text:
Q: Transfer learning tersoflow I'm trying to follow this tutorial enter link description hereon transfer learning, I used my own dataset , and I'm trying to use MobileNet instead to inception , the problem is in the MobileNet models there are 3 checkpoint files:
mobilenet_v1_0.5_128.ckpt.data-00000-of-00001
mobilenet_v1_0.5_128.ckpt.index
mobilenet_v1_0.5_128.ckpt.meta
when I use one of them got this Error :

NotFoundError (see above for traceback): Unsuccessful TensorSliceReader constructor: Failed to find any matching files for C://Users//hp//PycharmProjects//tfSlim/mobilenet_v1_0.5_128//mobilenet_v1_0.5_128.ckpt.meta
    [[Node: save/RestoreV2_139 = RestoreV2[dtypes=[DT_INT32], _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0"](_arg_save/Const_0_0, save/RestoreV2_139/tensor_names, save/RestoreV2_139/shape_and_slices)]]

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.contrib.framework.python.ops.variables import get_or_create_global_step
from tensorflow.python.platform import tf_logging as logging
#from inception_resnet_v2 import inception_resnet_v2, inception_resnet_v2_arg_scope
from models.research.slim.nets.mobilenet_v1 import mobilenet_v1, mobilenet_v1_arg_scope
import os
import time
import h5py
import numpy as np

slim = tf.contrib.slim

# ================ DATASET INFORMATION ======================
# State dataset directory where the tfrecord files are located
dataset_dir = 'C://Nassima//lymphoma//subs3'

# State where your log file is at. If it doesn't exist, create it.
log_dir = './log'

# State where your checkpoint file is
checkpoint_file = 'C://Users//hp//PycharmProjects//tfSlim/mobilenet_v1_0.5_128//mobilenet_v1_0.5_128.ckpt.meta'

# State the image size you're resizing your images to. We will use the default inception size of 299.
#image_size = 299
#image_size = 128

# State the number of classes to predict:
num_classes = 3
# State the labels file and read it
labels_file = 'C://Nassima//lymphoma//subs3//labels.txt'
labels = open(labels_file, 'r')

# Create a dictionary to refer each label to their string name
labels_to_name = {}
for line in labels:
    label, string_name = line.split(':')
    string_name = string_name[:-1]  # Remove newline
    labels_to_name[int(label)] = string_name
print(labels_to_name)
# Create the file pattern of your TFRecord files so that it could be recognized later on
"""
file_pattern = 'flowers_%s_*.tfrecord'
"""

# Create a dictionary that will help people understand your dataset better. This is required by the Dataset class later.
items_to_descriptions = {
    'image': 'A 3-channel RGB coloured lymphoma image that is either CLL, FL, MCL.',
    'label': 'A label that is as such -- 0:CLL, 1:FL, 2:MCL'
}

# ================= TRAINING INFORMATION ==================
# State the number of epochs to train
num_epochs = 1

# State your batch size
#batch_size = 8
file_mean = "C://Nassima//lymphoma//subs3//train//mean.hdf5"
TRAINING_SET_SIZE = 41860
BATCH_SIZE = 128
IMAGE_SIZE =  144
IMAGE_RESIZE = 128
# Learning rate information and configuration (Up to you to experiment)
initial_learning_rate = 0.0002
learning_rate_decay_factor = 0.7
num_epochs_before_decay = 2

def _int64_feature(value):
    return tf.train.Feature(int64_list=tf.train.Int64List(value=value))
def _bytes_feature(value):
    return tf.train.Feature(bytes_list=tf.train.BytesList(value=[value]))
class _image_object: # image object from protobuf
    def __init__(self):
        self.image = tf.Variable([], dtype=tf.string)
        self.height = tf.Variable([], dtype=tf.int64)
        self.width = tf.Variable([], dtype=tf.int64)
        self.filename = tf.Variable([], dtype=tf.string)
        self.label = tf.Variable([], dtype=tf.int32)
def read_and_decode(filename_queue, mean):
    reader = tf.TFRecordReader()
    _, serialized_example = reader.read(filename_queue)
    features = tf.parse_single_example(serialized_example, features = {
        "image/encoded": tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string),
        "image/height": tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),
        "image/width": tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),
        "image/filename": tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string),
        "image/class/label": tf.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),})
    image_encoded = features["image/encoded"]
    image_raw = tf.decode_raw(image_encoded, tf.float32)
    image_object = _image_object()
    #image_object.image = tf.image.resize_image_with_crop_or_pad(image_raw, IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE)
    image_r = tf.reshape(image_raw, [IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE, 3])
    #added
    image_r = image_r - mean
    image_r = tf.random_crop(image_r ,[IMAGE_RESIZE ,IMAGE_RESIZE ,3], seed = 0, name = None)
    image_object.image = image_r
    image_object.height = features["image/height"]
    image_object.width = features["image/width"]
    image_object.filename = features["image/filename"]
    image_object.label = tf.cast(features["image/class/label"], tf.int64)
    return image_object
def flower_input(mean, if_random = True, if_training = True):
    if(if_training):
        filenames = [os.path.join(dataset_dir, "lymphoma_train_0000%d-of-00005.tfrecord" % i) for i in range(0, 5)]
    else:
        filenames = [os.path.join(dataset_dir, "lymphoma_validation_0000%d-of-00005.tfrecord" % i) for i in range(0, 5)]
    for f in filenames:
        if not tf.gfile.Exists(f):
            raise ValueError("Failed to find file: " + f)
    filename_queue = tf.train.string_input_producer(filenames)
    image_object = read_and_decode(filename_queue, mean)
    image = tf.image.per_image_standardization(image_object.image)
#    image = image_object.image
#    image = tf.image.adjust_gamma(tf.cast(image_object.image, tf.float32), gamma=1, gain=1) # Scale image to (0, 1)
    filename = image_object.filename
    label = image_object.label
    if(if_random):
        min_fraction_of_examples_in_queue = 0.4
        min_queue_examples = int(TRAINING_SET_SIZE * min_fraction_of_examples_in_queue)
        print("Filling queue with %d images before starting to train. " "This will take a few minutes." % min_queue_examples)
        num_preprocess_threads = 1
        image_batch, label_batch, filename_batch = tf.train.shuffle_batch(
            [image, label, filename],
            batch_size=BATCH_SIZE,
            num_threads=num_preprocess_threads,
            capacity=min_queue_examples + 3 * BATCH_SIZE,
            min_after_dequeue=min_queue_examples)
        return image_batch, label_batch, filename_batch
    else:
        image_batch, label_batch, filename_batch = tf.train.batch(
            [image, label, filename],
            batch_size=BATCH_SIZE,
            num_threads=1)
        return image_batch, label_batch, filename_batch

"""
# ============== DATASET LOADING ======================
"""

def run():
    # Create the log directory here. Must be done here otherwise import will activate this unneededly.
    if not os.path.exists(log_dir):
        os.mkdir(log_dir)

    # ======================= TRAINING PROCESS =========================
    # Now we start to construct the graph and build our model
    with tf.Graph().as_default() as graph:
        tf.logging.set_verbosity(tf.logging.INFO)  # Set the verbosity to INFO level
        # ajouter le mean de l'image
        hdf5_file = h5py.File(file_mean, "r")
        # subtract the training mean
        mm = hdf5_file["train_mean"][0, ...]
        mm = mm[np.newaxis, ...]
        # Total number of samples
        mean = tf.convert_to_tensor(mm, np.float32)
        # First create the dataset and load one batch
        images, labels, _ = flower_input(mean, if_random=True, if_training=True)
        # Know the number steps to take before decaying the learning rate and batches per epoch
        num_batches_per_epoch = int(TRAINING_SET_SIZE / BATCH_SIZE)
        num_steps_per_epoch = num_batches_per_epoch  # Because one step is one batch processed
        decay_steps = int(num_epochs_before_decay * num_steps_per_epoch)

        # Create the model inference
        with slim.arg_scope(mobilenet_v1_arg_scope()):
            logits, end_points = mobilenet_v1(images, num_classes= num_classes, is_training=True)

        # Define the scopes that you want to exclude for restoration
        #exclude = ['InceptionResnetV2/Logits', 'InceptionResnetV2/AuxLogits']
        exclude = ['MobilenetV1/Logits', 'MobilenetV1/AuxLogits']
        #exclude = ["MobilenetV1/Logits/Conv2d_1c_1x1"]
        #exclude = []
        variables_to_restore = slim.get_variables_to_restore(exclude=exclude)

        # Perform one-hot-encoding of the labels (Try one-hot-encoding within the load_batch function!)
        one_hot_labels = slim.one_hot_encoding(labels, num_classes)

        # Performs the equivalent to tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits but enhanced with checks
        loss = tf.losses.softmax_cross_entropy(onehot_labels=one_hot_labels, logits=logits)
        total_loss = tf.losses.get_total_loss()  # obtain the regularization losses as well

        # Create the global step for monitoring the learning_rate and training.
        global_step = get_or_create_global_step()

        # Define your exponentially decaying learning rate
        lr = tf.train.exponential_decay(
            learning_rate=initial_learning_rate,
            global_step=global_step,
            decay_steps=decay_steps,
            decay_rate=learning_rate_decay_factor,
            staircase=True)

        # Now we can define the optimizer that takes on the learning rate
        optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=lr)

        # Create the train_op.
        train_op = slim.learning.create_train_op(total_loss, optimizer)

        # State the metrics that you want to predict. We get a predictions that is not one_hot_encoded.
        predictions = tf.argmax(end_points['Predictions'], 1)
        probabilities = end_points['Predictions']
        accuracy, accuracy_update = tf.contrib.metrics.streaming_accuracy(predictions, labels)
        metrics_op = tf.group(accuracy_update, probabilities)

        # Now finally create all the summaries you need to monitor and group them into one summary op.
        tf.summary.scalar('losses/Total_Loss', total_loss)
        tf.summary.scalar('accuracy', accuracy)
        tf.summary.scalar('learning_rate', lr)
        my_summary_op = tf.summary.merge_all()

        # Now we need to create a training step function that runs both the train_op, metrics_op and updates the global_step concurrently.
        def train_step(sess, train_op, global_step):
            '''
            Simply runs a session for the three arguments provided and gives a logging on the time elapsed for each global step
            '''
            # Check the time for each sess run
            start_time = time.time()
            total_loss, global_step_count, _ = sess.run([train_op, global_step, metrics_op])
            time_elapsed = time.time() - start_time
            # Run the logging to print some results
            logging.info('global step %s: loss: %.4f (%.2f sec/step)', global_step_count, total_loss, time_elapsed)
            return total_loss, global_step_count
        # Now we create a saver function that actually restores the variables from a checkpoint file in a sess
        saver = tf.train.Saver(variables_to_restore)
        saver = tf.train.import_meta_graph(checkpoint_file)
        #added
        def restore_fn(sess):
            return saver.restore(sess, 'C://Users//hp//PycharmProjects//tfSlim/mobilenet_v1_0.5_128//mobilenet_v1_0.5_128.ckpt')
        # Define your supervisor for running a managed session. Do not run the summary_op automatically or else it will consume too much memory
        sv = tf.train.Supervisor(logdir=log_dir, summary_op=None, init_fn=restore_fn)
        # Run the managed session
        with sv.managed_session() as sess:
            for step in range(num_steps_per_epoch * num_epochs):
                # At the start of every epoch, show the vital information:
                if step % num_batches_per_epoch == 0:
                    logging.info('Epoch %s/%s', step / num_batches_per_epoch + 1, num_epochs)
                    learning_rate_value, accuracy_value = sess.run([lr, accuracy])
                    logging.info('Current Learning Rate: %s', learning_rate_value)
                    logging.info('Current Streaming Accuracy: %s', accuracy_value)

                    # optionally, print your logits and predictions for a sanity check that things are going fine.
                    logits_value, probabilities_value, predictions_value, labels_value = sess.run(
                        [logits, probabilities, predictions, labels])
                    print
                    'logits: \n', logits_value
                    print
                    'Probabilities: \n', probabilities_value
                    print
                    'predictions: \n', predictions_value
                    print
                    'Labels:\n:', labels_value
                # Log the summaries every 10 step.
                if step % 10 == 0:
                    loss, _ = train_step(sess, train_op, sv.global_step)
                    summaries = sess.run(my_summary_op)
                    sv.summary_computed(sess, summaries)
                # If not, simply run the training step
                else:
                    loss, _ = train_step(sess, train_op, sv.global_step)

            # We log the final training loss and accuracy
            logging.info('Final Loss: %s', loss)
            logging.info('Final Accuracy: %s', sess.run(accuracy))
            # Once all the training has been done, save the log files and checkpoint model
            logging.info('Finished training! Saving model to disk now.')
            # saver.save(sess, "./flowers_model.ckpt")
            #sv.saver.save(sess, sv.save_path, global_step=sv.global_step)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()

and the error is
File "C:/Users/hp/PycharmProjects/tfSlim/lympho_mobileNet/train_lymphoma2.py", line 272, in <module>
    run()
  File "C:/Users/hp/PycharmProjects/tfSlim/lympho_mobileNet/train_lymphoma2.py", line 230, in run
    sv = tf.train.Supervisor(logdir=log_dir, summary_op=None, init_fn=restore_fn)
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\supervisor.py", line 300, in __init__
    self._init_saver(saver=saver)
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\supervisor.py", line 448, in _init_saver
    saver = saver_mod.Saver()
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\saver.py", line 1218, in __init__
    self.build()
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\saver.py", line 1227, in build
    self._build(self._filename, build_save=True, build_restore=True)
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\saver.py", line 1263, in _build
    build_save=build_save, build_restore=build_restore)
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\saver.py", line 729, in _build_internal
    saveables = self._ValidateAndSliceInputs(names_to_saveables)
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\saver.py", line 582, in _ValidateAndSliceInputs
    names_to_saveables = BaseSaverBuilder.OpListToDict(names_to_saveables)
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\training\saver.py", line 554, in OpListToDict
    name)
ValueError: At least two variables have the same name: MobilenetV1/Conv2d_7_depthwise/BatchNorm/gamma

I think because of the excluded layers or the instruction
tf.train.import_meta_graph(checkpoint_file)

A: You're loading the meta file, while you should be providing just the path to mobilenet_v1_0.5_128.ckpt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/search?f_0=keywords&q_0=permanent%20income
You are looking at 1-18 of 18 items
Keywords: permanent income x
Oxford University Press (15)
Princeton University Press (1)
The MIT Press (1)
Yale University Press (1)
Open Section Economics and Finance (16)
Development, Growth, and Environmental (2)
Econometrics (2)
Financial Economics (1)
Economic History (1)
Macro- and Monetary Economics (9)
History of Economic Thought (1)
Open Section Environmental Science (1)
The Volatility of Consumption
Angus Deaton
in Understanding Consumption
10.1093/0198288247.003.0004
Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Develops the themes of Ch. 3 by exploring how consumption responds to innovations in income. The focus is on the econometric enquiry and presents insights into how measured income differs from ... More
Develops the themes of Ch. 3 by exploring how consumption responds to innovations in income. The focus is on the econometric enquiry and presents insights into how measured income differs from permanent income and how to deal with the non‐stationarity of income. The chapter concludes by looking at how to analyse cases where the agents base their consumption plans on private information that is not available to the econometrician.Less
Develops the themes of Ch. 3 by exploring how consumption responds to innovations in income. The focus is on the econometric enquiry and presents insights into how measured income differs from permanent income and how to deal with the non‐stationarity of income. The chapter concludes by looking at how to analyse cases where the agents base their consumption plans on private information that is not available to the econometrician.
Keywords: consumption plans, econometrics, income innovations, non‐stationarity, permanent income, private information
Consumption and Permanent Income
Discusses the permanent income hypothesis and the mechanisms by which consumption smoothing responds to short‐run changes in income. It also reviews the role played by income and expectations in ... More
Discusses the permanent income hypothesis and the mechanisms by which consumption smoothing responds to short‐run changes in income. It also reviews the role played by income and expectations in transmitting fluctuations through the economy. The chapter considers detailed econometric evidence on the excess sensitivity of consumption to present and lagged changes in income. Explanations involving non‐stationary income, the timing of consumption, durables, and habit formation are critically evaluated.Less
Discusses the permanent income hypothesis and the mechanisms by which consumption smoothing responds to short‐run changes in income. It also reviews the role played by income and expectations in transmitting fluctuations through the economy. The chapter considers detailed econometric evidence on the excess sensitivity of consumption to present and lagged changes in income. Explanations involving non‐stationary income, the timing of consumption, durables, and habit formation are critically evaluated.
Keywords: consumption smoothing, consumption timing, durables, excess sensitivity, expectations, fluctuations, habit formation, non‐stationarity, permanent income, short‐run
Consumption Theory and Its Critics
Matthew P. Drennan
in Income Inequality: Why It Matters and Why Most Economists Didn't Notice
10.12987/yale/9780300209587.003.0006
Political Science, Public Policy
Traces the development of the economic theory of consumption from Malthus and Ricardo to Keynes and Milton Friedman. The arguments of critics of the prevailing Friedman–Modigliani–Brumberg paradigm ... More
Traces the development of the economic theory of consumption from Malthus and Ricardo to Keynes and Milton Friedman. The arguments of critics of the prevailing Friedman–Modigliani–Brumberg paradigm are presented, leading to the outline of a theory to replace it. In the existing paradigm, there is no place for income distribution. Consequently, public policy analysis of the Great Recession leaves out of consideration a major cause of the Great Recession and the slow recovery.Less
Traces the development of the economic theory of consumption from Malthus and Ricardo to Keynes and Milton Friedman. The arguments of critics of the prevailing Friedman–Modigliani–Brumberg paradigm are presented, leading to the outline of a theory to replace it. In the existing paradigm, there is no place for income distribution. Consequently, public policy analysis of the Great Recession leaves out of consideration a major cause of the Great Recession and the slow recovery.
Keywords: Consumption, Pareto efficiency, Permanent income, Say's law, Effective demand, Average propensity to consume, Behavioral economics
Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
Reviews the large econometric literature that uses micro data to test the theory of intertemporal allocations and finds it inconclusive. The empirical work that is reviewed focuses on the permanent ... More
Reviews the large econometric literature that uses micro data to test the theory of intertemporal allocations and finds it inconclusive. The empirical work that is reviewed focuses on the permanent income hypothesis, excess sensitivity, and measurement error. It argues that short panels are not well suited to testing the key theoretical predictions. The chapter concludes by reviewing evidence that looks for the presence of altruism and risk sharing between households and evaluates the extent to which consumption patterns move together.Less
Reviews the large econometric literature that uses micro data to test the theory of intertemporal allocations and finds it inconclusive. The empirical work that is reviewed focuses on the permanent income hypothesis, excess sensitivity, and measurement error. It argues that short panels are not well suited to testing the key theoretical predictions. The chapter concludes by reviewing evidence that looks for the presence of altruism and risk sharing between households and evaluates the extent to which consumption patterns move together.
Keywords: altruism, econometrics, excess sensitivity, households, intertemporal choice, measurement error, permanent income, risk‐sharing
Dynamic Consumption Theory
Fabio-Cesare Bagliano and Giuseppe Bertola
in Models for Dynamic Macroeconomics
Solves the basic version of the intertemporal consumption choice model under rational expectations. Discrete‐time dynamic optimization techniques are introduced and the theoretical relationships ... More
Solves the basic version of the intertemporal consumption choice model under rational expectations. Discrete‐time dynamic optimization techniques are introduced and the theoretical relationships between the dynamics of permanent income, current income, consumption, and saving are derived. Empirical tests are presented and extensions including a precautionary saving motive and optimal portfolio allocation decisions are discussed. The Appendix summarizes dynamic programming techniques applied to the optimal consumption choice.Less
Fabio-Cesare BaglianoGiuseppe Bertola
Solves the basic version of the intertemporal consumption choice model under rational expectations. Discrete‐time dynamic optimization techniques are introduced and the theoretical relationships between the dynamics of permanent income, current income, consumption, and saving are derived. Empirical tests are presented and extensions including a precautionary saving motive and optimal portfolio allocation decisions are discussed. The Appendix summarizes dynamic programming techniques applied to the optimal consumption choice.
Keywords: dynamic programming, intertemporal choice, permanent income, portfolio allocation, precautionary saving, rational expectations
Understanding Consumption
Presents a comprehensive introduction to the study of consumption and saving using theoretical models based on standard microeconomic foundations as well as reviewing the substantial empirical ... More
Presents a comprehensive introduction to the study of consumption and saving using theoretical models based on standard microeconomic foundations as well as reviewing the substantial empirical literature on the subject. A number of related topics such as the growth‐to‐saving hypothesis, the impact of interest rates on saving, risk sharing, aggregation, and information are also covered. One main focus of the book is the debate on the permanent income hypothesis and the excess sensitivity of consumption with respect to income. The importance of precautionary saving and liquidity constraints in explaining the observed consumption paths are also discussed in detail.Less
Presents a comprehensive introduction to the study of consumption and saving using theoretical models based on standard microeconomic foundations as well as reviewing the substantial empirical literature on the subject. A number of related topics such as the growth‐to‐saving hypothesis, the impact of interest rates on saving, risk sharing, aggregation, and information are also covered. One main focus of the book is the debate on the permanent income hypothesis and the excess sensitivity of consumption with respect to income. The importance of precautionary saving and liquidity constraints in explaining the observed consumption paths are also discussed in detail.
Keywords: aggregation, consumption, excess sensitivity, growth‐to‐savings, interest rates, liquidity constraints, permanent income, precautionary saving, risk‐sharing, saving
Permanent IncomeModels
Lars Peter Hansen and Thomas J. Sargent
in Recursive Models of Dynamic Linear Economies
10.23943/princeton/9780691042770.003.0011
Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter uses the model of preferences to represent multiple goods versions of permanent income models. It retains Robert Hall's (1978) specification of a "storage" technology for accumulating ... More
This chapter uses the model of preferences to represent multiple goods versions of permanent income models. It retains Robert Hall's (1978) specification of a "storage" technology for accumulating physical capital and also a restriction on the discount factor, depreciation rate, and gross return on capital that in Hall's simple setting made the marginal utility of consumption a martingale. In more general settings, adopting Hall's specification of the storage technology imparts a martingale to outcomes, but it is concealed in an "index" whose increments drive demands for multiple consumption goods that themselves are not martingales. This permanent income model forms a convenient laboratory for thinking about sources in economic theory of "unit roots" and "co-integrating vectors".Less
Lars Peter HansenThomas J. Sargent
This chapter uses the model of preferences to represent multiple goods versions of permanent income models. It retains Robert Hall's (1978) specification of a "storage" technology for accumulating physical capital and also a restriction on the discount factor, depreciation rate, and gross return on capital that in Hall's simple setting made the marginal utility of consumption a martingale. In more general settings, adopting Hall's specification of the storage technology imparts a martingale to outcomes, but it is concealed in an "index" whose increments drive demands for multiple consumption goods that themselves are not martingales. This permanent income model forms a convenient laboratory for thinking about sources in economic theory of "unit roots" and "co-integrating vectors".
Keywords: preferences model, multiple goods, permanent income model, storage technology, consumption
Risk and Insurance in an Agricultural Economy
Pranab Bardhan and Christopher Udry
in Development Microeconomics
Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter first characterizes Pareto‐efficient allocation of risk within a community. A discussion of the documented existence of ex post insurance mechanisms within communities in less developed ... More
This chapter first characterizes Pareto‐efficient allocation of risk within a community. A discussion of the documented existence of ex post insurance mechanisms within communities in less developed countries, and of quantitative studies of community‐level risk‐sharing follows. Next, the theory, including the permanent income hypothesis, and the empirics of consumption‐smoothing over time through savings and credit are studied. The two complementary mechanisms of consumption‐smoothing over time and full cross‐sectional insurance are then compared, followed by the result that if either mechanism exists and is efficient, household production is separable from preferences. In the absence of an ex post insurance mechanism, households may employ ex ante strategies of reducing income fluctuation such as choosing conservative production activities.Less
Pranab BardhanChristopher Udry
This chapter first characterizes Pareto‐efficient allocation of risk within a community. A discussion of the documented existence of ex post insurance mechanisms within communities in less developed countries, and of quantitative studies of community‐level risk‐sharing follows. Next, the theory, including the permanent income hypothesis, and the empirics of consumption‐smoothing over time through savings and credit are studied. The two complementary mechanisms of consumption‐smoothing over time and full cross‐sectional insurance are then compared, followed by the result that if either mechanism exists and is efficient, household production is separable from preferences. In the absence of an ex post insurance mechanism, households may employ ex ante strategies of reducing income fluctuation such as choosing conservative production activities.
Keywords: consumption‐smoothing, cross‐sectional insurance, ex post insurance, full insurance, income fluctuation, Pareto efficiency, permanent income, preferences, production, risk‐sharing
Covariance Structures for Dynamic Error Components
Manuel Arellano
in Panel Data Econometrics
Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter analyses the time series properties of panel data sets, focusing on short panels. It discusses time effects and moving average covariances. It presents estimates of covariance structures ... More
This chapter analyses the time series properties of panel data sets, focusing on short panels. It discusses time effects and moving average covariances. It presents estimates of covariance structures and tests the permanent income hypothesis.Less
This chapter analyses the time series properties of panel data sets, focusing on short panels. It discusses time effects and moving average covariances. It presents estimates of covariance structures and tests the permanent income hypothesis.
Keywords: dynamic error components, panel data sets, time series models, covariance, permanent income hypothesis
Professor Friedman's Consumption Function and the Theory of Choice
W. M. Gorman
C. Blackorby and A. F. Shorrocks (eds)
in Separability and Aggregation: The Collected Works of W. M. Gorman, Volume I
Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Although this paper, which was published in Econometrica 32 (1964) can be read as a straightforward budgeting argument, it was inspired by a claim of Sargan's about the necessary and sufficient ... More
Although this paper, which was published in Econometrica 32 (1964) can be read as a straightforward budgeting argument, it was inspired by a claim of Sargan's about the necessary and sufficient conditions for Friedman's permanent income hypothesis to be valid. A version of this hypothesis shows that a 10% increase in permanent income leads to a 10% increase in expenditure in every period. Sargan (1957) claimed that this would lead to a 10% increase in expenditure on every commodity. Section 2 of the paper disposes of the Sargan claim by means of a counter‐example, and Sect. 3 presents the restrictions on the cost function that are both necessary and sufficient for Friedman's permanent income hypothesis to hold. The remaining sections apply the solution derived and its special cases to problems of decentralized decision‐making suggested by Strotz and Samuelson, and to a problem discussed by Drèze.Less
Although this paper, which was published in Econometrica 32 (1964) can be read as a straightforward budgeting argument, it was inspired by a claim of Sargan's about the necessary and sufficient conditions for Friedman's permanent income hypothesis to be valid. A version of this hypothesis shows that a 10% increase in permanent income leads to a 10% increase in expenditure in every period. Sargan (1957) claimed that this would lead to a 10% increase in expenditure on every commodity. Section 2 of the paper disposes of the Sargan claim by means of a counter‐example, and Sect. 3 presents the restrictions on the cost function that are both necessary and sufficient for Friedman's permanent income hypothesis to hold. The remaining sections apply the solution derived and its special cases to problems of decentralized decision‐making suggested by Strotz and Samuelson, and to a problem discussed by Drèze.
Keywords: budgeting, choice, cost functions, decision‐making, expenditure, Friedman's consumption function, Friedman's permanent income hypothesis, permanent income
The Response of Consumption to Unanticipated Changes in Income
Tullio Jappelli and Luigi Pistaferri
in The Economics of Consumption: Theory and Evidence
In this chapter we examine tests of the hypothesis that consumption will respond to unanticipated income changes and that the response will depend on the persistence of the shock and on the degree of ... More
In this chapter we examine tests of the hypothesis that consumption will respond to unanticipated income changes and that the response will depend on the persistence of the shock and on the degree of imperfection in the credit and insurance markets. The literature has considered three approaches to estimating the effect of income shocks on consumption, that is, the marginal propensity to consume. One identifies episodes in which income changes unexpectedly and seeks to evaluate, in a quasi-experimental setting, how consumption reacts. A second estimates the marginal propensity to consume with respect to income shocks using the covariance restrictions imposed by theory on the joint behavior of consumption and income growth. The third estimates the impact of shocks by combining realizations and expectations of income or consumption in surveys where data on subjective expectations are available.Less
Tullio JappelliLuigi Pistaferri
In this chapter we examine tests of the hypothesis that consumption will respond to unanticipated income changes and that the response will depend on the persistence of the shock and on the degree of imperfection in the credit and insurance markets. The literature has considered three approaches to estimating the effect of income shocks on consumption, that is, the marginal propensity to consume. One identifies episodes in which income changes unexpectedly and seeks to evaluate, in a quasi-experimental setting, how consumption reacts. A second estimates the marginal propensity to consume with respect to income shocks using the covariance restrictions imposed by theory on the joint behavior of consumption and income growth. The third estimates the impact of shocks by combining realizations and expectations of income or consumption in surveys where data on subjective expectations are available.
Keywords: unanticipated income changes, transitory income shocks, permanent income shocks, marginal propensity to consume, quasi-experimental approach, covariance restrictions, subjective expectations
Friedman's Theory of Income and Consumption, then and Now
John J. Seater
in Milton Friedman: Contributions to Economics and Public Policy
Economics and Finance, Economic History, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter discusses Friedman's theory of the consumption function and its companion permanent income hypothesis, which together are the basis for all modern formulations of the household choice ... More
This chapter discusses Friedman's theory of the consumption function and its companion permanent income hypothesis, which together are the basis for all modern formulations of the household choice problem. The discussion first explains the theory, starting with a simple case and working up to a more complete and realistic version. The discussion then turns to tests of the theory, beginning with Friedman's original tests, proceeding to more recent types of tests, and returning to modern extensions of the original tests. The evidence seems contradictory, sometimes supporting the implications of the theory and sometimes rejecting them. The final part of the chapter offers a possible reconciliation of the seeming contradictions.Less
This chapter discusses Friedman's theory of the consumption function and its companion permanent income hypothesis, which together are the basis for all modern formulations of the household choice problem. The discussion first explains the theory, starting with a simple case and working up to a more complete and realistic version. The discussion then turns to tests of the theory, beginning with Friedman's original tests, proceeding to more recent types of tests, and returning to modern extensions of the original tests. The evidence seems contradictory, sometimes supporting the implications of the theory and sometimes rejecting them. The final part of the chapter offers a possible reconciliation of the seeming contradictions.
Keywords: Milton Friedman, consumption function, household choice, intertemporal utility maximization, permanent income hypothesis
The Consequences of Financial Hardship (and Recessions) on Income and Welfare
Agar Brugiavini and Guglielmo Weber
in Longer-term Consequences of the Great Recession on the Lives of Europeans
Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter uses life-history data covering a number of European countries (SHARELIFE) to analyse the long-term effects of a financial hardship episode on different indicators of well-being. We ... More
This chapter uses life-history data covering a number of European countries (SHARELIFE) to analyse the long-term effects of a financial hardship episode on different indicators of well-being. We study individual earnings (at the time of the survey for the employed, at the time of the main job for the retired), as a measure of labour market success; household food consumption (as a living standard indicator), and a permanent income measure. We look at two distinct health measures: one that is based on objective conditions; the other that is a self-reported health status variable that captures both objective health and the individual perception of it. In all cases we are able to show not only the effects of a financial hardship episode, of its length and timing in life, but also the differential impact such an episode has if experienced at school-leaving age or during an economic downturn.Less
Agar BrugiaviniGuglielmo Weber
This chapter uses life-history data covering a number of European countries (SHARELIFE) to analyse the long-term effects of a financial hardship episode on different indicators of well-being. We study individual earnings (at the time of the survey for the employed, at the time of the main job for the retired), as a measure of labour market success; household food consumption (as a living standard indicator), and a permanent income measure. We look at two distinct health measures: one that is based on objective conditions; the other that is a self-reported health status variable that captures both objective health and the individual perception of it. In all cases we are able to show not only the effects of a financial hardship episode, of its length and timing in life, but also the differential impact such an episode has if experienced at school-leaving age or during an economic downturn.
Keywords: financial hardship, scarring effects, permanent income, Engel curve, welfare, well-being, health, subjective health, perceptions
A Cross-Section Analysis of an Economic Theory
Bernt P. Stigum
in Econometrics in a Formal Science of Economics: Theory and the Measurement of Economic Relations
10.7551/mitpress/9780262028585.003.0005
Chapter V begins with a discussion of formal theory-data confrontations in which the sample population plays a significant role. The formalism differs from the theory-data confrontations in Chapters ... More
Chapter V begins with a discussion of formal theory-data confrontations in which the sample population plays a significant role. The formalism differs from the theory-data confrontations in Chapters III and IV, but the fundamental ideas of the empirical analysis are the same. The chapter presents an example in which the formal theory-data confrontation prescribes a factor-analytic test of Milton Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis. This test is then contrasted with a factor-analytic test of Friedman's hypothesis based on ideas that Ragnar Frisch developed in his 1934 treatise on confluence analysis. In Frisch's confluence analysis Friedman's permanent components of income and consumption become so-called systematic variates, and Friedman's transitory com-ponents become accidental variates. Both the systematic and the accidental variates are unobservables that live and function in the real world - here the data universe. The two tests provide an extraordinary example of how different the present-day-econometrics treatment of errors in variables and errors in equations is from the formal-econometrics treatment of inaccurate observations of variables in Frisch's model world.Less
Chapter V begins with a discussion of formal theory-data confrontations in which the sample population plays a significant role. The formalism differs from the theory-data confrontations in Chapters III and IV, but the fundamental ideas of the empirical analysis are the same. The chapter presents an example in which the formal theory-data confrontation prescribes a factor-analytic test of Milton Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis. This test is then contrasted with a factor-analytic test of Friedman's hypothesis based on ideas that Ragnar Frisch developed in his 1934 treatise on confluence analysis. In Frisch's confluence analysis Friedman's permanent components of income and consumption become so-called systematic variates, and Friedman's transitory com-ponents become accidental variates. Both the systematic and the accidental variates are unobservables that live and function in the real world - here the data universe. The two tests provide an extraordinary example of how different the present-day-econometrics treatment of errors in variables and errors in equations is from the formal-econometrics treatment of inaccurate observations of variables in Frisch's model world.
Keywords: theory-data confrontation, sample population, cross-section analysis, stratified random sampling, factor analysis, confluence analysis, permanent income, permanent consumption, systematic variates, accidental variates
Selling the Family Silver
in The Plundered Planet: Why We Must--and How We Can--Manage Nature for Global Prosperity
10.1093/oso/9780195395259.003.0011
Environmental Science, Environmental Sustainability
Having waded through the "upstream issues"—getting revenue into a country's treasury—it is now time for the "downstream issues"—using the money. This chapter is about a key choice: whether money ... More
Having waded through the "upstream issues"—getting revenue into a country's treasury—it is now time for the "downstream issues"—using the money. This chapter is about a key choice: whether money generated from depleting natural assets should benefit the present or the future. To benefit the present the money should be spent on consumption. To benefit the future it should be saved: consumption should be deferred and revenue from assets used instead to acquire other assets which preserve their value. Economics is a crudely reductionist science and characterizes this choice as very stark. In reality most people get some pleasure from saving, you do not need to have the perverted values of a miser to take some pleasure now in the prospect of being able to consume something in the future. But economists usually abstract from such pleasure: the only thing that gives me happiness now—utility—is current consumption. So saving for the future is a transfer of happiness from now to later. Crude as this is, it surely captures a powerful feature of reality: most of us are not misers, we save because we are prudent. But consuming is more fun. We have now reached the heart of what is distinctive about the role of government in societies that are rich in nonrenewable natural assets. The exploitation of the natural asset is intrinsically unsustainable. At some stage the oil well is going to run dry, the vein of copper ore will be exhausted, and the revenue stream will cease. That word "unsustainable" sends shivers down the spine of every environmentalist. But just because the exploitation of a natural asset is unsustainable does not mean that it should be avoided. The only sustainable rate of use of a nonrenewable natural asset is zero. But were we never to use any nonrenewable assets they might as well not be there in the first place: the baby has disappeared with the bathwater. So, literal sustainability sets the bar absurdly high. Here economics is helpful in imagining a more meaningful conception: sustainability does not imply preservation. Less
Having waded through the "upstream issues"—getting revenue into a country's treasury—it is now time for the "downstream issues"—using the money. This chapter is about a key choice: whether money generated from depleting natural assets should benefit the present or the future. To benefit the present the money should be spent on consumption. To benefit the future it should be saved: consumption should be deferred and revenue from assets used instead to acquire other assets which preserve their value. Economics is a crudely reductionist science and characterizes this choice as very stark. In reality most people get some pleasure from saving, you do not need to have the perverted values of a miser to take some pleasure now in the prospect of being able to consume something in the future. But economists usually abstract from such pleasure: the only thing that gives me happiness now—utility—is current consumption. So saving for the future is a transfer of happiness from now to later. Crude as this is, it surely captures a powerful feature of reality: most of us are not misers, we save because we are prudent. But consuming is more fun. We have now reached the heart of what is distinctive about the role of government in societies that are rich in nonrenewable natural assets. The exploitation of the natural asset is intrinsically unsustainable. At some stage the oil well is going to run dry, the vein of copper ore will be exhausted, and the revenue stream will cease. That word "unsustainable" sends shivers down the spine of every environmentalist. But just because the exploitation of a natural asset is unsustainable does not mean that it should be avoided. The only sustainable rate of use of a nonrenewable natural asset is zero. But were we never to use any nonrenewable assets they might as well not be there in the first place: the baby has disappeared with the bathwater. So, literal sustainability sets the bar absurdly high. Here economics is helpful in imagining a more meaningful conception: sustainability does not imply preservation.
Keywords: Algeria, Cameroon, Developing Asia, Ghana, Human Development Index, Libya, Permanent Income, Sudan, equity, liquidity funds
The final chapter summarizes the material covered by the book, offering our perspectives on areas of consent, disagreement, and future research. The book analyzes how consumers respond to changes in ... More
The final chapter summarizes the material covered by the book, offering our perspectives on areas of consent, disagreement, and future research. The book analyzes how consumers respond to changes in their economic environment and react to risks they face during the life cycle. In addressing these issues, the basic life-cycle permanent-income model is augmented with other significant features of consumers' preferences and environment: precautionary motives for saving, borrowing constraints, life span uncertainty, intergenerational transfers, non-separability between consumption and leisure, habits, and financial sophistication. By and large, one can reconcile some puzzling facts present in the empirical data by means of relatively modest modifications of the basic version of the model, such as provision for home production and non-separable preferences between consumption and leisure. However, in order to explain other "anomalies" and "puzzles" observed in individuals' actual saving and financial behaviors, more important modifications to the standard framework are required.Less
The final chapter summarizes the material covered by the book, offering our perspectives on areas of consent, disagreement, and future research. The book analyzes how consumers respond to changes in their economic environment and react to risks they face during the life cycle. In addressing these issues, the basic life-cycle permanent-income model is augmented with other significant features of consumers' preferences and environment: precautionary motives for saving, borrowing constraints, life span uncertainty, intergenerational transfers, non-separability between consumption and leisure, habits, and financial sophistication. By and large, one can reconcile some puzzling facts present in the empirical data by means of relatively modest modifications of the basic version of the model, such as provision for home production and non-separable preferences between consumption and leisure. However, in order to explain other "anomalies" and "puzzles" observed in individuals' actual saving and financial behaviors, more important modifications to the standard framework are required.
Keywords: permanent-income model, life-cycle hypothesis, Euler equation, simulation studies, quasi-experimental studies, behavioral models
Sustainable Management of Natural Resource Wealth
Rick van der Ploeg
in National Wealth: What is Missing, Why it Matters
Economics and Finance, International, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The principles of how best to manage the various components of national wealth are outlined, where the permanent income hypothesis, the Hotelling rule, and the Hartwick rule play a prominent role. A ... More
The principles of how best to manage the various components of national wealth are outlined, where the permanent income hypothesis, the Hotelling rule, and the Hartwick rule play a prominent role. A case is made to use an intergenerational sovereign wealth fund to smooth consumption across generations, a liquidity fund for the precautionary buffers to deal with commodity price volatility, and an investment fund to park part of the windfall until the country is ready to absorb extra spending on domestic investment. Capital scarcity implies that a positive part of the windfall should be spent on domestic investment. The conclusions highlight the political economy problems that must be tackled when managing national wealth.Less
The principles of how best to manage the various components of national wealth are outlined, where the permanent income hypothesis, the Hotelling rule, and the Hartwick rule play a prominent role. A case is made to use an intergenerational sovereign wealth fund to smooth consumption across generations, a liquidity fund for the precautionary buffers to deal with commodity price volatility, and an investment fund to park part of the windfall until the country is ready to absorb extra spending on domestic investment. Capital scarcity implies that a positive part of the windfall should be spent on domestic investment. The conclusions highlight the political economy problems that must be tackled when managing national wealth.
Keywords: permanent income, Hotelling rule, Hartwick rule, precaution, capital scarcity, absorption constraints, Dutch disease, investing to invest, political economy
Consumption, Investment, Inventories, and Credit
Jean-Pascal Bénassy
in Macroeconomic Theory
10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195387711.003.0014
This chapter provides an exposition on the facets of consumption, investments, inventories, and credit using a partial equilibrium approach. It begins by discussing features of consumption such as ... More
This chapter provides an exposition on the facets of consumption, investments, inventories, and credit using a partial equilibrium approach. It begins by discussing features of consumption such as consumption smoothing and Milton Friedman's "permanent income". It then moves on to discuss investments with respect to the application of profit maximization at the partial equilibrium level which eventually leads to high investment demand. It also introduces issues with inventories such as potential consumer rationing and production smoothing. Lastly, this chapter presents a study on credit rationing and includes sample problems regarding consumption and financial investment, investment and installation costs, and inventory and output with autocorrelated demand.Less
This chapter provides an exposition on the facets of consumption, investments, inventories, and credit using a partial equilibrium approach. It begins by discussing features of consumption such as consumption smoothing and Milton Friedman's "permanent income". It then moves on to discuss investments with respect to the application of profit maximization at the partial equilibrium level which eventually leads to high investment demand. It also introduces issues with inventories such as potential consumer rationing and production smoothing. Lastly, this chapter presents a study on credit rationing and includes sample problems regarding consumption and financial investment, investment and installation costs, and inventory and output with autocorrelated demand.
Keywords: consumption, investments, inventories, credit, partial equilibrium approach, consumption smoothing, permanent income, potential consumer rationing, production smoothing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Features some of the top minds in marketing and business today. Our keynotes and breakout sessions feature talks, with interactive question and answer sessions on the how to's of marketing.
DOYO Live is a marketing conference that features an immersive content experience for industry thought leaders, experts, and practitioners to share practical insights and tactical advice in the fields of digital marketing, social media, branding and interactive content.


> > You're complaining about this?
> > This warrants guilt by association?
> opinion, it's documented fact.
This certainly applies to Osmanagić. Perhaps you should explain this to Audrey.
Unless someone can show that Pruitt has made claims as questionable as the ones Osmanagić has made, the point is an empty one.
And unless I'm missing something, the work cited met the scholarly requirements.


-I think Josh Gorges has been part of an experimental procedure to remove all bone mass from the body.
The way all those hits bounces off him whitout affecting him is unreal.
Sujet: Re: Mais c'est quoi ça!?
» [Abandonné] T'a pas ton échantillon ? Mais c'est quoi ce boulot ? | Maky ft. Ethan & Isaac ?
LHSO :: Flood 100% PUR!


text:
Enigmatochromis lucanusi est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Cichlidae, la seule du genre Enigmatochromis.
Elle a été découverte en Guinée.

Avant sa description, elle était connue sous les noms "Pelvicachromis sp." et "blue fin".
Le nom fait référence à Oliver Lucanus, un aquariophile canadien.

Référence
  Lamboj, 2009 : A new dwarf cichlid genus and species (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from Guinea, West Africa. Zootaxa 2173 pp. 41–48.

Cichlidae
Espèce de perciformes (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Guinée

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Federal laws and some state and city laws protect individuals from discrimination on the basis of sex. This prohibition on sex discrimination extends to sexual harassment, which includes conduct that unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.
The determination of whether the conduct is sufficiently severe or pervasive to constitute a hostile work environment must be made on a case-by-case basis because not all offensive conduct is actionable under the sexual harassment laws. Please keep in mind that most employment laws have short time limits for filing claims and, as a result, it is best to seek legal advice as soon as you can. There are certain types of conduct and situations where actions by a manager or co-worker may rise to the level of a hostile work environment, for example:
Inappropriate comments or jokes of a sexual nature that you find offensive or unwelcome, including sexual advances or suggestive remarks;
Comments or questions about your sex life, body or clothing;
Displaying, posting or distributing emails, pictures, posters, magazines or other content of an explicit or sexual nature; or
Inappropriate touching, including kissing, hugging, patting, rubbing or intentionally brushing up against you.
Employees who have experienced a sex-based hostile work environment will find sensitive, skilled attorneys at Outten & Golden who are committed to advocating for victims of sexual harassment. Our lawyers help employees experiencing a hostile work environment by urging the employer to address and improve the situation; at times, that can involve moving the employee or harasser to a different part of the organization, or finding some other workable solution and/or compensating the employee.
Contact Hostile Work Environment Attorneys
If you believe you have been subjected to sexual harassment and/or a hostile work environment, please contact the firm through the "Contact Us" form or by calling us in the New York, San Francisco or Washington, DC office (see bottom of page for phone numbers) to begin the Outten & Golden intake process.
Please visit http://www.workharassment.net for more information about sexual harassment and gender discrimination.
Uber Equal Pay and Harassment Class Action
Outten & Golden LLP is proud to announce the $10,000,000 class action settlement on behalf of software engineers of color and female software engineers at Uber, which also requires Uber to reform its employment practices to prevent future discrimination and harassment. The lawsuit alleges...
Read more about Uber Equal Pay and Harassment Class Action
On September 15, 2010, Outten & Golden LLP, together with our co-counsel Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann & Bernstein, LLP, filed a class action complaint in New York district court against Goldman Sachs on behalf of three highly credentialed women. The lawsuit accuses Goldman Sachs, a leading...
Read more about Goldman Sachs Gender Discrimination
Things you should know: how to overcome gaslighting
Medium—Simone
Jenny Schwartz is a partner at world-class employment law firm, Outten & Golden. She has litigated against major U.S. tech companies and many other types of employers handled retaliation claims, and helped people of different race, age and gender reclaim their power at work.
Read more about Things you should know: how to overcome gaslighting
When #MeToo Becomes Catch-22
Wall Street Journal—Joann S. Lublin
A number of high-profile men have recently lost powerful positions over their alleged sexual misconduct. But for female victims of harassment, speaking up often is just as career damaging.
Managerial women who report such abuse can struggle to regain their professional momentum. To escape toxic work environments, they frequently quit or exit entire industries, and some choose different professions, according to interviews with lawyers and women who have experienced sexual harassment at work. When women resign due to sexual harassment, their earnings tend to stall or decline, an...
Read more about When #MeToo Becomes Catch-22
Time's Up Defense Fund Could Have Major Impact, but Also Faces Conflicts
Variety—Gene Maddaus
The Time's Up campaign got as good a launch as could be hoped for on Sunday, with a heavy promotion at the Golden Globes. By midweek, the campaign had raised more than$16 millionfor its legal defense fund, including numerous donations of $25 or $50 apiece from the general public.
But the administration of the fund, and the criteria by which cases will be parceled out to lawyers and supported through donations, remains very much a work in progress. The fund will be based at the National Women's Law Center, which launched a network of cooperating attorneys to take on sexual harassment...
Read more about Time's Up Defense Fund Could Have Major Impact, but Also Faces Conflicts
Background Checks, Credit History & Criminal Record
Breastfeeding & The Workplace
Defamation, Libel, & Slander
Disability & Reasonable Accommodation
Family Responsibilities
Gender Identity & Gender Expression
Hiring & Testing
HIV Status
Immigration Status Discrimination Lawyers
Pay Disparity
Race Discrimination
Sexual Harassment/Quid Pro Quo Harassment


It's no secret that children learn in a variety of ways. While life doesn't always accommodate your child's particular learning style, you can help him by educating yourself. By identifying where your child excels and incorporating appropriate activities into his study time, you can help him achieve academic success early on.
Learning styles can be broken down in a number of ways, so it's possible that you'll come across references to styles that you may be unfamiliar with, but we'll be discussing the seven most common ones.
It's also important to note that students often cross over into multiple learning style categories. Your child may be an aural, social learner or a logical, solitary learner. Identifying which categories your student falls into will help you form an academic plan that best suits her needs.
The most crucial part of determining your child's style is to observe him, preferably in a setting where you can view measurable results. If it's clear that your child is struggling and you can identify the way he is being taught, you'll be able to begin narrowing down potential learning styles.
You can also have your child take a test that will help identify her learning style. These can be found in educational books or online and can help provide initial direction. While these assessments may not always be 100 percent accurate, they can provide a useful starting off point.
Finally, familiarize yourself with the tendencies of each learning style. Knowing what traits are often demonstrated by students who fall under one or multiple categories will equip you to help your child.
The visual style is a very common form of learning in which students associate images with information. This can include pictures, graphs, and diagrams. They're prone to reading (as opposed to listening) and may struggle with instructions they hear. They've got a distinct preference for pictures over sound and like to establish a project's purpose and goal before beginning.
To help your child: Provide visuals, which can include supplementing class material, helping to color code organizational tools, or helping him solve his own work in a way that makes sense.
Auditory learners retain information by listening and sometimes repeating it. This style works well with traditional classroom setups. Students tend to enjoy activities, such as reading out loud, explaining things to others, and speaking up in class. These children often like grammar and other language challenges, but they may read slowly. They respond well to spoken directions and are often social learners.
To help your child: You can make her environment more multimedia-oriented by incorporating radio programs, videos, and recorded lectures. Also try listening while your child reports information back to you, organizing group discussions, or encouraging performance.
Children who love and excel at reading and writing may be partial to the verbal learning style, which involves both the written and spoken word. They also tend to enjoy pictures, like visual learners. They're probably reading a lot, both for school and for pleasure, and prefer transcripts to recordings, although videos may work best. They often like working on handouts, writing on the board, and making lists. Most of all, they enjoy repetition and talking about the things they're learning.
To help your child: Try reading instructions aloud and then discussing them, perhaps more than once. You can make up rhymes or songs to help your child remember, find ways to connect words to each other and create mnemonics.
The physical or kinesthetic style depends on the body and sense of touch for optimal learning. These students typically enjoy taking things apart, using hand gestures, and moving around during lectures. They want to be as hands-on as possible, which means they like an active learning environment, enjoy tools, and may want to write things down repeatedly. They may fidget often, enjoy puzzles, and require a number of study breaks.
To help your child: You can provide directions when she can't remember them by explaining them in a way that is more palatable. You can also allow her to get up during study sessions, pace around as necessary, and fidget as needed. Try to supplement classroom learning with family field trips and hands-on activities.
Logical or mathematical learners are great with numbers and recognizing patterns, and they connect what many others struggle with. They love statistics and when concepts are concretely proved. They're very concerned with the actual process of working and are very systematic. They thrive on order and will often create manuals/instructions for other students.
To help your child: Try to provide the "why" for assignments because he performs better when he understands the purpose. Help him make lists of key points to create a process, and then divide things into systems.
Most students are either social or solitary in addition to one of the above learning styles. As you might imagine, social/interpersonal learners are great communicators, both in speaking and writing. Large classes and small groups are good setups for this style.
To help your child: Set up peer study groups for them and consider creating a social study time as a family.
For solitary or intrapersonal learners, solo study time is key. These students are introspective and easily maintain focus when left to their own devices.
To help your child: Set aside quiet time for studying at home. Focus on creating a nurturing environment that is free from distraction.
No matter your child's learning style, remember to be flexible. You're already on the right track by understanding how your child learns. You can do your best to enhance your student's academic experience, but remember he or she will make accommodations when necessary.
Heather Hamilton is a contributing writer for Varsity Tutors, a live learning platform that connects students with personalized instruction to accelerate academic achievement.


Standard single room category is 12 sq.m.
Modern and fully renovated room in classic style.
Inside: air conditioning, plasma TV, phone, safe, refrigerator, desktop, heating. Bathroom with shower / bath, hairdryer, toiletries.


22 Nov - 7 min - Uploaded by cgvidbsp1 The Great Classical Musician Pt. Ronu Majumdar Ji Performing Playing Flute in Bhatkhande. Pandit Ronu majumdar is one of the most famous Indian flute player. He plays in indian classical music, music genres and other style, jazz, contemporary. Contrary to popular belief, Pandit Ronu Majumdar says, playing flute and other musical instruments in movies by talented musicians enhances the level of music .
Top Flute Artists Pandit Ronu Majumdar having a collection of albums - Listen to flute tracks and melody on Amazon, Itunes, Gaana and Saavn. Biodata of Pt. Ronu Majumdar - He is an eminent indian flautist and dependable of advancing Indian Flute (Bansuri) in the more youthful era over the globe. This is the official page of Pt. Ronu Majumdar and his official website is. Sir I loved the emotions that came out of your flute truelly sir it was awesome listening. Our beloved Pt. Ronu Majumdar, blessed us by accepting our Bansuris to become In his words "I am so satisfied with Subhash's Dedication to flute making.


This is the review published by Foodie Magazine. See the review from SCMP and Sassy.
I don't want to sound over dramatic, but this could easily be one of, if not the, most exciting and cool food events I've been part of in the past year or two. The idea is simple but unquestionably novel: you watch a film and a have five-course meal that pairs with specific scenes in the movie. Each dish complements the mood of a scene or lets you experience what the character is feeling at an exact moment.
All this happens in one of the most beautiful lofts in Hong Kong belonging to Cuore Private Kitchen, a 2,500-square-foot space in an industrial building embellished with tribal masks, travel artefacts, floor-to-ceiling bookshelves and a view of Aberdeen's harbour. An incredibly homey setting is one aspect the organisers have nailed right off the bat.
One of the most outstanding scenes sees Friar Laurence lending his wisdom about the gifts of nature and introducing the poison for the first time. He explains that every herb, plant and stone possesses great power and serves a distinct purpose, but they can be misused for vile reasons. The dish named PLANT, a green salad with sous-vide egg and edible flowers, honoured the quote 'almighty is the powerful grace that lies in plants' and perfectly showcased the versatility and earthiness of plants in an incredibly tasty combination.
As the film spiralled to its mournful end, our meal also ended on a sweet and bitter note. As Romeo ingested the poison, we, too, were prompted to down a shot of tequila and feel the burn as Romeo did physically and emotionally. Entitled MY LOVE, MY WIFE, the course was followed by an extremely rich bitter chocolate cake that served to honour the purity of Romeo and Juliet's love while also highlighting the lurid nature of human folly – a bittersweet ending.
A good film captivates its audience, but a good film with a meticulously designed multi-sensory experience coupled with impeccable food is what truly pulled on the audience's heartstrings – well, at least my heartstrings for sure.


text:
Jason Momoa picks a fight with pharma execs in 'Sweet Girl' trailer
By Michael Balderston
"Sweet Girl" will debut on Netflix on Aug. 20.
(Image credit: Netflix)
Jason Momoa will give people a cathartic experience of beating up some greedy pharmaceutical executives in his next movie, Sweet Girl, for which Netflix just released a new trailer. The action film is set to be released on the streaming service Aug. 20.
Momoa stars as a devastated husband whose wife dies after medicine that she was relying on is questionably pulled from the market by the company who makes it. While he works to take revenge against the executives he holds responsible for his wife's death, he also must protect the only family he has left, his teenage daughter, played by Isabela Merced.
The Sweet Girl cast also includes Ardia Arjona, Justin Bartha, Amy Brenneman, Michael Raymond-James and Brian Howe. The film is directed by Brian Andrew Mendoza, who is making his feature directing debut but is familiar with Momoa after producing Road to Paloma, Braven and Frontier, all of which starred the actor.
The trailer, which you can watch below, starts off by setting up the story beats you need to know — nice family, mom's sick, Big Pharma's greed contributes to her dying — and then GunsN' Roses' "Sweet Child O' Mine" fades in and things pick up a notch (making me wonder why this song isn't used more for action films).
It will be a busy August for Momoa. In addition to Sweet Girl arriving on Aug. 20, the Aquaman star will also have season two of his Apple TV Plus series See return on Aug. 27.
Sweet Girl is another example of Netflix's push into more and more original content that has hit overdrive this year. The streaming service, in addition to its original TV series, have committed to releasing at least one Netflix Original movie every week during 2021, which range from teen rom-coms like The Kissing Booth 3, horror films like Fear Street and political thrillers like Beckett, to name a few.
This is all part of Netflix's strategy to keep and grow its global audience of 203 million subscribers in a market that finds it competing with Disney Plus, HBO Max, Hulu and more.
A Netflix subscription price ranges depending on a range of factors, including 4K capability and download speed, but the base streaming subscription is priced at $13.99.
Today's best Netflix deals
Netflix Basic
at Netflix (opens in new tab)
Netflix Standard
Netflix Premium
Michael Balderston
Michael Balderston is a DC-based entertainment and assistant managing editor for What to Watch, who has previously written about the TV and movies with TV Technology, Awards Circuit and regional publications. Spending most of his time watching new movies at the theater or classics on TCM, some of Michael's favorite movies include Casablanca, Moulin Rouge!, Silence of the Lambs, Children of Men, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Star Wars. On the TV side he enjoys Peaky Blinders, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, Saturday Night Live, Only Murders in the Building and is always up for a Seinfeld rerun. Follow on Letterboxd (opens in new tab).
Westworld, Raised by Wolves and more HBO-dumped shows to stream for free
Best Korean dramas on Netflix
EXCLUSIVE: Steve Edge on The Madame Blanc Mysteries season 2 finale and being 'signed up' for season 3
Jesus Revolution: release date, trailer, cast and everything we know about the faith-based movie
All American's Spencer finally discovers Jordan's secret


The Right Stand : Is Article 35A An Instrument of separation?
In election season, the accession versus succession debate has erupted like seldom before with Kashmiri parties threatening secession and autonomy if there are any signs of tinkering with articles 370 and 35A.Omar Abdullah even invoked the Sadr-e-Riyasat and J&K PM. But take a closer look at 35A and the kind of damage it has done to people who are now an integral part of the Kashmiri community for decades on end. It violates just about every constitutional norm on the Right to Equality. On The Right Stand, Anand Narasimhan debates- Is Article 35A an instrument of separation?


text:
Recap: Into the Badlands – Nightingale Sings No More
Recap: American Gods – Head Full of Snow
12 Monkeys Season 3 Binge-a-thon this Weekend
Comicpalooza 2017
Hangout 5/14 Live Report from @SiouxperCon
From the Con
Con Intel – News & Info
Con Planning – Prep & Logistics
Upcoming TV
My Experience as a Talking Dead Audience Member
April 9, 2017 May 3, 2017 Mlgagne
By Mlgagne
When I found out that I would be visiting Los Angeles for the first time on Sunday, April 2, my goal for that day was immediately clear: I was going to be one of 50 fans in the audience for the live taping of the Talking Dead season finale. Achieving this was no easy feat; it took tons of preparation, patience and even a little bit of gutsiness! However, being a dedicated fan of The Walking Dead, it was all worth it to me the moment that I stepped through the gates of the lot at CBS Television City.
The first step to securing tickets was to submit a request via 1iota. Since 1iota often processes ticketing requests in the order in which they are received, I made sure to check their site frequently for any updates beginning in early March. I also followed both their Twitter account and their YouTube Channel to keep an eye out for any announcements as to when the ticket requests would go live for that date. That ended up being a good call, as the request date ended up being announced via their Twitter account a few days prior (so if you have a Twitter account and plan on trying for tickets to any shows through 1iota in the future, I would definitely recommend following them).
Once the ticket requests were live, I submitted my information and was automatically added to the waitlist. This is the standard procedure for Talking Dead; all requests are waitlisted first, and 1iota notifies you whether or not your request can be accommodated over the following days/weeks. Unfortunately, since the waitlist opened up for the April 2 taping on St. Patrick's Day, this meant that I had a long wait ahead of me. I spent the next few weeks constantly refreshing both my e-mail and my 1iota account, hoping for any sign of change. Alas, I received nothing from them until about 3:30am Pacific Time on the morning of Friday, March 31 – and it was bad news. At that time, my request could not be accommodated. So much for that St. Patrick's Day request turning out to be lucky!
However, I hadn't given up hope yet, as there was a note at the bottom of the e-mail stating that some reserved ticket holders could cancel their tickets within the next 48 hours; if tickets were to become available to me, I would be notified immediately. And upon checking 1iota's website throughout the day on Friday and Saturday, I noticed that the show was not yet listed as "sold out," which meant that there were still tickets to be had.
Sure enough, around lunchtime on Sunday, the e-mail came: the status of my ticket request had changed from "waitlist" to "available!" I clicked on the e-mail to claim my tickets as soon as I saw it – but unfortunately, I was having problems accessing the website due to the fact that the show was set to start in just a few hours. This couldn't be the end – could it? I felt like I was just meant to be at that show!
And this is where a certain level of gutsiness came into play. I saved my confirmation e-mail from 1iota and screenshots of the issues I was having and decided to head on over to CBS Television City anyways. After all, it was my first time visiting Los Angeles; what did I have to lose? I would speak with someone from 1iota upon my arrival and explain the situation to them; worst case scenario, they wouldn't be able to accommodate me. I texted a friend to be my last-minute plus one, and we waited on bated breath in a line outside the studio until the 1iota team arrived.
Celebrating our victory!
You know how they say that "fortune favors the bold?" Well, that is exactly what happened here! Upon explaining the situation to the 1iota team, we were in (thank you for being so kind and accommodating, 1iota)! And at this point, I was truly on cloud nine – I couldn't believe that my hard work and dedication had paid off. I was going to pre-screen The Walking Dead season 7 finale and see the live taping of Talking Dead immediately afterwards!
As we celebrated our victory, security checked our IDs to make sure we were over 18, and we were wristbanded. We then passed through a security check and handed in our phones for pick up once the show was over (after all, we were going to see the episode before the east coast; they couldn't have spoilers getting out!). From there, we were led to an outdoor holding area, consisting of rows of benches we could sit on until everyone was checked in and ready to go.
After a while, we were led into the screening room with the other fans. The 1iota team explained how the timeframe for the show would work, and we were then treated to a pre-screening of the episode. I have to admit that watching the finale on a large projection screen surrounded by other die-hard fans of The Walking Dead was kind of an out-of-body experience. Seeing the culmination of such an emotional and powerful season with others who shared my passion for the series felt surreal…but reflecting upon the scenario, I can't imagine having watched it for the first time in any other way. Plus, the episode was absolutely perfect (you can read my recap on it here).
After the episode ended, we were able to sit and reflect for a bit, giving us time to think of any questions for the guests who would appear on Talking Dead that evening (in this case, they were to be Norman Reedus, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Scott M. Gimple and a surprise guest who we were all but told would be Sonequa Martin-Green). After some time, the 1iota staff pre-screened our questions and selected four finalists, one of whom would be chosen to ask the question live (I submitted a question myself, though I was not selected as a finalist).
Next, we were led from the screening room up a few flights of stairs to the Talking Dead studio, and we were seated. The studio is broken up into two sections: priority seating in the front (for friends/family of the cast and crew, as well as for the lucky fans selected as finalists to ask the live question), and general seating in the back (for the remaining fans who receive tickets through 1iota). Unfortunately, the studio's small size does not allow for stadium seating, so it is a little difficult for someone short (like myself) to see the stage directly. However, there are screens set up so that everyone in the audience can see what is happening on stage – which is definitely a reasonable solution, seeing as the tickets to the show are free!
About 20 minutes before the live show began, Chris Hardwick came out to film one of the night's promotional segments for AMC; then, about 5-10 minutes prior, Sonequa, Norman, Jeffrey and Scott all came out to take their places on the couch. One thing that struck me about this was the fact that they all had a very "professional" vibe, so to speak; to put it plainly, Talking Dead isn't an extremely audience interactive show. This was to be expected, as the 1iota staff had clearly communicated earlier in the evening that the whole point of Talking Dead is that cast and crew are there to promote their product for AMC. However, since I am a regular con-goer who has been to many Walking Dead panels (and am thus used to seeing the cast and crew in such outlets), I found it to be absolutely fascinating because we were basically watching them at work. It was definitely more comparable to seeing the live tapings of Conan at SDCC rather than a panel of any type.
Daryl swag!
From there, we watched the show play out live, and it was a truly fun, yet surreal experience. I was so used to seeing the show from my TV screen at home that it took me a few segments to get used to everything! However, it ended up being a blast to be able to cheer and laugh out loud with the crowd…and when Michael Cudlitz entered the stage for his surprise appearance, I can honestly say that it felt like everyone there was floored (Michael has always been one of my favorite people to see on panels too, so it was exciting for me to see him live in this capacity – especially after Abraham met his demise in the season premiere). Plus, everyone in the audience was gifted a brand-new Daryl t-shirt and action figure courtesy of AMC, which was exciting to say the least (anyone who knows me is well-aware that Daryl is my favorite character!).
Once the live show was over, we remained seated for an extra 5-10 minutes and watched everyone film the online portion of the episode. As soon as they finished, it was a wrap on the season for Talking Dead! We were escorted out of the studio slowly (I had enough time to sneak a final few peeks at everyone on stage), given our free swag on the way out and, once we had picked up our cell phones from security, we were good to go!
All in all, I had a great experience at Talking Dead, and I would definitely recommend that any die-hard fans of The Walking Dead local to (or visiting) Los Angeles try for tickets via 1iota. Granted, my experience was not your typical one; after all, actually obtaining a ticket proved to be a very difficult process for me. I doubt that anyone could replicate my exact results again; had I not received an e-mail earlier in the day before the show stating that tickets were available – and had I not documented the issues I was experiencing with 1iota's website – I doubt that we would have even gotten in the door (to my knowledge, there is no standby line for the show). For me, it just came down to sheer perseverance and luck…and in the end, it was totally worth it!
← Next Week in TV: 4/9 The Doctor returns and Class is convened
Hangout: 4/9 SDCC Gen Sale, Star Wars Celebration →
Mlgagne
Melanie (Mlgagne) is a lover of pop culture and the entertainment industry. She is a passionate fan of various TV shows and films, including (but certainly not limited to) GAME OF THRONES, THE WALKING DEAD, PREACHER, OUTLANDER, and X-MEN. She is a regular attendee of San Diego Comic Con (SDCC) and New York Comic Con (NYCC), and she plans to add WonderCon, Con of Thrones, and Walker Stalker Con: Atlanta to her repertoire in 2017. When she is not watching/discussing her favorite fandoms or planning for her next con, she can likely be found sharing cute animal photos on various social media outlets. You can follow her on both Twitter and Instagram @mlgagne.
Friends of Comic Con Lanyard Blue $9.00
Friends of Comic Con Lanyard Green $10.00
Mens FoCC Polo! $35.00 – $39.00
Ladies FoCC Polo! $35.00 – $38.00
2017 FoCC Lanyard $10.00
Friends of Comic Cons
Re: Reports & check ins in the age of Covid January 16, 2021
Re: Cryptozoic Entertainment January 15, 2021
Re: PROMISING YOUNG WOMAN - thoughts on a revenge film January 15, 2021
Friends of Comic Con is multi-platform organization dedicated to creating a friendly, innovative community where people can collaborate, learn, create, and expand in an effort to promote individual expression and enjoyment of comics, fandoms and pop culture


text:
The American Menu
Tempest on the High Seas
S.S. Liberté,
The great luxury liners were never more glamorous and exciting than on the day of departure. As passengers arrived and the final provisions were loaded on board, scarlet-jacketed bellboys scurried back and forth to the cabins, delivering flowers, telegrams, and champagne. When the tugboats finally began to nudge the leviathan from her berth, brightly-colored streamers rained down on friends and relatives who shouted "bon voyage" from the pier. I witnessed this spectacle firsthand in the spring of 1959 when I sailed to Europe with my parents. At the time, it was not unusual to travel by ship; half of the people who crossed the Atlantic that year did so by sea. And there was perhaps no better way than to book passage on the French Line's Liberté, known for its Art Deco interiors and fine cuisine.1 My week aboard this palatial steamship left me with many memories, such as having the meal of my dreams and catching glimpses of one of our fellow passengers, a stripper named Tempest Storm.
At the age of thirty-one, Tempest Storm was a voluptuous redhead; you simply couldn't miss her. As a burlesque queen, she was said to be in a league with the likes of Lili St. Cyr, Sally Rand, and Blaze Starr.2 Adding to her fame, she had recently been in the news when Lloyd's of London insured her breasts—"moneymakers" as she called them—for a whopping one million dollars. And while there were many things we did not know about her then—she would later claim to have been romantically involved with JFK, Elvis Presley, and the gangster Mickey Cohen—her presence on the ship was titillating. However, Tempest Storm was nowhere in sight one morning when I had an unforgettable breakfast. Although the bilingual menu saved from that journey seemingly offered everything, it represented only the tip of the iceberg of what was available, if one just used his or her imagination.
Ms. Storm (she legally adopted her stage name) did not show up for breakfast on the third day at sea. In fact, the first-class dining room was so empty that morning that I asked the waiter why hardly anyone was there. He explained that most passengers ate so much during the first couple of days that they needed a break at this point in the crossing to let their digestive systems catch up. The chefs and bakers understood this pattern of behavior and planned accordingly. His explanation made sense, for even my parents had decided to forgo breakfast.
This rule of thumb did not apply to someone like myself who had not yet turned thirteen. While looking over this menu, I began to envision the breakfast I had seen three years earlier in the movie Giant. The image still sizzled in my mind's eye—a sunny-side-up egg sitting atop a glistening steak. With no adult supervision in sight, I ordered this extravagant dish, describing it in detail to the waiter who casually responded "Oui, monsieur," as if my request was the most normal thing in the world.
Ranch breakfast in the movie Giant (1956)
When breakfast came, it looked and tasted like…well, like steak and eggs. Somehow the dish didn't measure up to my expectations. I reasoned that French chefs didn't understand the way food was prepared on a Texas ranch, and only later came to realize that things always look better in the movies. Had Tempest Storm been at breakfast that morning, and taken an interest in the young trencherman chowing down at a nearby table, she could have taught me a thing or two about the unrestrained pleasures of the imagination, for she earned her very living as a fantasy.
Now 86, Tempest Storm is surprisingly active promoting her celebrity on Facebook and Twitter. When I recently used this opportunity to inquire why she went on that particular voyage, Ms. Storm informed me that she was then going to Paris on her honeymoon with fourth-husband Herb Jeffries, a singer with the Duke Ellington Orchestra and cowboy movie actor.
The following year, more people flew over the Atlantic than crossed it by sea. For the first time, less than half the people traveling to Europe could say that "getting there was half the fun." In 1961, the Liberté made her final trip to the Continent, fleetingly captured in rare footage below.
1. The Liberté began the transatlantic route in 1928 as the Europa of the Norddeutsche Lloyd line. After the Second World War, the German liner was transferred to France as a replacement for the Normandie.
2. The G-strings of these legendary performers are now enshrined in the Burlesque Hall of Fame in downtown Las Vegas.
3. There are two breakfast scenes in the 1956 movie Giant. The first one, comprising fluffy eggs and a single piece of bacon, takes place at the childhood home of Leslie (Elizabeth Taylor) in Maryland. Later in story, when Leslie is married to Jordan (Rock Hudson), a large steak topped with an egg is served for breakfast on the Texas ranch. The contrast between the two meals illustrated the cultural divide between Leslie and Jordan.
Posted by Henry Voigt at 9:51 AM
Labels: 1940-1979
Jan Whitaker said...
Henry -- what a charming story!
Gary Gillman said...
Charming indeed but Henry, I was hoping you could elucidate on the difference between American and Danish bacon. The too I can't blame you for going all out, a liner like that was no diner!
What a gem! Keep 'em coming,
Wow, I wish I could write like you! I enjoy your post so much and admire all the research and hard work that goes into them. I of course am partial to your steamship menus! Keep them coming and I hope to meet you some day.
Cruise Ship Menus, Andrea Vladimir
Al Trace said...
My family and I emigrated from England to the US in 1957 aboard the SS Liberte. I'd love to get a copy of the picture you have in this post. Any idea where I could do that? Thanks for any help you could provide.
Al Trace
altrace@gmail.com
Thanks for making my day. Read this while eating my breakfast (yogurt & fruit), but could literally see you sitting in that dining room.
Menus generally first appeared in the United States in the late 1830s. They came into being with the earliest hotels and restaurants, and at a time when service à la russe—the serving of dishes in courses rather than all at once—was growing in popularity. For the first time, diners were granted choice and anticipation.
Menus aid our cultural memory. They provide unwitting historical evidence—not only of what people were eating, but what they were doing and with whom they were doing it; who they were trying to be; and what they valued. Deciphering the story behind a particular menu often requires great sleuth-work. That's what I'll be undertaking on this website.
My collection of menus illustrates American history and culture beginning from the mid-19th century. It contains bills of fare from a wide variety of venues, ranging from restaurants and hotels to private organizations, military units, steamships, and trains. From the start, the menu has been an art form. Some were beautifully crafted by printers or high-society stationers to celebrate special events. Others simply expressed the whimsy of everyday life.
Even when saved as personal souvenirs, menus were frequently discarded by subsequent generations for whom they had no special meaning. As with other types of ephemera, one aspect of their appeal lies within the notion of their improbable survival.
Viewing the Menus
Scroll over images for photo credits. Click on the picture to enlarge the image.
Unusual Game Dishes (10)
Robin au Crouton
Henry Voigt
My collection of menus and related ephemera provide evidence of American history and culture, particularly the social and food customs of eating outside the home. I am a member of the Grolier Club, Ephemera Society of America, and Library Company of Philadelphia. You can contact me at Henry.B.Voigt [at] gmail.com
What Jackie Liked to Eat
The White House 1961-1963 F lashbulbs popped o n the night of the Pre-Inaugural Gala, when Jacqueline Kennedy emerged from a townh...
The Café Martin
New York City 1901-1912 By the late 1890s, the neighborhood surrounding Madison Square Park had lost some of its luster. After being th...
Welsh's Times
New York City, 1847 Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore; — 'Tis a menu and nothing more! When Edgar Allan ...
New York City, 1899-1919 Rector's is one of the most important restaurants in American social history. Established on Broadway at t...
Ma, Ma, Where's My Pa?
New York City 1884 Two national political conventions were held in Chicago during the summer of 1884. In June, the Republicans nominat...
Ortolans
Washington, D.C. & New York City 1879 Ortolan is the French common name for a finch-like bunting that is a native of Europe and...
A Circle of Friends
Flint, Michigan 1882-1887 The American custom of having afternoon tea is often traced back to the late nineteenth century when the upper...
Dining at a Love Hotel in the Gilded Age
New York City ca. 1892 Women were a popular motif on cigar boxes in the late nineteenth century. Dressed as goddesses, angels, or warr...
Mississippi River, 1857 This Currier & Ives print titled "Wooding up on the Mississippi" depicts the steamboat Princess taking ...
Fresh Eggs in California
San Francisco, 1853 In late 1852, the clipper Golden Eagle set sail from Boston on her maiden voyage, bound for California. 1 Roun...
Copyright © 2010 Henry Voigt


text:
Q: How can I prevent Jboss from translating xml entities into html entities? older Webkit versions have a problem with html-entities such as nbsp and ouml etc. As a solution I was advised here to change my html-entities to xml-entities. The problem should then be solved, but it isn't, and I think that might be due to JBoss. It seems that when the page is rendered it translates xml entities like #160 to nbsp which doesn't work in older webkit browsers (and a few current android browsers). Does anyone know how to prevent JBoss from doing that? I even tried using normal symbols such as "ö" instead of ouml or #246 but to no avail.
I tried finding out if anyone else has this problem with JBoss but I couldn't find anything.
I'd appreciate any help I can get :)
-Dularion


Use our targeted marketing packages to instantly push your venue to a young professional audience. Friday, 22 March It's our busiest event of the week. Artist tour dates Events by brand Event reviews Seasonal: The Winchester, London, Islington. Saturday, 9 February Wednesday, 27 March How long do I get with each date?
Or "friend" if you'd like to get to know them platonically.


text:
Q: I can't seem to install Font Awesome locally I tried searching but I can't seem to find a similar question so I am hoping that as an amateur, I am just making a big simple mistake.
What I want
I want to install Font Awesome to my WordPress theme and I want to do it locally.
Folder structure
This image is my folder structure:

What I tried

*

*I downloaded Font Aweesome 5.0.9 from the official website and followed their instructions. I placed the fontawesome-all.js file in /static/fontawesome and included this line of code in my header.php.
<script defer src="/static/fontawesome/fontawesome-all.js"></script>

*I looked at a blog online and read another method. I took fontawesome.min.css and placed it in the CSS folder with the following line of code added to the header:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/fontawesome.min.css">

*I then tried to create an action with the following code and it didn't work either.
function add_font_awesome()
{
wp_enqueue_style( 'style', get_stylesheet_uri() );
wp_enqueue_style( 'fontawesome',
get_template_directory_uri().'TestTheme/css/fontawesome.min.css' );
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'add_font_awesome' );

Additional notes
For testing I shoved the following code in my main body and header but nothing ever appears.
<i class="fab fa-wordpress"></i>

I am unsure why this is not working, I believe I am probably making some crucial beginners mistake here but after reading multiple blogs and trying many different methods I have decided to try and ask for help.

A: You can edit and try again.
function add_font_awesome(){
    wp_enqueue_style( 'style', get_stylesheet_uri() );

    //you need to edit this below line.
    wp_enqueue_style( 'fontawesome',
         get_template_directory_uri() . '/css/fontawesome.min.css', array(), '5.0.9', 'all');
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'add_font_awesome' );

Read more: https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/wp_enqueue_style/

A: Considering the folder structure "/public_html/wp-content/themes/TestTheme/static/fontawesome/" as folder location for Font Awesome use following instead
1 use following instead of the one you used for js include
<script defer src="<?php echo get_template_directory_uri(); ?>/static/fontawesome/fontawesome-all.js"></script>

2 use following instead of the one you used for CSS include having fontawesome.min.css file in the CSS folder
<link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo get_template_directory_uri(); ?>css/fontawesome.min.css">

The function get_template_directory_uri(), retrieve theme directory URI and can be used to include files located in the active theme.
3 or you can add the following code to your theme functions.php
add_action('wp_enqueue_scripts', 'test_theme_scripts_method');

/*
 * Enqueue css and js with the correct path.
 */
function test_theme_scripts_method() {

    // Enqueue css
    wp_enqueue_style( 'fontawesome_style', get_template_directory_uri() . '/css/fontawesome.min.css', array(), '5.0.9', 'all');

    // Enqueue js
    wp_enqueue_script( 'fontawesome_script', get_template_directory_uri() . '/static/fontawesome/fontawesome-all.js', array('jquery') );

}

The action "wp_enqueue_scripts" is used to enqueue CSS and JS files to site.