text:
Royal Media Services Vs Supreme Court: History as 'super context' in constitutional interpretation
By Walter Khobe
Shalin Sugunasiri in 'Contextualism: The Supreme Court's New Standard of Judicial Analysis and Accountability' and Jacques de Ville in 'Legislative History and Constitutional Interpretation' argue that a written text cannot have one pure or true meaning because meaning is a function of language itself and not of some or other mental process of the author.
In this view, the meaning of a text is never fixed or stable but changes with the context within which the text is situated. This points to the widely acknowledged reality that the language of a Constitution in general and a Bill of Rights in particular (often) has no single "objective" meaning and judges who interpret and apply the Constitution cannot (at least not always) do so with reference to only the language of the constitutional text.
Mark Tushnet in 'Following the Rules Laid Down: A Critique of Interpretivism and Neutral Principles' emphasizes the indeterminacy of language and hence of legal decision making.
These views point to the reality that the language of a Constitution cannot (always) produce one absolute fixed meaning. This is so due to the fact that the language of a modern constitutional text is viewed as broad in scope, and as setting out general principles that judges must interpret and apply.
Given that the text of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 is often vague, ambiguous and seemingly contradictory, the text cannot provide a self- evident and fixed meaning to those who read it. Instead, it requires interpretation, and to do so it seems necessary to invoke sources of understanding and value external to the text and other legal materials.
In an attempt to solve the dilemma posed by the open-ended and often vague nature of the provisions, the judges of the Supreme Court have turned to Kenya's history to aid constitutional adjudication and use history as a 'super context' – a universally accepted, meaning-giving story about the origins and purposes of the Constitution.
This use of history has run into a storm. The historical veracity of a paragraph of the judgment by the Supreme Court of Kenya in Communications Commission Of Kenya & 5 Others v Royal Media Services Limited & 5 Others [2014] eKLR Petition 14, 14 A, 14 B & 14 C of 2014 (Consolidated) has been challenged by Royal Media Services Limited.
The paragraph reads: "[151] The licensing of Citizen Radio and Television appeared to be conditional upon political cooperation between its owners and the ruling political party, KANU. When it was not forthcoming or assured, the operator was switched off the air and their equipment vandalized. This sort of State interference with the media also occurred in 2005 when State agents raided the Standard Media Group, which was then also operating the KTN TV station, set the newspapers on fire and disrupted program transmission on TV."
Following the judgment, Royal media services has disputed this version of events. The media house issued a press statement noting that "RMS was greatly aggrieved by the fact that it was wrongly depicted by Court as a corrupt enterprise, whereas it champions constitutionalism, rule of law, democracy, transparency and integrity in the management of public affairs."
Read more at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000136772/royal-media-licences-are-authentic-says-macharia
The Supreme Court has had to issue a Press Statement pointing out that it will not be drawn to discussing the merit or otherwise of the press statement by Royal Media Services. [READ]Â http://www.judiciary.go.ke/portal/press-statement-petition-no-14-of-2014-communications-commission-of-kenya-5-others-v.-royal-media-services-5-others.html
The counter-narratives of history by the Supreme Court and the Royal Media Services brings to fore the problems posed by the quest for historical "truth".
The search for historical "truth" is illusive if not impossible.
Jean Francois Lyotard in 'The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge' points out that it is inevitable that everyone in the society will have their own perspective and story and thus not everyone will agree with a particular "grand narrative" of history.
According to this view, history is nothing more than a very specific, contextually situated, version of the past. The past is made up of an infinite number of events- of which only a fraction can ever be captured in any particular version of history.
The 30 million inhabitants of Kenya, for example, take part in and experience an array of events every day of their lives. Clearly, this indeterminable number of experiences can never be accurately reflected in any one version of history. History is therefore always a construction made in the present by people living in the present about a selected number of events that took place in the past. But even these events and situations that are recaptured in the name of history cannot recover the past -all that can be recovered are specific, contextually situated, accounts of certain events and situations.
In other words, a particular version of history is nothing more than an interpretation by a specific person with a specific point of view at a specific historical juncture of selected past events. History is thus a discourse about the past, but it is decidedly different from that past. No matter how widely accepted and verifiable, history remains inevitably a personal construct, a manifestation of the narrator of that history's perspective.
If one sees history in this way, one has to conclude that the use of history for any purpose is potentially problematic. The ways in which history is collected, recorded, documented, stored, recollected, recalled and remembered all impact on the role, influence and power of history.
As Michel Foucault has argued in 'Nietzsche, Genealogy, History' and 'Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison', because of power relations (or, to simplify, ideology or politics) some voices from the past are silenced, marginalised or systematically excluded in historians' accounts of the past, while others are amplified and given pride of place.
These poignant tweets by Ory Okolloh Mwangi @kenyanpundit • Jun 21 capture this concern in the Kenyan context:
"If it was up to me the TJRC report (full) would be required part of the school curriculum, not the Disney version of history we are taught."
Ory Okolloh Mwangi @kenyanpundit • 1 day ago "Absolutely loving Gabrielle Lynch's 'I Say To You.' Sad that the history we were taught in school is largely bullshit."
To give the reader a perspective on contestations with respect to history in Kenya one might reflect on whether it is possible for the government of Kenya to allow Daniel Branch's inimitable work 'Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963-2011' to be taught in schools?
When we do history we have to choose a position and thus we have to select a version of the past and a way of appropriating it that has certain material effects. That choice will inevitably align with some reading(s) of the past (and the present) and against others.
As Keith Jenkins explains in 'Re-Thinking History', "those who claim to know what history is … have always already carried out an act of interpretation".
An important point follows from this: history is inevitably a product of the present and reflects our understanding of the present. The past is always being created in light of the present. We are, to some degree, prisoners of the present and can therefore never claim to create history from a neutral perspective. All sides in a story have their versions of the past to legitimate their practices- versions that might either be included in the dominant discourse or excluded as improper.
The discourse of history is therefore profoundly contested. History is politics; it is a "field of force", or as Keith Jenkins puts it: "a series of ways of organising the past by and for interested parties which always comes from somewhere and for some purpose and which, in their direction, would like to carry you with them. This field of force excludes and includes, marginalizes views of the past in ways and in degrees that refract the powers of those forwarding them. If we use the term discourse we acknowledge that history is never itself, is never said or read (articulated, expressed, discoursed) innocently, but that it is always for someone. And knowing this empowers the knower and this is a good thing."
To work with history requires, as argued by Jacques Derrida in 'Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression', that one should strive to read history from a position of critical intelligence, aware that any reading is already a choice that excludes and includes-even when one might not realise it. Such a sensitive reading of the past will compel one to ask how many other "people(s), classes, have been/are omitted from histories and why; and what might be the consequences if such omitted 'groups' were central to historical accounts and the now central groups were marginalized."
The attempt to deploy history as context in constitutional interpretation is therefore fraught with risks given the view that history is a profoundly subjective account of selected events in the past. Andre van der Walt points out in 'Legal History, Legal Culture and Transformation in a Constitutional Democracy' that history is just as much about the present and the past, and it reflects choices about who and what must be included and who and what excluded.
The argument being canvassed is not that judges in Kenya should not deploy history when they are called upon to interpret the Constitution. It is true that the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 contains several references to Kenya's history and is therefore historically self-conscious. However, it must be acknowledged that although the 'super context' provided by the Court might at present be widely accepted as "true" or "correct", because it forms part of the dominant discourse produced by existing power relations in society, this acceptance is not inevitable or fixed, and the Court's sanctioning of this 'super context' thus constitutes a political choice.
By choosing a particular version of history, by making choices of whom/what to include and whom/what to exclude, judges are therefore indeed making deep political choices. And in so doing, they are assisting in the construction and maintenance of what it is legitimate to think of as Kenya's history: of whom/what must be included or excluded.
To conclude, the Supreme Court's use of the 'super context' of Kenya's history can be argued to be an attempt to replace (outdated) fictions about legal interpretation, fictions such as that the interpretation of a legal text should seek to establish the 'intention of the legislature', with a new fiction that the meaning of a legal text should be discovered with reference to the historical context in which it is read.
It also replaces the formalistic reliance on 'literal interpretation'-dictionary meaning- of constitutional texts for a more substance engagement with the values of the Constitution and should be encouraged.
This article appeared on the SCORKblog; a website dedicated exclusively to coverage of decisions of the Supreme Court of Kenya. Walter Khobe is an advocate of the High Court of Kenya SCORKblog publisher.Â


text:
Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study
You Lin Xu, L. D. Zhu
The finite-element-based framework for buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds has been presented in Part 1 of this paper. The framework is now applied to the Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge in Hong Kong as a case study. The wind velocities and bridge responses measured by the Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) of the bridge during Typhoon Sam in 1999 are first analyzed to find the skew wind characteristics surrounding the bridge, the modal damping ratios and acceleration responses of the bridge. The buffeting responses of the bridge under skew winds during Typhoon Sam are then computed using the wind characteristics and modal damping ratios measured from the field and the aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives of the bridge deck and tower measured from the wind tunnel under skew winds. The computed acceleration responses of the bridge deck and cable are finally compared with the responses measured from the field. The comparison is found to be satisfactory in general and the case study forms a good practical demonstration for the verification of the proposed method for buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds.
Journal of Sound and Vibration
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.025
Acoustics and Ultrasonics
10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.025
Xu, Y. L., & Zhu, L. D. (2005). Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 281(3-5), 675-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.025
Xu, You Lin ; Zhu, L. D. / Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study. In: Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2005 ; Vol. 281, No. 3-5. pp. 675-697.
@article{463786e565134bbc8d2bb746e55447f2,
title = "Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study",
abstract = "The finite-element-based framework for buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds has been presented in Part 1 of this paper. The framework is now applied to the Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge in Hong Kong as a case study. The wind velocities and bridge responses measured by the Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) of the bridge during Typhoon Sam in 1999 are first analyzed to find the skew wind characteristics surrounding the bridge, the modal damping ratios and acceleration responses of the bridge. The buffeting responses of the bridge under skew winds during Typhoon Sam are then computed using the wind characteristics and modal damping ratios measured from the field and the aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives of the bridge deck and tower measured from the wind tunnel under skew winds. The computed acceleration responses of the bridge deck and cable are finally compared with the responses measured from the field. The comparison is found to be satisfactory in general and the case study forms a good practical demonstration for the verification of the proposed method for buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds.",
author = "Xu, {You Lin} and Zhu, {L. D.}",
doi = "10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.025",
journal = "Journal of Sound and Vibration",
Xu, YL & Zhu, LD 2005, 'Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study', Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 281, no. 3-5, pp. 675-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.025
Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study. / Xu, You Lin; Zhu, L. D.
In: Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 281, No. 3-5, 22.03.2005, p. 675-697.
T1 - Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study
AU - Xu, You Lin
AU - Zhu, L. D.
N2 - The finite-element-based framework for buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds has been presented in Part 1 of this paper. The framework is now applied to the Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge in Hong Kong as a case study. The wind velocities and bridge responses measured by the Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) of the bridge during Typhoon Sam in 1999 are first analyzed to find the skew wind characteristics surrounding the bridge, the modal damping ratios and acceleration responses of the bridge. The buffeting responses of the bridge under skew winds during Typhoon Sam are then computed using the wind characteristics and modal damping ratios measured from the field and the aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives of the bridge deck and tower measured from the wind tunnel under skew winds. The computed acceleration responses of the bridge deck and cable are finally compared with the responses measured from the field. The comparison is found to be satisfactory in general and the case study forms a good practical demonstration for the verification of the proposed method for buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds.
AB - The finite-element-based framework for buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds has been presented in Part 1 of this paper. The framework is now applied to the Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge in Hong Kong as a case study. The wind velocities and bridge responses measured by the Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) of the bridge during Typhoon Sam in 1999 are first analyzed to find the skew wind characteristics surrounding the bridge, the modal damping ratios and acceleration responses of the bridge. The buffeting responses of the bridge under skew winds during Typhoon Sam are then computed using the wind characteristics and modal damping ratios measured from the field and the aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives of the bridge deck and tower measured from the wind tunnel under skew winds. The computed acceleration responses of the bridge deck and cable are finally compared with the responses measured from the field. The comparison is found to be satisfactory in general and the case study forms a good practical demonstration for the verification of the proposed method for buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds.
U2 - 10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.025
DO - 10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.025
JO - Journal of Sound and Vibration
JF - Journal of Sound and Vibration
Xu YL, Zhu LD. Buffeting response of long-span cable-supported bridges under skew winds. Part 2: Case study. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2005 Mar 22;281(3-5):675-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.025

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
// Python Tools for Visual Studio
// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
// All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
// MERCHANTABLITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
//
// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
// permissions and limitations under the License.

using System;

namespace Microsoft.PythonTools.Infrastructure {
    public interface IProjectInterpreterDbChanged {
        event EventHandler InterpreterDbChanged;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
NFL Former Players Partner with ATHLETES FOR AMERICA
NFLPA's Former Players Announce Support for ATHLETES FOR AMERICA
A new partnership with Athletes for America includes educating and training young athletes to handle emergency situations.
National charity will train chapters in CPR and other life-saving skills.
WASHINGTON—The NFL Players Association Former Players pledge full support for Athletes for America (AFA), Andre Collins, NFLPA Director of Former Players Services, announced today.
AFA is a national, 501(c)(3), not-for-profit charity dedicated to educating, training and certifying high school, college and professional athletes in the life-saving skills of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and the use of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). The charity is also highly focused on getting AEDs onto every playing field and into every athletic facility in America. Last year, 325,000 Americans died of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA), making it a leading cause of death in the United States.
"Athletes have been impacted by Sudden Cardiac Arrest both on and off the field of play," Collins said. "Knowing that Athletes for America is dedicated to getting our young athletes educated and trained to handle emergency situations is a tremendous opportunity for former players to mentor. Creating a greater awareness around SCA is our goal."
On Sept. 8, 2012, NFLPA Former Player Chapters will participate in a national day of training to become certified in CPR and the use of an AED. Once trained, the chapters will continue to raise awareness in their local communities creating outreach training opportunities for high school, college and professional teams. "As a direct result of our relationship with AFA, lives will undoubtedly be saved," Collins added.
"It is an honor to work with the NFLPA and its Former Players on our national initiative," Billy McGehee, AFA founder, said in a statement. "With their participation, we will accelerate our efforts to get more of our young athletes trained and certified. With the power of their voices, we will continue to raise the awareness around SCA all across America. Every three days, an athlete dies from SCA, and that is simply unacceptable. In addition, nearly 1,000 Americans die each day from SCA; that's one person every 1-2 minutes. Imagine the difference it will make in our country when one day every high school, college and professional athlete is trained to save a life. That is the ultimate goal of Athletes for America."
For more information, please contact Andre Collins at 1-800-372-2000.


Maple was studying a human anatomy book when I approached their picnic table. She told me that she was planning on going to Costa Rica to study massage. Hon Ray, or at least that's how he pronounced it, a young man studying a book on Alaskan boats, was planning on going to the Netherlands to study a special type of boat building. They were both recent high school graduates.
As I sat there listening to their stories, eating chocolate and drinking tea, I couldn't help but remember myself at that age; pained, drunk, stoned, and hopelessly in love with a man for who I changed my college plans to be near. It made me feel so hopeful, listening to them talk about their plans and their interests. There was no hesitation, no shyness. They were both excited for their futures and seemed quite well adjusted.
I kept reminding myself that these were teenagers. When they asked me about my story, I fumbled through a history based on working through trauma; neglect, body image issues, abandonment, and of course, self love. I told them that a certain point I recognized myself in one of the photos I took, and from there, followed my gut for two years to find myself at A Love Rebellion, my most recent social art project.
Chocolate laden and tea drunk, I walked away from the table with light, hope, and love. Full of power and magical loveliness, I had made a connection with two strangers planning their futures at the edge of a lake in the midwest.
As I walked across the grass, butterflies and birds fluttering beneath the branches of the low canopy, I knew that I had been wrong about love.
Love is not about proving, love is about believing. Love is about faith. The faith you have in those you love and those you don't. The faith you have in yourself. The faith you have that all is available if you are open.
How wonderful to come to this with these two young strangers. I had no idea when I offered them kindness what kind of great gift I would get in return.
Meeting strangers is my favorite. Hands down. How about you? What do you do to grow or stretch yourself? What do you do to question your world view? I would love to hear! Leave it in the comments below or message me...and please share this. Also.....head on over to A Love Rebellion if you haven't already and see what's what. It is pretty exciting over there!!!


text:
New Car Sales Summary for January 2017
Ford Ranger Toyota Corolla Hilux Volkswagen Polo Polo Vivo Cars.co.za reports Double Cab Bakkie Sedan Home Featured Buying General Car Hatchback
New car sales in South Africa reflected a positive start to 2017, but tough times lie ahead for the local automotive industry. Take a look at this new car sales summary for more insight…
The South African automotive industry has been under severe pressure over the last year and another tough year lies ahead for 2017. Despite the gloomy outlook, new car sales figures for January 2017 released by the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA) indicates marginal year-on-year gains for the first time in 14 months, thanks in part, to a strong contribution from the rental car industry. Exports, however, declined fairly substantially due to factory refurbishment work at BMW's Rosslyn plant in preparation for local production of the X3 SUV.
Toyota had a strong sales month and is currently South Africa's best-selling car brand. The Toyota Hilux, a vehicle that regularly tops the sales chart locally, had a marginally month in January and was the fifth best-selling vehicle in the country. The Volkswagen Polo Vivo came out on top as the best-selling car for the month, closely followed by the Polo and popular Ford Ranger.
Here is a quick summary of new car sales in South Africa for January 2017.
Aggregate new car sales of 50 333 up by 3.7% (1 819 units) compared to January 2016.
New passenger car sales of 36 794 up by 4.7% (1 661 units) compared to January 2016.
New Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) sales 11 790 up by 1.6% (187 units) compared to January 2016.
Export sales of 11 659 down by 10.3% (1 342 units) compared to January 2016
Top 5 Car Brands in South Africa for January 2017
3. Ford
4. Nissan
5. GMSA
Top 5 Best-Selling Cars in South Africa for January 2017
VW Polo Vivo
2. VW Polo
4. Toyota Corolla/Auris/Quest
5. Toyota Hilux
New Car Sales Outlook
According to NAAMSA, the medium-term economic outlook shows promise for improvement with factors such as easing drought conditions, global economic growth of 3.4% and a strengthening Rand expected to contribute positively to new vehicle prices and ultimately new car sales going forward. Similarly, exports are expected to increase in light of projected improvements in the global economic environment. NAAMSA predicts improvements in domestic sales in 2017 with anticipated aggregate annual volume increases of about 3.5%.
Furthermore, WesBank anticipates that Vehicle Price Inflation and interest rates will remain stable over the course of 2017 and should restore consumer confidence somewhat. Rising fuel prices, however, will continue to put pressure on consumers in 2017.
WesBank also notes that demand for used cars remains strong according to used car finance applications, which grew by 7.3% in January compared to the same period in 2016.
Wesbank's Head of Brand and Communications, Rudolf Mahoney, said that "Our advice to consumers looking at entering the car market is to budget carefully and factor in all costs associated with owning and operating a car. This includes not just the monthly instalment and insurance, but also variable expenses such as fuel and maintenance. Planning for these will alleviate pressure on household budgets, especially as those costs increase over time."
New Car Sales Summary for 2016
2016's New Cars – How They Fare in Terms of Sales
3 Must-ask Questions for a Used-Car Salesman
5 Most Memorable Drives of 2016
Cars Coming to SA in 2017
Want to find a deal on a used car?
Find a used car on Cars.co.za now!
Gero Lilleike is a published writer and photographer with most of his work appearing in the fields of travel and motoring. Gero has worked in the motoring space for the last four years and enjoys driving and photographing the latest cars. You can read Gero's work right here on Cars.co.za.
Follow Gero Lilleike on Twitter Follow Gero Lilleike on Facebook
New Car Sales in SA for November 2017
New Car Sales in SA for September 2017
New Car Sales in SA for June 2017
New Car Sales Summary for May 2018
New Car Sales Summary for December 2017


text:
Dairy Co-ops Told to Purchase More Milk
INDIA - In an indication that there was an unrest brewing among dairy farmers in the country, the Centre has asked major milk co-operative societies in the country to purchase all the milk being brought to them by farmers in flush season.
All major co-operatives such as Amul (Gujarat), Nandini (Karnataka), Sudha (Bihar), Verka (Punjab), and Vita (Haryana) were directed to ensure that the milk being brought by farmers to them should be purchased without discrimination, said an official release issued by the Ministry of Agriculture on Tuesday.
Procurement rises
According to the release, the procurement of milk in November last year was 20 per cent higher than that a year ago. The stock of skimmed milk powder is currently at 1.17 lakh tonnes and is expected to touch 2 lakh tonnes by the end of the current financial year, it said.
According to The Hindu Business Line, the Ministry said it has asked the States and milk co-operatives to chalk out plans to ensure that milk farmers were getting better returns.
Milk in welfare schemes
Currently, co-operatives purchase only 10 per cent of the milk produced in the country and are expected to increase it to 20 per cent.
The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries has urged all the States to include milk in the mid-day meal as well as anganwadi schemes.
It also asked to consider including milk under the public distribution system.
Markets, Economics, Processing, Policy and Regulatory, General, Farmer/Worker Health & Safety
New report stresses the need for a UK farm animal health and welfare body


A total lunar eclipse took place on June 15, 2011. It was the first of two such eclipses in 2011. The second occurred on December 10, 2011. A dramatic total eclipse lasting 1 hour and 40 minutes plunged the full Moon into deep darkness, as it passed right through the centre of the Earth's umbral shadow. While the visual effect of a total eclipse is variable, the Moon may have been stained a deep orange or red colour at maximum eclipse. This was a great spectacle for everyone who saw it from Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours and 39 minutes in total.
This was a relatively rare central lunar eclipse, in which the center point of Earth's shadow passes across the moon. The last time a lunar eclipse was closer to the center of the earth's shadow was on July 16, 2000. The next central total lunar eclipse was on July 27, 2018 over South America, western Africa, and Europe, and setting over eastern Asia.
In western Asia, Australia, and the Philippines, the lunar eclipse was visible just before sunrise. It was very visible in the clear and cloudless night sky throughout eastern and southeast Asia. Africa, far eastern Russia and Europe witnessed the whole event even in the late stages (as in partial lunar eclipse). The Americas (including North and northwestern South America) missed the eclipse completely (except in most areas) because it occurred at moonset.
This simulation shows the view of the earth from the moon at greatest eclipse.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lunar eclipse of 2011 June 15.
It was preceded by the partial solar eclipse of January 4, 2011, and the partial solar eclipse of June 1, 2011.
This eclipse is the center of nine lunar eclipses in a short-lived series. Each eclipse in the series repeats after one semester (6 lunations or 177 days) occurring at alternating nodes.
Lunar saros series 130, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 71 lunar eclipse events including 56 umbral lunar eclipses (42 partial lunar eclipses and 14 total lunar eclipses). Solar Saros 137 interleaves with this lunar saros with an event occurring every 9 years 5 days alternating between each saros series.
The greatest eclipse of the series will occur on 2029 Jun 26, lasting 102 minutes.
The tritos series repeats 31 days short of 11 years at alternating nodes. Sequential events have incremental Saros cycle indices.
This series produces 23 total eclipses between June 22, 1880 and August 9, 2120.
The inex series repeats eclipses 20 days short of 29 years, repeating on average every 10571.95 days. This period is equal to 358 lunations (synodic months) and 388.5 draconic months. Saros series increment by one on successive Inex events and repeat at alternate ascending and descending lunar nodes.
This period is 383.6734 anomalistic months (the period of the Moon's elliptical orbital precession). Despite the average 0.05 time-of-day shift between subsequent events, the variation of the Moon in its elliptical orbit at each event causes the actual eclipse time to vary significantly.
All events in this series listed below and more are total lunar eclipses.
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 137.
Live webcast from the SLOOH Space Camera and Google Earth. The eclipse stages are also being incorporated into a Google doodle operating during the eclipse.
This page was last edited on 30 December 2018, at 10:26 (UTC).


Time Goes By as Kit Richards and then in Dragonslide as Officer O'Hara.
Current projects: Stars as Colin Mallory on the fourth season of Sliders, beginning in June.
Rembrandt Brown, and Maggie Beckett--but has surpassed Maggie in popularity. But who is Colin? What's his story?


This event has now passed. The content on this page is presented solely for information purposes.
Based on years of research and detailed interviews with old and new Vendors, we are delighted to share our findings and insights at the first Hot Vendor Seminar in the US! It will take place at Clarion Suites Maingate (which is next to Disney World) on Thursday 18 October, 12:00–17:00, providing a platform for vendors and industry analysts to network and exchange ideas.
Hear how intriguing innovators grabbed analysts' attention by proving customer impact. How do they make the most of their award?
Winners of analysts' awards are voting on which of them is the hottest. Who'll win?
How do vendors with analysts' awards exploit the opportunity to both grow themselves, but also use the endorsement economy to transform markets?
The University of Edinburgh Business School spent ten years studying industry analysts. Hear why it's so important to win analysts' awards.
Take a unique opportunity to learn how to pitch to analysts from multiple firms, and to learn from the way that vendors win them over.
You don't have to hold an analyst award to attend. Learn how to better show to analysts your firm's impact, innovation and surprise.
The Observatory team will introduce the Analyst Observatory explaining what Hot Vendor and similar designations means.
Suwen Chen explains what makes a Hot Vendor. Hear about Hot Vendor and similar designees, what makes them innovative and how they have made an impact.
Duncan Chapple summarises responses from almost 300 vendors, explaining how awards have changed in recent years.
Discover the insiders' tips on how get nominated for consideration as a Hot Vendor or for a similar award. How can you show you 'fit the bill' as closely as possible?
Suwen Chen spotlights our top case study candidates. After the coffee break, attendees vote on which case study firm is the Hottest.
Are there opportunities for vendors to work together on common interests? What should our Analyst Observatory do next?
The award sponsor can join the vote for award winners, hand over the award on stage and have an opportunity for a media release.
The meetup is thirsty work: participants will appreciate coffee, tea and water. Branded cups and serviettes can be arranged.
Network with attendees at the early dinner after the event.
You know how confusing venues can be: your logo can be a lighthouse guiding attendees safely to their destination.
Attendees will need pens, paper.... and don't you have some other gifts you want to share with Hot Vendors?
Edinburgh University is free for Europeans, so we don't have big travel budgets. Sponsor a team member to be given our ceremonial Quaich.


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REVIEW: "Bonnie and Clyde"
September 15, 2014 by Keith
The 1967 crime drama/biopic "Bonnie and Clyde" wasn't the easiest movie to get made. There were numerous squabbles between the film's producer and star Warren Beatty and Warner Brothers over everything from budget and shooting locations to the size of the film's release. Once it did hit theaters it faced a new wave of controversies mainly aimed at the films depiction of violence. "Bonnie and Clyde" is said to be one of the first mainstream American films to use graphic violence therefore opening the doors for the waves of cinematic bloodshed that would follow. At the time some critics railed on the film, but it would go on to be a box office hit and it's now viewed as a true motion picture classic.
As with many movies like this several liberties were taken for dramatic reasons. A number of people contributed to the script but David Newman and Robert Benton did most of the heavy lifting. Their script strips down the true Bonnie and Clyde story while still creating a vivid and absorbing tale. There is no backstory at all. The film opens with Faye Dunaway's Bonnie Parker sultrily moving about her upstairs room when she notices Warren Beatty's Clyde Barrow attempting to steal her mother's car. She confronts him but after a brief conversation they are on the road and story of Bonnie and Clyde has begun.
Now could the story have gone deeper into their backgrounds and motivations? Probably so, but I think the film gives us what's necessary for the type of story it's telling. We learn that Bonnie is a waitress who is unhappy with the seemingly meaningless life she lives. She waits tables, she gets occasional dates from passing truckers, then she goes home – rinse and repeat. But you also get the sense that she is wooed by Clyde's charms and visions of grandeur. Of the two characters, Bonnie is the most intriguing. Throughout the film you get glimpses that she does want more in life. She has visions of what happiness should be yet she has no one to cling to but Clyde.
The two Depression-era outlaws take off on a crime spree that starts with a few smalltime holdups. They pickup a simpleton named C.W. Moss (Michael Pollard) and the three begin hitting banks. This is also when their crimes go from simple bank robberies to killing. Clyde's brother Buck (Gene Hackman) and his shrill and reluctant wife Blanche (Estelle Parsons) joins up with them and the Barrow gang is formed. Amazingly every one of the cast members I've mentioned so far received Academy award nominations for their performances. Interestingly enough, Parsons (in what may be the lesser performance of the group) was the only one to win. It's worth noting that, while he didn't get an Oscar nomination, Gene Wilder shows up in what is his feature film debut.
"Bonnie and Clyde" toys around with several other interesting themes. There are several well-placed jabs focused on how the media manipulates news stories for their own interests. This goes hand-in-hand with law enforcement who began attributing bank robberies and killings to Bonnie and Clyde even though they had nothing to do with them. This interesting little twist asks the question of who is more responsible for the pair's dubious rise to fame? As a result their mythos grew larger and larger from town to town and much of that is due to what was being put out in the papers and by law enforcement.
When writing about the film, the great Roger Ebert noted a particular scene where an upset Bonnie is walking through a wheat field and Clyde is chasing after her. The camera pulls back and gives us a longshot of the field just as a cloud is passing over the sun. In an eerie moment of foreboding, the cloud covers Bonnie and Clyde hinting at what lies ahead for them. This is the pre-CGI era and chances are it was a freak act of nature. Still it's a tremendous example of Burnett Guffey's brilliant Oscar-winning cinematography. The film looks amazing and I wasn't surprised to read that it was influenced by the French New Wave. In fact one of my favorite directors Francois Truffaut was originally asked to direct the film but declined. Arthur Penn got the job and he incorporated that slick and stylish French influence.
"Bonnie and Clyde" was a cultural phenomenon upon its release and it has earned its 'classic movie' title. While the supporting cast is great, the cinematography is amazing, and the bluegrass score sets a perfect tone, it's the two leads who anchor the film. Dunaway is skittish, hopeful, and beautiful and Beatty, an actor I can generally take or leave, is charismatic and completely believable. We buy into them from the start and that is why the journey we take with them is thrilling and unforgettable.
This entry was posted in Movie Reviews - B and tagged Bobbie and Clyde movie, Estelle Parsons, Faye Dunaway, Gene Hackman, Gene Wilder, Michael Pollard, Warren Beatty. Bookmark the permalink.
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16 thoughts on "REVIEW: "Bonnie and Clyde""
le0pard13 says:	 September 15, 2014 at 10:08 pm
The more I revisit this classic, the more I love Dunaway's performance in it. Wonderful review, Keith.
keith7198 says:	 September 15, 2014 at 10:10 pm
Thanks so much. She is absolutely amazing in it and her character has more layers than I caught during my first viewing.
Wendell says:	 September 15, 2014 at 10:32 pm
Dunaway is quite magical, here. That said, it might be Beatty's best performance. Great movie. Great review.
keith7198 says:	 September 16, 2014 at 1:36 am
Thanks a lot. I think you're right on both accounts. I've never been the biggest Beatty fan but he is a big part of the film's success.
Joseph@thecinemamonster says:	 September 16, 2014 at 1:06 am
Bloody brilliant film, no doubt about it! Gene Wilder's brief role is down-right hilarious!
Isn't Wilder great? That whole sequence is fabulous.
Hunter says:	 September 16, 2014 at 9:57 am
This is one of my all time favorite films and in my personal top ten. Very insightful look at it!
It always saddens me that Parsons was the only acting win from this movie when her character is so minor (and really annoying). But everyone is fantastic here.
It's also worth noting that the depiction of male impotence was revolutionary at the time, one of the things that has always drawn me to this film.
keith7198 says:	 September 16, 2014 at 10:56 am
Great to hear you love it too. I personally think it has really stood up well over time. After rewatching it I was amazed at how strong it still is. Great movie.
cindybruchman says:	 September 16, 2014 at 10:09 am
I agree with all you say, Keith. A wonderful classic. The final scene and editing sequence always gets me. The multiple camera angles, the last line "I've got a flat tire, and I ain't got no spare." The quick series of shots with the startled flock of birds, the rustling of bushes, the reactions, the varied camera speeds–makes for a most satisfying climax and ending. Of course they had to die at the end, and they did it in style 😉
It is an amazing sequence isn't it? It's the violent and inevitable end that was looming over them the entire way. Tragic but as you said stylish.
ckckred says:	 September 17, 2014 at 10:01 am
Nice review. It's really interesting to see Bonnie and Clyde's depiction of violence today. Now, it could actually probably get a PG-13 rating with a bit of trimming at the end.
Though I mean no slight to the movie. This is a great picture for sure and it definitely has aged very well and stood the test of time.
keith7198 says:	 September 17, 2014 at 3:07 pm
Oh I think you're exactly right. It does show the evolution of violence in modern cinema. I too think this would be PG-13 in the modern movie environment. I don't really know if that is a good thing or bad. I do know, like you said, that this is still a really good movie that holds up well.
Thanks for reading and for the comments.
Abbi says:	 September 18, 2014 at 5:21 pm
God, Faye Dunaway was beautiful!
Absolutely stunning. She was gorgeous.
andy says:	 October 27, 2014 at 1:32 pm
keith7198 says:	 October 28, 2014 at 12:46 am
Great to hear. Its definitely a classic.


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Education & careers, Events, Historical, Uncategorized
Biometricians vs Mendelians: What a century old debate ago can teach researchers today
by Sean Bankier, The University of Edinburgh
There is a historical precedent for major scientific advances that have come from those who have not necessarily followed the traditional academic route for their field. The field of genetics has been no exception to this phenomenon, from its conception by a particularly tenacious Augustinian monk to the somewhat less well-known story of a certain English public school teacher, Ronald Fisher.
In October 2018 I, with a group of geneticists, statisticians and mathematicians came together to celebrate the work of Ronald Fisher and his contribution to the field of quantitative genetics. Quantitative genetics is used to examine the genetic variation responsible for the emergence of complex traits, often involving multiple genes. This typically involves the use of different statistical and mathematical methods to examine continuous traits such as height, where the genetic variation responsible can be quantified.
Around the time of this meeting, 100 years ago, Fisher was publishing his seminal paper "The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance" that effectively founded the field of quantitative genetics. This meeting a century later, took place at the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh where Fisher had originally published his manuscript. Quantitative genetics has come a long way in 100 years so this was a unique opportunity to reflect upon the state of the field and its many applications, from plant breeding, to the genomic architecture of complex traits and even the genetics of the human face.
Now celebrated as a major turning point for what we now define as complex trait genetics, at the time it didn't quite have the impact that Fisher had hoped for, in no small part due to the fact that many of the geneticists at the time couldn't understand it! Notoriously opaque and filled with equations and statistical jargon, this proved a challenge for many of the more experimentally minded researchers of the time. However, it was through this paper that Fisher was eventually able to reconcile the views of both sides of the raging debate between the "Biometricians" and the "Mendelians" (Figure 1).
Figure 1: From left to right. William Bateson, one of the strongest proponents of the Mendelian model in the early 20th century. Ronald Fisher, statistician and geneticist. Francis Galton, statistician responsible for the concepts of correlation and regression to the mean.
Charles Darwin's views on evolution and inheritance had gained traction within certain factions of the scientific community, but Darwin himself was unable to propose an exact mechanism of how this inheritance was brought forward from one generation to the next. As the name would suggest, the Mendelians, were focused upon the model of inheritance that Mendel had put forward and like Mendel, these researchers tended to hail from an experimentalist background. Biometricians on the other hand, were influenced by ideas from Francis Galton and believed that the complexity of genetic variation could only be accounted for through the application of quantitative methodologies to fulfil the grand ideas which Darwin himself had set forth.
As the name of Fisher's paper would suggest, he managed to integrate the key concepts of Mendelian Inheritance within a quantitative framework through utilisation of many of the statistical methods such as correlation that had been proposed by Galton himself. Although a challenge to read, the message behind Fisher's paper is quite straight forward and demonstrates that Mendelian inheritance was best positioned to explain the continuous traits that the Biometricians tended to focus upon.
Apart from as an interesting side-note in history, there is a greater message that can be taken from this century old debate. Factionalism still exists today within science and the divisions that are drawn are not so different than they were in Fisher's day. With the advent of high throughput genome sequencing technologies and large multi-omic datasets, there is as great a need for quantitative methods to analyse these data than there ever has been. However, as many are keen to point out, mathematical and statistical models developed to explain biology must be grounded within a biological context. This is true, given the well-worn adage that correlation does not always equal causation (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Correlation does not always equal causation… or does it? (r=0.66) Image taken under creative commons license with thanks to Tyler Vigen http://tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations.
The use of both quantitative and experimental methodologies is crucial to tackle the major issues in genetics such as understanding complex disease, accounting for missing heritability and the integration of multiple layers of genetic information. Collaboration with mathematicians to provide models in systems biology or physicists to understand chromatin dynamics and proteins folding will be essential in advancing the state of the field and should be encouraged. The challenge is more human than scientific, as what is required is communication between disciplines. In addition to my own PhD, I help organise a monthly meet up group to discuss synthetic biology with individuals across a wide range of disciplines and backgrounds. This experience has taught me that lack of collaboration with other fields is not down to absence of interest but want of opportunity.
As researchers within genetics come together from increasingly specialised fields, each with their own pre-conceptions and biases, perhaps what is needed is a 21st Century Ronald Fisher to bring together the disparate ideas across biology to address these larger questions. As cross-disciplinary collaborations become more popular and incentives for such projects more common, the future for another 100 years of quantitative genetics becomes increasingly exciting and vibrant.
Fisher, R.A. (1919). XV.—The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance. Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 52, 399–433.
Knapp, B., Bardenet, R., Bernabeu, M.O., Bordas, R., Bruna, M., Calderhead, B., Cooper, J., Fletcher, A.G., Groen, D., Kuijper, B., et al. (2015). Ten Simple Rules for a Successful Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration. PLoS Comput. Biol. 11.
Visscher, P.M., and Bruce Walsh, J. Commentary: Fisher 1918: the foundation of the genetics and analysis of complex traits. Int. J. Epidemiol.
Sean is an PhD student using systems genetics to identify causal gene networks in complex disease, with a focus upon plasma cortisol and cardiovascular disease at the Institute of Bioengineering of the University of Edinburgh. Sean is also a co-organiser of Cafe Synthetique Edinburgh (@CafeSynthEdin), a group that runs a series of informal events aimed at starting conversations around synthetic biology that are accessible for everyone, regardless of background.
tabijenkins January 23, 2019 November 20, 2018 event, genetics, history, Mendelian Inheritance, PHD, Ronald Fisher
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We critically assess the representative consumer model that forms the foundation of a well-known class of linear oligopoly demand structures. It is argued that this approach has several limitations. We present an alternative microeconomic foundation by deriving the same demand system directly from a population of heterogeneous buyers. Our approach can be easily adapted to different demand specifications.


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A self managed superannuation fund (SMSF), is a small superannuation fund created for 1 to 4 members designed to create wealth for retirement. They can be suitable for those individuals who want to accept the responsibility of taking control of their retirement planning by investing directly and making their own decisions about what and where to invest.
Changes to federal superannuation legislation in recent years has made it easier for the trustees of SMSF's to purchase real estate through their fund and make it part of their overall investment strategy. The law in this area however can be complex and at the outset there are 10 basic rules that must be recognized and understood.
No SMSF can exist to create retirement wealth without a formal investment strategy having been adopted by the fund. An investment strategy is a set of rules or guidelines as to how a trustee intends to invest funds and contributions made on behalf of members to achieve their retirement objectives.
An investment strategy can be simple, but it must include actionable strategies to: maximize member investments; provide diversification across asset classes; include a strategy for paying benefits and maintaining liquidity; and take into account each member's term to retirement, at minimum.
An investment strategy may also define a set of criteria or hurdles (for example yield, lease terms, asset size, etc) in order to draw a line between what is, and is not, acceptable as an investment by the SMSF. This may also extend to specific due-diligence requirements as part of the overall property investment strategy for a fund.
Trustees can set their own strategies, or where they need help they should seek help from a professional superannuation specialist or financial adviser. Without a strategy, trustees will not be able to determine how direct or indirect property fits into their SMSF portfolio, or what exposure they need to maintain at particular stages in life with respect to when members retire.
It is a legislative requirement that the fund adopt a formal investment strategy and that strategy must not offend any of the rules relating to superannuation fund investments contained in the legislation.
Generally speaking, a SMSF can purchase just about all types of property (including vacant land). This includes residential, commercial, factories, medical suites, office space and so forth.
In order to invest widely in any type of property, trust deeds must include provisions allowing direct property as an approved investment as well as direct shares in a listed property trust off the ASX, or investing in a non-listed property trust. It must also be flexible enough to match the risk profile of the member.
These funds can have a broad exposure to commercial, industrial, office and even residential properties without the initial high purchase costs traditionally associated with direct property.
Superannuation law does not allow a SMSF to buy an asset that includes property from a related party. All investments must be strictly at arm's length. Related parties to a SMSF include all members and associates of a fund as well as employers and their associates.
The definition of associates of a SMSF member is wide and includes: every member of the fund; relatives of each member; business partners of each member; and any spouse or child of business partners; and any company or trust controlled by a member or associate. This ensures that the transaction is made purely on a commercial basis and avoids potential conflict of interest.
There are however three specific exceptions to the "related party" rule where an asset may be purchased from a related party. These are a listed security acquired at market value, a business real property acquired at market value and certain 'in-house' assets.
A SMSF is allowed to invest in, or buy a member's or related party's or associates business premises, provided it is used wholly and exclusively for the business. Whilst a superfund cannot purchase or run a business it can purchase the property in which a business is being conducted.
When a superfund buys the business premises of its member, the business simply becomes the tenant and pays the SMSF a commercial rate of rent. This would free up additional working capital to the business owner to expand the business. It can also facilitate the transfer of an attractive long-term real property asset into the superannuation as an investment.
whether such a transaction will dilute their diversification benefits through creating a concentrated exposure to one asset.
Generally speaking a superannuation fund cannot develop property. Should a potential development represent a small portion of the fund's total value and is in-line with the investment strategy, incorporating all the other assets in the fund, it may be successfully argued that it is an appropriate investment strategy.
Due to the complicated nature of the process, a specialist advice is highly recommended in order to take into account individual circumstances of the members and their fund, as well as the specific profile of any proposed development activity.
A new section 67A was inserted into the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (SIS Act) in September 2007, under which SMSF's became eligible to borrow funds, in order to acquire a property. A number of strict conditions however must be complied with before this can occur.
Under the new guidelines an SMSF borrows funds to acquire an asset, for example a residential and / or commercial property. A separate trust is established to hold legal ownership of the property on behalf of the SMSF. These trusts are generally referred to as security trusts or warrant trusts. A loan is then arranged to meet the balance of the purchase price (plus costs) that the SMSF is not providing. The legal estate or interest is held by the security trust. The SMSF then holds the beneficial estate or interest and manages the property as it would any other real estate investment.
The loan is generally referred to as a limited recourse loan and the property asset is used as the sole security. In the event of a loan default, the lender only has recourse to the residential and / or commercial property to satisfy its claim. The lender cannot claim on any other SMSF assets.
The legislation is very strict about residential property owned in SMSF's as an investment, including holiday property investments. These investments simply cannot be used by members of the fund or any related parties.
Members including their family, associates and business partners are restricted in using the assets of the fund unless they are business real property, and then only if they are solely used for business purposes by a member or related party, and only where commercial rates of rent and lease terms are being provided to the SMSF which owns the asset.
In retirement, people need an income, and a place to live. One of the most fundamental superannuation questions is whether a member can acquire a residential property asset in their SMSF that will eventually become their retirement home. There are ways this can be achieved in a SMSF structure.
For example, a couple aged 50 might acquire an investment property on the beach using their SMSF, either with cash, or with some allowable borrowings. The property in the SMSF is rented out, and the rental income plus contributions (any salary sacrifice plus any employer contributions) flow to the SMSF, less the 15% contributions tax. As cash builds up within the SMSF, the trustees use this money to pay off the loan that funded the original purchase. After 10 years they decide the sell their primary residence and pay no capital gains tax. They may then proceed with their plans to purchase the property off the SMSF. If just before they purchase the property off the SMSF, they convert the fund into an allocated pension, as assets sold in pension phase pay no capital gains tax (CGT), then there will be no CGT on either property although stamp duty is still payable. The purchase proceeds are in the superannuation environment paying them tax free income (assuming they are 60 years of age and over) and they can live in a beach-front home in their retirement, purchased 10 years earlier using their superannuation proceeds.
As with all investments in a complying SMSF, the contributions and investments in the fund must be preserved until retirement. This allows them to enjoy preferential tax treatment.
Just like negative gearing for an individual taxpayer, the SMSF would acquire the same tax benefits by way of a tax deduction for the negative component of the loan interest and depreciation. The biggest benefit however is CGT. Should the fund hold the asset longer than one year and then decide to sell it, the CGT drops from 15% of the capital gain, down to 10%, and if sold in the pension phase (generally over 55 years of age) the CGT is zero. The preferential superannuation tax environment means that income and capital gains earned from a property held in a SMSF provide greater reinvestment value. This is the difference between a member's individual tax rate on income and capital gains, less the tax rate they pay within the superannuation environment.
A word of caution. Superannuation law is complex and requires careful consideration before implementation. One also needs to take into consideration one's own personality and ability of make long term investment decisions and weigh up the costs relative to the potential gain the of starting a SMSF.
It is mandatory that trustees, or would-be trustees, of a superannuation fund understand the law and spirit of the governing superannuation legislation. As trustees they must also understand the obligations imposed on them under the Corporations Act and the relevant taxation laws. For trustees of SMSFs there are no excuses for not complying with the law, the terms of the trust deed and the fund's investment strategy. Trustee obligations to fund members are regulated by ASIC and the ATO. Penalties for non-compliance can include an SMSF becoming non-compliant and losing its preferential tax status, the trustee(s) becoming disqualified to act as trustees, prosecution under law and a range of significant penalties including imprisonment for criminal breaches of the law. Professional advice should always be sought in this area.


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An interactive map to assess the potential spread of Lymnaea truncatula and the free-living stages of Fasciola hepatica in Switzerland.
A gating mechanism proposed from a simulation of a human alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: molecular modelling, electrostatics, and energetics.
Molecular and functional characterization of an octopamine receptor from honeybee (Apis mellifera) brain.
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Metacercarial production of Lymnaea viridis experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica.
Isolation, identification and synthesis of locustamyoinhibiting peptide (LOM-MIP), a novel biologically active neuropeptide from Locusta migratoria.
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per, or the outermost; only that it is present.
Not sure what the issue is. Can someone explain why this error is thrown and any possible ways to resolve it? Thanks!
> per, or the outermost; only that it is present.
> Not sure what the issue is. Can someone explain why this error is thrown and any possible ways to resolve it? Thanks!
Yes I do. My actions always seem to work locally, and I don't notice this error when using the app. But when I look at the logs, it is all over the place.
Try adding <dispatcher>INCLUDE</dispatcher> as well.
Thanks Ben. I will give this a shot and let everyone know the results.


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The Genetic Engineering Network received a phone-call yesterday at approximately 4.30pm from Ben Thompson. Following two meetings between Ben and the Deputy Governor, Luke Serjeant, the hunger strike, due to begin this morning, was called off. Yesterday Ben received a breakfast and lunch that were both in keeping with his requests for a healthy and complete vegan diet that is free from GMOs. Ben was also shown a full menu for the next two days and was assured that these meals will also meet his requests. Under these circumstances Ben feels as though a hunger strike at this time would be very inappropriate and unnecessary. However as promises made in the past by the prison did not materialise, the situation will be now be reviewed on a daily basis. A spokesperson for the Genetic Engineering Network said earlier: "GEN will continue to monitor Ben's situation on a daily basis to ensure that suitable meals are available for the rest of his prison term. If for some reason these meals are withdrawn, Ben will begin the hunger strike the following morning without fluids. We hope though that this will not be necessary and we are delighted that for now at least Ben will be eating a healthy vegan diet that is free from GMOs."
The deputy governor has spoken at length with both the caterers as well as the suppliers of some of the main ingredients used in the vegan meals. Items such as the breakfast cereals, flour and cooking oil have all been guaranteed to be GE free. Therefore Ben will be able to eat many meals that he was previously unsure about; in regard to their GMO content. The Genetic Engineering Network and Ben have also been assured that an order of Provamel soya drink, that is free from GMOs, has now arrived in the prison and that this will be available to Ben for breakfast later this morning, along with some cereal and fruit.
GEN went on to say: "This is a very short-term solution to the problem facing all prisoners. In the long term GEN, the prison and the many groups and individuals now supporting Ben's position will push for a policy change at a National level on the issue of a diet free from GMOs being available to all prisoners requesting it. In his phone call to GEN yesterday, Ben Thompson wished to pass on thanks to all those who have worked to highlight his situation."
are they prepared to see genetics hunger striker die?
Ben Thompson, the prisoner at HMP Bullingdon, who two weeks ago ended an eight day hunger strike, is set to begin another. This time he intends to refuse all liquids. This would give him approximately five days to live. After a meeting with Prison Governor, Luke Serjeant on September 3rd, Ben ended the eight day hunger strike on the understanding that, Serjeant would co-operate with the Genetic Engineering Network in securing alternatives to the present vegan diet so that it would be free from Genetically Manipulated Organisms. Despite confirming this in writing, and despite numerous phone calls, neither Mr Serjeant, nor the Prison Governor, Mr Cann have co-operated.
Ben was also assured access to a basic diet that would be free from GMOs, it was to include fresh fruit and vegetables, oatmeal for breakfast and rice and vegetables, but that has seldom been the case. At many mealtimes there has been nothing that Ben could eat. Repeated requests, for lists of the ingredients used in certain meals, have been refused by the kitchen staff. When other prisoners have offered Ben their fruit they have been reprimanded. The basic diet was to be a short-term solution while GEN worked with Mr Serjeant to provide alternatives to the present vegan diet on offer, so that some basic items such as bread, milk, margarine, burger mix, cooking oil etc. would be GE free. When GEN presented an alternative to the GE Tesco soya milk presently on offer, the prison promised that the change would be implemented as soon as possible. This has not yet happened despite having been agreed ten days ago.
A spokesperson from the Genetic Engineering Network said: "Ben is requesting something that is very reasonable. We believe that the prison is witholding information that could end in the loss of life. This is completely unacceptable, as the answer to the problem is a very simple one and one that should and could be implemented."
Ben's concerns have been backed by many scientists Environmental, Consumer and Food Safety groups. Meanwhile many city and county councils, have banned GMOs over the past few months. MPs in the House of Commons do not have to eat GM food, school children and the elderly do not have to eat GM food in many counties now, yet prisoners must. Is this The Government's way of implementing controlled long term testing of GMOs on humans?
It should be a basic right for everyone, to have access to food that has been proven to be safe. Genetically manipulated food has not been, despite what the huge biotechnology companies would have us all believe. We truly hope that the prison authorities and/ or The Home Office moves very quickly to prevent what will be of huge political significance at an international level, if Ben dies rather than knowingly eat Genetically Manipulated Organisms."
For more information please contact the Genetic Engineering Network on: 0181 374 9516.
My name is Ben Thompson and I plan to commence another hunger strike to express my dissatisfaction at the fact that my beliefs and dietary requirements at HMP Bullingdon have been consistently ignored. After exhausting the official channels I have already been on an eight day hunger strike in an attempt to secure a diet that is vegan and free from genetically manipulated organisms. After a meeting with the Deputy Governor, Luke Serjeant on Wednesday, September 2nd in which he assured me that the matter was being taken seriously and all attempts taken to address the issues, I agreed to eat, on the grounds that the offer seemed genuine.
That the prison accepts the offer from Plamil foods until a long-term offer is forthcoming.
That the prison caterers, [Sutcliffes] offer a list of ingredients used in each meal so that I can identify what may or may not contain GM ingredients.
Until the above requests are met I intend to be go on hunger strike. I will also refuse all liquids. This will begin on Thursday morning, September 18th 1998.
My name is Ben Thompson, and I am currently serving a three month prison sentence for my part in an animal rights demonstration. On 19/8/98 I was convicted of section 4(1), of the public order act, 1986. In real terms this means defending myself, and friends, against attacks from the police.
This is my first time in prison, and it has made me aware of a few injustices, one of which I found myself suffering. I am a vegan, meaning that I avoid all products containing animal based ingredients. My belief is that the exploitation of animals is inhumane and unnecessary, contributing significantly to many environmental and social problems. Also I do not eat genetically manipulated food, as despite propaganda from powerful biotechnology companies, it represents a serious threat both to the environment and human health. No long-term safety tests have been done, or indeed can be done on transgenic food. We are being forced into the role of guinea pigs in a big genetic experiment. Our lives are being placed at risk as our food is contaminated by genetic manipulation. The effects are unpredictable and irreversible, and already 37 people have died and 1,500 remain permanently disabled as a result of a previous [GE] experiment. The only benefits are huge profits for big business.
Along with a growing number of people around the world, I wish to make a stand against irresponsible, short-sighted, "progress", and for ecologically sound, healthy alternatives led by people not profit. Since my arrival at HMP Bullingdon I have constantly attempted to secure a vegan diet free from genetically manipulated organisms. Initially my requests fell on deaf ears, despite concerted efforts. The doctor dismissed my concerns as "nonsense". There appeared to be a total disregard for my dietary requirements and beliefs, and so having exhausted the "proper channels", I started a hunger strike.
I assured the authorities that all my requests could be met easily. I became physically weak, dizzy and was losing weight. The health care staff expressed serious concern for my well being, and predicted that I would soon be seriously ill, and warned of possible long-term damage. Finally, on 3/9/98 I was called to see the deputy governor. He assured me that he will do all that he can to ensure a change of prison service policy regarding GM food, but could not immediately resolve my situation, due to financial constraints and regulations. I took his word that he would attempt to resolve my diet, and agreed to eat what I can in the meantime (fruit, vegetables and rice). Whilst this is obviously not entirely adequate, I am prepared to make this compromise. Hopefully I have succeeded in highlighting an issue of very real concern, and provided some thought which can be transformed into responsible action.