Susan Rice refused to deny allegations that she unmasked members of the Trump transition team in the months leading up to Trump's inauguration.
Obama's National Security Advisor Susan Rice just refused to deny the allegation that she unmasked members of the Trump transition team in the months leading up to the Trump's inauguration last January.
Rice's admission that she requested unmasking in raw intelligence reports is interesting, given that just two weeks ago Rice vehemently denied allegations lodged by Rep. Devin Nunes that the intelligence community may have been monitoring the Trump team between Election Day and Inauguration Day and then unmasking their identities.
But after claiming on PBS last month that she knew nothing about any unmasking, Rice radically changed changed her tune during Tuesday's MSNBC interview.
"Absolutely not for any political purposes," Rice said in a heavily caveated response.
She went on to explain that while an individual within the intelligence community could ask for a person's identity, their names typically would not be spread. She did not say whether or not the broad dissemination of names after they had been unmasked in an intelligence report occurred.
She did not explain why the information would have been masked by intelligence agencies in the first place if it were deemed by them to have any intelligence value.
Rice also said the pace of surveillance of members of the Trump transition team was "accelerated" after the election.
"Yes, there was a pace of reporting that accelerated as the intelligence community got more and more information on that [Russia's influence on the election] and shared it with U.S. officials," Rice said.
Later in the interview, Rice refused to commit to testifying under oath about her role in unmasking the identities of Trump transition team members who were surveilled by the Obama administration.
Susan Rice became a household political name when she claimed without basis that the premeditated terrorist attack in Benghazi which killed a U.S. ambassador, two retired NAVY Seals, and a State Department IT employee, was caused by a YouTube video. Rice also claimed that Bowe Bergdahl, an Army deserter who is awaiting military court-martial charges of desertion and misbehavior, served with "honor and distinction.


This top will always be kind! It's so flowy and casual! The sleeves fluttering and flow so beautifully! This top also features that trendy knotted detail that it literally everywhere! The color also makes it super easy to style!


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Peter Fonda Gets Crushed by Sony Pictures Over His Comment About Barron Trump
Earlier this week, legendary actor Peter Fonda decided to go on some sort of odd political rant over Trump's immigration policies, commenting that the president's son, Barron, should be "caged with pedophiles."
Sony Pictures, who is releasing a new film by the actor, has released a statement about Fonda's tirade and they totally crush him for it. He deserves every single word of this.
Sony Pictures Classics, which will be releasing a movie co-starring Fonda in a matter of days, said in a statement sent to The Daily Caller that Fonda's comments were "abhorrent, reckless and dangerous" and that "we condemn them completely." The statement goes on to explain that Fonda has only a "minor role" in the film and the studio will not be pulling it in fairness to the other actors in the ensemble cast. Sony's full statement:
"Peter Fonda's comments are abhorrent, reckless and dangerous, and we condemn them completely. It is important to note that Mr. Fonda plays a very minor role in the film. To pull or alter this film at this point would unfairly penalize the filmmaker Shana Feste's accomplishment, the many actors, crew members and other creative talent that worked hard on the project. We plan to open the film as scheduled this weekend, in a limited release of five theaters."
Fonda's manager Alan Somers sent The Daily Caller an apology from Fonda, blaming the vulgar tweet on the images of children on migrant the U.S. border. After the threat against the president's son, spokeswoman for the first lady Stephanie Grisham told The Daily Caller that the Secret Service has been "notified" of the tweet.
Fonda also tweeted his support for the public caging and rape of DHS Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, saying she should be "pilloried in Lafayette Square naked and whipped by passersby while being filmed for posterity."
This guy is a real classless human being, isn't he folks? It truly seems like Fonda snapped and had some sort of mental breakdown that he decided to post publicly for everyone under the sun to see.
Really, if Sony Pictures wants to be consistent, they should pull Fonda's film and refuse to release it. After all, Roseanne Barr's show was cancelled for a careless choice of words. Why not Fonda's film? He's surely not much of a box office draw these days anyway.
Source: Daily Caller
Pro-Life Teen Makes Dying Wish to End Abortion in Texas, The Governor's Response is Amazing
This Billboard in Texas is Infuriating Liberals Everywhere, When You See it, You'll Understand Why
Actor Vince Vaughn Stands His Ground About Viral Trump Meeting
Actor Vince Vaughn is standing his ground and refusing to apologize for a viral meeting he had with President Donald Trump during a college football game that took place earlier this year in January, despite massive backlash he received after the whole thing hit the Internet. Folks, we desperately need more individuals in the entertainment industry like Vince Vaughn who aren't afraid to speak their minds and won't back down from doing so when the radical leftists in our nation attempt to silence their voices. via Daily Wire: Rejecting the political Left's new and fierce adherence to "cancel culture," Vaughn said he was raised "with the idea that you could have different likes and beliefs and you should respect and defend that in other people, not shout it down." The "Old School" actor was asked during a recent interview with the Los Angeles Times about the backlash from the Trump interaction and calls from the Left to "cancel" him. "In my career I've met a lot of politicians who I've always been cordial to; I've met Nancy Pelosi and was cordial to her as well," Vaughn explained. "It was the only time I've ever met him. We said hello. He was very personable. I didn't get into policies." "I think people are more charged than ever about these things," the 50-year-old actor went on to say. "But I don't think most people take that stuff as seriously as the small percentage that's making noise about it." "I was raised with the idea that you could have different likes and beliefs and you should respect and defend that in other people, not shout it down," Vaughn stated. "The people you disagree with the most, you should stand up for their right to do that." In the past, Vaughn has been an…
Check Out This List Of Celebrities Who Have Promised To Leave America If Trump Wins
During the last election cycle in 2016, a number of famous folks in a wide range of industries were so distraught by the idea of a President Donald Trump that they vowed to flee from the country if he took home a victory over Hillary Clinton. Fast forward four years later, and basically, none of those people went anywhere. You know why? Because there is no other country on the planet where they can make the obscene amounts of money they pull down for playing music or starring in films, while also not being taxed into oblivion. It's all just blustering. You'd think they'd be quiet about that kind of thing this go around, knowing that none of us in the real world believe their childish ranting. But, here we are, in 2020, and celebrities are once again making promises they do not intend to keep. via Daily Wire: Bruce Springsteen The Boss said he'd quit the U.S. and just might move to Australia if Trump wins reelection on Nov. 3. "I would consider that," he said Oct. 14 during a virtual chat with Australian press, according to The Daily Mail. "I love Australia," he said. "Every time, we have nothing but good times down there. It's always a treat to come. Love the people, love the geography, great place for motorcycle trips, it's close to our hearts." The Boss also went on to predict without a doubt that President Trump would lose on Tuesday, and that if he's wrong he'll "see you on the next plane." Tommy Lee, drummer for Motley Crue said he finds America "embarrassing" and thinks that folks in Europe mock us and said if Trump wins he's "out of here." Good riddance. "Dude, I swear to God if that happens, then I'm coming over to…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The rooms are cleaned daily. Towels can be changed also daily if necessary. For a longer stay, bed linen is changed once a week.
Tea & coffee making facilities (self serve) are available 24 hours a day in the breakfast area. Soft drinks, beer and wine can be purchased and are available in the guest fridge also in the breakfast area.
We are happy to help you plan your stay and make any arrangements for restaurants, museums or other activities. Please let us know in advance in case we can arrange tickets for you to enter "Phantasialand". So no queuing will be necessary! The ticket price has to be paid in advance with the room rate.
Our "Haus am See" has two private parking spaces and additional ones in the street. Parking in front of the house as well as on the street is free.
Check in time is between 16:00h and 18:00h at the day of arrival. Please let us know in advance at what time you will app. arrive so we can arrange everything.
Check out must be done until 10:00h at the day of departure.
There is no minimum stay at "Haus am See". Rooms can be booked also for one night only without extra charge. Please contact us if you plan a longer stay of more than six nights and we will be happy to provide an individual offer.


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Home News Filipinos in Ireland raised AED1.4-million for 4 kids whose father died of...
Filipinos in Ireland raised AED1.4-million for 4 kids whose father died of Covid-19
The Filipino Community in Kildare, Ireland has raised more than €283,258 for the orphaned children of Miguel Plangca, a Filipino factory worker who died of COVID-19 in Ireland on 13 May 2020. The overwhelming support from more than 8,000 donors from Ireland and other countries helped the Filipino community in Kildare exceed the initial target of €5,000.
Aged between 12 and 21, Plangca's children, Mikee, Michael, John, and Chekie, joined him in Ireland in 2015 after their mother, Gliceria, lost her battle to cancer. Plangca's recent passing has left the children to the care of their aunt, Fely Moore and to the County Kildare community.
Plangca, 55, moved to Ireland as a factory worker in Bird's Eye Foods more than 20 years ago. Since then, he regularly sent money to support his family in Ozamis City, Misamis Occidental. Those who know him describe him as a hardworking man who always wanted the best for his wife and children.
"I remember saying to Mikee on one of our phone calls, 'I am here for you and your siblings and I won't leave you until Papa is back home,' but 41 days later, we didn't see him home alive," said Aina Dugenio Conway in a Facebook post celebrating the latest milestone of the GoFundMe page she started for the Plangca children. Conway currently leads the Filipino community in Kildare while at the same time serves as the Education, Arts, and Culture Officer of the Philippine Consulate in Dublin. "The outpouring generosity of everyone in Ireland and around the world is astounding. I cannot thank you all enough."
Philippine Ambassador to the United Kingdom Antonio M. Lagdameo lauded the efforts of the Filipino community in Kildare in swiftly extending support to the Plangca children even before their father's passing. "The initiative of the Filipino Community in Kildare is an outstanding example of the Filipino spirit of bayanihan. We at the Embassy offer our deepest sympathies to Miguel Plangca's children, and we hope that they are comforted by the kindness and generosity of so many people who stood by them in these difficult times."
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Find out if you need planning and building regulations consent for many common building works.
Or, for a fee, you can ask us if your building works require planning permission. We cannot tell you over the phone. The way to ask is through an application for a Certificate of Lawfulness. This process takes around 8 weeks.
Once you know that planning permission is required, we can give you pre-application advice.
If you live in a house, in many cases you can carry out minor works without the need to apply for planning permission. These are known as 'permitted development' rights. They do not apply to flats or maisonettes.
How will I know if permitted development rights have been removed from my house?
Always check the planning history of your property before undertaking any works. Permitted development rights might have been removed on the original planning permission for your house. These rights will also be affected if the property has already been extended.
Permitted development rights can change depending on where you live. If you live in an Article 4 Direction Area, such as Fishpool Street, most of your permitted development rights will have been removed.
The Government has increased the size of single-storey rear extensions that can be built under permitted development for a limited time. For further information on this scheme, please see Larger home extensions: Neighbour Consultation Scheme.
Please Note: This scheme does not apply to dwellings in conservation areas, nor does it apply to flats or maisonettes.
What other consents do I need?
In most cases, an application will been needed under the Building Regulations.
If you are forming a new drive or widening an existing drive, you will need to apply for planning permission if you live on a Classified Road. You can find out if you live on a classified road at the Gazeteer of Hertfordshire Roads. You will also need separate permission for a dropped kerb from the Highways Authority.
If you live in a Listed Building, often you will need to make an application for Listed Building Consent.


Theodosia was six when her country was invaded and her mother, the Fire Queen, was murdered before her eyes. On that day, the Kaiser took Theodosia's family, her land, and her name. Theo was crowned Ash Princess - a title of shame to bear in her new life as a prisoner.
Then, one night the Kaiser forces her to do the unthinkable. With blood on her hands and all hope of reclaiming her throne lost, she realizes that surviving is no longer enough. But she does have a weapon: her mind is sharper than any sword. And power isn't always won on the battlefield.


The production of pine and spruce sawn timber and molded pallet blocks started at Pfeifers newest location Lauterbach in the summer of 2009. Just like at the Unterbernbach and Uelzen locations, the energy needed to dry the woodcuttings is generated by our modern and environmentally friendly biomass power station. The bio electricity generated is fed into the public grid.


The Federal Improvement Company (FICO) is a real estate development company based in Cleveland Ohio. H. Clark Ford founded the company in 1906. The company is a closely held corporation with members of the Ford family holding the majority of the shares. Managing the firm and holding controlling interest are David K. Ford, President of Moreland Hills, Ohio and David K. Ford Jr. Vice President of Chardon, Ohio. The Board of Directors consists of seven members with one seat held by a non-Ford family member.
The Federal Improvement Company is principally engaged in the business of developing industrial land and buildings for lease and sale. Income is generated from the sale of developed land and construction for lease of industrial buildings. The company currently owns two, (2) fully leased industrial buildings and approximately one hundred and forty-two, (142) acres of improved and unimproved industrially zoned land in the Geauga Industrial Park in the Village of Middlefield Ohio.
The Company has an inventory of approximately one hundred and forty two (142) acres of developable land. The property consists of approximately thirty six (36) acres are fully improved, ninety two (92) acres are unimproved and fourteen (14) are not developable. The fully improved sites are marketed at Forty Five Thousand Dollars per acre. There are currently prospects interested in purchasing all of the readily developed sites.
The industrial area of Middlefield including the Geauga Industrial Park has grown to include approximately two million square feet of manufacturing space and 1,600 jobs, the highest concentration of employment in Geauga County. The result of this strong industrial development program is that there now is a public safety concern by the community that the truck and peak shift change industrial traffic is a hazardous situation to the residents of Middlefield. In order relieve the traffic congestion and to develop the remaining sites a new road, sewer line and water line are needed. The Company has proposed that the Village of Middlefield locate a new truck route on the Company's undeveloped property. The benefits to the community will be improved public safety, relief for residents from heavy truck and industrial traffic and an increase in the tax base through increased employment from retained and newly created jobs.


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Wednesday 2nd December 2020.
The epidemiological report of the Ministry of Health (Minsa) of this Tuesday, December 1 registers 1,505 new infections of Covid-19 and 19 deaths in the last 24 hours. These figures increase the accumulated cases of the new coronavirus to 167,311 and deaths rise to 3,098, reported Leonardo Labrador, head of Epidemiology at the Minsa. The tests applied in the last hours were 9,138 and the percentage of positivity is 16.5%. There are 1,207 hospitalized people, of which 1,041 are in the ward and 166 in intensive care units. The epidemiologist of the Minsa also announced that the effective reproductive number of cases (Rt) or average value of the contagion rate, increased to 1.24. Last week, the Rt was 1.17. The ideal value is 1 or below 1.
The Minister of Health Luis Francisco Sucre announced this Tuesday, December 1, that as of this Friday, December 4, a new curfew schedule begins in the province of West Panama, given the increase in cases of Covid- 19 in that region. The new curfew will be Monday through Sunday from 9:00 pm to 5:00 am, Sucre said. It also reported that it was decided to prohibit the sale of liquor from 7:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m.
The sentence of seven years in prison is maintained for the former mayor of Arraiján Pedro Sánchez Moró and the former head of Human Resources of that municipality Omar Ruglianchi Nieto after the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice (CSJ) unanimously denied an appeal.
The Twelfth Civil court Judge, Ibeth Muñoz Almanza , dismissed a lawsuit filed by Panaplátanos , SA and the brothers David and Daniel Ochy Diez, against Corporación La Prensa, SA (Corprensa) , for alleged non-pecuniary damage, for a series of publications in the year 2012. In addition, Judge Muñoz Almanza ordered the plaintiffs to pay $ 731,000 to Corprensa , as costs.
The Terrestrial Transit and Transportation Authority (ATTT) reported Tuesday, that the circulation rule for taxis, according to the last plate number at the national level, will be extended until January 15, 2021.
The different applications that offer the home delivery service are obliged to "require" the corresponding fiscal invoice from the commercial premises, said Publio De Gracia, national director of the General Directorate of Income (DGI).
The Ministry of Education (Meduca) promulgated the Resolution through which financial aid will be given to some private educational centers, which have until December 4, to submit the application.
The Panama Ship Registry reported growth of 2.7% up until November, in terms of gross registered tons (GRT), according to the latest statistics published by Clarksons Research, an English company that manages databases of the maritime sector


Mwambene, Pius; Mashingo, Mary; Mwakalile, Ignatius; Höggel, Udo (October 2010). Pastoral-Farmer conflicts over natural resources in the Lake Rukwa basin : Challenges facing policy makers in Tanzania (Unpublished). In: 5th All African Conference of Animal Production; Commercialization of Livestock Agriculture in Africa: Challenges and opportunities. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 23.10.-25.10.2010.


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Africa Horn Now
"We don't take sides; we help you see more sides."
Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Israeli angle
January 5, 2016 By Africa Horn Now
Herb Keinon | 05 January 2016 | Jerusalem Post
People protest in front of Saudi Arabia's embassy during a demonstration in Tehran January 2, 2016. Iranian protesters stormed the Saudi Embassy in Tehran early on Sunday morning as Shi'ite Muslim Iran reacted with fury to Saudi Arabia's execution of a prominent Shi'ite cleric.. (photo credit:REUTERS)
Jerusalem on Monday was closely monitoring the rapid breakdown in relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia, knowing full well that ripples from that crisis will surely be felt in Israel.
Yaakov Amidror, the former head of the National Security Council and, before that, of Military Intelligence, told The Jerusalem Post there could be two immediate ramifications for Israel.
The first, he said, is that the crisis will prolong the Syrian civil war, in which Iran and Saudi Arabia are backing different forces, and the second is that the crisis with Riyadh will mean Tehran will have an additional front and point of friction to keep in mind when making decisions, including those having to do with Israel.
Referring to attempts to negotiate an end to the Syrian crisis, Amidror, who is now a senior fellow at the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies at Bar-Ilan University, said: "Anyone who thinks he will be able to bring about calm here does not know where they are living. It is clear that so much oil has been poured on the flames now that I don't know how long it will take to put them out."
He sidestepped the question as to whether a continuation of the war in Syria was good or bad for Israel, saying that depended on how one looked at the situation on Israel's northern border.
There are some who believe the current situation is bad for Israel since chaos in Syria provides an opening for various elements hostile to Israel to operate directly on the country's borders.
Others, however, maintain that having Hezbollah and Iran embroiled in Syria's conflict not only weakens them, but also keeps them from focusing on Israel. This school of thought maintains that the war has removed Syria as a conventional threat to Israel for the foreseeable future.
The second immediate fallout from the diplomatic crisis between Iran and Saudi Arabia is that the Iranians will now have to factor in another point of friction in their decision making, he said.
No country has infinite energy, he said, and Iran – when making its decisions – will now have to take into consideration their considerable conflict with Saudi Arabia.
"They will be busy with other things," he said.
"That doesn't meant they won't do anything [toward Israel]. This doesn't mean, for instance, that this will influence Hezbollah [backed by Iran] not to carry out revenge attacks against Israel. But it means that whenever there is something, there will be someone in Iran who will say that they have other problems to think about; we will not be the only issue they will be focusing on.
"The very fact that they have another source of friction is not bad for Israel," Amidror said, adding that there were parallels between how this crisis may affect Israel, and how the crisis between Moscow and Ankara stemming from Turkey's downing of a Russian fighter-plane impacted on Israel.
While stopping short of saying that the crisis with Moscow is what has led to a recent softening of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's position toward Israel, he said it was one of the elements leading to a change of tone because Turkey had to consider other sources of friction.
The same thing is likely to happen with the Iranians, he said.
Amidror added that another likely result of the current conflict will be that "when Saudi Arabia looks around and asks who their allies are, they will not find too long a list."
Asked whether as a result of this he could imagine a scenario in which Saudi Arabia would turn to Israel for intelligence or logistical help in dealing with the Iranian threat, Amidror said he had "nothing intelligent" to say on that matter.
He did say, however, that he did not see how the current Iranian-Saudi crisis could have any impact on the diplomatic process with the Palestinians.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said in the past that a confluence of interests between Israel and the moderate Sunni states in the region could – by getting them to press the Palestinians into taking more flexible positions – have a positive impact on peace efforts with the Palestinians.
"There is a big gap between the sentiments in the [Arab] street [about the Palestinian issue] and the understanding of the [Arab] leaders [of the issue]. The understanding of the leaders, in all the Arab countries, is that the Palestinian issue does not impact at all on the real situation in the Middle East and all the countries in the Middle East, except perhaps for Jordan, where there are more Palestinians," he said.
"But except for Jordan, there is not a state that thinks that what we do with the Palestinians will influence their fate, situation, problems, solutions and the sentiments on the street," he said. "As a result, there will always be a gap between what the leaders can do in public, and what they can do [with Israel] under the radar."
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Charm gets you a long way. If only I were a lot more charming, I would be a lot more successful.
If you want to have a more successful career than me, don't do what I do, do what I say. I have watched charming people, been charmed by them and ended up being manipulated by them too!
Listen. This is simple advice, but hard to follow. I always want to tell people about me - in the main I'm far more interesting. Charming people listen hard and then cunningly react in an empathetic way.
Be witty. This does not mean telling jokes, it means responding to what is happening around you in an amusing way. But don't make a song and dance about it, you don't want to be the party entertainer, charming people don't hog the limelight.
Learn people's names. I'm awful at this. If you can never remember someones name, they are going to think you were never that interested in them. This may be true, but at least if you remember their name they may not realise this.
Smile. And mean it. Again, very difficult for me - my deep seated resentment of my colleagues is often difficult to hide.
Be thoughtful. Pick up on what people tell you and remember it. For example, if someone likes a particular type of coffee, take them one next time you see them. Or in my case, please give me a bar of Green and Black milk chocolate with almonds.
Pay compliments. But not false ones, think of something you actually like about the person you are talking to. This can be tough sometimes.
Don't be fake. This is the hardest piece of advice of all. You can't act being charming, you have to be charming by nature. For me this would mean a personality transplant.


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Ew. I guess I missed a lot of the stupid code words in the earlier days.
Yes Adam Baldwin somehow found out about the crazy ex-boyfriend's manifesto and labelled it GamerGate in a single tweet, which they used for a while for the more obviously evil acts until they tried to be "discrete" after the term "GamerGate" was banned from some websites. They switched to using the 5 Guys restaurant chain as code, although it was never not obvious to anyone paying attention. Meanwhile "GamerGate" became a smokescreen for recruiting more shitheads, but also some people who were truly ignorant.
It's pretty easy to dismiss GG people as fools, but they've actually been pretty clever (well, at least early on) about disguising what it was actually about - especially when directed at people who aren't necessarily in the know about everything. The only thing worse than a stupid asshole is a smart one.
When the Polytron site was hacked, which was GG outbreak week one I'm pretty sure, it was hacked with a Five Guys reference, so all that stuff was happening basically on top of itself.
Yeah the exact sequence of events is sorta... difficult to discern. A lot happened pretty quickly pretty early on. Suffice it to say, it was all bad. \:
As a historian, the ways that people have consciously and unconsciously structured the actions of various parties into a single narrative here is really a fascinating example of "hot" topics in history like memory and the agency of memory. It'll be a great dissertation for someone, a few decades from now...
Knowing how history(sometimes yesterday)-challenged members of that group are, some people have maintained a really great timeline of events.
On a less unfortunate topic, changing instances of "sneak" and "stealth" to "slyboots" with Word Replacer is great:
aquason
Don't want to derail this conversation even further into Nintendo + GamerGate talk, but I feel like it's sorta important to link to what Nintendo's response was, because learning about it on the podcast first made we wonder what the heck happened to 'don't be controversial' Nintendo.
"As many have observed, when viewed in its entirety the Nintendo Treehouse: Live segment for Paper Mario: Color Splash from E3 includes two jokes separated by commentary and gameplay that have no relation to each other. One joke has to do with Watergate, while the other is a nod to the Fungi Fun Guys from Mario Party 8. It was brought to our attention today that these two jokes have been spliced together and misconstrued as a crude reference to an online hate campaign. While we typically do not speak on localization matters, we feel the need to confirm that these jokes are not linked in the game and were never intended to be linked. Nintendo firmly rejects the harassment of individuals in any way and was surprised to learn that its gameplay was misinterpreted in this manner.
While it doesn't apologize or excuse the poorly-chosen localization, but seeing Nintendo actively call GamerGate an "online hate campaign" gives me some hope. Specifically considering Nintendo's sensitive PR and hesitation to wade into anything that could be considered political, it makes me think it's a genuine fuck up.
Yup!!!
Nick should keep talking about Total War: Warhammer, because nothing is better than Chris murmuring, "Ah, [faction name]," every time Nick says a Warhammer term.
Also, I think the Dwarves are Byzantium? Norsca is definitely the Vikings.
Jutranjo
I only know the map from the boardgame, Chaos in the Old World
We always thought it was pretty much 1:1 Europe. Norsca being Scandinavia, Kislev/Troll Country the baltics/russia, The Empire being Poland or Germany from some time period, Brettonia France, Estalia Spain, Tilea is Italy and the Border Princes/The Badlands being the Balkan, probably not Greece.
I have no memory of Norsca. I wonder when it was introduced.


Lakshmi here.I happened to come through ur blog and ur balcony thru apartment therapy.it looks nice.nice blog,keep going.
I just read your article on use of Brown rice, while browsing. More & more people should aware of this fact. Thank you for the good job & repeat these types of articles often.


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Best Of est la  indonésienne d'Anggun, paru en décembre 2006. Il sort en mai 2007 en Malaisie et le  en Italie.

Présentation
Sur cette compilation, il y a tous les singles internationaux de l'album Snow on the Sahara, sorti en 1997.

L'édition de l'Indonésie et de la Malaisie, contient des réarrangements de trois chansons populaires sorties en 1990, "Mimpi", "Bayang Bayang Ilusi" et "Takut". Cette édition contient 19 pistes ainsi qu'un VCD Bonus de 11 pistes.

L'édition italienne contient 17 pistes et un DVD bonus de 11 pistes.

En à peine un mois, Anggun a réussi à remporter un disque Double Platine en Indonésie.

Liste des titres en Indonésie et Malaisie

Liste des titres en Italie

Classements

Compilation musicale sortie en 2006
Album d'Anggun

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Newsletter - Tax Audits Do Happen. Tax Law Lawyer Referral Service.
As tax season is getting into full swing, most of us will be preparing to file our last year's taxes over the next few months. What we don't realize is that the IRS evaluates and audits returns all year long. A tax audit isconducted as an impartial review to determine the accuracy of your tax return.
As a taxpayer, you generally have to substantiate the entries on your return. For example, if you gave donations to a charity but do not have a receipt or proof of the donation, you could be in trouble during an IRS audit. If you disagree with the auditor, you can ask for an IRS appeal. If no agreement is reached with an appeals officer, your case may be taken over to the U.S. Tax Court, U.S. Claims Court or U.S. District Court.
Tax matters can be complicated and technical. If you have been an honest taxpayer, you have nothing to worry about. It is important to be truthful when you file taxes, but it is a good idea to be prepared to substantiate your return with any receipt, documentation or any other records you may have, in case of an IRS audit.
Contact a tax lawyer immediately if you need help. Tax lawyers represent individuals and businesses, and in most cases, you will not need to be there for the audit. It is a good idea to have a tax lawyer represent you in case of an audit and appeal and negotiate on your behalf.
Upon receiving an IRS audit letter, speak to a tax lawyer to represent you. Contact Attorney Search Network for a tax lawyer referral today so you can make sure your rights are protected.


Posting Classes Info - Lampwork Etc.
Please when posting class information, include the city or area in the title. This will help people when they are just scanning through.
Also, please delete your thread once the class is over.
Whoops!! You can take down my Chintz class from the 8th also!
14-15 April - 2 Day Glass Beadmaking Workshop!
I am currently registered to take Lisa St. Martin's "All That Glitters" class at Touchstone Center for Crafts in Farmington, PA the week of Aug. 20, but so far only 3 people have registered. Though there's still a bit of time, I am dismayed that it might not happen. Is there anyone else interested? It's a weeklong class, the site is awesome, and it's about enamels, dichro and everything that glitters in bead adornment and decoration. If anyone knows where ELSE Lisa is teaching this class, please tell me. I really want to take it!
The Glass Craft & Bead Expo 2009 still has some classes available.... The dates are April 1-5, 2009. For classes and schedules go to www.glasscraftexpo.com.
We are having a great five day class with Leah Fairbanks. Send me an email at BeadCamp@gmail.com for more details and to sign up.
In this workshop students will learn how to create their own floral glass beads using precise application of surface embellishment. Emphasis will be placed on design, color blending, and flame control. Class projects will utilize component canes to create realistic flowers, leaves and vines.
Traditional lampwork techniques of feathering, latticino cane composition and clear casing will be thoroughly explored.
This is also a perfect opportunity to try out Italian fabulous flower tool presses by Carlo Donna and learn how to make beautiful flowers, berries and leaves, discover how to add on your own touch and individual style.


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Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, and the Balkans
Spanish and Portuguese Political Geography
ETHNONYMS: Galego, Gallego
Identification. The people of Galicia in Spain (o pobo galego in Galician) inhabit the northwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, directly north of Portugal. They speak Castilian Spanish and Galician, the latter a Romance language that is parent to modern Portuguese. They are predominantly Roman Catholic. The name "Galicia" is derived from the name for the people in the region when the Romans arrived in the second century b.c.e., the gallatae, but there is disagreement about the ethnic source of the people, with many celebrating a Celtic origin.
Location. Galicia lies between 42° and 44° N and 7° and 9° W. The 29,434 square kilometers in the region take the form of a rough square bounded by the Bay of Biscay (Sea of Cantabria) to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the River Miño separating Galicia from Portugal to the south, and the mountain ranges of León and Asturias to the east. The coasts of Galicia are indented with drowned estuaries (rías ). About 80 percent of the region lies above 300 meters, with the highest ranges (some with peaks over 1,800 meters) forming an effective eastern barrier between Galicia and the rest of Spain.
Galicia has a mild climate, averaging between 7.2° and 18.9° C through the year. Frequent rain, drizzle (calabobos ), and heavy mists (brétemas ) contribute to the 76 to 203 centimeters of rain that falls over an average of 150 days per year.
Galicia's isolation has led to the region's being one of the few in Europe where the original postglacial mammalian fauna remain virtually intact. Of the 500-600 wolves left in Iberia today, for example, most are in Galicia.
Demography. In 1980 the population of Galicia was estimated at approximately 3 million inhabitants (about 424 per square kilometer), with a growth rate of less than 1 percent per year. The urban areas account for about 30 percent of the total population. Galicia is the sixth most populated of the fourteen regions of Spain, with about 7.5 percent of the country's inhabitants.
Linguistic Affiliation. Nearly every Galician uses Castilian Spanish, but about 80 percent of the population also speaks Galician (galego ), which, along with Castilian, is taught in the grade schools and studied in the university. The use of Galician has rapidly expanded since the region became autonomous. Historically, Galician was one of the principal and mutually comprehensible Hispano-Romance dialects spoken in the northern third of the Iberian Peninsula. When the Christian reconquest of Spain began (by the tenth century), speakers of each of these dialects gradually moved south. The central Castilian-dominated swath gradually grew broader, cutting off the southward expansion of the dialects of Leonese, Navarro-Aragonese, and Catalan, with a substantial strip in the west populated by speakers of Galician. In the twelfth and thirteenth century, Portugal began to take shape and finally was separated from Galicia at the River Miño, leaving the two languages to develop independently.
History and Cultural Relations
The Iberians migrated to Spain in the third millennium b.c.e., probably from the eastern Mediterranean, likely encountering the Basques in the peninsula. They lived in small tribal groups, isolated from one another by geography, and each with a distinct regional and political identity. When the Celts crossed the Pyrenees into Spain (sixth century b.c.e.), their cultural influence, which included gender equality, ultimately triumphed. Augustus romanized the Iberians in 19 b.c.e., cutting up the peninsula into a series of provinces. Galicia as a kingdom was founded by the Germanic Suevi in 409 after the Visigoths drove them into the peninsula. The Visigoths defeated the Suevi in 585. Early in the eighth century armies from North Africa began their invasion of Spain, initiating the Moorish epoch, which lasted until 1492 when Ferdinand and Isabella triumphed over Boabdil at Granada. Early in this period, the shrine of Saint James was established at Santiago de Compostela (813), with Saint James subsequently becoming the symbolic commander and Spain's patron saint in the reconquest struggle after the battle of Clavijo (844). Pilgrims flocked to the shrine from throughout Europe, bringing the region into contact with the Christendom of France and Italy for the first time. In the fifteenth century Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain, and Galicia began to be considered an underprivileged, conservative province, remote from the Castilian center to the south; even the fact that Francisco Franco was born in Galicia and returned for frequent visits did notably little to change this attitude. A strong sense of autonomy now pervades the region, however, and Galicia is developing considerable self-esteem through its language, industry, and rising tourist business.
Outside the major cities, most of Galicia's population is spread in some 29,000 hamlets and tiny settlements called aldeas with an average population of 80 people. The cultural focus of each village is the church, which draws upon perhaps a dozen family groups that work together and are often related. In the mountain villages, a small oval house with a thatched roof (choza or palloza gallega ) can still be seen occasionally. In the aldeas, the houses are generally single-family dwellings made up of slabs of gray granite hewn from Galician bedrock. The animals frequently live on the ground floor or in an adjoining enclosure. Almost all village houses have their own hórreo, a rodent-proof granary (built on stilts) for storing maize and potatoes. In the cities, the older buildings are constructed of granite, while the new multistoried apartment houses are typically constructed of poured concrete or bricks faced with stone or concrete.
Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Old shipbuilding, tanning, and sawmill industries have declined, leaving fishing and agricultural crops to dominate the Galician economy. The small farms (minifundios ) produce maize, potatoes, turnips, cabbages, small green peppers, apples, pears, and grapes. Although tractors are common, plowing on some farms is still done with a single blade or pointed prod pulled by oxen; heavy wooden-wheeled carts (carros chiriones, "screeching carts") are still seen. Harvesting is frequently by hand. A textile industry has produced income in the region, as have petrochemical and automobile factories. Tungsten, tin, zinc, and antimony are mined. Tourism is also growing, with the beaches of the various estuaries on the Atlantic coast (the Rías Atlas and Rías Bajas) being particularly attractive.
Emigration is the traditional way of alleviating land pressure and keeping the region's problems within manageable proportions; these days, however, greater prosperity is causing fewer than an estimated 10,000 per year to leave for Latin America and Europe, compared with the 230,000 who emigrated to Latin America between 1911 and 1915. In Buenos Aires, so many Galicians have immigrated that all people who have immigrated from Spain in the last century are called gallegos. There are Galician communities in all the big towns of Spain, France, Germany, and Switzerland. The Galicians' capacity for hard work is matched only by their ability to save. The strategy is to save as quickly as possible for a rapid return to Galicia. Some of the savings brought back by migrants go into land, but much more is invested in houses and in food and drink businesses.
Trade. Small stores, café-bars, street vendors, and open-air markets are found throughout Galicia. Homegrown produce or other homemade products are brought (usually by women and not infrequently on their heads) to the markets to sell or to supply other merchants.
Division of Labor. In 1980, 46 percent of the region's labor force (1,175,400 persons) was engaged in agriculture, 16.3 percent in industry, 8 percent in construction, and 27.1 percent in services; 2.6 percent of the available labor force was unemployed.
In Galicia, more than 75 percent of the women work for pay, generally sharing the same jobs as the men. Both women and men work the farms, tend the animals, sell fish, run cafébars and markets, and serve as heads of households. The traditional home tasks are also assigned to women, but men will tend babies and do housework.
Land Tenure. Nearly everyone owns land in Galicia, but it is precious little; most plots are from 1 to 2.5 hectares. There are few examples of large landholding such as in the south. "Galicians never use handkerchiefs; they till them" is a frequent assertion, reflecting the scarcity and dimensions of the landholdings.
Kinship, Marriage, and Family
Kin Groups and Descent. Galician descent is generally patrilineal, with children taking their father's family name and appending their mother's. The wife, however, does not add her husband's name to her own, retaining her own name throughout her life. She may choose to use her husband's name after his death so that she is known as "[her name], widow of [husband's name]."
Kinship Terminology. The Galician kinship system is much like that found in the United States. Cousins are distinguished from brothers and sisters, but all cousins are placed in the same category. Aunts and uncles are distinguished from parents and labeled separately according to gender. No other relatives are referred to by the same terms used for members of the nuclear family.
Marriage and Family. Galician marriages are monogamous, and there is considerable freedom in the choice of marriage partners, although social pressures function to keep the economic classes fairly rigid. The nuclear family is usual. Only 10 percent of households could be termed extended or joint. As long as both elderly parents are alive, they tend to stay in their homes. After a spouse dies, the widower may move to the home of a married child, but widows who are accustomed to the daily tasks of running a household generally try to reside alone rather than rely on their children. Also, among adults in Galicia with older children, it is rare to find a couple without most of their children residing either permanently or temporarily away from the village.
Inheritance. The surviving spouse is the automatic heir to the deceased spouse's property, and all children regardless of gender, age, or place of residence divide the property of both parents equally. Because longevity is a feature of Galician society, late inheritance of property forces most children, even those with wealthy parents, to be on their own for long periods. Young women may remain at home to care for their aged parents in return for some advantage when the property is divided.
Sociopolitical Organization
After forty years under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1936-1975), Spain is now a parliamentary monarchy with a king as the head of state and a president as head of the government.
Political Organization. Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain and is governed by the Xunta de Galicia (the Galician Assembly). The region is divided into four provinces (La Coruña, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra), each with its own governing body. There are further administrative divisions for the municipalities and the hamlets. In 1992, Spain will be admitted to full partnership in the European Community (EC).
Religion and Expressive Culture
Religious Beliefs and Practices. Roman Catholicism is overwhelmingly the central religious force in Galician society, although men tend to be less obviously religious than women. Catholic churches, cathedrals, monasteries, and various types of shrines, including distinctive high stone crosses (cruceiros ), dot the landscape. Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses are actively proselytizing in the region, but they are gaining only a smattering of converts.
The beliefs of most Galicians are infused with a vigorous strain of supernaturalism. Ceremonies connected with these beliefs are frequently celebrated simultaneously with traditional Catholic ceremonies. Fig-symbol amulets, scapulars, and objects to ward off the evil eye, for example, are often sold close to the church where a religious rite is being celebrated. Various types of people are commonly believed to have supernatural powers: meigas (who provide love and curing potions), barajeras (who cast out evil and foretell the future), and brujas (who are believed to cause harm). A common saying is Eu non creo nas bruxas, ¡pero habel-as hainas!, or "I don't believe in brujas, but they exist!"
A considerable number of sites in Galicia have profound religious significance. For example, the Galicians, other Spaniards, and a vast number of Europeans consider Santiago de Compostela, in the La Coruña Province, to be one of the great spiritual centers of the world, ranking equally with Jerusalem and Rome. Early in the Christian reconquest, the bones of Saint James were believed to be uncovered in the area (in 813). Saint James (Santiago) subsequently was ensconced as the rallying figure in the ultimately successful wars against the Moors. A vast number of faith-promoting Saint James stories permeate the beliefs of Galicia, and the symbols of Saint James (cockle shells and the distinctive cross of Saint James) are ubiquitous.
Ceremonies. Saint's day celebrations, popular religious excursions (romerías ), night festivals on the eve of a religious festival (verbenas ), and the whole traditional calendar of Catholic observances provide rhythm to the lives of Galicians. A considerable number of nonreligious observances are threaded through the calendar of observances—for example, the "Disembarking of the Vikings" at Catoira, which vigorously reenacts the attack of a marauding Viking fleet in the tenth century.
Throughout Galicia a great number of varying charms, incantations, rites, and sympathetic actions are performed at each step in the life cycle.
Medicine. In case of illness, the usual Galician pattern is to consult a medical doctor first. If the illness does not subside, then the person doubts that the illness is medical and may consult a healer (curandero or curandera ) who can cure with herbs or other nonmedical remedies.
Arts and Crafts. Galicia is famous for its folk dance groups, which are accompanied by the skirl of Galician bagpipes (gaitas ). Various vocal and instrumental groups (some even cranking medieval hurdy-gurdies) sing and play popular Galician music. Thriving groups of artisans produce works in silver and gold, ceramics, fine porcelain, jet (azabache ), lace, wood, and stone.
Galician literature today maintains characteristics developed during the Middle Ages; it is largely a literature of lyrical poetry. Notable Galician writers include Rosalía de Castro, who expressed the deep nostalgia (morriña ) of nineteenth-century emigrants; Manuel Curros Enríquez, whose poems exalt the regionalist spirit of Galicia; and Valle-Inclán, noted for his elegant poetic prose.
Regional Foods. Galician restaurateurs command considerable respect in Spain. The estuaries produce shellfish of all kinds, from the famous cockleshells of Saint James to lobsters, mussels, shrimps, oysters, clams, and crabs. Caldo gallego is a broth of turnips, cabbage or greens, and white beans. At most bars and at all sorts of outdoor celebrations, there are roast sardines, octopus, squid, little green peppers (the famous pimientos de Padrón ), and chunos (doughnutlike tubes of fried pastry). Many of the cheeses are traditionally in the shape of breasts (called tetillas ). A strong liquor called aguardiente or orujo is served burned (queimada ) with lemon peel and sugar.
Buechler, Hans, and J.-M. Buechler (1981). Carmen: The Autobiography of a Spanish Galician Woman. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman.
Fraguas, Antonio (1988). Romarías e Santuarios. Vigo: Galaxia.
Lisón Tolosana, Carmelo (1971). Antropología cultural de Galicia. Madrid: Akal/Universitaria.
Marino Ferro, Xosé Ramón (1985). Cultura popular. Santiago de Compostela: Museo do Pobo Galego.
EUGENE VALENTINE AND KRISTIN B. VALENTINE
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Valentine, Eugene; Valentine, Kristin
Valentine, Eugene; Valentine, Kristin "Galicians ." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Valentine, Eugene; Valentine, Kristin "Galicians ." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/galicians
Valentine, Eugene; Valentine, Kristin "Galicians ." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/galicians
ALTERNATE NAMES: Gallegos
LOCATION: Northern Spain
LANGUAGE: Gallego; Castilian Spanish
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
Galicia is one of three autonomous regions in Spain that have their own official languages in addition to Castilian Spanish, the national language. The language of the Galicians is called gallego, and the Galicians themselves are often referred to as Gallegos. (The other two regions with their own languages are Catalonia and the Basque region. Like Galicia, they are both in the northern part of the country.) The Galicians are descended from Spain's second wave of Celtic invaders, who crossed the Pyrenees mountains in about 400 bc and settled in the western and northwestern parts of present-day Spain. However, it was the Romans, arriving in the 2nd century BC, who gave the Galicians their name, derived from the Latin gallaeci.
Galicia was first unified as a kingdom by the Germanic Suevi tribe in the 5th century ad. The shrine of St. James (Santiago) was established at Compostela in 813, and Christians throughout Europe began flocking to the site, which has remained one of the world's major pilgrim shrines. The Moorish era that began in the 8th century had little effect on Galicia, as the kings of neighboring Asturias expelled the Moors from the region before their culture could gain a strong foothold there. After the unification of the Spanish provinces under Ferdinand and Isabella in the 15th century, Galicia existed on the margins of power as a poor region geographically isolated from the political center in Castile to the south. Prevented from expanding their territory by the proximity of the Portuguese border, the Galicians had to make do with their existing land, and their poverty was worsened by frequent famines. With the discovery of the New World in 1492, large numbers emigrated. Today, there are more Galicians in Argentina than in Galicia itself.
Although Francisco Franco was a Galician himself, his dictatorial regime suppressed the region's aspirations toward political and cultural autonomy. Since his death, however, a revival of Galician language and culture has taken place, and a growing tourism industry has improved the region's economic outlook.
LOCATION AND HOMELAND
Galicia occupies 29,434 sq km in the northwest corner of the Iberian peninsula. Squarish in shape, the region is bounded by the Bay of Biscay to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the River Miño to the south (marking the border with Portugal), and León and Asturias to the east. Galicia's coastline contains a number of scenic estuaries ( rías ), which are drawing increasing numbers of tourists to the region. The area's mild, rainy maritime climate is in sharp contrast to the dry, sunny lands of southern Spain.
Most Galicians speak both Castilian Spanish, the national language of Spain, and gallego, their own official language. Thepercentage of Galicians who speak Gallego is greater than the percentage of Basques or Catalans who speak the languages of their respective regions: 88% of Galicians speak Gallego and 94% understand it. The language has come into much wider use since Galicia attained the status of an autonomous region. Like Catalan and Castilian, Gallego is a Romance language (one with Latin roots). Gallego and Portuguese were a single language until the 14th century, when they began to diverge. Today, they are still similar to each other.
Galician folkloric tradition is very rich and based in diverse ethnic and cultural components with a predominance of the Celtic and Roman civilizations. Most present-day Christian festivities have a Celtic origin; among them is Saint John's eve in which bonfires are lit, people jump over them and bathe in the sea, reenacting cleansing ceremonies of pagan ancestry. Towns and villages celebrate, usually in summer, their own Patron Saint's Day with different festivities, among them, romerias, that usually include Mass, a procession, dining in the open, and folkloric and modern dancing. Paramount among these religious celebrations is el Día de Santiago (Saint James' Day), on July 25, Galicia's Patron Saint, that attracts to the city of Compostela many Galicians living abroad. These are lavish and emotional celebrations with spectacular fuegos artificiales (fireworks) in front of the cathedral, religious ceremonies, and folkloric music and dancing.
The rapa das bestas takes place in summer and is a popular feast surrounding the cropping of the manes of the horses that had been living wild the rest of year. Galician Shrovetide celebrations (carnavales) have ancestral magic and pagan components that make it different from the ones in the rest of Spain.
Celtic culture manifests itself in a number of traditions and beliefs concerning the dead. Ghosts and spirits are believed to live in the forests and the water. Supernatural powers are attributed to a variety of beings, including meigas (witches), who provide potions for health and romance; clairvoyants, called barajeras; and curandeiros or curandeiras (healers). To ward off the evil-eye there are amulets made out of coral and azabache (jet-black).
Like in the rest of the Celtic world, traditional music has been played by bagpipes that accompany traditional dances like the muñeira . Today there is a modern cultural and musical movement, celtismo , which promotes cultural links among the peoples of Celtic ethnicity like musical encounters and festivals. There are quite a few bands of new-wave traditional Galician music, the most famous being "Milladoiro," that since the 1970s has lead the revival in Galician music. The Ortigueira Festival has become an essential date on the European music calendar. As far as classical music goes Galicia has two orchestras, the Galician Symphonic and the Galician Royal Philharmonic. There is also the yearly Ourense Film Festival.
Like their neighbors in other parts of Spain, the vast majority of Galicians are Roman Catholics, although, on the whole, the women tend to be more religious than the men. Galicia contains numerous churches, shrines, monasteries, and other sites of religious significance, most notably the famous cathedral at Santiago de Compostela in the La Coruña province.
Surpassed only by Rome and Jerusalem as spiritual centers of the Catholic Church, Santiago has been one of the world's great pilgrimage shrines since the Middle Ages. According to local legend, a shepherd discovered the remains of St. James here in the year ad 813, led to the site by a bright star (the name "Compostela" is derived from the Latin words for "bright star," and "Santiago" is Spanish for "St. James"). The trek across the Pyrenees that has drawn millions of people for over a thousand years attracts today a growing number of modern-day pilgrims from around the world. It was declared the first European Cultural Route by the Council of Europe in 1987, and one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites in 1993.
MAJOR HOLIDAYS
(See Section 4Folklore )
Besides baptism and marriage, the first Communion and military service could be considered rites of passage for Spaniards. The first three of these events are the occasion, in most cases, for big and expensive social gatherings in which the family shows its generosity and economic status. At times, families dig into their savings or borrow money in order to pay for these status shows. Spain abolished compulsory military service in 2001. The armed forces are now all volunteer.
The pervasive temperament associated with Galicia, a mountainous land of ever-present rain and mists and lush greenery, is one of Celtic dreaminess, melancholy, and belief in the supernatural. There is a special term—morriña—associated with the nostalgia that the many Galician emigrants have felt for their distant homeland. Galicians are fond of describing the four main towns of their region with the following saying: Coruña se divierte, Pontevedra duerme, Vigo trabaja, Santiago reza ("Coruña has fun, Pontevedra sleeps, Vigo works, and Santiago prays").
Since the 1960s, there has been a steady improvement of the economy mainly due to industrial development and tourism, as well as an evolution in customs. Spaniards frequently travel abroad and have adopted customs from other cultures in the last 25 years or so. Although many people living in rural areas have moved to the city, the present generations have preserved the family house in the village and return there at the time of fiestas and for vacation and remain loyal to their community or pueblo. The economic prosperity enjoyed by Galicia has allowed many people to also have a vacation home in the country or an apartment at the beach.
In the cities, office hours begin at 9:00 AM and traditionally include an extended afternoon lunch break beginning at 2:00 PM. Workers then return to their offices from 4:00 to 7:00 PM. The day typically ends with a walk (paseo) with friends or family and/or visits to neighborhood bars for a few drinks, appetizers (tapas) and conversation. Dinner is often eaten as late as 10:30 PM. Both blue and white collar workers have a paid month vacation, which they usually spend by the sea, the mountains or travelling abroad. Galicians are considered to be friendly and outgoing. It is customary to shake hands and in a social setting women usually kiss their friends on both cheeks. Young groups are formed by co-workers, fellow students or people from the same town that go together to discotheques, organize parties and excursions, and date among themselves. The average citizen spends a great deal of time out of the house. There is an active street life; many people live downtown, frequent bars and restaurants, and go to bed late. Spaniards move from place to place less than Americans and, once they get a job, many aspire to return to their birthplace and settle there. Regional loyalties are usually strong and the new autonomous status of the old provinces has strengthened this feeling. It is not unusual to have lifelong friends known since kindergarten.
Like in the rest of Spain, Galicia today is a consumer society that relies on credit cards, loves to go shopping and is interested in cars, gadgets and entertainment. Vigo and A Coruña era both big cities, industrial centers and important Atlantic ports. Galicia has a large fishing fleet with modern boats that work in the African coast and the Northeastern Atlantic. It also has a well-established canning industry and a flourishing tourism industry. Galician towns and cities are linked by bus and rail to the rest of the country, and Santiago de Compostela has an airport with regular flights to Barcelona, Madrid, Seville, and other points in Spain as well as foreign cities including London, Paris, and Amsterdam. There is a National Health Service, cities have both general practitioners and specialists in all medical fields, and the University of Santiago de Compostela has an excellent medical school.
City dwellers typically live either in old granite houses or newer brick or concrete multistory apartment buildings. Outside of the largest cities, most Galicians own their own homes, living in some 31,000 tiny settlements called aldeas , which number between 80 and 200 people each. They are usually made up of single-family homes of granite, with animals kept either on the ground floor or in a separate structure nearby. Hemmed in by Portugal, Galicia was historically unable to expand its territory, and its inhabitants were forced to continually divide up their land into ever smaller holdings. According to a popular saying, "Galicians never use handkerchiefs; they till them." Because of these circumstances, Galicia traditionally was a land of emigrants to Spanish America, to Europe and to the industrial areas of Spain. Village farmhouses are distinguished by the presence of granaries, called hórreos , granite structures raised on stilts for protection from rodents and dampness. Crosses on their roofs invoke spiritual protection for the harvest.
The nuclear family is the basic domestic unit in Galicia-extended families account for only 10% of all households. Elderly grandparents generally live independently as long as both are alive, and even widows tend to remain on their own as long as they can, although widowers tend to move in with their children's families. However, there are usually not many children one can move in with, as Galicians often relocate from their native villages or leave the region altogether. Galician women have a relatively high degree of autonomy and responsibility, often performing the same kinds of work as men in either agriculture or trade. Over three-fourths have paid jobs. Women also shoulder the bulk of responsibility for household chores and child-rearing, although men do assist in these areas.
Today's Spanish families are much smaller than in the past and usually have two children. Actually the birth-rate is one of the lowest in Europe, and fewer people live in their homes with extended family. Traditional patterns are also changing; young men and women are as independent as the economy allows, and they frequently live together before getting married.
Like people elsewhere in Spain, Galicians wear modern Western-style clothing, although their mild, rainy maritime climate requires somewhat heavier dress, especially in the wintertime, than that worn by their neighbors to the south. Before rubber boots and shoes were made, country people wore wool slippers inside wooden shoes; they are still used today and are also sold as folkloric souvenirs.
In the last decades the Galician fashion industry has greatly developed and some firms, like Zara and Adolfo Domínguez, are known the world over.
Being a large country with different geographic and climatic areas, Spain also has a wide variety of regional dishes. Galician cuisine is highly regarded throughout Spain. Its most striking ingredient is a plentiful variety of high-quality seafood, including scallops, lobster, mussels, large and small shrimp, oysters, clams, squid, many types of crab, and goose barnacles (percebes); octopus is also a favorite, seasoned with salt, paprika, and olive oil (pulpo a feira, or pulpo a la gallega); empanadas, a popular specialty, are large, flaky pies with meat, fish, or vegetable fillings; favorite fillings include eels, lamprey, sardines, pork, and veal; caldo gallego, a broth made with turnips, cabbage or greens, and white beans, is eaten throughout the region. A hearty dish popular in colder weather is lacón con grelos, pork shoulder prepared with greens and potatoes. Popular desserts include almond tarts (tarta de Santiago), a regional specialty, and the churros (fried pastry) eaten elsewhere in the country. The Galicians drink a strong liquor called aguardiente, burned (queimada) with lemon peel and sugar. On festive occasions, the queimada is prepared by night, or in the dark, and while the aguardiente burns and it is poured, a magical conjuro is recited usually by the person pouring it.
Popular snacks served at tapas bars in Galicia include grilled sardines, roasted small green peppers ( pimientas de Padrón ), and the tetilla cheese for which the region is famous. Galicia has refined and marketed its white and red wines and today Albariño and Ribeiro wines are highly appreciated.
Schooling in Galicia, as in other parts of Spain, is free and compulsory from the ages of 6 to 14, when many students begin the bachillerato course. The adult literacy rate is estimated at 98%. University education is general. Spain has 31 state-run universities and an increasing number of private ones. Students receive a diploma after three years of general study and a Licenciatura upon completing a program of specialized study lasting two or more years. Centralized public education depends on the Ministry of Education. Galicia has several universities, the one in Santiago de Compostela being one of the oldest in Europe; its medical school enjoys a well deserved reputation. The Galician language, Gallego, is taught at all levels, from grade school through university.
Compostela is considered a regional shrine. Her poetry has been compared to that of the American poet Emily Dickinson, who lived and wrote at approximately the same time as de Castro. Galician literature begins in 1196, the date of the first known lyric poem written in the Galician-Portuguese language. This lyric poetry, influenced by the troubadours that travelled the Camiño de Santiago (the Road to Santiago), flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries. Among these minstrels were Martin Codax and Pero Meogo. The most famous genres of composition are cantigas de amigo, love poems in the voice of a woman, and cantigas in praise of the Virgin Mary. Alphonso X, king of Castile and León, wrote the Cantigas de Santa María in Gallego, 427 poems to the Virgin, each set to its own music; they are a masterpiece of European medieval music that has been preserved in performances and compact disc recordings up to the present day. Literary Galician was reduced to the oral tradition and a few written texts until the Rexurdimento , a cultural and literary revival in the second half of the 19th century to which the names of Rosalía de Castro, Eduardo Pondal, and Manuel Curros Enríquez are attached. Rosalía de Castro's grave is in Santiago. By the end of that century, Emilia Pardo Bazan emerged as one of the greatest fiction writers of the Naturalistic school. In the 20th century, great Galicians included the dramatist and novelist Ramón del Valle-Inclán; fiction writer, poet and playwright Rafael Dieste; and artist, painter, and novelist Alfonso Rodriguez Castelao. Other Galician writers include Alvaro Cunqueiro, Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, and Manuel Rivas, who is the most widely translated Galician writer in history. Camilo José Cela was a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1989.
There are several archives, libraries and museums in Galicia, the most important being the Museo do Povo Galego (The Museum of the Galician People) in Santiago, an important research center and home to boats, clothing, furniture, tools, instruments, and artifacts of ethnographic relevance in the cultural ancestry of the Galician people; The Galician Center of Contemporary Art; and the Museum of the Pilgrimage.
Galicia used to be a land of emigrants, and the Galician economy was based mainly in agriculture and fishing. In a process that began in the 1980s it has steadily developed to the point that its economy is one of the best performing in Europe; local companies in sectors such as mining (tungsten, tin, zinc, and antimony), clothing and textiles, pharmaceuticals, canning, agriculture, wood products, and automotives are well known. Services account for more than 62% of gross domestic product (GDP), industry for about 30% and agriculture and fishing for less than 8%. In 2004 there were 172,000 business located in Galicia from small, family owned enterprises to multinational corporations. One of the largest is the giant clothing company Inditex, a global success story, which owns the retail chain Zara. Other companies with an international scope are Group Copo, Pescanova, Zeitia, and Adolfo Dominguez. The infrastructure has also changed and Galicia now has a system of superhighways, and there is a project to bring the AVE (high velocity train) from Madrid.
The fishing industry is a major employer: Spain's fishing fleet is among the largest in the world, and a good part of it is located in Galicia. Spain's economic prosperity attracts a growing work force, some of it made up from people migrating from rural areas to the cities, seeking higher living standards, and others coming from economically or politically unstable foreign countries, mainly from North- and Sub-Saharan Africa, Spanish America and the Eastern Europe. The majority work in agriculture and in construction.
Since the early 1970s Spain has developed a prosperous tourism industry, which accounts for the majority of the country's income. Since the 1970s Spain has been the second most visited country in the world after France. In 2007 almost 60 million foreign visitors arrived in Spain. Along with summer tourism the country offers cultural tours, international conventions, and sports meetings as well as cruises. There is ample hotel space. A network of beautiful de-luxe government-sponsored hotels (paradores) have been located in historical buildings. Galicia has beautiful landscapes, beaches, and fjords (rías), and its wonderful food and wines attract each year an increasing number of visitors.
As in other parts of Spain, the most popular sport is soccer (called fútbol ). League matches are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons from September through May, with tournaments in the summer. Galicia has two teams, Celta de Vigo and Deportivo de A Coruña, home teams of the cities of Vigo and A Coruña, whose rivalry is legendary. Basketball and tennis are also gaining popularity as spectator sports. Participant sports include hunting and fishing, sailing, cycling, and golf.
Like people in other parts of Spain, Galicians enjoy socializing at the region's many tapas bars, where they can buy a light meal and a drink. The mountains, estuaries, and beaches of their beautiful countryside provide abundant resources for outdoor recreation. In the evenings, they go dancing or have a drink with friends. The mild Spanish climate has fostered an active night life, much of it outdoors in the streets, plazas, taverns, and restaurants. A dinner date may take place as late as 10:00 or 11:00 pm and be followed by a trip to a local club. According to their cultural level, Galicians go to concerts, to the theater, and to movies. People of all ages are fond of television, perhaps the main source of entertainment today.
FOLK ART, CRAFTS, AND HOBBIES
Galician handicrafts include traditional silver and gold, coral and azabache (jet black) jewelry, as well as world-famous Sargadelos porcelain, besides popular artisanal pottery, musical instruments, and wood artwork.
Galicia used to be one of the poorest regions in Spain, and, historically, many of its inhabitants emigrated in search of a better life. In the years between 1911 and 1915 alone, an estimated 230,000 moved to Latin America. Galicians have found new homes in all of Spain's major cities, as well as in France, Germany, and Switzerland. So many emigrated to Buenos Aires in the past century that the Argentines call all immigrants from Spain gallegos (Galicians). In recent years, due to Galicia's extraordinary prosperity emigration has declined drastically.
This prosperity has attracted foreign emigrants to Galicia, many of them illegal. Because of the peculiar fjord coastal structure ( rías ) of Galicia there is a drug smuggling problem.
Gender issues in Galicia are not different as from the rest of Spain, and women have an ever-increasing role in society. Approximately 15% of Spain's Armed Forces are women and the Defense Secretary (as of 2008) was a woman. Many women hold municipal and government posts as councilwoman, mayor, university professor, and director general and several have been, and are, ministers of the crown or run their own businesses. Evidence of the secular nature of contemporary Spain can be seen in the widespread support for the legalization of same-sex marriage in Spain. In June 2005 a bill was passed to allow gay marriage, making Spain the third country in the world to allow same-sex couples to marry.
Ames, Helen Wattley. Spain is Different. Intercultural Press, l992.
Buechler, Hans, and J.-M. Buechler. Carmen: The Autobiography of a Spanish Galician Woman. Cambridge, Mass: Schenkman, 1981.
Casas, Penelope. "A Different Spain (Galicia)." Travel-Holiday , June 1995: 35.
Cohn, David. "Pilgrimage to Santiago." Architectural Record , October 1994: 102.
Conversi, Daniele. The Basques, the Catalans and Spain . Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1997.
Crow, John A. Spain: The Root and the Flower. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1985.
Facaros, Dana, and Michael Pauls. Northern Spain. London: Cadogan Books, 1996.
Fodor's Spain. Fodor's Travel Publications, 1996.
Hooper, John. The New Spaniards. Suffolk, England: Penguin, l995.
"In Spain's Northwest Corner, Cool and Ancient Galicia." Sunset, March 1985: 92.
Lye, Keith. Passport to Spain. New York: Franklin Watts, 1994.
Steinberg, Rolf, ed. Continental Europe. Insight Guides. Singapore: APA Publications, 1989.
Schubert, Adrian. The Land and People of Spain. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
Tremlett, Giles. Ghosts of Spain. New York: Walker and Company, 2008.
Valentine, Eugene, and Kristin B. Valentine. "Galicians." Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Europe) Boston: G. K. Hall, 1992.
Walkup, Carolyn. "Galician Foods Come into Fashion." Nation's Restaurant News , 8 August 1994: 29.
—revised by S. Garcia Castaneda
Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life
"Galicians ." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Galicians ." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/galicians-0
"Galicians ." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/galicians-0
PRONUNCIATION: guh-LISH-uhns
ALTERNATE NAME: Gallegos
RELIGION: Roman Catholicism
1 • INTRODUCTION
Galicia is one of three autonomous regions in Spain that have their own official languages in addition to Castilian Spanish, the national language. The language of the Galicians is called Gallego, and the Galicians themselves are often referred to as Gallegos. The Galicians are descended from Spain's second wave of Celtic invaders (from the British Isles and western Europe) who came across the Pyrenees mountains in about 400 bc. The Romans, arriving in the second century bc, gave the Galicians their name, derived from the Latin gallaeci.
Galicia was first unified as a kingdom by the Germanic Suevi tribe in the fifth century ad. The shrine of St. James (Santiago) was established at Compostela in 813. Christians throughout Europe began flocking to the site, which has remained one of the world's major pilgrim shrines. After the unification of the Spanish provinces under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in the fifteenth century, Galicia existed as a poor region geographically isolated from the political center in Castile to the south. Their poverty was worsened by frequent famines. With the discovery of the New World in 1492, large numbers emigrated from the region. Today, there are more Galicians in Argentina than in Galicia itself.
Although Francisco Franco was a Galician himself, his dictatorial regime (1939-75) suppressed the region's moves toward political and cultural autonomy. Since his death, and the installation of a democratic regime (parliamentary monarchy) in Spain, however, a revival of Galician language and culture has taken place. A growing tourism industry has improved the region's economic outlook.
2 • LOCATION
Galicia is located in the northwest corner of the Iberian peninsula. The region is bounded by the Bay of Biscay to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the River Mió to the south (marking the border with Portugal), and León and Asturias to the east. Galicia's coastline contains a number of scenic estuaries (rías), which are drawing increasing numbers of tourists to the region. The area's mild, rainy, maritime climate is in sharp contrast to the dry, sunny lands of southern Spain. About one-third of Galicia's population live in urban areas.
3 • LANGUAGE
Most Galicians speak both Castilian Spanish, the national language of Spain, and Gallego, their own official language. Gallego has come into much wider use since Galicia attained the status of an autonomous region after the end of Franco's dictatorial rule. Like Catalan and Castilian, Gallego is a Romance language (one with Latin roots). Gallego and Portuguese were a single language until the fourteenth century, when they began to diverge. Today, they are still similar to each other.
4 • FOLKLORE
Galician folklore includes many charms and rituals related to the different stages and events of the life cycle. Popular superstitions sometimes merge with Catholicism. For example, amulets (charms) and ritual objects thought to ward off the evil eye are often available near the site of a religious rite. Supernatural powers are attributed to a variety of beings. These include meigas, providers of potions for health and romance; clairvoyants, called barajeras ; and the evil brujas, or witches. A popular saying goes: Eu non creo nas bruxas, pero habel-as hainas! (I don't believe in witches, but they exist!).
5 • RELIGION
Like their neighbors in other parts of Spain, the vast majority of Galicians are Roman Catholic. Women tend to be more religious than the men are. Galicia contains numerous churches, shrines, monasteries, and other sites of religious significance. The most notable is the famous cathedral at Santiago de Compostela in La Coruña province. Santiago has been one of the world's great pilgrimage shrines since the Middle Ages (AD476–c.1450). It is surpassed only by Rome and Jerusalem as spiritual centers of the Catholic Church. According to local legend, a shepherd discovered the remains of St. James here in the year ad 813. The central role that Catholicism plays in Galician culture is also evident in the tall stone crosses called cruceiros found throughout the region.
6 • MAJOR HOLIDAYS
Galicians celebrate the major holidays of the Christian calendar. In addition, they celebrate the festivals of a variety of saints. Nighttime festivities called verbenas are held on the eve of religious holidays. Many Galicians also participate in pilgrimages, called romer'as. Secular (nonreligious) holidays include the "Disembarking of the Vikings" at Catoira. This holiday commemorates and reenacts an attack by a Viking fleet in the tenth century.
7 • RITES OF PASSAGE
Besides baptism, first communion, and marriage, military service can be considered a rite of passage for Galicians, as it is for most Spaniards. The first three of these events are the occasion, in most cases, for big and expensive social gatherings in which the family shows its generosity and economic status. Quintos are the young men from the same town or village going into the military in the same year. They form a closely knit group that collects money from their neighbors to organize parties and serenade girls. In the mid-1990s, the period of required military service had been greatly reduced. The government planned to replace required military service with an all-voluntary army.
8 • RELATIONSHIPS
Galicia is a mountainous land of ever-present rain and mists and lush greenery. The mood associated with the area is one of Celtic dreaminess, melancholy, and belief in the supernatural. There is a special term—morriña— associated with the nostalgia that the many Galician emigrants have felt for their distant homeland. Galicians are fond of describing the four main towns of their region with the following saying: Coruña se divierte, Pontevedra duerme, Vigo trabaja, Santiago reza (Coruña has fun, Pontevedra sleeps, Vigo works, and Santiago prays).
9 • LIVING CONDITIONS
City dwellers typically live either in old granite houses or newer brick or concrete multistory apartment buildings. Outside of the largest cities, most Galicians own their own homes. They live in some 31,000 tiny settlements called aldeas. Each aldea numbers between 80 and 200 people. The aldeas are usually made up of single-family homes of granite. Animals are kept either on the ground floor or in a separate structure nearby. Hemmed in by Portugal, Galicia was historically unable to expand its territory. Consequently, its inhabitants were forced to continually divide up their land into ever smaller holdings as the population grew. Village farmhouses are distinguished by the presence of granite granaries, called hórreos. Turnips, peppers, corn, potatoes, and other crops are grown. Crosses on roofs call for spiritual as well as physical protection for the harvest.
10 • FAMILY LIFE
The nuclear family (parents and children) is the basic domestic unit in Galicia. Elderly grandparents generally live independently as long as both are alive. Widows tend to remain on their own as long as they can, although widowers tend to move in with their children's families. However, this is less often the case since Galicians often relocate from their native villages or leave the region altogether. Married women retain their own last names throughout their lives. Children take their father's family name but attach their mother's after it. Galician women have a relatively high degree of independence and responsibility. They often perform the same kinds of work as men in either agriculture or trade. Over three-fourths of Galician women have paid jobs. Women also shoulder the bulk of responsibility for household chores and child-rearing, although men do help in these areas.
11 • CLOTHING
Like people elsewhere in Spain, Galicians wear modern Western-style clothing. Their mild, rainy, maritime climate requires somewhat heavier dress than that worn by their neighbors to the south, especially in the wintertime. Wooden shoes are an item of traditional dress among rural dwellers in the interior of the region.
12 • FOOD
Galician cuisine is highly regarded throughout Spain. Its most striking ingredient is seafood, including scallops, lobster, mussels, large and small shrimp, oysters, clams, squid, many types of crab, and goose barnacles (a visually unappealing Galician delicacy known as percebes). Octopus is also a favorite, seasoned with salt, paprika, and olive oil. Empanadas, a popular specialty, are large, flaky pies with meat, fish, or vegetable fillings. Favorite empanada fillings include eels, lamprey (a type of fish), sardines, pork, and veal. Caldo gallego, a broth made with turnips, cabbage or greens, and white beans, is eaten throughout the region. Tapas (appetizer) bars are popular in Galicia as they are elsewhere in Spain. Galicia is famous for its tetilla cheese. Popular desserts include almond tarts (tarta de Santiago), a regional specialty.
13 • EDUCATION
Schooling in Galicia, as in other parts of Spain, is free and required between the ages of six and fourteen. At that time, many students begin the three-year bachillerato (baccalaureate) course of study. They may then opt for either one year of college preparatory study or vocational training. The Galician language, Gallego, is taught at all levels, from grade school through university. About a third of Spain's children are educated at private schools, many of them run by the Catholic Church.
14 • CULTURAL HERITAGE
The Galician literary and musical heritage stretches back to the Middle Ages (AD 476–c.1450). The Gallegan songs of a thirteenth-century minstrel named Martin Codax are among the oldest Spanish songs that have been preserved. In the same period, Alphonso X, king of Castile and León, wrote the Cántigas de Santa María in Gallego. This work consists of 427 poems to the Virgin Mary, each set to its own music. It is a masterpiece of European medieval music that has been preserved in performances and recordings up to the present day. Galician lyric and courtly poetry flourished until the middle of the fourteenth century.
More recently, Galicia's best-known literary figure has been the nineteenth-century poet Rosal'a de Castro. Her poetry has been compared to that of the American poet Emily Dickinson, who lived and wrote at approximately the same time. Twentieth-century Galician writers who have achieved fame include poets Manuel Curros Enríquez and Ramón María del Valle-Inclán.
15 • EMPLOYMENT
The Galician economy is dominated by agriculture and fishing. The region's small farms, called minifundios, produce corn, turnips, cabbages, small green peppers called pimientas de Padrón, potatoes said to be the best in Spain, and fruits including apples, pears, and grapes. While tractors are common, ox-drawn plows and heavy carts with wooden wheels can still be seen in the region. Much of the harvesting is still done by hand. Traditionally, Galicians have often emigrated in search of work, many saving for their eventual return. Those who do return often go into business, especially as market or restaurant owners. Galicia also supports tungsten, tin, zinc, and antimony mining, as well as textile, petrochemical, and automobile production. There is also a growing tourism industry, especially along the picturesque Atlantic coast.
16 • SPORTS
As in other parts of Spain, the most popular sport is soccer (fútbol). Basketball and tennis are also gaining popularity as spectator sports. Participant sports include hunting and fishing, sailing, cycling, golf, horseback riding, and skiing.
17 • RECREATION
Like people in other parts of Spain, Galicians enjoy socializing at the region's many tapas (appetizer) bars, where they can buy a light meal and a drink. The mountains, estuaries, and beaches of their beautiful countryside provide abundant resources for outdoor recreation.
18 • CRAFTS AND HOBBIES
Galician craftspeople work in ceramics, fine porcelain, jet (azabache— a hard, black form of coal that can be polished and used in jewelry), lace, wood, stone, silver, and gold. The region's folk music is enjoyed in vocal and instrumental performances. Folk dancing is popular as well. Accompaniment is provided by the bagpipe-like Galician national instrument, the gaita, which reflects the Celtic origins of the Galician people.
19 • SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Galicia is one of the poorest regions in Spain. Historically, many of its inhabitants have emigrated in search of a better life. In the years between 1911 and 1915 alone, an estimated 230,000 Galicians moved to Latin America. Galicians have found new homes in all of Spain's major cities, as well as in France, Germany, and Switzerland. So many emigrated to Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the twentieth century that the Argentines call all immigrants from Spain gallegos (Galicians). In recent years, a period of relative prosperity has caused emigration to decline to less than 10,000 people per year.
20 • BIBLIOGRAPHY
Facaros, Dana, and Michael Pauls. Northern Spain. London, England: Cadogan Books, 1996.
Valentine, Eugene, and Kristin B. Valentine. "Galicians." Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Europe ). Boston: G. K. Hall, 1992.
Spanish Foreign Ministry. [Online] Available http://www.docuweb.ca/SiSpain/, 1998.
Tourist Office of Spain. [Online] Available http://www.okspain.org/, 1998.
World Travel Guide. Spain. [Online] Available http://www.wtgonline.com/country/es/gen.html, 1998.
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures
"Galicians ." Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Galicians ." Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/galicians
"Galicians ." Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/galicians
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text:
Q: init observable properties on declaration (ts) I didn't found answer on the web, so I hope you can help me with it.
I just began to use react+mobx+typescript.
Mobx configured to strict mode (enforceActions: 'always').
In the class I declare some observable properties and some of them I used to set value on declaration.
@observable
let visitors: string[] = ['you'];

Now, because mobx configured to strict mode, I need to use action to mutate this observable.
So now, I do that in class constructor with wrapper "runInAction".
Do I right and what the best practices for it?

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