedy,"Mr. Obama said, "and we've gotta to figure out how to bring an end to these kinds of tragedies."
Prof. Harold McDougall, a civil rights expert at Howard University School of Law, told CBS that "with our short attention span, a lot of people think these issues should be solved within a week, the president should sign some executive order and be done with it."
The necessary long-term solutions may only come as the president hears from demonstrators in Ferguson, New York and nationwide. That sort of activism, of course, also has historical precedent. In the World War II era, the African-American union leader A. Philip Randolph built enough grassroots pressure to encourage FDR to ban discrimination in the defense industries. He then pressured Truman into ending segregation in the military.
"There's a responsibility in the minority community to stand up," McDougall said.
First published on December 11, 2014 / 6:19 AM
Stephanie Condon
Stephanie Condon is a political reporter for CBSNews.com.


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