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Nerd Exclusive: Nielsen Data (1964-1974)
Posted on January 31, 2018 by upperco
Welcome to a new Wildcard Wednesday! Following one of my favorite Wildcard posts ever — our July 2017 piece on My World And Welcome To It — I've been inspired to seek out as much information as I can find regarding national final Nielsen rankings beyond the annual Top 30 (which can easily be found online). Thanks to Variety's archives, along with data collected from period newspapers and old copies of both Television and Broadcasting Magazine, I've been able to locate some of what I, and many of you, have been seeking. However, there are still gaps…
First, I want to note that I'm not a ratings nerd by nature. I'm only interested in entertaining programming. However, as a quasi-historian, I'm also fascinated by the decisions that former network heads made based on the data they were receiving from Nielsen (and Arbitron and Trendex, etc.), specifically during the time of the somewhat erroneously labeled "Rural Purge," when television seemingly went through a major cultural upheaval. Sadly though, the years for which we're most interested in securing additional data — 1969-'70 and 1970-'71 — are the two with the most significant absences in published information (see more below).
Additionally, there are still questions that I've been unable to answer from other years, too… like where exactly did He & She fall at the end of '67-'68? Top 50? And where was That Girl during that season? How low was it? I don't have all those answers today, but I hope to find them eventually… Meanwhile, with the data that we do have, you'll also note a few discrepancies, for as you'll see, the published "Top 30" lists generally account for the period of October to April (the exception in this post is the '73-'74 Top 30, which includes September as well), while Variety's data, in particular, often includes the premiere month of September. So, in a lot of cases, the material I'm sharing here is only able to give you an idea of how a show did and where it placed in relation to its competition at season's end.
I've chosen to cover the decade from 1964-'74, because it not only contains the years of the "Rural Purge," but also because I think it's, in total, the period for which we television data-seekers have the most questions. So here's what I have, by season…
First, the Top 30 as printed by The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows (1946-Present), comprising the period of October to April.
In the August 1967 issue of Television, readers were treated to a list of the season's offerings that ranked between #30 and #70. They are listed in relation to their average rating (and the same #30 title as the above makes these two lists seem congruous), although you'll see the average share printed below, instead of the rating.
In the August 1967 issue of Television, readers were treated to a list of the season's offerings that ranked between #30 and #70. They are listed in relation to their average rating (and the same #30 title as the above makes these two lists seem congruous), although you'll see the average share printed below, instead of the rating. OF NOTE: Both The Munsters and The Addams Family, without changing time slots, dropped from being in the Top 30 in their debut seasons to outside the Top 60. No wonder they were cancelled.
In the August 1967 issue of Television, readers were treated to a list of the season's offerings that ranked between #30 and #70. They are listed in relation to their average rating (and once more, these two lists seem congruous), although you'll see the average share printed below instead of the rating. OF NOTE: Gunsmoke made the Top 40; Gilligan's Island barely made the Top 50. Also, none of the game shows cracked the Top 70. Their cancellations should therefore have been unsurprising. (And this "purge" wasn't due to demo problems — obviously.)
I don't have a Top 70 for this season, but I was able to find the Top 40, as printed by Variety in May '68. The list looks like it covers the same dates as the one above. OF NOTE: The sitcoms in between 31 and 40 included The Flying Nun, Petticoat Junction, Get Smart, The Mothers-In-Law, and Hogan's Heroes — in that order — and all of them were renewed.
Although I don't have a complete listing of the season's programs, and am still unsure of where He & She officially fell, Variety printed the complete results from a two-week Nielsen period lasting from late September to early October. OF NOTE: He & She came in at #35. (Other data from the first two months of the year has He & She at various spots within the Top 40. Based on what I've seen, I think it ended somewhere in between 40 and 50.)
In September 1969, Variety published a list of the prior season's Top 51. You'll see that the order is slightly different than the one above — because it purports to factor in "Premiere 1968," while the above starts in October. The Top 30 is almost the same (despite different numbers), but the biggest change is that The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour is #31 below, and #15 above. (It premiered in January '69.) Also, OF NOTE: The Good Guys, Petticoat Junction, Hogan's Heroes, and The Mothers-In-Law made this list's Top 40. All but the latter were renewed.
As mentioned above, I sadly have no formal listing beyond the Top 30 for the 1969-'70 season. The only thing of note that I found in Variety was published in September 1970, and it cited — by demographics — the ratings breakdown for all RETURNING programs. That is, there's information here for The Governor And J.J., but not Petticoat Junction. Also, the listing is alphabetical, which means that there's no ranking.
Variety didn't have anything about the season's final ratings, and instead published this interesting blurb in May. I have questions about where All In The Family ended up (some say #34), and where this was in relation to both The Beverly Hillbillies and Green Acres. I've also wanted to know where Arnie fell, for it's the show Wood chose over Family Affair (which likely was just outside the Top 30).
Variety offered a complete ranking of the season's shows in May '72. The numbers are different than the above, because of the date parameters, and while all the series in the Top 30 are the same, a few are in a different order. OF NOTE: The Brady Bunch and The Odd Couple made the Top 40. Arnie, The Jimmy Stewart Show, and My Three Sons all made the Top 50. But they were cancelled. Also, see Bewitched? It's way down there at #72.
Variety offered a complete ranking of the season's shows in May '73. Once again, the numbers are different than the above, because of the date parameters, and the order among the Top 30 is slightly different. OF NOTE: The Odd Couple and The Doris Day Show both made the Top 40. The New Dick Van Dyke Show hit #55 (having fallen from #18 in the year before), but was renewed. Also, The Paul Lynde Show tied MASH at #46 here, but was cancelled.
First, the Top 30 as printed by The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows (1946-Present), comprising the period of September to April.
Variety offered a complete ranking of the season's shows in May '74. The two lists' numbers are, again, slightly different — due to date parameters. Marcus Welby, Mannix, and Apple's Way all made the Top 30 according to the below list, but were edged out in the formal ranking above. OF NOTE: The New Dick Van Dyke Show, in its last season, was hovering around #40. The Odd Couple and The Girl With Something Extra both made the Top 50. Lotsa Luck and The Brady Bunch (both cancelled) made the Top 60. And the well-reviewed Calucci's Department was last.
Come back next Wednesday for another Wildcard post! And tune in Tuesday for more Frasier!
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, ABC, CBS, comedy, data, nbc, nielsen ratings, sitcoms, television, variety
33 thoughts on "Nerd Exclusive: Nielsen Data (1964-1974)"
Very interesting. It is weird that some shows did so well one year and the next year fell hard. Marcus Welby comes to mind. Thanks for your hard work.
Hi, Smitty! Thanks for reading and commenting.
Glad you enjoyed this post!
Personally, I'm a bit of a ratings nerd, so this post is right up my alley. Love this stuff! Thanks so much for sharing! :-)
Hi, Mike! Thanks for reading and commenting.
Jack Doyle
Enjoyed this a lot! You always see the Top 20 or Top 30. No one ever shows the bottom the barrel.
Hi, Jack! Thanks for reading and commenting.
Mark Kirby
I agree with the prior posters. I'm fascinated by the ratings and love seeing what wasn't popular! More, more, more!
Hi, Mark! Thanks for reading and commenting.
I've no plans for any similar posts in the near future, but stay tuned because you never know what might come up…
Jon H
Thanks for posting this. I'm surprised to see THE MOTHERS-IN-LAW did as well as it did, even into Season 2. I'd love to have a way to know what the highest-rated episode of every series, including the clunkers, is, but I know that would take a huge amount of time, expense & effort for whoever did it. I do remember the READER'S DIGEST yearly almanac having a list of the final rankings of every network show, and I was surprised to see that KOJAK eventually fell to #78 in its last year on CBS, after being renewed at #45 the previous season.
Hi, Jon! Thanks for reading and commenting.
The information you're seeking would have to come directly from Nielsen. To my knowledge, no publication, not even Variety, was publishing weekly data at the time beyond more generalized "CBS won these days, NBC won these days, etc."
With THE MOTHERS-IN-LAW, context is everything. Ranking # 44 in 1968-69 was very respectable on the surface, but it was third in its time period behind THE FBI (18th) and ED SULLIVAN (23rd) and worse, was sandwiched between DISNEY (21st) and BONANZA (3rd) on Sunday nights, losing a lot of viewers in between two top hits. It's the same situation that got BRANDED cancelled in 1965-66 despite finishing in 32nd place: sharp loss of viewers between the same two hits, though it was actually ahead of THE FBI in the time period and averaged a 31.9 share. BRANDED also dropped noticeably in the second half of that season; it was in the top 15 through the end of December.
That's correct; this time slot was what Variety often referred to as a "Nielsen Valley." (We've seen this principle before on other nights in other decades; i.e. it didn't matter if a show made the Top 10 behind FRIENDS if it still lost "too much" of its predecessor's audience…) However, we must also note, in this case, that the Sunday 8:30 slot on NBC was owned by Proctor & Gamble, and they wielded enough power to determine what stayed and what went.
Despite the fact that the series ranked higher in its first season that in its second, it actually got a slightly lower rating — and NBC was already eager to dump it after Season One. P&G, on the other hand, wasn't interested in anything else that NBC had to offer (like THE GHOST & MRS MUIR, which was being heavily pushed), and once Arnaz managed to reduce costs (thus leading to the infamous Carmel replacement), it was given an official second season renewal.
With similar numbers at the top of Year Two, NBC was hoping to cancel the show at midseason, but P&G again protested and it wasn't until early '69, when P&G finally found something else to champion — THE BILL COSBY SHOW — that THE MOTHERS-IN-LAW became no longer of interest… Given this history though, it's not hard to imagine that if P&G decided it was up for a third year of THE-MOTHERS-IN-LAW, NBC would have reluctantly been up for it, too.
I've read in multiple places that there was a possibility that ABC would have taken THE MOTHERS-IN-LAW if NBC had cancelled it. Was this ever mentioned in VARIETY or any other publication, or was this just a rumor? I know ABC took THE GHOST & MRS. MUIR when NBC cancelled it. I'd love to know.
Here is a link to a great online article that states how BRANDED was to be renewed for a 3rd season in 1966. HEY LANDLORD! was originally scheduled for Monday nights at 8:30 PM ET, but Roger Miller's variety show instead took that, and HEY, LANDLORD! pushed BRANDED into cancellation:
https://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/nbc_1966_schedule/
I haven't seen anything mentioning THE MOTHERS-IN-LAW and ABC, specifically — not at the end of the first year, nor at the end of the second. However, in November '68, Variety explains that P&G threatened to "yank their biz" away from NBC over THE MOTHERS-IN-LAW being canned at midseason, which suggests that a move to another network was possible (with the assumption here being P&G would remain the show's champion; I'm not sure if there was EVER any life left for this series once P&G found something to prefer).
Thanks so much for this valuable information. I appreciate the research you've done.
Hi, Todd! Thanks for reading and commenting.
I'm glad you enjoyed this post!
Tgibbs in KY
First, thanks for posting all this. A few observations:
1) Interesting that 'Get Smart' wasn't in the Top 51 (why 51?) when NBC cancelled it in the spring of 1969. Purely from a ratings point of view, NBC seems justified in cancelling it. My understanding is that the cancellation took the cast by surprise. Also, the decision to marry Max & 99 during the fourth season obviously didn't help the ratings.
2) Odd that NBC would cancel 'The Ghost & Mrs. Muir' in 41st place, while CBS renewed 'Hawaii 5-O' in 46th — a decision that would pay big dividends for CBS over the next ten years.
3) The mystery continues about why 'F Troop' left the air in 1967. It didn't slip at all (in the ratings) from season 1 to season 2. I know there's a debate over who axed the show — ABC or Warner Brothers. It's hard to imagine third-place ABC wanting to cancel a show in 40th place, while renewing shows below it. (How did 'Hollywood Palace' last six years? Cheap to produce?)
4) 'Green Acres' appears to be between 30th and 35th place during the 1969-70 season, if you rank the shows listed in that chart. I know CBS was considering cancelling it then, but held off a year.
5) 'The Brady Bunch' and 'Love, American Style' appear to have been in the ratings toilet that year. I guess last-place ABC figured it had nothing to lose by renewing them, because clearly their ratings merited cancellation.
6) 'The Brady Bunch' was a solid 31st place for the '71-'72 season, only to drop to 45th a year later. I guess you can blame 'Sanford & Son.'
7) Ratings for the 1970-71 season seem to be more closely guarded than the Manhattan Project. TV buffs want to know where 'The Beverly Hillbillies' and 'Green Acres' ranked when CBS cancelled them, but I'd also like to know where 'The Odd Couple' stood as ABC renewed it. Supposedly, it was near the bottom, but critics were raving about it. Where was 'That Girl in its last season? And where was 'The Brady Bunch,' since it must have improved over its 1969-70 showing, especially with the compatible 'The Partridge Family' in the lineup.
Alas, we may never get answers to some of these questions.
Hi, Tgibbs! Thanks for reading and commenting.
Here's what I can say about your shrewd observations:
1) Variety suggests NBC "overcommitted" to new product and had less leeway that year to keep middling shows. So, because GET SMART's ranking declined double digits every season after its first (even with a move to an earlier time that aimed to capitalize upon an increase in younger viewers — à la I DREAM OF JEANNIE), it was no longer as safe or desirable in January 1969 as many associated with the show may have still believed. (Incidentally, it probably wasn't far outside of the Top 50, though. It ranked as #50 at the end of February.)
2) HAWAII FIVE-O jumped from being in the 70s while in its 8:00 Thursday slot to the Top 20s in its 10:00 Wednesday slot. The upswing after this legendary midseason Mike Dann move was more than enough to justify a last-minute February reprieve. THE GHOST AND MRS. MUIR, without any shifts or changes in its competition, seemed to go in the opposite direction — Top 20s as late as November, and then slipping to "marginal" (whatever THAT means to Variety), making it potentially worthy of a pink slip, by January. And again, NBC had by then "overcommitted" to new product…
3) F TROOP was on ABC's next season roster in February '67 and there's nothing about it going anywhere… until it's not on the late March listing. I'd guess its fate was likely a Warner Brothers decision, especially since ABC was scrambling to fill its schedule at the last minute. Meanwhile, THE HOLLYWOOD PALACE seems to have been "good enough" for ABC… until it wasn't. Apparently, it was subject to cancellation in 1969, but ABC believed the show's fortunes were dependent on who was booked and how it was promoted. Unlike a series with fixed characters or a sustaining host, ABC felt PALACE could be situationally advantageous, like a regularly programmed weekly special.
4) Yes, I believe it was discussed. But PETTICOAT JUNCTION had been out of the Top 30 two seasons longer and, even if it ended '69-'70 slightly higher than GREEN ACRES, it had already been floated for cancellation at the end of '68-'69 and was therefore closer to the block in '70. Had CBS decided to be even more bold, GREEN ACRES may have been thrown out then, too — although remember, it had only just left the Top 20 (which was better than both LASSIE and HOGAN'S HEROES, incidentally). For more context: Variety — based on numbers alone — knew PETTICOAT JUNCTION was iffy that January. So, it was already in a different category than GREEN ACRES, whatever their rankings ended up being.
5) Both THE BRADY BUNCH and LOVE, AMERICAN STYLE improved at midseason. The former fared better against CBS' THE TIM CONWAY SHOW than it had against THE GOOD GUYS, and ABC said they'd keep it around to help fill out a whole evening of lighthearted counterprogramming against the other two networks. LOVE, AMERICAN STYLE, meanwhile, benefited from its midseason move to Fridays, where it started showing it had legs by outperforming CBS' Friday Night Movies.
6) Yes, SANFORD AND SON took out a number of shows — including one I'd like to discuss here eventually, CBS' CALUCCI'S DEPARTMENT; stay tuned…
7) I've searched for answers to all these questions. I only can provide generalities at the moment. As late as March, both GREEN ACRES and THE BEVERLY HILLBILLIES were still making the Top 40. In February, they were both hovering around 30 and pulling 30-ish shares. I believe they fell somewhere within this 30-40 range. THE ODD COUPLE, on the other hand, was notoriously low in its initial time slot. (In mid December, it was 0.2 ratings points worse than BAREFOOT IN THE PARK, just cancelled.) It would not have survived if ABC hadn't moved it to Fridays, where they gave it time to crack the Top 60, then the Top 50, and then even the Top 40. It still probably ended low (60s maybe), but because ABC liked it, the show got a chance to illustrate some viability.
Meanwhile, little was written about THAT GIRL's numbers because Marlo Thomas had already announced she was done before the season started. I know it still was in the Top 40 for the 18-49 demographic. As for THE BRADY BUNCH, it was also in the Top 40 with the 18-49 demo, and occasionally cracked the Top 40 with total viewers, too. This leads me to believe it probably ended somewhere in the vicinity of #50, but that's just an educated guess.
Great post. I researched the 1966-67 numbers heavily for a post on F Troop's fate several years back. It definitely seems to have been a Warner Brothers decision, one orchestrated by Benny Kalmenson, VP of Warners who also dismissed "Bonnie and Clyde" as a "POS" later that same year. Kalmenson was also likely responsible for a number of (New York based) AP reports suggesting F Troop had become "too expensive to produce" after the April cancellation. According to William T. Orr, those cost overruns amounted to a total of ….$3,000, or less than $100 per episode!
Hi, Hal! Thanks for reading and commenting.
Yes, it certainly wasn't an ABC decision!
It's great to have access to detailed ratings information like this, because it allows all of us to see that some of the widely-accepted "conventional wisdom" about TV history is flat-out wrong.
Case in point: it's just accepted as a given that ratings for PETTICOAT JUNCTION slipped — some would even say "tanked" — when June Lockhart replaced the late Bea Benaderet. I saw an online article today making that claim — with no supporting evidence. It's just casually mentioned as if it's common knowledge.
But look at the ratings for the 1967-68 season (Benaderet's last). PJ is in 35th place with a rating of 19.0.
Then look at the 1968-69 season (Lockhart's first). PJ is in 38th place. Granted, that's down slightly. But the show's rating is actually better, at 19.9. So ratings WENT UP slightly when Lockhart replaced Benaderet.
This turns the conventional wisdom about PETTICOAT JUNCTION on its head. Fascinating stuff.
PETTICOAT JUNCTION probably never left the Top 40. But those aforementioned '67-'68 and '68-'69 lists are not exactly comparable due to the different measured timeframes. What they do indicate, rather, is a relative consistency — one that we have reason to believe, based on reporting for a couple of '69-'70 weeklies, was maintained for an additional year. (It's also suggested that PETTICOAT didn't drop below an annual 30 share average, even in '70.)
Nevertheless, I have to reiterate: Variety put the series on its "death watch" in both January 1969 and January 1970… Based on the rankings alone, this may not make sense. But it does with context — assuming here that CBS' goal was to drop a long-running, cost-increasing half-hour no longer indicating a potential for growth (which was necessary now given the elevated competition posed by NBC) — because PETTICOAT was tied only with HOGAN'S HEROES as CBS' established comedy with the most years outside the seasonal Top 30 (three by '70).
In fact, I'd argue that PETTICOAT JUNCTON was long perceived as the weakest of Henning's trio — ever since it spent three years behind the growing RED SKELTON and instead moved in the opposite direction. Thus, Variety was far more surprised — and rightfully so — about Skelton's fate, and even Gleason's, than PETTICOAT's; it wasn't the first time that it was on CBS' figurative chopping block. (Incidentally, HOGAN'S was only reportedly there in 1969.)
Ultimately, PETTICOAT JUNCTION's performance grew less impressive as the other particulars of the era (increased competition, the upcoming FCC ruling, Wood's personal agenda) forced a decision-making process that was simultaneously more nuanced and stringent. And as I've said before, I think the common "demos" argument wasn't even the guiding determinant here…
But you're right: the series didn't fall post-Benaderet; it stayed where it had already fallen. By 1970, that was license for a serious cost analysis.
Bob Richter
Jackson, Interesting to read with Petticoat Junction because while I realize that shows do become more costly the longer they are on, I had also read that the main reason Petticoat Junction was renewed for 69-70 was financial as well though for the opposite reason. As it was one of the shows that fell into the B &W/color era the last season would give Screengems over 100 color episodes and thus make it easy to syndicate. I would love to see you do an article some day on syndication and some of these Sitcoms where B & W episodes where often left off the syndication package (Bewitched and My Three Sons were two others I can think of). I was well into adulthood before I even realized that Jeannine Reilly and Pat Woodall were the original daughters in the first two seasons
I guess it was Filmways not Screengems and I guess there were already over 100 episodes in color however the Wikipedia entry on the show does mention it was saved at the last minute in part because the network felt one more season of color episodes would make the show more lucrative in syndication implying that CBS may have had some profit in the syndication of the show as well
Hi, Bob! Thanks for reading and commenting.
Yes, CBS did stand to profit off the show's syndication and that could have been a factor in its survival in '69. I have never seen that confirmed anywhere else though.
I think it's also important to contextualize that aforementioned January Variety article putting PETTICOAT JUNCTION on "death watch" as coming right when CBS looked likely to lose the season to NBC for the first time since the mid-'50s, because then the tides began to change and CBS started to climb ahead — thanks to a few of Mike Dann's midseason swaps (including the legendary HAWAII FIVE-O move). So, by the time the next year's decisions were being made (mid-February), the network was already more comfortable than it had been a month prior. In fact, I think PETTICOAT was now safe going into the big meeting, discussed that summer in TVGuide, because CBS' fortunes were once again on the upswing.
(Incidentally though, the ratings competition heated back up in March, so it was still a horse race until the end of '68-'69, when CBS had to get more crafty. This was why Dann's Operation 100 the next year really was his last stand — NBC's lead in the fall of '69 began looking like a pattern, and once the midseason swaps didn't change things as they had the year before, he really was fighting for his life at the network. Especially now that Bob Wood was there to pull the trigger on a modernization that had only been theoretical under Tom Dawson.)
I have a couple of questions that are partially outside this 1964-74 time frame. But here goes:
Some TV shows slip in the ratings, gradually, as people lose interest or the show goes downhill. That's easy to understand.
But when a TV show — especially a successful one — suddenly loses one-fourth or one-third of its audience, there has to be a reason. Something specific has happened.
THE BEVERLY HILLBILLIES was number one in the spring of 1964. It was setting records. Then, in the first ratings report in the fall of '64, it was in 22nd place. It bounced back later, and was in 12th place for the season as a whole, but something had to happen to cause that sudden ratings drop. Poor lead-in from CBS REPORTS?
ALL IN THE FAMILY was number one for five consecutive seasons. Then, in the fall of 1976, it dropped from first to 12th. Yeah, it changed time slots a couple of times that season. Is that the reason? Is there something else? A show that popular doesn't suddenly lose a fourth of its audience, which is what happened.
I'm a fan of both shows. I've read a lot about both of them. I've never seen anyone address either of these sudden ratings declines.
TBH did in fact have a timeslot change as it started its 3rd season in Sept. 1964. It was moved 1/2 hour earlier, as was the show after it, Dick Van Dyke, on Wed. nights, probably to make room for THE CARA WILLIAMS SHOW in Van Dyke's old timeslot, and its ratings suffered, probably as a result of the time change. Cara Williams' show was 1 of 3 that Keefe Braselle produced and got onto the CBS schedule that season without pilots. He was a close friend of CBS then-president Jim Aubrey, and these shows all flopped, and i've read that this failure was a big part of what led to Aubrey's firing by Bill Paley just months later in Feb. 1965.
If you haven't read Brasselle's hilariously bad roman à clef called "The CanniBalS," it's highly recommended!
Tgibbs, Jon is right; THE BEVERLY HILLBILLIES was moved up half an hour (from 9:00 to 8:30) and given a terrible lead-in with CBS NEWS REPORTS. The news, most of it election related that fall, lost to both ABC's comedy block and NBC's competitive THE VIRGINIAN, which extended into THE BEVERLY HILLBILLIES' time and held on to too many viewers who didn't switch over to CBS until THE DICK VAN DYKE SHOW began at 9:00.
Once CBS' 7:30-8:30 hour was given slightly better offerings via MR. ED and MY LIVING DOLL, the network made a dent in the competition and kept more viewers watching CBS through 9:30. THE BEVERLY HILLBILLIES was then able to climb a few points. With a better lead-in the following season, the series got back into the Top Ten, but at close to the same annual ratings average. (It was still up against THE VIRGINIAN, which was always a worthy rival.)
As for ALL IN THE FAMILY, the same thing happened in '76-'77: the timeslot changed, it faced stronger competition, and the lead-in was weaker. In this case, I think it's important to note the value of being in a block of successful programming. Although it was up against Monday Night Football the year before, ALL IN THE FAMILY held onto a #1 ranking and a 30+ rating, in large part *because* it was within a hit line-up of four Top Ten comedies.
When it was moved in Fall '76 to Wednesday, it was sandwiched between two new sitcoms, while the 8:00 anchor was GOOD TIMES (a Top 30 series, not Top Ten). These neighbors were far less competitive… especially when up against an entire block that actually worked: ABC's THE BIONIC WOMAN and BARETTA (followed by CHARLIE'S ANGELS at 10:00).
Interestingly, though, while that move to Wednesday took down about five ratings points for ALL IN THE FAMILY, three more came off when it moved to Saturdays, where the competition wasn't as steep, but the programming block also left a lot to be desired — MTM's famed duo was barely strong enough to fend off its rivals when launching the season in the 9:00 hour and wasn't a strong enough lead-in for ALL IN THE FAMILY that winter/spring either.
ALL IN THE FAMILY essentially went from a great neighborhood to a mediocre neighborhood (TWICE!) and I think that can account for the seemingly sharp decline. And, once again, as with THE BEVERLY HILLBILLIES over a decade before, the timeslot changed, it faced stronger competition, and the lead-ins were weaker. So, the ratings changed in some kind of relation to differing variables.
Joseph Giannini
Wonderful stuff, this!!! It's hard to believe that the third season of "The Patty Duke Show" was not listed at all for the 1965-66 season and neither was "Get Smart!" for the 1969-70 season. Someone was must have a Top 70 list for 1967-68 somewhere…!!!
Hi, Joseph! Thanks for reading and commenting.
THE PATTY DUKE SHOW did not make the Top 70 in its final season. It was ranked #78 based on its fall 1965 ratings, so I would imagine it concluded the 1965-'66 year in that general vicinity. Also, the 1969-'70 demographic chart above only includes data for shows that were renewed for the following season; GET SMART was cancelled, so that's why it's not on the list. We can assume it did NOT make the Top 40.
As for the '67-'68 season, I don't believe anything beyond the Top 40 was ever published, but I'm still looking!
I've been watching HAZEL on FETV lately, and I just reviewed this sitcom's decline in ratings over 5 seasons on 2 networks. HAZEL fell from #4 to #15 to #22 to #42 (after which NBC cancelled it) to #56 (on CBS). Was there any talk in VARIETY about the move from NBC to CBS, along w/ replacement of 2 cast members (Don DeFore & Whitney Blake) by 3 others (Ray Fulmer, Lynn Borden & Julia Benjamin)? I've read that Shirley Booth used her own money to keep the show in production for another season, moving to CBS, but I've never read anything official about that. I figure HAZEL isn't a candidate for Sitcom Tuesdays, but have you seen it, and if you have, what did you think about it? It's a fun show, but It probably doesn't have a lot of depth to it.
This question about material otherwise not covered on this blog is the perfect submission for our new "Q&A" series of posts. I have flagged this comment for possible use in the next entry.
For future questions like this — not directly related to previously featured topics — please visit the "Ask Jackson (Q&A)" page, where you can submit at any time: https://jacksonupperco.com/ask-jackson/


text:
Q: Range of $f(x)=\frac{(x+a)^2}{(a-b)(a-c)}+\frac{(x+b)^2}{(b-a)(b-c)}+\frac{(x+c)^2}{(c-a)(c-b)}$
Consider $$f(x)=\frac{(x+a)^2}{(a-b)(a-c)}+\frac{(x+b)^2}{(b-a)(b-c)}+\frac{(x+c)^2}{(c-a)(c-b)}$$ (where $a,b,c$ are distinct real numbers). If $p$ denotes the number of natural numbers in the range of $f(x)$, then find $p$.

I have no idea of how to proceed this question. Hence not able to provide the requisite steps.
What can be seen is: $$f(0)=\frac{a^2}{(a-b)(a-c)}+\frac{b^2}{(b-a)(b-c)}+\frac{c^2}{(c-a)(c-b)}\,.$$
That is,
$$f(0)=-\frac{a^2(b-c)+b^2(c-a)+c^2(a-b)}{(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)}\,.$$
This implies
$$f(0)=-\frac{a^2(b-c)+bc(b-c)-(b^2-c^2)a}{(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)}\,.$$
Thus
$$f(0)=-\frac{(b-c)\big(a^2+bc-(b+c)a\big)}{(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)}\,.$$
Consequently,
$$f(0)=-\frac{(b-c)(a-c)(a-b)}{(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)}=-(-1)=1\,.$$
So, at least we know $p\geq 1$.

A: For the sake of having this thread answered, I first restate timon92's hint.  Observe that $f(x)=1$ for $x\in\{-a,-b,-c\}$. Since $f$ is a polynomial of degree at most $2$, we conclude that $f(x)=1$ identically.  Therefore, $p=1$.
Alternatively, note that
$$f(x)=Ax^2+2Bx+C\,,$$
where
$$A:=\sum_{\text{cyc}}\,\frac{1}{(a-b)(a-c)}\,,$$
$$B:=\sum_{\text{cyc}}\,\frac{a}{(a-b)(a-c)}\,,$$
and
$$C:=\sum_{\text{cyc}}\,\frac{a^2}{(a-b)(a-c)}\,.$$
Define
$$\alpha(x):=\sum_{\text{cyc}}\,\frac{(x-b)(x-c)}{(a-b)(a-c)}\,,$$
$$\beta(x):=\sum_{\text{cyc}}\,a\,\frac{(x-b)(x-c)}{(a-b)(a-c)}\,,$$
and
$$\gamma(x):=\sum_{\text{cyc}}\,a^2\,\frac{(x-b)(x-c)}{(a-b)(a-c)}\,.$$
Then, $\alpha$ is the Lagrange polynomial iterating the points $\big(x,\alpha(x)\big)=(x,1)$ for $x\in\{a,b,c\}$.  Therefore, $\alpha(x)=1$ identically.  Similarly, $\beta(x)=x$ and $\gamma(x)=x^2$ identically.
Now, if $[x^k]q(x)$ denotes the coefficient of $x^k$ in a polynomial $q(x)$, then
$$A=[x^2]\alpha(x)=[x^2](1)=0\,,$$
$$B=[x^2]\beta(x)=[x^2](x)=0\,,$$
and
$$C=[x^2]\gamma(x)=[x^2](x^2)=1\,.$$
Thus, $f(x)=Ax^2+2Bx+C=0x^2+2\cdot 0x+1=1$, so $f(x)=1$ identically.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We were very proud to be able to present a cheque for £4000 to the charity Abolitionist Guernsey which will go towards freeing a village in northern India and enable the young girls to go to school, instead of being forced into early marriage.
This charity was chosen by the College Charities Committee (run by the students and headed up by Sixth Form student Willow), to be the recipient of money raised at the recent fundraising ball - Out of this World, held at Beau Sejour in January.
Jenette Bales (an allumna of the College) runs the charity with her husband working together with Peggy Callahan, who is in India working with the villagers and ensuring the money gets to the right place. One particular girl called Aarti is now studying in school, receiving hot lunches and will not be married off - she is 12 years old.
Jenette received the cheque on behalf of the charity and spoke to the Senior School assembly about her work. We are proud to be able to help with this worthy cause.


Haider Hindi Movie Maharashtra Assembly elections in the head and is being constantly garmati in politics. Two major Alliance (BJP and Shiv Sena, Congress and NCP) have broken. The breakdown of these alliances behind new reasons are exposed. Now Maharashtrarenewal forces (MNS) President Raj Thackeray in a rally, NCP Chief Sharad Pawar thatBJP leaders breaking the Alliance with the Shiv Sena said.
Before the Assembly elections on October 15, once again taking the issue of Marathiorigin Raj Thackeray said that if he came to power, the State would stop those private security agencies, which are North Indian people employed.
He said, ' Sharad Pawar, BJP leaders said their coalition broke with the Shiv Sena alsowill break and belong to the Congress exactly the way it happened. "a few days ago, former Chief Minister prithviraj Chavan has been hobnobbing with the NCP'sstatement by BJP with Congress due to grow broke. NCP has denied the allegations.
India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi is not limited to India, the popularity of thesethen you will already understand their u.s. tour. But did you know that most of thecurrent members of the u.s. Congress, gavarnaron or other politicians against thenumber of Facebook fans of the Modi is far more.
The New York Times social media account record citing the site www.socialbakers.comreported that the number of Facebook fans of the u.s. on Wednesday, Modi 1, 21leaders and u.s. officials that 70529 except was more than the rest.
The New York Times, Modi because of the large number of Facebook prashsank recentLok Sabha elections campaigning largely in Modi using social media in your are told.Also mention that the important part of your social media communication policy by making the running.
Although many American leaders who outside the country also has a sizeablepresence on social media. President Barack Obama outside the United StatesFacebook fans of 3.78 million, while in the us it is 1.51 million and the number that are on this list-top.


New print in denim luon spotted in a partner store (thanks to Ms. Y. for the photo). She reports they are thicker than the last denim that came out. The print can also be seen in the waistband of the above pants, shown with the Mountain Tank.
Is she wearing WAFS Cadet Blue WUs or older WUs? I had heard a rumor some were coming.
Every Yogi tee photos. Shown with Fatigue Green Street to Studio Pants in the last photo.
I sized down two sizes in the mountain tank vs my crb size.
Is that a WAFS in cadet blue that I see in the picture with the Post Sweat Pullover and Zing Pink tank? SO excited if so! Hope it will come in a crop. I think I may have to check out the new denim luon print WUC in store - I am liking it in the pic!
Wow none of the items modeled look appealing in any way.
Are those cadet blue wee stripe wunder unders in that pic?!?
Whatever happened to the US having a Warehouse sale? Did I somehow miss that?
Looks like cadet space dye to me!!!
Looks like I might be returning my cadet blue 1/8 stripe cut the crop crops and getting WAFS cadet blue instead. I also want the bali breeze 105F singlet.
The new print reminds me of the printed canvas print from a few years ago. I have a pair of black WU's with it on the waistband.
The Post Sweat pullover in the solid/heathered looks nice. I don't care for that other version.
Is the post status pull over made of cotton or luon?
All the Chakra scuba hoodies were gone for good? Anybody got any idea? I heard they've been removed from the web due to price typo?
@stylista diva - I think you might be right. I had heard rumors of a cadet blue WAFS coming out.
I'd be all over a cadet blue WAFS print. Prefer it in luxtreme over luon though.
I don't like the hem on the post sweat pullover, looks awkward against a straight hem top under it.
Yeah if cadet blue WAFS is coming! I would just love that.
you are totally right about the new print 4:12 I have a scoop neck and a pair of hot yoga shorts in that same exact pattern. I don't understand why it's called denim.
The pattern isn't called denim. The luon is denim since it has a certain texture to it.


text:
\section{1. Introduction}
Recently  Komargodski and  Schwimmer \cite{Komargodski:2011vj} proposed an ingenious and illuminating derivation of the conjectured $a$-theorem \cite{Cardy:1988cwa}\cite{Jack:1990eb} --- there exists a quantity called $a$ that monotonically decreases along the renormalization group flow in four dimensional quantum field theories. They considered the low-energy effective action of the ``dilaton" that compensates the violation of the Weyl anomaly through the renormalization group flow from the  ultraviolet fixed point to the infrared fixed point, and argued that positivity constraint of the 2-2 scattering amplitude of the dilatons, which depends on the difference of the central charge $a_{\mathrm{UV}}- a_{\mathrm{IR}}$ gives the desired $a$-theorem.

In this paper, we point out that their argument relies on the $\epsilon$-conjecture that demands decoupling of dilaton from the rest of the infrared theory. It turns out that the decoupling, if true, provides a strong evidence for the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance in four dimension \footnote{As we will discuss in section 2, when both infrared and ultraviolet fixed points are conformal, it is not difficult to argue that the dilaton will effectively decouple, so our discussion is by no means intended to invalidate their derivation of the $a$-theorem when the renormalization group flow is between two different conformal field theories. We would like to thank  Z.~Komargodski and S.~Rychkov for comments.}.

Whether scale invariant unitary relativistic quantum field theories in four dimension actually show conformal invariance is another long-standing problem in theoretical physics. In two dimension, the equivalence was proved \cite{Zamolodchikov:1986gt}\cite{Polchinski:1987dy}\cite{Mack1}, and in higher dimension with $d>4$, there is at least one explicit counterexample \cite{Jackiw:2011vz}\cite{ElShowk:2011gz}. A search for counterexamples in $d = 4-\epsilon$ has been discussed \cite{Dorigoni:2009ra}\cite{Fortin:2011ks}\cite{Fortin:2011sz}\cite{Nakayama:2011tk}. We also have a gravitational argument supporting the equivalence \cite{Nakayama:2009qu}\cite{Nakayama:2009fe}\cite{Nakayama:2010wx}.

The intimate connection between the $a$-theorem and the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance is not unexpected. After all, the proofs of the corresponding statements in two-dimension go in complete parallel with each other: they come from the same set of assumptions with almost identical arguments \cite{Zamolodchikov:1986gt}\cite{Polchinski:1987dy}.  In addition, in holographic discussions that apply in arbitrary dimensions,  both of them are proved under the assumption of the null-energy condition \cite{Nakayama:2010wx}\cite{Girardello:1998pd}\cite{Freedman:1999gp}\cite{Myers:2010xs}\cite{Myers:2010tj}. In this paper, we would like to argue that a complete proof of the $a$-theorem along the line of the argument by  \cite{Komargodski:2011vj} in the most generic scenario would establish the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance, revealing the intimate connection  in four dimension as well.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we revisit the derivation of the $a$-theorem in the case where the renormalization group flow is induced by Higgsing, clarifying some assumptions made in the original paper \cite{Komargodski:2011vj}. In particular, we show that the decoupling of the dilaton is deeply related to the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance in four dimension.
In section 3, we extend the analysis in the case where the renormalization group flow is generated by relevant deformations. In section 4, we discuss further directions and conclude.

\section{2. $\epsilon$-conjecture in Higgsing}
We begin with the case where the renormalization group flow is induced by the so-called Higgsing. Suppose we start with an ultraviolet conformal field theory which has a moduli space of vacua. At a different point in the moduli space, the conformal invariance is spontaneously broken and the corresponding Nambu-Goldstone boson ($=$ dilaton $\tau$) appears. In addition, there may exist an infrared quantum field theory at each points of the moduli space. The question we want to ask is how the difference of the ultraviolet central charge $a_{{\mathrm{UV}}}$ and the infrared central charge $a_{{\mathrm{IR}}}$ behaves \footnote{We recall that the ``conformal anomaly" $a$ or $c$ can be defined for scale invariant but non-conformal field theories as the $c$-number violation of the tracelessness of the energy-momentum tensor: $\left\langle T^{\mu}_{\ \mu} \right\rangle = \left \langle D^\mu J_{\mu} \right \rangle  + a (\mathrm{Euler}) + c (\mathrm{Weyl})^2 + bR^2$. For instance, the ``conformal anomaly" for the linearized graviton, which is scale invariant but {\it not} conformal invariant \cite{Dorigoni:2009ra}, was defined and computed (see e.g. \cite{Birrell:1982ix} and references therein). Note that for non-conformal field theory, $b$ may not vanish. This will never cause a problem in our following discussion because we always embed the scale invariant field theory into a conformal field theory and $b$ will never appear there. Similarly, we should understand that the ``conformal anomaly" $a$ of the scale invariant but non-conformal field theory we study is that of the conformally embedded theory (minus $1$ from the arbitrary weakly coupled dilaton). We would like to thank Z.~Komargodski for related discussions.}.

In \cite{Komargodski:2011vj}, it was argued that the low-energy effective action of the setup after Higgsing is given by
\begin{align}
S_{\mathrm{eff}} &= S_{\mathrm{QFT}_{\mathrm{IR}}} + f^2\int d^4x e^{-2\tau} (\partial_\mu \tau)^2 + \cr
&+ (a_{\mathrm{UV}} - a_{\mathrm{IR}}) \int d^4x  \left(2(\partial_\mu \tau)^4 -4(\partial_\mu \tau)^2 \Box \tau \right)   \label{KSeff}
\end{align}
with omitted higher derivative terms that are irrelevant for us.
Here, $S_{\mathrm{QFT}_{\mathrm{IR}}}$ is the effective action of the infrared quantum field theory. $f$ is the decay constant of the dilaton, and most importantly, the coefficient in front of the four-dilaton derivative self-interaction is fixed by the anomaly matching of the Weyl anomaly. Then, the analytic properties of the 2-2 scattering of dilatons in the forward limit $A(s) \sim 2(a_{\mathrm{UV}} - a_{\mathrm{IR}}) \frac{s^2}{f^4}$ where $s$ is the Mandelstam $s$-variable,  yields a strong constraint on the sign of the four-dilaton derivative self-interaction \cite{Adams:2006sv}\cite{Komargodski:2011vj}, resulting in the desired inequality $a_{{\mathrm{UV}}} > a_{{\mathrm{IR}}}$. This is closely related to the absence of the superluminal propagation \cite{Adams:2006sv}.

We note that the effective action \eqref{KSeff} is by no means the most generic action that preserves the symmetry. In particular, the crucial assumption made in the original paper \cite{Komargodski:2011vj}, which we would like to call ``$\epsilon$-conjecture" is that the dilaton does not interact with the remaining infrared quantum field theory, or more precisely the interaction is sufficiently suppressed so that it would not affect their analysis on the 2-2 scattering process of dilatons. As we will see, the introduction of the interaction between the dilaton and the infrared field theory may spoil the above simple argument of the positivity.

Before we discuss such a possibility, we would like to point out that if the $\epsilon$-conjecture, or the decoupling of the dilaton is true, the infrared quantum field theory under consideration is not only scale invariant but also conformal invariant. Hence, the derivation of the $a$-theorem is directly related to the claim of the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance. To see this, we note that the ultraviolet conformal field theory is Weyl invariant by assumption, so the total energy-momentum tensor must be traceless (up on improvement) as an operator identity:
\begin{align}
T^{\mu}_{\ \mu (\mathrm{tot})} = 0 \ . \label{tot}
\end{align}
This means that the {\it sum} of the energy-momentum tensor in the infrared quantum field theory and that of the dilaton must vanish in the far infrared under the assumption of the decoupling. Since the dilaton part is Weyl (conformal) invariant by itself, the energy-momentum tensor of the decoupled infrared quantum field theory must be traceless:
\begin{align}
T^{\mu}_{\ \mu (\mathrm{QFT}_{\mathrm{IR}})} = 0 \ .
\end{align}
In other words, the dilaton part of the action is fixed by requiring the quantum Weyl invariance, so the decoupled infrared part of the action must be Weyl invariant as well to preserve the total Weyl invariance that is spontaneously broken \footnote{A technical comment is in order. We here assume that the energy-momentum tensor of the infrared theory is given by the restriction of the {\it same} energy-momentum tensor of the ultraviolet theory. Since non-trivial accidental symmetry may appear in the infrared and the energy-momentum tensor always has an ambiguity of the improvement, this is not at all trivial. However, we claim that this assumption is a part of the {\it definition} of Higgsing. Otherwise, we cannot tell which is ultraviolet and which is infrared by moving the moduli space of vacua. Indeed, if we started with the ``Higgsed" theory and move along the moduli space to reach the ``unHiggsed" theory, then the energy-momentum tensor of the ``unHiggsed" theory would not be obtained by the restriction of that of the ``Higgsed" theory because of the appearance of the new massless degrees of freedom.}.

This shows that the infrared quantum field theory under the assumption of the decoupled dilaton is not only scale invariant but also conformal invariant because the energy momentum tensor of the decoupled infrared field theory is traceless. This is a desirable result because the repeated Higgsing will never produce scale invariant but not conformal invariant field theories.

The question we should ask, however, is what happens if the infrared quantum field theory is only scale invariant but not conformal invariant. It is not difficult to see that, in this circumstance, the decoupling {\it must} be violated. Due to the assumed conformal invariance of the ultraviolet theory (which we would like to argue momentarily how to relax), the total energy momentum tensor is still traceless as in \eqref{tot}. The scale but non-conformal invariance of the infrared quantum field theory means that the trace of its energy-momentum tensor is non-zero and is given by the divergence of the Virial current $J^{\mu}$:
\begin{align}
T^{\mu}_{\ \mu (\mathrm{QFT}_{\mathrm{IR}})} = \partial^\mu J_\mu \ . \label{Viri}
\end{align}
This means that the dilaton cannot decouple from the infrared quantum field theory because otherwise the dilaton sector is Weyl invariant by itself and we cannot assure the total Weyl invariance.
The way to circumvent this inconsistency is to introduce a coupling between the  dilaton and the infrared scale invariant field theory. Indeed, the violation of the Weyl invariance from \eqref{Viri} should be compensated by the coupling
\begin{align}
\delta S = \int d^4x  J^\mu \partial_\mu \tau\ \label{comp}
\end{align}
to ensure the total Weyl invariance by noting $\tau \to \tau + \sigma$ under the Weyl transformation \footnote{We may also introduce additional curvature couplings that will compensate a ``removable" part of the Virial current by improving the energy-momentum tensor. The introduction of the dilaton coupling is imperative only when the energy-momentum tensor cannot be improved.}.

For illustrative purposes, let us show an example. Of course, there is no known scale invariant but non-conformal unitary quantum field theory in four-dimension, so the example here is non-unitary. The model is essentially four-dimensional version of the one studied by Riva and Cardy \cite{Riva:2005gd} (i.e. the most generic massless vector field theory). Suppose the infrared quantum field theory that we have discussed is given by the action
\begin{align}
S = \int d^4 x \left(\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu\nu} F^{\mu\nu} + \epsilon (\partial_\mu A^\mu)^2 \right)\ ,
\end{align}
where $F_{\mu\nu} = \partial_\mu A_\nu - \partial_\nu A_\mu$. The Weyl invariance is broken with non-zero $\epsilon$, and the trace of the energy-momentum tensor is given by
\begin{align}
T^{\mu}_{\ \mu} = \epsilon( 2 A_\mu (\partial^\mu \partial^\nu) A_\nu -2 (\partial^\mu A_\mu)^2) \ .
\end{align}
The violation is due to the Christoffel symbol appearing in the covariant derivative of the divergence $(D_{\Gamma}^\mu A_\mu)$ when we put the theory on a curved background.

It is easy to recover the Weyl invariance by introducing the Weyl covariant derivative $D_W^\mu A_\mu = (\partial^\mu + \partial^\mu \tau  ) A_\mu$. If the action was given by Higgsing of the ultraviolet conformal field theory as we have discussed, the Weyl covariantization must have been automatic. Indeed, the replacement of the covariant derivative yields the first order interaction
\begin{align}
\delta S = \epsilon \int d^4 x \partial_\mu \tau A^{\mu} (\partial^\nu A_\nu) \ ,
\end{align}
between the dilaton and the vector field,
which is nothing but the compensating coupling between dilaton and the Virial current \eqref{comp} up to equations of motion. This illustrates how the total Weyl invariance demands the existence of the interaction between scale invariant but non-conformal infrared quantum field theory and the dilaton.

In summary, as the Weyl anomaly induced by the central charge determines the four-dilaton derivative self-interaction, the Virial current contributions to the trace of the energy-momentum tensor determines the coupling between the scale invariant but non-conformal infrared field theory and the dilaton as a low-energy theorem.
We have seen that the $\epsilon$-conjecture that states the decoupling of the dilaton in the infrared implies the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance.

A question arises whether the derivation of the $a$-theorem \cite{Komargodski:2011vj} goes through even though the dilaton would not decouple. Unfortunately, this is not the case. When the virial current four-point correlation function $\left \langle J J JJ \right \rangle$ does not vanish, which is generically expected, the 2-2 dilaton scattering in the forward limit obtains additional contribution of the order of $\frac{s^2}{f^4}$ from the exchange of the Virial current, which is comparable to the one coming from the four-dilaton derivative self-interactions proportional to $a_{\mathrm{UV}} - a_{\mathrm{IR}}$. Then it is impossible to argue the positivity of $a_{\mathrm{UV}} -a_{\mathrm{IR}}$ from the analytic structure of the 2-2 scattering amplitudes.

Note that when the Virial current is conserved, the leading derivative 2-2 scattering amplitude from the exchange of the Virial current vanishes. Similarly, when the Virial current is a derivative of a certain tensor operator i.e. $J^{\mu} = \partial^{\nu} \Lambda_{\ \nu}^{\mu}$, the leading amplitude vanishes due to the on-shell condition of the dilaton \footnote{A simple example is a sigma model whose target space is $\mathbf{R}^2$. In the polar coordinate, the Lagrangian is $(\partial_\mu R)^2 + R^2 (\partial_\mu \theta)^2$, and the dilaton $\tau = \log R $ does not look ``decoupled" from the angular variable field $\theta$ with non-zero interaction $\delta L = \partial_\mu \tau J^\mu$. The virial current $J_\mu = \theta \partial_\mu \theta$, however, is a total derivative, and the S-matrix vanishes as expected.}. This is all consistent with the ambiguity of the energy-momentum tensor and Virial current (see e.g. \cite{Polchinski:1987dy}), and it indicates that precisely when the theory is scale invariant but not conformal invariant, the derivation of the $a$-theorem proposed in \cite{Komargodski:2011vj} cannot be completed.

In this discussion, we have assumed that the starting ultraviolet theory is conformal invariant rather than merely scale invariant. In a more generic situation, we had to allow a scale invariant but non-conformal field theory as an ultraviolet theory. In order to complete the analysis in this case, we have to introduce a compensating dilaton in the ultraviolet theory with appropriate kinetic function by hand, and require the Weyl invariance of the total action. The total Weyl invariance is imperative so that the anomaly matching makes sense.
At the first order, we add
\begin{align}
\delta S_{UV} = f^2 \int d^4x e^{-2\tau} (\partial_\mu \tau)^2 +  \int d^4x J^{\mu}_{\mathrm{UV}} \partial_\mu \tau + ...
\end{align}
with the ultraviolet Virial current $J_{\mathrm{UV}}^\mu$.
 The situation is very close to the one where the renormalization group flow is induced by adding the relevant perturbation, which we will discuss in the next section.
Note that at this point, the theory augmented by the compensating dilaton is conformal invariant, so the notion of central charge $a$ is free from the subtlety of the scale invariant but non-conformal field theory. We may use it as a definition of the central charge of the scale invariant but non-conformal field theory.

After the spontaneous breaking of the Weyl invariance, which is introduced by hand with the compensating dilaton, due to Higgsing, we would like to analyze the sign of $a_{\mathrm{UV}} - a_{\mathrm{IR}}$ by studying the 2-2 scattering of the Nambu-Goldstone dilatons. Again, if we can show that the Nambu-Goldstone dilaton decouples from the rest of the infrared degrees of freedom, the $a$-theorem immediately follows from the  analytic structure of the scattering amplitudes, but the dilaton decoupling is not at all obvious since even in the ultraviolet theory, it did not decouple (due to the scale but non-conformal nature of the ultraviolet theory).

\section{3. Compensating dilaton and $\epsilon$-conjecture}
In \cite{Komargodski:2011vj}, a generalization of the argument where the renormalization group flow is induced by adding the relevant perturbation to the ultraviolet fixed point theory was discussed. Again, their argument relies on the decoupling of the dilaton among other subtleties that we will explain.

The starting point is to introduce the compensating dilaton so that the relevant perturbation is uplifted to be Weyl invariant. This is achieved by augmenting the Weyl weight factor appearing in the deformation by the compensating dilaton $e^{\tau}$. We will also introduce the kinetic term for the compensating dilaton  with large decay constant by hand so that the dilaton will not change the dynamics. The first implicit assumption in \cite{Komargodski:2011vj}  is that the resulting Weyl invariant theory is ultraviolet completed, unitary and stable.

This assumption looks innocuous, but it is not obvious. For instance, let us consider the $(1+1)$ dimensional sin-Gordon theory, which is not conformal invariant. We may  dress the sin-Gordon potential $\sin(\alpha X)$ with the Liouville factor $e^{\beta \phi}$, which plays the role of the compensating dilaton, to make the theory look like conformal invariant. However, it is clear that the dressed sin-Liouville potential $e^{\beta \phi} \sin (\alpha X)$ is unbounded below, and the stability of the theory is questionable (at least from the classical viewpoint). At a very specific value of $\alpha$ and $\beta$, it is known that the theory {\it is} conformal invariant and stable (thanks to the existence of dual $SL(2,\mathbf{R})/U(1)$ coset model description \cite{FZZ}), but what happens in generic situations is unknown (see also \cite{Baseilhac:1998eq}
\cite{Nakayama:2006gt}). In the discussion by \cite{Komargodski:2011vj}  and here, the existence of the ultraviolet completed healthy conformal field theory obtained by the naive conformal compensation is assumed, but such an assumption can be highly non-trivial.

The second step is to study the 2-2 scattering amplitude of the compensating dilatons from the low-energy effective field theory viewpoint in the far infrared. Even though we assume that the introduction of the compensating dilaton gives a sensible ultraviolet completed theory, we still have to deal with the analogue of the $\epsilon$-conjecture discussed in the previous section here. Again in \cite{Komargodski:2011vj}  it was argued that the low energy-effective action takes the following decoupled form:
\begin{align}
S_{\mathrm{eff}} &= S_{\mathrm{QFT}_{\mathrm{IR}}} + f^2\int d^4x e^{-2\tau} (\partial_\mu \tau)^2 + \cr
&+ (a_{\mathrm{UV}} - a_{\mathrm{IR}}) \int d^4x  \left(2(\partial_\mu \tau)^4 -4(\partial_\mu \tau)^2 \Box \tau \right)
\end{align}
As discussed in the previous section, this decoupling is not at all trivial. If this decoupling were true, then the infrared theory induced by the renormalization group flow of the relevant deformation would be conformal invariant. On the other hand, when the infrared theory is scale invariant but not conformal invariant, the decoupling is inconsistent with the Weyl invariance of the total theory. There we had to add the coupling
\begin{align}
\delta S = \int d^4x  J^\mu \partial_\mu \tau\ \  \label{vint}
\end{align}
to compensate the non-zero trace of the energy-momentum tensor of the infrared scale invariant but non-conformal field theory.

In \cite{Komargodski:2011vj}, the ``correction" of this sort was excluded because of the naive dimensional reason --- these must be suppressed by the factor of higher $\log e^{\tau}/M$. This is indeed true, and the introduction of the dilaton would not change the structure of the infrared quantum field theory for large $f$. However, the real question we should ask is whether this log term would or would not introduce the coupling between the infrared quantum field theory and the dilaton sector that is relevant for the 2-2 dilaton scattering. The leading contribution \eqref{vint}, which appears when the infrared theory is scale invariant but not conformal invariant is as effective as the $(\partial_\mu \tau)^4$ term governed by the central charge as we have discussed in section 2 and it spoils the positivity argument of the scattering amplitudes.

In summary, we have clarified two main assumptions, among others, in the derivation of the $a$-theorem proposed by \cite{Komargodski:2011vj} in the case where the renormalization group flow is induced by adding relevant deformations. The first assumption, the stability and unitarity of the Weyl compensated theory needs deeper understanding. The second assumption, the $\epsilon$-conjecture seems deeply related to the (non-)existence of scale invariant but non-conformal field theories in four-dimension.

\section{4. Discussions}

In this paper, we have studied the consequence of the $\epsilon$-conjecture that demands the decoupling of dilaton from the infrared quantum field theories. On  one hand, the $\epsilon$-conjecture gives the foundation of the derivation of the conjectured $a$-theorem. On the other hand, the $\epsilon$-conjecture provides a strong support for the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance. Unfortunately, we do not give a proof of the $\epsilon$-conjecture in this paper except that we point out  it is known classically as well as perturbatively at one-loop order the conjecture is true.

We note that there exists an explicit counterexample of the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance in unitary relativistic field theories in higher dimension than four, so we suspect the decoupling of the dilaton may not be true there.

Finally, we should point out that the possibility to find a counterexample of the $a$-theorem does not perish until we give a full proof of the $\epsilon$-conjecture. Given the discussions in this paper, a candidate counterexample, if any, would show scale invariance but non-conformal invariance. Discussions on the relation between (the stronger version of) the $a$-theorem and the (in)equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance can be found in \cite{Fortin:2011sz}\cite{Nakayama:2011tk}. In such cases, it is also logically possible that  the $a$-theorem is only true for the renormalization group flow between conformal invariant field theories. Another possibility is that it is not $a$ defined through the obstruction of the Weyl gauging from the $c$-number violation of the tracelessness but something else that shows the monotonically decreasing property in the case when the theory is not conformal but only scale invariant.
We hope we are going to settle these problems in the near future.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The author thanks H.~Ooguri for discussions.
The work is supported by the
World Premier International Research Center Initiative of MEXT of
Japan.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
ASMOF is concerned that assaults and deaths may return to Sydney streets if the NSW Government repeals lifesaving laws
The Australian Hotels Associations and ClubsNSW have been leading the campaign to unwind the measures that have successfully reduced alcohol harm, saved lives and created a safer and more vibrant Sydney for all.
Yesterday the Shooters Bill was introduced into Parliament and will be debated on November 15. See the SMH article here: Shooters push for repeal of CBD lock out law - SMH
The facts about alcohol related violence in Sydney.
Alcohol is one of the leading contributors to death and disability across the country and is responsible for more than 37 emergency department presentations, 147 hospitalisations and three deaths every day in NSW (Source: NSW Health Stats Indicator Group: Alcohol)
83% of NSW adults believe more needs to be done to prevent alcohol harm (Source: Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (FARE). (2017). Annual alcohol poll: attitudes and behaviours. Canberra: FARE) and that governments have an obligation to protect their citizens against agents of harm, including alcohol.
Alcohols normalisation in Australian culture distracts from the enormity of the problem. It is time for the next NSW Government to adopt evidence-based policies to prevent alcohol harm and make NSW safe, vibrant and healthy.
Sydney's successful laws have dramatically reduced alcohol related assaults - Kings Cross has seen a 59.2% decrease in assaults between 6pm and 1.30am and a staggering 93.9% per cent decrease between 3am and 6am. In Sydney CBD assaults have fallen by 20.2%. (Source: BOCSAR)
Serious injuries resulting from alcohol related violence have been significantly reduced - St Vincent's Hospital saw a 24.8% reduction of seriously injured patients during high alcohol period and the number of patients admitted with serious head injuries was reduced by 50% between 8pm and 8am. (Source: Medical Journal of Australia)
Sexual assaults have been halved due to the Sydney's successful alcohol laws – Incidences of indecent and sexual assault in Kings Cross, the primary victims being women, have both reduced by almost 50%. (Source: BOCSAR)
The successful alcohol laws have made the rest of Sydney safer - 40 additional police officers brought in from other areas every Saturday night to deal with Kings Cross drunken violence have been freed up to undertake important policing work in their own communities. (Source: PANSW)
There is strong public support for early closing hours - 82% of Australians believe pubs, clubs and bars should close at 3am or earlier. (Source: FARE)
Sydney's nightlife is strong and growing – the number of venues in Sydney grew by 1.8% to 4,872 and overall sales increased by 6.3%. Employment in the night time economy had also grown by 8.7% and turnover had increased by 6.5%. (Source: Council of Capital City Lord Mayors)
Last Drinks Coalition – who we are
The Last Drinks Coalition consist of four major organisations representing emergency service workers in NSW. These encompass the Police Association of NSW, Australian Salaried Medical Officers' Federation of NSW, the NSW Nurses and Midwives Association and the Health Services Union (NSW, QLD and ACT).
The Last Drinks Coalition seeks to tackle the issue of alcohol-fuelled violence head-on, by campaigning for the implementation and maintenance of effective laws that have proven to reduce assault and save lives.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Straining fine particles and microorganisms is a very simple method of filtration. In this process, water is pushed through a thinks cloth filter, which removes some of the suspended silt and solids and destroys some pathogens. After straining, water may not be perfectly safe for drinking but it can be a drinking water improvement step for people with no other treatment options.
We use Ozone to take care of any bacteria or microorganisms prior to the filtration. Redundancy to protect your health while leaving in the essential minerals.


What happens when a fully engaged CTO combines with the seasoned experience of an Executive Coach?
This is exactly what happened in 2013 when 7CTOs was formed by Etienne de Bruin and Michael Saul. After more than two years spent meeting 300+ CTOs in four cities across the United States, it was clear there was an urgent need for leaders in technology strategy and execution to transcend their silos, and form close-knit communities of their peers and mentors.
"If everyone is moving forward together, then success takes care of itself.
"The Innovative CTO Lab" — A day-long experience that invites CTOs from cities across the USA to share their thoughts and insights.
Facilitated SEVENs forums — Seven hand-picked CTOs meet monthly to develop a tight- knit group that offers peer advice, builds trust and acknowledges common challenges.
Lunch & Learns — All SEVENs forum members unite to enjoy stimulating presentations while breaking bread. It's a group atmosphere where additional connections can be made.
A new guiding, overarching theme is picked each month, so member CTOs share the same conversations, solve similar problems and "move forward together".


Real world virtual reality is transforming learning around the globe.
As virtual reality makes more of an impact on education, an increasing number of colleges and universities are exploring how virtual reality labs might impact teaching and learning.
In the United Kingdom, Aston University, is building a 150 seat zSpace virtual reality lab, complete with virtual holographic displays on each student's desktop capable of projecting 3D objects.
In lectures and project work, students can "lift" virtual objects from the screen and manipulate these objects as if they real using the zSpace VR stylus. Students' project work can then be transferred to a nearby CAVE space to be shared and explored in full size.
Aston University worked with Virtalis, a virtual reality and advanced visualization company, that markets zSpace products as a value-added reseller in several territories, and distributes Virtalis' Visionary Render software available on the zSpace platform through its worldwide sales channels.
Students at the Singapore American School, an independent, nonprofit day school that offers an American-based curriculum, were the first in the country to experiment with zSpace virtual reality technology. Both elementary and middle school students have had the opportunity to use zSpace in the library, while the high school was the first to introduce the technology as part of its science curriculum, specifically in the physical, life, earth, and environmental sciences.
Students have explored the use of zSpace to study animal dissection, aquatic habitats, and chemical structures without time-consuming and challenging lab setups, and to view interactions among objects in physics and chemistry classes.


Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. has taken out full-page ads in Britain reading, "We are sorry." "Sorry" is as good an adjective as any to describe the Murdoch media empire.
"We are sorry" read the full-page ads Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. has taken out in Britain, part of a new atonement campaign clearly orchestrated by the public relations firm brought on to help "manage" the company's phone-hacking crisis.
Well, they got that right. "Sorry" is as good an adjective as any to describe the Murdoch media empire. It's a buccaneer enterprise that is scornful of laws and decency and that peddles, as Murdoch's biographer William Shawcross summarized, "titillation, sensationalism and vulgarity" to gain broad audiences, then uses gossip, tripe, manufactured stories and a distorted lens to further a right-wing ideological agenda. "Sorry' is also a good description of regulators and politicians on both sides of the aisle and the ocean, who were seduced by Murdoch's money, feared his power and served as lapdogs rather than watchdogs as he consolidated and expanded his holdings.
In Britain, the scandal erupted with revelations of the hacking of a murdered young girl's cellphone by the News of the World newspaper, giving her parents false hopes that she might still be alive. The ensuing exposure of routine hacking of the phones of reportedly 4,000 victims, as well as routine payoffs and bribery of police officials for inside information, has now shattered News Corp.'s cover story that this was the work of a rogue journalist or editor, or bent policeman.
The head of Scotland Yard and his deputy have resigned, and ten people have been arrested so far, including Rebekah Brooks, the head of News International, a British susidiary of News Corp., and Andy Coulson, a former News of the World editor who served as Tory Prime Minister David Cameron's chief press aide. Les Hinton, who ran News International before Brooks, has resigned as the head of Dow Jones and publisher of the Wall Street Journal. As Mark Lewis, lawyer for the family of Milly Dowler, the murdered young girl, said, "This is not just about one individual but about the culture of an organization." Sorry, indeed.
Nor are the sleaze, scandals and corruption unique to Great Britain. In consolidating his media holdings in the United States, Murdoch is famed for cutting corners and using money and power to gain regulatory favors. As The Nation's Robert Sherrill wrote in 1995, " F.C.C. Commissioners do not like to displease Murdoch. They have done a number of extraordinary favors for him in the past." Over the past decade, as media reform groups battled to prevent FCC and Congressional moves to undermine controls on media consolidation, Murdoch and his lobbyists have been a constant, well-funded presence—pushing to rewrite media ownership rules so that one corporation, and one man, accumulated extraordinary power.


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text:
Home microparticle therapy Heart attack damage slashed with microparticle therapy
Heart attack damage slashed with microparticle therapy
English: Insulin type syringe ready for injection. Doctors view. Deutsch: eine Insulinspritze, bereit für die Injektion. Aus der Sichtweise des Arztes. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
First therapy to target damage after heart attack could transform field
After a heart attack, much of the damage to the heart muscle is caused by inflammatory cells that rush to the scene of the oxygen-starved tissue. But that inflammatory damage is slashed in half when microparticles are injected into the blood stream within 24 hours of the attack, according to new preclinical research from Northwestern Medicine® and the University of Sydney in Australia.
When biodegradable microparticles were injected after a heart attack, the size of the heart lesion was reduced by 50 percent and the heart could pump significantly more blood.
"This is the first therapy that specifically targets a key driver of the damage that occurs after a heart attack," said investigator Daniel Getts, a visiting scholar in microbiology-immunology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. "There is no other therapy on the horizon that can do this. It has the potential to transform the way heart attacks and cardiovascular disease are treated."
The micoparticles work by binding to the damaging cells — inflammatory monocytes — and diverting them to a fatal detour. Instead of racing to the heart, the cells head to the spleen and die.
The particles are made of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid, a biocompatible and biodegradable substance already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in re-absorbable sutures. A microparticle is 500 nanometers, which is 1/200th size of a hair.
The scientists' study showed the microparticles reduced damage and repaired tissue in many other inflammatory diseases. These include models of West Nile virus, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, peritonitis and a model that mimics blood flow after a kidney transplant.
"The potential for treating many different diseases is tremendous," said investigator Stephen Miller, the Judy Gugenheim Research Professor at Feinberg. "In all these disease models, the microparticles stop the flood of inflammatory cells at the site of the tissue damage, so the damage is greatly limited and tissues can regenerate."
Getts, Miller and Nicholas King, professor of viral immunopathology at the University of Sydney School of Medical Sciences, are corresponding authors on the paper, which will be published January 15 in Science Translational Medicine.
Biotech Startup Aims for FDA Approval and Clinical Trial
The Northwestern and University of Sydney results are so encouraging, the scientists have partnered with a startup biotechnology company, Cour Pharmaceutical Development Co., to produce a refined version of the microparticles in anticipation of what they hope will be a clinical trial in myocardial infarction (heart attack) within two years. The company plans to submit an investigational new drug application to the FDA.
"This discovery has the potential to transform how inflammatory disorders are treated and the use of microparticles derived from biodegradable polymers means that this therapy could be rapidly translated for clinical use," said John Puisis, the chief executive officer of Cour.
How a Fatal Attraction Saves the Heart
The microparticles are designed to have a negative charge on their surface. This makes them irresistible to the inflammatory monocytes, which have a positively charged receptor. It's a fatal attraction. When the inflammatory cell bonds to the microparticle, a signal on the cell is activated that announces it's dying and ready for disposal. The cell then travels to the spleen, the natural path for the removal of dying cells, rather than going to the site of the inflammation.
"We're very excited," King said. "The potential for this simple approach is quite extraordinary. Inflammatory cells pick up immune-modifying microparticles and are diverted down a natural pathway used by the body to dispose of old cells.
It's amazing that such a simple detour limits major tissue damage in such a wide range of diseases."
The Latest on: Microparticle therapy
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Tags: food and drug administrationheart attackInflammationInflammatory DiseasesMyocardial infarctionnorthwestern university feinberg school of medicineScience Translational Medicineuniversity of sydney
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October 24, 2007 Read Original Story
Hope for an artificial lung
This article explores artificial lung devices currently in development at the University of Maryland Medical Center and elsewhere. It is an example of a local newspaper reporting on potentially significant medical research occuring within its circulation area.
But the story falls short in several important ways:
It fails to apply scrutiny to the optimistic and self-interested claims made for the devices, and fails to seek commentary from independent sources.
It fails to provide information about the costs and outcomes for current devices and treatments.
It fails to explore the potential benefits and harms of the improved devices on outcomes and mortality.
The story also uses as its hook an extraordinary example of someone who has survived an unusually long time on existing technology. This is a confusing way to begin a story about new technologies, and leads readers to expect a story different from the one delivered.
The writer does not cite the costs of the current ECMO treatment, the costs of a lung transplant, or the total costs the patient in the opening anecdote generated. It also fails to report on how costs might differ with the new technologies under development. And, if readers aren't clear about this, these are very expensive treatments.
The report does not specify survival rates using current technologies, nor does it attempt to quantify the extent to which the new devices could improve that.
The article discusses at length the potential benefits of the devices under development but does not discuss potential harms. The problems of clotting and damage to blood cells are mentioned as potential barriers but are not presented as harms of treatment, how they contribute to mortality, etc.
The report does not cite evidence that would support optimism about the coming generation of artificial lung devices. The story is based on an inference, offered early on, that because one patient was able to live for over 100 days on the old technology that a new technology could work better.
There is no disease-mongering in the story. But it would have been helpful to cite the sources of the following statistics: "Some 1,405 American patients received new lungs last year, but 254 died awaiting them. Another 342,000 patients with conditions too severe for transplants died of lung disease."
It appears that all medical sources consulted for the story are involved with developing similar machines. Most work for the same institution. Their financial and professional conflicts of interest are not revealed.
No independent medical sources are interviewed on the prognosis for current artificial lung users, for lung transplant patients or for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. No independent sources are consulted on the importance or value of these devices in development.
There are no other treatment options available for these patients.
The article eventually explains that the artificial lungs under development are uNPRoven and at best a few years from clinical use. But it does not do this early and clearly enough, leaving readers to believe for too long that there are important new machines imminent or in use.
The use of an anecdote about someone barely surviving on an old technology contributes to the confusion about whether a superior device currently exists.
The article explains that the technologies under development would be novel, largely because of the improved quality of life they may offer patients.
There is no evidence the article relies on a press release.
NPR story says older patients 'can benefit' from lung cancer surgery, but study didn't show that


BUCKLEY AIR FORCE BASE, Colo. — While I've decided to live a childfree lifestyle, the Air Force, in its infinite wisdom, saw the need to issue me two kids. They are both straight out of technical training and brand new to the Air Force — and one is still too young to accept an adult beverage.
In all seriousness, though, these Airmen are bright, young women with an incredible future ahead of them, and I am duty-bound to ensure that doesn't change.
Perhaps like many supervisors, sometimes I feel like a parent. I am responsible for these women and their development as Airmen. I have a vested interest in their success and a powerful role in their morale.
Sometimes that responsibility is easy, but sometimes that responsibility bolts me into action in the middle of the night.
One of my Airmen calls me from the side of the busiest highway in Denver, nearly in tears, and tells me that she had just been in her first car accident. As any good parent would do, I jump out of bed in my pajama pants and head out the door without thinking twice. In a flurry of hands-free phone calls to our first sergeant and my Airman, who is now backing up the highway for miles, we square everything away and get her back to base with the help of the police and a tow truck driver.
It was after everything was taken care of and she was back in her room that I truly realized being a supervisor was about more than solving a problem.
It was time to listen. She had been through her first car accident. She was in a brand new city. She was on her own for the first time. All things combined, I understood why she was so distraught. For me, this was a challenge to overcome; but for her, this may have been one of her most terrifying experiences. I knew I had to listen.
This experience taught me two valuable lessons. One, if my Airmen are in trouble, I need them to know they can trust me to take care of them. And two, I need a new pair of pajama pants because crushed blue velvet went out of style two decades ago.
How do I get these young Airmen to trust me? I am nearly 10 years older, and an entire generation separates my interests from theirs. How can I relate?
I became the next Sherlock Homes, paying attention to the little details to find common ground. My investigative eye was on overdrive as I tried to learn more about my other Airman.
She is quieter and less outspoken, but she is unbelievably artistic. Her talent with a drawing pencil makes my art look like a preschooler with a crayon. What do I have in common with a young female Michelangelo? During a dorm room inspection, I observed pop culture posters on the walls and spotted her video game system; I can relate to that.
Paying attention to my Airman allowed me a glimpse into her life. Still, was this enough to get her to connect with the oldest person in her work center?
It came down to what my dad did with me for our father-son bonding. He introduced me to Star Wars and Star Trek, engrained classic rock into my head, and shared outlandish stories of his past. These moments brought me closer to him, so I thought it might work with my Airmen.
Well, now they know more 1980s music than they ever thought they would, and have heard more "old-man" stories than they probably wished to hear. It took willingness from both sides to adapt, but at the end of the day, we built that Airman-supervisor connection.
They can trust me. They can come to me with problems I can help solve or just listen. We can celebrate together the successes they have achieved. Hearing that they won an award or were lauded by the commander gives me the same level of joy and pride as they have. I am proud of my Airmen, and they have become more than a required responsibility to me.
I believe every supervisor can come to feel this way. All it takes is a desire to be part of their Airmen's lives and have a genuine interest in their well-being. Find your connections, build them, adapt as necessary and don't give up on your Airmen.


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RTI Requests Rejections
GS Paper - 2
Quasi Judicial Bodies
Why in News
The Centre has rejected 4.3% of all Right to Information (RTI) requests in 2019-20, the lowest ever rate, according to the Central Information Commission (CIC)'s annual report.
Rejection rates have fallen since the 13.9% rate in 2005-06, and have been steadily trending downwards since the 8.4% spike in 2014-15.
Rejection without Reason: Almost 40% of these rejections did not include any valid reason, as they did not invoke one of the permissible exemption clauses in the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
These rejections are classified under the 'Others' category in the CIC data.
The Finance Ministry alone rejected 40% of its total RTI requests without providing a valid reason under the Act.
More than 90% of rejections by the Prime Minister's Office, the Delhi High Court, the Comptroller and Auditor General, among others fell into the "Others" category.
Maximum Rejections: The Home Ministry had the highest rate of rejections, as it rejected 20% of all RTIs received.
The Delhi Police and the Army also saw increases in rejection rates.
Ground for Rejection of the RTI Requests:
Section 8(1) deals with the exemption from disclosure of information:
If it is related to the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security, strategic, scientific or economic interests of the State, relation with foreign State or lead to incitement of an offence,
Information including commercial confidence, trade secrets or intellectual property,
Information, the disclosure of which would endanger the life or physical safety of any person,
Information which would impede the process of investigation or prosecution of offenders,
Information which relates to personal information the disclosure of which has no relationship to any public activity or interest.
Of the permissible grounds for rejection, Section 8(1) was used in around 46% of the cases.
It empowers the Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer to reject a request for information which involves an infringement of copyright.
Section 24:
It exempts information related to security and intelligence organisations except allegations of corruption and human rights violations.
Around one in five (20%) permissible rejections coming under this category.
Right to Information (Amendment) Act, 2019
It provided that the Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner (of Centre as well as States) shall hold office for such terms as prescribed by the Central Government.
Before this amendment, their term was fixed for 5 years.
It provided that the salary, allowances and other service conditions of the Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner (of Centre as well as States) shall be such as prescribed by the Central Government.
Before this amendment, the salary, allowances and other service conditions of the Chief Information Commissioner were similar to those of the Chief Election Commissioner and that of an Information Commissioner were similar to those of an Election Commissioner (State Election Commissioners in case of States).
It removed the provisions regarding deductions in salary of the Chief Information Commissioner, an Information Commissioner, the State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner due to pension or any other retirement benefits received by them for their previous government service.
Central Information Commission
The Central Information Commission was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005). It is not a constitutional body.
The Commission consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
At present (2019), the Commission has six Information Commissioners apart from the Chief Information Commissioner.
They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
Tenure:
The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for such terms as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
They are not eligible for reappointment.
Power and Functions of CIC:
It is the duty of the Commission to receive and inquire into a complaint from any person regarding information request under RTI, 2005.
The Commission can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).
While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents etc.
Source:TH
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Kendra E. McCarty, PA-C, is a native Houstonian and graduate of Friendswood High School. She attended the University of Texas at Austin, where she received a bachelor's degree in biology and allied health professions. She then received her Masters of Clinical Medical Sciences in physician assistant studies from Barry University in Miami Shores, Florida. She was inducted into Pi Alpha Honor Society (the national honor society for physician assistants) and graduated in December 2009.
Kendra is board certified by the National Commission on Certification of Physicians Assistants and is licensed as a physician assistant by the Texas Medical Board. She is an active member of the Society of Dermatology for Physician Assistants.
As a physician assistant with several years of dermatology experience, Kendra treats patients with medical, surgical and cosmetic dermatology concerns. She welcomes both adult and pediatric patients.
Kendra resides in League City with her husband and two children. She enjoys spending time with family and friends, exercising, cooking and traveling.
Kendra provides care at Bay Area Dermatology Associates Texas City, Bay Area Dermatology Associates Clear Lake and Bay Area Dermatology Baytown.


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