This page handbook contains valuable information on FDA's requirements and policies for safe production and accurate labeling of cosmetics. The material in it has been carefully selected for use in the production and distribution of cosmetic products.
Cosmetics marketed in the United States, whether manufactured here or imported from abroad, must be in compliance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA), and the regulations published under the authority of these laws.
The regulations published by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are all codified in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR). The regulations applicable to cosmetics are stated at 21 CFR, parts 700 to 740 (21 CFR 700 to 740). The color additive regulations applicable to cosmetics are found at 21 CFR 73, 74 and 82. Copies of the 21 CFR volumes containing these regulations may be obtained at current cost from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, telephone (202) 783-3238.
The FD&C Act defines cosmetics as articles intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are products such as skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial make-up preparations, shampoos, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, deodorants, and any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. Soap products consisting primarily of an alkali salt of fatty acid and making no label claim other than cleansing of the human body are not considered cosmetics under the law.
Products that are cosmetics but are also intended to treat or prevent disease, or otherwise affect the structure or functions of the human body, are considered also drugs and must comply with both the drug and cosmetic provisions of the law. Examples of products which are drugs as well as cosmetics are anticaries toothpastes (e.g., "fluoride" toothpastes), hormone creams, suntanning preparations intended to protect against sunburn, antiperspirants that are also deodorants, and antidandruff shampoos.
Most currently marketed cosmetics which are also drugs are over-the-counter drugs. Several are new drugs for which safety and effectiveness had to be proved to the agency before they could be marketed. A new drug is a drug which is not generally recognized by experts as safe and effective under the conditions of intended use or which has become so recognized but has not been used to a material extent or for a material time under such conditions.
The regulatory requirements for drugs are more extensive than the requirements applicable to cosmetics. For example, the FD&C Act requires that drug manufacturers register every year with the FDA and update their lists of all manufactured drugs twice annually. See 21 CFR 207. Additionally, drugs must be manufactured in accordance with current good manufacturing practice regulations as codified at 21 CFR 210 and 211.
The FD&C Act prohibits the distribution of cosmetics which are adulterated or misbranded. A cosmetic is considered adulterated if it contains a substance which may make the product harmful to consumers under customary conditions of use; if it contains a filthy, putrid, or decomposed substance; if its container is composed of a harmful substance; if it is manufactured or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth, or may have become harmful to consumers; or if it is not a hair dye that contains a non-permitted color additive.
Coal-tar hair dyes bearing on the label the caution statement prescribed by law and give "patch-test" instructions are exempted from the adulteration provision even if they are irritating to the skin or are otherwise harmful to the human body. Eyelash and eyebrow dyes are not included in this exemption. All dyes used in eyelash and eyebrow dye products must be approved by the FDA for such use.
A cosmetic is misbranded if its labeling is false or misleading, if it does not bear the required labeling information, or if the container is made or filled in a deceptive manner.
Although the FD&C Act does not require that cosmetic manufacturers or marketers test their products for safety, the FDA strongly urges cosmetic manufacturers to conduct whatever toxicological or other tests are appropriate to substantiate the safety of their cosmetics. If the safety of a cosmetic is not adequately substantiated, the product may be considered misbranded and may be subject to regulatory action unless the label bears the following statement: "Warning - The safety of this product has not been determined." See 21 CFR 740.10.
With the exception of color additives and a few prohibited ingredients, a cosmetic manufacturer may, on his own responsibility, use essentially any raw material as a cosmetic ingredient and market the product without approval. The law requires that color additives used in food, drugs and cosmetics must be tested for safety and approved by the FDA for their intended uses. A cosmetic containing an unlisted color additive; i.e., a color additive which has not been approved by the FDA for its intended use, is considered adulterated and subject to regulatory action. The color additives approved for use in cosmetics are listed at 21 CFR 73, 74 and 82.
The use of the following ingredients is either restricted or prohibited in cosmetics: bithionol, mercury compounds, vinyl chloride, halogenated salicylanilides, zirconium complexes in aerosol cosmetics, chloroform, methylene chloride, chlorofluorocarbon propellants, and hexachlorophene. See 21 CFR 700.11 to 700.23 and 250.250. The agency also considers as adulterated cosmetic nail products containing methyl methacrylate monomer or those containing more than 5% formaldehyde. Although not prohibited by law or regulation, in addition, the manufacturers of cosmetic fragrance products have voluntarily agreed to not use or to limit maximum use levels of certain selected ingredients which have been found to cause depigmentation, irritant, neurotoxic, or phototoxic or other allergic reactions.
Although the FD&C Act does not require cosmetic firms to register manufacturing establishments or formulations with the FDA or make available safety data or other information before a product is marketed in the United States, manufacturers or distributors of cosmetics may submit this information to the agency voluntarily. Voluntary registration and assignment of a registration number by the agency does not denote approval of a firm or product by the FDA. Any use of a registration number in labeling must be accompanied by a conspicuous disclaimer phrase as prescribed by regulation. See 21 CFR 710, 720 and 730.
The cosmetics distributed in the United States must comply with the labeling regulations published by the FDA under the authority of the FD&C Act and the FPLA. Labeling means all labels and other written, printed or graphic matter on or accompanying a product. The label statements required under the authority of the FD&C Act must appear on the inside as well as any outside container or wrapper. FPLA requirements, e.g., ingredient labeling and statement of the net quantity of contents on the principal display panel, only apply to the label of the outer container. The labeling requirements are codified at 21 CFR 701 and 740. Cosmetics bearing false or misleading label statements or otherwise not labeled in accordance with the codified requirements may be considered misbranded and may be subject to regulatory action.
The principal display panel, i.e., the part of the label most likely displayed or examined under customary conditions of display for sale (21 CFR 701.10) and generally bearing the name of the product. It must identify by descriptive name or illustration the nature or use of the product and bear an accurate statement of the net quantity of contents of the cosmetic in the package in terms of weight, measure, numerical count, or a combination of numerical count and weight or measure. The declaration must be distinct, placed in the bottom area of the panel in line generally parallel to the base on which the package rests, and in a type size commensurate with the size of the container as prescribed by regulation.
The net quantity of contents statement of a solid, semi-solid or viscous cosmetic must be in terms of the avoirdupois pound and ounce, and a statement of liquid measure must be in terms of the U.S. gallon of 231 cubic inches and the quart, pint, and fluid ounce subdivisions thereof. If the net quantity of contents exceeds one pound or one pint, it must be expressed in ounces, followed in parenthesis ( ) by a declaration of the largest whole units (i.e., pounds and ounces or quarts and pints and ounces). The net quantity of contents may additionally be stated in terms of the metric system of weights or measures.
The name and place of business of the firm marketing the product must be stated on an information panel of the label (21 CFR 701.12). The address must state the street address, city, state, and zip code. If a firm is listed in a current city or telephone directory, the street address may be omitted. If the distributor is not the manufacturer or packer, this fact must be stated on the label by the qualifying phrase "Manufactured for ..." or "Distributed by ..." or similar, appropriate wording.
The Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1304) requires that all imported articles state on the label the English name of the country of origin. See also 19 CFR 134.
All label statements required by regulation must be in the English language and must be placed on the label or labeling with such prominence and conspicuousness that they are readily noticed and understood by consumers under customary conditions of purchase (21 CFR 701.2).
Cosmetics produced or distributed for retail sale to consumers for their personal care are required to bear an ingredient declaration (21 CFR 701.3). Cosmetics not customarily distributed for retail sale, e.g., hair preparations or makeup products used by professionals on customers at their establishments or skin cleansers made available to persons at their place of work, are exempt from this requirement provided these products are not also sold to consumers at professional establishments or workplaces for their consumption at home.
The ingredient declaration must be conspicuous so that it is likely to be read at the time of purchase. It may appear on any information panel of the outer container, i.e., an information panel of the folding carton, box or wrapping if the immediate container is so pack-aged or, if not packaged in an outer container, an information panel of the jar, tube or bottle containing the product. The ingredient declaration may also appear on a tag, tape or card that is firmly affixed to the outer container. The letters must not be less than 1/16 of an inch in height (21 CFR 701.3(b)). If the total package surface available to bear labeling is less than 12 square inches, the letters must not be less than 1/32 of an inch in height (21 CFR 701.3(p)). Off-package ingredient labeling is permitted if the cosmetic is held in tightly compartmented trays or racks, it is not enclosed in a folding carton, and the package surface area is less than 12 square inches (21 CFR 701.3(i)).
The ingredients must be declared in descending order of predominance. Color additives (21 CFR 701.3(f)(3)) and ingredients present at one percent or less (21 CFR 701.3(f)(2)) may be declared after the ingredients present at concentrations exceeding one percent without regard for predominance. The ingredients must be identified by the names established or adopted by regulation (21 CFR 701.3(c)); those accepted by the FDA as exempt from public disclosure may be stated as "and other ingredients" (21 CFR 701.3(a)).
Cosmetics which are also drugs must first identify the drug ingredient(s) as "active ingredients(s)" before listing the cosmetic ingredients (21 CFR 701.3(d)).
Cosmetics which may be hazardous to consumers when misused must bear appropriate label warnings and adequate directions for safe use. The statements must be prominent and conspicuous. Some cosmetics must bear label warnings or cautions prescribed by regulation (21 CFR 740). Cosmetics in self-pressurized containers (aerosol products), feminine deodorant sprays and, children's bubble bath products are examples of products requiring such statements.
Liquid oral hygiene products (e.g., mouthwashes, fresheners) and all cosmetic vaginal products (e.g., douches, tablets) must be packaged in tamper-resistant packages when sold at retail. A package is considered tamper-resistant if it has an indicator or barrier to entry (e.g., shrink or tape seal, sealed carton, tube or pouch, aerosol container) which, if breached or missing, alerts a consumer that tampering has occurred. The indicator must be distinctive by design (breakable cap, blister) or appearance (logo, vignette, other illustration) to preclude substitution. The tamper-resistant feature may involve the immediate or outer container or both. The package must also bear a prominently placed statement alerting the consumer to the tamper-resistant feature. This statement must remain unaffected if the tamper-resistant feature is breached or missing. See 21 CFR 700.25.
For enforcement of the law, the FDA may conduct examinations and investigations of products, inspect establishments in which products are manufactured or held, and seize adulterated (harmful) or misbranded (incorrectly or deceptively labeled or filled) cosmetics. Adulterated or misbranded foreign products may be refused entry into the United States. To pre-vent further shipment of an adulterated or misbranded product, the agency may request a federal district court to issue a restraining order against the manufacturer or distributor of the violative cosmetic. The FDA may also initiate criminal action against a per-son violating the law. Examples of products seized are nail preparations containing methyl methacrylate or formaldehyde, various eyebrow and eyelash dye products containing prohibited coal-tar dyes, and products contaminated with harmful microorganisms.
Further questions regarding regulatory requirements for marketing cosmetics should be directed to the Food and Drug Administration, Division of Colors and Cosmetics (HFF-440), 200 C Street, SW, Washington, DC 20204. Questions regarding requirements for marketing products which are cosmetic and drugs should also be addressed to the Division of Drug Labeling, OTC Compliance Branch (HFN-312), 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 208567.
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act prohibits the introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of cosmetics that are adulterated or misbranded (Sec. 301).
It contains a non-permitted, or in some instance non-certified, color additive.
It is manufactured or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have become injurious to users or contaminated with filth.
Failure to state prominently and conspicuously any information required by or under authority of this act.
To determine whether cosmetic firms manufacture, hold or deliver for introduction into interstate commerce cosmetics that are adulterated or misbranded, and to prevent these and other practices violating Sec. 301 of the FD&C Act, the law gives the agency the authority to enter the establishments of such firms and inspect their facilities as well as all pertinent equipment, finished and unfinished materials, containers and labeling therein. See Sec. 704(a) of the FD&C Act.
Rigorous adherence to good manufacturing practice minimizes the risk of adulteration or misbranding of cosmetics. The following cosmetic establishment instructions, excerpted from FDA's Inspection Operations Manual, may serve as guidelines for effective self-inspection. A good inspection score means that an establishment follows good manufacturing practice.
a. The personnel supervising or performing the manufacture or control of cosmetics has the education, training and/or experience to perform the assigned functions.
b. Persons coming into direct contact with cosmetic materials, finished products in bulk or cosmetic contact surfaces, to the extent necessary to prevent adulteration of cosmetic products, wear appropriate outer garments, gloves, hair restraints etc., and maintain adequate personal cleanliness.
c. Consumption of food or drink, or use of tobacco is restricted to appropriately designated areas.
a. Raw materials and primary packaging materials are stored and handled in a manner which prevents their mix-up, contamination with microorganisms or other chemicals, or decomposition from exposure to excessive heat, cold, sunlight or moisture.
b. Containers of materials are closed, and bagged or boxed materials are stored off the floor.
c. Containers of materials are labeled with respect to identity, lot identification and control status.
d. Materials are sampled and tested or examined in conformance with procedures assuring the absence of contamination with filth, microorganisms or other extraneous substances to the extent necessary to prevent adulteration of finished products. Pay particular attention to materials of animal or vegetable origin and those used in the manufacture of cosmetics by cold processing methods with respect to contamination with filth or microorganisms.
e. Materials not meeting acceptance specifications are properly identified and controlled to prevent their use in cosmetics.
a. The equipment for processing, transfer and filling the utensils, and the containers for holding raw and bulk materials are clean, in good repair and in sanitary condition.
b. Only approved materials are used.
c. Samples are taken, as appropriate, during and/or after processing, transfer or filling for testing for adequacy of mixing or other forms of processing, absence of hazardous microorganisms or chemical contaminants, and compliance with any other acceptance specification.
d. Weighing and measuring of raw materials is checked by a second person, and containers holding the materials are properly identified.
e. Major equipment, transfer lines, containers and tanks used for processing, filling or holding cosmetics are identified to indicate contents, batch designation, control status and other pertinent information.
f. Labels are examined for identity before labeling operations to avoid mix-up.
g. The equipment for processing, holding, transferring and filling of batch is labeled regarding identity, batch identification and control status.
h. Packages of finished products bear permanent code marks.
i. Returned cosmetics are examined for deterioration or contamination.
a. Raw materials, in-process samples and finished products are tested or examined to verify their identity and determine their compliance with specifications for physical and chemical properties, microbial contamination, and hazardous or other unwanted chemical contaminants.
b. Reserve samples of approved lots or batches of raw materials and finished products are retained for the specified time period, are stored under conditions that protect them from contamination or deterioration, and are retested for continued compliance with established acceptance specifications.
c. The water supply, particularly the water used as a cosmetic ingredient, is tested regularly for conformance with chemical-analytical and microbiological specifications.
d. Fresh as well as retained samples of finished products are tested for adequacy of preservation against microbial contamination which may occur under reasonably foreseeable conditions of storage and consumer use.
a. Raw materials and primary packaging materials, documenting disposition of rejected material.
(i) Kinds, lots and quantities of materials used.
(ii) Processing, handling, transferring, holding and filling.
(iii) Sampling, controlling, adjusting and reworking.
(iv) Code marks of batches and finished products.
c. Finished products, documenting sampling, individual laboratory controls, test results and control status.
d. Distribution, documenting initial interstate shipment, code marks and consignees.
(ii) The statement "Warning - The safety of this product has not been determined" if the safety of the respective product has not adequately been substantiated. Determine whether and what toxicological and/or other testing the firm has conducted to substantiate the safety of its products. See 21 CFR 740.10.
(i) The name and address of the firm manufacturing the product or introducing it into interstate commerce.
(ii) The list of ingredients (only on outer container) if intended for sale or customarily sold to consumers for consumption at home.
(iii) The warning statement(s) required at 21 CFR 740.11, 740.12 and 740.17.
(iv) Any other warning statement necessary or appropriate to prevent a health hazard. Determine the health hazard or other basis for a warning statement.
(v) Any direction for safe use of product.
(vi) In the case of a hair dye product, the caution statement of sec. 601(a) of the Act and appropriate directions for preliminary patch testing. This warning only applies to coal-tar hair dyes which, if so labeled, are then exempted from the adulteration provision of the Act.
a. The kind and severity of each reported injury and the body part involved.
b. The product associated with each injury, including the manufacturer and code number.
c. The medical treatment involved, if any, including the name of the attending physician.
d. The name(s) and location(s) of any poison control center, government agency, physician's group etc., to whom formula information and/or toxicity data are provided.
e. Whether the firm voluntarily files Cosmetic Product Experience Reports (21 CFR 730).
(i) Cosmetic manufacturing establishments (21 CFR 710).
(ii) Cosmetic product ingredient and cosmetic raw material composition statements (21 CFR 720).
(iii) Cosmetic product experiences (21 CFR 730).
b. Using a color additive which is not listed for use in cosmetics (21 CFR 73, 74 and 82) or which is not certified (21 CFR 80).
c. Using a prohibited cosmetic ingredient (21 CFR 700).
Cosmetics produced or distributed for retail sale to consumers for their personal care are required to bear an ingredient declaration (21 CFR 701.3). Cosmetics not customarily distributed for retail sale, e.g., hair preparations or make-up products used by professionals at their establishments and skin cleansing or emollient creams used at places of work, are exempt from this requirement provided these products are not also sold to consumers.
The ingredient declaration must be conspicuous so that it is likely to be read at the time of purchase. It may appear on any information panel of the package, i.e., the folding carton, box or wrapping if the immediate container is so packaged, and may also appear on a firmly affixed tag, tape or card. The letters must not be less than 1/16 of an inch in height (701.3(b)). If the total package surface available to bear labeling is less than 12 square inches, the letters must not be less than 1/32 of an inch in height (701.3(p)). Off-package ingredient labeling is permitted if the cosmetic is held in tightly compartmented trays or racks, it is not enclosed in a folding carton, and the package surface area is less than 12 square inches (701.3(i)).
The ingredients must be declared in descending order of predominance. Color additives (701.3(f)(3)) and ingredients present at one percent or less (701.3(f)(2)) may be declared without regard for predominance. The ingredients must be identified by the names established or adopted by regulation (701.3(c)); those accepted by the FDA as exempt from public disclosure may be stated as "and other ingredients" (701.3(a)).
Cosmetics which are also drugs must first identify the drug ingredient(s) as "active ingredient(s)" before listing the cosmetic ingredients (701.3(d)).
1. Hexachlorophene (21 CFR 250.250).
Because of its neurotoxic effect and ability to penetrate human skin, hexachlorophene (HCP) may be used only when an alternative preservative has not been shown to be as effective. The HCP concentration of the cosmetic may not exceed 0.1%, and it may not be used in cosmetics which in normal use may be applied to mucous membrane.
2. Mercury compounds (21 CFR 700.13).
The use of mercury compounds as cosmetic ingredients is limited to eye area cosmetics at concentrations not exceeding 65 parts per million (0.0065%) of mercury calculated as the metal (about 100 ppm or 0.01% phenylmercuric acetate or nitrate) and provided no other effective and safe preservative is available for use.
Mercury compounds are readily absorbed through the skin on topical application and have the tendency to accumulate in the body. They may cause allergic reactions, skin irritation or neurotoxic manifestations.
3. Chlorofluorocarbon propellants (21 CFR 700.23 and 2.125).
The use of chlorofluorocarbon propellants (fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes) in cosmetic aerosol products intended for domestic consumption is prohibited.
(a) The manufacturer has an order from the foreign purchaser stating the exact amount desired, that a chlorofluorocarbon be used as propellant, and that he is aware of its illegality in the United States. The manufacturer must also have in his possession a current letter from a responsible official of the country to which the product is to be shipped stating that the use of chlorofluorocarbon propellants is legal in the respective country.
(b) The stock of chlorofluorocarbon propellants intended for export production is kept under adequate security at all times.
(c) During all stages of manufacture and storage the chlorofluorocarbon-containing aerosol product is kept segregated from all other products and is clearly marked "for export only."
(d) Complete records are kept accounting for all chlorofluorocarbon propellant use as well as for all manufacture, storage, shipment and exportation of aerosol products containing these propellants. These records must be retained for at least 3 years and made available to any FDA official upon oral or written request.
(a) Bithionol because of its likelihood of causing photo-contact sensitization (21 CFR 700.11).
(b) Halogenated salicylanilides (di-, tri-, metabromsalan and tetrachlorosalicylanilide) because of their potential of causing photocontact sensitization (21 CFR 700.15).
(c) Chloroform because of its animal carcinogenicity and likely hazard to human health (21 CFR 700.18).
(d) Vinyl chloride as an ingredient of aerosol products because of its carcinogenic effect in humans and animals (21 CFR 700.14).
(e) Zirconium-containing complexes in aerosol cosmetic products because of their toxic effect on lungs, including granulomas (21 CFR 700.16).
(f) Methylene chloride because of its animal carcinogenicity and likely hazard to human health (21 CFR 700.18).
AETT should not be used in fragrance formulations and finished cosmetic products (usually in products claiming to be fragrance-free). In a subchronic toxicity study in rats conducted in 1977, AETT was found to cause serious neurotoxic disorders and discoloration of internal organs. It was also determined to penetrate human skin. The fragrance industry voluntarily discontinued use of AETT in 1978.
Various tests and clinical experience have demonstrated that musk ambrette may cause photocontact sensitization, i.e., allergic reactions of the skin on exposure to musk ambrette and sunlight. Other studies have indicated that musk ambrette may also cause neurotoxic effects. The International Fragrance Association has recommended that musk ambrette should not be used in products applied to the skin, particularly those products used on skin that is customarily also exposed to sunlight.
The fragrance ingredient 6-MC is a potent photo-contact sensitizer which may cause serious skin and systemic disorders in some consumers on contact in the presence of sunlight. Between 1976 and 1978, the FDA received many reports of adverse reactions associated with the use of 6-MC-containing suntan preparations. The photocontact allergenicity of 6-MC was subsequently confirmed in clinical studies. In 1978, the FDA asked the manufacturers of suntan and sunscreen products to discontinue the use of 6-MC. Two firms voluntarily recalled products containing 6-MC from the market.
Cosmetics containing as ingredients amines or amino derivatives, particularly di- or triethanolamine, may form nitrosamines if they also contain an ingredient which acts as a nitrosating agent as, for example, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol, Onyx-ide 500), 5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane (Bronidox C) or tris (hydroxymethyl) nitromethane (Tris Nitro), or if they are contaminated with a nitrosating agent, e.g., sodium nitrite. Amines and their derivatives are mostly present in creams, cream lotions, hair shampoos and cream hair conditioners. The nitrosation may occur during manufacture or during product storage.
Many nitrosamines have been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals. They have also been shown to penetrate the skin. Nitrosamine contamination of cosmetics became an issue in early 1977. In a study of 29 cosmetic creams and lotions, N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) was determined in 27. The levels of NDELA contamination ranged from less than 10 parts per billion (ppb) to 50 parts per million (ppm). Of the more than 300 cosmetic samples analyzed in 1978, 1979 and early 1980 in FDA's laboratories, 7% contained less than 30 ppb NDELA, 26% contained 30 ppb to 2 ppm and 7% contained between 2 ppm and 150 ppm.
The FDA expressed its concern about the contamination of cosmetics with nitrosamines in a notice published in the Federal Register of April 10, 1979 (44 FR 21365). It stated that cosmetics containing nitrosamines may be considered adulterated and subject to enforcement action. In surveys of cosmetic products conducted in 1991-92, NDELA was found in 65% of the samples at levels up to 3 ppm.
Cosmetics containing as ingredients ethoxylated surface active agents, i.e., detergents, foaming agents, emulsifiers and certain solvents identifiable by the prefix, word or syllable "PEG," "Polyethylene," "Polyethylene glycol," "Polyoxyethylene," "-eth-," or "-oxynol-," may be contaminated with 1,4-dioxane. It may be removed from ethoxylated compounds by means of vacuum stripping at the end of the polymerization process without an unreasonable increase in raw material cost.
In rodent feeding studies conducted for the National Cancer Institute, 1,4-dioxane was found to produce cancer of the liver and the nasal turbinates. It also caused systemic cancer in a skin painting study. Skin absorption studies demonstrated that dioxane readily penetrates animal and human skin from various types of vehicles. However, it was also determined that most of the dioxane applied to the skin in a vehicle evaporates into the environment and may not be available for skin absorption.
The contamination of ethoxylated surface-active agents with dioxane was first reported in 1978. Many of the raw materials analyzed since then have been found to contain dioxane; some contained as much as, or more than, 100 ppm. In finished cosmetic products containing ethoxylated surface-active agents, the incidence and level of dioxane contamination was significantly lower.
Cosmetics need not be sterile, however, they must not be contaminated with microorganisms which may be pathogenic, and the density of non-pathogenic microorganisms should be low. In addition, cosmetics should remain in this condition when used by consumers. Some cosmetics, i.e., those containing more than about 10% ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerol, etc., and cosmetics in self-pressurized containers, are usually self-preserving and are not likely to become contaminated with microorganisms.
The hazard of inadequately preserved cosmetics to human health has been amply demonstrated by reports of staphylococcal infections in hospitals from use of contaminated hand creams and hand lotions and in studies conducted on eye area cosmetics. Regardless of whether a cosmetic becomes contaminated during manufacture or during consumer use, the hazard is twofold, namely, (1) the direct effect of microorganisms on human health and (2) the circuitous effect on human health due to product contamination and spoilage, product separation, or formation of harmful microbial metabolites.
Microbial contamination of cosmetics during manufacture was a major issue during the 1960's and early 1970's. Since then, significant progress has been made by the cosmetic industry towards implementation of sanitary manufacturing practices, more rigorous microbiological control, and the development of better-preserved cosmetic products. However, the problem of adequacy of preservation of cosmetics to prevent contamination during consumer use continues to be of concern to the agency, particularly with respect to cosmetics coming into contact with the eye.
The studies conducted to determine the hazard associated with inadequately preserved eye area cosmetics revealed that microbial contamination of new mascaras was rare but that many became readily contaminated with the microorganisms found on the eyelids and fingers of consumers. If an inadequately preserved mascara becomes contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the delicate cornea of the eye is scratched with the applicator, the eye may become infected. P. aeruginosa is an ubiquitous microorganism which may also occasionally be present on the skin. Corneal ulceration may lead to partial or total blindness in the injured eye. Several cases of corneal ulceration and blindness associated with Pseudomonas-contaminated mascaras have been identified. Eye area cosmetics contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis or other cocci may cause conjunctivitis or blepharitis.
The issue of adequacy of preservation of eye area cosmetics was addressed in the Federal Register notice of October 11, 1977 (42 FR 54837). The agency announced its intention to propose regulations and invited interested persons to submit information on microbial testing methods and standards of performance suitable to ensure that such cosmetics do not become contaminated with microorganisms during manufacture and use by consumers. Since no useful information was received about such methods, the agency decided to have standards for determining adequacy of preservation developed under contract, and this work is currently underway. The notice also stated that "FDA does not intend to await the completion of the rulemaking pronounced in this notice of intent before taking needed regulatory action."
(b) Each cosmetic, particularly each eye area cosmetic, be tested during product development for adequacy of preservation against microbial contamination which may occur under reasonably foreseeable conditions of consumer use.
Chlorofluorocarbon propellants, vinyl chloride, and zirconium compounds are prohibited as ingredients of cosmetic aerosol products (21 CFR 700.23, 700.14 and 700.16).
120 degrees F. Keep out of reach of children.
Hydrocarbon propellant-containing products must also bear the statement (21 CFR 740.11(b)(1)).
Warning - Use only as directed. Intentional misuse by deliberately concentrating and inhaling the contents can be harmful or fatal.
(a) Foam or cream products containing less than 10% propellant.
(b) Products in a container with a physical barrier that prevents escape of the propellant at the time of use.
(c) Products with a net quantity of contents of less than 2 ounces and equipped with a metering valve.
(d) Products with a net quantity of contents of less than ½ ounce.
Caution - For external use only. Spray at least 8 inches from skin. Do not apply to broken, or irritated, or itching skin. Persistent, unusual odor or discharge may indicate conditions for which a physician should be consulted. Discontinue use immediately if rash, irritation, or discomfort develops.
Feminine deodorant sprays which are not packaged in self-pressurized containers, need not bear the sentence "Spray at least 8 inches from skin." If they are aerosol products, they must also bear the warning required at 21 CFR 740.11(a)(1). Additionally, if the propellant is a hydrocarbon, the label must bear the warning required at 740.11(b)(1).
The risk associated with certain conditions of use of foaming detergent bath products, i.e., bubble bath products, particularly excessive or prolonged exposure, has been known for some time. Over the years, the agency has received numerous complaints from consumers and physicians about itching, rashes and urinary tract disorders. Reports in the medical literature have mentioned that the adverse reactions either subsided or disappeared when the use of bubble bath products was discontinued. Most adverse reactions appeared to have been caused by inadvertent product misuse which may not have occurred if consumers had been given proper directions for safe use of these products and had been cautioned about the possible adverse effects by means of a mandatory label warning.
In 1980, the FDA published a regulation requiring that the labels of bubble bath products bear adequate directions for safe use and the prescribed caution statement. The effective date was subsequently stayed to permit reconsideration of the regulation. The new effective date of the revised regulation (it does not apply to foaming detergent bath products clearly labeled that they are intended for use exclusively by adults) is June 5, 1987 (51 FR 20471).
Caution - Use only as directed. Excessive use or prolonged exposure may cause irritation to skin and urinary tract. Discontinue use if rash, redness, or itching occur. Consult your physician if irritation persists. Keep out of reach of children.
For the purpose of this regulation, a foaming deter-gent bath product (bubble bath product) is defined as any product intended to be added to the bath for the purpose of producing foam and containing a surface-active agent serving as a detergent or foaming agent. Examples of label statements properly identifying a product as being intended for use exclusively by adults are: "Keep out of reach of children" or "For adult use only."
Hair dye products may be divided into three categories, i.e., permanent, semi-permanent and temporary hair colors. Permanent hair colors are the most popular hair dye products. They may be further divided into oxidation hair dyes and progressive hair dyes. Oxidation hair dye products consist of (1) a solution of dye intermediates, e.g., p-phenylene-diamine, which form hair dyes on chemical reaction, and preformed dyes, e.g., 2-nitro-p-phenylene-diamine, which already are dyes and are added to achieve the intended shades, in an aqueous, ammoniacal vehicle containing soap, detergents and conditioning agents; and, (2) a solution of hydrogen peroxide, usually 6%, in water or a cream lotion.
The ammoniacal dye solution and the hydrogen peroxide solution, often called the developer, are mixed shortly before application to the hair. The applied mixture causes the hair to swell and the dye intermediates (and preformed dyes) penetrate the hair shaft to some extent before they have fully reacted with each other and the hydrogen peroxide and formed the hair dye.
Progressive hair dye products contain lead acetate as the active ingredient. Lead acetate is approved as a color additive for coloring hair on the scalp at concentrations not exceeding 0.6% w/v, calculated as metallic lead (21 CFR 73.2396). Bismuth citrate, the other approved color additive (21 CFR 73.2110), is used to a much lesser extent. Progressive hair dyes change the color of hair gradually from light straw color to almost black by reacting with the sulfur of hair keratin as well as oxidizing on the hair surface.
Semi-permanent and temporary hair coloring products are solutions (on rare occasions dry powders) of various coal-tar, i.e., synthetic organic, dyes which deposit and adhere to the hair shaft to a greater or lesser extent. Temporary hair colors must be re-applied after each shampooing. The vehicle may consist of water, organic solvents, gums, surfactants and conditioning agents. The coal-tar dyes are either listed and certified color additives or dyes for which approval has not been sought. The dyes may not be non-permitted metallic salts or vegetable substances.
If the label of a coal-tar color-containing hair dye product does not bear the caution statement of section 601(a) and the patch testing directions, it may be subject to regulatory action if it is determined to be harmful under customary conditions of use.
Warning - Contains an ingredient that can penetrate your skin and has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals.
Some hair dye manufacturers held that the potential risk was too small to be considered "material" and challenged the validity of the regulation in court. The agency decided to reconsider its earlier position, entered into a consent agreement with the hair dye manufacturers, and stayed the effectiveness of the regulation until completion of an assessment of the carcinogenic risk of 4-MMPD in accordance with scientifically accepted procedures.
In addition to 4-MMPD, the following other hair dye ingredients have been reported to cause cancer in at least one animal species in lifetime feeding studies: 4-chloro-m-phenylenediamine, 2,4-toluenediamine, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine and 4-amino-2-nitro-phenol. They also were found to penetrate human and animal skin.
Chemical depilatories are highly alkaline pastes, creams or cream lotions containing either alkali or alkali-earth sulfides (usually up to 35% barium or strontium sulfide) or mixtures of alkali-earth hydroxides (usually 5-10% calcium hydroxide) and salts of aliphatic mercapto acids (usually 2-5% calcium thioglycolate). These ingredients cause degradation of hair keratin and deterioration of hair fibers to a jelly-like mass that can easily be removed by wiping or scraping. The pH of chemical depilatories usually falls between 10 and 12.5.
Hair straighteners are mostly creams or cream lotions containing about 3% sodium hydroxide or, as a kit, a lotion containing about 5% calcium hydroxide and a solution of up to about 30% guanidine carbonate. The pH is around 12. Some straighteners contain about 4% ammonium thioglycolate as the active ingredient.
Because improperly formulated or incorrectly used depilatories or hair straighteners may cause serious skin irritation, they should be thoroughly tested for safety, be subjected to careful quality control during manufacture, and provide explicit warnings and directions for safe use.
Hair shampoos contain anionic or ampholytic detergents serving as cleansing and foaming agents; rinses and conditioners may contain cationics (quaternary ammonium compounds) serving as antistatic agents. When inadvertently introduced into the eye, these surface active agents may cause stinging, mucosal irritation or even corneal damage; and products contaminated with microorganisms may cause infection.
If the cornea has been scratched or otherwise damaged, pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may cause corneal ulceration and blindness. Cosmetic hair products may be adequately preserved with, for example, formaldehyde or formaldehyde releasing preservatives to prevent microbial contamination. See section on "Adequacy Of Preservation" above.
Hair care products, like all other cosmetics, should be tested thoroughly to determine the type and degree of irritation that may occur when coming into contact with the eye and to assure that marketed products are not contaminated and will not become contaminated during normal use. The labels of these products should bear appropriate warnings and directions for safe use.
Products containing estrogen, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, placental extract or vitamins may be considered drugs, misbranded drugs, or misbranded cosmetics, particularly if the label declaration is supplemented with standards implying prevention or treatment of disease or effect on the structure or any function of the human body. See Federal Register notice of the proposed rule of October 28, 1977 (42 FR 56757) and 21 CFR 201.300.
The estrogen content of an OTC product, be it a drug or a drug as well as cosmetic, may not exceed 10,000 IU per ounce. Users must be directed to limit the amount of product applied daily so that no more than 20,000 IU of estrogen or equivalent be used per month. Some estrogen-containing products have been claiming to prevent or reduce wrinkles, treat seborrhea, or stimulate hair growth. The Advisory Review Panel on OTC Miscellaneous External Drug Products has concluded that there are inadequate data to establish the safety of these products and that they are ineffective and may therefore be misbranded, even if marketed as cosmetics without making medicinal claims. See Advance notice of proposed rulemaking, Federal Register of January 5, 1982 (47 FR 430). It should be noted, however, that this panel's recommendation has not yet been accepted by the FDA as a basis for regulatory decisions.
In addition to being considered misbranded drugs, products claiming to contain placental extract may also be deemed to be misbranded cosmetics if the extract has been prepared from placentas from which the hormones and other biologically active substances have been removed and the extracted substance consists principally of protein. The FDA recommends that this substance be identified by a name other than "placental extract" which describes its composition more accurately because consumers associate the name "placental extract" with a therapeutic use or some biological activity.
Cosmetics declaring ingredients as vitamins as, for example, tocopherol as vitamin E, convey the misleading impression that these ingredients and products offer a nutrient or health benefit and may therefore be deemed misbranded. The second edition of the CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, the currently recognized source of cosmetic ingredient names, lists "vitamin" ingredients by their respective chemical names.
Nail builders (elongators, extenders) have been involved in numerous reports of irritation, inflammation and infection of the nail bed and nail fold as well as in complaints of discoloration, splitting and loss of fingernails. The products are marketed as kits consisting of a powder (a mixture of methyl methacrylate polymer and peroxide catalyst) and a liquid (a mixture of methacrylate ester monomer and promoter). Ultraviolet light-cured products consist of a single unit containing methacrylate ester monomers, polyurethane and a curing agent (e.g., hydroxylcyclohexyl phenyl ketone).
The methacrylate monomers currently used in nail builders are mostly ethyl, hydroxyethyl, butyl, iso-butyl, hydroxypropyl or other esters of methacrylic acid. Methyl methacrylate is now rarely used because of a court ruling in an injunction proceeding against a former manufacturer of nail builders and numerous seizures and recalls of methyl methacrylate-containing products. The currently used esters of methacrylic acid may be as harmful as methyl methacrylate.
Warns consumers about the consequences of misuse and potential for causing adverse reactions in sensitized users.
The safety of formaldehyde as a cosmetic ingredient was reviewed in 1984 by a panel of scientific experts appointed by the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, a trade association representing a major portion of the cosmetic industry. The panel reported that available toxicological data and other information were insufficient to conclude that cosmetics containing formaldehyde in excess of 0.2% are safe. (J. American Coll. Tox., 3, 3, 157-184, 1984).
Nail enamels usually consist of nitrocellulose and arylsulfonamide-formaldehyde resin as film formers, toluene or ethyl or butyl acetate as solvents, and phthalate, citrate or phosphate esters as plasticizers. Adverse reactions associated with nail enamels are not uncommon. The formaldehyde resin or residual formaldehyde may elicit allergic reactions in already sensitized consumers, the solvents or plasticizers may be irritating, and the deposited film may cause irritation and inflammation because of its occlusiveness or lack of flexibility. Nail enamels marketed as hardeners have had a particularly high rate of adverse reactions. Their high resin content or low concentration of plasticizer causes them to be particularly occlusive and inflexible. Another frequent complaint is flammability during and shortly after application.
Consisting primarily (i.e., the bulk of its non-volatile matter serving as the detergent) of alkali salts of fatty acids (21 CFR 701.20).
Products consisting of detergents, or products consisting primarily of alkali salts of fatty acids and intended not only for cleansing but also for other cosmetic uses, i.e., products intended also for beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance, must comply with the regulatory requirements applicable to cosmetics and must, for example, bear ingredient declarations as required at 21 CFR 701.3. They may also be regulated as drugs if intended to cure, treat or prevent disease or if intended to affect the structure or any function of the human body.
Products intended solely for cleansing of the human body and having characteristics consumers generally associate with soap may be identified in labeling as soap even though they do not consist predominantly of alkali salts of fatty acids. However, these products are regulated as cosmetics.
Suntan products generally are sunscreening preparations which permit penetration of sufficient erythemal ultraviolet radiation to produce a perceptible erythema for best tanning results. When used as directed, consumers may remain in the sun for a predetermined time period without risking a sun-burn. The sunburn protection is provided by sun-screen active ingredients, e.g., cinoxate, homosalate, padimate O (octyl dimethyl PABA).
The sunscreen ingredient is declared as an active drug ingredient and is listed before the listing of the cosmetic ingredients (Section 502(c)(1) of the FD&C Act and 21 CFR 702.3(d)).
Products regulated as cosmetics should, and those regulated as drugs must, bear adequate directions for safe use (Sec. 502(f)(1) of the Act and 21 CFR 201.5). As an example, the label should state the maximum safe sun exposure period under conditions of prescribed use. Suntan and sunscreen products also must bear warning statements as necessary or appropriate to prevent health hazards (21 CFR 740.1 and Section 502(f)(2) of the Act). The need for an appropriate warning applies particularly to suntan products not containing a sunscreen ingredient or providing only marginal sunburn protection (those with SPF values of less than 4).
Other "suntan" products of interest are capsules intended for ingestion and containing mostly beta carotene and canthaxanthin. These color additives enter the blood stream and are partially deposited in skin tissue, giving the skin a tan-like color. Neither color additive is approved for this particular use, and products containing them are considered adulterated. Some reports of adverse reactions associated with "tanning pills" have mentioned stomach cramps, hepatitis, nausea, diarrhea, and deposition of the color in the retina of the eye.
In recent years, "suntan accelerators" have appeared on the market. They claim to enhance tanning by stimulating and increasing melanin formation. Because their intended purpose is to affect a function of the human body, they may be considered drugs. One type of suntan accelerator is based on bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) which is found in bergamot oil and is a well-known phototoxic substance (responsible for Berloque dermatitis). Bergapten increases the skin's sensitivity to ultraviolet light, intensifies erythema formation, and stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin. It has also been reported to be photo-carcinogenic in animals.
The other kind of suntan accelerator contains tyro-sine, alone or in combination with other amino acids, as the "active" principle. Tyrosine is the starting compound of the melanin synthesis in the skin. Its use is based on the assumption that it penetrates the skin, increases the tyrosine content of the melanocytes, and thus enhances melanin formation. This effect has not been documented in the scientific literature. In fact, an animal study reported a few years ago demonstrated that ingestion or topical application of tyrosine has no effect on melanogenesis. The Agency has recently concluded that "suntan accelerators" are unapproved new drugs within the meaning of Section 201(p) of the FD&C Act, and has issued warning letters to several major manufacturers of these products.
* As a general rule, color additives should not be exposed to oxidizing or reducing agents that may affect the integrity of the color additives. Amounts of color additives used in cosmetic products are restricted to levels consistent with good manufacturing practice (unless the regulation specifies a maximum level).
Regulations published by the Food and Drug Administration are codified under Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations. Before codification, regulations are published in the Federal Register, first as proposed regulations and then as final rules. Both, the Code of Federal Regulations and the Federal Register, may be purchased with VISA copyrighted or MasterCard copyrighted or by submitting a check or money order to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, telephone 202-783-3238. Contact the Government Printing Office directly for current costs.
Parts 100 to 169. Food standards, good manufacturing practice regulation for food, infant formula regulations, food labeling regulations.
Parts 200 to 299. Drug labeling regulations, good manufacturing practice regulations for drugs.
Parts 300 to 499. Regulations covering drugs for human use.
Parts 500 to 599. Regulations concerning animal drugs, feeds and related products.
Parts 600 to 799. Regulations concerning biological products and cosmetics.
Parts 800 to 1299. Regulations concerning medical devices and radiological health. Regulations published under the authority of laws other than the FD&C Act and the FPLA.
The Federal Register is published daily, Monday through Friday. It is mailed, postage paid, to subscribers. There is a 25% surcharge for foreign mailing. It is also available on microfiche.


text:
Filippo Grandi, né le  à Milan, est un diplomate italien, fonctionnaire de l'Organisation des Nations unies, spécialiste des questions de migration.

Biographie
Filippo Grandi est commissaire général de l'office de secours et de travaux des Nations unies pour les réfugiés de Palestine dans le Proche-Orient de 2010 à 2014, après avoir été sous-commissaire général du programme de 2005 à 2010.

Il occupe depuis le  janvier 2016 la fonction de Haut-Commissaire des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (UNHCR). Il est reconduit dans ses fonctions le  et devrait rester en fonction jusqu'au .

Il apparaît dans le film documentaire Human Flow réalisé par Ai Weiwei sorti en 2017.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Personnalité des Nations unies
Diplomate italien du XXe siècle
Diplomate italien du XXIe siècle
Naissance en mars 1957
Naissance à Milan
Étudiant de l'université pontificale grégorienne
Étudiant de l'université de Milan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Greater Sirens can be found anywhere on the East Coast of North America, from Washington DC to Florida. They are fully aquatic and nocturnal, so they are not often seen. For the most part they burrow under mud, rocks and other debris to stay safe. They are found in most bodies of water including ditches, streams, rivers, lakes/ponds and swamps.
The Greater Siren is the largest of the 3 Siren species, and may exceed 3 ft in length. They highly resemble eels because of their long smooth bodies. Sirens have external gills for breathing under water with short stubby front limbs with 4 toes and they lack rear limbs. Coloration is usually dark brown, olive, to black. Young ones have a stripe on the side of their bodies, but it is lost upon reaching adulthood.
Since Sirens are a species which should not be handled, their temperament is rather docile. If stunned or scared, they will emit a yelping sound. They can aestivate up to a year with their bodies slowing down by 70% when their bodies of water dries up. They create a cocoon of mucus and will live that way until the water returns.
Since they can get pretty large, Sirens need a large tank or tub. Young Sirens can be temporarily kept in a 55-75 gallon tank. Adults 2ft and larger will require a 75 to 100 plus gallon tank. They will need a secure lid as they will push to get out at times.
Water temperatures for the siren should stay cool, and not over 70F with the temperature range being 60-68F. Filtration will be needed to provide oxygen rich water and to help clean the tank. Water plants make a great addition with the Water Hyacinth being the most commonly used for sirens. If this plant is not available or considered an invasive plant species in your area, other water plants may be used as well as other hides like those sold in pet stores. They do best with water plants that create a tangled mass of roots and stems. The substrate for the bottom could be a mixture of sand, gravel, thick mud, and rocks. Like any aquatic animal, regular tank cleanings and water changes is a must. Always clean out uneaten food to avoid spoiling the water. All water used should be left out for 24 hours in open buckets or treated to remove the chlorine.
Greater Sirens are effective predators that can eat anything from crayfish, insects, worms, snails, and even small fish. Crickets have also been used for feeding. Sometimes tong feeding is necessary.
Siren reproduction has never been observed and therefore not much is known about its reproduction habits. However, it is known that mating occurs throughout February to March and that the eggs usually hatch out around two months later. Fertilization is thought to occur externally.
These creatures like to stay in damp, dark and cool areas. When handling you will notice that they secret a slimy substance that becomes very sticky on your hands. If you choose to have a Greater Siren as a pet I recommend keeping the correct environment and not much handling..


If there's one place a jet-setter knows well, it's likely to be Kensington. It's the place to be seen, full to the brim with upmarket shops, trendy bars and restaurants. A new resident, Naga, is going to be no exception. A rising star of Pan Asian cuisine, Naga is already a hit with celebrities and politicians and has even won Best Chinese Restaurant in London, despite only previewing for a short time.
Described as 'combining chic and contemporary decor with a warm and welcoming atmosphere', Naga definitely looks set to be the hot hangout of 2013. The decor is a show-stopper; there is a a glass roof for gazing up at the stars after a delicious dinner and cocktail - or two, or three - complemented by plush velour furnishings and bright and beautiful oriental prints. It's small touches like these which make the Naga experience highly satisfying for all restaurant-goers.
There's certainly been a lot of hard work from a real dream team - Eddy Lim and Tri Van Dang. Take Eddy's thirty plus years experience in restaurants and Tri Van Dang's infamous cocktails from all your favourite hotspots (including Mahiki and Brompton Club), and you've got a trendy fusion formula for success. Add in a mouth watering menu from an Indonesian native, Executive Chef Fachri Syarief - winner of Best Pan Asian Chef 2011 - and it's now understandable why Naga is about to be the worst kept secret in London and beyond.
So grab as many friends as you can and head down there before you're fighting your fellow jet setters for a table, sink into a sofa with a Chinese Mojito - Mojitos are my drink of choice wherever I go, so this is a no brainer - and peruse a menu of utter delights, including Silken Tofu and Vietnamese Mild Beef Curry. There is something for any lover of Oriental cuisine with a twist.
See you there and keep on jet-setting!


text:
Debate over how to prevent drunk driving after new report released
By Josh Rosenthal
Debate over how to prevent drunk driving
The holiday season may be one of the most joyous times of the year, but it can also be one of the most dangerous out on the roads, with hundreds of people killed by drunk drivers every December. It's a problem countless Americans want to see stopped, but there's some conflict when it comes to figuring out the best way to do it.
ARLINGTON, Va. (FOX 5 DC) - The holiday season may be one of the most joyous times of the year, but it can also be one of the most dangerous out on the roads, with hundreds of people killed by drunk drivers every December. It's a problem countless Americans want to see stopped, but there's some conflict when it comes to figuring out the best way to do it.
A new report released Monday by the Governors Highway Safety Association found that the way "high-risk impaired drivers" are dealt with needs to change. The group wants to see a more individualized approach taken with offenders who may have especially high blood alcohol contents or multiple substances in their system or are repeat offenders.
"We are not necessarily getting to the root of the problem with these offenders and we need to take a different approach," said Pam Shadle Fischer, the report's author. "Yes we get these people off the road, but we also look more deeply into what is driving this behavior. What's the problem? Is it a substance abuse problem? Is it substance abuse coupled with mental health issues?"
Shadle Fischer said the approach is already being implemented in some pockets of the country, including in Virginia. But the report is being slammed by a group that may surprise you — Mothers Against Drunk Drivers.
FILE: A buzzed driving is drunk driving sign in Ft Pierce, Florida. (Photo by: Jeffrey Greenberg/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
"All drunk drivers are high risk drivers. Every single one," said MADD President Helen Witty. "It actually makes me angry to see a [report] like that because it is disingenuous."
Witty said that while MADD has supported a holistic approach to preventing drunk driving for decades, she believes the GHSA report is a diversion funded in part by the alcohol industry, adding that the information in the study isn't new. She also took issue with the idea that some drunk or impaired drivers are higher-risk than others.
"We want every single person to understand that a drunk driver is a dangerous driver no matter what their BAC is," Witty said,
The GHSA responded to MADD by saying in part that they believe all drunk drivers need to be held accountable. They also added, "the worst offenders require different interventions to keep them from offending again and again. If we ever hope to stop these drunk and drugged drivers, we must incorporate proven approaches — the types of approaches outlined in this report."
Click here to read the GHSA report in full

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Virgin IslandsWindward IslandsBelizeAEGEAN SEA-GREECEADRIATIC SEA-CROATIAITALIAN MEDITERRANEAN
AEGEAN SEA-GREECE
ADRIATIC SEA-CROATIA
ITALIAN MEDITERRANEAN
Lady Joy
$189,000 - $230,000 / WEEK
BUILT/REFITYEAR 2019
YachtLength 157.00 Ft
NUMBER OFCABINS 6
NUMBER OFGUEST 12
TOTALCREW 11
CHARGESFROM $189,000
Specifications Description Crew Profile Calendar
Type Power
Beam 29.5 Feet
Draft 8.25 Feet
Pax 12
YearBuilt 2007
Builder Christensen
CruiseSpeed 12 Knots
MaxSpeed 15 Knots
Engines (2) MTU 12V 4000 series (3) 2019 Northern Lights 99Kw generators with SeaClean particulate filters
KidsSkis Yes
ScubaOnboard Onboard
CaptainName Chris Thomson
Flag Marshall Islands
SatTv Yes
Boat Details
Queen: -
Single Cabins: 1
Showers: -
Wash Basins: -
Electric Heads: -
Pref. Pick-up: -
Other Pick-up: -
Refit: 2019
Helipad: No
Jacuzzi: Yes
A/C: Full
(2) MTU 12V 4000 series (3) 2019 Northern Lights 99Kw generators with SeaClean particulate filters
Fuel Consumption: 80
Cruising Speed: 12 Knots
Max Speed: 15 KnotsUS Gall/Hr
Winter Area: Caribbean Virgin Islands, Caribbean Leewards, Caribbean Windwards
Summer Area: Bahamas
Salon Tv/VCR: Yes
Salon Stereo: Yes
Sat Tv: -
# of Videos: Array
# DVDs/Movies: Yes
# CD's: Yes
Camcorder: -
Books: -
Board Games: Yes
Sun Awning: Yes
Deck Shower: Yes
Bimini: Yes
Water Maker: -
Special Diets: Inq
Kosher: Inq
BBQ: -
# Dine In: -
Minimum Age: -
Generator: Yes
Inverter: -
Voltages: -
Water Cap: -
Ice Maker: Yes
Sailing Instructions: -
Internet Access: Onboard WIFI
Gay Charters: Inq
Nude: Inq
Hairdryers: -
# Port Hatches: -
Guests Smokes: -
Crew Smokes: Inq
Pets Aboard: No
Pet Type: -
Guest Pets: No
Children Ok: Yes
Hammock: -
Windscoops: -
Dinghy size: 38'/12m Custom SACS Stratos Tender
Dinghy hp: -
Dinghy # pax: -
Water Skis Adult: Yes
Water Skis Kids: Yes
Jet Skis: -
Wave Runners: 2
Kneeboard: -
Windsurfer: -
Snorkel Gear: Yes
Tube: -
Scurfer: -
Wake Board: Yes
Kayaks 1 Pax: Yes
Kayaks (2 Pax): -
Floating Mats: -
Swim Platform: -
Boarding Ladder (Loc/Type): -
Sailing Dinghy: -
Beach Games: Yes
Fishing Gear: Yes
Gear Type: -
Rods: -
Scuba Diving Details
Crew License
Resort Course
Dives/wk
Night Dives
General Diving Info
SCUBA insured - Dive Master + 6 divers maximum per dive.
Diving Costs information
Captain (Rotation)
Chris Thomson (British)
Raised on the South Coast of England, Chris started sailing at an early age and travelled Europe sailing both competitively and for pleasure. Now a father of two, time for hobbies is limited, but whenever an opportunity arises, he loves to introduce his children to boat life on the family sailing yacht or take to the water windsurfing. His safety consciousness is more pronounced as a father than ever, and he ensures that safety is of paramount importance on board LADY JOY. When maritime weather conditions are unsuitable, Chris is more than likely to be enjoying a round of golf or a game of squash. Chris's professional yachting career began over sixteen years ago, during which time he has also graduated from the University of Plymouth with a BSC honors degree in Marine Technology and completed his "MCA Master of Yachts License". Chris has lost count of the number of times he has crossed the Atlantic and knows the Mediterranean and Caribbean like the back of his hand; he has also spent time cruising the Baltic, Indian Ocean and west and east coasts of the United States. Chris has several exciting itineraries in mind to suit your cruising dreams. You can be sure that Chris will put his all into making your stay on board LADY JOY the holiday of a lifetime.
Simon Alway (British/Canada)
Simon grew up in the West Country of England, becoming quite the sailor as a teenager during holiday trips on a relative's yacht. After studying Yacht Manufacturing at Southampton University, Simon worked for a boat building company in the UK, and soon realized that he would rather work on yachts than build them. He then spent the winter of 1999–2000 sailing in and around the English Channel before joining his first motor yacht as a professional crew member in 2000. Since then, Simon has gained invaluable experience working on various yachts while cruising the Mediterranean, The Bahamas, Caribbean, the US east coast and has completed numerous Atlantic crossings. Simon is the father of two boys with his family home now in Montreal, Canada. With his knowledge, expertise and love of the ocean, Simon always makes sure that guests are provided with the utmost safety, care and enthusiasm and that they enjoy a fun and unforgettable cruising experience on board LADY JOY.
Dan Waters (British)
Dan began his career in 2005 as a cadet in the Merchant Navy and completed a Bachelor of Science in Marine Studies at Plymouth University in England. During his cadetship, he circumnavigated the globe on a variety of commercial ships including several months on a sail training vessel teaching disabled passengers. Since then, he has worked his way through the ranks on a variety of yachts up to 160 meters in length. In his spare time, he enjoys going to the gym and running, but his real passion is fishing. Dan's adventures have ranged from catching 200lb catfish in Spain to salmon fishing in Alaska! He is also a keen diver and some of his best ones have included swimming with hammerheads in the Galapagos Islands and hand-feeding bull sharks in Fiji. Whether you are looking for a chilled beach holiday or an action-packed adventure, Dan will always go out of his way to make sure that your stay on board LADY JOY is one you will never forget.
Chief Engineer (Rotation)
Nicholas Paul Cook (British)
Nicholas grew up in the south coast of England. His passion for engineering developed at a young age, having learned a great deal from his father. After graduation, Nicholas joined Sunseeker International as an apprentice build engineer, where he obtained his qualifications in Marine Engineering and Industrial Studies. After completing his apprenticeship, Nicholas worked overseas as a warranty and test engineer for Sunseeker International. His vast knowledge and experience in engineering was a natural fit for the yachting industry, and he has not looked back since! In his spare time, Nicholas is an avid diver and keen golfer who loves the outdoors!
Morgan Gregoire (France)
Morgan's father was an engineer in the merchant navy, so he spent his spare time as a child playing with tools more than toys. Morgan studied as a heavy machinery and systems engineer in his hometown of Bergerac, France where wine growing is a prime industry. He first worked overseas in Sonoma valley at age nineteen during a harvest season. Returning to Europe, Morgan travelled to Italy, France, Spain and Germany upgrading cutting edge grape harvesters. He later took his mechanical skills to Australia where he worked on machinery for high output livestock farming. His next move was to South America overseeing a fleet of earth moving machinery used for building dams. Upon returning to Europe, Morgan was introduced to the marine industry in Holland, where he worked as a propulsion engineer. He was sent all over the globe and eventually contracted on a yacht in Malta, only to be offered a permanent job on board. Et voilà, nine years, 40000 miles, three equator crossings later, Morgan brings a wealth of experience to LADY JOY.
Chief Stewardess
Ciara Glossop (Papa New Guinea)
Ciara grew up in Papua New Guinea, and from a very young age, developed a love for the ocean. When she moved to England with her family, she studied at a specialist sports school in a small town in Devon. This is where she developed a passion for swimming, horse riding and all things active. Ciara loves to travel in her free time and one of her favorite places is Fiji where she hand-fed bull sharks on a cageless dive! Along with her father and sister in the yachting industry, she decided to follow in their footsteps and hasn't looked back since. Ciara has a passion for high level service and her naturally happy, easy going disposition ensures that guests feel at ease and at home during their time on board LADY JOY.
2nd Stewardess
Alice Green (Northern Ireland)
Alice hails from Belfast, Northern Ireland. After earning a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology and Criminology, she held various jobs in retail and then became VIP manager for a well-known local nightclub. A keen sports enthusiast, Alice became team leader of the Red Bull Ireland Wings Team, and also spent more than ten years playing high level netball, representing Northern Ireland and Ulster University. After embarking on a journey of self-discovery, Alice spent a month in India where she obtained her 200 Hours Yoga Teacher Training Certification. Having enriched herself in so many disciplines, Alice decided to join the yachting industry in 2017 and hasn't looked back since! Yachting has allowed her to incorporate her love of adventure and travel with her passion for high end service. Alice looks forward to greeting guests with a flute of champagne and a warm smile, ensuring that they will enjoy every aspect that LADY JOY has to offer.
3rd Stewardess
Gina Zerman (South Africa)
Gina was born and raised in Durban, South Africa. After completing her Bachelor of Commerce Degree & Honours in Financial Management at age twenty-one, she decided it was time to immerse herself in different cultures and experiences around the world by joining the yachting industry. Besides basking in the beauty of the ocean and magnificent sunsets, Gina enjoys going for a run, working out in the gym, reading and baking healthy sweets. Gina's bubbly personality and easy-going demeanor will ensure that our guests have a most memorable stay while on board LADY JOY.
4th Stewardess
Ashley Igesund (South Africa)
Growing up in Durban, South Africa, Ashley's love of the beach and exploring nature came naturally. While working at local restaurants and bars for three years, she also studied for a degree in fashion design and then decided to venture beyond South Africa and explore more of the world. During that time, she was introduced to yachting and knew that she had found the perfect mix between her love of the ocean and her hospitality experience. Ashley always serves a drink with a smile and ensures that all guests on board LADY JOY will have a most memorable trip.
Megan O'Neil (American)
Megan, originally from North Virginia, spent five years of her youth growing up in Estonia and Saudi Arabia, traveling extensively with family and friends. This European and Middle Eastern experience gave her an insight into the exotic and creative flavors a dish could bring to the palette and instilled in her a love for travel from a young age. Megan spent many of her summers as a child at her grandparents' farm in upstate New York, where she helped her grandmother bake and cook. It was during this time that she developed a deep passion and love for food and appreciated the happiness it brought to others. Since then, she has continued to pursue her dreams by working in top restaurants, including The Inn at Little Washington, and graduating with a bachelor's degree from Johnson & Wales University. She then decided to jump into yachting in order to combine her love for food and wine with an opportunity to travel. Megan has worked in yachting for six years while recently spending a season ashore in the Hamptons in Long Island, NY. Ultimately, she hopes to open a restaurant, the first concept being a gourmet sandwich shop and bakery. Megan is devoted to making each dish from scratch, including a plethora of freshly baked treats that are sure to entice your taste buds. She looks forward to creating new dishes for all guests on board Lady Joy.
Bosun and Rescue Diver
Dylard Lenard (South Africa)
Dylan was born in Cape Town, South Africa, but grew up in Bahrain, which he now calls home. At age thirteen, he moved to England to complete his school studies abroad. After graduating, Dylan found he was eager to explore the world, and decided to go on a six-month journey throughout Europe. During his travels, he realized that his love for the water would lead him into a yachting career. Returning to England, Dylan obtained the appropriate qualifications necessary to work on a yacht and is determined to work his way up the career ladder. He received his initial maritime qualifications in March 2015 and joined LADY JOY soon afterwards. Dylan loves sports, whether they are in or out of the water, and he brings his gymnastic expertise to the water on LADY JOY. Very passionate about his job and working in the yachting environment, he is excited to share his enthusiasm with guests on the deck, on the sand or in the water!
Timothy Gallagher (British/American)
Timothy spent the first half of his life in England before relocating to California to be closer to his father's family. He was introduced to yachting by his parents who met while working in the industry. During high school and university, Timothy worked as a freelance wedding videographer. At university in Southern California he studied environmental science, and in his free time he seized the opportunity to learn to sail along the Pacific Coast. Timothy participated in local regattas and within a short time, became a sailing instructor. His love for the ocean and passion for teaching were a constant source of fulfillment. Outside of sailing and yachting, Timothy enjoys backpacking, world travel and studying ancient history. He managed to combine these interests during the past three summers when he took a job working as an assistant trench leader at a Roman harbor excavation in Greece. Timothy's unique background and experiences bring a fresh perspective to LADY JOY.
Deckhand and Rescue Diver
Bradley Aleckson (Australia)
Growing up on the pristine eastern coast of Australia shaped and developed Bradley's love and respect for the ocean. He learned to swim before he could walk and engaged in a variety of water sports including surfing, wakeboarding, skateboarding, snowboarding and more recently, kite boarding. Bradley graduated with high honors at Griffith University in 2016, obtaining a Bachelor of Commerce Degree with a triple major in finance, economics and financial planning and was awarded the University Student of the Year Award in 2016 for the Finance Industry in Australia. Realizing that the corporate world did not align with his adventurous leanings, Bradley decided to travel the world and began his career in yachting in 2018. As Bradley's family ran a commercial fishing business operating a prawn trawler, he brings a wealth of fishing experience to Lady Joy. He is not only a certified rescue diver with extensive experience diving the Great Barrier Reef but is a trained surf life saver as well. His extensive experience will ensure that he will always have his eyes open when assistance is required in or on the water. Bradley brings an array of skills and understanding to the Lady Joy team and looks forward to catering to her guests' needs.
W= Winter: (15 December -30 April)
Caribbean Virgin Islands, Caribbean Leewards, Caribbean Windwards
S=Summer: (1 May - 14 December)
Hold/Option:
Unavailable:
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1-208-309-3375 mandy@wlmscharters.com
FAQ Charter Blog


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Found 186 result(s)
NIST Physical reference data
Optics, Quantum Optics and Physics of Atoms, Molecules and Plasmas
Particles, Nuclei and Fields
Physical Reference Data compiles physical data and biblographic sources: Physical constants, atomic spectroscopy data, molecular spectroscopic data, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray data, nuclear physics data etc.
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
Values of Fundamental Physical Constants
This database gives values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry resulting from the 2002 least-squares adjustment of the fundamental physical constants as published by the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants and recommended for international use by CODATA.
PSD Climate and Weather Data
NOAA, ESRL, PSD, CWD
The NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division (PSD) conducts weather and climate research to observe and understand Earth's physical environment, and to improve weather and climate predictions on global-to-local scales. PSD archives a wide range of data ranging from gridded climate datasets extending hundreds of years to real-time wind profiler data at a single location. The data or products derived from this data, organized by type, are available to scientists and the general public .
Physical mapping data at Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre - Data
BCGSC
Animal Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology
FPC Mapping data files from species that have been fingerprinted at Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre (BCGSC).
NIST FLYCHK
Collisional-Radiative Code
Physical Chemistry of Molecules, Interfaces and Liquids - Spectroscopy, Kinetics
Optics, Quantum Optics, Atoms, Molecules, Plasmas
FLYCHK provides a capability to generate atomic level populations and charge state distributions for low-Z to mid-Z elements under NLTE conditions.
Imperial College High Performance Computing Service Data Repository
Organic Molecular Chemistry
Inorganic Molecular Chemistry
Experimental and Theoretical Physics of Polymers
Preparatory and Physical Chemistry of Polymers
Biological and Biomimetic Chemistry
General Theoretical Chemistry
Theory and Modelling
Physical Chemistry of Solids and Surfaces, Material Characterisation
Solid State and Surface Chemistry, Material Synthesis
A lightweight digital repository for data based on the concepts of collections of filesets. Both the collection and the fileset are assigned a DOI by the DataCite organisation which can be quoted in articles
British Geological Survey
The British Geological Survey (BGS), the world's oldest national geological survey, has over 400 datasets including environmental monitoring data, digital databases, physical collections (borehole core, rocks, minerals and fossils), records and archives.
MCHF/MCDHF Database
Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock and Multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock Database
The MCHF/MCDHF database contains collections of transition data from different relativistic theories by different computational methods. For a few collections the Landé gJ factor is provided.
Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data
This handbook is designed to provide a selection of the most important and frequently used atomic spectroscopic data in an easily accessible format. The compilation includes data for the neutral and singly-ionized atoms of all elements hydrogen through einsteinium (Z = 1-99).
Griffith University Research Data Repository
The Griffith University Research Data Repository makes the collections and datasets produced by Griffith researchers accessible and searchable.
Archives of programs and data for physics
Archives for physics
Configuration data
>>>!!!<<< 2018-01-18: no data nor programs can be found >>>!!!<<< These archives contain public domain programs for calculations in physics and other programs that we suppose about will help during work with computer. Physical constants and experimental or theoretical data as cross sections, rate constants, swarm parameters, etc., that are necessary for physical calculations are stored here, too. Programs are mainly dedicated to computers compatible with PC IBM. If programs do not use graphic units it is possible to use them on other computers, too. It is necessary to reprogram the graphic parts of programs in the other cases.
SPECTR-W3
Atomic Database Spectr-W3 for Plasma Spectroscopy and other Applications
The information accumulated in the SPECTR-W3 ADB contains over 450,000 records and includes factual experimental and theoretical data on ionization potentials, energy levels, wavelengths, radiation transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, and (optionally) the parameters of analytical approximations of electron-collisional cross-sections and rates for atoms and ions. Those data were extracted from publications in physical journals, proceedings of the related conferences, special-purpose publications on atomic data, and provided directly by authors. The information is supplied with references to the original sources and comments, elucidating the details of experimental measurements or calculations, where necessary and available. To date, the SPECTR-W3 ADB is the largest factual database in the world containing the information on spectral properties of multicharged ions.
Research Data at Essex
University of Essex Research Data Repository
The Research Data Repository is the University of Essex's online data repository where research data resulting from research taking place within the university can be deposited, published and made accessible to the research community.
NIST Saha Plasma Population Kinetics Modeling Database
SAHA Plasma Population Kinetics Database
This database contains benchmark results for simulation of plasma population kinetics and emission spectra. The data were contributed by the participants of the 3rd Non-LTE Code Comparison Workshop who have unrestricted access to the database.
Plant Biochemistry and Biophysics
The NDB is a resource for nucleic acid research and education. The NDB assembles and distributes information about the three-dimensional structures of nucleic acids through a variety of resources, including a searchable database, Atlas, and software
QsarDB
QSAR Data Base
QSAR DataBank (QsarDB) is repository for (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationships ((Q)SAR) data and models. It also provides open domain-specific digital data exchange standards and associated tools that enable research groups, project teams and institutions to share and represent predictive in silico models.
NIST Ultraviolet Spectrum of Platinum Lamp
NIST Atlas of the Spectrum of a Platinum/Hollow-Cathode Lamp in the region 1130-4330 Å (formerly)
In February 1986 the NIST measurements were communicated to appropriate astronomers for use in ground-based testing and calibration programs for the GHRS, and in 1990 the NIST group published the new wavelengths for about 3000 lines in the Supplement Series of the Astrophysical Journal. The full report on the NIST measurements in the form of a complete and detailed atlas of the platinum/neon spectrum presented in this special issue of the Journal of Research of NIST will be highly useful to a wide range of scientists.
Geological Data Center at Scripps Institution of Oceanography
University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Geological Data Center
The mission of the GDC is to curate and provide access to oceanographic data, especially from Scripps expeditions, making them accessible for scientific and educational use worldwide. Originally launched by Bill Menard, the GDC has been in operation for more than 40 years. While many historic physical artifacts are carefully preserved, the current emphasis is on digital archiving, in coordination with other national and international programs.
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
AOML
The AOML Environmental Data Server (ENVIDS) provides interactive, on-line access to various oceanographic and atmospheric datasets residing at AOML. The in-house datasets include Atlantic Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT), Global Lagrangian Drifting Buoy, Hurricane Flight Level, and Atlantic Hurricane Tracks (North Atlantic Best Track and Synoptic). Other available datasets include Pacific Conductivitiy/Temperature/Depth Recorder (CTD) and World Ocean Atlas 1998.
National Vegetation Survey Databank
New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank
The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 109,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 25,000 permanent plots in New Zealand. The data can be explored online and requested for download. The NVS Databank provides data spanning more than 60 years of indigenous and exotic plant plot records from throughout New Zealand's terrestrial ecosystems. The physical archive includes plot sheets, maps, and photographs from many years of vegetation surveys. Purpose-built software for entering, validating and summarising data is available. NVS is accorded the status of a Nationally Significant database and upkeep and maintenance is supported by Core funding for Crown Research Institutes from the NZ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) at the VU University and VU University Medical Centre is initiated by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports in 1991 to determine predictors and consequences of ageing. LASA focuses on, physical, emotional, cognitive and social functioning in late life, the connections between these aspects, and the changes that occur in the course of time
CSIRO Data Access Portal
CSIRO DAP
The CSIRO Data Access Portal provides access to data published by CSIRO across a range of disciplines to facilitate sharing and reuse of data held by CSIRO.
AMODS
Atomic Molecular and Optical Database Systems
The repository is no longer available. >>>!!!<<< 2018-01-18: no more access to AMODS >>>!!!<<<
Halocarbons in the Ocean and Atmosphere database project
HalOcAt
HalOcAt brings together global oceanic and atmospheric data of mainly short-lived brominated and iodinated trace gases.
Hakai EIMS
Hakai Ecological Information Management System
The Hakai Ecological Information Management System (Hakai EIMS) securely stores and shares research information associated with Hakai Beach Institute. The Hakai Institute is a scientific research institution that advances long-term research at remote locations on the coastal margin of British Columbia, Canada.


Welcome to the Bend area bridge clubs where we play friendly duplicate contract bridge. We play three times a week on Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 12:30 in Bend at the Bend Senior Center, 1600 Reed Market Rd.
We have a Tuesday game restricted to those with less than 500 masterpoints at the Golden Age Card Club, 40 SE 5th St in Bend on Tuesdays.
We play once a week on Thursdays at 12:30 in Redmond at the Redmond Senior Center, 325 Dogwood Rd.
We play twice a week on Wednesday and Friday at Widgi Creek Golf Course, 18707 SW Century Dr. This game is limited to those with 500 masterpoints or less.
All games feature pre-duplicated boards and electronic scoring. Bend area bridge clubs are members of the ACBL and all games are sanctioned by the ACBL.


Begin on the driver's side of your 228i xDrive. The wiper is held in place in the back by two small wings and in the front by a tab. Push the front of the wiper down so the tab pops out of the slot. Note: if you have OEM blades on your car, they will release in reverse -- push down on the rear of the blade so the wings disengage.


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MainAll NewsMiddle EastPA official: Israel leading to 'one-state reality'
PA official: Israel leading to 'one-state reality'
Senior Fatah official claims Israel doesn't want peace, threatens PA will redefine its relations with Jewish state.
Dalit Halevi, 30/12/18 06:02
Mohammed Shtayyeh
Mohammad Shtayyeh, a member of the Fatah Central Committee, said Saturday that the Palestinian Authority (PA) leadership was working to redefine relations with Israel on the political, security, legal and economic levels.
In an interview with the official PA news agency Wafa, Shtayyeh said that the political track is now closed because there is no partner for peace in Israel.
"For us, as a Palestinian people under occupation, Israel is neither a partner nor an ally," said Shtayyeh, adding, "Israel is occupying our land and the occupation must end. We have the right to fight it and the Fatah movement adopted the popular resistance against the occupation and we have a strategy on this issue."
He noted that the Palestinian Authority had established a committee to reexamine the issue of recognition of Israel, and when the work of the committee concludes, the PA would freeze recognition of Israel, cancel it or accept another proposal on this issue by the legal committee.
According to Shtayyeh, the Palestinians want a two-state solution, but Israel leads to the actual situation of one state in which a Jewish minority controls a Palestinian majority.
PA chairman Mahmoud Abbas has continuously rejected Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu's call to sit down for peace negotiations, and has instead chosen to impose preconditions on talks with Israel.
In September, Abbas outright denied US claims that the PA has refused to enter peace talks with Israel, saying that "we didn't reject negotiations as the Israelis claim," and adding that the Palestinian side is "ready for any confidential or public talks."
Abbas has also rejected the Trump administration's peace plan before it has even been unveiled. The PA chairman has been boycotting the US ever since Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital last December.
Tags:PA, Fatah, Israel-PA, peace talks, Mohammad Shtayyeh


Kendrick Lamar's new album is hip-hop's biggest mystery of 2015. The rapper has released powerful socially charged lyrical exercises such as "The Blacker The Berry" and "i" but other than that not much is known of his heavily anticipated offering. K. Dot played some new tracks for Prince Jackson, Michael Jackson's son and the icon's child shared the moment on his Twitter.