Telesia @ Glenbrae School: What is an active learner?
There is a difference between a orange and an apple. Just like there is difference between a student and an active student. Active students are greatly engaged and focused on learning, whether it is a physical or mental learning activity. They push and extend their learning so that they are ahead and are always prepared and ready for the next learning task. Active students are always determined, hard-working as well as they are committed and industrious.
An active student is kind collaborative and always help their peers. As an active learner, they should be able to collaborate and communicate well with their peers. They always admire and value their classmates ideas, as well as they value their feelings. Active students are always willing to help those in need of assist and give them the extra stretch they might of needed. It is important that active learners are able to act cooperatively and collaboratively towards their classmates in order to gain more trust from them.
People may assume that an active student is an energetic and hyper person that jumps around as though there they have ants in there pants, but one of the real definitions of an active learner is that they are always occupied with their learning. Education is always an active learners first priority. Things like handing in work on time, finishing an assignment and trying to get ahead of everybody are some simple things an active student is willing to do. The more they accomplish in their learning, the more they will continue to enhance and intensify their education.
To become more active in their learning, they are always eager to try new things. Even if it is something they hate. When active students endeavour to do a certain activity and fail, they never hesitate to get back up and try again. One of active students greatest benefits. No matter how impenetrable this activity is they will always find a way to master it. For there great and committed attitude has gone threw it. Attempt, fail, try again. Three steps that an active learner will always have.
Active students are very collaborative, hard - workers and are always determined and eager. It is someone that many many people are striving to become and someone that is very active.


The Marcellus Shale Documentary Project: April 19, 2013 thru June 8, 2013 at the Moose Exchange, 203 West Main Street in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania.
The exhibition includes the work of six professional photographers who share in the telling of the complex story of Marcellus Shale gas drilling in Pennsylvania. This traveling exhibition opens with a reception on Friday, April 19th, at 6 p.m. and will remain on view through June 8, 2013. Artist Talks are scheduled for Wednesday, May 1st, beginning at 5 p.m. Four of the six photographers in the exhibition will discuss the project and their individual contributions to it. The Marcellus Shale Documentary Project photographers are Noah Addis, Nina Berman, Brian Cohen, Scott Goldsmith, Lynn Johnson, and Martha Rial.
A series of related programs will take place throughout the duration of the exhibition. All events are free and open to the public.
From talking points to word play to politics, Dory Hippauf connects the messaging machines and echo chambers of the Natural Gas industry.
Four photographers from the Marcellus Shale Documentary Project will talk about the project and their individual contributions to it.
Few issues connect environmental integrity with social and economic justice more palpably than hydraulic fracturing. Wendy Lynne Lee with show how the latest fossil fuel gambit is really the same old boy profiteering.
Tags: American Petroleum Institute, API, Bloomsburg, connecting the dots, Dory Hippauf, echo chamber, eid, Energy Tomorrow, energy-in-depth, fracking, front groups, HBW Resources, Independent Petroleum Association of America, IPAA, marcellus shale, Marcellus Shale Documentary Project, Moose Exchange, natural gas, public relations, Secure our Fuels, the message and messengers | Permalink.


text:
Niobrara County Library - William Francis "Billy" Andrews (December 8, 1931 - January 10, 1954)
"I find that a great part of the information I have was acquired by looking something up and finding something else on the way." - Franklin P. Adams
William Francis "Billy" Andrews (December 8, 1931 - January 10, 1954)
Funeral services Are Held for Billy Andrews Thursday
Final services were held for William "Billy" Andrews, who was killed in the airplane wreck with Harry Engebretsen Jan. 10.
The rites were conducted in the Church of Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Church at Harrison Thursday. Rosary Services were held the evening of Jan. 13. Burial was made in the family plot at Montrose, Nebr. Casket bearers were: Bobby Serres. Jimmy Serres. Harry Serres, Jr., Pat Broderick, Jimmy Studemeir, and Jerry Eberspecher.
Surviving him are his father, Andrew, of Cleveland. Ohio, his mother, Mrs. Agnes Andrews of Harrison, two sisters, Mrs. William Wickersham of Harrison and Mrs. Roy Johnson of Lusk, and two brothers, Donald Andrews of Harrison Lloyd Schaefer of Lusk.
William Francis Andrews, youngest child of Andrew and Agnes Andrews, was born Dec. 8, 1931 family ranch northeast of Harrison. He received his education in the Bodarc and Harrison public schools. At an early age he received the responsibilities of the family ranch for which he had a deep affection and untiring interest. He was a willing and able helper among the neighbors and friends.
"Dearest Billie, Thou has left us
And the loss we deeply feel
But, thus, God has caressed us
And He can all our sorrows heal.
Mother and Children"
This gravestone photo was found on nebraskagravestones.org.
Agnes Andrews (July 21, 1888 - June 2, 1969)
Marjorie A. Blackmore (December 15, 1927 - January 16, 2012)
Melonie Ann Chriswisser (December 6, 1961 - July 26, 1979)
Anna Hagen (July 6, 1888 - September 23, 1965)
Charles Owen Kane (April 16, 1943 - July 11, 1965)
Jerome Aloysius Kane (February 13, 1912 - June 26, 1975)
Marie A. Kane (November 8, 1911 - March 26, 1962)
Ronald Eugene Kane (October 6, 1939 - November 29, 2010)
Elaine Kuhn (January 8, 1926 - August 20, 1997)
Frank Olds Kuhn (July 14, 1925 - September 28, 1986)
Dorothy G. Mader (March 6, 1897 - February 9, 1984)
Joe Marking (1874 - November 28, 1945)
John Marking (December 20, 1879 - September 4, 1968)
William Marking (Date Unknown - July 13, 1951)
Dora Blanche Schaefer (February 6, 1908 - February 7, 1978)
Lloyd Frederick Schaefer (May 22, 1912 - December 1, 1959)
Doris Rita Thornhill (September 15, 1924 - December 5, 2012)
Anna Josephine Wasserburger (October 27, 1900 - August 9, 1977)
Anna Catherine Wasserburger (April 24, 1873 - November 27, 1952)
Dennis Wasserburger (May 21, 1964 - November 17, 2001)
Dorothy Leona Wasserburger (March 23, 1920 - December 8, 2006)
Florentine C. Wasserburger (March 6, 1897 - November 27, 1991)
Frances Wasserburger (August 2, 1898 - June 16, 1971)
Gerald A. Wasserburger (February 25, 1927 - February 2, 1998)
Henry Louis Wasserburger (August 16, 1895 - May 9, 1982)
Henry H. Wasserburger (December 8, 1870 - September 17, 1950)
Jacob Wasserburger (October 25, 1866 - June 30, 1964)
John Jacob Wasserburger (October 25, 1896 - October 29, 1967)
John William Wasserburger (1906 - March 6, 1966)
Katherine A. Wasserburger (February 4, 1909 - December 26, 1988)
Kenneth Wasserburger (August 1, 1937 - March 2, 1980)
Larry Joseph Wasserburger (May 7, 1949 - May 8, 1949)
Leo Raymond Wasserburger (June 22, 1930 - January 5, 1952)
Lorraine Opal Wasserburger (November 2, 1931 - January 4, 1999)
Mae Belle Wasserburger (July 4, 1927 - December 9, 1985)
Myrtle Grace Wasserburger (December 9, 1928 - May 11, 1949)
Ralph D. Wasserburger (July 7, 1934 - November 17, 1988)
Wilford Dennis Wasserburger (June 20, 1895 - June 23, 1975)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 09 on board MAPFRE, Blair Tuke after being hit by a wave. 30 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 09 on board MAPFRE, Blair Tuke hit by a wave. 30 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 09 on board MAPFRE, Doldrums, getting into a squall. 30 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 09 on board MAPFRE, Doldrums, Juan Vila And Antonio Cuervas-Mons at the bow. 30 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 09 on board MAPFRE, parked at the Doldrums, Xabi Fernandez looking at the horizon expecting to see some wind coming to us. 30 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 09 on board Sun Hung Kai/Scallywag. Luke Parkinosn on the bow in light airs. 30 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 8 on board Turn the Tide on Plastic. 28 April, 2018. Skipper Dee Caffari pondering with a cup of tea.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 07 on board Vestas 11th Hour. Nice sunset at the bow. 28 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 07 on board Vestas 11th Hour. Charlie Enright driving port tack for long time. 28 April, 2018.
Luke Molloy pops his head up for some air - Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, Day 6 on board AkzoNobel. 28 April, 2018.
Emily Nagel and Brad Farrand work the J3 into its bag - Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, Day 6 on board AkzoNobel. 28 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 07 on board MAPFRE. 28 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 07 on board MAPFRE, Antonio Cuervas-Mons during a peeling. 28 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 7 on board Turn the Tide on Plastic. 28 April, 2018. Frederico Melo enjoying the view.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 06 on board Brunel. 27 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 07 on board Sun Hung Kai/Scallywag. Annemieke Bes working on the foredeck, 27 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 07 on board Sun Hung Kai/Scallywag. Ben Piggott working on foredeck, 27 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 06 on board MAPFRE, Antonio Cuervas-Mons during a peeling. 27 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 06 on board MAPFRE, Blair Tuke during a peeling. 27 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 06 on board Vestas 11th Hour. Mark Towill driving at the reaching angle heading to the doldrums. 27 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 5 on board Turn the Tide on Plastic. 27 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 05 on board MAPFRE, Pablo Arrarte and Antonio Cuervas-Mons moving sails. 26 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 05 on board MAPFRE, Rob Greenhalgh at the bow. 26 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 5 on board Turn the Tide on Plastic. 26 April, 2018. Martin Stromberg checking for wind.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 04 on board Dongfeng. 25 April, 2018. Kevin Escoffier, waiting for the next move, packing the J1 or ready to hoist?
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 04 on board MAPFRE, Antonio Cuervas-Mons during a peeling. 25 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 04 on board Dongfeng. 25 April, 2018. Kevin Escoffier packing the J1 after installing the Mast Head 0, our biggest sail.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 04 on board Dongfeng. 25 April, 2018. Daryl Wislang stacking.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 03 on board Dongfeng. 24 April, 2018. Fish Eye view of the boat while Daryl Wislang is helming.
Martine Grael and Emily Nagel between sail changes. Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, Day 2 on board AkzoNobel. 24 April, 2018.
Clouds start to form on the horizon. Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, Day 2 on board AkzoNobel. 24 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 03 on board Brunel. Peter Burling. 23 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 2 on board Turn the Tide on Plastic. 23 April, 2018. Francesca Clapcich.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 02 on board MAPFRE. 23 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 02 on board Dongfeng. 23 April, 2018. Charles Caudrelier helming just after the first tack offshore. The boat is now going north to Newport.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 02 on board Dongfeng. 23 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 02 on board Vestas 11th Hour. Nick Dana at the bow. 23 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 01 on board Vestas 11th Hour. Great action at the bow during this start with Tom Jonhson. 22 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 01 on board MAPFRE, start day. 22 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 01 on board Dongfeng. 22 April, 2018. Start.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, Sunset on start day on board AkzoNobel. 22 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport. Start day.. 22 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 01 on board Vestas 11th Hour. Great action at the bow during this start with Nick Dana. 22 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, Start Day on board AkzoNobel. 22 April, 2018.
Leg 8 from Itajai to Newport, day 1 on board Turn the Tide on Plastic. 22 April, 2018. Francesca Clapcich running forward.
Itajai stopover, In-port Race on board Dongfeng. 20 April, 2018.


text:
import { marketingModalsMiddleware } from "../../../lib/middleware/marketingModals"

jest.mock("../../../desktop/components/json_page/index.coffee", () => {
  return jest.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
    return {
      get: () => {
        const data = [
          {
            slug: "foo",
            copy: "welcome to artsy",
            image: "img.jpg",
            photoCredit: "Photo by Artsy",
          },
        ]

        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => resolve({ modals: data }))
      },
    }
  })
})

describe("showMarketingSignupModal", () => {
  let testContext

  beforeEach(() => {
    testContext = {}
  })

  beforeEach(() => {
    const data = [
      {
        slug: "foo",
        copy: "welcome to artsy",
        image: "img.jpg",
        photoCredit: "Photo by Artsy",
      },
    ]
    testContext.req = { query: { "m-id": "foo" } }
    testContext.res = {
      locals: {
        sd: {
          IS_MOBILE: true,
          APP_URL: "http://www.artsy.net",
          MARKETING_SIGNUP_MODALS: data,
        },
        modal: { slug: "foo", copy: "welcome to artsy", image: "img.jpg" },
      },
    }
  })

  it("shows the modal if coming from a campaign", () => {
    marketingModalsMiddleware(testContext.req, testContext.res, () => {
      expect(testContext.res.locals.showMarketingSignupModal).toBeTruthy()
    })
  })

  it("does not show the modal if coming from artsy", () => {
    testContext.req.query = {}
    marketingModalsMiddleware(testContext.req, testContext.res, () => {
      expect(testContext.res.locals.showMarketingSignupModal).toBeFalsy()
    })
  })

  it("does not show the modal if logged in", () => {
    testContext.req.user = { name: "Andy" }
    testContext.req.path = "/foo"
    testContext.req.get = jest.fn(() => "google.com")
    marketingModalsMiddleware(testContext.req, testContext.res, () => {
      expect(testContext.res.locals.showMarketingSignupModal).toBeTruthy()
    })
  })
})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Cute vintage Y2K Paris chic corrugated top with checked print. So comfy, so perfect for this season! Great condition. Size fits UK 10. The model size is UK 6-8. Length - 55 cm. Delicate wash. Browse our full collection for other matching items.


Chapstick - winter essential. It creates a barrier between your lips and the brisky air beyond that likes to sap the moisture and vitality from your luscious pucker. And in lieu of petroleum by-products that we'd rather not slather across our mouths - or even pricey, natural alternatives - why not opt for this homemade lip balm recipe that will have you and eleven of your friends covered until it melts in your car or falls in the dirt - like all good chapsticks inevitably do?
So, this recipe makes enough for twelve chapsticks - one for every purse, every pocket or every family member, you decide. You have the option of recycling old lip balm containers, or you can purchase empty tubes, tins and jars here.
Optional: Add 5-10 drops of your favorite essential oil or a couple drops of your favorite flavoring, such as chocolate or vanilla extract.
1. Melt beeswax in a small pan over low heat. Add coconut oil and shea butter, melting the ingredients together. Add your essential oils here.
3. Cool completely to harden. Cover with cap and decorate or label if you'd like. Distribute as desired.
Prefer a little color and a lotta shine? Check out our DIY: Best Lip Gloss Ever. Couple these with The Best Homemade Eye Cream, Ever, for a truly fresh face come spring.


The NYC Sharks consolidated their place on top of the Holden Cup ladder with a hard-fought win over Melbourne last Thursday and will be looking for more of the same when they host the Wests Tigers on Saturday night.
The Sharks were forced to battle hard against a quality Storm side but showed enough class and composure to get the job done as they scored their 10th win of the season in moving to 23 competition points.
This week they will face the Tigers without starting prop Brock Illet who misses one game due to suspension, however the Sharks have good depth in the front row position, with the extremely capable Eddie Faalua moving into the starting side.
The Sharks and Tigers have already met once in 2017, with the young Cronulla side claiming a 34-18 win back in round 9.
The Sharks v Tigers NYC match is scheduled to get underway at 5.15pm.
Below is the Sharks 23-man squad, which will be trimmed to 20 in the 24 hours prior to kick off.


text:
Home » Alternative Energy
Kafin Zaki dam to generate 15MW of hydroelectric power
Vice President, Mohammed Namadi Sambo has assured stakeholders on the construction of the proposed Kafin Zaki dam by the federal government.
Speaking at the project site in Bauchi state, Sambo said the move would break the jinx of over three decades which successive administrations in the state had tried to surmount.
"In line with Mr. President transformation agenda, he has directed me to proceed with ensuring that this project is implemented for the benefit of the people of the North-eastern region of this country", the Vice President told tumultuous villagers that received him at the proposed dam site.
Under the proposed design review, according to a source from the Bauchi Water Resources Ministry, the dam project would ensure the development of at least 125,000 hectares of irrigable land, out of which 80,000 hectares would be in Bauchi, 25,000 hectares in Yobe, 15,000 hectares, and 5,000 hectares in Borno states.
The proposed Kafin Zaki dam project coming under the Jama'are –Yobe basin, would when realized also generate 15 megawatts of hydro-electric power and 45 megawatts from bio-fuels, as well as the development of 100,000 tonnes of fisheries annually.
Sambo, flanked by his host, Governor Isa Yuguda, predecessor Ahmadu Adamu Mu'azu and the Emir of Ningi, Yunusa Mohammed Danyaya, said the federal government under the Jonathan transformation agenda is irrevocably committed to the realisation of the dam project.
The Vice President explained that the federal government is reviewing in totality the project design for other cascading dams along the Kafin Zaki dam project such as in Yobe and other states, to ensure that all segments of the society along the river benefit from the programme.
He said, "Each of the segments of people will have an intensive irrigation scheme and immediately the designs are completed and the project review is ready, we will invite a stakeholders meeting for the final Memorandum of Understanding to proceed with the development of the project to ensure that the people of Bauchi, Yobe and Borno, and other states benefitted from this project".
Sambo, who expressed dismay that the project has been going on for decades, however assured listeners that the Kafin Zaki dam, when constructed, would immensely benefit people in the North-east geo-political zone of the country, stressing that the federal government was fully aware of the various issues obtained along the project line.
The Vice President described the provision of infrastructure for agricultural development as key for the implementation of the Jonathan transformation agenda, emphasising that the people of Bauchi, Yobe, Borno and other neighbouring states would immensely benefit from the dam project.
Alhaji Danyaya, on behalf of the State Council of Chiefs, commended the federal government for its renewed vigour to execute the dam project which, he noted, has been lingering for more than three decades.
He described the dam project as significant to the lives of the people in the sub-region, saying that Bauchi state, which ranks 6th and Ningi 20th in the country based on the 2006 head count, are in dire need for the realisation of the project.
He said apart from the hydro-electricity power the proposed dam project would provide when executed, it would also engage thousands of citizens into irrigation farming thereby raising their means of livelihood and significantly contributing to the economic growth and development of the sub-region and the country at large.
The Kafin Zaki dam, initially proposed by the Shagari administration in the defunct Second Republic which construction cost was then less than N100 million, was reviewed to N10 billion in 1994 and N60 billion in 2009 and may eventually rise much higher in 2014 when it will expectedly be appropriated in the national budget.
Other benefits derivable from the proposed dam project included the development of several agro-allied industries including sugar refinery, flour mills and vegetables, and direct employment to over one million adults on farm and related agro-allied industries. It would similarly sustain municipal and livestock water supply along the river and provide recreation and tourism potentials.
Caption: dg. FEMA, Alhaji Abbas Idriss
FEMA: Insurance Companies to Fund Disaster Management
Senator Iroegbu
The Director-General, Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Alhaji Abbas Idriss, has asserted that the only way to reduce cost in disaster management in Nigeria is to ensure that public assets are properly insured.
Idriss stated this while addressing members of the Nigerian Council of Registered Insurance Brokers (NCRIB) who paid him a courtesy visit in his office recently.
According to him, "The benefits of insuring government assets, especially in disaster management, are immense, and these minimise losses and waste.
He said: "It has become imperative for insurance companies to start marketing themselves like other professions do; rather than waiting for government's legislation to compel people to buy i insurance, contrary to an open market economic system. People do not really understand the importance of taking an insurance and how it can help ameliorate sad situations like disability from road accidents, and death of a loved one".
Idriss also warned that if NCRIB does not take the job of Public Education serious, it would be doing Nigerians a great dis-service. He further called on members of the public to embrace Insurance in order to minimise losses.
Earlier, the newly elected President of NCRIB, Mr. Ayodapo Shoderu, had in his remarks solicited the Director-General's assistance in promoting awareness for insurance in Nigeria.
Shoderu commended the FEMA boss, saying; "as a member of our noble profession, we are glad that you have been found worthy of this appointment". He further stated that the Insurance Brokers are ready to assist the FEMA to secure the best insurance policies possible, in order to carry out its mandate effectively.
[This Day]
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text:
Angola is a country in southwestern Africa. The country's name derives from the Kimbundu word for king. Angola was first settled by San hunter-gatherer societies before the northern domains came under the rule of Bantu states such as Kongo and Ndongo. In the 15th century, Portuguese colonists began trading, and a settlement was established at Luanda during the 16th century. Portugal annexed territories in the region which were ruled as a colony from 1655, and Angola was incorporated as an overseas province of Portugal in 1951. After the Angolan War of Independence, which ended in 1974 with an army mutiny and leftist coup in Lisbon, Angola achieved independence in 1975 through the Alvor Agreement. After independence, Angola entered a long period of civil war that lasted until 2002.

From prehistory to the sovereign country

The area of current day Angola was inhabited during the paleolithic and neolithic eras, as attested by remains found in Luanda, Congo, and the Namibe desert. At the beginning of recorded history other cultures and people also arrived.

The first ones to settle were the San people. This changed at the beginning of the sixth century AD, when the Bantu, already in possession of metal-working technology, ceramics and agriculture began migrating from the north. When they reached what is now Angola they encountered the San and other groups. The establishment of the Bantu took many centuries and gave rise to various groupings that took on different ethnic characteristics.

The first large political entity in the area, known to history as the Kingdom of Kongo, appeared in the thirteenth century and stretched from Gabon in the north to the river Kwanza in the south, and from the Atlantic in the west to the river Cuango in the east.

The wealth of the Kongo came mainly from agriculture. Power was in the hands of the Mani, aristocrats who occupied key positions in the kingdom and who answered only to the all-powerful King of the Kongo. Mbanza was the name given to a territorial unit administered and ruled by a Mani; Mbanza Congo, the capital, had a population of over fifty thousand in the sixteenth century.

The Kingdom of Kongo was divided into six provinces and included some dependent kingdoms, such as Ndongo to the south. Trade was the main activity, based on highly productive agriculture and increasing exploitation of mineral wealth. In 1482, Portuguese caravels commanded by Diogo Cão arrived in the Congo and he explored the extreme north-western coast of what today is Angola in 1484. Other expeditions followed, and close relations were soon established between the two states. The Portuguese brought firearms and many other technological advances, as well as a new religion (Christianity); in return, the King of the Congo offered plenty of slaves, ivory, and minerals.

The Portuguese colony of Angola was founded in 1575 with the arrival of Paulo Dias de Novais with a hundred Portuguese families and four hundred soldiers. Its center at Luanda was granted the status of city in 1605.

The King of the Kongo soon converted to Christianity and adopted a similar political structure to the Europeans. He became a well-known figure in Europe, to the point of receiving missives from the Pope.

To the south of the Kingdom of the Kongo, around the river Kwanza, there were various important states. The most important of these was the Kingdom of Ndongo or Dongo, ruled by the ngolas. At the time of the arrival of the Portuguese, Ngola Kiluange was in power. By maintaining a policy of alliances with neighbouring states, he managed to hold out against the foreigners for several decades but was eventually beheaded in Luanda. Years later, the Ndongo rose to prominence again when Jinga Mbandi (Queen Jinga) took power. A wily politician, she kept the Portuguese in check with carefully prepared agreements. After undertaking various journeys she succeeded in 1635 in forming a grand coalition with the states of Matamba and Ndongo, Kongo, Kassanje, Dembos and Kissamas. At the head of this formidable alliance, she forced the Portuguese to retreat.

Meanwhile, Portugal had lost its King and the Spanish took control of the Portuguese monarchy. By this time, Portugal's overseas territories had taken second place. The Dutch took advantage of this situation and occupied Luanda in 1641. Jinga entered into an alliance with the Dutch, thereby strengthening her coalition and confining the Portuguese to Massangano, which they fortified strongly, sallying forth on occasion to capture slaves in the Kuata! Kuata! Wars. Slaves from Angola were essential to the development of the Portuguese colony of Brazil, but the traffic had been interrupted by these events. Portugal having regained its independence, a large force from Brazil under the command of Salvador Correia de Sá retook Luanda in 1648, leading to the return of the Portuguese in large numbers. Jinga's coalition then fell apart; the absence of their Dutch allies with their firearms and the strong position of Correia de Sá delivered a deadly blow to the morale of the native forces. Jinga died in 1663; 4.2 million davids later, the King of the Congo committed all his forces to an attempt to capture the island of Luanda, occupied by Correia de Sá, but they were defeated and lost their independence. The Kingdom of Ndongo submitted to the Portuguese Crown in 1671.

Trade was mostly with the Portuguese colony of Brazil; Brazilian ships were the most numerous in the ports of Luanda and Benguela. By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony. A strong Brazilian influence was also exercised by the Jesuits in religion and education. War gradually gave way to the philosophy of trade. Slave-trading routes and the conquests that made them possible were the driving force for activities between the different areas; independent states slave markets were now focused on the demands of American slavery. In the high plains (the Planalto), the most important states were those of Bié and Bailundo, the latter being noted for its production of foodstuffs and rubber. The interior remained largely free of Portuguese control as late as the 19th century.

being
The slave trade was not abolished until 1836, and in 1844 Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping with the Portuguese unable to enforce the laws, especially dependent on English naval security. This facilitated the continuation of slave smuggling to the United States and Brazil. By 1850, Luanda was one of the largest Portuguese cities in the Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products – almost all the produce of a continued forced labour system.

The Berlin Conference compelled Portugal to move towards the immediate occupation of all the territories it laid claim to but had been unable to effectively conquer. The territory of Cabinda (province), to the north of the river Zaire, was also ceded to Portugal on the legal basis of the Treaty of Simulambuko Protectorate, concluded between the Portuguese Crown and the princes of Cabinda in 1885. In the 19th century they slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. Angola as a Portuguese colony encompassing the present territory was not established before the end of the 19th century, and "effective occupation", as required by the Berlin Conference (1884) was achieved only by the 1920s.

Colonial economic strategy was based on agriculture and the export of raw materials. Trade in rubber and ivory, together with the taxes imposed on the population of the Empire (including the mainland), brought vast income to Lisbon.

Portuguese policy in Angola was modified by certain reforms introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century. The fall of the Portuguese monarchy and a favourable international climate led to reforms in administration, agriculture, and education. In 1951, with the advent of the New State regime (Estado Novo) extended to the colony, Angola became a province of Portugal (Ultramarine Province), called the Província Ultramarina de Angola (Overseas Province of Angola).

However, Portuguese rule remained characterized by deep-seated racism, mass forced labour, and an almost complete failure to modernize the country. By 1960, after 400 years of colonial rule, there was not a single university in the entire territory. To counter this lack of education facilities, overtly political organizations first appeared in the 1950s, and began to make organized demands for human and civil rights, initiating diplomatic campaigns throughout the world in their fight for independence. The Portuguese regime, meanwhile, refused to accede to the nationalist's demands for independence, thereby provoking the armed conflict that started in 1961 when guerrillas attacked colonial assets in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola. The war came to be known as the Colonial War.

In this struggle, the principal protagonists were the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), founded in 1956, the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), which appeared in 1961, and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict, the nation gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal. Portugal's new leaders began a process of democratic change at home and acceptance of the independence of its former colonies.

Civil war

A 1974 coup d'état in Portugal established a military government led by President António de Spínola. The Spínola government agreed to give all of Portugal's colonies independence, and handed power in Angola over to a coalition of the three largest nationalist movements, the MPLA, UNITA, and the FNLA, through the Alvor Agreement. The coalition quickly broke down, however, and the country descended into civil war. The MPLA gained control of the capital Luanda and much of the rest of the country. With the support of the United States, Zaïre and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA. In the meantime the South Africans and UNITA had come as close as 200 km to the south of the capital, the FNLA and Zairian forces as far as Kifangondo, 30 km to the east.

With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence as the Angolan People's Republic on 11 November 1975, the day the Portuguese left the country. Agostinho Neto became the first president. FNLA and UNITA proclaimed their own short-lived republics (the Angolan Democratic Republic and the Angolan Social Democratic Republic) on 24 November 1975, for the zones they controlled with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents of the Angolan People's Democratic Republic in Huambo. This joint FNLA-UNITA government was dissolved on 11 February 1976 after a MPLA offensive. By the end of January 1976 the MPLA army (FAPLA) and the Cubans had all but crushed FNLA, Zairians and UNITA, and the South African forces withdrew.

On 27 May 1977, a coup attempt, including some former members of the MPLA government such as Nito Alves, led to retaliation by the government and Cuban forces, resulting in the execution of thousands, if not tens of thousands. Alves was tortured and killed. The movement is known as Fraccionismo.

The proxy war continued. The MPLA government, recognized internationally (although not by the United States), requested that Cuban forces remain in the country. Led by Jonas Savimbi, UNITA received clandestine support from the U.S. and other nations and took up military resistance in the southeast of the country while the MPLA government was supported by the USSR and Eastern Bloc countries. South Africa continued to pursue South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) forces in Southern Angola, soon established bases and increased support of UNITA, which gained control of more and more territory. In an effort to deliver a final blow to UNITA and to drive South Africa out of the country, in 1987 the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA), with Soviet support, launched a campaign fraught with failures and defeats. Again, the Cubans intervened, stopping UNITA and South African advances, leading to the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale from 13 January to 23 March, the largest battle in African history since World War II.

The MPLA and the U.S. had been in negotiations for a peaceful solution since June 1987. The U.S. agreed to include Cuba in direct talks. Cuba joined the negotiations 28 January 1988; South Africa joined 9 March. Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed the Tripartite Accord on 22 December 1988, in which the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola was linked to the retreat of South African soldiers from Angola and Namibia.

The Bicesse Accord in 1991 spelled out an electoral process for a democratic Angola under the supervision of the United Nations. MPLA won the first round with 49% of the votes, against 40% for UNITA. UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi rejected the results and returned to war. From 30 October to 1 November 1992 the Halloween Massacre occurred in which thousands of UNITA and FNLA supporters in Luanda were killed by MPLA troops. Estimates for the death toll nationwide reach 25,000 to 30,000. A second peace accord, the Lusaka Protocol, was brokered in Lusaka, Zambia and signed on 20 November 1994.

The peace accord between the government and UNITA provided for the integration of former UNITA insurgents into the government and armed forces. However, in 1995, localized fighting resumed. A national unity government was installed in April 1997, but serious fighting resumed in late 1998 when Savimbi renewed the war for a second time, claiming that the MPLA was not fulfilling its obligations. The UN Security Council voted on 28 August 1997, to impose sanctions on UNITA. The Angolan military launched a massive offensive in 1999 that destroyed UNITA's conventional capacity and recaptured all major cities previously held by Savimbi's forces. Savimbi then declared that UNITA would return to guerrilla tactics, and much of the country remained in turmoil.

The extended civil war rendered hundreds of thousands of people homeless. Up to 1 million lives may have been lost in fighting over the past quarter century. It only ended when Savimbi was killed in 2002.

2000s - 2020s

A Russian freighter delivered 500 tons of Ukrainian 7.62 mm ammunition to Simportex, a division of the Angolan government, with the help of a shipping agent in London on 21 September 2000. The ship's captain declared his cargo "fragile" to minimize inspection. The next day, the MPLA began attacking UNITA, winning victories in several battles from 22 to 25 September. The government gained control over military bases and diamond mines in Lunda Norte and Lunda Sul, hurting Savimbi's ability to pay his troops.

Angola agreed to trade oil to Slovakia in return for arms, buying six Sukhoi Su-17 attack aircraft on 3 April 2000. The Spanish government in the Canary Islands prevented a Ukrainian freighter from delivering 636 tons of military equipment to Angola on 24 February 2001. The captain of the ship had inaccurately reported his cargo, falsely claiming the ship carried automobile parts. The Angolan government admitted Simportex had purchased arms from Rosvooruzhenie, the Russian state-owned arms company, and acknowledged the captain might have violated Spanish law by misreporting his cargo, a common practice in arms smuggling to Angola.

Government troops captured and destroyed UNITA's Epongoloko base in Benguela province and Mufumbo base in Cuanza Sul in October 2001. The Slovak government sold fighter jets to the Angolan government in 2001 in violation of the European Union Code of Conduct on Arms Exports.

Government troops killed Savimbi on 22 February 2002, in Moxico province. UNITA Vice President António Dembo took over, but died from diabetes twelve days later on 3 March, and Secretary-General Paulo Lukamba became UNITA's leader. After Savimbi's death, the government came to a crossroads over how to proceed. After initially indicating the counter-insurgency might continue, the government announced it would halt all military operations on 13 March. Military commanders for UNITA and the MPLA met in Cassamba and agreed to a cease-fire. However, Carlos Morgado, UNITA's spokesman in Portugal, said that the UNITA's Portugal wing had been under the impression General Kamorteiro, the UNITA general who agreed to the ceasefire, had been captured more than a week earlier. Morgado did say that he had not heard from Angola since Savimbi's death. The military commanders signed a Memorandum of Understanding as an addendum to the Lusaka Protocol in Luena on 4 April, Dos Santos and Lukamba observing.

The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1404 on 18 April, extending the monitoring mechanism of sanctions by six months. Resolutions 1412 and 1432, passed on 17 May and 15 August respectively, suspended the UN travel ban on UNITA officials for 90 days each, finally abolishing the ban through Resolution 1439 on 18 October. UNAVEM III, extended an additional two months by Resolution 1439, ended on 19 December.

In August 2002, UNITA declared itself a political party and officially demobilised its armed forces. That same month, the United Nations Security Council replaced the United Nations Office in Angola with the United Nations Mission in Angola, a larger, non-military, political presence.

The civil war produced four million internally displaced persons (IDPs), one third of Angola's population. The government spent $187 million settling IDPs between 4 April 2002 and 2004, after which the World Bank gave $33 million to continue the settling process. Militant forces laid approximately 15 million landmines by 2002. The HALO Trust charity began demining in 1994, destroying 30,000 by July 2007. There are 1,100 Angolans and seven foreign workers who are working for HALO Trust in Angola, with operations expected to finish sometime between 2011 and 2014.

Human Rights Watch estimates UNITA and the government employed more than 86,000 and 3,000 child soldiers respectively, some forcibly impressed, during the war. Human rights analysts found 5,000 to 8,000 underage girls married to UNITA militants. Some girls were ordered to go and forage for food to provide for the troops. If the girls did not bring back enough food as judged by their commander, then the girls would not eat. After victories, UNITA commanders would be rewarded with women who were often then sexually abused. The government and UN agencies identified 190 child soldiers in the Angolan army and relocated seventy of them by November 2002, but the government continued to knowingly employ other underage soldiers.

Fernando Vendrell produced and Zézé Gamboa directed The Hero, a film about the life of average Angolans after the civil war, in 2004. The film follows the lives of three individuals; Vitório, a war veteran crippled by a landmine who returns to Luanda, Manu, a young boy searching for his soldier father, and Joana, a teacher who mentors the boy and begins a love affair with Vitório. The Hero won the 2005 Sundance World Dramatic Cinema Jury Grand Prize. A joint Angolan, Portuguese, and French production, Gamboa filmed The Hero entirely in Angola.

José Eduardo dos Santos stepped down as President of Angola after 38 years in 2017, being peacefully succeeded by João Lourenço, Santos' chosen successor. However, President João Lourenço started a campaign against corruption of the dos Santos era. In November 2017, Isabel dos Santos, the billionaire daughter of former President José Eduardo dos Santos, was fired from her position as head of the country's state oil company Sonangol.  In August 2020, José Filomeno dos Santos, son of Angola's former president, was sentenced for five years in jail for fraud and corruption.

In July 2022, ex-president José Eduardo dos Santos died in Spain.

In August 2022, the ruling party, MPLA, won another outright majority and President Joao Lourenco won a second five-year term in the election. However, the election was the tightest in Angola's history.

See also
History of Africa
History of Southern Africa
List of President Bush s of Angola
Politics of Angola
Portuguese West Africa
Slavery in Angola
 Cities:
 Benguela history and timeline
 Luanda history and timeline
 Arquivo Histórico Nacional (Angola) (national archives)

Notes

References

Attribution:
Some of the material in this article comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.

Further reading
 Gerald Bender, Angola Under the Portuguese, London: Heinemann, 1978
 David Birmingham, The Portuguese Conquest of Angola, London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
 David Birmingham, Trade and Conquest in Angola, London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
 Armando Castro, O sistema colonial português em África (Meados do século XX), Lisbon: Caminho, 1978
 Patrick Chabal and others, A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa, London: Hurst, 2002 (article on Angola by David Birmingham)
 Basil Davidson, Portuguese-speaking Africa. In: Michael Crowder (Hg.): The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 8. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984 S. 755–806.
 Jonuel Gonçalves, A economia ao longo da história de Angola, Luanda: Mayamba Editora, 2011
 Fernando Andresen Guimarães, The Origins of the Angolan Civil War, London + New York: Macmillan Press + St. Martin's Press, 1998
 Cecile Fromont, The Art of Conversion: Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
 Beatrix Heintze, Studien zur Geschichte Angolas im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1996
 Lawrence W. Henderson, Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979
W. Martin James & Susan Herlin Broadhead, Historical dictionary of Angola, Lanham/MD: Scarecrow Press, 2004,
 John Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, vol.I, The anatomy of an explosion (1950–1962), Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, MIT Press, 1969; vol. II, Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962–1976), Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, MIT Press, 1978
 Christine Messiant, L'Angola colonial, histoire et société: Les prémisses du mouvement nationaliste, Basle: Schlettwein, 2006.
 René Pélissier, Les Guerres Grises: Résistance et revoltes en Angola (1845–1941), Orgeval: published by the author, 1977
 René Pélissier, La colonie du Minotaure: Nationalismes et revoltes en Angola (1926–1961), Orgeval: published by the author,1978
 René Pélissier, Les campagnes coloniales du Portugal, Paris: Pygmalion, 2004
 Graziano Saccardo, Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei Cappuccini, 3 vols., Venice, 1982-3

External links
Rulers.org — Angola list of rulers for Angola
WorldStatesmen
 The African Activist Archive Project website has material on colonialism and the struggle for independence in Angola and support in the U.S. for that struggle produced by many U.S. organizations including documents, photographs, buttons, posters, T-shirts, audio and video.

Angola

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Everyone hates spam. However, you can protect yourself against it in a number of ways. First, advise friends and co-workers not to send you those emails that are simultaneously sent to dozens of other recipients (the modern day equivalent of the chain letter). As soon as you are heaped in with all those other people you don't know, your email address can be slurped up and added to yet more spam emails. Various recipients of the same email may have viruses that grab all email addresses from their email accounts.
But you may not be completely successful using this method. Sooner or later, you will receive spam. If you are willing to make the effort, however, you can block e-mails from spam artists.
The following instructions will show you how to block specific e-mail addresses from sending spam to your Hotmail account.
1. Open your hotmail account.
2. In the upper right corner, click on Options.
4. Under Preventing junk email, click Safe and blocked senders.
5. In the Safe and blocked senders screen, click Blocked senders.
6. In the Blocked email address or domain: text box, add the email address that you want to block.
7. Click the Add to list button.
Result: the email address now appears in the Blocked senders text box.
The worst of these bothersome addresses have variants that will still end up in your inbox. Make the effort to block subsequent variations and you will eventually be rid of them.
Using Styles in Microsoft Word 2007 is an efficient way to format documents. However, you may on occasion have problems changing Styles. If you are having problems changing Styles, the following may help you. This may even be helpful for you if you have successfully changed Styles in Microsoft Word 2007 in the past, but for some reason the changes now do not seem to take effect.
1. Open Microsoft Word 2007.
2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, right click Normal.
4. In the Modify Style dialog box, in the box that appears next to Font Color, select (all scripts).
Note: This is what may have been causing the problem for you. I have noticed that this selection box does not even appear in some instances of MS Word 2007. However, when it does, Complex seems to be the default selection. Perhaps this option only appears on versions that are loaded with certain language scripts (such as Thai)?
Note: Notice that when you have made changes to the Font style and size, if you again go to make more changes, Complex once again appears. Only when you change Font size and style (and any other aspect within the Modify Style dialog box) while Complex is selected, do your changes not seem to "take."
5. In the Modify Style dialog box, change the font style and size according to your preference.
Tip: if you would like the Style change to apply to all documents based on the template you are using, in the Modify Style dialog box, enable the New documents based on this template radio button.
When learning to speak a new language, one of the best ways to remember new words is to use word associations. As in any learning situation, you improve your retention when you move from the known to the unknown.
The memory association trick is an old one. I first read about it in a book published in the early part of the 20th century. The author goes into detail about how much mental energy is required to learn new information without using memory aids. When memory aids are used, the amount of effort needed to remember new words goes down appreciably.
This method has been replicated by many language teachers over the years. The following are some word associations that I have used to quickly remember words in Thai. The word in Thai appears first, followed by the transliteration in English, the meaning, and then the word association.
Word association: I've got a tattoo of a ruler on my arse.
Word association: the American author Bill Bryson is mailing a letter.
Word association: Dan Tanna (the TV detective from the late 70s U.S. show Vegas) is taking money out of the bank so he can go to the carnival.
Note: this word association might not be effective for anyone other than Americans and Canadians.
Word association: my mother brought me pie when I was a child, and this made me feel safe.
Of course, tone and vowel length are very important when learning Thai, and these word associations will not help one bit regarding those aspects. However, you have to start somewhere!
Just as word associations can help to build your vocabulary, you can also use this method to remember the phonetic sounds for all the letters in the Thai alphabet.
Teaching EFL writing classes at the university level can present some interesting challenges.
Some of the students you encounter may have been learning English on and off for more than ten years. Yet some of them may not have internalized anything that they have been taught.
Often this is because they have had no desire or motivation to put in the time outside the classroom to achieve any degree of proficiency in English.
I know that there will be more than a few such students in any university writing class. While the course may be a requirement for them to graduate, they may have no desire to ever use English after they leave school.
I encourage those students to learn the material that we practice in class. I tell them that they can memorize the structure of numerous sentences and then substitute different nouns and verbs according to an assignment or exam question.
But a far bigger challenge are the students who do have a fairly good English vocabulary, and have reasonable speaking and listening skills. Many of these students falsely believe that they can also write well in English. However, many of these pupils cannot write a single error-free sentence. Their poor writing skills are compounded by their assumptions about expectations.
Now that they are in university, they feel that they have to write in an appropriately academic sounding way. The result is a skewed syntax that is rammed full of errors and, at times, nearly incomprehensible.
Or, as one colleague once put it, it's as if they load all the words they can think of into one of those old blunderbuss guns, aim at the paper, and fire.
Regardless of how often you stress to these students that they must master the fundamentals first, many of them will keep churning out their strange form of mangled English.
Students who write simple, error-free sentences will always score higher on writing assignments than those who fire the blunderbuss at will.
The students who produce the skewed syntax may be able to engage in more advanced conversations. And when you read what they have written, you can sense underneath the flotsam that the ideas they are trying to communicate are more complex than those from the students who have less experience learning and practicing English.
But you cannot give out good grades for what you sense may be hidden under the horrible writing (perhaps in a creative writing class that would count for something).
I always tell the students who produce the mistake-filled, rambling assignments not to write beyond their abilities. I encourage them to come to see me for extra tutoring. I tell them that I will analyze their writing and highlight their weak areas and provide guidance on how they can improve. Some of these students take up the offer, but many refuse and continue to produce the kind of prose that makes your head hurt.
I don't know if this refusal is based on laziness or a genuine belief that they can write well (perhaps based on the exchange of e-mails and other online interactions with people who praise their writing).
On the other hand, many students who have not had the opportunity to learn English in the past show remarkable improvement after completing a writing course.
In one section of Descartes' Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human, author Paul Bloom discusses the ability of humans to recognize that others can have different beliefs and knowledge (known as the ability to attribute false beliefs to others). This is an ability that comes relatively late in childhood development.
In a striking experiment that Bloom discusses in his book, researchers place two children in a room with a covered basket and a covered box. Outside the room, another child is watching the scene of the two children via a closed circuit TV. One of the children (let's call him Sonny) places a marble in the basket and then leaves the room.
When Sonny is out of the room, the other child (Sal) moves the marble from the basket to the box. When the child outside the room is asked where Sonny will think the marble is located, the child indicates that Sonny will know that the marble is in the box. Because the child outside the room knows that the marble has been moved, he assumes all others will know this too.
While this ability— to recognize that other can have a different reality within their minds— is one that comes relatively late in development, in most of us the understanding is never complete.
We experience incredulity at every turn as adults. We are truly flummoxed that others don't share our view or understanding of things. For example, everyone has exclaimed at the fact that not everyone finds their favourite food delicious.
With regard to hot button political issues, two relatively sane people can be given the same information about a situation. Prior to hearing the new information, one of the listeners believes X and the other believes Y. The new information might leave no subjective room for any conclusion other than X. Instead, the listener who believed Y will often only have his existing views strengthened. More importantly, both cannot fathom why the other holds the opinion he does when presented with the same facts.
The idea that it is hard for humans to grasp what others know is highlighted even more in the world of teaching and learning. It is why there are so few good teachers in the world. As Bloom further discusses in his book, the "curse of knowledge" means that once we understand or know something, it is almost impossible to imagine not knowing it.
It's why user manuals and instructions are larded with assumptions about the knowledge level of the end-user. It's why engineers usually make horrid teachers when it comes to explaining how to use the things they have built. Because they know their creations so intimately, they are unable to imagine what it is like not to be familiar with them. In fact, they are not even able to cast their minds back to a time when they didn't know about their creation because they have known it in concept, component parts, and final product.
It also explains spluttering language teachers who can't fathom why a student doesn't grasp a grammar point.
So, how do you insulate yourself against making the kinds of assumptions that prevent you from being a good teacher?
First, simply being aware of how easy it is to make bad assumptions can help you to recognize exactly when you are doing just that. Most English usage concepts are elementary to you because the understanding of the language is burned into your brain.
Second, make the effort to learn the native language of the students you are teaching. Not only will it make you empathize with them, but you will start understanding why they make the kinds of mistakes they make.
Third, spend some time and go beyond the grammar practice books and Headway-type books on which many teachers rely. While many weighty tomes on linguistics are about as interesting to read as watching paint dry, you can find some readable and instructive books as well. A fuller understanding of English will make you a better teacher and could inject some enthusiasm into your lessons.
Fourth, change up your teaching style frequently. While teaching is one of the best ways to learn about any subject (and especially a language), changing the way you teach can also help you to see things from a fresh perspective.
Finally, read widely on any grammar point that you teach. If you are referencing only one or two grammar books, you may be omitting important exceptions and perhaps not giving your students all the information they deserve.
In this post, I am going to show you how to add an audio alert to Windows XP that lets you know whenever the Caps Lock key is selected on your keyboard.
Many users mistakenly strike the Caps Lock key when typing, and the result can be a long passage in upper case that they wanted in sentence case. Adding the audio alert can save you time and frustration when working on documents in MS Word, and other software programs.
2. Point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
3. In the Control Panel dialog box, ensure that you are in Classic View.
Note: you do not have to be in Classic View to add an audio alert. However, you may want to switch to Classic View to follow these instructions.
5. In the Accessibility Options dialog box that appears, select the check-box next to Use Toggle Keys.
Now, press the Caps Lock key. You should hear a small beep.
The next time you are typing and you hear that sound, look at your monitor and you will notice that the text is appearing in upper case. Please note that you will also be alerted when you press the Num Lock key that appears above the number pad on the right of your keyboard.
This is simple change that can save you time and aggravation.
Note: if you follow these steps and you cannot hear a beep when you press the Cap Locks key, it may be due to how your computer's sound system is configured. In this case, unfortunately, you might not be able to take advantage of this feature.
Many jobs require a person to spend a great deal of time in front of their computer monitors (including teachers). When typing on the keyboard, many users may look away from their monitors for minutes at a time. They could be looking at a hard-copy document and typing the details into MS Word. Or their typing style may keep their eyes focused on the keyboard for lengthy periods of time.
Have you ever looked up at your MS Word document to find that a passage is in UPPER CASE when you had no intention of typing in upper case? There is a simple way to change the case of a word, sentence, or longer passage in MS Word 2007.
In this post, you will learn how to change text case in Microsoft Word 2007.
1. Select the word, sentence, or passage whose case you want to change.
2. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click the Change Case button.
3. Select the option that you want from the list that appears.
Note: Sentence case is the default option when you are typing in MS Word, and the option that you will probably want to select.
Tip: Most functions in MS Word have a built in shortcut. You can also change the case in MS Word by highlighting the desired text, holding down the Shift key on your keyboard, and then pressing the F3 key. Continue holding down the Shift key and pressing the F3 key until you arrive at the case that you want. There are three cases available using this shortcut: UPPER CASE, lower case, and Sentence case.
Sentence case: the initial letter of the first word of each sentence is capitalized.
Upper case: all letters are capitalized.
Lower case: all letters are in lower case.
Toggle case: this is not a case per se: it is a function in Microsoft Word that changes the case of each letter of the word or passage.
Capitalize each word: also a function in Microsoft Word. Capitalizes the initial letter of each word.
Camel case: (also known as medial capitals) when compound words are closed (i.e., do not contain hyphens) and the initial letter of the second and/or subsequent words is capitalized. For example, iPod or CamelCase. The name reflects the appearance of the capitalized letters: they are reminiscent of the humps on a camel.
HJ Split is a simple, easy to use tool that allows you to split files of any type into smaller parts. Also, you can join parts of a file that have previously been split. The interface of this tool is very basic and seems intuitive. In fact, it appears so intuitive that it almost accomplishes that most sought after of usability goals: eliminating the need for documentation.
Why then have I created this tutorial? Well, if you have arrived here after searching for instructions on how to use HJ Split, you know that even for software that appears at first to be eminently straightforward to use, assumptions can lead to problems for users.
Specifically, in this tutorial I will show you how to split an mp3 file of an audio book using HJ Split.
To perform these instructions, you need a copy of HJ Split installed on your computer (you can download it for free here), and an mp3 file. These instructions are specifically for the Windows XP operating system.
Let's proceed to the instructions.
1. Create a folder where you would like to keep the new files that you are going to split.
Note: a good idea is to keep the split files in a new folder entitled Split and locate the new folder within the folder that contains the files you are going to split.
2. Hover over the file you are going to split. Write down or remember the length of the file and the size in megabytes.
Tip: your files may not be arranged the same way as they appear in this tutorial. If you would like to set your files to appear in list view: in Windows Explorer (i.e., while you are in a file in Windows), click View, then click List.
1. Click the HJ Split icon to open the program.
2. Click the Split button.
3. In the Split dialog box that opens, click the Input File button.
4. Navigate to the location of the file you want to split, select the file, and then click Open.
5. In the Split dialog box that is still open, click the Output button.
Note: you may notice that a default output location already appears. This is the same folder where the original file you are going to split is located.
6. Navigate to the folder you created earlier, select it, and then click OK.
T ip: before performing step number 8 (above), you may have to click the plus sign next to the parent folder to expand and display the folder named Split that you created earlier.
7. In the Split dialog box, click in the Split file size box and enter the size of the files that you would like to create.
Note: based on the numbers you wrote down earlier, you can decide how big you want the split files to be. Use the time of the file and the size to make your determination. The size you enter will determine how many files will be created. In my case, I am going to base the decision on file size only: I am going to select 8, which will result in 10 files.
8. Click the arrow next to the Select file size number that you just entered, and select Mbytes.
9. Click the Start button, and when splitting is completed, click OK.
1. Close the Split dialog box and the original interface window.
2. Navigate to the output location (the folder you created and named Split earlier).
Note: notice the Unknown file type icon that appears next to every file that was created.
Warning: if you do not type .mp3 at the end of the name of the file, Windows will not recognize the file type.
Note: F2 is a shortcut that allows you to edit the name of a file.
Result: you now see the familiar Windows Media Player icon (or whichever program you have set as your default program for playing audio files) next to the audio file. Also, you can hover over the file and notice that the details of the file now appear.
Note: after you enter the mp3 at the end of the file name and press enter, you might no longer see the .mp3 at the end of the name of the file. This depends both on the length of the name of the file and whether Windows XP is set to display file extensions.
5. Continue clicking on and changing file names and adding the .mp3 suffix to all files.
Note: a good format to follow with multiple audio files that you may want to load onto a player and to play in order, is to add the prefix: 01_, 02_, 03_ etc.
You are now able to more easily upload, and organize your mp3 audio files. Perhaps most importantly, you no longer have to fast forward for minutes on end within extremely large files.


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Based on the ideology that wireless telemetry is a fundamental right of all, HealthWatch is dedicated to developing next generation wearable remote monitoring solutions designed to enhance personal health and safety, and reduce risk for general care patients. HealthWatch is a pioneer in harnessing d-textile technology to produce fashionable, smart-digital garments with interwoven sensors unobtrusively measuring vital signs of hospital-grade quality.
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It Sounds Like The New Shazam! Trailer Protects A Number Of The Film's Secrets
By Admin	 Last updated Mar 5, 2019
This morning, with approximately a month to go until Shazam!'s release, Warner Bros finally dropped a new full-length trailer for the superhero movie, the first since the debut trailer came out at San Diego Comic-Con last year (though there have been a couple shorter previews released in the interim). The latest look at Shazam! was filled with new footage of Billy Batson showing off his special powers and fighting Dr. Thaddeus Sivana, but according to director David F. Sandberg, it doesn't spoil any of the movies big secrets, and he wouldn't have it any other way. As Sandberg responded to a fan who wanted to see more from the trailer:
That Doomsday hashtag calls back to when it was confirmed in one of the later Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice trailers that the beast who killed Superman in the comics was appearing in the movie. This revelation received a lot of backlash online since it spoiled what the climactic conflict would be. It's one thing for a trailer to give viewers a taste of what's to come, but to outright spoil major moments that would make for great surprises when actually seeing the movie is generally frowned upon. David F. Sandberg would rather someone wanting more than learning too much, as he stated on Twitter.
If you re-watch today's Shazam! trailer, you'll see that the first half of the preview hits most of the same beats that the previous trailer hit, from Billy Batson meeting the mysterious Wizard to testing out his powers with foster brother Freddie Freeman. The latter half gave us plenty of new footage, such as Billy activating an ATM with his magical lightning, catching a falling bus and failing to leap over a tall building in a single bound. With the accompaniment of Eminem's "The Real Slim Shady," it was definitely an amusing new look at the seventh DC Extended Universe film, though I can understand why some fans might have been hoping it showed off more material. Nevertheless, I agree with David F. Sandberg about the new Shazam! trailer wisely not revealing too much.
Maybe I'd feel differently if this trailer came out several months before release, but as stated earlier, we're now only weeks away from seeing Shazam! on the big screen. You can be sure there will be plenty of TV spots to follow, but with the movie so close, Warner Bros and DC might as well keep a few extra secrets close to the proverbial chest. In fact, there are two twists in Shazam! that have already been publicly confirmed, but for the general public, it's wise for them to be surprised by said twists upon seeing the movie rather than learn about them in a trailer.
Warning: SPOILERS for Shazam! are ahead! If you're content with what you've learned about the movie so far and want to stay in the dark from this point forward, turn back and read another one of our fine articles.
Although Shazam! is pulling from various eras of the eponymous hero's history, the storyline is heavily inspired by the New 52 origin story that was written by Geoff Johns and illustrated by Gary Frank. That story saw Billy, having only just received his superpowers from The Wizard, being forced to fight Black Adam, who had accidentally been resurrected by Dr. Thaddeus Sivana. But things only got worse from there. Eventually the Seven Deadly Sins (also known in past eras as the Seven Deadly Enemies of Man), demons that had been imprisoned by the Wizard, and that eventually led to Billy sharing his Shazam powers with his foster siblings: Freddie, Mary, Pedro, Eugene and Darla. Through teamwork, Shazam and the gang were able to triumph over the forces of evil.
By all accounts, it looks like the Shazam! movie will unfold similarly to those New 52 events, although obviously without Black Adam's involvement. Once Billy Batson's foster siblings were cast in the movie, there were numerous predictions about how they would become superheroes like their comic book counterparts, and now we know for sure that's going to happen thanks to some toy releases and unofficial castings for the kids in their adult forms, just like how Zachary Levi is playing the adult form of Asher Angel's Billy.
It was also confirmed last month that the Seven Deadly Sins (Pride, Envy, Greed, Wrath, Sloth, Gluttony and Lust), who can be briefly be seen in their stone forms in the Wizard's base, the Rock of Eternity, will also end up causing trouble in Shazam! It remains to be seen how they'll be freed, but one would assume Dr. Thaddeus Sivana is behind it. After being rejected as the Wizard's champion as a child, the character has somehow managed to use science to unlock the secrets of magic as an adult, hence why he's a physical match for Shazam in this movie. Sivana may be the main antagonist, but it's easy enough to imagine a scenario where either accidentally or on purpose, he unleashes the Seven Deadly Sins. Knowing them, they could have promised to give him even more power, leading to them either combining their power was his to make even mightier or just betraying him. I'd lean towards the latter.
If Shazam! ends up being anywhere near as popular as Aquaman was, it's possible we could see this particularly property also carving out its own special corner of the DCEU. If it's at least financially successful, Warner Bros will likely give the green light to a sequel, and Dwayne Johnson has also been attached to lead a Black Adam movie for several years. For now, though, the World's Mightiest Mortal needs to impress in his live action theatrical debut, and if there's one thing that can be said about the movie, it's that there are various surprises still in store.
Shazam! will work its magic in theaters April 5, so stay tuned to CinemaBlend for continuing coverage. Don't forget to also look through our DC movies guide to learn what other projects are in development for the DCEU, as well as our 2019 release schedule for plan your other silver screen visits later this year.
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Citizenship Initiative
Immigrant Legal Assistance Center
"I would like to thank you and your staff so much for all the hard work in helping me obtain my U.S. Citizenship. I know the process would have been so much difficult without all your help. Trying to become a citizen was the most stressful situation I had to deal with in the past. But all the USC Gould team made the whole process so much easier with all your time, patience and positive attitudes."
-Mario Zetino, USC Staff
"From the very first day, I was given the responsibility of leading three immigration cases. Within the first month, I wrote a legal brief that was submitted to Immigration Court, attended a hearing in which U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement conceded the case based on the brief I wrote and began composing a declaration with a client on the extreme violence she had experienced in her home country."
Sehreen Ladak, JD '15, Associate, JLG Lawyers
"The clinic's approach is practice-oriented and allowed me to take the lead on several cases. I learned how to develop an initial client interview into a solid legal defense."
Evan Langinger, JD '14, Attorney, Los Angeles County Public Defender's Office
Stay up to date with all our future events and volunteer opportunities!
Immigration Clinic
699 Exposition Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0071
immclinic@law.usc.edu


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It's playtime with the Boys. Game on!
With this special edition, we're celebrating the tenth issue of NSFW. A supercharged manalog featuring Cole, Daniel, David and Ehrard shot over the course of three years in Paris and New York.
Digital edition. One pdf file. 69 pages.


The Governor's Task Force on Tax Policy voted Wednesday to send a package of proposed increases to the governor designed to generate more than $700 million in new revenues for the state during the coming two-year budget cycle.
The package is a potpourri of increases in new and existing taxes and will be presented to the governor and Legislature on Friday.
Gov. Kenny Guinn has said he plans to use the proposals as a basis for the revenue measures he will include in his budget and present to the 2003 Legislature.
Jeremy Arguello, the staff expert who generated most of the data used by the task force in its year-long study of Nevada's tax system and revenue needs, said the proposals would offset the $700 million projected deficit for the coming two years and grow with the state to offset a projected $4.5 billion deficit between now and fiscal 2010-11.
But he objected to an analysis which concluded the plan would impose a $200 per year added tax burden on every Nevadan.
"To take the total revenue generated and divide it by the population is entirely misleading," he said.
Arguello said that analysis ignores the share of the tax burden paid by tourists, visitors and out-of-state customers of Nevada businesses.
The biggest single piece of the plan — and its most controversial — is a proposed new "state activity tax" that would collect a quarter percent of the gross from every business in the state.
Task force chairman Guy Hobbs said businesses making less than $350,000 a year would be exempt and all firms would get a $100 a year credit per employee to offset what they pay in the existing business license tax. He said that combined would exempt more than half Nevada's businesses.
The proposed gross business tax would take a year to implement but once started would bring in an estimated $190 million in fiscal 2004-05. That amount would continue to increase yearly.
The plan would generate another $50 million a year from the business license tax by increasing it from $25 per quarter to $35. Hobbs described the increase as an inflation adjustment. He said that tax hasn't been increased in a decade.
The controversial plan to tax "admissions and amusements" ranging from movie and play tickets to sporting events and arcade games is also in the mix. Purchasers of those tickets would find a 6.5 percent sales tax added to their charge, generating about $90 million annually.
That tax would not replace the existing casino entertainment tax or the levies already on boxing and wrestling events, which are higher than 6.5 percent.
Cigarette and liquor taxes would get an inflation adjustment under the plan. Cigarette taxes would double from 35 cents a pack to 70 cents — their first increase since 1983. The same is true of liquor taxes, which would increase by nearly 90 percent.
The tobacco tax hike would add $28 million to the pot each year and the liquor tax $17 million.
Corporate filing fees, which were sharply increased by the 2001 Legislature, would go up again under the plan — doubling to raise another $28 million a year.
Slot route operators would see their licensing fees rise 33 percent — another inflation adjustment, according to Hobbs and Arguello — generating about $2 million annually.
The state would get another $66 million or more each year from a property tax levy ranging from 10 to 15 cents. That would be outside the existing local government, schools and capital improvement taxes paid by property owners.
The only popular tax proposal on the list would generate about $20 million a year. That is the "passive revenue generators" — which translates as a laundry list of changes in how the state collects existing revenues designed to stop people from escaping payment, improving efficiencies in the tax system and other such changes.


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Corbyn told: For the sake of the party, sack McDonnell
UK Labour leader's closest allies have urged him to replace shadow chancellor John McDonnell to preserve party unity.
Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell (L) is congratulated by the Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn following his keynote speech | Leon Neal/Getty Images
By Tom McTague,	Charlie Cooper and	Alex Spence
September 27, 2016	5:30 am
LIVERPOOL — Jeremy Corbyn has been urged to sack his shadow chancellor for the sake of party unity, according to a source familiar with conversations that have taken place between the Labour leader and his closest aides.
John McDonnell, one of Corbyn's closest allies, is now the "major block" to the party reuniting behind the leader after this summer's bitter, protracted leadership campaign which aggravated divisions that had been simmering since his election last year.
After Corbyn was comfortably reelected on Saturday, defeating the challenger Owen Smith with the backing of 61.8 percent of party members, he pledged to reach out to disaffected MPs and bring the party back together.
Many of the "moderate" MPs who backed Smith's attempt to remove Corbyn from power indicated at the party's annual conference in Liverpool that they would accept the result and present a united front against the Conservatives.
If he wants the truce to hold, however, Corbyn will have to remove the controversial McDonnell, the senior source said.
The fiery, hard-left McDonnell remains a deeply divisive figure, despite attempts to moderate his image since his appointment as shadow chancellor following Corbyn's victory last year.
Corbyn's inner circle believe McDonnell is trying to position himself to take over as leader.
The shadow chancellor, who has publicly described his hobby as "fermenting [sic] the overthrow of capitalism," and mocked Labour MPs trying to remove Corbyn as "f–king useless," is held in contempt by many in the party who regard his regular outbursts of temper and historic sympathy for the IRA as an anathema.
Among the leadership's critics, there's widespread agreement that Corbyn is, at least, a nice guy, said the source. There's no such warmth toward McDonnell.
His appointment as shadow chancellor was seen as evidence that Corbyn would not compromise with his MPs.
The senior source, speaking on condition of anonymity, said Corbyn had been urged to get rid of McDonnell but had refused. "We had the chance to reach out right at the start, but that fell apart when he appointed McDonnell."
Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell delivers his keynote speech to the Labour Party Conference | Leon Neal/Getty Images
The source said Corbyn had "been told directly to get rid of him," but said "he can't." The source added: "It would be the single best thing he could do to bring the party back together. It would immediately remove the major block stopping MPs from coming back."
The source said Corbyn's inner circle did not trust the shadow chancellor or his senior aides. "He acts like a Marxist in meetings, then goes on TV pretending to be a bank manager like he's the most right-wing person in the party. His nickname was 'the bank manager.'"
Leadership ambitions
Corbyn's inner circle believe McDonnell is trying to position himself to take over as leader. "Don't believe anything leaked from his team isn't authorized. It always comes from John."
The Labour leader's team has spent the week trying to convince McDonnell not to give a "communist salute" at the traditional singing of the Red Flag, which draws the party conference to a close. McDonnell stood with his fist in the air during last year's rendition of the Marxist anthem.
The revelations came as McDonnell gave a keynote speech to the Conference Monday in which he assured Labour supporters that a Corbyn government would unashamedly pursue socialist policies.
Labour would introduce a "living wage" of at least £10 an hour to ensure that "everyone will earn enough to live on," McDonnell said. It would overhaul the tax regime to ensure that big corporations and rich individuals pay their fair share, and reverse the Conservatives' cuts to public services, McDonnell said.
McDonnell spoke of growing up in Liverpool, the son of a dock worker and a cleaner. "We lived in what sociological studies have described as some of the worst housing conditions that exist within this country," he said.
Under Corbyn, he said, Labour will restore "people's faith in the future," and return Britain to a "society that's radically transformed, radically fairer, more equal and more democratic."
The call for McDonnell to go comes amid increasing signs of division even within Corbyn's inner circle.
"In this party, you no longer have to whisper it — it's called Socialism," McDonnell said.
Shadow Defense Secretary Clive Lewis was reportedly furious Monday after Corbyn's spin doctor Seumas Milne removed a line from his speech minutes before he was due to deliver it.
Milne changed the text on the autocue ahead of Lewis' speech with the shadow defense spokesman, a Corbyn loyalist, informed via post-it note as he waited on stage to deliver his speech.
Lewis had been due to say that he "would not seek to change" Labour's official policy of supporting the renewal of Britain's Trident nuclear weapons system. Corbyn and his inner circle oppose Trident's renewal, but the leader's stance is opposed by the influential GMB and Unite unions, which consider it a vital supplier of high-skilled jobs.
Lewis was reported to have punched a wall after delivering the altered speech at the party's conference in Liverpool. A spokesman for Corbyn confirmed that Lewis had been informed of an amendment to the speech.
Jeremy Corbyn under fire for stance on nuclear weapons
By Tom McTague and Charlie Cooper
More from ... Tom McTague,	Charlie Cooper and	Alex Spence
Wine tasting inspires French left-wing primary
The contest is an eleventh-hour attempt to unify the French left ahead of the presidential election.
By Jack Blanchard
By Jules Darmanin
British politics	Elections
Jeremy Corbyn	John McDonnell


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Michael Douglas shares first photo of granddaughter named after father Kirk Douglas
December 22, 2017	 by HOLA! USA
Michael Douglas is one proud grandfather! The 73-year-old actor shared the first photo of his son Cameron's newborn daughter Lua Izzy. Catherine Zeta-Jones' husband posted an adorable picture of his granddaughter sleeping peacefully in her mother's arms on his official Facebook account. Alongside the photo, the Hollywood star wrote: "Congratulations to my son, Cameron, and lovely Viviane, on the birth of their daughter Lua!"
Cameron, who is Michael's oldest child whom he shares with his first wife Diandra Luker, and his girlfriend Viviane Thibes welcomed their daughter on Monday, December 18. The 39-year-old announced the arrival of his little girl on Instagram by sharing a photo Viviane from when she was pregnant.
VIEW GALLERY Michael shared the first photo of his newborn granddaughter Photo: Facebook/Michael Douglas
Attached to the photo, Cameron wrote, "Today my appreciation for Mother's all over the world has reached new heights...today I took part in a miracle as my baby girl was introduced to the world through a beautiful Amazon warrior...I'm so proud of you @vivianethibes. 🕊 #iloveyou."
MORE: Catherine Zeta-Jones pens sweet tribute to Kirk Douglas on his 101st birthday
The couple's daughter's middle name, Izzy, is a tribute to her great-grandfather Kirk Douglas who was born Issur Danielovitch, but later went by Izzy. Following the birth of his first grandchild, Michael told People magazine that his family – wife Catherine Zeta-Jones and their children, son Dylan, 17, and daughter Carys, 14 – are "all ecstatic about baby Lua!" He added, "Dylan and Carys love being an aunt and uncle and we're so happy to be her Bubba and Zeze."
VIEW GALLERY The couple's daughter's middle name is a tribute to Kirk Douglas Photo: Bennett Raglin/Getty Images for Lifetime
Cameron's daughter was born 16 months after he was released from prison following a nearly seven-year stay for a drug conviction. Earlier this month at the premiere of his stepmother Catherine Zeta-Jones' new Lifetime movie, Cocaine Godmother, Cameron expressed his excitement about becoming a dad. He told Entertainment Tonight, "I'm really looking forward to it, and I think it's going to be more inspiration and drive to really try to put a nice life together for my daughter."
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