text:
Tag: Legal Aid
The law's broken. Here's how to fix it.
August 28, 2022 thesecretbarrister Lawsplaining, Legal Aid, Politics
As has been widely reported, in light of Justice Secretary Dominic Raab's refusal to implement the urgent recommendations of the government-commissioned Independent Review of Criminal Legal Aid, criminal barristers have voted in record numbers in favour of an unprecedented indefinite walkout. Barristers defending in legally aided criminal cases will no longer be attending Crown Courts,…
The Criminal Bar on strike – 9 things you need to know
June 27, 2022 thesecretbarrister Lawsplaining, Legal Aid, Politics
Today, hundreds of criminal barristers across the country will not be going into court. Images of us dressed in our traditional absurd courtroom dress and standing outside the country's most famous court buildings will be plastered across the papers and piped into the nation's tellyboxes. There has already been – and no doubt will continue…
Why are criminal barristers taking part in an "unnecessary and irresponsible strike"?
April 11, 2022 thesecretbarrister Fake Law, Lawsplaining, Legal Aid, Politics
According to Justice Secretary Dominic Raab, today I, along with thousands of my fellow criminal barristers, am taking part in an "unnecessary and irresponsible strike" which will "cause delays for victims and the wider public". This comes as something of a surprise to me. It's an odd sort of "strike", given that we will, today…
Guest Blogpost by Greg Powell: A brief history of legal aid
June 21, 2019 thesecretbarrister Guest Posts, Legal Aid
I am delighted to publish this guest blogpost by Greg Powell of the London Criminal Courts Solicitors' Association (LCCSA). There is presently a lot of discussion in the media about legal aid, and in particular the rates paid to lawyers under legal aid. This analysis is vital to understanding how we have arrived where we…
Shamima Begum may not deserve your sympathy, but she is entitled to legal aid
April 15, 2019 thesecretbarrister Lawsplaining, Legal Aid, Politics
Another weekend, another flurry of anti-legal aid stories finding their way into the tabloids. On the criminal legal aid front, The Mirror splashed outrage at the notion of Andrew Hill, the pilot acquitted of manslaughter following the Shoreham Airshow tragedy, "getting" legal aid to mount his successful defence at his criminal trial last year. It's…
December 28, 2018 thesecretbarrister Interviews, Legal Aid
The Guardian is currently running a brilliant series on the effect of the legal aid cuts turbo-charged by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. Owen Bowcott and Amelia Hill have put together an in-depth investigation drawing on case studies and interviews to demonstrate the dire impact upon access to justice. One such interview,…
December 21, 2018 thesecretbarrister Guest Posts, Legal Aid
An open letter to the Chair of the Criminal Bar Association in relation to legal aid rates under the Advocates' Graduated Fee Scheme (AGFS), signed by 193 criminal barristers. Dear Chris, We write to you and the CBA executive as junior Criminal barristers of 0-12 years' call, in the wake of the government's consultation…
A few thoughts on the "£23m extra" for legal aid
November 26, 2018 thesecretbarrister Legal Aid, Tweet Threads
Just a few thoughts about this story on the proposed "£23m increase" in legal aid criminal defence fees, which has been making some headlines. The Ministry of Justice has loudly publicised the agreement struck with the Criminal Bar Association over legal aid rates paid to criminal defence advocates – the story was even towards the…
GUEST POST: An open letter to The Criminal Bar Association, The South Eastern Circuit and The Bar Council
November 20, 2018 thesecretbarrister Guest Posts, Legal Aid
Below is an open letter published by five junior criminal practitioners in relation to the new Advocates Graduated Fee Scheme (AGFS), which for non-lawyers is the scheme for payment of defence advocates in legally aided criminal cases. 19thNovember 2018 We write in relation to a case which has just collapsed at the Crown…
Announcement: Free Representation Unit
October 4, 2018 thesecretbarrister Legal Aid
Those who read these pages, follow on Twitter or have waded through the book will know that access to justice is a cause about which I'm prone to making a fair bit of noise. The rule of law only works if individuals have the means to enforce their rights in the courts, which is only…


Willie Nelson has heard almost all of the anti-cannabis malarkey out there, including the ridiculous (and now politically topical) refrain that "good people don't smoke marijuana." When faced with a prohibitionist's nonsense, he reacts as you'd expect him to: with a gentle but forceful argument that's as laconic as it is logical.
Sitting at a crowded table inside his Honeysuckle Rose tour bus, he said he always intuitively knew that anti-weed propaganda was just that, and that he thinks most cannabis users did.
Nelson wrote music and raised hell with Waylon Jennings, Johnny Cash and Merle Haggard, sure. And he'll forever be remembered for ubiquitous hits like "On the Road Again," but he's also one of the most impassioned legalization activists on Earth. His work to legalize and normalize cannabis use has elevated his visage to most ganja aficionados' Mount Rushmore of legalization heroes.
He's synonymous with cannabis — simply think about how many musical references to Willie in relation to weed there are in popular song.
In 1975, Nelson released the full-length "Red Headed Stranger" – and years later a similarly named strain of marijuana emerged as an homage to the eponymous track.
Remember when Haggard joined Nelson on "It's All Going to Pot"?
And of course there's the sly "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die," which Nelson co-wrote and recorded with Snoop Dogg, Kris Kristofferson and Jamey Johnson.
But when it comes to Wille vis-a-vis marijuana and music, does this 83-year-old singer-songwriter literally want his ashes to be rolled up and ingested by his loved ones after he passes?
When Nelson and I sat together on his bus for an hour, it was a warm October evening in San Diego less than a month before the election. Polls were telling us that California's historic Proposition 64 was about to pass and legalize recreational cannabis in the world's most important pot economy.
But the soft-spoken artist was game for talking cannabis, legalization and his new weed company Willie's Reserve, which is already selling Nelson-branded marijuana products in Washington state and Colorado.
Nelson accurately predicted California's passage of Prop 64 and talked on the legalization movement's remarkable and swift, progress.
As people outside the bus filtered into the venue he was playing later that night, the seaside Humphreys Concerts by the Bay, he said California has always been at the edge of the cannabis movement.
Given prohibitionists' previously successful fear-mongering campaigns, Nelson wasn't sure he'd live to see legal marijuana being sold in regulated storefronts. But once the knowledge began to spread that this much-feared substance wasn't as harmful or deadly as other substances used recreationally in America and elsewhere, he was shocked the word didn't spread faster.
He added that he feels like that fear is rapidly becoming a thing of the past.
There's a reason Nelson has become our official poet laureate of cannabis sativa. When he talks about his relationship with the plant, it's almost lyrical.
Does weed help with his creative process?
What does he think of the reams of recent marijuana research?
What crossed his mind when he first heard that CBD was helping children with epilepsy?
Does this Farm Aid organizer think the cannabis industry can learn lessons from traditional agriculture?
What does Nelson think about vaping?
And what keeps Nelson up at night?
And just like that, Nelson gave away his secret — the philosophy that has guided him through a lengthy career, an even longer life and has positioned him in the role of zen marijuana master.
For those who sometimes ask themselves, "What would Willie do?", he said the answer is simple, if metaphysical.
Parts of this interview were originally published in The Cannabist.
TELL US, do you want to smoke with Willie? If you could smoke with any celebrity who would it be?
I wanna smoke wit willie to push idea on him of hotboxing the world lol if hasnt thought of that yets.


A seminar on Small Farmers Access to Resources and Knowledge Issues & Options held at Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi (PMAS-AAUR) in collaboration with Lok Sanjh Foundation (LSF), with an aim to enhance the capacity building of small farmers, here on Tuesday.
On the occasion, PMAS-AAUR Vice Chancellor, Prof. Dr. Rai Niaz Ahmad was the chief guest while Deans, Directors, faculty members, a large number of students and farmers of different area were also attended the seminar.
In his address, Prof. Dr. Rai Niaz Ahmad highlighted that how much farmer's issues are important and their answers that are required from the scientists' community to enhance the small famers' capacity building. He announced that all the farmers nominated by the Lok Sanjh Foundation would be provided training in KOICA Building. He promised that the water problem of this region would surely be settled. An olive valley is being established by giving olive plants to farmers so that their livelihood could be addressed. Vice Chancellor also emphasized on the hard work of teachers, researchers and faculty by giving the example of farmers who are working day and night for the food security of our nation. A number of success stories and farmer related research products were introduced by the Vice Chancellor. He also appreciated the work of LSF in promoting organic farming. He also said that seeds and fruit plants would be provided by the university through LSF and then registered farmers would supply that seeds and plants to others as per certification of the University.
Representative of LSF, Ms. Farzana Shahid, in her address, spotlighted the collaboration and achievements of the both institutions in order to empower the small farmers and their efforts to enhance their capacity building to increase productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. She also acknowledged and appreciate the unflinching efforts of Dr. Shahid Zia and Dr. Ria Niaz Ahmad to focus the small farmers and improve their living standard through learning by doing. She said that farmers know about their land, sowing and bowing crops, output and social order also but they need help in order to solve their issues. Producer becomes himself victim of price regulation when he becomes consumers in the market and face the queue to purchase basket of goods for survival, she added.
Earlier, Dr. Abdul Saboor, organizer of the seminar, in his welcome address, highlighted the aims and objectives of organizing this seminar. He admired the Korea by donating a capacity building center where farmers' classes will be held. Moreover, he appreciated the Lok Sanjh contributions and efforts by having Farmers' Open University. He gave the Korean model example (1960s) in which they empowered the farmers through New Village Development based on "Can Do" approach.
Mr. Mazhar Iqbal, a farmer from Chakwal, sharing his view with the participants, highlighted the issues like label issues of seeds in which private companies are exploiting the farmers. Wheat rate issued by Govt is Rs. 1200 but they are forced to sell at Rs.1110, crushing rate are high, no agriculture institution to raise their voices against this injustice. He also told the forum about the diseases to crops while pesticides that are available providing less resistance to them.


text:
namespace backend { namespace d3d12 {

    class CommandAllocatorManager;
    class DescriptorHeapAllocator;
    class MapRequestTracker;
    class ResourceAllocator;
    class ResourceUploader;

    void ASSERT_SUCCESS(HRESULT hr);

    // Definition of backend types
    class Device : public DeviceBase {
      public:
        Device();
        ~Device();

        BindGroupBase* CreateBindGroup(BindGroupBuilder* builder) override;
        BlendStateBase* CreateBlendState(BlendStateBuilder* builder) override;
        BufferBase* CreateBuffer(BufferBuilder* builder) override;
        BufferViewBase* CreateBufferView(BufferViewBuilder* builder) override;
        CommandBufferBase* CreateCommandBuffer(CommandBufferBuilder* builder) override;
        ComputePipelineBase* CreateComputePipeline(ComputePipelineBuilder* builder) override;
        DepthStencilStateBase* CreateDepthStencilState(DepthStencilStateBuilder* builder) override;
        InputStateBase* CreateInputState(InputStateBuilder* builder) override;
        RenderPassDescriptorBase* CreateRenderPassDescriptor(
            RenderPassDescriptorBuilder* builder) override;
        RenderPipelineBase* CreateRenderPipeline(RenderPipelineBuilder* builder) override;
        ShaderModuleBase* CreateShaderModule(ShaderModuleBuilder* builder) override;
        SwapChainBase* CreateSwapChain(SwapChainBuilder* builder) override;
        TextureBase* CreateTexture(TextureBuilder* builder) override;
        TextureViewBase* CreateTextureView(TextureViewBuilder* builder) override;

        void TickImpl() override;

        ComPtr<IDXGIFactory4> GetFactory();
        ComPtr<ID3D12Device> GetD3D12Device();
        ComPtr<ID3D12CommandQueue> GetCommandQueue();

        DescriptorHeapAllocator* GetDescriptorHeapAllocator();
        MapRequestTracker* GetMapRequestTracker() const;
        ResourceAllocator* GetResourceAllocator();
        ResourceUploader* GetResourceUploader();

        void OpenCommandList(ComPtr<ID3D12GraphicsCommandList>* commandList);
        ComPtr<ID3D12GraphicsCommandList> GetPendingCommandList();

        uint64_t GetSerial() const;
        void NextSerial();
        void WaitForSerial(uint64_t serial);

        void ReferenceUntilUnused(ComPtr<IUnknown> object);

        void ExecuteCommandLists(std::initializer_list<ID3D12CommandList*> commandLists);

      private:
        ResultOrError<BindGroupLayoutBase*> CreateBindGroupLayoutImpl(
            const dawn::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor* descriptor) override;
        ResultOrError<PipelineLayoutBase*> CreatePipelineLayoutImpl(
            const dawn::PipelineLayoutDescriptor* descriptor) override;
        ResultOrError<QueueBase*> CreateQueueImpl() override;
        ResultOrError<SamplerBase*> CreateSamplerImpl(
            const dawn::SamplerDescriptor* descriptor) override;

        uint64_t mSerial = 0;
        ComPtr<ID3D12Fence> mFence;
        HANDLE mFenceEvent;

        ComPtr<IDXGIFactory4> mFactory;
        ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter1> mHardwareAdapter;
        ComPtr<ID3D12Device> mD3d12Device;
        ComPtr<ID3D12CommandQueue> mCommandQueue;

        CommandAllocatorManager* mCommandAllocatorManager = nullptr;
        DescriptorHeapAllocator* mDescriptorHeapAllocator = nullptr;
        MapRequestTracker* mMapRequestTracker = nullptr;
        ResourceAllocator* mResourceAllocator = nullptr;
        ResourceUploader* mResourceUploader = nullptr;

        struct PendingCommandList {
            ComPtr<ID3D12GraphicsCommandList> commandList;
            bool open = false;
        } mPendingCommands;

        SerialQueue<ComPtr<IUnknown>> mUsedComObjectRefs;
    };

}}  // namespace backend::d3d12

#endif  // BACKEND_D3D12_DEVICED3D12_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Create redirects for all URLs, not just for 404 errors in Joomla.
The Joomla Redirect Component only allows redirections for URLS which would generate a 404 error page. However, if Joomla wrongfully does not create a 404 error page for an actually wrong URL, the Joomla Redirect Component does no redirect.
The Joomlager Redirect Plugin checks on each request if the current URL has a redirect rule in the Joomla-own Redirect Component and based on that redirects the current request to the right URL.
Usage is very simple. Install the plugin in parallel to the Joomla "System - Redirect" plugin and activate it. Everything else is handled like before in the Redirect Component in the Joomla backend.


Save money and time by reserving a parking space near Rosslyn Metro Station now. By booking with Parking Panda you can avoid the hassle of parking in downtown Arlington. Park happy at Rosslyn Metro Station with Parking Panda!


I am a different person than most women out there. I am smart, a smartass, sarcastic, witty and fun to be around and I'm looking for someone who can make me laugh with their unique sense of humor and be a smartass when I need a laugh. I work very hard and travel some for a living, so I am out of town for a few weeks at a time and need a man who can keep a realtionship going!! It's not long distance, just small spurts where I go out of town on business! You get the benefit though of getting to visit me in some of the cool places I get to work....hello Key West!
I need a man who can be a man and take care of me in so many ways) but can also not be such a man that he can't treat me like a lady in front of his friends. There has got to be a balance. I also need a man to call when he says or show up when he's supposed to. Nothing irritates a person more than someone who is totally unreliable. I do not like being told what to do, nor will I ever do that to you. I want someone who wants to spend a lot of time with me doing whatever we feel like doing.


1689 Bhangani battle between Guru Gobind Singh and the Hill Rajas.
Battle of Bhangani took place between Sri Guru Gobind Singh and and Hindu Rajas, Bhim Chand Kahluri, Fateh Shah Gadhwalia, Hari Chand Handuria, etc. Guru's forces came out victorious. This was Guru Gobind Singh first battle in which Bibi Biro's sons Sangho Shah and Jeetmal accepted shahdat. Raja Hari Chand and several rajputs were killed by Guru Gobind Singh. A detailed description of this battle is provided in the 8th Chapter of BachitarNatak. Also in this battle, Pir Budhu Shah's sons and 700 of his followers fought along side Guru's forces.
==> BUDHU SHAH: a Sadhora (district Ambala) resident muslim Pir (holy man). His real name was Sayed Shah Badrudin. He had enrolled 500 Pathans in service of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Patshah. The four chiefs of these Pathans were Kala Khan, Bhikan Khan, Nijabat Khan, and Hayat Khan. Only Kala Khan turned out to be trustworthy, who did not betray Guru Sahib's trust. The remaining three chiefs simply abandoned Guru Sahib during the Bhangani battle and joined the enemy forces.
When Budhu Shah heard of the betrayal by his Pathan chiefs, he immediately came to join Guru Sahib forces with his four sons and 700 followers. Guru Sahib came victorious in this battle, but Budhu Shah lost his two sons and several followers. When the battle ended, Guru Sahib blessed Budhu Shah with his Dastar (turban) along with Kangha (comb) containing some combed hairs, and a small sword along with a Hukamnama. Subseuqntly, these items were bought by Nabhapati Barpur Singh and preserved in Gurudwara Siraepau.
Budhu Shah was subsequently killed by Asman Khan, Sardar of Sadhora, for committing the grave offense of helping Guru Gobind Singh. For this reason, Asman Khan was hanged when Bahadhur Shah conquered Sadhora in sunmat 1766.
==> GURU GOBIND SINGH's BATTLE OF BHANGANI: Guru Gobind Singh procured the land of Kiar Dun and built a fort on the banks of Jumuna called Paonta Fort. The battle of Bhangani was fought from this fort.
1837 Jamroadh battle where Hari Singh Nalwas accepted Shahadat.
Jamrodh battle took place. Akbar Khan, knowing the absence of Sikh troops, attacked Jamrod. Sikh troops were sent away from Jamrod and Peshawar for ceremonial duties. Hari Singh Nalwa sought immediate assistance from Lahore, but his request was not deliberately placed before Maharaja Ranjit Singh by Dhian Singh to make Hari Singh Nalwa's position difficult. This battle saw heavy casualties on both sides. Sikhs repulsed the Afghans on but their leader Hari Singh Nalwa was seriously wounded and died on this day. Maharaja Ranjit Singh cried bitter tears, as loss of Hari Singh was too great. The Dogras became supreme as none other sardar could check-mate them. Maharaja Ranjit Singh never fully annexed the frontier but ruled them through Muslim chiefs.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh built several forts and garrisoned these with his troops and maintained moving columns to keep the tribals under subjection. These forts were at Nara, Daram, Maru, Salana, Machin and Sikham to protect Peshawar, Khairabad, Jahangira, Shahkadur, Attock, Mansehra, Haripur and Nawanshehr etc.
1877 A mysterious aroma circumambulated the Holy Guru Granth Sahib in Harimandir Sahib, Golden Temple, Amritsar.
==> NATURAL MIRACLE at DARBAR SAHIB: This incident is inscribed on on the front wall of Darshani Deodhi leading to Darbar Sahib, Amritsar. Its states.
It is being told to inform everyone that at 4:30 am on 30 April, 1877, a strange miracle (ajab khayl) occurred in the Harmandar Sahib Ji. Some 400 devotees were enjoying kirtan in Harmandar Sahib Ji when, suddenly, a flash of lightning was seen.
It came from a side door in the form of a big light, formed a ball-like shape right in front of the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, and exploded to diffuse immense light after which it went out through the southern door in one line or ray.
Although at the time of its explosion there was a terrifying and powerful noise, none of the devotees sitting inside or the buildings or any other object was harmed.
All the people describe this supernatural (alaukik) sight as Guru Ram Das Saheb Ji's miracle or play (kautak).
1921 SGPC registered with British government as a Sikh body in Lahore.
1986 Surjit S. Barnala ordered an attack, Black Thunder, on Sri Darbar Sahib.
Inspite of the fact that the new Khalsitan Givernment had left the premises of Sri darbar Sahib, Rajiv Gandhi asked Barnala to attacjk the Darbar Sahib. This was to justify the 1984 attack, Operation Bluestar, on Sri darbar Sahib and the Sikh nation, as well as the killing of the Sikhs. In the Cabinet meetings, some Akalis told Barnala that since the Cabinet of Khalistan had left Sri darbar Sahib there could be no justification for any kind of an attack. But Barnala was helpless. He had no choice but to execute teh orders of his Delhi master. After all, his Chief Ministership solely rested on the mercy of Rajiv. So he ordere an attack, Black Thunder, on Sri Darbar Sahib. Several MLAs and Akali minsiter resigned in protest. And the attack turned out to be a hoax, as neither any Khalistani solidier, nor any weapons were recovered. It was simply an act of sacrilege, so that the Sikhs should understand that they were simply slaves at the mercy of the Indian regime.


text:
Abbott will soon look like a genius for refusing to drag Australia to yet another climate fiasco
By Tom Switzer - posted Wednesday, 19 November 2014 Sign Up for free e-mail updates!
Defensive, embarrassing, insular, cringeworthy – this is just a sampler of media comment on Abbott's performance at the G20. But look deeper and a different picture emerges
Even as he continues to win plaudits from visiting Chinese and Indian leaders, the high priests and priestesses of the fourth estate are in full-throated rebellion against Tony Abbott. Defensive, embarrassing, timid, insular, clumsy, flawed, weird, cringeworthy – this is just a sampler of media comment on Abbott's performance at the G20 in Brisbane.
But it is perhaps better to see Abbott as someone who refuses to agree at all times with outspoken, self-appointed pressure groups that breed around controversial questions. He makes an inviting rhetorical target precisely because he embodies that down-to-earth quality in our national spirit that has been all but obliterated by the modern obsession with courting fashionable opinion. His bluntness – such as his defence of Big Coal or his threat to "shirtfront" Putin – takes him where mealy-mouthed politicians fear to tread.
I say this as someone who disagrees with his stance on Ukraine. It is one thing to try to subject the Russian-backed rebels to some scrutiny for 17 July; it is another thing for the leader of a middle power to issue dire threats and warnings to a nuclear power with vital strategic interests at stake in a region that has been in its sphere of influence for centuries.
All things considered, however, Abbott's diplomatic conduct in recent days has been defensible.
Start with the China trade deal, a major victory for our exporters that will add tens of billions of dollars to the economy. The prime minister promised to clinch unprecedented and lucrative agreements with Japan, South Korea and by the end of the year. His foreign affairs and trade team have achieved this goal with aplomb. All three nations account for about half of all our exports.
The critics were having a field day feasting on Abbott for daring to talk about his government's domestic policy challenges; never mind that the leaders were invited to the opening session to discuss how domestic politics impede a pro-growth reform agenda.
Then there is the G20 growth agreement itself, which will dramatically improve the lives of people all around the world, so long as nations deliver on their promises. Even Michael Gordon, one of Fairfax Media's many Abbott critics, has that for the first time the world's richest economies have committed themselves to a specific (and ambitious) growth target and they have been prepared to allow independent bodies to scrutinise their approaches.
We are told that on climate change, the G20 leaders spectacularly wrong-footed Abbott. Yet he has merely defended the national interest and kept faith with the Australian people who gave him an electoral mandate to abolish Julia Gillard's widely unpopular carbon tax. We are also told that Paris is the moment when the world will come together to save us from an excess of greenhouse gas emissions. It's a fair bet Abbott's position will be vindicated at the United Nations climate talks next year.
Shortly before Brisbane, Beijing concluded a bilateral accord with Washington in which they agreed (on a non-binding basis) to begin reducing their annual emissions by 2030. The understanding is clearly that, since Obama signed up to this deal (and indeed presented it as a triumph), he will not push the Chinese any further at next year's meeting in Paris.
Meanwhile, Obama needs to ask the US Congress to appropriate $3bn for the global climate fund. Republicans will oppose it, and many Democrats repudiated Obama's energy agenda in the recent midterm elections. No member of the visiting Washington press corps, judging from the press conference on Sunday, evidently thinks the issue is an American priority. Congress won't legislate a carbon tax or a national emissions trading scheme.
This article was first published in The Guardian.
Tom Switzer is a fellow of the Australian Institute for Progress and a research associate at the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. He is a former editor of the Australian Spectator.
» Paris climate agreement is a triumph of hope over facts - January 4, 2016
» Politics binds US over climate - November 12, 2010
» Rudd's betrayal - May 3, 2010
All articles by Tom Switzer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php
namespace NatureQuizzer\Processors;

use NatureQuizzer\Runtime\CurrentClient;
use NatureQuizzer\Runtime\CurrentUser;
use NatureQuizzer\Utils\Helpers;
use Nette\DI\Container;
use Nette\Forms\Form;
use Nette\Http\Request;
use Nette\Mail\IMailer;
use Nette\Mail\Message;
use Nette\SmartObject;

class FeedbackProcessor
{
	use SmartObject;

	/** @var IMailer */
	private $mailer;
	/** @var CurrentClient */
	private $currentClient;
	/** @var CurrentUser */
	private $currentUser;
	/** @var Request */
	private $request;

	private $mails;

	public function __construct(IMailer $mailer, CurrentClient $currentClient, CurrentUser $currentUser, Request $request, Container $container)
	{
		$this->mailer = $mailer;
		$this->currentClient = $currentClient;
		$this->request = $request;
		$this->currentUser = $currentUser;

		$params = $container->getParameters();
		if (isset($params['mails'])) {
			$this->mails = $params['mails'];
		}
	}

	public function send($data)
	{
		$server = $this->request->getUrl()->getHost();

		$output = [];
		$form = $this->getContactForm();
		$form->setValues($data);
		if (!$form->isSuccess()) {
			$output['errors'] = $form->getErrors();
			$output['status'] = 'fail';
		} else {
			$message = new Message();
			$message->setSubject(sprintf('Nature Quizzer (%s): Feedback', $server));
			if (isset($data['email']) && $data['email']) {
				$message->setFrom($this->mails['sender']);
				$message->addReplyTo($data['email']);
			} else {
				$message->setFrom($this->mails['sender']);
			}
			$message->addTo($this->mails['feedback']);
			$message->setBody($data['text']);
			// Add debug information
			$message->setHeader('X-Client-Info', '"' . Helpers::implodeKeyValue($this->currentClient->get()) . '"');
			if ($this->currentUser->isInitialized()) {
				$message->setHeader('X-User-Anonymous', ($this->currentUser->isAnonymous()) ? 'true' : 'false');
				$message->setHeader('X-User-Id', $this->currentUser->get());
			} else {
				$message->setHeader('X-User', 'unavailable');
			}
			$this->mailer->send($message);
			$output['result'] = 'contact.message_sent';
			$output['status'] = 'success';
		}
		sleep(1); // Prevention of spamming
		return $output;
	}

	private function getContactForm()
	{
		$form = new Form();
		$form->addTextArea('text')
			->addRule(Form::FILLED, 'contact.empty_message');
		$form->addText('email')
			->addCondition(Form::FILLED)
			->addRule(Form::EMAIL, 'contact.wrong_email_format');
		return $form;
	}
}


text:
Het Voldsløkkastadion is een multifunctioneel stadion in Oslo, de hoofdstad van Noorwegen.

Het stadion wordt bijvoorbeeld gebruikt voor voetbalwedstrijden, de voetbalclub Skeid Fotball maakte gebruik van dit stadion, voordat deze club naar het Bislettstadion verhuisde in 2007. Reden hiervoor was dat het stadion niet meer voldeed aan de standaarden waaraan het moest voldoen voor de competitie waarin werd gespeeld. In het stadion is plaats voor 4.500 toeschouwers.

Sportaccommodatie in Oslo
Voetbalstadion in Noorwegen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Sisterhood of Native American Coders
Summer 2020 Guest Speaker Series
Lauren Denson
Guest Speaker 1 - 8/4/20
Lauren Denson is a Chiricahua Apache of the Chihene Nde Nation of New Mexico and Latina. She works for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Quality where she is the acting supervisor for a diverse team that manages training, tools, technology, and tracking for the Office of Safety and Mission Success to support all flight projects like Mars Perseverance aka Mars 2020. She manages software systems, develops new applications specializing in project management, programming in front and back end languages, corporate knowledge, and innovating via strategic planning with her team. In her spare time, Lauren volunteers as a teacher's assistant and leads projects for bilingual education with kindergartners. She's passionate about Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion and working on various projects to improve JPL in these efforts. She loves technology, comics, horror films, SFX makeup, and filming projects.
Brielle Thorsen
Guest Speaker 2 - 8/18/20
Brielle is Cree from Goodfish Lake and is a registered member of Saddle Lake Cree Nation. Brielle is a Master of Applied Science candidate in Mechanical Engineering at Queen's University. Her research is focused on sustainable energy systems for remote Northern Indigenous communities. She recently graduated from Queen's University with a Bachelor of Applied Science in Applied Mathematics and Mechanical Engineering. Social and environmental wellbeing and advocacy are her main passions. During her undergraduate studies, Brielle held numerous roles, including serving as the first-ever Canadian National student representative for the American Indian Science and Engineering Society. Brielle received Queen's University's 2020 Peer Leadership award for her contributions.
Erin Ishimoticha
Erin is a Software Engineer in Flight Software at SpaceX from the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma using Python to test rockets and satellites. She lives in Los Angeles.
Penny Pettigrew
Penny Pettigrew is Choctaw and doesn't let her Native American heritage hold her back from being a successful woman in STEM. She is a NASA payload communications manager. She has always had a passion for and been inspired by space. She is so happy to share her journey as a Native American woman in STEM to inspire young girls and show them that with determination and hard work, any dream can become a reality.
Dr. Mae Hey
"Hey completed a two-year InclusiveVT postdoctoral fellowship under the Office of Inclusion and Diversity with the American Indian and Indigenous Alliance. In that position, she nurtured relationships with tribal communities in Virginia to aid in experiential learning and applied research programs at Virginia Tech. She also created bonds with the Pamunkey Tribe, and she works on a number of grants for major community viability projects with the Pamunkey's extension educator. Hey's dissertation, "Situating Indigenous Worldview within Western Academic Traditions," details her experience as an Indigenous woman in the STEM educational system." Source: https://liberalarts.vt.edu/departments-and-schools/department-of-sociology/faculty/MaeHey.html
Copyright © 2021	Sisterhood of Native American Coders


text:
using namespace std;

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
	return 0;
}


text:
Q: Perl mail attachment file size limit I am using MIME::Lite module to send attachments in email and everything works fine until I realized attachment larger than 15mb cannot be sent successfully. Any suggestion on other module which not having size limit?

A: You should consider using a different module because that's what the author recommends (try Email::MIME, MIME::Entity or Email::Sender). However, it's not the module that determines the attachment size restriction.
The size limit you're seeing is set by your SMTP server. If you're not explicitly configuring your SMTP server you're using your local service which might differ depending on your OS. You're probably using sendmail or postfix.
See size limit in postfix
postconf | grep message_size_limit

See size limit in sendmail
grep MaxMessageSize /etc/mail/sendmail.cf

If you're using an external SMTP server they usually have their own size limits. Google has a 25MB size limit for their SMTP server smtp.gmail.com. If that's sufficient for you you could send your mail via Google by authenticating.
$msg->send(
    'smtp', 'smtp.gmail.com',
    Port     => 465,
    SSL      => 1,
    AuthUser => $user,
    AuthPass => $password,
);

EDIT: I had some issues using MIME::Lite to work properly with Gmail SMTP server so I here's an example on how to use gmail.smtp.com with an alternative pacakge.
#!/usr/bin/env perl

use warnings;
use strict;

use Email::Sender::Simple qw( sendmail );
use Email::Sender::Transport::SMTP;
use Email::Simple;

my $user     = 'username@gmail.com';
my $password = 'app-password';
my $host     = 'smtp.gmail.com';
my $port     = 465;

my $transport = Email::Sender::Transport::SMTP->new(
    {
        host          => $host,
        port          => $port,
        ssl           => 1,
        sasl_username => $user,
        sasl_password => $password,
    }
);

my $email = Email::Simple->create(
    header => [
        To      => 'someone@example.com',
        From    => 'me@localhost',
        Subject => 'Hello...',
    ],
    body => "World!\n",
);

sendmail( $email, { transport => $transport } );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
LGB Alliance USA
Leading the Fight for Same-Sex Rights
We base all communication on the following definitions.
For more information on any claims made below, please visit our Sources page.
The female and male division of a sexually dimorphic species, differentiated by primary physical characteristics (reproductive organs) as well as secondary (muscle/bone density, hair growth, vocal pitch, skeletal structure, hormone levels, etc.).
Often used synonymously and interchangeably with "sex," we distinguish the two by defining "gender" as the social customs, norms, and expectations assigned to all individuals based on their sex (e.g., women are expected to be submissive / men are expected to be dominant). While these norms may vary across cultures, gender functions globally as a hierarchical system that upholds male dominance over the female class.
gender ideology
Gender ideology is the belief system that "gender" is an innate quality that takes precedence over biological sex in determining one's true sense of being male or female (or neither). Gender ideology relies on the sexist notion that gender (defined above as expectations and norms imposed upon both sexes) is inherently linked to biological sex rather than socially prescribed, resulting in the belief that individuals who feel disconnected from gender roles can also mentally disconnect from their sex by adopting a "trans" identity and/or pursuing medical intervention.
Adult human female. In other species, words for females include doe (deer), hen (chickens), etc.
Adult human male. In other species, words for males include buck (deer), rooster (chickens), etc.
Describes whether a person experiences sexual and romantic attraction to men, women, or both, based on biological sex. The three orientations are commonly referenced as straight or heterosexual (exclusively opposite-sex attracted), gay/lesbian or homosexual (exclusively same-sex attracted), and bisexual (attracted to both sexes). Asexuality is a lack of sexual orientation.
Colloquial term for a woman who is sexually attracted exclusively to other women.
Colloquial term often used as a blanket description for both homosexual men and women, but primarily referring to a man who is sexually attracted exclusively to other men.
Attraction to both sexes, which may manifest as 50/50 (equally attracted to both), 99/1 (primarily attracted to one sex over the other), or anywhere in between. Bisexuals may also choose to pursue intimate relationships only with members of one sex.
Over time, transgender has been defined in many ways. Until recent years, it primarily referred to individuals who experienced sex dysphoria, an extreme discomfort or hatred of one's sexed body, generally coupled with a strong aversion to the gender norms assigned to their sex (interests, appearance, personality traits, etc.). Dysphoria is an understandable reaction to society's oppressive sex roles, given the power that these roles still hold on a global scale. Some individuals choose to alleviate their distress by taking measures to appear or live as the opposite sex, altering their appearance through dress, grooming, artificial hormones, and/or surgery to more closely match what society expects to see in members of that sex. This is commonly referred to as "transition."
Today, many who identify as transgender do not necessarily experience bodily dysphoria but still wish to escape gender norms or otherwise differentiate themselves from others by means of an identity that they feel embodies the traits with which they identify—traits not culturally associated with their sex. Not merely synonymous with gender nonconfomity (i.e. many gender-nonconforming people do not identify as trans), a "trans" identity is most commonly defined by purely ideological beliefs not based in science—for example, as being "born in the wrong body" or "assigned" the wrong sex at birth (except in extremely rare cases of intersex conditions, sex is not assigned but clearly observable at or before birth); or having a "male brain in a female body" or vice versa (brains, like all other organs, contain the same sex chromosomes as the rest of our bodies). Given that humans are not capable of changing sex, all definitions of "transgender" rely on the sexist notion that gender norms are innately linked to sex rather than socially prescribed.
While we support bodily autonomy and the right of informed, consenting adults to undergo any form of "transition" they desire, we oppose the transitioning of children, who are not mature enough to consent to such life-altering decisions. We also remain highly critical of the medical industry that is profiting off the dysphoria of vulnerable individuals, many of whom are frequently denied the truth about risks and repercussions of medical transition, and are thus unable to provide fully informed consent to these procedures.
Often abbreviated NB, non-binary is one of the most common identities adopted under the trans umbrella and generally means that one does not "identify" as either male or female but views oneself as somewhere in between, neither, or something else entirely. This label is often adopted by individuals who are uncomfortable with their sex or assigned gender roles, but are not pursuing medical transition.
gender-nonconformity
Divergence from the expected gender roles assigned to one's sex. For women, this could mean anything from not wearing makeup to pursuing a career in construction; for men, it could mean wearing a dress or working as a stay-at-home parent. Many cultures have become more accepting of certain forms of gender-nonconformity over the past century, but many are still considered extremely taboo even in the most progressive cultures (for instance, a woman choosing not to shave her body hair). Everyone exhibits some form of gender-nonconformity, as it is impossible to fully conform at all times to every norm imposed upon our sex.
Since LGB people are automatically non-conforming by means of their sexual orientation and commonly deviate from other gender norms as well, gender-nonconformity (often abbreviated GNC) is generally associated or equated with homosexuality, even though straight people can also be GNC. Gender-nonconformity does not require a "gender identity" or any other label, and is unrelated to sexual orientation.
Like "transgender," gender identity is defined many different ways by its proponents. It typically describes one's personal sense of being male or female or neither, regardless of one's actual sex. Since male and female are material reality and not feelings, "gender identity" is based on gender stereotypes. Since these vary across time and cultures, it is difficult to provide a concrete definition of the term, especially as new "genders" are regularly invented that seem to have nothing to do with sex or even necessarily gender roles, but rather serve as labels to express one's personal interests or characteristics. We prefer to call this "personality."
"Queer" has been primarily used as a longtime slur against same-sex oriented people. In recent decades, it has been reclaimed by some in the LGB community to describe themselves, but has also been co-opted by some straight people to describe any form of non-standard sexual behavior or presentation of gender-nonconformity.
A complete lack of sexual attraction to either sex.
detransition and desistance
Detransition refers to individuals (detransitioners) who have undergone some form of medical "transition" (hormones, surgery, or both) and have since decided to cease further treatment and/or attempt to reverse their transition. Desisters are those who did not necessarily pursue medical transition but who, at one point, identified as transgender, and no longer do.
Intersex conditions are defined by atypical genetic traits in sexual development, most of which occur either only in males or only in females. They are not indication of a "third sex" nor do they challenge the reality of human sexual dimorphism; rather, they are the exception that proves the rule.
sex/gender dysphoria
Generally referred to as "gender dysphoria" but is typically integrated with feelings about one's sex, this is a psychological condition describing an extreme hatred or discomfort of one's sex and/or the gender roles assigned to their sex. Because gender roles are so intertwined with biological sex on a global scale, many people are unable to view the two as separate, which leads to the misconception that hatred of the gender roles assigned to one's sex indicates that one is a different sex.
biological essentialism
Commonly misconstrued by gender ideologists as "the insistence that women are female and men are male," in actuality this term describes the belief that one's personality and behavioral traits are inherently linked to their biology; for instance, the idea that anyone who embodies traits labeled "feminine" is a woman. This sexist and regressive concept is promoted through gender ideology.
A term coined by black feminist Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989 to describe the dual oppression of racism and misogyny faced by black women in both a white- and male-dominated society.
ROGD
Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria is a term recently coined to refer to the epidemic of young and adolescent women, many of whom are lesbian or bisexual, who seemingly suddenly decide to pursue "gender transition." Distinct from children who showed marked gender-nonconformity and/or dysphoria from a very young age, ROGD generally describes the cases of teen and pre-teen girls who did not previously exhibit signs of dysphoria, but who began suddenly embracing gender ideology through social and media influences.
Conversion therapy describes the attempt to change an individual's homosexual or bisexual orientation to heterosexual through psychological, physical, medical, and/or spiritual means. Primarily used by homophobic doctors and religious fundamentalists, conversion therapy remains one of the most horrific forms of oppression against same-sex oriented people. LGB Alliance USA adamantly opposes all forms of conversion therapy, including the encouragement of gender non-conforming and LGB youth to "transition" into an opposite-sex role. Homophobia amongst transition-affirming parents is well documented, as most parents would rather have a straight "trans" child than a gay one, which many have openly admitted.
cotton ceiling / boxer ceiling
The term "cotton ceiling" was coined by trans activist and porn star Drew DeVeaux as a play on "glass ceiling," which describes the challenges in workforce advancement that women face due to misogyny. The "cotton" in cotton ceiling is a reference to lesbians' underwear; thus, the term refers to the challenge that trans-identifying males face when attempting to coerce lesbians into accepting them as sexual partners. Similarly, the "boxer ceiling" later arose in reference to trans-identified females attempting to coerce gay men into sex. Both concepts are deeply lesbophobic and homophobic, promoting rape rhetoric and conversion therapy.
Per Dictionary.com: fundamental rights, especially those believed to belong to an individual and in whose exercise a government may not interfere, as the rights to speak, associate, work, etc. Human rights refer to the right of all individuals to pursue equal opportunities in employment, education, housing, medical care, etc. without discrimination or disadvantage on the basis of sex, race, nationality, sexual orientation, socioeconomic class, disability, or any other immutable trait. Human rights should also include the right to deviate from gender norms, but should not include self-identification into marginalized classes or the requirement that others perceive you the way you want to be perceived, especially when such a demand requires the denial of reality.
A movement dedicated to liberating women and girls from all sociopolitical structures of male dominance (patriarchy).
Copyright © 2023 LGB Alliance USA | LGB Alliance USA


The names of variables in the C++ language are referred to as identifiers. The best naming convention is to choose a variable name that will tell the reader of the program what the variable represents. Variables that describe the data stored at that particular memory location are called mnemonic variables.
Variable names in Visual C++ can range from 1 to 255 characters. To make variable names portable to other environments stay within a 1 to 31 character range.
underscore( _ ). For beginning programmers, it may be easier to begin all variable names with a letter of the alphabet.
You cannot use a C++ keyword (reserved word) as a variable name.
Tip: Some programmers use an underscore in variable names to separate parts of the name, such as shipping_weight. Others prefer a "capital style" notation, such asshippingWeight to separate parts of the name.
NEVER use uppercase for every letter in a variable name, because uppercase names are reserved for constant variables.


20 years ago today I entered Syria with 2 friends on a year long backpacking tour. The hospitality of the Syrian people was so incredible that because we arrived at the border of Syria at night, we were taken in by the guards and offered to sleep and rest in the guard house. At 7am one of the guards drove us to the nearest bus station so we could make our way to Aleppo. Humanity at its best. I took the image above in Palmyra, Syria and the Roman arch that you see does not exist anymore because it was destroyed by ISIS a few months ago. Humanity at its worst……..


As the capital of the Styria "Štajerska" region is the second largest city in Slovenia, simultaneously it is pleasantly small and lodged in the wonderful nature of Pohorje on the one side and wine growing hills on the other, with the river Drava wending its way through it. With its diverse and quality offers surrender to the best that one of the key tourist destinations in Slovenia has to offer!
The rich wine tradition of the oldest vine in the world, the throb of the city with its flourishing cultural history, its location amidst wine growing hills and green Pohorje as well as the various possibilities for exploring, recreation, relaxation, entertainment and meetings will convince you that Maribor has a heart and soul and that the people of Maribor are excellent hosts!
The old town core promises unforgettable adventure: walk along the river Drava embankment and through the lively streets and squares, where history and tradition blend with dynamics and modernity. Let Lent, the oldest part of the town, enchant you with its Old Vine, the oldest vine in the world, with medieval towers and remains of the old town walls, and moreover the square Grajski trg with the castle and museum, the square Glavni trg with the Plague monument and the Town hall, Bishop Slomšek's Cathedral with its viewing tower, the Jewish synagogue, the Art Gallery and theatre, just to mention a few!
The city streets lead to one of the most beautiful city parks in Slovenia. Climb up Piramida and Kalvarija, town wine hills with their wonderful views of the city. And go down in the wine underworld, into one of the oldest and biggest wine cellars in Europe. At all events take trip with a traditional raft on the river Drava, as this exciting adventure offers a charming view of Lent. Be caught up in the swirl of events, from Festival Lent with the Alpe Adria Cup – Jet Ski racing, the Old Vine Festival, the theatre festival Borštnikova srečanje to the Golden Fox Skiing World Cup and numerous other happenings, which enliven Maribor's everyday life.
A trip up to green Pohorje enraptures ramblers and hikers, cyclists, adrenaline seekers as well as lovers of the tranquillity of Pohorje's primeval forest, waterfalls and peat moors. And after activity what is better than relaxation – either in the city or Alpine Wellness Centre. And the magic continues also in the wintertime when Mariborsko Pohorje, dressed in white, becomes one of the most attractive skiing centres in Slovenia.
Maribor, with Pohorje on the one side and wine growing hills on the other and river Drava offers unforgettable adventure, let it be for an hour, a day, a week or more. Have a colourful day in Maribor! You will love to return in all the seasons of the year!


text:
You are at:Home»Latest News»STAR URGED CELTIC TO LET HIM QUIT
STAR URGED CELTIC TO LET HIM QUIT
By CQN Magazine on	 15th February 2020 Latest News
LEWIS MORGAN has revealed he knew there was a chance he would be quitting Celtic – BEFORE playing in the Betfred League Cup Final.
The Scotland international winger joined David Beckham's new MLS club Inter Miami last month in a deal worth around £400,000.
Morgan arrived in in the States during the week to kick off his new career after the move was set in motion FOUR months ago.
And the 23-year-old former St Mirren forward, who cost £250,000 when ex-boss Brendan Rodgers bought him in January 2018, also admitted he urged boss Neil Lennon and chief executive Peter lawwell to make the deal happen.
Morgan, speaking to the Daily Record, said: "I heard a while back about Miami's interest, maybe in October or November.
"It wasn't until January when things started to step up a bit. They made a few approaches to Celtic, but they were turned down.
GLASGOW GRIT…Lewis Morgan puts pressure on Ibrox defender Connor Goldson during the Hoops' Betfred League Cup triumph.
"I had already spoken to Celtic because I hadn't been playing as regularly as I had wanted to and a lot of the time when I was in the team it wasn't in my preferred position.
"I felt at that point, it was best for everybody to move on and I could go and get regular football again.
"I spoke to the manager and Peter Lawwell and, thankfully, everybody was on the same page. It was just then about Celtic getting the right value for me.
"We were then in Dubai when the clubs eventually managed to sort out a fee and I was able to fly back from the winter training camp and sort out the visa and paperwork."
Morgan was thrilled when he received a message on Instagram from Manchester United and England legend Beckham welcoming him to his new team.
The tricky wide player said: "David Beckham sent me a message welcoming me to the club via Instagram.
"It was nice, but there are a lot of big people around the club, although it is his club and he is a massive draw for everyone.
"You can see with some of the people involved that Inter Miami is going to be massive.
"Also some of the top players that the club have been linked with shows how ambitious everybody at the club is.
"The plans for everything at Inter Miami are right up there. We will be playing in a 20,000-capacity temporary ground and the new stadium is unlikely to be finished for a few years.
"It shows the ambition of the club that they can build a temporary stadium that size."
Morgan continued: "Inter were after me for a long time and it shows how desperate they were to get me which was good to hear and see.
"I just want to go somewhere where I can go and play football regularly. I am confident if I will get that chance at Miami.
MIAMI NICE…David Beckham at his club's temporary 20,000-seater temporary stadium.
"I want to get back to the levels I hit a couple of years ago before I went to Celtic. I was playing at St Mirren and also doing well with Scotland's Under-21s.
"That was when I was at my most comfortable and I played my best football. I was playing games regularly in my best position.
"Nothing can replicate that and it is something I am looking forward to because I know if I get that chance I will get back to those previous levels and improve again."
Morgan was in the starting line-up to face Steven Gerrard's Ibrox side in the Betfred League Cup Final on December 8 – one of his last appearances for the Hoops.
Boss Lennon had experimented with a more central attacking role for the player while Odsonne Edouard toiled with injury and a full game was a stretch too far.
The pacy attacker played for an hour at Hampden before making way for the Frenchman which coincided with Christopher Jullien scoring the only goal of a dramatic encounter.
Morgan added: "There were a lot of positives experiences in my time at Celtic although things didn't quite work out the way I had hoped. Sometimes that happens in football.
"I maybe never achieved what I wanted to at Celtic, but I still played in some massive games in Europe and Cup Finals and I will have some good memories and experiences from my time at such a massive club."
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The Site Where Insulin Was Discovered
In 1921, scientists Frederick G. Banting, Charles Best, and John Macleod each contributed to the discovery of insulin. By the following year, in January, biochemist James Collip, purified the hormone at the University of Toronto, to make it useful as a treatment for diabetes patients. This discovery revolutionized the medical field, impacting diabetes patients not just in North America, but also around the world.
University of Toronto - St. George Campus
Starting out in 1921, Dr. Banting was the first person to isolate insulin secretions from islet cells. To carry out his research, Banting requested to use laboratory facilities and equipment from James Macleod at the University of Toronto. Macleod who was at first hesitant to provide help to Banting, became intrigued when he realized that Banting was attempting to do what no other scientist has done: extract islets from a fully degenerated pancreas.
Banting took on Charles Best to assist him in isolating the insulin. Together, the three scientists successfully ended with the discovery that insulin could be used to treat patients diagnosed with diabetes. A year later, scientist James Collip purified the insulin, finally making it ready to use as an official form of treatment by injection.
This was a ground breaking discovery in medical history because it occurred in a time where innovation, including medical advancements, were highly encouraged. Also, it was discovered in a time where increasingly more people were diagnosed with the disease, ultimately, saving many lives. The treatment became available to patients in North America, overall, revolutionizing the medical field as a whole.
Bliss, Michael.The Discovery of Insulin. University of Toronto Press, 2017.
This source is an online version of a book provided by the UCF library database. It is written to recount the history of the discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto, while also emphasizing the dramatic impact that this particular discovery had on the world. It is relevant to the research because it provides hindsight on the event with the use of an explanation on how it affected the world after it started being used by the public.
Ignazio Vecchio, et al. The Discovery of Insulin: An Important Milestone in the History of Medicine. 2018. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00613. This source is an academic article from the UCF library database, written by various authors and uses a multitude of citations to ensure credibility. The article provides a detailed account on the process of the discovery and the many trials it went through. It follows the story every step of the way, even up to the other medical findings it aided, for example, a pancreatic transplant. The source efficiently shows the great impact this discovery had in the medical field.
Image Sources(Click to expand)
https://www.utoronto.ca/university-life/campuses/st-george
27 King's College Cir
Created by Madison Quatrale (Instructed by Amy Darty, University of Central Florida - History GEP) on February 2nd 2020, 12:52:51 am.
Last updated by Madison Quatrale (Instructed by Amy Darty, University of Central Florida - History GEP) on February 28th 2020, 4:14:57 pm.


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text:
Lastronomia és la ciència que estudia l'Univers i els cossos celestes o astres, a partir de la informació que ens n'arriba per la radiació electromagnètica, tant pel que fa a la posició i moviment en l'esfera celeste com pel que fa a la seva natura, estructura i evolució (astrofísica). Etimologia: la paraula astronomia prové del mot grec αστρονομία ('astronomia'), combinació dels mots άστρον (astron), que significa 'estrella', i νόμος (nomos), 'llei'.

L'astronomia és una de les poques ciències en què els aficionats encara poden tenir un paper actiu, especialment en el descobriment i seguiment de fenòmens com les corbes de llum d'estrelles variables, el descobriment d'asteroides i cometes, etc.

No ha de confondre's l'astronomia amb l'astrologia, pseudociència que afirma que el destí de les persones, i dels assumptes humans en general, es troben relacionats amb les posicions aparents dels cossos astronòmics en el cel. Encara que ambdós camps comparteixen un origen comú, són molt diferents; els astrònoms segueixen el mètode científic, mentre que els astròlegs no. A més, els astròlegs no han assumit encara la precessió dels equinoccis, un descobriment que es remunta a Hiparc de Nicea.

Història

El 1608, quan va haver-hi la invenció del telescopi, l'astronomia només comprenia l'observació i predicció del moviment dels objectes que podien ser observats a simple vista. En alguns llocs, com a Stonehenge, les primeres cultures crearen objectes molt grans que semblen tenir un propòsit astronòmic. A part del seu ús cerimonial, aquests observatoris podrien haver estat utilitzats per a determinar les estacions, un factor important quan s'havien de sembrar les plantes, així com la llargària de l'any.

Allà on es van desenvolupar les civilitzacions, de les quals es poden destacar els caldeus, egipcis, l'antiga Grècia, l'Índia i Xina, es van construir observatoris astronòmics i les idees sobre la natura de l'Univers es van començar a investigar. Es van desenvolupar les primeres idees sobre el moviment dels planetes i sobre la natura del Sol, la Lluna i la Terra en un univers explorat filosòficament. Això inclou especulacions sobre la natura esfèrica de la Terra i la Lluna, la rotació i el moviment de la Terra en els cels.

Alguns descobriments astronòmics notables es varen fer abans de l'aplicació del telescopi. Per exemple, l'obliqüitat de l'eclíptica fou estimat en el 1000 aC pels xinesos. Els caldeus descobriren que els eclipsis de Lluna seguien un cicle recurrent anomenat saros. En el , Hiparc estimà la mida i la distància de la Lluna.

Durant l'edat mitjana, a Europa, l'astronomia observacional va quedar estancada, almenys fins al . No obstant això, l'astronomia va florir dins el món islàmic i en altres parts del món. Alguns dels prominents astrònoms àrabs van fer contribucions significatives a la ciència; cal destacar-ne Al-Battani, Thebit, Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi, Albumasar, Al-Biruní, Al-Zarqali, l'escola Maraga, Ali Qushji, entre d'altres. Els astrònoms, en aquesta època, van introduir molts noms en àrab que actualment s'utilitzen en les descripcions d'estels. També es creu que les ruïnes del Gran Zimbabwe i Tombuctú poden haver acollit un observatori astronòmic. Els europeus durant molt temps havien cregut que no havia existit l'observació astronòmica a l'Àfrica subsahariana precolonial, però els descobriments més actuals indiquen el contrari.

La revolució científica
Durant segles, la visió geocèntrica que el Sol i els altres planetes giraven al voltant de la Terra no es va qüestionar. Aquesta visió era la que pels nostres sentits s'observava. En el Renaixement, Nicolau Copèrnic va proposar el model heliocèntric del sistema solar. El seu treball De revolutionibus orbium coelestium va ser defensat, divulgat i corregit per Galileo Galilei i Johannes Kepler, autor d'Harmonices Mundi, en el qual es desenvolupa per primera vegada la tercera llei del moviment planetari.

Galileu va afegir la novetat de l'ús del telescopi per millorar les seves observacions. La disponibilitat de dades observacionals precises portà a indagar en teories que expliquessin el comportament observat (vegeu la seva obra Sidereus Nuncius). Al principi només es van obtenir regles ad hoc, com les lleis del moviment planetari de Kepler, descobertes a principis del . Va ser Isaac Newton qui va estendre cap als cossos celestes les teories de la gravetat terrestre i conformà la llei de la gravitació universal, inventant així la mecànica celeste, amb la qual va explicar el moviment dels planetes i aconseguí unir el buit entre les lleis de Kepler i la dinàmica de Galileu. Això també va suposar la primera unificació de l'astronomia i la física (vegeu astrofísica).

Després de la publicació dels Principis matemàtics d'Isaac Newton (que també va desenvolupar el telescopi reflector), es va transformar la navegació marítima. A partir de 1670 aproximadament, utilitzant instruments moderns de latitud i els millors rellotges disponibles, s'ubicà cada lloc de la Terra en un planisferi o mapa, calculant per a això la seva latitud i longitud. La determinació de la latitud va ser fàcil, però la determinació de la longitud va ser molt més delicada. Els requeriments de la navegació suposaren una empenta per al desenvolupament progressiu d'observacions astronòmiques i instruments més precisos, constituint una base de dades creixent per als científics.

A finals del  es va descobrir que, en descompondre la llum del Sol, es podien observar multitud de línies d'espectre (regions en les quals hi havia poca o gens de llum). Experiments amb gasos calents van mostrar que les mateixes línies podien ser observades en l'espectre dels gasos, línies específiques corresponents a diferents elements químics. D'aquesta manera, es va demostrar que els elements químics del Sol (majoritàriament hidrogen) es podien trobar igualment en la Terra. De fet, l'heli va ser descobert primer en l'espectre del Sol i només més tard es va trobar a la Terra, d'aquí el seu nom.

Es va descobrir que les estrelles eren objectes molt llunyans i amb l'espectròmetre es va demostrar que eren semblants al Sol, però amb una àmplia gamma de temperatures, masses i grandàries. L'existència de la Via Làctia com un grup separat d'estrelles no es va demostrar sinó fins al , juntament amb l'existència de galàxies externes i, poc després, l'expansió de l'Univers, observada en l'efecte del corriment al vermell. L'astronomia moderna també ha descobert una varietat d'objectes exòtics com els quàsars, púlsars, radiogalàxies, forats negres, estrelles de neutrons, i ha utilitzat aquestes observacions per a desenvolupar teories físiques que descriuen aquests objectes. La cosmologia va fer grans avenços durant el , amb el model del big bang fortament sostingut per l'evidència proporcionada per l'astronomia i la física, com la radiació de fons de microones, la Llei de Hubble-Lemaître i l'abundància cosmològica dels elements químics.

Durant el , l'espectrometria va avançar, en particular com a resultat del naixement de la física quàntica, necessària per a comprendre les observacions astronòmiques i experimentals.

Branques de l'astronomia

L'astronomia es pot dividir en quatre grans branques:

 Astrometria: és la branca més antiga d'esta ciència. Descriu el moviment dels astres, planetes, satèl·lits i fenòmens com els eclipsis, els trànsits dels planetes per davant del disc del Sol. També estudia el moviment diürn i el moviment anual del Sol i les estreles. Inclou la descripció de cada un dels planetes, asteroides i satèl·lits del sistema solar. Són tasques fonamentals seues la determinació de l'hora i la determinació per a la navegació de les coordenades geogràfiques. Una de les seves parts és o l'astronomia de posició o astronomia nàutica, que té com a objecte situar en l'esfera celeste la posició dels astres mesurant determinats angles respecte a uns plans fonamentals.

 Mecànica celeste: té com a objecte interpretar els moviments dels astres en l'àmbit de la mecànica newtoniana (llei de la gravitació universal de Newton). Estudia el moviment dels planetes al voltant del Sol, dels seus satèl·lits, el càlcul de les òrbites de cometes i asteroides. L'estudi del moviment de la Lluna al voltant de la Terra fou, per la seva complexitat, molt important per al desenvolupament de la ciència. El moviment estrany d'Urà causat per les pertorbacions d'un planeta fins llavors desconegut va permetre a Urbain Le Verrier i a John Couch Adams descobrir, a partir de càlculs de mecànica celeste, el planeta Neptú. El descobriment d'una mínima desviació en l'avanç del periheli de Mercuri es va atribuir inicialment a un planeta pròxim al Sol fins que Einstein, amb la seua teoria de la relativitat general, la va aconseguir explicar.

 Astrofísica: és una part moderna de l'astronomia, que considera els astres com a cossos de la física estudiant la seva composició, estructura i evolució. Només va ser possible el seu inici al  quan, gràcies al desenvolupament de l'espectrometria, es va poder esbrinar la composició física de les estreles. Les branques de la física implicades en l'estudi són la física nuclear, la teoria de la relativitat, la termodinàmica i l'electromagnetisme, entre d'altres.

 Cosmologia: és la branca de l'astrofísica que estudia els orígens, estructura, evolució i naixement de l'Univers en el seu conjunt. En els darrers anys, s'ha fet evident la relació entre la cosmologia i la física de partícules elementals.

Branques de l'astronomia segons la banda de l'espectre utilitzada
Atenent a la longitud d'ona de la radiació electromagnètica amb què s'observa el cos celeste, l'astronomia es divideix en:

 Astronomia òptica, quan l'observació utilitza exclusivament la llum en les longituds d'ona que poden ser detectades per l'ull, o molt prop d'aquestes (al voltant de 400 - 800 nm). N'és la branca més antiga.
 La radioastronomia usa per a l'observació radiació amb longituds d'ona de mm a cm, semblant a la utilitzada en radiodifusió. L'astronomia òptica i de ràdio pot realitzar-se usant observatoris terrestres, perquè l'atmosfera és transparent en eixes longituds d'ona.
 Astronomia infraroja que utilitza detectors de llum infraroja. La llum infraroja és fàcilment absorbida pel vapor d'aigua, de manera que els observatoris d'infrarojos han d'establir-se en llocs alts i secs, o bé en òrbita, fora de l'atmosfera terrestre.
 Astronomia d'alta energia: inclou l'astronomia de raigs X, astronomia de raigs gamma i astronomia ultraviolada, així com l'estudi dels neutrins i els raigs còsmics. Les observacions es poden fer únicament des de globus aerostàtics o observatoris orbitals.

Branques de l'astronomia en funció del problema adreçat
 Astrometria: l'estudi de la posició dels objectes en l'espai i els canvis de posició. Defineix el sistema de coordenades utilitzat i la cinemàtica dels objectes de la nostra galàxia.
 Astrofísica: l'estudi de la física de l'Univers, incloses les propietats físiques (lluminositat, densitat, temperatura, composició química) dels objectes astronòmics.
 Cosmologia: l'estudi de l'origen de l'Univers i la seua evolució. L'estudi de la cosmologia és astrofísica teòrica a una escala més gran.
 Formació i evolució galàctica: l'estudi de la formació de les galàxies i llurs evolucions.
 Astronomia galàctica: l'estudi de l'estructura i components de la nostra galàxia i altres galàxies.
 Astronomia extragalàctica: l'estudi dels objectes (principalment galàxies) de fora de la nostra galàxia.
 Astronomia estel·lar: l'estudi dels estels.
 Evolució estel·lar: l'estudi de l'evolució de les estreles, des de la seua formació fins al seu final.
 Formació estel·lar: l'estudi de les condicions i processos que han conduït a la formació d'estreles en l'interior de núvols de gas, i el procés de formació en si mateix.
 Ciències planetàries: l'estudi dels planetes del sistema solar i dels planetes extrasolars.
 Astrobiologia (o exobiologia): l'estudi de l'adveniment i evolució de sistemes biològics en l'Univers.
 Arqueoastronomia.
 Astroquímica.

Estudis interdisciplinaris
L'astronomia i l'astrofísica han desenvolupat lligams interdisciplinaris significatius amb altres camps científics importants. L'arqueoastronomia és l'estudi de les astronomies antigues o tradicionals en el seu context cultural, emprant materials arqueològics i antropològics. L'astrobiologia és l'estudi del sorgiment i evolució de sistemes biològics en l'Univers, amb particular èmfasi en la possibilitat de vida no extraterrestre.

L'estudi dels composts químics trobats en l'espai, incloent-hi la seva formació, interacció i destrucció, és anomenada astroquímica. Aquestes substàncies són normalment trobades en núvols moleculars, encara que també poden aparèixer en estrelles de baixa temperatura, nanes marrons i planetes. La cosmoquímica és l'estudi dels composts químics trobats al sistema solar, incloent-hi l'origen dels elements i variacions en les proporcions d'isòtops. Tots dos camps representen la superposició de l'astronomia amb la química.

Astronomia teòrica
Els astrònoms teòrics utilitzen una gran varietat d'eines com a models matemàtics analítics i simulacions numèriques per computadora. Cadascú té els seus avantatges. Els models matemàtics analítics d'un procés en general són millors perquè arriben al cor del problema i expliquen millor el que hi està succeint. Els models numèrics poden revelar l'existència de fenòmens i efectes que d'altra manera no es veurien.

Els teòrics de l'astronomia posen el seu esforç a crear models teòrics i imaginar les conseqüències observacionals d'aquests models. Això ajuda els observadors a cercar dades que puguin refutar un model o permetin triar entre diversos models alternatius o, fins i tot, contradictoris.

Els teòrics, també, intenten generar o modificar models per aconseguir noves dades. En el cas d'una inconsistència, la tendència general és tractar de fer modificacions mínimes al model perquè es correspongui amb les dades. En alguns casos, una gran quantitat de dades inconsistents al llarg del temps pot portar a l'abandonament total d'un model.

Els temes estudiats per astrònoms teòrics inclouen: dinàmica estel·lar i evolució estel·lar; formació i evolució de les galàxies; origen dels raigs còsmics; relativitat general i cosmologia física, inclosa la teoria de cordes.

Mecànica celeste
L'astromecànica o mecànica celeste té per objecte interpretar els moviments de l'astronomia de posició, en l'àmbit de la part de la física coneguda com a mecànica, generalment la newtoniana (llei de la gravitació universal d'Isaac Newton). Estudia el moviment dels planetes al voltant del Sol, dels seus satèl·lits, el càlcul de les òrbites de cometes i asteroides. L'estudi del moviment de la Lluna al voltant de la Terra va ser per la seva complexitat molt important per al desenvolupament de la ciència. El moviment estrany d'Urà, causat per les pertorbacions d'un planeta fins llavors desconegut, va permetre a Urbain Le Verrier i a John Couch Adams descobrir sobre el paper al planeta Neptú. El descobriment d'una petita desviació en l'avanç del periheli de Mercuri es va atribuir inicialment a un planeta proper al Sol, fins que Einstein la va explicar amb la seva teoria de la relativitat.

Astrofísica
L'astrofísica és una part moderna de l'astronomia que estudia els astres com a cossos de la física, estudiant la seva composició, estructura i evolució. Només va ser possible el seu inici al , quan gràcies als espectres es va poder esbrinar la composició física de les estrelles. Les branques de la física implicades en l'estudi són la física nuclear (generació de l'energia a l'interior de les estrelles) i la física relativística. A densitats elevades, el plasma es transforma en matèria degenerada, això porta a algunes de les seves partícules a adquirir altes velocitats que hauran d'estar limitades per la velocitat de la llum, la qual cosa afectarà les seves condicions de degeneració. Així mateix, en les proximitats dels objectes molt massius, estrelles de neutrons o forats negres, la matèria que cau s'accelera a velocitats relativistes emetent radiació intensa i formant potents dolls de matèria.

Estudi dels objectes celestes

El sistema solar des de l'astronomia
L'estudi de l'Univers o cosmos, i més concretament del sistema solar, ha plantejat una sèrie d'interrogants i qüestions, per exemple com i quan es va formar el sistema, per què i quan desapareixerà el Sol, per què hi ha diferències físiques entre els planetes, etc.

És difícil precisar l'origen del sistema solar. Els científics creuen que pot situar-se fa uns 4.600 milions d'anys, quan un immens núvol de gas i pols va començar a contraure's, probablement a causa de l'explosió d'una supernova propera. Assolida una densitat mínima, es va contraure a causa de la força de la gravetat i va començar a girar a gran velocitat, per la conservació del seu moment cinètic, igual que quan una pàtina replega els braços sobre si mateixa gira més de pressa. La major part de la matèria es va acumular en el centre. La pressió era tan elevada que els àtoms van començar a fusionar-se, alliberant energia i formant una estrella. També hi havia moltes col·lisions. Milions d'objectes s'apropaven i s'unien o bé xocaven amb violència i es partien en trossos. Alguns cossos petits (planetesimals) anaven augmentant la seva massa mitjançant col·lisions i, en créixer, augmentaven la seva gravetat i recollien més materials amb el pas del temps (acreció). Les trobades constructives van predominar i, en només 100 milions d'anys, va adquirir un aspecte semblant a l'actual. Després, cada cos va continuar la seva pròpia evolució.

Astronomia del Sol
El Sol és l'estrella que, per l'efecte gravitacional de la seva massa, domina el sistema planetari que inclou la Terra. És l'element més important en el nostre sistema i l'objecte més gran, que conté aproximadament el 98% de la massa total del sistema solar. Mitjançant la radiació de la seva energia electromagnètica, aporta directament o indirecta tota l'energia que manté la vida a la Terra. Sortint del Sol, i escampats per tot el sistema solar en forma d'espiral, tenim el conegut com a vent solar, que és un flux de partícules, fonamentalment protons i neutrons. La interacció d'aquestes partícules amb els pols magnètics dels planetes i amb l'atmosfera genera les aurores polars boreals o australs. Totes aquestes partícules i radiacions són absorbides per l'atmosfera. L'absència d'aurores durant el mínim de Maunder s'atribueix a la manca d'activitat del Sol.

A causa de la seva proximitat a la Terra i com és una estrella típica, el Sol és un recurs extraordinari per a l'estudi dels fenòmens estel·lars. No s'ha estudiat cap altra estrella amb tant de detall. L'estrella més propera al Sol és a 4,3 anys llum.

El Sol (tot el sistema solar) gira al voltant del centre de la Via Làctia, la nostra galàxia. Dona una volta cada 200 milions d'anys. Ara es mou cap a la constel·lació d'Hèrcules a 19 km/s. Actualment, el Sol s'estudia des de satèl·lits, com l'observatori Heliosfèric i Solar (SOHO), dotats d'instruments que permeten apreciar aspectes que, fins ara, no s'havien pogut estudiar. A més de l'observació amb telescopis convencionals, s'utilitzen: el coronògraf, que analitza la corona solar, el telescopi ultraviolat extrem, capaç de detectar el camp magnètic, i els radiotelescopis, que detecten diversos tipus de radiació que resulten imperceptibles per a l'ull humà.

La part visible del Sol està a 6.000 °C i la corona, més allunyada, a 2.000.000 °C. Estudiant el Sol en l'ultraviolat es va arribar a la conclusió que l'escalfament de la corona es deu a la gran activitat magnètica del Sol. Els límits del sistema solar venen donats per la fi de la seva influència o heliosfèric, delimitada per una àrea anomenada front de xoc de terminació o heliopausa.

Astronomia amateur

L'astronomia és una de les ciències en què els aficionats poden contribuir més.

Col·lectivament, els astrònoms aficionats observen una gran quantitat d'objectes i fenòmens celestes, alguns cops amb equips fets per ells mateixos. Alguns objectius comuns d'astrònoms aficionats inclou la Lluna, planetes, estrelles, cometes, meteorits, i una varietat d'objectes de l'espai profund com cúmuls, galàxies i nebuloses. Una branca de l'astronomia d'aficionats, l'astrofotografia amateur implica prendre fotos en el cel nocturn. A molts aficionats, els agrada especialitzar-se en l'observació d'un tipus d'objectes o esdeveniments en concret.

La majoria d'aficionats treballen a longituds d'ona visibles, però una petita minoria experimenta amb longitud fora de l'espectre visible. Això inclou l'ús de filtres per a l'infraroig en telescopis convencionals o l'ús de radiotelescopis. El pioner en la radioastronomia amateur va ser Karl Jansky, que va començar observant el cel a longituds d'ona de ràdio als anys 30. Alguns aficionats fan servir telescopis autofabricats o radiotelescopis que van ser construïts originalment per a la recerca astronòmica, però que ara es troben disponibles per a aficionats (p. ex., el telescopi d'una milla).

Els astrònoms aficionats continuen fent contribucions científiques en el camp de l'astronomia. És més, aquesta és una de les poques disciplines científiques en què els aficionats encara poden fer contribucions significatives. Els aficionats poden fer mesures d'ocultació que són utilitzades per a refinar les òrbites dels planetes menors. També poden descobrir cometes i realitzar observacions regulars d'estrelles variables. Les millores en la tecnologia digital han permès als aficionats de fer avenços importants en el camp de l'astrofotografia.

Referències

Bibliografia
  Joan Anton Català Amigó; Cossetània. Guia d'observació del cel per a nois i noies
  Galadí-Enríquez, David; Wandel, Amri. La kosmo kaj ni. Anvers: FEL, 2005, 223 pp.
Bibliografia en castellà
 Astronomía, José Luis Comellas. Editorial Rialp (1983).
 Claroscuro del Universo, Mariano Moles Villamate. CSIC (2007).
 Cosmos, Carl Sagan. Editorial Planeta (1980).
 Curso de Astronomía general, Bakulin, Kononóvich y Moroz. Editorial MIR (1987).
 De Saturno a Plutón, Isaac Asimov. Alianza Editorial (1984).
 El cometa Halley, José Luis Comellas y Manuel Cruz. Aula Abierta Salvat, Salvat Editores (1985).
 El mundo de los planetas, Wulff Heintz. Ediciones Iberoamericanas (1968).
 El nuevo Sistema Solar, diversos autors. Libros de "Investigación y Ciencia". Editorial Prensa Científica (1982).
 Guía de las Estrellas y los Planetas, Patrick Moore. Ediciones Folio (1982).
 Historia del Telescopio, Isaac Asimov. Alianza Editorial (1986).
 Introducción a la Astrofotografía, José García García. Equipo Sirius.
 La exploración de Marte, José Luis Sérsic. Editorial Labor (1976).
 Objetivo Universo, Alejandro Feinstein, Horacio Tignanelli. Ediciones Colihue (1996).
 Planetas del Sistema Solar, Mijail Márov. Editorial MIR (1985).
 Sol, lunas y planetas. Erhard Keppler. (Ed. Salvat Editores, Biblioteca Científica Salvat, 1986).
 Un viaje al Cosmos en 52 semanas, Antxón Alberdi y Silbia López de Lacalle. CSIC (2007).

Vegeu també

 Llista d'astrònoms.
 Història de l'astronomia.
 Astronomia estel·lar.
 Llista de societats astronòmiques

Enllaços externs

 Imatge Astronòmica del Dia - APOD.
 2009 any internacional de l'astronomia.
 Nostra nau, sèrie de vídeos d'iniciació a l'astronomia i l'exploració de l'espai.


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53-133. Retail, bottle club, craft brewery, and microdistillery licenses; hearing; when held; procedure.
(d) An indication on the application that the location of a proposed retail or bottle club establishment is within one hundred fifty feet of a church as described in subsection (2) of section 53-177 and a written request by the church for a hearing.
(2) Hearings upon such applications shall be in the following manner: Notice indicating the time and place of such hearing shall be mailed or electronically delivered to the applicant, the local governing body, each individual protesting a license pursuant to subdivision (1)(b) of this section, and any church affected as described in subdivision (1)(d) of this section, at least fifteen days prior to such hearing. The notice shall state that the commission will receive evidence for the purpose of determining whether to approve or deny the application. Mailing or electronic delivery to the attorney of record of a party shall be deemed to fulfill the purposes of this section. The commission may receive evidence, including testimony and documentary evidence, and may hear and question witnesses concerning the application. The commission shall not use electronic delivery with respect to an applicant, a protestor, or a church under this section without the consent of the recipient to electronic delivery.
Source:Laws 1935, c. 116, § 84, p. 420; C.S.Supp.,1941, § 53-384; R.S.1943, § 53-133; Laws 1959, c. 249, § 8, p. 868; Laws 1961, c. 260, § 1, p. 774; Laws 1976, LB 413, § 3; Laws 1979, LB 224, § 2; Laws 1983, LB 213, § 13; Laws 1986, LB 911, § 5; Laws 1988, LB 550, § 2; Laws 1989, LB 781, § 11; Laws 1993, LB 183, § 13; Laws 1999, LB 267, § 10; Laws 2004, LB 485, § 22; Laws 2007, LB549, § 13; Laws 2010, LB861, § 67; Laws 2011, LB407, § 6; Laws 2015, LB330, § 20; Laws 2018, LB1120, § 16.
Absence of need alone is not a sufficient reason to deny an otherwise proper application for a liquor license. Joe & Al's IGA, Inc. v. Nebraska Liquor Control Commission, 203 Neb. 176, 277 N.W.2d 693 (1979).
On objection to application for liquor license, where hearing is required, the matter becomes a contested case under section 84-901(3), and notice to applicant of the issues is necessary. J K & J, Inc. v. Nebraska Liquor Control Commission, 194 Neb. 413, 231 N.W.2d 694 (1975).
In administrative hearing on application for license not required by this section where evidence fails to establish valid ground for denial, Nebraska Liquor Control Commission is required to cause license to be issued. Hadlock v. Nebraska Liquor Control Commission, 193 Neb. 721, 228 N.W.2d 887 (1975).