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One Life Boat
If we don't stand for truth, we will fall for anything. If as a society we can so easily give up two of the foundations of our free society, traditional marriage and traditional families, then there is nothing standing in the way of the demands of other minority bullies demanding their way.
Like giving a spoilt child what he wants because he persists and yells long and loud enough, that child never gives in, he is never satisfied, he just wants more. Then others start demanding we submit to their demands. Pretty soon it is all over.
The rapid speed with which homosexual "marriage" has bullied its way into Western societies and found limited resistance is just the beginning. If we can offer no answers against this we can offer no answers against anything. The floodgates being opened, we all sink or swim.
We can't swim forever though so thankfully there is a lifeboat, but only one and His name is Jesus.
There are many seats in this lifeboat, the entry price has been paid by Jesus himself, and entry is available freely to all those who call on His name. That's all. No perfection required. No good deeds. No works. No dress code. No sacrifice. No offering. Nothing but a contrite heart and a turning toward the one who made us who will then bless you beyond your wildest dreams. But confession of past bad behavior and turning away from it is required. But don't worry, God will help you to do it.
God will judge the Supreme Court judges. Psalm 82:1
SACRAMENTO – The following statement can be attributed to Andy Pugno, General Counsel for ProtectMarriage.com, the official proponents of Proposition 8, regarding today's Supreme Court ruling:
"Today's decision does grave injury to the basic concept that the people—not the courts—make the law. A bare majority of the Supreme Court has abruptly cut off this ongoing debate, unilaterally imposing its view of what's good for society by suddenly discovering a new constitutional right that almost no one would have imagined just a few years ago. The 'separation of powers' they taught us in grade school is now dangerously out of balance, and it's time to remind the government that all constitutional power ultimately resides in the consent of the governed—not in kings, dictators or judges.
"Regardless of today's ruling, our coalition remains committed to strengthening and promoting the union of a man and a woman in a view of marriage that recognizes the higher purpose of serving the needs of children, not the personal desires of adults. We will continue to work toward a society that values the inherent right of every child to have both a mother and a father."
ProtectMarriage.com
Franklin Graham: America, the Storm is Upon Us
By Franklin Graham • June 25, 2015
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Decision Magazine
For some time now, I've been warning about the coming storm of religious persecution and oppression in America.
Over the course of the past year, I've become increasingly convinced that the storm is no longer just approaching, it is hard upon us.
The threats to the historic and sacred history of our nation's religious liberty are advancing on several prominent fronts.
On June 26, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 to make same-sex marriage legal in all 50 states, going against the once universally held definition of marriage as between one man and one woman.
Before the ruling, Dr. James Dobson outlined the enormous consequences of the decision in a letter to his supporters.
"I do not recall a time when the institutions of marriage and family have faced such peril, or when the forces arrayed against them were more formidable or determined," he said. "Barring a miracle, the family that has existed since antiquity will likely crumble.
"Marriage represents the very foundation of human social order. Everything of value sits on that base. Institutions, governments, prosperity, religious liberty and the welfare of children are all dependent on its stability. When it is weakened or undermined, the entire superstructure begins to wobble."
It's clear that the combined agents of cultural indoctrination—the judicial powers, the educational elite, the extremely biased and liberal media, and the hate-filled, intolerant gay/lesbian lobby—have gained enormous ground in the war against traditional marriage and biblical norms.
Listen to the words of a young Canadian adult who has seen how seismic the moral change can be when a country adopts the homosexual agenda into its governance. Dawn Stefanowicz was one of six adult children of gay parents who filed amicus briefs with the U.S. Supreme Court asking for the court to maintain the traditional definition of marriage.
"I want to warn America to expect severe erosion of First Amendment freedoms if the U.S. Supreme Court mandates same-sex marriage," she wrote in an article for Public Discourse, an online publication of the Witherspoon Institute. "The consequences have played out in Canada for 10 years now, and they are truly Orwellian in nature and scope.
"In Canada, freedoms of speech, press, religion and association have suffered greatly due to government pressure. The debate over same-sex marriage taking place in the United States could not legally exist in Canada today. Because of legal restrictions on speech, if you say or write anything considered 'homophobic' (including by definition anything questioning same-sex marriage), you could face discipline, termination of employment or prosecution by the government."
Unless we see a surprise reversal of the godless forces that are relentlessly seeking to undermine the bedrock, biblical precepts that have undergirded our moral behavior for centuries, I am afraid we could be in the same dreadful state as our northern neighbor.
As an anonymous professor who was interviewed by the American Conservative pointedly said: "We are now at the point at which it is legitimate to ask if sexual autonomy is more important than the First Amendment."
The continued outcry of atheists against any expression of religious freedom (pages 8-17), the bullying tactics of LGBT activists (page 4) and the large numbers of people who care nothing about God or spiritual matters (pages 24-29) reveals that the moral state of our union is perilous indeed. I have no doubt our nation is teetering on the edge of a gaping moral abyss.
Our only hope is a spiritual awakening.
That's why beginning early next year, I intend to travel to all 50 states to proclaim loudly and clearly that believers in the Lord Jesus Christ must take a stand now if we hope to see our children and grandchildren grow up in a nation with the profound blessings that religious freedom brings.
Decision America Tour In 2016, Franklin Graham will be proclaiming the Good News in all 50 states and challenging Christians to live out their faith.
As we elect a new president in 2016, I will do all I can to turn our attention to the priority and power of the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. No political party can save us. No amount of legislation that ignores and forsakes moral precepts can bring about true, lasting hope and change.
I do believe, however, that bold Christian men and women should run for office at every level—local, state and national. Think about what a profound difference it would make if we had committed followers of Christ serving on local school boards, city councils, as mayors, in state halls and holding national offices.
Christians have a biblical commission—to be salt and light in a dark world—in addition to the Great Commission of evangelism and discipleship. We are to be the "good infection," in the words of C.S. Lewis, touching our neighborhoods, communities, schools and businesses with the compassion and truth of Christ.
The Bible is clear that the world system has always been opposed to the things of God. The Apostle John wrote that "the whole world lies in the power of the evil one" (1 John 5:19).
That said, I am standing up for the truth and principles of God's Word. There is transformation power in the Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ—power to change hearts and souls, even cultures, as redeemed men and women live holy, uncompromising lives for Christ.
Now is the time to take a stand, before it is too late. ©2015 BGEA
http://billygraham.org/decision-magazine/july-august-2015/franklin-graham-america-the-storm-is-upon-us/?utm_source=DecDevo7.29.15&utm_medium=bgemail&utm_campaign=bgemailnewsletter&SOURCE=BD157YDV5
The Destruction of Marriage
With the onslaught gaining momentum to destroy two of the key foundations of our society, traditional marriage and families, the proponents of men "marrying" other men, (and thereby trying to normalise the sexual acts they do to each other), are trying to abolish the terms "husband" and "wife" from the marriage act in Australia.
The appeasers of this bullying movement thought that by allowing "civil unions" some time back that that would be the end of it. They were wrong then, and will be wrong again if they give in to this imminent, potentially catastrophic assault on marriage and families.
This movement will not stop there. For example they will have to advance further to remove the terms "father" and "mother," then they will turn their juggernaut toward more open attacks on Christianity and Christians, as it is ultimately their futile attempt to rebel against God and push Him out of their lives which is their true motivation. As C.S. Lewis once said, "Fallen man is not simply an imperfect creature who needs improvement: he is a rebel who must lay down his arms,"
With the millions of married couples, and fathers and mothers, and children out there suddenly having their status as husbands, wives, fathers and mothers completely undermined, and their titles effectively outlawed, who is standing up for them against this mass discrimination and assault by a few on the age old roles and consciences of millions of people?
Where will the madness end?
"Haven't you read," he replied, "that at the beginning the Creator 'made them male and female,' and said, 'For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh'? So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let no one separate." (Matthew 19:4-6).
Some great resources and further reading:
Email your MP and Senators today:
http://preservingmarriage.acl.org.au
Same-sex "Marriage" and the Persecution of Christians in Canada
http://www.crisismagazine.com/2015/same-sex-marriage-and-the-persecution-of-christians-in-Canada
Irish Referendum - one gay vote against SSM
Video on why a gay man voted Against SSM in the Irish Referendum
Video on what "Gay Marriage" did to Massachusetts
http://youtu.be/2ZXzUpzHLkA
"Don't mess with Marriage", by the Catholic Bishops of Australia
http://sydneycatholic.org/pdf/DMM-booklet_web.pdf
"Timeless Marriage and Public Policy", produced by Australian Christian Lobby
http://www.acl.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Marriage-Brief-single-pages.pdf
The Silencing of Truth
'The Silencing'
Kirsten Powers Stands Up and Speaks Out
By Eric Metaxas
Open debate, tolerance and honest disagreement are under attack. There's a reason for that, and one voice on the left has had enough.
My friend Kirsten Powers is looking for a fight.
Let me explain. Kirsten, a popular Fox News contributor and USA Today columnist, has just released a new book called "The Silencing: How the Left Is Killing Free Speech." The intriguing thing here is that Kirsten herself is a lifelong member of the left. But it bothers her that many of her fellow liberals these days would rather force conservatives to shut up than actually have an open debate with them.
Kirsten has always believed, as she writes in her book, that "the fundamental liberal values" include "free speech, debate, and dissent." And that's what I meant by "looking for a fight." She believes, and I agree with her, that it's better to have a good, substantive argument out in the open than to simply try to silence one's opponent.
But as she documents in "The Silencing," there's a new breed of liberals taking over—a breed that she herself dubs "the illiberal left"—and these people are all about the silencing.
The illiberal left wants journalists fired for not holding the "correct" positions on hot-button social issues. They complain of feeling unsafe and uncomfortable in class if their professors teach the wrong authors or use the wrong phrases. They charge all same-sex marriage opponents with bigotry and try to shut down their businesses. They claim that pro-life women aren't really "women" at all, and can't be trusted to vote the right way on "women's issues" or anything else.
In short, the illiberal left's answer to everything that doesn't fit their narrow worldview is "Shut up." Demonization and dehumanization are their tools, and they wield them every chance they get.
As Kirsten herself told me when I interviewed her on "The Eric Metaxas Show," she started to notice this pattern while doing research for her columns at USA Today. She's come under attack herself, just for working at Fox News, even though she continues to represent a liberal point of view there. ("Guilt by association" is another favorite technique with the illiberal left.)
But as Kirsten told me, this isn't about her. She's more concerned about what's happening on a national level, to all the people who don't have access to the outlets that she has and are easy to silence before they ever even get a chance to speak. It's on their behalf that she's speaking out.
As Kirsten writes, "Debate and persuasion should be the default response when someone encounters a person who does not share their view, not demands that the other person change their position or be pushed to the margins of polite society."
Amen. I'm deeply grateful for her honesty and integrity in standing up to those on her own side and insisting on fair treatment of those they disagree with.
And I especially like her proposed solution to the problem of misunderstanding and intolerance: "We should all make efforts to invite people who hold different views into our worlds. . . . Now, go make some unlikely friends."
I'm proud to have Kirsten Powers as my unlikely friend, and I hope you'll read "The Silencing." Come to BreakPoint.org, click on this commentary, and we'll link you to it.
Corporates should rethink consequences of redefining marriage
Businesses should think more deeply about their support for redefining marriage.
ACL Managing Director Lyle Shelton said businesses campaigning for same-sex marriage risked marginalising staff and millions of customers who support the timeless definition of marriage.
"These businesses are free to do what they like with their money but have they thought through the consequences of redefining marriage?" Mr Shelton said.
"By entering this divisive political campaign these businesses risk alienating millions of staff and customers who for religious and cultural reasons will never accept same-sex marriage.
"Marriage is a bedrock institution of our society.
"Redefining marriage would redefine family. Have these CEOs asked themselves how two men or two women would be able to acquire a child?
"By definition, same-sex parenting involves removing a child from either their mum or their dad.
"Overseas, redefining marriage has also had serious consequences and people who hold a conscientious objection to same-sex marriage have been punished by law for living out their beliefs."
Mr Shelton said these businesses should think more carefully about the consequences of this divisive political campaign.
There is "a time to be silent, and a time to speak". (Ecclesiastes 3:7). Now is the time to speak, so please speak up and defend children, truth and freedom.
"What the world needs most is a voice that courageously speaks the truth, not when the world is right, but a voice that speaks the truth when the world is wrong." Fulton Sheen
 @ChildrensEquality
Truth & Freedom Files
"With all these lies, someone has to tell the truth."
Scoops, suggestions, submissions: Submissions
A news aggregator blog covering the defence of truth, marriage, children, family, fathers, freedoms of speech, religion and conscience in the West. These good things are worth fighting for, so please share, tweet, email, letterbox drop, start blogs, email and visit politicians, and talk with your family and friends until the threat is defeated.
There are plenty of people speaking up for LGBTI and the cultural Marxists engulfing our once young and free society (or doing and saying nothing due to the intimidation tactics these movements employ). They do not need any more help, they have affectively taken Australia. But where are the responsible adults protecting our nation's children? Australia's children are Australia's future. This site seeks to speak up on their behalf.
This forceful movement, supposedly seeking to defend the rights of a LGBTI minority, are in the process inflicting incredible damage on children, who are being so confused, and to be frank, abused, by this movement. How do we help children to process this forcefully imposed "normalization" or "mardi-gra-ification" of our society? Surely not by silence or capitulation. Probably through boldly and persistently speaking the truth.
Western freedom is under imminent threat. The enemy is at the gates, they have gained control of education, universities, media, political parties. It will be a long and draining battle to regain lost ground, but it can be done, as it has been done throughout all previous attacks.
Our forefathers fought bad ideas and ideologies last century so we could be free today. We have taken this freedom for granted. Please defend Australia against the bad ideological experiment of today, the anti-freedom rainbow political ideology imposing intolerant changes on our society such as same-sex "marriage," homosexual promotion, recruitment and indoctrination at schools, and gender confusion.
Encouraging the normalization of homosexual sex acts, especially to children, by changing Australian marriage laws does not serve the public good in any way, nor does it benefit our nation's children.
Every single human being has an innate dignity, worth and value and should be respected. That dignity is weakened by encouraging wrong behavior. Governments have a duty to restrain behavior which is bad for people and society, not to normalize it and unleash the consequences on the wider society.
For the record, TrueMarriageEquality.com, (an aggregator site of news and articles covering the attempt by the ideological and political LGBTI movement to take over Australian society) is not anti-anyone and has no phobia against anyone. We are for people, and we especially seek to defend children, who need BOTH their mother and father if at all possible.. We recognize there are serious consequences from following wrong paths in life and desire to speak up about some of these wrong paths/bad ideas/assaults on good society and freedom. We simply desire to: defend and preserve marriage, mainly for children's sake; stop the indoctrination of children and youth into harmful sexual practices; speak against the sexualization of children; speak against the gender confusion movement; warn of an impending major health crisis in our society from following wrong paths; prevent the further abolition of our society's moral foundations; and defend truth and freedoms of speech, religion and conscientious objection. .
"Defending marriage and family is about defending freedom and children. People lose their freedom by deception or force, never knowingly or willingly. We need to wake up to the very real threat at our doorstep." (Craig Manners)
Expose the Lie, Defend the Truth.
This blog is not against homosexual people in any way, but rather seeks to defend children and freedom against the tyranny of the consequences of wrong behavior and the political ideology behind the same-sex "marriage" movement, a Marxist movement imposing its worldview at the expense of any other views. Just as people can be against Islam but not against Muslims, so people should be free to be against homosexual sex, ideology and lifestyle while not being against homosexual people. As former Australian Prime Minister John Howard wisely says, "There is nothing homophobic about supporting traditional marriage."
This Blog simply mostly gathers and re-posts emails, articles, comments, quotes, and links from around the web and other news sources to help expose the modern deception called "Marriage Equality," a legal Trojan horse which could dismantle our free society from within by effectively silencing our moral foundations which have served us so well and imposing a Marxist ideology on our once young and free nation.
This movement seeks to change our marriage law thus teaching and promoting something which goes against most people's conscience and beliefs, let alone common-sense. If successful there will have to be major growth of big (i.e. Totalitarian) government, government imposed and enforced definitions of morality, and a major decline in many personal freedoms. Other minority groups will then demand legal "equality."
Most importantly it is not good for children to deny them a mother or a father. Children need protection from bad ideas, bad ideologies and from adults seeking to harm them. So, if for no other reason, please defend traditional marriage for the sake of the children. Remember, you too were once a child.


Choose the Zone Offroad 97-03 F150 6 inch lift kit system and stand out from the crowd. Massive one piece crossmembers drop the lower a-arms a full 6 inch and incorporate a front differential skid plate. Fully cast CNC machined knuckles relocate your upper balljoint a full 6 inch to match the crossmembers and maintain factory geometry perfectly. This lift kit achieves a full 6 inch of lift with the torsion bars in the stock setting -no "cranking" required to clear those 35's. The Zone Offroad F14 IFS lift kit system is one of the easiest IFS kits to install, requiring no cutting or welding. This complete system includes rear blocks and add-a-leafs to help eliminate spring wrap and keep the factory rear bump stop. Zone Offroad signature torsion bar drop brackets are also included to give your truck added style and new custom valved Zone shocks provide on road handling as well as off road performance. If your truck is not already equipped with the necessary alignment cam bolts required for installation you can purchase them in the Accessories& Upgrades section.
The 6" Super Duty Radius Arm Systems include everything you need and more, including bullet proof radius arms made with 1" steel for optimal ground clearance compared to other drop bracket kits on the market, and gas or diesel specific coils that are made in America that will not sag. A dropped pitman arm and track bar relocation bracket are included in the 6" system to properly align the front axle after lifting. To avoid stacking rear blocks or going too tall with a single block, Zone includes a 5" cast iron block with an integrated bump stop, and to achieve the additional lift for the 6" system a dual add-a-leaf kit is included. The block & AAL setup on the 6" system will reduce spring wrap, level the truck, and is also designed to shift the axle forward to ensure the tire stays centered in the rear wheel well.
Choose the Zone Offroad 6" Suspension System to lift your 2014 Ford F150 and clear up to a 37" tire. A 3-point differential mounting system drops and rotates the front differential to bring the CV shafts and driveshaft back to factory operating angles. Visually compare the Zone Offroad porterhouse knuckles to the chuck roast of the competition. Salivate over the fully cast, CNC machined, and resonant frequency tested knuckles that correct the tie rod and ball joint geometry with no track width change. Heavy main crossmembers are included with your meal and are locked solid with a differential skid plate. Choose your side of rear shock, and we'll fill in the rest with a 5" dual pin block kit that offsets the axle closer to the center of the wheel well compared to a standard setup. This kit is all inclusive, so don't look anywhere else, install a Zone Offroad system on your F150 and have no regrets.
Zone Offroad 1999-2004 Ford Super Duty 4wd 6" Suspension System. The newest offering for the leaf-sprung Super Duties is built around massive 9-leaf full height front leaf springs. The leaf springs thin, multi-leaf design provides a great ride while maintaining heavy-duty nature of the Super Duty. By making the springs out of 9 leafs we are able to keep the spring arch low which improves the ride. In addition, when the springs get loaded down, all of the leafs engage in a progressive nature and hold up to the added weight without sagging. To make the steering function as well as the springs, a dropped pitman arm and track bar relocation bracket are included. Bump stop relocation brackets keep the suspension from compressing too far and a choice of front Hydro or Nitro shocks keep the ride smooth and controlled. For the 2000-2004 models, the factory sway bar is retained, utilizing the factory mounts ability to be "flipped" at the frame. For 1999 models, new sway bar links are provided - which accounts for the slightly higher kit price. In the rear, full-height 5 inch blocks replace the factory components and add-a-leafs help get the last little bit of lift needed for a level ride stance.
It's time to upgrade your Excursion! The revolutionary new Zone 6" system features new front leaf springs that are designed to not only ride great, but will hold up over the long haul. A 1-1/4" solid steel track bar is included to properly center the axle after lifting. This track bar features new oversized urethane bushings for long term performance. The shocks were custom valved to work perfectly with the new Zone leaf springs to increase off road performance while still offering unmatched on road ride quality. With the front replacement track bar and the rear block kit, this system is one of the easiest installations on the market for a 6" system.
The Zone Offroad 2005-16 Ford Super Duty radius arm upgrade package features tough replacement radius arms that will work with most 4 & 6" suspension lifts. Made of fully boxed 1/4" steel and utilizing large 2-1/2" greasable urethane bushings, these arms are a considerable upgrade in strength from the stock arms. The arms bolt directly into the factory mounts, and position the axle for the proper caster and wheel location. The lower axle mount utilizes our popular cam lock design, making it adjustable for 4" or 6" of lift. These arms will improve ground clearance and strength, not to mention appearance vs. a standard radius arm drop bracket system.


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Asphalt profiler
Located at the Texas A&M RELLIS Campus (formerly known as the Riverside Campus), TTI's Pavement Profiler Evaluation Facility was set up to aid in the evaluation, support and implementation of profiling products, technology and initiatives. Initially constructed in 1999, the facility has a 2000-ft long dense-graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA) test track on which inertial profiler certifications are conducted to support state implementation of ride specifications and pavement management activities. With funding from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), and the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, two additional test tracks were built in 2013 that added continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and open-graded HMA sections on which inertial profiler evaluations may be conducted. In 2015, the Texas A&M Transportation Institute added another section with a stone-matrix asphalt (SMA) surface. Over the years, the facility has been used to test inertial profilers from U.S. state departments of transportation, FHWA, profile equipment manufacturers, and international consulting firms.
Source: tti.tamu.edu
Crane mounted trucks
Truck mounted Water Tanks
Donkey Truck mounted forklift

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Comedian Shaun Majumder is laughing at hate
New comedy tour inspired by controversial sketch on CBC's This Hour Has 22 Minutes
by Ron Johnson for Streets Of Toronto Posted: February 22, 2019
When it comes to hate, comedian Shaun Majumder wants everyone to see it for what it really is: a joke. The Canadian comic will be in Toronto this month to talk about that very subject when he brings his Hate Tour to the Danforth Music Hall on Feb. 24.
"It's been going really good," says Majumder of his act, on the phone from his home in Los Angeles. "I've kind of been nurturing it over the last few months."
Majumder spent the last 17 years or so with CBC's popular comedy show This Hour Has 22 Minutes, and although there were numerous controversial sketches over many seasons, few could compare to the two minutes of satirical oomph packed into the alt-right diss sketch dubbed "Beige Power."
A controversy erupted with all manner of white supremacists losing what little was left of their minds over social media.
Even former Rebel Media–cum–Toronto fringe mayoral candidate Faith Goldy dedicated a video clip to attacking him. Looking back, Majumder can understand what all the fuss was about.
"I can see why white supremacists were losing their minds," he says. "I actually like it more now than when I wrote it because it is so direct and so on point."
The sketch got so much attention that even the grand pooh-bah of white supremacists himself, David Duke (recently lampooned in the Spike Lee movie BlackKkKlansman) got in on the action.
Majumder, while revelling in the chaos of social media and perhaps stoking the troll fire on occasion, also took the opportunity to begin work on what would become the Hate Tour.
"It was intense. It got really intense," he says. "I was really shocked at it, because I was so naive, but at the same time, I was doing lots of standup, and I had this idea to create different themed shows, and all this hate just sort of fell in my lap."
In the show, Majumder does what he does better than most, which is make people laugh. But there are also a few moments of sincerity as he recalls some of what he's learned over the past few years and about pushing the buttons of a few people in the process.
"It's shaping up to be a really fun show," he says. "It's a combination of standup with serious moments, but really, it's a comedy show. "
Majumder was born in Newfoundland. His mother was a European-Canadian and his father was from West Bengal in India. He moved to the GTA as a teenager and got his first acting gig on YTV's Brain Wash.
Following his departure from CBC last fall, he's been in California preparing for pilot season.
Majumder has always been a double threat. In Canada, he's a comic. South of the border, he isn't typecast as funny and has starred in police and legal dramas over the years. But it has been challenging to maintain that balance given the demands (and success) of his show on the CBC.
"The thing about 22 Minutes is that it was a velvet noose," he says. "Now I have to re-establish those relationships."
Catch Shaun Majumder's Hate Tour at the Danforth Music Hall, Feb. 24.


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Theodor Stang (Vang, Noorwegen, 14 maart 1836 - Den Haag, 20 augustus 1919) was een ingenieur van Noorse afkomst die de eerste directeur werd van de 's-Gravenhaagsche Duinwaterleiding. Hij verwierf in Nederland bekendheid op het terrein van waterzuivering.

Biografie

Familie en jeugd
Theodor Stang was een zoon van de lutherse predikant Thomas Stang, broer van de Noorse minister-president Frederik Stang (1808-1884). Theodor was tevens een neef van de Noorse minister-president Emil Stang (1834-1912). Na het behalen van zijn kandidaats in de filosofie in 1857 aan de Universiteit van Oslo, ging hij studeren aan de Universiteit van Luik, waar hij in 1860 afstudeerde als civiel ingenieur.

Loopbaan
Na zijn studie vertrok Stang naar Nederland, waar hij in 1868 werd genaturaliseerd. Hij werkte eerst als opzichter bij de Staatsspoorwegen om vervolgens in 1869-1871 als bouw- en werktuigbouwkundige te werken aan de bovenbouw van de Moerdijkspoorbrug. In 1872 was Stang betrokken bij de oprichting van het gemeentelijk gasbedrijf van Den Haag.

Nadat de gemeenteraad van Den Haag op 26 september 1871 besloot tot oprichting van een duinwaterleidingbedrijf, werd Stang in 1872 aangesteld als ingenieur bij de aanleg van de duinwaterleiding. Door hoofdingenieur Jan Abel Adriaan Waldorp (1824-1893) werd hij vervolgens aangezocht om directeur te worden van de 's-Gravenhaagsche Duinwaterleiding. Op 24 oktober 1874 begon de exploitatie van de duinwaterleiding. Stang zou directeur zijn van 1874 tot 1915 en werd een adviseur van de overheid inzake het aanleggen van drinkwatervoorzieningen. Hij was in 1874 nauw betrokken bij het ontwerp van het waterbouwkundig deel van de Watertoren aan de Pompstationsweg in de Oostduinen bij Scheveningen, waarbij architect Bert Brouwer het gebouw vormgaf. Hij had al samengewerkt met Brouwer bij oprichting van het gemeentelijk gasbedrijf.

Stang ontwikkelde een eigen drainagemethode van fijn zand voor het water, waardoor de productie kon worden verdubbeld. Voor dit zogenoemde "Haags fijnzand-draineerstelsel" werd de drainageleiding in een filterbedding van schelpen en rivierzand gelegd, met als effect dat het fijne duinzand werd tegengehouden, waardoor het water via de los in elkaar geschoven drainageleidingen in de buizen kon doordringen. Het Haagse fijnzand-draineerstelsel zou landelijke navolging krijgen. Als eerste toepassing ontstond het "Brandputtensysteem Stang"; dat zorgde voor grondwater in kunstmatige wellen ten behoeve van de wateraanvoer voor brandspuiten, op plekken waar geen waterleiding was of de waterdruk was weggevallen. In Den Haag werden dertig van deze putten aangelegd, die elk konden voorzien in 1.500 liter water per minuut.

Gezin
Krap een jaar na zijn naturalisatie trad Stang in het huwelijk met Justine Henriette Marie van Cattenburch (1845-1892), dochter van oud-officier Hendrik Jan Isaac van Cattenburch (familie van burgemeester Lodewijk Copes van Cattenburch) en Johanna Maria Baldina Stratenus, dochter van oud-minister Adam Anthony Stratenus. Zij kregen een dochter. Na het overlijden van zijn eerste vrouw trouwde Stang in 1894 met jkvr. Jacoba Philippina van Oldenbarneveld genaamd Witte Tullingh, dochter van jhr. mr. Anthony Adriaan (1805-1883). Uit dit huwelijk kwamen geen kinderen voort.

Vernoeming
In 1995 is Theodor Stangstraat in de Haagse wijk Laakhavens naar hem vernoemd.

Onderscheidingen
 Medaille für Mitarbeiter van de Wereldtentoonstelling van Wenen (1873)
 Ridder in de Orde van Sint-Olaf (1879)
 Officier in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau (1902)

Nederlands ingenieur
Nederlands persoon in de 19e eeuw
Noors persoon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pilar Arriaza  (1965) es una ingeniera forestal, taxónoma, curadora y botánica colombiana.

Se graduó en 1987, con la tesina Rendimiento de Cordia alliodora por acción de cinco hongos micorrízicos vesículo-arbusculares, por la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, en Bogotá. Obtuvo una maestría en Ciencias Forestales en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, en 1996, con Estudio florístico y análisis Panbiogeográfico de la Sierra de Chiribiquete. Y en 1999, un doctorado por la Universidad de la Ciudad de Nueva York, defendiendo la tesis: Systematics and Biogeography of Retiniphyllum (Rubiaceae).

Se ha enfocado principalmente en el estudio de la taxonomía de las plantas, con énfasis en la familia de las rubiáceas, en Colombia.

Participa, entre otros, en el proyecto de diccionario de nombres comunes en castellano de las plantas en Colombia y en el de Libros Rojos de Colombia de plantas en peligro de extinción.

Algunas publicaciones

 . 2014. Retiniphyllum francoanum (Rubiaceae), a New Species from the Colombian Guayana. Novon 23(1):27-30. .

 . 2011. Catálogo preliminar de la flora vascular de los bosques subandinos de la Reserva Biológica Cachalú, Santander (Colombia). Colombia Forestal 13: 32-65

 . 2011. Catálogo preliminar de la flora vascular de los bosques subandinos de la Cuchilla El Fara (Santander, Colombia). Colombia Forestal 13: 66-97

 . 2009. Phylogenetic placement of the tribe Retiniphylleae among the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). Ann. Of The Missouri Botanical Garden 96: 61-67

 ----------------------------, --------------------. 2007. A synopsis of the Rubiaceae of the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil, with a key to genera, and a preliminary species list. Revista de Biología Neotropical 2 (1 ): 13-96

 ----------------------------, --------------------. 2004. A phylogenetic study of the tribe Sipaneeae (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae), using trnL-F and ITS sequence data. Taxon 53 (2 ): 347-356

 ----------------------------, --------------------. 2003. Estudio morfológico de los pirenos en Retiniphyllum (Rubiaceae). Colombia Forestal 8 ( 16): 21-30

 ----------------------------, . 1999. Una especie nueva de Posoqueria (Rubiaceae). Novon 9: 428-430

 ----------------------------, . 1998. La flora vascular de la Sierra de Chiribiquete. Caldasia 20 (2 ): 103-141

 ----------------------------. 1994. Cambios recientes en los nombres científicos de especies de importancia forestal. Colombia Forestal 4 ( 8): 51-62

Capítulos de libros
 . 2009. Las colecciones biológicas de los recursos forestales en la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Historia Y Aportes De La Ingeniería Forestal En Colombia. 290 pp. ISBN 978-958-99317-0-7

 ----------------------------, . 2004. Retiniphyllum Flora Of The Venezuelan Guayana. Missouri Botanical Garden Press 8: 792-800 ISBN 1-930723-36-9

Honores
 1989: premio al mejor trabajo presentado en la sección de Estructura, Función y Sistemática Vegetal en el XXIV Congreso Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Asociación Colombiana De Ciencias Biológicas - A.C.C.B.
 1989: tesis meritoria, Universidad Distrital "Francisco José De Caldas"
Miembro de
 Asociación de Zoólogos y Biólogos de la Universidad Nacional (AZOBIONAL)
 Asociación Colombiana de Ciencias Biológicas
 Sociedad Colombiana de Genética

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Entrevista a la autora
 Estudios en Diversidad forestal

Botánicas de Colombia
Agrónomos de Colombia
Curadores de Colombia
Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Alumnado de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
Alumnado de la Universidad de la Ciudad de Nueva York
Profesores de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Escritores en español del siglo XXI
Escritores en inglés del siglo XXI
Taxónomos de Colombia
Científicas de Colombia


text:
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WTOP-FM Washington to Receive NAB Crystal Heritage Award at NAB Show
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Radio stations can submit entries for a Crystal Radio Award until January 31.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Integer Parts v. Resplendence} \label{resp}

We next show that the real closure of an uncountable model of PA need not be resplendent. Recall that a linear order is
$\omega_1$-like, if it is uncountable but every proper initial segment is countable.

\begin{Proposition} \label{notresplendent}
If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is an $\omega_1$-like model of PA then $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ is not resplendent.
\end{Proposition}

\begin{proof}
Observe first that if $K$ is a real closed field and ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $\N$ are integer parts then $(M,<)$ is order isomorphic to $(N,<)$ via the map that sends an element of $M$ to its integer part relative to $\N$. It is easy to see that if $K$ is resplendent then it has an integer part with initial segments having cardinality $|K|$.
\end{proof}

The next statement provides information about the value group (under the standard valuation) of a resplendent real closed field. This contrasts with Corollary~\ref{omegaonevaluegp} below.

\begin{Proposition}\label{biginitsegment} Let $K$ be a resplendent real closed field. Then there is a convex subring $O$
such that $|k_O|=|K|$ and $(k_O,+,<)\cong \Gamma_O$.  In particular, if $\Gamma$ is the
value group of $K$ under the standard valuation, then $\Gamma$ has bounded intervals of cardinality $|K|$.
\end{Proposition}
\begin{proof}
We can write a sentence in the language of ordered fields with an extra predicate for the valuation ring
and a function from the field into the valuation ring such that fields satistfying this additional sentence have
the above property.

Let $F$ be a real closed subfield of ${\mathbb R}((t^{\mathbb R}))$ of cardinality $2^{\aleph_0}$
such that under the standard valuation the residue field is ${\mathbb R}$ and the value group is $({\mathbb R},+)$.
Then $F$ has the properties described in the Proposition.  Since this is true in some real closed field, it holds in every resplendent real closed field.

The value group $\Gamma_O$ has bounded intervals of cardinality $|K|$.  Since $\Gamma_O$ is
a quotient of $\Gamma$ by a convex subgroup, the same is true for $\Gamma$.
\end{proof}

The following lemma is applied tacitly in the next section.

\begin{Lemma}\label{convexvaluegp}  If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\N$ are models of PA, then $v(R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}))$ is a convex subgroup of $v(R(\N))$.
\end{Lemma}

\begin{proof} Let $g\in v(R(\N))\setminus v(R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}))$.  Without loss of generality, $g<0$, i.e.,
there is an infinite element $x\in R(\N)$ with $v(x)=g$. Since $\N$ is an integer-part of $R(\N)$,  there
is some $n\in \N$ such that $|x-n|<1$, and, as $x$ is infinite, $v(x)=v(n)$.  From ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\N$ it follows that $n>R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$,
and hence $g<v(R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}))$.
\end{proof}

Lemma~\ref{convexvaluegp} yields the following corollary. Combined with Proposition~\ref{biginitsegment} it gives a second proof of Proposition~\ref{notresplendent}.

\begin{Corollary}\label{omegaonevaluegp}
Let ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ be an $\omega_1$-like model of {\rm PA}. Then $v(R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}))$
is $\omega_1$-like, i.e., for any $g>0$, the set $\{h\in v(R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})): |h|<g\}$ is countable.
\end{Corollary}

\section{Value groups of $\omega_1$-like models}\label{VG-sec}

Let $G$ be a divisible ordered abelian group.  For $a,b\in G$, put $r(a,b)=\{q\in {\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K}:
qb<a\}$.  The {\em standard system} of $G$ is ${\rm SS}(G)=\{r(a,b): a,b\in G\}$.
In a real closed field $K$, we   define the standard system to be ${\rm SS}(K)=\{r(a):a\in K\}$, where $r(a)=\{q\in {\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K}: q<a\}$.
In a nonstandard model of PA the standard system is the set of $r(a)=\{n: $ the $n^{\rm th}$-prime divides $a\}$.

The goal of this section is to prove

\begin{Theorem}\label{VG}  If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $\N$ are $\omega_1$-like models of {\rm PA} with the same standard system, then their value groups are isomorphic.
\end{Theorem}

 We give a self contained  proof of Theorem \ref{VG} and also show that it follows from a result of Harnik on the structure of additive reducts of models of PA.
Before turning to the proof, we collect several facts.

\begin{Lemma}\label{StSystSat}  Let $G$ be a recursively saturated divisible ordered abelian group. Then:
\begin{itemize}
\item[{\rm (i)}] if $a,b,c\in G$, there is $d\in G$ such that $r(a,b)=r(d,c)$.

\item[{\rm (ii)}] $G$ is ${\rm SS}(G)$-saturated, i.e., any complete $n$-type realized in $G$ is in the Turing ideal generated by ${\rm SS}(G)$ and for any partial type $p(v,\overline w)$ recursive in an element of ${\rm SS}(G)$, if $\overline a\in G$ and $p(v,\overline a)$ is consistent with the elementary diagram of $G$, then $p$ is realized in $G$.\qed
\end{itemize}
\end{Lemma}

\begin{Lemma} If $K$ is a recursively saturated real closed field, then $v(K)$ is recursively saturated; indeed, $v(K)$ is ${\rm SS}(K)$-saturated.
\end{Lemma}
\begin{proof}  We can transform a type $p$  over $v(K)$ to a  type $q$ over $K$, since, for all $n$ and elements $x,y_1,\dots,y_n>0$ of $K$, we have $v(x)<\sum m_i v(y_i) $
if and only if $x>\prod y_i^{m_i}$, where $m_1,\ldots ,m_n\in{\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K}$.
 \end{proof}

Appealing to Theorem~2.1 and Proposition~3.1 in \cite{DKS} we have

\begin{Corollary}\label{recsatVG}  If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\models {\rm PA}$ and $K$ is the real closure of ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$, then $v(K)$ is
recursively saturated.  Indeed, $v(K)$ is ${\rm SS}({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$-saturated.
\end{Corollary}

We now fix some notation for the proof of Theorem~\ref{VG}.

Let ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $\N$ be $\omega_1$-like models of {\rm PA} (with the same standard system) as in the statement of the theorem.   We can find continuous chains of  countable models
$${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_1\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\dots\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\dots$$
and
 $$\N_0\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e \N_1\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\dots\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e \N_\alpha\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\dots$$
 with $\bigcup {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha={\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $\bigcup\N_\alpha=\N$.
As elements of the standard system of a model of PA are coded arbitrarily low in the nonstandard part, we have
${\rm SS}({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})={\rm SS}({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0)$ is countable. Let $G_\alpha$ be the value group of $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha)$ and
$G^\prime_\alpha$ be the value group of $R(\N_\alpha)$.

To prove the theorem we shall construct a continuous increasing sequence of isomorphisms
$\sigma_\alpha: G_\alpha\rightarrow G_\alpha^\prime$, where
$\sigma_0\subset\sigma_1\subset\cdots\subset\sigma_\alpha\subset\cdots$. We require preliminary lemmas.

 \begin{Lemma}\label{coinitial} Let $G\subseteq H$ be divisible ordered abelian groups such that $G$ is convex in $H$, and
 $H/G$ is nontrivial and finite dimensional over ${\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K}$. Then there exists an element $h\in H$ so that if $g\in H$ and
 $g>G$, then $mg>{h}$ for some   $m\in{\mathbb N}}\def \Nn {{\mathbb N}$.  Also, there is some $h\in H$ such that every element of $H$ is bounded above by $mh$ for some $m\in{\mathbb N}}\def \Nn {{\mathbb N}$.
 \end{Lemma}

 \begin{proof} Suppose not. Then we can find $h_0>h_1>\cdots$ in $H$ such that each $h_i>G$ but $h_{n}>mh_{n+1}$ for all $m\in {\mathbb N}}\def \Nn {{\mathbb N}$. But this contradicts the fact that $H/G$ is
 finite dimensional.

 The proof of the second assertion is similar.
 \end{proof}

\begin{Lemma} \label{gap} Suppose $g_1,\dots,g_n\in G_{\alpha+1}\setminus G_\alpha$.
Let  $H$ be the divisible hull of $G_\alpha\cup\{g_1,\dots,g_n\}$.
Then there exists $g\in G_{\alpha+1}$ such that $g>G_{\alpha}$ but $g<h$ for all $h\in H$ such that $h>G_\alpha$.
\end{Lemma}
 \begin{proof}   By Lemma \ref{coinitial} there is $h\in H$ such that $h>G_{\alpha}$ and if $x\in H$ and $x>G_{\alpha}$, then $mx>h$ for some $m\in{\mathbb N}}\def \Nn {{\mathbb N}$.  We can find $a\in {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}\setminus {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha$ such that $v(1/a)=h$.  There is an element $b\in{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}$ such that $2^b\le a\le 2^{b+1}$.  Then $b>{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha$  and $ b<\sqrt[m] {a}$ for all nonzero $m\in{\mathbb N}}\def \Nn {{\mathbb N}$.  Thus $v(1/b)>G_{\alpha}$, but
 $v(1/b)<h/m$ for all nonzero $m\in {\mathbb N}}\def \Nn {{\mathbb N}$.  Let $g=v(1/b)$.
 \end{proof}

 \medskip The next lemma provides the main step in the proof of Theorem~\ref{VG}.

 \begin{Lemma}\label{VGmain}  Suppose
 $\sigma_\alpha:G_\alpha\rightarrow G^\prime_\alpha$ is an isomorphism.  Then $\sigma_\alpha$ can be extended
 to an isomorphism $\sigma_{\alpha+1}:G_{\alpha+1}\rightarrow G_{\alpha+1}^\prime$.
  \end{Lemma}

 \begin{proof}  The isomorphism $\sigma_{\alpha +1}$ is built via a back and forth construction between the countable groups
 $G_{\alpha+1}$ and $G_{\alpha+1}^\prime$. For the initial step choose $a\in G_{\alpha+1}$ with $a>G_{\alpha}$ and
 $b\in G^\prime_{\alpha+1}$ with $b>G^\prime_\alpha$.  Let $H=G_{\alpha}\oplus {\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K} a$ and define $\sigma:H\rightarrow G_{\alpha+1}^\prime$ by
 $$\sigma (g+ma)=\sigma_\alpha(g)+mb.$$
 Then $\sigma$ is an order preserving embedding extending $\sigma$.

In general,  suppose we have $G_{\alpha}\subset H\subset G_{\alpha+1}$, where $H$ is a nontrivial finite dimensional extension of $G_\alpha$ and $\sigma:H\rightarrow G^\prime_{\alpha+1}$ extending $\sigma_\alpha$. It suffices to show that if
$a\in G_{\alpha+1}\setminus H$ we can extend $\sigma$ to $H\oplus {\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K} a$. Without loss of generality $a>0$. There are several cases to consider.

\medskip
\noindent {\bf Case 1.}  $a>H$.

By Lemma \ref {coinitial} there exists $h\in H$ such the elements $mh$, for $m\in\N$ are cofinal in $H$.
Since $G_{\alpha+1}^\prime$ is recursively saturated by Corollary~\ref{recsatVG}, there is $b\in G_{\alpha+1}$ such that
$b>m\sigma(h)$ for all $m\in {\mathbb N}}\def \Nn {{\mathbb N}$.  We then can extend $\sigma$ by setting $\sigma(a)=b$.

\medskip
\noindent {\bf Case 2.} Suppose there is $g\in H$ such that $a>g+G_{\alpha}$, but $a<g+h$ for all $h\in H$ such that $h>G_0$.
(The case in which $a<g+G_{\alpha}$ is similar).

Translating by $-g$, we may assume $g=0$.  Lemma \ref{gap} provides an element $b\in G_{\alpha+1}^\prime$
such that $b>G_\alpha^\prime$ and $b<\sigma(h)$ for all $h\in H$ with $h>G_\alpha$.  We then extend $\sigma$ by
setting $\sigma(a)=b$.

To determine the remaining case requires some preliminary analysis. Let $h_1,\dots,h_n$ be a basis for $H$ over $G_{\alpha}$.  Put
$$C=\left\{\sum m_ih_i: m_i\in{\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K}\mbox{\ and\ }\sum m_i h_i < a\right\}$$
and
$$D=\left\{\sum m_ih_i: m_i\in{\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K}{\ and\ }\sum m_ih_i>a\right\}.$$
Since $G_\alpha$ is convex in $G_{\alpha +1}$, if $c\in C$ then $c+g<a$ for all $g\in G_\alpha$, and likewise if $d\in D$ then
$d+g>a$ for all $a\in G_\alpha$.  If $D$ is empty, then we are in Case~1. If $C$ is empty or has a greatest element, or $D$ has a least element, then we are in Case~2.  Thus we are left with

 \medskip
 \noindent {\bf Case 3.} $C$ does not have a greatest element and $D$ does not have a least element.

 Then ${\rm tp}(a/H)$ is determined by ${\rm tp} (a/C\cup D)$. Let $C^*=\{\overline m\in {\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K}^n:\sum m_ih_i\in C\}$
 and $D^*=\{\overline m\in {\mathbb Q}}\def {\mathbb K} {{\mathbb K}^n:\sum m_ih_i\in D\}$. We now apply Lemma~\ref{StSystSat} and Corollary~\ref{recsatVG}.
 Since $G_{\alpha +1}$ is ${\rm SS}(G_{\alpha +1})$-saturated,
 $C^*,D^*$ are recursive in elements of ${\rm SS}(G_{\alpha +1})$.  Thus, as $G^\prime_{\alpha+1}$ is
 ${\rm SS}(G_{\alpha +1})$-saturated,
 there is an element $b\in G'_{\alpha+1}$ such that $\sum m_i \sigma(h_i)<b \Leftrightarrow \overline m\in C^*$.
 Thus we can extend $\sigma$ by setting $\sigma(a)=b$.

 The the proof of the lemma is now complete.
 \end{proof}

 \noindent{\em Proof of Theorem~\ref{VG}.\/}\enspace
The construction of the required isomorphism of value groups is now an immediate consequence of Lemma \ref{VGmain}.
\qed

\begin{Remark}
 {\rm There are only $2^{\aleph_0}$ possible countable standard systems, so only $2^{\aleph_0}$
 possible value groups for the real closure of an $\omega_1$-like model of PA.  On the other hand for any completion $T\supseteq$ PA  and countable Scott set
 $S$ there are $2^{\aleph_1}$ non-isomorphic $\omega_1$-like models of $T$ with standard system $S$ all of whose real closures have the same value group.}
\end{Remark}

 We conclude  with a second proof of  Theorem \ref{VG}  that applies a result of Harnik  on models of Presburger arithmetic expandable to $\omega_1$-like models of PA.

 \begin{Theorem}[Harnik \cite{harnik}] If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $\N$ are $\omega_1$-like models of {\rm PA} with the same standard system, then their ordered additive groups are isomorphic.
\end{Theorem}

Theorem \ref{VG} now follows directly from

\begin{Lemma} If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\models {\rm PA}$, then there is an order reversing isomorphism between $({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N},+)/{\mathbb Z}$ and the value group of $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$.
\end{Lemma}
\begin{proof} For every $x\in R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ we can find unique $m\in{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $r\in R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ such that
$x=2^mr$ and $1\le r<2$.   Note that \begin{itemize}\item if $1\le r,s<2$, then $v(2^mr)=v(2^ns)$ if and only if $m\equiv n \ {\rm mod\ } {\mathbb Z}$\item $v(2^mr \cdot 2^ns)=v(2^{m+n}rs)$;\item
$v(2^mr)>0$ if and only if $m<{\mathbb Z}$.\end{itemize}
\end{proof}

\section{Real Closures of $\omega_1$-like Models} \label{rcf}

 D'Aquino, Knight and Starchenko conclude in \cite{DKS}  that if ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $\N$ are countable models of PA with the
same standard system, then their real closures are isomorphic.  In contrast we prove that  this fails badly for $\omega_1$-like models.

 \begin{Theorem}\label{main} Let ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0$ be a countable recursively saturated model of {\rm PA}.  There are $2^{\aleph_1}$ $ \omega_1$-like recursively saturated elementary  end extensions
 of ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0$ such that the real closures of any two are non-isomorphic.
 \end{Theorem}

\begin{Remark}
{\rm Note that all of these models have the same standard system, ${\rm SS}({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0)$.
If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $\N$ are elementarily equivalent $\omega_1$-like recursively saturated models of PA with the same standard system, then ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\equiv_{\infty,\omega_1}\N$
 (see \cite{KS} 10.2.7).  Thus we in fact have $2^{\aleph_1}$ pairwise $L_{\infty, \omega_1}$-equivalent models of PA with non-isomorphic real closures.}
 \end{Remark}

 \smallskip We begin by collecting some of the ingredients we will employ in the proof.

 \subsection*{Scott completions}

Let $F$ be an ordered field.  An initial segment $I\subseteq F$ is said to be {\em Dedekindean} if
$I+\epsilon \not \subseteq I$  for all $\epsilon>0$ in $F$. An ordered field $F$ is {\em Scott complete} if every Dedekindean initial segment has a supremum in $F$.

\begin{Theorem}[Scott \cite{scott}]\label{dana} If $F$ is an ordered field there is a Scott complete ordered field $\widehat F$ in which $F$ is dense that is unique up to isomorphism over $F$. Furthermore, if $F$ is real closed, then so is $\widehat F$.
\end{Theorem}

We denote the {\em Scott completion} of an ordered field $F$ by $\widehat F$.  The Scott completion of $F$ is essentially the set of
Dedekindean initial segments of $F$.  If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\models$ PA, we write $SC({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ for the Scott completion of $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$. In general, the Scott completion of an ordered field need not be real closed, but $SC({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ is.

\begin{Lemma}[Schmerl~\cite{schmerl}, Proposition~2.2]\label{scottcompl} If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\models$ {\rm PA}  then   $SC({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ is real closed.
\end{Lemma}

In particular, $SC({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})=\widehat {R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})}$. We also observe that any nontrivial definable cut in $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ is Dedekindean.
Indeed, suppose that $A\subset M^2$ is definable and $I=\{\frac{a}{b}:(a,b)\in A\}$ is a nontrivial
initial segment of $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$. Given $d>0$ we can find a element $c$ such that $\frac{c}{d}\in I$ and $\frac{c+1}{d}\not \in I$, whence $I$ is Dedekindean.

Recall that $A\subseteq {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is a {\em class\/} of ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ if for all $b\in {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ we have that $\{a\in A: a<b\}$ is definable. Let $A$ be a class of ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and
$$I_A=\{x\in Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}): x\le\sum_{a\in A, a\le b} \frac{1}{2^a}\hbox { for some } b\in M\}.$$
Then $I_A$ is a Dedekindean initial segment of $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$.
Moreover, if $I\subseteq Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})\cap [0,1)$ is a Dedekindean initial segment,  then there is a class $A$ such that $I=I_A$.

 \subsection*{Facts about PA}

Let ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ and $\N$ be models of PA. We say that ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\N$ is {\em conservative}  if $X\cap {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is definable in ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ whenever $X\subset \N$ is definable in $\N$.

If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\N$ and $A$ is a definable subset of $\N$, then $A\cap {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is a class in ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$,
and if $A\cap {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is not definable in ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$, then $A\cap {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ must be unbounded.  These observations follow because the set
$\{x\in A:x<a\}$ is coded by an element less than $2^a$ and hence coded in ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$.

We say that ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\models$ PA  is {\em rather classless} if every class is definable. The following proposition summarizes three facts about models of PA that we need.

\begin{Theorem}\label{facts}  {\rm (i)} Every model of {\rm PA} has a conservative elementary end extension.

{\rm (ii)} Every countable model of {\rm PA} has a nonconservative elementary end extension.

{\rm (iii)} Suppose that
$${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_1\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\cdots\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\cdots,\mbox{\rm\  for $\alpha<\omega_1$}$$
is such that each
${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha$ is countable and ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha=\bigcup_{\beta<\alpha}{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\beta$ for $\alpha$ a limit ordinal.
If
$$\{\alpha<\omega_1: {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}\mbox{\rm\ is a conservative extension of\ }{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha\}$$
is stationary then $\bigcup_{\alpha<\omega_1}{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha$ is rather classless.
\end{Theorem}

These are, respectively, Theorems~2.2.8,~2.1.7, and~2.2.14 in \cite{KS}.  We shall find it useful to have these results available in a slightly more general setting.  Let ${\cal L}^*$ be the language obtained by adjoining a new unary predicate symbol to the language of arithmetic, and let PA$^*$ be the extension of PA in which induction axioms for all ${\cal L}^*$ formulas are added.  Each of the assertions in Theorem \ref{facts} holds as well for PA$^*$, where throughout ``definable" is taken to mean ``definable in ${\cal L}^*"$; in fact, the context in which these statement appear in \cite{KS} includes this setting.

\medskip We also need the next fact about realizing types in real closures of end extensions.

\begin{Lemma}\label{realize} Suppose that ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^\prime\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime}$ are models of\/ {\rm PA}.  Then every
non-principal type $q$ over $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ that is realized in $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime})$ is already realized in $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^\prime)$.
\end{Lemma}

\begin{proof}  If the type $q$ is the type at $\pm\infty$ or of the form
$\{a<v<b: a\in R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}), a<b\}$ or $\{b<v<a: a\in R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}), b<a\}$ for some $b\in {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$, then it is easy to see that $q$ is realized
in $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^\prime)$. Thus we may assume that $q$ is a cut with no least upper bound or greatest lower bound in $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$.

Suppose that $a\in R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime})$ realizes $q$ and
let $N>{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$. We claim
that $a+\frac{1}{N}$ realizes $q$ as well.
To this end, let $b\in R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ be such that $a<b$ and choose $c\in R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ such that $a<c<b$.
Since $1/N<b-c$, it follows that $a+\frac{1}{N}<c+\frac{1}{N}<b$.  As this is true for every $b\in R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$
with $a<b$ we conclude that $a+\frac{1}{N}$ realizes $q$.

Since ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime}$ is an integer part of $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime})$, we have that $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime})$ is dense in
$R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime})$ and thus $q$ is realized in $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime})$. So we may assume that $a\in Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime}).$

Now let $m\in M$ be such that $a<m$
and $d\in {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^\prime\setminus{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$.  In ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime}$ we can find $c<dm$ such
that $\frac{c}{d}<a\le \frac{c+1}{d}$.
As ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^\prime\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^{\prime\prime}$, we have that $c\in {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^\prime$.
Arguing as above, we see that $\frac{c}{d}$ (as well as $\frac{c+1}{d}$)  realizes $q$, hence $q$ is realized in
$Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}^\prime)$.
\end{proof}

 \subsection*{The basic construction}

Fix ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0$ a countable model of PA and let $X\subseteq\omega_1$ be stationary.  We build an $\omega_1$-chain of countable models  $${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0(X)\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e  {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_1(X)\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\cdots\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X)\prec}\def \bSigma {{\mathbf\Sigma}_e\cdots\mbox{\ for $\alpha<\omega_1$}$$ such that:
 \begin{itemize}
 \item[(i)] ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0(X)={\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_0$;
\item[(ii)]  if $\alpha$ is a limit, then ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X)=\bigcup_{\beta<\alpha}{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\beta(X)$;
\item[(iii)] ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}(X)$ is a conservative extension of ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X)$ if and only if $\alpha\in X$.
\end{itemize}

Note that we can construct such a chain satisfying~(iii) by~\ref{facts}~(i) and~(ii). Let
${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(X)=\bigcup_{\alpha<\omega_1}{\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X)$.  By Theorem~\ref{facts}~(iii), we have that ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(X)$ is rather classless. By the remarks following Lemma~\ref{scottcompl},  an initial segment of $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(X))$ is Dedekindean if and only if it is definable.  In particular $|SC({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(X))|=\aleph_1$.  We choose a filtration
$\langle S_\alpha(X):\alpha<\omega_1\rangle$ of $SC({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(X))$ such that each $S_\alpha(X)$ is countable,
 $$S_0(X)\subseteq S_1(X)\subseteq\cdots\subseteq S_\alpha(X)\subseteq \cdots \mbox{\ for $\alpha<\omega_1$,}$$
for each limit ordinal $\alpha<\omega_1$ we have $S_\alpha(X)=\bigcup_{\beta<\alpha} S_\beta(X)$, and also
 $SC({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(X))=\bigcup_{\alpha<\omega_1}S_\alpha(X)$.

 \begin{Lemma}  Let $X$ and $Y$ be stationary subsets of $\omega_1$ that disagree on closed unbounded sets, that is, $X  \triangle Y$ is stationary. Then $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(X))$ and $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(Y))$ are non-isomorphic.
 \end{Lemma}
 \begin{proof}
For a contradiction suppose that  $\sigma:R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(X))\rightarrow R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(Y))$ is an isomorphism. Note by Theorem~\ref{dana} that
$\sigma$ extends to an isomorphism of the respective Scott completions, which we also denote as $\sigma$. Each of the sets below is closed and unbounded:
\begin{itemize}
\item[(a)] $\{\alpha:  \sigma\restriction R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X))\mbox{ is an isomorphism from } R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X)) \mbox{ to }
R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(Y))\}$;
\item[(b)]  $\{\alpha: S_\alpha(X)$ is real closed and $\sigma\restriction S_\alpha(X)$ is an isomorphism onto $S_\alpha(Y)\}$;
\item[(c)]  $\{\alpha: S_\alpha(Z)$ is the set of all Dedekindean initial segments of $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(Z))$ definable over ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(Z)\}$ where $Z=X$ or $Y$;
\item[(d)]  $\{\alpha: S_\alpha(Z)\cap R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(Z))=R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(Z))\}$, where $Z=X$ or $Y$.
\end{itemize}
Without loss of generality, assume that $Y\setminus X$ is stationary.  We can find an ordinal $\alpha\in Y\setminus X$ such
that $\alpha$ lies in the intersection of the six closed unbounded sets above.

\smallskip  Since ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}(X)$ is a non-conservative extension of ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X)$, there is a definable
 $A\subset {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}(X)$  such that $A\cap {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha}(X)$ is not definable in ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X)$.  Fix $b\in {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}(X)\setminus {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X)$. Then
 $x=\sum_{a\in A, a\le b}\frac{1}{2^a}\in Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}(X))$ realizes a Dedekindean cut over $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha}(X))$ that is not definable in ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha}(X)$, and hence  by~(c) and~(d) above no element of  $S_\alpha(X)$ realizes the type of $x$ over
 $R(M_\alpha(X))$.

The type of $\sigma(x)$ over $R(M_\alpha(Y))$ is Dedekindean and
by Lemma~\ref{realize} is realized in $Q({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}(Y))$.
Since ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha+1}(Y)$ is conservative over ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha}(Y)$, the cut determined by $\sigma(x)$ is definable in
${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha}(Y)$. Let this cut be given by
$I=\{\frac{b}{c}: b, c \in {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha}(Y) \mbox{\ and\ } {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha}(Y)\models \phi(b,c,\overline a)\}$.
As $I$ is definable, $I\in SC({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}(Y))$, and so, as $I$ is definable
over ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_{\alpha}(Y)$, by~(c), we have that $I\in S_\alpha(Y)$.

We thus have shown that no element of $S_\alpha(X)$ realizes the cut of $x$ over $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X))$,
but that there is an element of $S_\alpha(Y)$ realizing the cut of $\sigma(x)$ over $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(Y))$. This contradicts the fact by~(a) and~(b) above
that $\sigma$ is an isomorphism between $S_\alpha(X))$ and $S_\alpha(Y)$ that restricts to an isomorphism between
$R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(X))$ and $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha(Y))$.
 \end{proof}

To obtain the maximum number of  non-isomorphic real closures as in the conclusion of Theorem~\ref{main} we empoly a standard combinatorial lemma. For its proof, see for example, \cite{marker}~5.3.10.

 \begin{Lemma} There exists a family $(X_\alpha: \alpha<\omega_1)$ of pairwise disjoint stationary subsets of
 $\omega_1$.  In addition, if for all $A\subseteq\omega_1$ we put $X_A=\bigcup_{\alpha\in A}X_\alpha$, then
 $\{X_A:A\subset \omega_1\}$ is a family of $2^{\aleph_1}$ stationary subsets of $\omega_1$ such that $X_A\triangle X_B$ is stationary for all $A\ne B$.
 \end{Lemma}

 \begin{Corollary} Let ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ be a countable model of {\rm PA}.  There is a family $({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha:\alpha<2^{\aleph_1})$ of $\omega_1$-like elementary end extensions of ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ such that
 $R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\alpha)\not\cong R({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}_\beta)$ for $\alpha\ne \beta$.  In particular, all of these models have the same standard system.
 \end{Corollary}

 \subsection*{Recursive saturation}

To finish the proof of Theorem~\ref{main} we need to modify the basic construction above to build recursively saturated models. This is accomplished by a standard trick.

Let ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ be a model of PA. We say that $\Gamma\subset {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is a {\em partial satisfaction class for ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$\/} if
$$({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N},\Gamma)\models\forall \overline v\left[\phi(\overline v) \leftrightarrow \< \lceil \phi\rceil,\overline v\> \in \Gamma\right]$$
for all formulas $\phi(\overline v)$, where $\< \cdot,\cdot \> $ is a standard pairing function and
$\lceil\phi\rceil$ is a fixed G\"odel coding of formulas.  We say that $\Gamma\subset {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is {\em inductive} if $({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N},\Gamma)$ satisfies the induction axiom for formulas in the language in which we adjoin a unary predicate for $\Gamma$, i.e., $({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N},\Gamma)\models$ PA$^*$.

The following lemma is Proposition~1.9.4 of~\cite{KS}.

\begin{Lemma}\label{satisfclass} {\rm (i)} If $\Gamma\subseteq {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is an inductive partial satisfaction class, then ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is recursively saturated.

{\rm (ii)} If ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ is resplendent, then ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ has an inductive partial satisfaction class.
\end{Lemma}

We now apply the foregoing to complete the proof of Theorem~\ref{main}. Let ${\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}\models$ PA be countable and recursively saturated, and let $\Gamma\subset {\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N}$ be an inductive satisfaction class as guaranteed by Lemma~\ref{satisfclass}(ii).
We now carry out the basic construction starting with $({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N},\Gamma)\models$ PA$^*$.  The corresponding reducts to the language of PA are elementarily equivalent recursively saturated $\omega_1$-like models of PA with standard system
${\rm SS}({\cal M}}\def\N {{\cal N})$ and non-isomorphic real closures. With this, Theorem~\ref{main} is proved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Statistics of Mestaruussarja in the 1988 season.

Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and HJK Helsinki won the championship.

Preliminary stage

Table

Results

Championship group

Table

Results

Relegation group

Table

Results

See also
Ykkönen (Tier 2)

References
 Finland - List of final tables (RSSSF)

Mestaruussarja seasons
Fin
Fin
1


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text:
Clothes, cars, houses, books, computers, and cell phones are examples of property. Animals, too, are considered property under the law. Like objects, animals are commodified in global industries such as food and clothing farming, bio-medical research and product testing, and entertainment. Animal's status as property works against them in legal systems around the world. For example, in Canada, laws against criminal animal cruelty appear under the title "Willful and Forbidden Acts in Respect of Certain Property" (1). This suggests that harming an animal is wrong because it is damaging someone's property. As property, non human animals receive very limited protection. Their interests, no matter how fundamental, are subordinate to even the most trivial human interests. In 1999, Gary Yourofsky freed fifteen hundred minks from a filthy, decrepit fur factory. Instead of being applauded as a hero for rescuing the miserable animals, Yourofsky was prosecuted for theft of the minks and ordered to pay restitution to the owner (2). The suffering of the minks was rendered lawfully invisible through laws protecting their owners. Criminal laws against cruelty only identify acts as criminal offences if they cause 'unnecessary suffering' to animals (3)(4), which means that some suffering is considered necessary.
Compiled in March 2011
Revised in August 2014
1. Government of Canada. Criminal Code of Canada.
2. R. v. Yourofsky[1999] O.J. No. 1901 (Ont. Sup. Ct).
3. UK Animal Welfare Act 2006. Provision of Unnecessary Suffering.
4. Animal Legal & Historical Center. European Convention for the Protection of Pets. Animals: Summary
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1. Reece v. Edmonton (City), 2011 ABCA 238.
2. Nonhuman Rights Project, "Mission, Goals and Values."


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text:
Museum of Nebraska Art closing its door for major renovations
Published: Oct. 28, 2021 at 10:12 PM CDT
KEARNEY, Neb. (KSNB) - A big renovation project was planned to start up at the Museum of Nebraska Art Nov. 1, 2021. The project includes some long-awaited upgrades and would extend the building by 23,000 square feet.
Executive director for the museum, Nicole Herden said MONA once used to be a post office and was celebrating its 110th year. She said the planned renovations were the most the museum would have ever seen.
The projects included adding in an event space, more galleries as well as revamping the parking lot and the sculpture garden.
Herden said, in addition to the many mechanical upgrades MONA had been needing for quite some time there were a few more items they were looking to access with the renovations.
"That in tandem with the desire to exhibit more of our permanent collection, have more on view, highlight more exhibitions from artists across the state," she said. "And to really provide more amenities such as, visible storage, and actually seeing what is behind the scenes."
Also planned for the project is putting in more greenery around the outside perimeter of the building.
Bob Culver, who had been involved with the MONA board of directors for 13 years, said there were reasons they chose the projects they did.
"One, it's a long-time need and it's going to be very exciting for the artists of Nebraska that know the community, the local community, the regional community, etc," Culver said. "But also, I grew up out there so just a personal thing, seeing something happen like this in the tri-city area — very exciting."
MONA was scheduled to be closed until fall 2023, but in the meantime, Herden said they had found some ways to keep the museum active.
"Increasing our outreach programs, making sure we get our permanent collection out throughout the state of Nebraska, travel them a little bit more and maybe even go beyond the boundaries of Nebraska, throughout the region. We want to explore more cultural partnerships and engage in different programming," she said.
When the doors opened back up to the public, Culver expected a certain reaction from the public.
"WOW. Because it's going to be a first class facility," Culver said. "It's going to … be a top rated kind of museum. I mean, we've got the expertise involved to make this a museum that could be in any city in the United States. And so, I think that wow factor will be huge."
Overall construction costs for the project were around $25-million. Money from the renovations were raised through the Nebraska Marvels campaign.
Marquette house fire sends two people to hospital
Blustery cold start today, Warmer weekend to follow


Throughout the year, we run several Derby 101 introductory courses to help you learn the basics of what you will be doing on skates. If you've never skated before, this is a great opportunity to test the waters and see if roller derby is the sport for you. Keep an eye out on our calendar for the next Derby 101 event.
Hey, future Roller Girl! Ready to get involved? We love seeing new faces, and are always recruiting. The best way to become a skater is to send us an email or instant message via our Facebook page. We'll get back to you as soon as we can and let you know when our next practice is and what your next steps are. We also have our practice dates, times, and locations published on our calendar, which you are more than welcome to come watch and introduce yourself. If you have any more questions, feel free to check our FAQ page, or contact us.


LCS Senior Trent Lockard was recently accepted into the University of Nebraska at Lincoln's College of Business Honors Academy. With an extensive process, high-standard selection criteria, and only 40-45 students selected annually, this is an exceptional honor.
The Honors Academy is a four-year, cohort-based, enhanced business curriculum for high-ability students who have the potential and desire to become the next generation of business leaders. One of the things Trent looks most forward to is meeting his cohort and working together with them. Trent's plans are to pursue a career in finance and then law afterward. His personal goal is to own a business. He's always had an interest in the stock market and law and how the economy and law are connected.


Three colour collagraph print in Ultra Violet fluorescent yellow, processed blue, concentrated blue ink. Please be aware that each print may vary slightly due to the nature of the printing process.
Peregrina Majestic Marble White paper 290 gsm by G.F SMITH. This paper has a pearlescent, shimmery quality to it, which adds a touch of magic.


Reduced office expense— I have worked from home for several companies. In all cases, I used my own desk, my own computer, and other resources. Although I billed back to those companies appropriate expenses, the fact is that those companies were relieved from allocating full-time desk space, parking, and other expenses.Typically, the technology to allow such arrangements is already in place and is pennies on the dollar compared to setting up a brick and mortar office space.
Happier employees— I have spoken to several telecommuting employees—some full-time, some part-time telecommuters. In every case, they cite telecommuting as one of the most critical elements to their job satisfaction.
Many are willing to trade higher pay for the option. Why? Just two days per week can save a telecommuter anywhere from an hour to four or five hours in commute time.
In Los Angeles, I have met employees who commute three hours every day (back and forth). That is 15 hours per week, or more than 60 hours in a month. In a very real sense, telecommuting would give these people more than two full days each month.
Less sick leave— Studies indicate that telecommuters work more consistently without taking sick time. This might be in part due to less exposure to other sick employees. However, these same studies show that some employees, who would normally take a day off for illness, are willing to work out of their home office without taking that time off.


text:
Foulard rouge ou Foulards rouges peut faire référence à :
 Autoportrait au foulard rouge, de Max Beckmann,
 Ambroise Vollard au foulard rouge, d'Auguste Renoir,
 Série Les Foulards rouges, œuvre littéraire de Cécile Duquenne.
 Les Foulards rouges, mouvement né en réaction au Mouvement des Gilets jaunes en France.

Homonymie de titre


This 4th edition includes 70 Broadway favorites from contemporary shows,including: The Book of Mormon, Bye Bye Birdie, A Chorus Line, Guys a nd Dolls, Les Misérables, The Lion King, The Phantom of the Opera, Rent, Singin' in the Rain, South Pacific, and more. Songs include:All I Ask of You • Bali Ha'i • Beauty and the Beast • Br ing Him Home • Brotherhood of Man • Camelot • Close EveryDoor • Falling Slowly • Hello, Dolly! • I Believe • I Dreamed a Dream • If I Loved You • The Impossible Dream (Th e Quest) • It's Too Late • Kids! • Let's Misbehave •Luck Be a Lady • Mamma Mia • Memory • One • Over th e Rainbow • Part of Your World • People • Seasons of Love• Singin' in the Rain • This Is the Moment • Tomorrow &b ull; Unusual Way • Welcome to the 60's • When I Grow Up •(I Wonder Why?) You're Just in Love • You've Got a Friend • a nd more!


Satisfactory completion of six semester hours of sophomore English literature is prerequisite to advanced Linguistics courses (3000- and 4000- level courses) that are cross listed with English courses.
3315 Contrastive Linguistics (3-0). A comparative study of the structure of English and Spanish, emphasizing phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic differences. Knowledge of Spanish is required.
Prerequisite: Spanish 2312 or equivalent, or consent of department chair.
Prerequisite: English/Linguistics 2340 or English/Linguistics 3320.
Prerequisites: English/Linguistics 2340 or English/Linguistics 3320 and English/Linguistics 4340.
4381 Special Topics (3-0). Selected topics in Linguistics. May be repeated once for credit when topic varies.
Prerequisite: Linguistics 3320 or 4310 or consent of department chair.
4391 Research. A specialized course which may be directed reading or research for advanced students or those seeking professional certification.
6301 Linguistics for Public School Teachers (3-0). A survey of the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic components of the English language. Linguistic principles and techniques as applied to the teaching of reading and language arts and a contrastive study of grammatical structures.


I have had the best luck talking to a support person on the phone. This seems to be faster and more targeted to my specific problem. I have always found the CC support staff to be very knowledgeable and helpful.
Awesome, so glad to hear it! Thanks for sharing this with us, we are glad to hear you like it as much as we do!
Thanks for sharing this with us, we are glad you like it as much as we do!
So far...excellent. I was using I-Contact and I accidentally refused their charge on my credit card because they were purchased by Focus and I did not recognize the charge on my statement. They could not reinstate my account with all my saved files and I understand the security measured they are using. So since I started over anyway, I came to CC and I found it so much easier to create an email. I switched to you.
It has been super easy to set this up and has made tracking and control much easier.


Molly Fienning does it all. She's the mother of two whip-smart boys (see her Instagram!), co-founder of Babiators (a serial entrepreneur... she has countless projects and ideas up her sleeve) and is active on on many boards and committees in Charleston.
She's at every party looking totally chic - or often throws fun parties in her beautiful home on the Battery, as featured in Vogue. I'm always thrilled to see her in my earrings. Molly's stylish looks features the Long Black Topknots and the Berry Four Drop Darlings.
love those words, and I've always heeded them.
What does 'success' mean to you? How do you define it?
personally fulfilled, loving and loved.
In moments of self-doubt, how do you build yourself back up?
sexuality. non gender. gender. your faith. your expressions. your language.
your authenticity. your existence. your body. soul. mind. healthier.
by my work and excited to show up.
Promising Companies by Forbes Magazine.
What quotation/motto inspires you to be your best self?
I'll return to Nayyirah Waheed, as I find her words pretty transformative.


This is Breton's definitive statement on 'l'humour noir', one of the seminal concepts of Surrealism.
In his provocative anthology of the writers he most admires, Breton discusses the acerbic aphorisms of Swift, Lichtenberg and Duchamp, the theatrical slapstick of Christian Dietrich Grabbe, the wry missives of Rimbaud, the manic paranoia of Dali, the ferocious iconoclasm of Alfred Jarry and the offhand hilarity of Apollinaire.
For each of the authors included, Breton provides an enlightening preface, situating both the writer and the work in the context of black humour - a partly macabre, partly ironic, and often absurd turn of spirit that Breton defined as 'a superior revolt of the mind'.