text:
{ "505105": { "url": "/biography/Max-Roach", "shareUrl": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Roach", "title": "Max Roach" ,"gaExtraDimensions": {"3":"false"} } }
American musician
Alternative Title: Maxwell Roach
Max Roach, byname of Maxwell Roach, (born January 10, 1924, Newland, North Carolina, U.S.—died August 16, 2007, New York, New York), American jazz drummer and composer, one of the most influential and widely recorded modern percussionists.
Roach grew up in New York City, and, as a child, he played drums in gospel bands. In the early 1940s he began performing with a group of innovative musicians—including Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie—at such notable nightclubs as Monroe's Uptown House and Minton's Playhouse. Their jam sessions gave rise to bebop, a style of jazz that moved the fixed pulse from the bass drum to the ride cymbal and created a polyrhythmic, percussive texture by exploiting the flexibility of the trap-drum set. By carefully developing thematic ideas on his drums, Roach elevated the percussionist to the equal of melodic improvisers.
Roach participated in recordings by Parker's quintet in 1947–48 and in the Miles Davis sessions that were later collected in the album Birth of the Cool (1957). In 1954 he became coleader of a quintet with trumpeter Clifford Brown. The group produced a number of influential recordings before a car accident in 1956 killed Brown and another band member. Roach subsequently formed other ensembles, many of which did not include a pianist. In 1960 he composed, with lyricist Oscar Brown, Jr., We Insist! Freedom Now Suite for his future wife, vocalist Abbey Lincoln, a chorus, instrumental soloists, and ensemble. The work's theme of racial equality reflected Roach's political activism. In the early 1970s he established an all-percussion ensemble, M'Boom, and in 1972 he began teaching at the University of Massachusetts (Amherst). In 1980 he embarked on a series of duets with such avant-garde improvisers as pianist Cecil Taylor and saxophonist Anthony Braxton. Often involved in unusual projects, Roach performed with a rapper and accompanied authors' readings. His Max Roach Double Quartet was unique for its inclusion of improvising string players. Roach continued to tour into the early 21st century. Among his numerous compositions were works for plays, films, and dance pieces. Roach received many honours, including a MacArthur Foundation grant (1988).
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen, Corrections Manager.
Monterey Jazz Festival
>Max Roach, and saxophonist Gerry Mulligan. The festival was well received, and it subsequently became an annual event, held on the last full weekend of September. Lyons continued to manage the festival until his retirement in 1992.…
…reemerged with the Clifford Brown–Max Roach quintet in 1955, and the next four years proved to be his most fertile.…
Charlie Parker, American alto saxophonist, composer, and bandleader, a lyric artist generally considered the greatest jazz saxophonist. Parker was the principal stimulus of the modern jazz…
Dizzy Gillespie, American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader who was one of the seminal figures of the bebop movement. Gillespie's father was a bricklayer and amateur bandleader who introduced…
Bebop, the first kind of modern jazz, which split jazz into two opposing camps in the last half of the 1940s. The word is an onomatopoeic rendering of a staccato two-tone phrase distinctive in this type of music. When it emerged, bebop was unacceptable not only to…
Newland, North Carolina
August 16, 2007 (aged 83)
notable family members
spouse Abbey Lincoln
AllMusic - Biography of Max Roach
North Carolina Music Hall of Fame - Biography of Max Roach
The New York Times - Max Roach, Master of Modern Jazz, Dies at 83
BlackPast.org - Biography of Maxwell Lemuel Roach
NCpedia - Biography of Max Roach
African American Registry - Biography of Max Roach
All About Jazz - Biography of Max Roach
Max Roach - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)


In June emergency services were called to a house near Newcastle, in NSW, after reports a 20-month-old child was in cardiac arrest.
A 26-year-old man has been charged with murdering a toddler following her suspicious death in the NSW Hunter Region seven weeks ago.
Emergency services were called to a house in Tarro, near Newcastle, in June after reports a 20-month-old child was in cardiac arrest.
She was taken to John Hunter Hospital but could not be revived. The 26-year-old was arrested on Thursday morning by homicide detectives and officers from a special strike force that had been investigating the child's death.
They knocked on the door of a Tanilba Bay home and arrested the tattooed man who was wearing a gold crucifix necklace and had a shaved head, a NSW Police video showed.
He was handcuffed and driven to Raymond Terrace Police Station where he was charged with murder on Thursday evening, a police spokesman confirmed. He is expected to appear at Newcastle Local Court on Friday.


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Q: How to make two jQuery animations play simultaneously? I have these two things happen in my jQuery-animated website:
$('#myFirstDiv').animate({top: "15%"}, 3000);
$('#mySecondDiv').animate({bottom: "15%"}, 3000);

These two animations seem to happen one after another, rather than simultaneously. There's a slight delay before the second one plays, about one tenth of a second. I want to make them occur simultaneously.
I tried this:
$('#myFirstDiv').animate({top: "15%"}, 3000);
$('#mySecondDiv').animate({bottom: "15%"}, {duration:3000, queue: false});

but it's probably wrong.
I would appreciate advice on how to do this correctly.

A: Your code should work just fine. Animation in jQuery is asynchronous, this means that if you have two animation calls, the second one will get called right after the first one even though the first animation is still in progress. If at any point you want to have the first one to execute to the end before the second one, your code will look like
$('#myFirstDiv').animate({top: "15%"}, 3000, function(){
  $('#mySecondDiv').animate({bottom: "15%"}, 3000);
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


FitBit was one of the first technology companies to make a wearable device that people actually wanted to wear. There had been similar products before, but they didn't work especially well. It didn't help that they made very poor fashion accessories.
FitBit released the Charge HR in 2014, seven years after the company's founding. By that time, it had learned a lot about designing and building great wearables. It's not surprising, therefore, to see that the Charge HR stands out as one of the company's finest products.
We consider this a terrific fitness tracker. We also like that it includes a few extra features that you won't find on most other wearables.
If you're looking for a fitness tracker that offers more than the basics, then there's a good chance that you will like this product from FitBit.
That's what most buyers like about the software features. This FitBit also has plenty of attractive hardware features. Since it's wireless, it can connect to practically any computer, smartphone, or tablet. Just connect to the same network and submit your data.
The FitBit Charge has a built-in device that will vibrate instead of notifying you through sound. This is convenient in a number of ways. There are plenty of situations, for instance, when you may want a call notification that doesn't disturb other people. Maybe you're in a meeting or at the movie theater. The silent notification gives a subtle vibration that just strong enough to get your attention. You can even set the FitBit to wake you up soundlessly. Instead of disturbing everyone in the house when you need to get up early, the FitBit will alert you gently.
Of course, the FitBit also has an attractive design and strong build quality. The plastic is durable, so you won't damage it even if you trip while running a nature trail. Like all FitBit devices, it has a sleek design that can blend in with just about any type of style. It won't even look out of place when you're wearing good clothes to an important meeting.
As great as this FitBit wearable is, there is always room for improvement. After talking with several owners, we have built a list of potential drawbacks that you should know about before making a purchase.
The device's size is the most common complaint. If you have very small wrists, then you may find that it's a little cumbersome.
The wristband does, however, come in several sizes. Despite this, some consumers find it difficult to choose option that truly fits well. Shoppers should pay close attention to the available sizes to make sure they get bands that match their needs well.
There are a lot of wearable devices that will keep track of your activities throughout the day. Not all of them, however, offer the smartwatch features that you get from the FitBit Charge Wireless Activity Wristband.
Connect it to your smartphone to get cover call notifications. It's one of those extra features that makes this FitBit unique.
Despite being one of the most advanced FitBit wristbands, the FitBit Charge is actually quite affordable. It retails for about $150. It's often possible, however, to find it on sale for closer to $130. Depending on where you shop, you can also get free shipping that helps keep the device as affordable as possible.
There aren't many wearable devices that can keep up with the FitBit Charge HR, especially without charging no more than $150. That makes this fitness tracker from FitBit an excellent buy for most people. If you're looking for complete smartwatch capabilities, then you will need to look elsewhere. You'll also need to spend a lot more money.
The fact remains that this is a solid fitness tracker that goes the extra mile… and you can get it for less than $150.


Rapidly search all key databases at NCBI for literature, DNA and protein sequence information or set up automated agents to do the searching for you.
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It is so easy to search and then import GenBank files along with their annotations. The ability to stack information from various sources onto the same display for comparison purposes is invaluable. This may be in the form of multiple alignments or a a GenBank BLAST file with annotations superimposed on top of a protein sequence with all of the predicted protein properties displayed.
Discover how Geneious tools and services can help you simplify and empower sequencing research and analysis.
Copyright © 2005-2019 Geneious All Rights Reserved.


text:
After the Supreme Court Judgement 459/2019 was made public on 14 October 2019, many national and international organisations shared their reactions to the contents of the judgement.
We have gathered some of these reactions:
IRAI (14/10/19)
IRAI is the Research Institute on Self-determination of peoples and national independence based in Quebec. Its president Daniel Turp, its vice president Stéfanie Tougas, and its secretary Anthony Beauséjour took part as observers during the trial. As soon as the judgement was made public they issued a press release in which they regretted the sentences and considered that the judgement was a violation of fundamental rights of the accused.
Antigone and CILD (14/10/19)
CILD (Italian Coalition for Civil Rights and Freedoms) together with Antígone issued a press release showing their bewilderment with the Supreme Court's judgement. Both organisations considered that the judgement confirmed the political use of criminal law, expressed concern for the conviction of civil society representatives that were only responsible of organising peaceful demonstrations. They concluded that the judgement concerned the whole of Europe, because it set up an important and worrying dividing line for the right to freedom of opinion.
Giuristi Democratici (16/10/19)
On 16 October 2019, the association Giuristi Democratici made public a press release. They considered that the judgement of the Supreme Court was a reprehensible dark page in the history of the rule of law.
ELEN (17/10/19)
European Language Equality Network (ELEN) condemned the judgement of the Supreme Court with a press release on 17 October 2019. ELEN stated that it was a disgrace for Spain, Europe, democracy, as well as undermining fundamental rights.
ELDH (18/10/19)
ELDH, the European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights, condemned the judgement of the Supreme Court and called on the Government of Spain to bring about the earliest release of these Catalan prisoners, and urged the European Union and its member states to work with Spain to achieve early release, and to redouble efforts for a political solution.
Amnistia Internacional (10/11/19)
Amnesty International made public on 10 November 2019 its extensive assessment of the judgement of the Supreme Court. They considered it had been a fair trial but expressed concern about the definition of the crime of sedition in Spanish legislation and the interpretation made by the Supreme Court of that crime. According to the organisation it violated the principle of legality and allowed for disproportionate restrictions to be imposed on behaviours that may be protected by the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.
AED (23/11/19)
AED (European Democratic Lawyers) made public on 23 November 2019 a press release on the judgement of the Supreme Court. They condemned the violation of human rights, the violation of criminal and procedural principles, the principles of fragmentation, proportionality and ultimate ratio within the criminal process. AED also considered that the serious violation of these rights and principles made it impossible to analyse the sentence from a strictly legal point of view.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
F. Berchtold & J. S. Presl, Prir. rostlin 2:36, 47-56, t. 8. 1825

#### Original name
Laurus camphora L.

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Fennie 612_3.jpg
Craig Fennie targets a desired property or functionality and then builds a material at the atomic level.
Frank DiMeo
3M0A0625.jpg
"To make another qualitative leap like we've had with silicon, we need radical new ideas, and that usually means a new material," Fennie says.
Multiferroics, materials with both electric and magnetic properties, show promise for data storage devices—an area of focus for Fennie.
Fennie Group.jpg
"I want to make sure there's always new physics or new chemistry to be found."
Beatrice Jin
JWP_CornellReseach_Selects-3237.jpg
Fennie's research group leaps for innovation!
Jesse Winter
New Materials from the Atomic Scale Up
Craig J. Fennie
Applied and Engineering Physics, College of Engineering
Collaboration in Action
What Will Replace Silicon?
A Circuitous Path
Screen Shot 2015-06-16 at 9.43.13 PM.png
Nothing about Craig J. Fennie, Applied and Engineering Physics, is predictable or routine. "I stumble into things," he says with a rueful smile. "There's never a plan." Yet Fennie's (pronounced Fee-nee) specialty is all about understanding the precise physics and chemistry of complex materials and then planning, or modeling, them at the atomic level. It's a standard procedure for his field, but Fennie has turned it on its head. Usually a new material is first discovered and then scientists try to measure its properties and come up with the simplest model to describe it. Fennie does the inverse, a technique known as ab initio materials-by-design. First, he targets a desired property or functionality that may or may not yet exist in nature, then he identifies a microscopic model that could in principle account for that property or functionality. Next, he develops a set of design criteria to build at the atomic level a material that could exist, given what is known about basic physics and chemistry.
Putting the atoms together in space requires chemical bonds, which taps into the fundamental principles of solid-state chemistry. One of Fennie's talents is his ability to communicate with both physicists and chemists. "I am really conscious of making sure I speak the language of both disciplines," he says, "so that everybody is on board. I look at the idea from many different angles. I want it to make sense no matter how you're looking at it."
This emphasis on both physics and chemistry helps ensure that every project Fennie works on fulfills his core requirement: It must lead to something new. "In the end, regardless of whether it turns out to be the magic material I hoped for or not," he says, "I want to make sure there's always new physics or new chemistry to be found."
Fennie collaborates closely with fellow Cornell professors Darrell G. Schlom, Materials Science, David A. Muller, Applied and Engineering Physics, and more recently Eun-Ah Kim, Physics. Once he has designed the criteria for the new material he envisions, Fennie hands it over to Schlom to synthesize in the lab. The resulting material that Schlom grows, in some cases, is a film only one atom thick. Schlom uses an indirect method to look at the film in his lab, but the scientists are never sure that the design is accurate and that all the atoms are placed correctly until Muller puts the new material under his powerful atomic-scale microscope. Lately Kim has also contributed to the work. "Eun-Ah is a brilliant theorist and expert in a fascinating field of strongly correlated electron physics," says Fennie. "She is helping to take our materials design work and apply it to an area of physics that is entirely new to me."
For the last few years, Fennie and his collaborators have been working on electronic and magnetic materials. "These could be used in the electronics industry," Fennie says. "We're not working at the device level, but you can imagine that some of these materials could end up powering all the chips in all the computers of the future."
Fennie points out that silicon, which has powered a microelectronics golden age for 50 years, is reaching its fundamental limits. "To make another qualitative leap like we've had with silicon we need radical new ideas," he says, "and that usually means a new material." In a quest to discover that new material, he has been focusing on multiferroics, a class of materials with both electric and magnetic properties. Multiferroics have shown great promise for data storage devices.
Storage devices usually use some sort of magnetic bit to hold the data, Fennie explains. Magnetic fields are very expensive to run, however. "Every time you want to read or write a new magnetic bit, you have to produce a new magnetic field, which costs lots of energy," he says. "An electric field, on the other hand, is inherently lower in energy." Fennie and his collaborators have created materials that combine electrical and magnetic states, which may allow for magnetic storage that is controlled by an electric field rather than a magnetic one.
Fennie came to the field of physics and academia in a roundabout way, starting with an undergraduate degree in engineering. "I was a terrible engineer," he claims. "Traditional engineering values organization and the ability to calculate problems without mistakes. I make mistakes in everything I do. I'm not organized at all. The best parts of my engineering classes were the bits of physics. I always got excited about the physics, but I thought, 'that's for the smart guys on the other side of campus. I can't do that.'"
Fresh out of college, Fennie turned his back on engineering and worked as a bouncer in a Philadelphia nightclub instead. "I come from a very working-class section of Philly," Fennie says. "My parents didn't go to college. When I got the job as a bouncer they said, 'Oh great, you got a job!'"
After four years of guarding the nightclub doors, he decided to look up his old undergrad adviser for help getting back into the engineering field. "I said, 'Maybe I made a mistake abandoning engineering like that,'" Fennie says. It turned out his old adviser had just started a company based on an idea Fennie had postulated as an undergrad, a way to model range predictions for electric cars using a complex computational system based on artificial neural networks.
Cornell . . . just the kind of place where a former bouncer-turned-physicist can feel free to switch out his interests and test new waters.
Fennie's adviser immediately hired him, and he went to work for the new company, which required him to work in one of the partner's labs at Rutgers University. Since he was at Rutgers, Fennie decided to take a few graduate physics courses on the side without officially entering the graduate program. He signed up for quantum mechanics and solid-state physics—courses that would change his life. The professor teaching solid-state physics was so impressed by Fennie's work that she asked him to join her lab, thinking he was a graduate student in physics. He explained that he was just taking a few courses. "She said, 'If you want to do this, quit your job and I'll get you in and you can work in my lab,'" Fennie remembers. "She became my adviser. Again I stumbled into it. I always stumble into everything!"
Fennie's career since he received his doctoral degree in 2006 has been anything but stumbling. After winning the 2011 Faculty Early Career Development Award from the National Science Foundation and the 2012 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, he followed up with a 2013 MacArthur Fellowship, commonly known as a "genius grant." The MacArthur gives $125,000 a year for five years, no strings attached. Fennie is free to use the money for any purpose that will allow him to pursue his interests. He still hasn't decided what that will be. "All I know is that I don't want to be working on the same thing 10 years from now that I'm working on today," he says.
He acknowledges that Cornell is known for encouraging broad-based thinking and fostering collaboration across disciplines, just the kind of place where a former bouncer-turned-physicist can feel free to switch out his interests and test new waters. "That's why I'm at Cornell," he says.


text:
The Federal Empire Release "I Never Liked Your Friends" Video
HAYLEY KIYOKO RETURNS WITH NEW SINGLE "I WISH"
Home / News / JOHN LEGEND PREMIERES MOVING NEW VIDEO FOR "SUREFIRE"
JOHN LEGEND PREMIERES MOVING NEW VIDEO FOR "SUREFIRE"
RJ Frometa May 22, 2017	News Leave a comment 212 Views
Acclaimed, multi-platinum selling, Oscar, Golden Globe and 10x Grammy Award winning singer/songwriter John Legend premieres the official video for his new single "Surefire." The moving video was Executive Produced by John Legend and his company Get Lifted Film Co., directed by Cole Wiley and shot across Southern California in Los Angeles, San Diego, El Centro, Jamul, and Joshua Tree. John gave an incredible performance of the song on the 2017 Billboard Music Awards last night, along with a duet performance of Florida Georgia Line's song "Holy."
Speaking on the video, director Cole Wiley says:
"SUREFIRE is a song about eternal faith. Faith that love is the most powerful force in the universe. Human civilization is experiencing an extraordinary moment in time. We are more capable of doing more good than ever before, but we are still mired by a myriad of systemic failures that continue to arise because of our continuing lack of empathy towards others. That is why Jamila and Roberto, the star-crossed lovers featured in the SUREFIRE music video, face a number of obstacles that are heavily rooted in the current state of America. Fear of immigration, religious bigotry and many other forms of prejudice are contaminating our cultural landscape on a daily basis. Thankfully, Jamila and Roberto are able transcend those circumstances and enjoy the fullest depths of the human experience because of their SUREFIRE love for one another. I truly hope that their heroic journey can inspire us all to do the same."
"Surefire" is featured on John's latest album DARKNESS AND LIGHT along with the hit single "Love Me Now," whose video has notched over 100 Million views to date. DARKNESS AND LIGHT is available now.
Previous DARK ROOMS' ETHEREAL "I GET OVERWHELMED" SETS THE TONE FOR UPCOMING ROONEY MARA/CASEY AFFLECK FILM, "A GHOST STORY" DUE OUT JULY 7
Next Lana Del Rey Release New Music Video For 'Lust for Life' (feat. The Weeknd)
Internationally acclaimed multi-instrumentalist and songwriter Andrew Bird is confirming today his new role as "Thurman Smutney" in FX's …


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
The proposed Compact LInear Collider (CLIC) concept of a linear
electron-positron collider with a centre-of-mass energy of up to 3~TeV
has a large physics potential, complementing and extending the
measurements of the current LHC experiments~\cite{CDRVol1, CDRVol2, CDRVol3}. It will allow for
precision measurements of standard model physics (e.g. Higgs, top) and
of new physics potentially discovered at the LHC (e.g. SUSY).
Moreover, direct and indirect searches for new physics over a large
range of mass scales will be performed. The demands for precision
physics in combination with the challenging experimental conditions at
CLIC have inspired a broad detector R\&D program. In particular the
vertex-detector systems have to fulfil unprecedented requirements in
terms of material budget and spatial resolution in a location
close to the interaction point, where the rates of beam-induced
background particles are very high. The ongoing
CLIC vertex-detector studies focus on ultra-thin hybrid pixel
detectors and aim for integrated solutions taking into account
constraints from mechanics, power delivery and cooling.

\section{The CLIC machine environment}\label{sec:clic-machine}
The CLIC project studies the feasibility of a linear electron-positron
collider optimized for a centre-of-mass energy of 3 TeV with an
instantaneous luminosity of a few times $10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$,
using a novel technique
called two-beam acceleration~\cite{CDRVol1}.
A drive beam of rather low energy but high
current is decelerated, and its energy is transferred to the
low-current main beam, which gets accelerated with gradients of
100~MV/m. The two-beam acceleration scheme thus removes the need for
RF power sources along the accelerating main LINAC.
It is expected that the machine will be
built in several stages with centre-of-mass energies ranging from
a few hundred GeV up to the maximum of 3~TeV, corresponding to an overall length of
the accelerator complex up to 48~km.
In order
to reach its design luminosity of $6\times10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$
at a maximum
centre-of-mass energy of 3~TeV, CLIC will operate with very small
bunch sizes
($\sigma_x \times \sigma_y \times \sigma_z \approx 40 \mathrm{nm}
\times 1 \mathrm{nm} \times 44 \mathrm{\mu m}$).
Accelerating structures of 12~GHz drive the two main beams and collisions
occur in bunch crossings (BX) every 0.5~ns for a train duration of 156~ns. The train
repetition rate is 50~Hz.
The short train duration implies that
triggerless readout of the detectors, once
per train, will be implemented.  The power consumption of the detectors,
and therefore the material required for cooling infrastructure, can be
reduced by switching off parts of the frontend electronics during the
20~ms gaps between trains.

\section{Beam-induced backgrounds}\label{sec:backgrounds}
The very small beam sizes lead to strong electromagnetic radiation
(Beamstrahlung) from the electron and positron bunches in the field of
the opposite beam.
The creation of the Beamstrahlung photons reduces
the available centre-of-mass energy of the
$e^+e^-$ collisions and their interaction
leads to lepton pairs and hadrons, most of which are produced
at very low polar angles and are therefore contained in the beam-pipe
by the axial magnetic field~\cite{background-note}.
The dominant backgrounds in the inner
detectors are incoherently produced electron-positron pairs
(approximately 60 particles / BX) and $\gamma\gamma
\rightarrow$hadrons events (approximately 54 particles / BX).  The
electron-positron pairs are predominantly produced at very small
transverse momenta and low polar angles. The detector occupancies in
the innermost layers can therefore be reduced to an acceptable level
by a careful design optimisation of the inner- and forward-detector
regions. The central beam-pipe walls have to be placed outside the high-rate
region and the inner detectors have to be efficiently shielded from
back-scattered particles originating from the forward region.
The particles produced in $\gamma\gamma \rightarrow$hadrons
interactions, on the other hand, show a harder transverse momentum
spectrum and a more central polar-angle distribution, resulting in
large rates of background particles with every bunch crossing,
reaching the outer detector layers.
While at most one interesting physics event is expected in each train,
$\approx 1000$ hadronic background events are produced.
Pile-up rejection algorithms
based on hit time stamping are needed to separate the physics from the
background events.

The radiation exposure of the main detector elements is expected to be
small, compared to the corresponding regions in high-energy
hadron-colliders. For the non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL), a maximum
total fluence of less than $10^{11}$n$_{eq} / $cm$^2$/year
 is expected for the
inner barrel and forward vertex layers. The simulation results for the
total ionizing dose (TID) predict approximately 200~Gy/year for the
vertex-detector region.

\section{Vertex-detector requirements}\label{sec:vtx-requirements}
The primary purpose of the CLIC vertex detector is to
allow for efficient tagging of heavy quarks through a precise
determination of displaced vertices. Monte Carlo simulations show that
these goals can be met with a high-momentum term in the transverse
impact-parameter resolution of $a\approx 5\mathrm{\mu m}$ and a
multiple-scattering
term of $b\approx 15\mathrm{\mu m}$, using the canonical parametrization
\begin{equation}
\sigma(d_0)=\sqrt{a^2+b^2\cdot\mathrm{GeV}^2/(p^2 \mathrm{sin}^3\theta)},
\end{equation}
where $p$ is the momentum of the particle and $\theta$ is the polar
angle with respect to the beam axis. These requirements on the
measurement precision exceed the results achieved in any of the
currently existing full-coverage vertex systems.  They can be met with
multi-layer barrel and endcap pixel detectors operating in a magnetic
field of 4-5~T and using sensors with a
single-point resolution of $\approx 3\mathrm{\mu m}$ and a material
budget at the level of $<0.2\%$ of a radiation length ($\mathrm{X_0}$)
for the beam-pipe and for each of the detection layers. The
single-point resolution target can be met with pixels of $\approx 25
\mathrm{\mu m} \times 25 \mathrm{\mu m}$ and analog readout.  The
material-budget target corresponds to a thickness equivalent to less
than 200~$\mathrm{\mu}$m of silicon, shared by the active material, the
readout, the support and the cooling infrastructure. This implies that
no active cooling elements can be placed inside the vertex
detector. Instead, cooling through forced air flow is foreseen,
limiting the maximum power dissipation of the readout to $\approx
50$~mW/cm$^2$. Such low power consumption can be achieved by means of
power pulsing, i.e. turning off most components on the readout chips
during the 20~ms gaps between bunch trains.

Time slicing of hits with an accuracy of $\approx 10$~ns will be
required to separate beam-induced backgrounds from physics events.

\section{Detector concepts}\label{sec:det-concepts}
The two detector concepts CLIC\_ILD and CLIC\_SiD are currently under study.
They are adaptions of the two validated detector concepts
ILD~\cite{ILD-LOI} and SiD~\cite{SiD-LOI}, developed for the
International Linear Collider (ILC) [5] with a centre-of-mass energy
of 500~GeV.
The main CLIC-specific adaptions to the ILC detector concepts
are an increased hadron-calorimeter depth (7.5 $\Lambda_i$)
to improve the containment
of jets at the CLIC centre-of-mass energy of up to 3 TeV, and a
re-design of the vertex and forward regions to mitigate the effect of
high rates of beam-induced backgrounds.

Both
detectors have a barrel and endcap geometry with the barrel
calorimeters and tracking systems located inside a superconducting
solenoid providing an axial magnetic field of 4~T in case of CLIC\_ILD
and 5~T in case of CLIC\_SiD. In the
CLIC\_ILD concept, the tracking system is based on a large Time
Projection Chamber (TPC) with an outer radius of 1.8~m complemented by
an envelope of silicon strip detectors and by a silicon pixel vertex
detector. The all-silicon tracking and vertexing system in CLIC\_SiD is
more compact with an outer radius of 1.3~m.

\subsection{Vertex-detector layouts}
Both CLIC detector concepts include
silicon vertex detectors with $25 \mathrm{\mu}$m$\times 25\mathrm{\mu}$m pixel size.
They are integral parts of the full coverage tracking
systems, designed to improve the accuracy of the track reconstruction,
in particular for low transverse momenta.
In case of CLIC\_ILD, both the barrel and
forward vertex detectors consist of three double layers,  reducing
the material thickness needed for
supports. Figure~\ref{fig:vtx-layout-ild}
shows a sketch of
the inner tracking region of CLIC\_ILD.  For CLIC\_SiD, a geometry with
five single barrel layers and 7 single forward layers was chosen.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]
        {CLIC_ILD_inner_tracking.pdf}}
 \caption{View into the inner and forward tracking region of the
   CLIC\_ILD simulation model. Shown are the vertex barrel (VXB) and endcap (VXEC) pixel
layers, the two inner silicon barrel strip layers (SIT 1/2), the forward tracking disks (FTD),
the beam pipe, and the support shells for the silicon layers.}
\label{fig:vtx-layout-ild}
\end{figure}

For CLIC\_ILD, the central beryllium beam-pipe is placed at a
radius of 29 ~mm, while the larger magnetic field in CLIC\_SiD leads to
a larger suppression of low-pT charged particles from beam-induced
background and therefore allows
for a reduced radius of the beam-pipe of 25~mm.
Stainless steel conical sections with a wall thickness of 4 mm extend
in the forward and backward directions and provide shielding against
backscattering backgrounds.

\subsection{Vertex-detector performance optimisation}
The vertex-detector performance with the baseline geometries has been
evaluated in Geant4-based \cite{geant4} full-detector simulation studies.
The achieved impact-parameter resolutions
are as precise as $3\mathrm{\mu}$m
for high-momentum tracks and the momentum resolution of the overall
tracking systems reaches the required value of $\sigma p_T/p_T^2\approx
2 \times 10^{-5}$GeV$^{-1}$.

Fast parametric simulation studies
have been performed, to evaluate the effect of changes in the assumed
pixel size, material budget, arrangement of sensitive layers, and
inactive material~\cite{vtx-trk-optim,fwd-trk-optim}.
In addition, Geant4-based full-detector simulations
have been performed for selected geometries, probing the influence
of key design choices and detector parameters on the expected flavor-tagging
performance~\cite{nilou-phd}.  The multi-variate flavor-tagging
package  LCFIPlus~\cite{lcfiplus} is used
for this study, with dedicated training and testing samples for each geometry.
Figure~\ref{fig:bc-tagging-material} shows the b-tagging and c-tagging
performance for 200~GeV dijet events for two double-layer detector layouts
with a spiraling endcap geometry.
The default layout with $\approx 0.2\%X_0$ per double layer
(double\_spirals) is compared to a layout with an increased material budget of $\approx 0.4\%X_0$
per double layer (double\_spirals\_v2).
The fake rates increase by between approximately 5\% and 35\% for
the double\_spirals\_v2 layout, compared to the
default layout.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering {
\includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]
   {b-tagging-material.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]
   {c-tagging-material.pdf}
}
  \caption{Flavor-tagging performance for two double-layer detector layouts with a
spiraling endcap geometry and with different amounts of material
(double\_spirals and double\_spirals\_v2).
Shown is the background misidentification probability
(light flavors and c/b backgrounds) as a function of the signal efficiency for
b-tagging (left) and c-tagging (right) of 200~GeV
dijet events. The bottom panels show the ratio of the misidentification probabilities
(double\_spirals\_v2 / double\_spirals).}
  \label{fig:bc-tagging-material}
\end{figure}

The effect of changes of the flavor-tagging performance on the physics performance of the detectors was
estimated for the production of SM Higgs bosons at 3~TeV centre-of-mass energy in the process
$e^+e^- \rightarrow H\nu\bar{\nu}$, with subsequent decay of the Higgs bosons in pairs of
b and c quarks~\cite{LCD-Note-2011-036}. The change in precision of the
$\sigma \times$BR measurement is estimated for a 20\% change in the fake rates of the dominating
light-flavor background, which results in a 6-7\% change in the
precision of the $H\rightarrow bb$ decay channel and in a 15\% change in the precision
of the $H\rightarrow cc$ decay channel.

\section{Hybrid readout technology}
The R\&D on pixel sensors and readout is focused on hybrid solutions,
combining high-resistivity sensors
with high-performance readout ASICs.
The target thickness for both the
sensor and readout layers is only 50~$\mathrm{\mu}$m each.  Slim-edge sensor
designs are under study and Through-Silicon Via (TSV) technology is foreseen for
vertical interconnection.  The hardware R\&D on
sensors and readout is complemented by silicon signal simulations, to
evaluate the impact of the technological parameters on the detector
performance under various operating conditions.

\subsection{Thin-sensor assemblies}
Planar pixel sensors with $55\mu$m pitch and different thicknesses (50-300 $\mu$m)
were procured from two different vendors.
Assemblies with Timepix readout ASICs (100 and 450 $\mu$m thickness)
were produced and characterised in laboratory measurements and beam tests.
Slim-edge sensor designs (250-450 $\mu$m, two guard rings) are compared to designs
with active edges (20-50 $\mu$m, one guard ring above the edge pixels).
Preliminary results show very good efficiencies in both cases, extending beyond the
edge pixels. Single-point resolutions of approximately 3~$\mu$m have been extracted
for clusters of two pixels using charge interpolation and taking into account non-linear charge sharing.

Alternative sensor concepts possibly suitable for the CLIC vertex detectors
include Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) with charge
multiplication~\cite{LGAD} and active sensors with capacitive charge coupling,
implemented in a high-voltage CMOS process (HV-CMOS CCPD)~\cite{HVCMOS}.

\subsection{CLICpix readout chip}
The CLICpix hybrid readout chip~\cite{clicpix} will be implemented in a 65~nm CMOS process.
The pixel size is $25\times25~\mathrm{\mu}$m. Simultaneous
4-bit Time-Of-Arrival (ToA) and Time-Over-Threshold (ToT) measurements
are implemented in each pixel, allowing for a front-end time slicing
with less than 10~ns and for analog readout to improve the position resolution.
A photon counting mode allows for threshold equalization.
A compression logic is implemented with three selectable readout
modes: (1) no compression; (2) pixel-to-pixel
compression; (3) pixel-, cluster- and column-based compression.
The full chip can be read out in less than
800~$\mathrm{\mu}$s (for 10\% occupancy), using a 320~MHz readout clock. The
power consumption of the chip is dominated by the analog frontend
with a peak power corresponding to 2~W/cm$^2$. The total average power
consumption can be reduced to a value below the target of 50~mW/cm$^2$
by means of power gating for the analog part and clock gating for the digital part.

A CLICpix demonstrator chip has been produced,
including a $64\times64$ pixel matrix.
Readout tests have confirmed that
the chip is fully functional and the performance is in agreement with
simulations~\cite{clicpix-twepp-2013}.
Figure~\ref{fig:itot_ikrum} shows the result of a ToT scan for various values of the
feedback current. Higher feedback currents correspond to a faster return to the baseline,
thus increasing the dynamic range of the energy measurement.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{tot_ikrum.pdf}}
 \caption{ToT counts of one pixel, averaged over 256 samples,
 as a function of the injected charge and for different values for the feedback current.
The bottom plot shows the deviation from a linear fit.}
\label{fig:itot_ikrum}
\end{figure}

Table~\ref{tab:clicpix-summary} summarizes the results of the characterization measurements
and compares them to the expectations from simulations. Good agreement between measurements
and simulations is observed.
\begin{table}[tbp]
\caption{Comparison of simulated and measured parameters of the CLICpix demonstrator chip.}
\label{tab:clicpix-summary}
\smallskip
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|lcc|}
\hline
Parameter&Simulated Value&Measured Value\\
\hline
ToA Accuracy & $<10$~ns & $<10$~ns\\
Gain & $44$~mV/k$e^-$ & 40 mV/k$e^-$\\
Dynamic Range & up to 40 k$e^-$ & up to 45 $ke^-$\\
Equivalent Noise (bare chip) & $\sigma =60e^-$ & $\sigma =51 e^-$ (average)\\
DC Spread (uncalibrated) & $\sigma =160e^-$& $\sigma =128e^-$\\
DC Spread (calibrated) & $\sigma =24e^-$ & $\sigma =22e^-$\\
Minimum threshold & 388 $e^-$ & 417 $e^-$\\
Power consumption per pixel & 6.5 $\mathrm{\mu}$W & 7 $\mathrm{\mu}$W\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Through-Silicon Via (TSV) technology}
Through-Silicon Via (TSV) vertical interconnects remove the need for wire
bonding connections on the side of the readout ASICs
and therefore allow for an efficient tiling to form larger modules with mimal
inactive areas.

A ``via last'' TSV process developed in collaboration with
CEA-LETI has demonstrated the feasibility of TSVs on functional
detector chips from the Medipix/Timepix chip family~\cite{TSV-leti}.
The project uses Medipix3 readout wafers produced in 130~nm CMOS
technology, which include landing pads for the I/O circuitry, as
well as dedicated TSV test structures at the periphery of the wafers.

The ``via last'' process proceeds in the following steps: (1)
deposition of the Under-Bond-Metalisation (UBM) on the front-side of
the chips; (2) temporary bonding of the front side to a support wafer
and thinning to 120~$\mu$m from the back side; (3) etching and isolation of vias with
240~$\mu$m diameter; (4)
deposition of a 5~$\mu$m thick copper layer and patterning of the via trenches;
(5) passivation and UBM on the backside; (6) de-bonding of the front-side support
wafer and attachment of the back side to dicing tape.

Tests on the processed wafers show good results, with a low resistivity of the
vias (<1~$\Omega$) and a sufficient isolation to the outside (leakage current
<1~$\mathrm{\mu}$A at 1~V). Functional tests of the chips before and after TSV
processing indicate no significant deterioration of the performance.
An ongoing second phase of the TSV project aims at demonstrating
a good yield of the process.

\subsection{Simulation of signals in silicon}\label{sec:silicon-simulation}
Monte-Carlo
simulations and validations in test beams are performed to study the
signal development in the silicon sensors and extract parameters such
as the charge rise time, collection efficiency, charge sharing between
pixels and signal/noise ratio. The dependence on the type,
momentum and incident angle of the particles and on the electric and
magnetic field are studied using TCAD~\cite{TCAD} and
Monte-Carlo charge-transport~\cite{charge-collection-simulation,MC-charge-transport}
simulations.

The combination of the electric and magnetic field in the sensors
leads to a spread of the charge cloud due to the Lorentz-angle effect,
thus affecting the charge sharing between neighboring pixels in the barrel
layers.
This effect will be of particular importance in the very thin sensors
foreseen for the CLIC vertex detector. For a p-in-n sensor with a
resistivity of 10~k$\Omega$cm and a thickness of 50~$\mathrm{\mu}$m, the
depletion voltage is only $V_{dep}\approx1$~V, leading to an average
field in the sensors of only 200~V/cm. The resulting calculated Lorentz angle
between the direction of the electric field lines and the direction of
the drifting charge carriers is 33$^\circ$ (7$^\circ$) for electrons
(holes), assuming a magnetic field of 4~T and a
temperature of 27~$^\circ$C~\cite{lorentz-calculation}.
For an increased operation voltage of 40~V, the Lorentz angle
is reduced to 19$^\circ$ (6$^\circ$) for electrons (holes).
Such values have a seizable effect on the detector resolution
and therefore need to be taken into account in the choice of the
readout polarity (electrons or holes), the layer placement, and the
sensor operation voltage.

\section{Detector integration}\label{sec:det-integration}
The detector performance requirements lead to challenging constraints
for the mechanical and electrical integration of the vertex-detector
components. The powering, cooling, mechanical supports and
the service lines are therefore addressed in an integrated approach at an early
stage of the detector design.

\subsection{Powering}\label{sec:powering}
The ambitious power-consumption target of
less than 50~mW/cm$^2$ in the vertex detectors can only be
achieved by means of pulsed powering, taking advantage of the low duty
cycle of the CLIC machine. The main power consumers in the readout
circuits will be kept in standby mode during most of the gap of
20 ms between consecutive bunch trains. Furthermore, efficient power
distribution will be needed to limit the amount of material used for
cables. Both the
power pulsing and the power-delivery concepts have to be designed and
thoroughly tested for operation in a magnetic field of 4-5~T.

A powering scheme based on constant current sources,
Low Drop-Out regulators (LDOs) and local energy storage with silicon
capacitors has been proposed for the power
delivery and power pulsing of the CLIC vertex detectors~\cite{fuentes-twepp2013}.
The scheme takes advantage of the low duty cycle of the CLIC machine,
to limit the current and thereby
the cabling material needed to bring power to the detectors.

The ladders of the barrel vertex detector are assumed to consist of 24 readout
chips covering a surface area of approximately 24~cm$^2$. Powering and readout
will be connected on either side.
Figure~\ref{fig:an-dig-power} shows the
analog and digital power consumption states during a CLIC bunch-train cycle
for the 12 CLICpix chips in a half ladder.
The nominal
operation voltage for both the analog and digital components in the
chips is 1.2~V.
The minimum time needed with stable conditions in the analog
components is approximately 20~$\mathrm{\mu}$s, in which both digital and
analog power are at their peak values of 48~W and 2.4~W,
respectively. The rise and fall times can be tuned by design
of the readout chips within certain limits and are both assumed to be of the order of
1~$\mathrm{\mu}$s.
During the remaining time of the 20~ms cycle the analog
power can be switched off. For the digital components, on the other
hand, an average continous power of 0.54~W per ladder is still required,
in order to sequentially send the data off detector and
keep the chips in a standby mode.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering {
\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]
   {clicpix-powerpulsing-states1.pdf}
}
  \caption{
    Analog and digital power consumption states during a CLIC bunch-train cycle for the 12 CLICpix chips in a
half ladder.
}
  \label{fig:an-dig-power}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:powering-scheme} shows a sketch of the proposed
powering scheme for a half ladder in the
barrel vertex detector.
A programmable current source located in the back end provides a constant current
to charge up the on-detector storage capacitors.
The small duty cycle allows for a low continous current of only approximately
20 mA for a half ladder.
Flex cables
consisting of aluminum conductors on a Kapton substrate bring the
power to storage capacitors mounted on the individual CLICpix chips of the half
ladder. LDOs are used to provide a constant voltage
of 1.2~V (1~V) to the analog (digital) components of the chips. The LDOs for the analog part are
only operated during 250~$\mathrm{\mu}$s around the 20~$\mathrm{\mu}$s acquisition time,
while the LDOs for the digital part are always on.
The voltage at the LDO input is continously sensed at the back end and used as feedback for
an FPGA controlling the programmable current source. This way the load current is adapated
after each cycle, to provide enough charge to the storage capacitors for the next
high-power period.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \centering
{\includegraphics[width=.99\textwidth] {powerpulsing-schematics.pdf}}
 \caption{Powering scheme for one half ladder in the barrel vertex
   detector, consisting of 12 CLICpix readout chips.}
\label{fig:powering-scheme}
\end{figure}

A mockup has been built and operated to test the proposed powering scheme.
In this model the CLICpix chips are replaced with programmable loads emulating the
current consumption of the chips.
Figure~\ref{fig:powerpulsing-measurements} shows the achieved power regulation for both
the analog and digital components of a half ladder.
The voltage regulation for the analog components is stable at the level of approximately 16~mV,
while the less critical regulation of the digital voltage is approximately 70~mV.
With this scheme, the current into the half ladder is limited to less than 300~mA and a
total power dissipation of approximately 45~mW/cm$^2$ is achieved.
The measurements are in agreement with equivalent-circuit simulations.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \centering
{\includegraphics[width=.99\textwidth] {powerpulsing-measurements.pdf}}
 \caption{Measurement results for the analog (left) and digital (right) components
in a half ladder.}
\label{fig:powerpulsing-measurements}
\end{figure}

The average contribution of the flex cable, the LDOs and the silicon
capacitors to the material in the ladder area corresponds to 0.1\%$X_0$ per single
detection layer.
The use of thinner conductors and future improvements of the
silicon-capacitor technology are expected to decrease the material budget
even further.

\subsection{Cooling}\label{sec:cooling}
A total power of approximately 500 W will be dissipated in the vertex
detectors alone. The small material budget for the inner
tracking-detectors constrains severely the permitted amount of cooling
infrastructure. For all pixel layers, forced air-flow cooling
is therefore foreseen.

Feasibility studies have been performed for an inner-detector
cooling system with sufficient heat removal
capability~\cite{LCD-Note-2013-007}.
A spiral arrangement of the endcap pixel disks allows
for air flow through the disks on one side, into the barrel region and
out through the endcap-disks on the other
side (Fig.~\ref{fig:cooling} (left)). Figure~\ref{fig:cooling} (right) shows the resulting
temperature profile in the pixel detector barrel layers, obtained from an
ANSYS finite element simulation. With an air temperature of
0~$^\circ$C and an average flow velocity of 11~m/s at the end-cap inlet, the
temperature in the innermost barrel layer reaches up to 40~$^\circ$C and
stays below 30~$^\circ$C in the other layers. The temperature span
between inlet and outlet is up to 20~$^\circ$C. Heat transfer
through conduction has not been taken into account in the simulation.

Further R\&D is ongoing to
demonstrate the feasibility of this air-flow cooling scheme using a thermo-mechanical
mockup. A simplified geometry consisting of a single
stave mockup with heating elements has been implemented inside a wind tunnel.
Temperature and vibration amplitudes are monitored
as function of air-flow velocity and the results are compared to finite-element simulations.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \centering
{\includegraphics[width=.35\textwidth]{spiral-airflow.pdf}}
\hspace{0.5cm}
{\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{barrel-temp-profile.pdf}}
 \caption{Air flow in a vertex detector layout with spiral endcap geometry (left)
and finite element simulation of the resulting temperature profile in the
barrel layers (right).}
\label{fig:cooling}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Mechanical integration}\label{sec:mechanical-integration}
Low-mass mechanical solutions are under study, to provide sufficient
support for the sensors, the readout chips and the cabling
infrastructure, while leaving enough clearance for air-flow cooling.
Realistic assembly and in-situ testing scenarios taking into account the
constraints from the surrounding detector elements have been developed.
Various prototype stave supports made of carbon-fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP)
have been produced and tested for bending stiffness. The results of the tests are
compared to analytical calculations and to finite-element simulations.
Support structures including silicon carbide (SiC) foam are also under study.

\section{Conclusions}
The CLIC machine environment and the requirements for precision
physics measurements place challenging demands on the vertex-detector
systems. Initial detector layouts meeting these demands have been proposed
and are currently being refined in line with results from detector-optimisation and hardware
development studies.
An active R\&D program on sensor and readout technologies,
simulation, power delivery and power pulsing, mechanical integration and
cooling is in place.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID-INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL CARDIOTOXICITY IN AN AVIAN MODEL
ECU Author/Contributor (non-ECU co-authors, if there are any, appear on document)
Qixiao Jiang (Creator)
East Carolina University (ECU )
Web Site: http://www.ecu.edu/lib/
Jamie DeWitt
Abstract: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a synthetic chemical used in polyfluormer production. It is a widespread environmental contaminant and is known to induce developmental toxicity in rodent models. As several related compounds also induce developmental cardiotoxicity in avian models a series of experiments were carried out in chicken embryos and hatchling chickens to assess the effects of PFOA on developing hearts and to explore underlying mechanisms. Histology was used to assess late stage embryo hearts and echocardiography was used to assess morphological and functional parameters of hearts in living one-day-old hatchlings. Hearts of exposed embryos had a thinned right ventricular wall and multiple morphological and functional changes were detected in the left ventricles of exposed hatchlings. As PFOA is known to activate the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor á (PPARá) in rodent models the PPARá agonist WY 14	643 was used to assess the role of PPARá in PFOA-induced developmental cardiotoxicity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot were used to assess hearts of early stage embryos for expression of genes related to heart development. WY 14	643 partially mimicked the morphological and functional effects of PFOA only in the left ventricle of hearts of hatchling chickens and bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) signaling pathways were involved in mediating the process. Additionally primary cardiomyocyte cultures were used to explore mechanisms of toxicity at the cellular level. Viability contractility and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were evaluated in primary cardiomyocytes isolated from hearts of embryos exposed to PFOA in ovo or were exposed in vitro. Primary cardiomyocytes isolated from embryos exposed to PFOA in ovo functioned similarly to hearts of exposed hatchling chickens. Primary cardiomyocytes exposed in vitro responded differently suggesting that the cardiotoxicity is likely from interference of PFOA in an early stage of heart development rather than from overt cytotoxicity to cardiomyocytes. In conclusion this dissertation work indicates that PFOA induces morphological and functional alterations in hearts of chicken embryos and hatchling chickens that mechanisms of the cardiotoxicity may involve PPARá and BMP2 signaling pathways and that PFOA is likely interfering in an early stage of heart development.
Toxicology, Avian, Cardiotoxicity, Developmental toxicity, Perfluorooctanoic Acid
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Location & Link
Type of Relationship
PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID-INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL CARDIOTOXICITY IN AN AVIAN MODEL http://hdl.handle.net/10342/1818 The described resource references, cites, or otherwise points to the related resource.


text:
Bradley Beach is een plaats (borough) in de Amerikaanse staat New Jersey, en valt bestuurlijk gezien onder Monmouth County.

Demografie
Bij de volkstelling in 2000 werd het aantal inwoners vastgesteld op 4793.
In 2006 is het aantal inwoners door het United States Census Bureau geschat op 4784, een daling van 9 (-0,2%).

Geografie
Volgens het United States Census Bureau beslaat de plaats een oppervlakte van
1,6 km², waarvan 1,5 km² land en 0,1 km² water.

Plaatsen in de nabije omgeving
De onderstaande figuur toont nabijgelegen plaatsen in een straal van 4 km rond Bradley Beach.

Externe link

Plaats in New Jersey

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Vibrant Health Power 1000 delivers a vibration powerful enough to give you an intense workout, but it is still gentle enough to be very safe and easy to use. This machine is designed for the average, relatively healthy individual. It will deliver a challenging workout, and/or deep massage and stretching for tight muscles. Standing up straight on this plate, you will feel the vibration travel through your entire body and even up into your head—but don't worry, it feels good and is not bad for you!
Because this motion is so smooth the average person, with normal balance, will not need a handle to hold onto. There are two kinds of straps to hold onto for use with different arm exercise positions: stretchy and non-stretchy.
This machine is ideal for improving overall health & wellness, or complementing an existing fitness routine. It comes with the large exercise poster included—you can choose from over 50 exercise, massage, and stretch positions to target your particular goals.


text:
/*
 * Created on Jul 11, 2005
 *
 * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to
 * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
package org.tolweb.tapestry;

/**
 * @author dmandel
 *
 * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to
 * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
public class ArticleNoteHTMLEditorDelegate extends HTMLEditorDelegate {
    private Long nodeId;
    public ArticleNoteHTMLEditorDelegate(Long nodeId) {
        super();
        this.nodeId = nodeId;
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        String nodeIdString = getNodeId() != null ? getNodeId().toString() : "-1";
        return "/onlinecontributors/app?service=external&page=ArticleNoteImageSearch&sp=l" + nodeIdString + "&sp=T&sp=F";
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    /**
     * @return Returns the nodeId.
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        return nodeId;
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    /**
     * @param nodeId The nodeId to set.
     */
    public void setNodeId(Long nodeId) {
        this.nodeId = nodeId;
    }
}


As the funeral director, shouldn't you be at least partially involved with the post-funeral process? With Funeral Decision's Event Site, your branded, mobile ready product is now the go-to tool for families to centralize and share details regarding their post-funeral event. The URL is completely private and is only shared by the family with the appropriate friends and family via email, Facebook, Twitter or any other social network. It is completely up to the family.
Not only are you providing an additional resource for your families, you are also keeping your brand directly in front of those friends and family who are typically contacted by your family follow up program. When the family shares their event, they are also sharing your brand.
The site is super easy to use, with the consumer only filling out one simple form and sharing the URL. This simple site makes it easy for anyone to create a page and share it (and your brand) with family and friends.
The event site also enables friends and family to read the obituary and request more information about preplanning for themselves.


text:
CEO DailyCFO DailyBroadsheetData SheetTerm Sheet
Newsletters ·Broadsheet
Corporate America wakes up to the business case for good caregiving
BYClaire Zillman and Emma Hinchliffe
May 20, 2021, 1:05 PM UTC
Good morning, Broadsheet readers! Megan Rapinoe talks equal pay, the U.S. could face a shortage of nurses, and dozens of corporations join an initiative to solve the caregiving crisis. Have a thoughtful Thursday.
– Caregiving coalition. Roughly 200 businesses, including McDonald's, JPMorgan, and Uber yesterday announced they have forged a new coalition, organized by Time's Up, to ensure women are not left behind by the caregiving crisis.
The new Care Economy Business Council will convene business leaders so they can share ideas on improving workplace caregiving policies and collectively urge the U.S. government to better support working caregivers, particularly women.
There's urgency behind this cause. Women's workforce participation rate has sunk to its lowest level since 1986 in the pandemic, with school and day care closures forcing women leave their jobs or cut back on hours. Some 165,000 women withdrew from the workforce in April alone.
Even before COVID hit, gaps in the U.S. caregiving infrastructure were hurting companies' bottom lines—whether they realized it or not. Harvard research from 2019 found that 80% of employees with caregiving responsibilities admitted that caregiving affected their productivity. Thirty-two percent said they'd left a job voluntarily because of caregiving duties; such churn was especially prevalent among younger workers and those with senior titles.
But after witnessing the burden in stark, pandemic-era terms, employers are finally recognizing that caregiving is not solely a family or federal government matter; it's their business, too.
"Caregivers…face a crisis that has been brewing for decades, particularly among working women who cannot fully achieve workplace equity without a major shift in how businesses support them," Brian Lamb, global head of diversity and inclusion at JPMorgan Chase, said in a statement.
As Emma reports, the new group is open to all businesses, whether they offer generous caregiving benefits to salaried staff or give little support to hourly workers, though Time's Up hopes that a company's commitment to the cause will extend to its own workforce. The group is urging companies to support caregivers at work; to rally investment in solutions to the ongoing caregiving crisis; to advocate for better public policy; and to upend cultural norms about who is responsible for care.
Whether the new coalition gets results remains to be seen, but at the very least its creation cements caregiving as an economic engine and a business imperative.
Before the pandemic, some corporations dismissed federal caregiving policies as "overregulation," Time's Up CEO Tina Tchen told Emma. But now they're seeking a role in shaping its solution. "Businesses don't want the public sector to do it alone," Tchen says.
Claire Zillman
claire.zillman@fortune.com
@clairezillman
The Broadsheet, Fortune's newsletter for and about the world's most powerful women, is coauthored by Kristen Bellstrom, Emma Hinchliffe, and Claire Zillman. Today's edition was curated by Emma Hinchliffe.
ALSO IN THE HEADLINES
- Abortion ban. Texas Gov. Greg Abbott signed into law a ban that prohibits abortions as early as six weeks into pregnancy, making it one of the most restrictive abortion laws in the country. Most women are not yet aware they're pregnant at six weeks, which is often only two weeks after a woman's missed period. Texas Tribune
- Tarmac conversation. Earlier this week, Rep. Rashida Tlaib spoke to President Biden on a Detroit tarmac when he visited Michigan. The congresswoman, who is the first and only member of Congress of Palestinian descent, told the President that Palestinians must be protected and criticized Israel's role in the violence as well as the U.S. response. NPR
- Game on. Laura Miele is known by some as the most powerful woman in gaming. The chief studios officer of Electronic Arts, or EA, is listening to players and gaming influencers, along the way reshaping how EA uses analytics to create and market its games. Bloomberg
- A dangerous shortage. In 2022, the United States is expected to face a shortage of nurses to the tune of 1.1 million people. In the female-dominated profession, the COVID crisis contributed to the largest retirement numbers ever recorded last year. The solution isn't training more nurses, write Rebecca Love, president of the Society of Nurse Scientists, Innovators, Entrepreneurs & Leaders, and Daniel Pianko, but treating the ones already in the profession better. Fortune
MOVERS AND SHAKERS: Blackstone Mortgage Trust is set to name Katie Keenan CEO. Accenture promoted Karen Pavlin to North America inclusion and diversity lead. TMRW Life Sciences hired Amber Guild, previously president of the New York Times' T Brand, as CMO. Digital health startup Cedar promoted head of marketing Bethany Hale to CMO. Brandless cofounder Tina Sharkey joins the board of ecommerce brand platform Heyday. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Hussman School of Media and Journalism was set to offer a tenure-track position to journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones, but the school's board of trustees denied the appointment, instead offering a shorter contract, after pushback from conservatives over Hannah-Jones's 1619 Project.
- LFG. On the cover of Harper's Bazaar, Megan Rapinoe previews LFG, the forthcoming HBO Max documentary on the U.S. Women's National Team's fight for equal pay. "When Pinoe speaks, everyone listens," her teammates say. Harper's Bazaar
- Invest early. In an op-ed for Fortune, Lindsey Taylor Wood, founder and CEO of venture firm The Helm, argues that increasing access to investing for women is crucial to achieving gender equality. In addition to fighting for reproductive rights and political representation, "we must also fight for our economic rights," she writes. Fortune
- An ace spokesmodel. Tennis star Naomi Osaka has become a go-to spokesmodel, from a denim campaign with Levi's to her own skincare line to a deal with salad chain Sweetgreen. This story examines what makes her such an appealing brand ambassador: New York Times
Jim Klobuchar dies at 93; Minnesota newspaperman and Amy's father New York Times
Jean Smart is hitting her stride The Cut
Katie Ledecky's lonely and grueling pandemic training regimen Wall Street Journal
"I feel that this best represents the fluidity I feel in my gender expression, and allows me to feel most authentic and true to the person I both know I am and still am discovering."
-Pop singer Demi Lovato, announcing they're nonbinary
Our mission to make business better is fueled by readers like you. To enjoy unlimited access to our journalism, subscribe today.


Removable, magnetic glazing system with a plastic capping profile.
Magnetglaze Pro is a magnet-based system that allows for quick and easy removal of glazing sheets, with a neat plastic finish. Magnetglaze Pro can be removed in summer when it isn't needed, and replaced again in winter months.


text:
Category: Beltane
Filed under Beltane
Other Names: Beltane, May Eve, May Day, Samradh
Date: May 1 (Greater Sabbat/Cross Quarter)
Celebration of: The Lord and Lady consummate their relationship
Colors: White, Red and Pink
Symbols: Spring flowers (especially the rose).
Notes: Fire and fertility festival. Jumping over the balefire was said to insure protection. Dance around the May Pole. Ring bells to scare away bad spirits. Time for appreciation and affection for all that you have been given in your life. End of spring planting. A time for new beginnings, concepts and ideas.
BELTANE, (say Bell-Tane, or Beal-Tine) a Celtic Fire Festival literally meaning "Bright Fire" and refers to ritual extinguishing and rekindling of all fires. Fire means warmth, life, transformation. The Sun God comes to the Earth Goddess signaling good fortune and change. It is the first day of Summer and celebrates the half of the year dedicated to growth and fertility as manifested by the sac red union of the God and Goddess.
In this Sacred Marriage of the Goddess, as the land, with the young God as the force of life, the earth bursts forth with sprouting green and the tender colorful blossoms celebrating the fulfillment of their passion, calling us all to participate in their gladness. This is a celebration of life above all! Significant symbols include the bonfire as represented by a candle lit ritual using red candles, maypole with ribbons, and the hawthorn.
A Celebration Of
by Mike Nichols
http://www.witchessabbats.com/
"Perhaps it's just as well that you won't be here …
to be offended by the sight of our May Day celebrations."
—Lord Summerisle to Sgt. Howie from The Wicker Man
There are four great festivals of the Pagan Celtic year and the modern Witches' calendar, as well. The two greatest of these are Halloween (the beginning of winter) and May Day (the beginning of summer). Being opposite each other on the wheel of the year, they separate the year into halves. Halloween (also called Samhain) is the Celtic New Year and is generally considered the more important of the two, though May Day runs a close second. Indeed, in some areas—notably Wales—it is considered "the great holiday".
May Day ushers in the fifth month of the modern calendar year, the month of May. This month is named in honor of the Goddess Maia, originally a Greek mountain nymph, later identified as the most beautiful of the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades. By Zeus, she is also the mother of Hermes, God of magic. Maia's parents were Atlas and Pleione, a sea nymph.
The old Celtic name for May Day is Beltane (in its most popular Anglicized form), which is derived from the Irish Gaelic Bealtaine or the Scottish Gaelic Bealtuinn, meaning "Bel-fire", the fire of the Celtic God of Light (Bel, Beli, or Belinus). He, in turn, may be traced to the Middle Eastern God Baal.
Other names for May Day include: Cetsamhain (opposite Samhain), Walpurgisnacht (in Germany), and Roodmas (the medieval church's name). This last came from church fathers who were hoping to shift the common people's allegiance from the Maypole (Pagan lingam—symbol of life) to the Holy Rood (the cross—Roman instrument of death).
Incidentally, there is no historical justification for calling May 1 'Lady Day'. For hundreds of years, that title has been proper to the vernal equinox (approximately March 21), another holiday sacred to the Great Goddess. The nontraditional use of 'Lady Day' for May 1 is quite recent (since the early 1970s), and seems to be confined to America, where it has gained widespread acceptance among certain segments of the Craft population. This rather startling departure from tradition would seem to indicate an unfamiliarity with European calendar customs, as well as a lax attitude toward scholarship among too many Pagans. A simple glance at a dictionary (Webster's 3rd or O.E.D.), encyclopedia (Benet's), or standard mythology reference (Jobe's Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore & Symbols) would confirm the correct date for Lady Day as the vernal equinox.
By Celtic reckoning, the actual Beltane celebration begins on sundown of the preceding day, April 30, because the Celts always figured their days from sundown to sundown. And sundown was the proper time for Druids to kindle the great Belfires on the tops of the nearest beacon hill (such as Tara Hill, Co. Meath, in Ireland). These "need-fires" had healing properties, and skyclad Witches would jump through the flames to ensure protection.
Sgt. Howie (shocked): "But they are naked!"
Lord Summerisle: "Naturally. It's much too dangerous to jump through the fire with your clothes on!"
—from The Wicker Man
Frequently, cattle would be driven between two such bonfires (oak wood was the favorite fuel for them) and, on the morrow, they would be taken to their summer pastures.
Other May Day customs include: walking the circuit of one's property ("beating the bounds"), repairing fences and boundary markers, processions of chimney sweeps and milkmaids, archery tournaments, morris dances, sword dances, feasting, music, drinking, and maidens bathing their faces in the dew of May morning to retain their youthful beauty.
In the words of Witchcraft writers Janet and Stewart Farrar, the Beltane celebration was principally a time of "unashamed human sexuality and fertility". Such associations include the obvious phallic symbolism of the Maypole and riding the hobbyhorse. Even a seemingly innocent children's nursery rhyme "Ride a cock horse to Banburry Cross …" retains such memories. And the next line, "to see a fine Lady on a white horse", is a reference to the annual ride of Lady Godiva through Coventry. Every year for nearly three centuries, a skyclad village maiden (elected "Queen of the May") enacted this Pagan rite, until the Puritans put an end to the custom.
The Puritans, in fact, reacted with pious horror to most of the May Day rites, even making Maypoles illegal in 1644. They especially attempted to suppress the "greenwood marriages" of young men and women who spent the entire night in the forest, staying out to greet the May sunrise, and bringing back boughs of flowers and garlands to decorate the village the next morning. One angry Puritan wrote that men "doe use commonly to runne into woodes in the night time, amongst maidens, to set bowes, in so muche, as I have hearde of tenne maidens whiche went to set May, and nine of them came home with childe." And another Puritan complained that, "Of forty, threescore or a hundred maids going to the wood over night, there have scarcely the third part of them returned home again undefiled."
Long after the Christian form of marriage (with its insistence on sexual monogamy) had replaced the older Pagan handfasting, the rules of strict fidelity were always relaxed for the May Eve rites. Names such as Robin Hood, Maid Marion, and Little John played an important part in May Day folklore, often used as titles for the dramatis personae of the celebrations. And modern surnames such as Robinson, Hodson, Johnson, and Godkin may attest to some distant May Eve spent in the woods.
These wildwood antics have inspired writers such as Kipling:
Oh, do not tell the Priest our plight,
Or he would call it a sin;
But we have been out in the woods all night,
A-conjuring Summer in!
And Lerner and Lowe:
It's May! It's May!
The lusty month of May!…
Those dreary vows that ev'ryone takes,
Ev'ryone breaks.
Ev'ryone makes divine mistakes!
It is certainly no accident that Queen Guinevere's 'abduction' by Meliagrance occurs on May 1 when she and the court have gone a-Maying, or that the usually efficient Queen's guard, on this occasion, rode unarmed.
Some of these customs seem virtually identical to the old Roman feast of flowers, the Floralia, three days of unrestrained sexuality that began at sundown April 28 and reached a crescendo on May 1.
There are other, even older, associations with May 1 in Celtic mythology. According to the ancient Irish Book of Invasions, the first settler of Ireland, Partholan, arrived on May 1, and it was on May 1 that the plague came that destroyed his people. Years later, the Milesians conquered the Tuatha De Danann on May Day. In Welsh myth, the perennial battle between Gwythur and Gwyn for the love of Creiddyled took place each May Day, and it was on May Eve that Teirnyon lost his colts and found Pryderi. May Eve was also the occasion of a fearful scream that was heard each year throughout Wales, one of the three curses of the Coranians lifted by the skill of Lludd and Llevelys.
By the way, due to various calendrical changes down through the centuries, the traditional date of Beltane is not the same as its astrological date. This date, like all astronomically determined dates, may vary by a day or two depending on the year. However, it may be calculated easily enough by determining the date on which the sun is at fifteen degrees Taurus (usually around May 5). British Witches often refer to this date as Old Beltane, and folklorists call it Beltane O.S. (Old Style). Some covens prefer to celebrate on the old date and, at the very least, it gives one options. If a coven is operating on 'Pagan Standard Time' and misses May 1 altogether, it can still throw a viable Beltane bash as long as it's before May 5. This may also be a consideration for covens that need to organize activities around the weekend.
This date has long been considered a "power point" of the zodiac, and is symbolized by the Bull, one of the tetramorph figures featured on the tarot cards, the World and the Wheel of Fortune. (The other three symbols are the Lion, the Eagle, and the Spirit.) Astrologers know these four figures as the symbols of the four "fixed" signs of the zodiac (Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and Aquarius), and these naturally align with the four Great Sabbats of Witchcraft. Christians have adopted the same iconography to represent the four Gospel writers.
But for most, it is May 1 that is the great holiday of flowers, Maypoles, and greenwood frivolity. It is no wonder that, as recently as 1977, Ian Anderson could pen the following lyrics for the band Jethro Tull:
For the May Day is the great day,
Sung along the old straight track.
And those who ancient lines did ley
Will heed this song that calls them back.
Document Copyright © 1983 – 2009 by Mike Nichols.
Text editing courtesy of Acorn Guild Press.
Website redesign by Bengalhome Internet Services, © 2009
Permission is given to re-publish this document only as long as no information is lost or changed, credit is given to the author, and it is provided or used without cost to others.
This notice represents an exception to the copyright notice found in theAcorn Guild Press edition of The Witches' Sabbats and applies only to the text as given above.
Other uses of this document must be approved in writing by Mike Nichols.
Beltane, Holiday, May Day, Pagan, Wiccan, Witchcraft


We are pleased to announce another users group, dovetailed with the National Association of REALTOR's conference in San Diego mid-November. We'll be offering food, drinks, networking opportunities and an atmosphere of education. The event will be held at the Hilton in the downtown Gas Lamp District.
This follows our successful users groups at other conventions. The feedback from our previous two users group has been terrific. To see a video of a group in Columbus, please read this blog post. Joe Lininger also posted videos on this page, which includes our incredible "launch" video for Platinum, presented at the Star Power Annual Conference. If you want to see Caine O'Brien in a spacesuit, check it out!
We invite you to attend because you'll gain insight and realize greater value from your Real Pro agent system as a result. Our goal is to facilitate the success of our clients by bringing together like-minded professionals who share their successes with our system.
We have planned presentations from agents as well as Real Pro Systems staff where you'll hear about Real Pro Systems' Platinum product, still in development but soon to launch, and services for content creation, custom design development and search engine optimization.
What topics would you like to learn more about in San Diego? Drop us a line with your suggestions.
Seating is limited, so I hope you can take advantage of this opportunity to network with your peers, hear customer case studies and learn how to use your system in new ways to grow your business.


16×16 and 32×32 pixel Windows system icons in 256 colors.
Registry files for replacing the standard Windows system icons included.
A fixed-size bitmap font designed for texteditors and mailers.
This section contains my graphics and themes for LiteStep, a freeware AfterStep-like shell replacement for Windows.
Popup, Wharfs, colors and time theme for LiteStep 0.24 or above.
A splash screen in 400×200 pixels, 24-bit color.