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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Court of Customs and Patent Appeals › 1964 › Application of Rudolph Birmann
Application of Rudolph Birmann, 329 F.2d 992 (C.C.P.A. 1964)
U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1909-1982) - 329 F.2d 992 (C.C.P.A. 1964) April 9, 1964
Busser, Smith & Harding, Philadelphia, Pa. (George A. Smith, Philadelphia, Pa., of counsel), for appellant.
Clarence W. Moore, Washington, D. C. (S. Wm. Cochran, Washington, D. C., of counsel), for Comr. of Patents.
Before WORLEY, Chief Judge, and RICH, MARTIN, SMITH and ALMOND, Judges.
MARTIN, Judge.
This appeal is from the decision of the Board of Appeals of the Patent Office affirming the examiner's rejection of claims 11 through 18, the only remaining claims in appellant's application serial No. 530,966, filed August 29, 1955, for "Turbocharger Involving A Centripetal Turbine."
The application relates to turbochargers for internal combustion engines and discloses the combination of an internal combustion engine and a turbocharger, the latter comprising a turbine driven by exhaust gases received from the engine and a compressor driven by the turbine to supply compressed air to the engine. Appellant states that since the discharge of exhaust gases from a reciprocating internal combustion engine is intermittent, problems have arisen is securing proper driving conditions for a turbine utilizing these gases. Appellant's invention is directed to an arrangement for providing smooth and efficient operation of the turbine despite the intermittent flow of the exhaust gases driving the turbine.
An axial section through a turbocharger, in accordance with appellant's invention, is shown in Fig. 1 of the drawing reproduced below:
NOTE: OPINION CONTAINING TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE
The device includes compressor blades 4 and turbine blades 6 mounted on a single rotor hub 2. Air entering through inlet portion 10 of the compressor housing is compressed by blades 4 and flows from outlet 19 to the engine cylinders. Appellant drives the compressor by a centripetal turbine1 having a vaneless chamber 36 disposed around and communicating freely with rotor blades 6. Exhaust gases from the engine, flowing from separate cylinders of the engine or from separate manifolds for groups of engine cylinders, pass through a pair of inlets one of which is designated 20 and past guide vanes including that shown at 32 into the chamber 36. The application states that the flow of the exhaust gases is constrained to spiral inwardly by reason of the introduction of mass flow at the periphery of that chamber and "withdrawal of gases at the periphery of the turbine blading and in this spiral flow, unimpeded by any guide vanes, a transition occurs which involves not only smoothing out of the pulsations at the periphery but a transformation as well to the vortex flow."2 After passing through the blades the exhaust gas discharges through diffuser 42.
The form of the invention shown in Figure 1 is described as operated by the exhaust gases from a number of cylinders exceeding two, for example, six cylinders. Also disclosed is an embodiment, described as particularly advantageous in case of engines of the two-cycle type, wherein the turbocharger is driven by the exhaust gases from two adjacent cylinders which have non-overlapping exhaust phases and are charged by the turbocharger.
Claim 16 is representative and reads:
"In combination with a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine, a turbocharger comprising a compressor arranged to supply air to said engine and a turbine arranged to receive driving exhaust gases from said engine and to drive said compressor, said turbine comprising a rotor of centripetal type provided with blades providing passages disposed to receive gases having a substantial radially inward component of motion, and means defining an annular chamber surrounding said rotor and having free communication with said rotor about the entire circumference thereof, said means being vaneless and providing unobstructed flow of gases to said rotor, and means providing nozzles spaced around the periphery of said chamber for directing said driving gases directly from the cylinders of said engine approximately tangentially into the outermost portions of said chamber, said defined chamber having substantial radial extent sufficient to provide for conversion of pulsating flow at its periphery into relatively smooth vortex flow in the region of entry of the gases into the rotor passages."
Claims 11, 12, 17 and 18 are dependent on claim 16 and claim 13 is dependent on claim 11. Claims 14 and 15 are specific to the combination of the turbocharger with a two-cycle engine having a pair of cylinders operating with non-overlapping exhaust phases.
The references relied on are:
Thomas 1,152,361 Aug. 31, 1915 Tartrais 1,354,786 Oct. 5, 1920 Chilton 2,607,189 Aug. 19, 1952 Canadian Patent 474,916 July 3, 1951 German Patent 684,332 Nov. 25, 1939 Austrian Patent 168,357 May 25, 1951
The German patent discloses the combination of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine with a turbocharger which supplies air thereto. The turbocharger comprises a compressor supplying air to the engine and a turbine of the axial flow type which receives and is driven by gases flowing from the engine manifold and which drives the compressor rotor.
The Canadian patent discloses a centripetal turbine wherein the rotor is disposed within a vane-free transition space. It is stated that the complex vane guide structure, usually provided in centripetal turbines, tends to introduce disturbance and turbulence in the flow entering the rotor while a vane-free casing provides simplicity of construction, operation and maintenance, and permits high casing velocities. The patent states that the invention relates to "hydraulic reaction turbines" and refers to the turbine as operated by "fluid" and by "mixed liquid and vapor."
The Chilton patent shows a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine provided with a series of turbines each of which is driven by the exhaust gases of several cylinders. The exhaust gases are supplied to nozzle boxes disposed circumferentially around the turbine.
The Thomas patent shows a turbine having an axis parallel to the axis of the cylinders of an internal combustion engine, the exhaust gases from which engine drive the turbine.
The Tartrais patent relates to an engine with exhaust ports discharging into an annular exhaust belt surrounding its cylinder.
The Austrian patent discloses a turbo-charger employing a centripetal type of turbine. The turbine comprises a spiral inlet duct, an annular nozzle chamber, a turbine rotor and a diffuser-like outlet duct.
The examiner rejected claims 11, 12, 13, 16 and 17 on the German patent in view of the Canadian patent taken further with Chilton. He stated that it would be "devoid of invention," apparently meaning obvious under 35 U.S.C. § 103, to employ a turbine of the centripetal type shown by the Canadian patent in place of the axial flow type in the German patent and to provide a plurality of nozzles around the periphery of the annular chamber of the turbine of the Canadian patent. He further stated that the Austrian patent "shows that there is nothing new about applicant's centripetal type of turbine in an exhaust gas driven turbosupercharger, the very same environment as used by applicant."
The rejections of claims 14, 15 and 18 involve the same patents as applied against the aforementioned claims with further reference to Thomas and Tartrais.
In affirming the examiner's rejection the board stated:
"* * * Whether or not a turbine as shown in the Canadian patent may be substituted for the axial flow turbine in the German patent will depend on whether the combination of a centripetal turbine and a charger or compressor is taught by the prior art. The Austrian patent shows and appellant admits in his Reply Brief that there is no novelty in such a combination. We consider the Canadian patent as a part of the turbine art and thus it is not from a remote art."
On reconsideration, it further stated:
"* * * Appellant admits on page 1, third paragraph of the Reply Brief filed May 24, 1960 and the Austrian patent shows that it is old to employ a centripetal type of turbine for driving a supercharger. All turbines whether powered by gas or liquid are classified in the same class in the Office. It would be obvious, therefore, to employ the turbine of the Canadian patent in a turbocharger not necessarily for smoothing pulsations but to avoid turbulence as taught in the Canadian patent. * * *"
Appellant notes that the rejection of all the claims depends on the Canadian patent and the single basic issue here is whether that patent can properly be combined with the other references to show that the claimed invention would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed subject matter pertains. In support of the position that the claimed subject matter is not obvious, he argues that his invention solved a problem in the turbocharger art derived from "two unavoidable premises" as follows:
"(a) that discharge of exhaust gas from internal combustion engines is intermittent; and
"(b) that gas turbines operate only very inefficiently unless the delivery of gas to their rotating blades is quite uniform."
The following sketch, submitted by appellant with a request for reconsideration of the board's decision, is referred to as diagramming his solution to the problem:
Concerning the sketch he states:
"* * * A pair of passages A and A' receive gas from an internal combustion engine and deliver the gas through the nozzle arrangements at B and B' to the annular housing C within which the impeller D rotates. Pulsating flow is indicated by the stippled and unstippled regions, in which the stippled regions may be considered as those of high pressure and the unstippled regions as those of low pressure. Pulses P1 and P2 are shown entering from the conduit A and similar pulses are shown entering the conduit A'. It is well known that if a flow is constrained to spiral inwardly the laws of momentum require velocities to occur in a fashion characteristic of `vortex' flow; i. e., the product of circumferential velocity and radius is constant. We claim no novelty for this law; we judge it has probably been known for the past hundred years and is expressed in the equation given at the bottom of column 2 of the Canadian patent.
"Because of this law, applicant's flow as it spirals inwardly has a rapidly increasing circumferential velocity.
"What applicant conceived, and what we submit is not even hinted at in the prior art, is that this `vortex' law could be used very effectively in smoothing pulsations. Figure I gives a diagrammatic visualization of what occurs.
"Following the spiral from the inlet A along the line M containing the arrows, it will first be noted that the pulses start elongating in the direction of flow. This is due to the continuously increasing circumferential velocity.
"But the convolutions of flow from the two conduits A and A' alternate, as illustrated, and are not separated by solid boundaries. Accordingly where they may be said to meet, the velocities are quite different and viscous drag occurs. The boundaries thus lose distinctness, and gas from one flow region is accelerated into an inner flow region and decelerated into an outer flow region. Looked at from another standpoint, the convolutions produce drag on each other and become inter-mixed with pressure variations toward a mean pressure. Because of the relative differences in velocities, the pressure regions of the adjacent convolutions do not travel together, but continuous change toward an average condition takes place. Carried out to a sufficient linear extent as by at least one full turn of the spiral, the whole flow becomes quite uniform as to both pressure and velocity, and the pulses effectively disappear so that uniform flow is provided at the inlet to the turbine blades. This action is aided also by the fact that high and low pressure regions cannot exist for long adjacent to each other, and given time a mean uniform pressure results."
Appellant points out that the Canadian patent is not concerned with smoothing out pulsations in the fluid flow into the turbine. He states that, instead, the fluid flow into the turbine is entirely smooth and the problem solved is that of eliminating turbulence produced after entry by the relative movement of the rotary blades and the stationary vanes, which problem the patent solve by eliminating the vanes and with them the cause of the turbulence. Appellant contends that one seeking to solve his problem would not look to the hydraulic turbine art where the input flow would be expected to be free of the pulsations.
It is also emphasized by appellant that his invention requires a plurality of input nozzles. Thus he contends:
"It will be noted that each of the independent claims, and hence each of the dependent claims as well, refers to `nozzles' in the plural for directing the driving gases approximately tangentially into the outer-most portions of the annular chamber. It is only when nozzles are provided in this multiple fashion that the described action will occur. This limitation is of major significance and contrasts with the Canadian patent in which only a single inlet nozzle is provided and with the Austrian patent in which no nozzle is provided."
The basic issue, which is determinative as to all claims if decided favorably to appellant, lies in the question of obviousness of the substitution of a vaneless centripetal turbine of the type shown in the Canadian patent in place of the turbine of the axial flow type used in the turbocharger of the German patent.
We do not think the references suggest that substitution be made to provide the subject matter of the claims. The board's reasoning is that it would be obvious to employ the vane-free turbine of the Canadian patent in the turbocharger of the German patent "not necessarily for smoothing pulsations but to avoid turbulence as taught in the Canadian patent." However, the teaching with respect to the elimination of turbulence must be considered in the light of the environment disclosed in the Canadian patent, i. e., drive by hydraulic fluid which smoothly enters the casing. It is not taught therein that the structure would provide such advantage in a turbine to be driven by pulsating gas flow as to merit its use therein.
Moreover, the record does not appear to refute the contention that the smoothing out of pulsations which appellant describes results only when a plurality of "nozzles" are provided for directing the driving gases "approximately tangentially into the outermost portions of the annular chamber," as required by the claims. The fact that the Canadian patent employs only a single input nozzle further emphasizes the lack of any suggestion therein that a vane-free centripetal turbine of that patent can be substituted in the German patent in such a manner as to provide the claimed construction with its plurality of nozzles.
The examiner referred to the German patent and to Chilton as teaching the use of a plurality of nozzles in substituting the turbine of the Canadian patent in the former. However, neither of the first two patents employs a centripetal turbine and it is thus not seen that either would suggest modifying the turbine of the Canadian patent by providing a plurality of nozzles as defined in the claims. Indeed, the board did not place any specific reliance on Chilton.
Although the board referred to the Austrian patent as showing it is old to employ a centripetal type turbine for driving a turbocharger, it did not rely on that patent as disclosing the vane-free construction employed by appellant. We do not find the Austrian patent to suggest that the turbine of the German patent be changed to the particular contemplated construction of the Canadian patent and the latter modified to include a plurality of nozzles to feed the turbine with exhaust gases.
For the foregoing reasons the decision of the board is reversed.
The application refers to centripetal turbines as "those involving a substantial radial inward component of flow of gases through the turbine passages," although it appears from the record that the term is applicable to hydraulic turbines as well as gas turbines. Centripetal turbines distinguish from axial flow turbines which do not have such a radial inward component of flow
The record indicates that the term "vortex flow" applies to a flow of fluid which is constrained to spiral inwardly with the product of circumferential velocity and radius remaining constant. Thus, the flow has an increasing circumferential velocity as it spirals inwardly


According to the Shark Tank website we had to meet at the one of the ballrooms at the Venetian at 8am on Friday morning. We got there a little before 8 and noticed the doors to the ballroom were already open, when we walked in we saw a HUGE line with several hundred other applicants already waiting.
We thought "oh man this is going to take forever" but a little after 8am one of the casting company people got on the megaphone and explained how the process was going to work. Everyone who was pitching was given a wristband, if your wristband was numbered 1-300 you would pitch immediately, if greater than 300 you were asked to come back at 11am.
Our number was 347 so we went to grab some chow then head back at 11am. When we walked into the ballroom we noticed the line was much smaller. At the front of the room there were four tables each with a casting shark (not an actual Shark you see on TV, but a show representative) listening to pitches. There were also a few producers lurking about and a roaming camera.
They called groups of numbers to sit in the chairs in front of the tables, and when our number was close they had us stand several feet from an assigned table to wait for the previous pitcher to finish.
When the previous pitch was finished, the casting shark called us over and asked a few basic questions, then told us to start when ready. We went into our rehearsed pitch, each speaking individually throughout, and finally ending with "so sharks, who wants to !shouttag?". After the pitch the casting shark asked some more questions and said we did a great job. We left the ballroom feeling excited and went to go have fun in Vegas!
The following Monday we received a phone with instructions about the next step, which included filling out a looooooong application and putting together a video. There were several requirements for the video, including how much money to ask for, what the money would be used for, why the project was created, etc.
Below is the resulting video, it turned out pretty good considering the amount of content required and the short deadline. Many thanks to !shouttag staff Video Director George Elias who filmed, co-directed, and produced the video!
Unfortunately we didn't get a follow up call, because we would have been perfect for the show (especially during veteran's week), but nonetheless it was a great experience. We may pitch again in the future, but for now our goal is to continue to expose !shouttag to people who want to quickly and easily establish a dominant online presence, and continue building cutting edge features!
Many thanks to the Jim Yanoschick, Kimberly Davidson, April Vidal, and Bruce Coleman for taking time out of their busy schedules to help us make the video with their awesome testimonials. Thanks to David Lyons for letting us use his gym. And thanks to the City of Murrieta and the Murrieta Innovation Center for their support.


For a Fantastic Asian Culinary Experience, Head to Viljandi, Estonia - Wait, What?
One of the hardest things about living in Estonia is the complete and utter lack of decent ethnic restaurants. You'll notice I didn't say "great" or "authentic" - I know that when it comes to foreign cuisine, expecting to use those kind of superlative descriptions in a Nordic country is asking for a lot. There's a few really good exceptions, of course, but in my experience maybe only one in ten asian restaurants in Estonia are actually worthy of praise.
A great "melting pot" Estonia is not. Which is totally fine, as I find the unique identities of European countries both fascinating and exciting. Coming from Canada - whose metropolitan centres are cultural melting pots - it's an interesting and refreshing change.
Still, I do find it a challenge to go without such delicacies as "catch-of-the-day" fresh salmon sashimi, or an expertly prepared spicy tuna roll, or a really spicy pad thai. You have to hunt for this stuff here.
For example, not many sushi places in Estonia feature a Japanese chef (I only know of three). Considering most sushi chefs train for years just to handle the rice, then years more to perfect their skill with raw fish, I choose to pass on the twenty-eight year old Russian sushi chef experience. Or the Selver.
The same goes for Chinese restaurants. Vancouver's China Town offers an incredible selection of great places - you'd have no problem describing them as "authentic."
There are no shortage of incredible Thai places, either - or Indian, Nepalese, Ethiopian, Mexican, Mongolian - you get the idea. We love our diverse selection of ethnic tastes - and miss them when we travel to places with fewer or less authentic options.
So it was with great trepidation that I first stepped into Billa Maya, located in beautiful Viljandi. Tucked away in the hallway of a shopping complex, this Nepalese restaurant is small and unassuming - but not without considerable charm.
A gallery of pictures from Nepal and traditional Nepalese music (I think) thankfully set the mood. There's nothing worse than having to listen to Lady Gaga while trying to enjoy the food from a different culture.
Grabbing a menu, I took a deep breath and prepared myself for...whatever. Despite my wife's assurances about the quality and authenticity of their food, I remained once bitten, twice shy. Actually, more like twenty times bitten, forty times shy.
Having watched every episode of Ramsay's BBC Kitchen Nightmares at least twice (a worthwhile endeavour for even experienced restauranteurs), I know some of the harbingers of doom when it comes to food. Thousand-dish menus are red flag number one. A scatter-gun conglomeration of too many different cultural styles is number two.
Billa Maya's menu is extensive, but not as crazy as some other places I've been to in Tallinn. Still, there's a lot to choose from, covering the bases from curry to Kung Pau. Was this a good or bad sign? Ramsay's voice continued to bounce around my head as I considered the dishes.
After ordering, I began to notice an odd occurrence happening all around me. The place was perhaps half full, all Estonians (I think). Everyone in the place was sniffling and coughing.
At first I started to grow annoyed - man, if you're that sick, stay at home! I actually made some snide comments to my wife, ridiculing these flu-mongering fools. Two older guys beside us sounded like they were gonna die. I actually considered moving, lest they infect me with some contagious disease.
Still, an odd doubt troubled my brow. "There's no way everyone in here could have bad colds," I thought. "Perhaps...could it be...that some of these people are sniffling and coughing...due to the food?"
My wife decided that this was indeed the truth, and I laughed silently with haughty superiority. "If that's the case, they must all be super-wusses when it comes to spice."
Gradually, as the reality of the situation began to dawn on me, I started to look at the other diners with a strange new mix of curiosity and hope. One of the more annoying things many asian restaurants do is remove all of the spice from their dishes to better suit the native population. Maybe this wasn't the case here?
I'm not a heat-spice-masochist by any means, but I do prefer authenticity of flavour and ingredients. If all the patrons seated around us were feeling the effects of spice, then perhaps the chefs here were holding to their traditions and doing things right. Certainly nobody was having a bad time. Everyone ate with abandon. Good sign.
I felt pleasantly surprised when our appetizer arrived. Our first selection: the vegetable and prawn spring rolls. These things were perfect. Nice and big, flaky-crisp without being greasy and packed full of ingredients. Really, really good.
We also tried the crispy Sweet and Sour Chicken and the Hot Garlic Noodles with Seafood - both were excellent with a nice little kick of heat. Portions were of good size and kept nice and hot with lit candles under the serving trays. Nice.
मसाले means "spice," and Billa Maya uses just enough without going overboard and burning our timid Western/Nordic palates to a cinder. It's a good burn. The menu accurately rates the spiciness of their dishes, so if spicy food scares you, have no fear.
Sure enough, it wasn't long until I was coughing and sniffling as well, eating my own snark-filled words with relish while stuffing my face with delicious goodness. Suddenly the room of contented snifflers took on a whole new context. The scene was quite comical.
The drink menu is decent but honestly I was so happy with the food I didn't give my beverage much thought. The same goes for the desserts, which we didn't even consider ordering as we were so full. Maybe next time.
The service was both quick and relaxed, and - best of all for us - the place is kid friendly. The owners are pleasant and have a good memory - we were recognized upon our second and third visits, even on our forth several months later. Maybe they don't get a lot of Canadians, but still, it's always nice to feel like a regular.
After one too many desperate trips to ChopSticks, Billa Maya is pure and absolute tastebud heaven. I've eaten in a few asian countries, guided by locals, so I have a bit of experience with what "good and authentic" tastes and feels like. This meal fit the bill. So much so that we ended up eating there two days in a row just to have the spring rolls again!
If you live in Viljandi, then I'm sure you're already a regular. If you don't, then make sure to stop in next time you're in the area - you won't be disappointed. Oh, and don't forget to bring a few tissues.


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Home/India News/UP Election 2022 | BJP Meant It Will Get 3 Or 4 Seats, Not Three-Fourth Seats: Akhilesh Yadav
UP Election 2022 | BJP Meant It Will Get 3 Or 4 Seats, Not Three-Fourth Seats: Akhilesh Yadav
dailynews 1 week ago	India News Leave a comment 4 Views
"We Are Overjoyed": Priyanka Chopra, Nick Jonas Welcome Their First Child Via Surrogacy
Kerala Clocks 41,668 Fresh Infections, 33 Fatalities. Records 206% Spike In Cases In One Week
Lucknow: Taking a jibe at Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath, Samajwadi Party chief Akhilesh Yadav on Friday said the former with his "80 versus 20" assertion meant the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) BJP will get 20 percent of seats while the rest 80 percent will go to his party in the upcoming assembly elections.
Yadav said the BJP would lose even this 20 percent after the arrival of former Uttar Pradesh minister Swami Prasad Maurya and others in the Samajwadi Party.
"Baba mukhya mantri (Adityanath) should engage a math teacher," PTI quoted Yadav as saying while referring to Adityanath's "80 vs 20" remarks.
Dismissing the BJP's claim of winning three-fourth seats in the 403-member Uttar Pradesh Assembly, the Samajwadi Party president said "they meant they will win three or four seats".
Yadav's remarks come as Adityanath had recently said that 80 percent supporters will be on one side in the elections, while 20 percent will be on the other, which many thought was alluding to the 20 percent Muslim population in Uttar Pradesh.
Earlier in the day, Maurya along with another rebel minister Dharam Singh Saini joined the Samajwadi Party.
Five BJP MLAs, including Bhagwati Sagar (Bilhaur in Kanpur), Roshanlal Verma (Tilhar in Shahjahanpur), Vinay Shakya (Bidhuna in Auraiya), Brijesh Prajapati (Tindwari in Bahraich) and Mukesh Verma (Shikohabad in Firozabad), also joined the Samajwadi Party .
Apna Dal (Sonelal) legislator Amar Singh Chaudhary too joined the Samajwadi Party.
The resignation of influential OBC leader Maurya, who was said to be dissatisfied with the organisation and the government for a few months, comes as a severe jolt to the BJP ahead of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections.
Voting for the 403-member Uttar Pradesh Assembly will be held in seven phases from February 10 to March 7. The counting of votes will be held on March 10.
Tags Akhilesh Yadav BJP Election 2022 samajwadi party Swami Prasad Maurya UP Assembly Election 2022 UP election UP Election 2022 Yogi Adityanath
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Co-WIN is a government web portal for COVID-19 vaccination registration (Representational) New Delhi: Union Health …

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Q: ionic push notification not working after changed the apple id Please note this:
This question is no longer valid, because of ionic push notification has been shutdown now.

As of February 1, 2018, we will no longer provide Push and Auth
  services. Anyone with an existing Cloud account can continue using
  Push and Auth through January 2018. After that, you'll need to find an
  alternative provider.
The Ionic community is already using a number of leading push and auth
  providers today.
For Push notifications, we recommend AWS Pinpoint ,
  OneSignal, and Firebase, based on their overall popularity
  and the number of helpful tutorials and docs that should make it easy
  for you to get set up. Additionally, OneSignal has created a landing
  page specifically for Ionic Push developers.

Find more here...

ionic push notification not working after changed the apple id
I am using ionic push notification service.
I created a ios app and integrated push notification with it and working well.
I changed my apple developer account agent roll to another apple id.
Previously used apple id developer account has been expired and recently renew it to
new apple id after informed it to apple developer support.
Now previously used iOS Provisioning profile has been invalidated and
new provisioning profile has been created under new apple id.
I created a new build of iOS app and test the push notifications. Now it is not
working on new app (cannot send push notification but device is registered with token)
 and old app still working well. It is in a app store now (old app).
If I remove my previous build credentials from ionic push security profile
and if I create them again with new details, will new app get work with push notification?
will it effect to the already working app in production or
will it work even? Here I am using production configuration for the new app also.
Do I need to create new iOS push certification also?
I need to get work both app's push notification in production. I did not changed the build credentials from ionic push security profile yet because I need to things get cleared before do that from some one who have experienced with this kind of matter before.
NOTE: I did not create new bundle id. Same bundle id is using.
Greatly  appreciate any kind of your help on this matter.

Thank you!

A: You would need to create new push notification certificate in your new account and get that new pem file to the server as long as old pem file is in server your push will work in App Store build so in simpler word you will have to find a way to use 2 pem file by maybe keeping same old structure for existing and for new you have to create a work around so you are able to store the pem file in separate place so push works in both places.

A: Apple sending push notification by bundle(com.testcompany.testApp), so if you create new bundle(new app) you must register it and repeat all configurations for it, because Apple recognize it as a new app.

A: You can create a new certificates, The old certificate works as usual till you replace your .p12 file in your server.

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Massachusetts Film Office Congratulates Academy Award Nominees
Imagine Magazine honors local film and TV crowd
Boston's Imagine Magazine honored movie and media types at Tuesday's "Imaginnaire" Awards Gala.
Boston International Kids Film Festival & EF Educational Tours Film Contest
The Boston International Kids Film Festival is delighted to partner with EF Educational Tours in offering a terrific new opportunity for a team of two high school filmmakers! Together they will travel all expenses paid to Costa Rica in March 2015, to attend the EF Educational Tours' Global Student Leaders Summit.
Perfectly Pressed, Or Perfectly Bloody: Local Pros Costume Hollywood Stars (AUDIO)
We recently reported on the growing film crew base in Massachusetts — the gaffers, sound men and costumers who live local but are finding steady work on Hollywood movies shooting here.
Now let's go deeper into one of the creative areas in the filmmaking ecosystem, the costume department, where professionals work long hours day after day, taking meticulous care to create wardrobes for films like "The Social Network," "American Hustle" and "Black Mass."
2015 BLUECAT SCREENPLAY COMPETITION CALL FOR ENTRIES
The 2015 BlueCat Screenplay Competition is now accepting feature and short screenplay submissions!
2014 NEWPORT BEACH FILM FESTIVAL CALL FOR ENTRIES
Newport Beach Film Festival 2014 – Call for Entries The 2014 Newport Beach Film Festival will spotlight over 350 films from over 50 different countries, as well as premiere galas, …
PANEL AT NEW ENGLAND STUDIOS TO DISCUSS MASSACHUSETTS FILM INDUSTRY
Experts in the movie business will discuss prospects for and activity in the Commonwealth and ways businesses and higher education institutions can connect with the growing industry.
MA Film Office to speak on BNA International Film & TV Finance Summit Panel
International Film & TV Finance Summit December 2 & 3, 2013 The Marriott Eastside Hotel, New York, NY FULL SCHEDULE Bloomberg BNA is pleased to announce the International Film & …
The 2014 BlueCat Screenplay Competition is now accepting feature and short screenplay submissions. This year's competition will award a Grand Prize of $15,000 for Best Feature Screenplay and $10,000 for Best Short Screenplay – the world's largest cash prize for shorts!
Mass. Made Movie, CLEAR HISTORY Airs Aug. 10 at 9pm EST on HBO
Filmed in Beverly, Essex, Marblehead, North Andover, Rockport and Woburn in 2012, Clear History is set to air August 10th at 9 pm EST on HBO.
The Ultimate Video Search
Thrash-Lab is going viral, and wants to showcase YOUR original videos on their premiere YouTube channel for maximum exposure. If you have "Never Before Seen Footage/Original Content" that you're ready to show the world, they would love to hear from you! They plan on featuring the TOP 350 videos on the site and the best 3 will be rewarded a prize!
First place will be awarded $15,000, second $10,000, and third will receive $7,500 at producer's discretion. Please read rules for details.
The Way Way Back – Limited Release July 5th!
THE WAY WAY BACK, filmed in Massachusetts in 2012, opens in limited theaters July 5, 2013. To learn more about THE WAY WAY BACK, click here .
Made in Mass. film THE HEAT, opens in theaters June 28th!
Made in Mass. film THE HEAT opens in theaters June 28th!
Calling all Nonunion Actors in New England!
This is your opportunity to ask questions to union staff and members about what it means to join SAG-AFTRA, what are the requirements, work opportunities after joining, and anything else you have on your mind.
SNEAK PEEK- HBO Films, "Clear History"
CLEAR HISTORY, filmed in Massachusetts in 2012, will air on HBO this AUGUST. To learn more about CLEAR HISTORY, click here .
PBS Broadcast of "Calling My Children"
"Calling My Children" is an intimate portrayal of the effects of love and loss on one family's struggle for unity. Gail Farrow was a 27-year-old woman, the mother of four sons, who was living with and who died of AIDS in 1989. David Binder began this project in 1988 when, as a photojournalist, he first started photographing Gail, with whom he spent a year and half every day documenting her last year of life and her family's adjustment to their lives without her.
FILMMAKERS COLLABORATIVE HOSTS MAKING MEDIA NOW
Filmmakers Collaborative, a national media industry leader and fiscal sponsor, is hosting its acclaimed MAKING MEDIA NOW (MMN) conference on Friday, May 3, 2013 at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design in Boston. Presented annually, MMN's challenge-the-assumptions approach has made it a must-attend event for filmmakers, new media producers, funders, distributors, journalists and more.
Congratulations to hometown hero Ben Affleck on his Best Picture Oscar for "Argo" and to all the other Massachusetts nominees! 2013 OSCAR WINNERS Best Picture: Ben Affleck– Born in Cambridge, …
The Makeover Trailer-Airs Sunday, January 27th @ 9pm EST on ABC
This Made in Mass film airs Sunday, January 27th @ 9pm EST on ABC.
HouseBroadcast Job Opportunity
HouseBroadcast Services Department for the Massachusetts House of Represntatives is seeking qualified individuals for available contract work in broadcast/video/audio production. As a Video Production Technician, one is expected to assist …


text:
#include "dbd_postgresql.h"

#define BOOLOID                 16
#define INT2OID                 21
#define INT4OID                 23
#define INT8OID                 20
#define FLOAT4OID		700
#define FLOAT8OID		701

static lua_push_type_t postgresql_to_lua_push(unsigned int postgresql_type) {
    lua_push_type_t lua_type;

    switch(postgresql_type) {
    case INT2OID:
    case INT4OID:
    case INT8OID:
        lua_type =  LUA_PUSH_INTEGER;
        break;

    case FLOAT4OID:
    case FLOAT8OID:
        lua_type = LUA_PUSH_NUMBER;
        break;

    case BOOLOID:
	    lua_type = LUA_PUSH_BOOLEAN;
	    break;

    default:
        lua_type = LUA_PUSH_STRING;
    }

    return lua_type;
}

static int deallocate(statement_t *statement) {
    char command[IDLEN+13];
	PGresult *result;
	ExecStatusType status;

	snprintf(command, IDLEN+13, "DEALLOCATE \"%s\"", statement->name);
    result = PQexec(statement->postgresql, command);

    if (!result)
        return 1;

    status = PQresultStatus(result);
    PQclear(result);

    if (status != PGRES_COMMAND_OK && status != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
        return 1;

    return 0;
}

/*
 * num_affected_rows = statement:affected()
 */
static int statement_affected(lua_State *L) {
    statement_t *statement = (statement_t *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);

    if (!statement->result) {
        luaL_error(L, DBI_ERR_INVALID_STATEMENT);
    }

    lua_pushinteger(L, atoi(PQcmdTuples(statement->result)));

    return 1;
}

/*
 * success = statement:close()
 */
static int statement_close(lua_State *L) {
    statement_t *statement = (statement_t *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);

    if (statement->result) {
        /*
         * Deallocate prepared statement on the
         * server side
         */
        deallocate(statement);

	PQclear(statement->result);
	statement->result = NULL;
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
 * column_names = statement:columns()
 */
static int statement_columns(lua_State *L) {
    statement_t *statement = (statement_t *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);

    int i;
    int num_columns;
    int d = 1;

    if (!statement->result) {
        luaL_error(L, DBI_ERR_INVALID_STATEMENT);
        return 0;
    }

    num_columns = PQnfields(statement->result);
    lua_newtable(L);
    for (i = 0; i < num_columns; i++) {
        const char *name = PQfname(statement->result, i);

	LUA_PUSH_ARRAY_STRING(d, name);
    }

    return 1;
}

/*
 * success = statement:execute(...)
 */
static int statement_execute(lua_State *L) {
    int n = lua_gettop(L);
    statement_t *statement = (statement_t *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);
    int num_bind_params = n - 1;
    ExecStatusType status;
    int p;
    const char *errstr = NULL;

    const char **params;
    PGresult *result = NULL;

    statement->tuple = 0;

    params = malloc(num_bind_params * sizeof(params));
    memset(params, 0, num_bind_params * sizeof(params));

    /*
     * convert and copy parameters into a string array
     */
    for (p = 2; p <= n; p++) {
        int i = p - 2;
        int type = lua_type(L, p);
        char err[64];

        switch(type) {
        case LUA_TNIL:
            params[i] = NULL;
            break;
        case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
            /*
             * boolean values in postgresql can either be
             * t/f or 1/0. Pass integer values rather than
             * strings to maintain semantic compatibility
             * with other DBD drivers that pass booleans
             * as integers.
             */
            params[i] = lua_toboolean(L, p) ?  "1" : "0";
            break;
        case LUA_TNUMBER:
        case LUA_TSTRING:
            params[i] = lua_tostring(L, p);
            break;
        default:
            snprintf(err, sizeof(err)-1, DBI_ERR_BINDING_TYPE_ERR, lua_typename(L, type));
            errstr = err;
            goto cleanup;
        }
    }

    result = PQexecPrepared(
        statement->postgresql,
        statement->name,
        num_bind_params,
        (const char **)params,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        0
    );

cleanup:
    free(params);

    if (errstr) {
        lua_pushboolean(L, 0);
        lua_pushfstring(L, DBI_ERR_BINDING_PARAMS, errstr);
        return 2;
    }

    if (!result) {
        lua_pushboolean(L, 0);
        lua_pushfstring(L, DBI_ERR_ALLOC_RESULT,  PQerrorMessage(statement->postgresql));
        return 2;
    }

    status = PQresultStatus(result);
    if (status != PGRES_COMMAND_OK && status != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
        lua_pushboolean(L, 0);
        lua_pushfstring(L, DBI_ERR_BINDING_EXEC, PQresultErrorMessage(result));
        return 2;
    }

    statement->result = result;

    lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
    return 1;
}

/*
 * can only be called after an execute
 */
static int statement_fetch_impl(lua_State *L, statement_t *statement, int named_columns) {
    int tuple = statement->tuple++;
    int i;
    int num_columns;
    int d = 1;

    if (!statement->result) {
        luaL_error(L, DBI_ERR_FETCH_INVALID);
        return 0;
    }

    if (PQresultStatus(statement->result) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
        lua_pushnil(L);
        return 1;
    }

    if (tuple >= PQntuples(statement->result)) {
        lua_pushnil(L);  /* no more results */
        return 1;
    }

    num_columns = PQnfields(statement->result);
    lua_newtable(L);
    for (i = 0; i < num_columns; i++) {
        const char *name = PQfname(statement->result, i);

        if (PQgetisnull(statement->result, tuple, i)) {
            if (named_columns) {
                LUA_PUSH_ATTRIB_NIL(name);
            } else {
                LUA_PUSH_ARRAY_NIL(d);
            }
        } else {
            const char *value = PQgetvalue(statement->result, tuple, i);
            lua_push_type_t lua_push = postgresql_to_lua_push(PQftype(statement->result, i));

            /*
             * data is returned as strings from PSQL
             * convert them here into Lua types
             */

            if (lua_push == LUA_PUSH_NIL) {
                if (named_columns) {
                    LUA_PUSH_ATTRIB_NIL(name);
                } else {
                    LUA_PUSH_ARRAY_NIL(d);
                }
            } else if (lua_push == LUA_PUSH_INTEGER) {
                int val = atoi(value);

                if (named_columns) {
                    LUA_PUSH_ATTRIB_INT(name, val);
                } else {
                    LUA_PUSH_ARRAY_INT(d, val);
                }
            } else if (lua_push == LUA_PUSH_NUMBER) {
                double val = strtod(value, NULL);

                if (named_columns) {
                    LUA_PUSH_ATTRIB_FLOAT(name, val);
                } else {
                    LUA_PUSH_ARRAY_FLOAT(d, val);
                }
            } else if (lua_push == LUA_PUSH_STRING) {
                if (named_columns) {
                    LUA_PUSH_ATTRIB_STRING(name, value);
                } else {
                    LUA_PUSH_ARRAY_STRING(d, value);
                }
            } else if (lua_push == LUA_PUSH_BOOLEAN) {
                /*
                 * booleans are returned as a string
                 * either 't' or 'f'
                 */
                int val = value[0] == 't' ? 1 : 0;

                if (named_columns) {
                    LUA_PUSH_ATTRIB_BOOL(name, val);
                } else {
                    LUA_PUSH_ARRAY_BOOL(d, val);
                }
            } else {
                luaL_error(L, DBI_ERR_UNKNOWN_PUSH);
            }
        }
    }

    return 1;
}

static int next_iterator(lua_State *L) {
    statement_t *statement = (statement_t *)luaL_checkudata(L, lua_upvalueindex(1), DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);
    int named_columns = lua_toboolean(L, lua_upvalueindex(2));

    return statement_fetch_impl(L, statement, named_columns);
}

/*
 * table = statement:fetch(named_indexes)
 */
static int statement_fetch(lua_State *L) {
    statement_t *statement = (statement_t *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);
    int named_columns = lua_toboolean(L, 2);

    return statement_fetch_impl(L, statement, named_columns);
}

/*
 * num_rows = statement:rowcount()
 */
static int statement_rowcount(lua_State *L) {
    statement_t *statement = (statement_t *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);

    if (!statement->result) {
        luaL_error(L, DBI_ERR_INVALID_STATEMENT);
    }

    lua_pushinteger(L, PQntuples(statement->result));

    return 1;
}

/*
 * iterfunc = statement:rows(named_indexes)
 */
static int statement_rows(lua_State *L) {
    if (lua_gettop(L) == 1) {
        lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
        lua_pushboolean(L, 0);
    } else {
        lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
        lua_pushboolean(L, lua_toboolean(L, 2));
    }

    lua_pushcclosure(L, next_iterator, 2);
    return 1;
}

/*
 * __gc
 */
static int statement_gc(lua_State *L) {
    /* always free the handle */
    statement_close(L);

    return 0;
}

/*
 * __tostring
 */
static int statement_tostring(lua_State *L) {
    statement_t *statement = (statement_t *)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);

    lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %p", DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT, statement);

    return 1;
}

int dbd_postgresql_statement_create(lua_State *L, connection_t *conn, const char *sql_query) {
    statement_t *statement = NULL;
    ExecStatusType status;
    PGresult *result = NULL;
    char *new_sql;
    char name[IDLEN];

    /*
     * convert SQL string into a PSQL API compatible SQL statement
     */
    new_sql = replace_placeholders(L, '$', sql_query);

    snprintf(name, IDLEN, "dbd-postgresql-%017u", ++conn->statement_id);

    result = PQprepare(conn->postgresql, name, new_sql, 0, NULL);

    /*
     * free converted statement after use
     */
    free(new_sql);

    if (!result) {
        lua_pushnil(L);
        lua_pushfstring(L, DBI_ERR_ALLOC_STATEMENT, PQerrorMessage(statement->postgresql));
        return 2;
    }

    status = PQresultStatus(result);
    if (status != PGRES_COMMAND_OK && status != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
        const char *err_string = PQresultErrorMessage(result);
        PQclear(result);

        lua_pushnil(L);
        lua_pushfstring(L, DBI_ERR_PREP_STATEMENT, err_string);
        return 2;
    }

    PQclear(result);

    statement = (statement_t *)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(statement_t));
    statement->postgresql = conn->postgresql;
    statement->result = NULL;
    statement->tuple = 0;
    strncpy(statement->name, name, IDLEN-1);
    statement->name[IDLEN-1] = '\0';

    luaL_getmetatable(L, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);

    return 1;
}

int dbd_postgresql_statement(lua_State *L) {
    static const luaL_Reg statement_methods[] = {
        {"affected", statement_affected},
        {"close", statement_close},
        {"columns", statement_columns},
        {"execute", statement_execute},
        {"fetch", statement_fetch},
        {"rowcount", statement_rowcount},
        {"rows", statement_rows},
        {NULL, NULL}
    };

    static const luaL_Reg statement_class_methods[] = {
        {NULL, NULL}
    };

    luaL_newmetatable(L, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT);
#if LUA_VERSION_NUM < 502
    luaL_register(L, 0, statement_methods);
#else
    luaL_setfuncs(L, statement_methods, 0);
#endif

    lua_pushvalue(L,-1);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");

    lua_pushcfunction(L, statement_gc);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__gc");

    lua_pushcfunction(L, statement_tostring);
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "__tostring");

#if LUA_VERSION_NUM < 502
    luaL_register(L, DBD_POSTGRESQL_STATEMENT, statement_class_methods);
#else
    luaL_newlib(L, statement_class_methods);
#endif

    return 1;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.hippoecm.repository.ext;

/**
 * @deprecated Use {@link org.onehippo.repository.modules.DaemonModule} instead.
 */
@Deprecated
public interface DaemonModule extends org.onehippo.repository.modules.DaemonModule {
}


We sell the full 2018 line of Hobie kayaks and accessories!
Weight: 98 lbs., fully rigged 120 lbs.
Weight: 110 lbs., fully rigged 138 lbs.
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Weight: 75 lbs., fully rigged 88.3 lbs.
Hobie Mirage Compass - NEW FOR 2018!
Weight: 68 lbs., fully rigged 87 lbs.
Weight: 69.5 lbs., fully rigged 82.8 lbs.
Weight: 89 lbs., fully rigged 114.6 lbs.
Max Load Range: 275-325 lbs.
Max Load Range: 200-225 lbs.
Features: Molded-in cup holder, paddle keeper, car-topping handle system, seat well designed for a woman's lower center of gravity, skid plate, carry handles, 1% of gross sales donated to the Breast Cancer Fund.
Max Load Range: 375-425 lbs.
Max Load Range: 450-500 lbs.
Length: 10'6" Width: 32" Depth: 4"
Max Load Range: 200-220 lbs.
Length: 12'6" Width: 30" Depth: 6"
Max Load Range: 265-305 lbs.
Length: 10'6" Width: 35" Depth: 5.5"
Max Load Range: 200-230 lbs.
Max Load Range: 1,350 - 1,400 lbs.
Features: Comfortable contoured seats with adjustable backrests, ash carrying yoke and thwart, vinyl gunwales, comfortable carrying handles.
Max Load Range: 800-850 lbs.
Features: Comfortable contoured seats, center bench seat w/storage, 6" hatch, molded-in storage trays, molded-in paddle rests, comfortable carrying handles.
Max Load Range: 225-300 lbs.
Max Load Range: 325-375 lbs.
If you have any questions on our fleet, including pricing, don't hesitate to contact us.


We have touched this topic in previous lessons.
China was leading negotiations with the small state of Djibouti at the Horn of Africa, about building a Chinese military base there. The base officially opened in 2017. There is an American Navy Regiment in Camp Lemonnier in the small country that is no larger than 200 x 150 km (124 x 93 miles). Djibouti is also where the Americans base the bulk of their armed drones, UCAVs that operate over the alQaida-infested Yemen, or they used to at least. Camp Lemonnier is a center for about 6 drone and surveillance bases that extend straight from west to east and symbolically splits northern Africa from southern Africa. Due to its strategic location, Camp Lemonnier serves as a hub for aircraft carriers and aviation operations in the Gulf region. There are about 4,000 American soldiers in Djibouti. Djibouti serves as a base for a number of foreign powers, e.g. for the French fleet and the Foreign Legion. In 2015 Japan built, their first foreign military base since wwii, in Djibouti.
Chinese bases in Gwadar and Djibouti creates an opportunity for China to gain military influence over the oil commerce in the Persian Gulf. and thus an economic influence over the US and Europe. It's an effective and fearful way, a potential game changer. I mean, the Chinese don't even have to pass through the Red Sea with their merchant ships to reach their homeland from the Persian Gulf or from African trading partners.
China's President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan in April 2015. Several formal visits between China and Pakistan have taken place in recent years. During his visit, it was expected that Xi Jinping was to announce extensive Chinese strategic infrastructure investments in Pakistan. The planned Chinese investment in Pakistan is expected to reach 46 billion dollars. The main purpose of the investments was to create what is known as the Chinese-Pakistani economic corridor. It will become a network of roads, railways and oil pipelines between the two countries. The corridor stretch about 483 km (300 miles), from western China into Pakistan.
Today, most of China's trade and oil imports run through the Malacca Strait, and Beijing fears that, in the event of a conflict, the US fleet can easily carry out a blockade at the "chokepoints" of the Malacca Strait, the Sunda Strait and the Lombok Strait, thereby giving a hard blow to China's economy. One could accomplish this remote blockade with 16 smaller military vessels, plus support and rotations, someone has figured out. In reality, a remote blockade requires relatively extensive efforts to search ships and take care of the seized vessels, etc. But practices and regulations are well established by the Royal Navy in the past.
The investments in Pakistan are a key part of an overall Chinese strategy to increase China's influence around Asia. The United States, and perhaps especially India, regards the Chinese investments with great skepticism. The planned Chinese investment in Pakistan is significantly higher than the US investment in the country. Closer links between China and Pakistan are also not welcomed by the strategic antagonist India. But in Pakistan, they speak very positive about it. The poor country is in great need of investments for its deficient infrastructure. The Government in Islamabad is hoping that the Chinese projects can help turn Pakistan into a regional economic center. The port city of Gwadar is located near the Strait of Hormuz between Oman Bay and the Persian Gulf. But not as near as the two American air bases in Bahrain and Qatar in the Persian Gulf lies to the Strait of Hormuz. Two US airbases are even located right next to the Strait of Hormuz in the UAE.
In Burma east of India, the Chinese operate the Kyaukpyu port. According to the IDSA – Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, the Chinese are building a 982 km (610 miles) long oil pipeline from the port to Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province in southern China. A motorway will be built along this pipeline to connect the port with China and railways will be linked together. The pipeline shortens the distance by 1,200 km (745 miles) bypassing the normal vessel route through the Malacca Strait, for at least part of China's oil demand.
Bangladesh in the depths of the Bengali Gulf at east India, and China signed several co-operation agreements and economic agreements, in March and June 2010, including the construction of a nuclear reactor to meet the energy challenges. China also sells modern military equipment to Bangladesh, instead of the second-hand weapons and the outdated technology that the western powers provided them.
On the large island of Sri Lanka off India's southeast coast, in July 2011, the first part of the Hambantota port was built by the Chinese company Harbor Engineering Company with a Chinese 425 million dollar loan, according to PortCall's Asia. Hambantota is just one of four ports built or upgraded. China played a major role both militarily as it provided the Sri Lankan government forces with military equipment that became crucial to defeat the Tamil Tigers' uprising on the island. And China also played a major role politically as they supported international organizations to counter persistent allegations of government's human rights violations. The small state of Sri Lanka sides with Pakistan.
The dispute between India and Pakistan has prompted Pakistanis to support the Chinese in order to in turn gain military support from China. A strengthened Pakistan can force India to take a defensive stance in the event of a war with China over territorial claims, because if Pakistan is allied with China, India will be in a difficult seat with two enemies and thousands of miles of militarized border. According to an article in Reuters electronic edition in January 2012, China was an important supplier of technology and equipment to Pakistan. In the 1980s and 1990s, China provided Pakistan with knowledge so that Pakistan could develop nuclear weapons, and the Chinese also provided the Pakistanis with short-range ballistic missiles in 1992. The Chinese also built a facility to produce this type of weapon near the town of Rawalpindi. In 2004, the Chinese helped Pakistan build two nuclear reactors in the Punjab province, and more recently, China has planned to build two more reactors at the same construction site.
Neither the Indian nor the Pakistani side have attempted to resolve the issue politically. Instead, India has in April 2012 developed and launched its first long-range ballistic nuclear weaponry that can reach targets at a distance of 5,000 km including targets anywhere in Chinese territory. This makes India a member of a very selective club of countries which owns intercontinental ballistic missiles, along with the US, Russia, China, UK and France.
China builds or invests in, from East to West, the port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta Indonesia, and Port Klang, Penang and Tanjung Pelepas in the Malacca Strait in Malaysia. These are at present date not military Naval ports.
Sources; Raimundo Oliveira, Social and Political Scientist, and SR; Ekot on April 20, 2015. Modified by the author.
Why do you think China would need a Naval base in Djibouti for? Please explain your thoughts.


Ancol Tie Out Stake will screw easily into the grass and secure your dog.
Nylon travel belt with elastic lead for shock absorption. Universal fastening system for any type of car. Suitable for small and medium dogs weighing maximum 45 kg.
Convenient and easy to fold away when not in use, this durable water bottle has a tray to make drinking hassle free and can store up to 500ml of water. A simple yet effective and hassle free way to hydrate your dog when travelling!
The Window Guard by Pet Gear provides fresh, cool air for pets in cars, keeping pets safe and cars ventilated. The guard is easy to fit and no tools are required.
Developed to provide safety with comfort for your dog in the car and whilst walking. Soft neoprene padding covers all points of contact to ensure maximum protection, with particular focus on the central chest panel.
The Dog Seat Belt by Pet Gear is a comfortable, adjustable belt that connects a harness to a seat belt lock.
If your dog loves hiking with you then this backpack for dogs is the perfect accessory for you. Just attach this pack to your dog and away you go.


Eurogamer has posted a review of The Witcher, giving it 7/10 because it doesn't offer much to role-playing fans.
So, by my reckoning, The Witcher is only half an RPG. The role you play is non-negotiable - you're Geralt, a white-haired growly-voiced amnesiac anti-hero. Nor can you choose his profession. It is, after all, rather set in stone by the verb-slaughtering title of the game. He's a witcher, a professional slayer of the supernatural, wandering from town to town ridding the countryside of foul beasts using swords, magic and a little bit of alchemy. You'll be using the same swords for pretty much the whole game (though you can augment them), your armour options are limited and you've got a fairly rigid vengeance-fuelled goal in mind. If you're looking for one of those games where you can craft your own jewel-encrusted golden armour, and spend months tinkering with optional side-quests, then move along. This one isn't for you.
If, however, you're a fan of compellingly realised environments, commendably realistic social interactions and full-blooded fantasy storytelling then pull up a pew, since The Witcher has a lot to offer.
The combat tries to find the middle ground between the turn-based approach of, say, Knights of the Old Republic and the mouse-mashing of Diablo II.
Well-intentioned clickety combat aside, The Witcher doesn't offer much the dedicated role-player won't have already seen elsewhere, but that's not such a bad thing. CD Projekt has taken time-tested elements from across the fantasy-RPG spectrum and tied them to a solidly crafted story that includes elements of racial discord, religious fanaticism and sexual promiscuity in its adults-only mix.
Another great review from Eurogamer!


text:
Shout Out: Gretchen Waitley, a Vernon Hills resident with multiple sclerosis and organizer of PuckMS fundraiser
By Phil Rockrohr
Pioneer Press |
Jul 19, 2019 | 10:49 AM
Vernon Hills resident Gretchen Waitley is one of the organizers behind the PuckMS fundraiser in the village. (Courtesy of Gretchen Waitley)
In 2009, Gretchen Waitley, of Vernon Hills, was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis after she said she experienced intense pain that wrapped around her body and shot down her right leg.
Since then, Waitley approached her husband, Greg, with the idea of conducting a hockey fundraiser focused on MS. Her idea started, in part, because her 17-year-old son, Jack, plays organized hockey and the family knows many people in the area hockey community, she said.
Greg, an advertising executive, ultimately dubbed the event PuckMS.
In 2015, PuckMS began hosting two annual hockey games — one for adults and another for teens through young adults — every summer at Glacier Ice Arena in Vernon Hills. After the games, Greg's band, the Purple Drapes, perform outside the arena, where barbecue and an open bar are offered while the ice rink remains open for skating.
All proceeds benefit the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. This year's event raised more than $10,000. Waitley recently talked with Pioneer Press about PuckMS and why the fundraiser means so much to her.
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Q: Why is PuckMS important to you?
A: I have MS. I've been fortunate not to be ravaged by the symptoms. I just vowed I'm going to raise money as long as I'm able to help this community of people that really need the support.
Q: How does the National Multiple Sclerosis Society help in this process?
A: One of the big things is that they are involved in helping guide research. They also lobby on behalf of people with disabilities and the funding of things that will benefit people suffering from MS. They also provide services for people who need it.
Q: How did you handle your first symptoms?
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A: It was a shock. I had no idea. People have symptoms for years and don't know what to attribute them to. I had numbness and got diagnosed quickly. One of the coping mechanisms was information gathering. It got me as motivated as possible and led me to the MS society.
Q: What do you say to others who experience similar symptoms?
Information is power. Don't be afraid of the diagnosis. Don't be afraid to get educated. Talk to other people who have been through it. The big thing that helped me was I had people in my circle of friends who had MS and I had no idea they had it. To talk to people out living their lives and not feeling like they have a horrible thing hanging over the heads was inspiring to me and helped me get over the early weeks of getting diagnosed.
Latest Vernon Hills
In Deerfield, Martin Luther King, Jr., continues to inspire efforts to do good
Vernon Hills wrestler Vito Accettura wants to set an example as he aims for state
Stevenson's Cole Rhemrev motivated to get back to state
College Notes: Niles West's Sam Galanopoulos chipping in for Loyola women's basketball
Column: Addressing homelessness in the suburbs will take hard work and creative approaches
Q: Is oral medication better or more effective than injections?
A: It's my understanding that can't be made as a blanket statement. It's better from a patient perspective because nobody wants to give themselves injections. There are different efficacy rates for all of them. Nothing stands out as hugely better than something else.
Shout Out is a weekly feature in which we introduce our readers to their fellow community members and local visitors throughout suburban Chicago.
Phil Rockrohr is a freelance reporter for Pioneer Press.


In France the charity Medicins du Monde has just challenged Gilead's patent on Sovaldi, because of the exorbitant of the drug. Meanwhile in the United States, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority is suing Gilead over the drug's $84,000 price tag. In India, where the patent office rejected Sovaldi because of its similarity to another compound, Gilead is the plaintiff in an appeal of that decision.
Meanwhile, other drugs are set to compete in the hep cure marketplace. One to keep an eye on is Achillion's NS5A inhibitor. Combined with Sovaldi in a small trial last year, it cured 100% of patients in six weeks. The company is now looking at a 4-week trial. Granted, Gilead is still involved, but other competition from AbbVie, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, and Merck portend a very different playing field. There's lots and lots more to come on this.


I wasn't quite sure what to expect on the first day, and needless to say I was very surprised when I opened the door to let my beloved cat Jess out at around 4.30am to find a little cooler bag zip-locked with my day's worth of meals in there!
I always eat lunch at work or uni and it was really lovely to eat something other than a sandwich. I was really satisfied and full, and barely had room for afternoon tea. However, this was only possible because we have microwaves at uni to use. In hindsight, I could have chosen some lunch meals that didn't require heating like a frittata.
Dinner time was when the real benefit of Eat Fit Food began to shine. I had completely forgotten what it was like to have dinner ready for me when I got home after a long day. Within 3 minutes, I had a hot, nutritionally-balanced, and delicious meal in front of me. I enjoyed every bite of every dinner I had ordered from the wide variety available daily with plenty of options including vegetarian, and gluten-free. I also loved only having a plate to wash instead of the usual fanfare of dishes that land on my sink after dinner. All of this rolled into one and condensed over a week meant I had SO much MORE time in my evenings. I really had not realised just how much time making dinner had taken in my day previously and I appreciated the time Eat Fit Food had allowed me at night to exercise, do other chores, and just relax.
-The packaging, I have now got an abundance of plastic chinese containers. Even though they are recyclable and cost-effective, I feel like maybe some eco-containers would be a better idea.
Top quality, convenient meals that are jam-packed with veggies, nutrients, and flavour!
This post was not sponsored by Eat Fit Food.


Homegrown singer-songwriter, DANI has released a breathtaking music video for her debut single, "blue". Co-produced by Grammy-nominated producer Bryan Wilson, the track was released in March and has since clinched the fifth spot on the iTunes Singapore charts and #12 on Spotify Singapore's Viral 50. Directed by rising local filmmaker Clare Chong, the visual juxtaposes the visceral and panoramic sweep of nature with human vulnerability.
In "blue", DANI reflects on dealing with emotionally-crippling circumstances and but affirms the importance of going beyond the superficial and changing the way we perceive and esteem ourselves. Shot in Iceland, one of the dreamiest locales in the world, the video is fitting accompaniment to the reveries and revelations the music inspires.
DANI's "blue" is available on the following music platforms here.


I'm sure all of you would agree with me that as a Mom, we would try to provide the best for our kids. Do you know what's the best bath tissue in the market now ? Mommy Jane had tried out a variety of brand before and felt that Kleenex Ultrasoft Bath Tissue is the best for my 5 Little Angels and for my family usage.
Have you ever wonder about the softness of Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues ? It has a luxurious cushiony softness in each of its 3-ply thick sheet which are made from 100% high quality virgin fiber. With 3-ply softness, Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues feature a lightly scented core, to help us experience a little bit of luxury where it matters most to us everyday. The softness, strength and absorbency suit every household needs.
Since our skin plays such an important role in protecting our body, we should keep it as healthy as we can. Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues has cotton extract which is an amazing skincare ingredient that helps to soothe our skin and stimulate the growth of healthy new skin cells.
Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues, comes with a unique CleanWeave pattern which creates a highly absorbent tissues that keeps us dry and effectively removes all dirt thoroughly, that keep us comfortable every time after using it.
Do you feel like you're losing the battle against stinky odor ? Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues had Charcoal Fresh function to extract and absorb odor and dirt, to keeps us smelling fresh and feeling good. The Charcoal Fresh function also helps to mask the odor in my bathroom keeping it smelling fresh and clean all day long.
Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues (3-ply) 200s X 20 rolls toilet tissue is selling at a promotional price of RM34.34 at Lazada Malaysia. Buy it at HERE. For more information on Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues, do visit their website at https://goo.gl/Gy1d5G and facebook page at www.facebook.com/Kleenex.Malaysia.
With all the reasons above, I'm sure all of you now agrees that Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues is the best for our children, our family and our loved ones. It protects our skin and keeps us feeling fresh at all times. Using it for more than 5 years now, Kleenex Ultra Soft Bath Tissues protects my family with its luxurious softness and keep them healthy and happy always.
i pon pengguna kleenex.Lembut dan selesa pabila menggunakan.. tak mudah koyak.Memang sentiasa standy dalam kereta dan dalam rumah.Memang tak tukar dah brand tissue lain.
Azlina, I pun. All of us really love the softness.
Good sharing! I rarely use this brand so I guess I should give it a try. Most the time, regular tissue will only clean the dirt. Hence the features of absorbing odor what more with its luxurious touch really excites me!
Hasif, do give it a try. I'm sure you will never regret after trying it.
Amanda, even though a bit pricey but worth every sen of paying it.
I like using kleenex tissue.. great products.. been using it for years d..
Kylie, me too. After using this tissue, I wouldn't want to change anymore.
Kleenex product is suitable for kids too as they are using 100% high quality virgin fiber. I recommend to my mom to use it too.
Mama Ee, me too. I recommend to my family members and friends too. The best should share it out, right ?
yeah my family too like buy this brand to use, love the softness. My bro family too starting to like this as well.
Fadzi, indeed it is. That's why I'm using it till now.
Ni lagi satu product yang my family guna. Kleenex ni. Suka Kleenex sebab lapisannya tebal dan boleh serap cecair.
Ezna, betul. It is more comfortable to use it now.


WESTFORD, MA. November 21, 2016 –– Tyco Security Products announced that Thrifty King, a three-store grocery chain with operations in Kansas and Colorado, has chosen the DSC PowerSeries Neo intrusion system in conjunction with Alarm.com's user-friendly interactive monitoring solution as its security system.
The PowerSeries Neo solution offers Thrifty King a customized system of alarm monitoring and information gathering that is configured to fit the needs and layout of each store—one of which is a newer location and the other two recent remodels. Using Alarm.com's remote access capabilities, Store Owner Justin Crawford can monitor activities in both the supermarkets and separate, adjacent liquor stores, by accessing information from the sensors and motion detectors. He can also easily arm or disarm doors, without being on site.
Offering adaptive transmission path capabilities, PowerSeries Neo advanced PowerG wireless technology adjusts to the changing nature of the Thrifty King's retail environments, automatically detecting and adjusting its signal strength if, for instance, a display is put in the path of a sensor. Thrifty King is also taking advantage of PowerSeries Neo's partitioning feature, which allowed the integrator to cost-effectively create dual systems on the same panel for those units with separate liquor stores.
Alert Alarm Co., a third-generation systems integrator based in Moscow, Kan., served as the integrator for this project.
For more information on PowerSeries Neo and the Alarm.com integration, visit www.dsc.com.
DSC Intrusion Security products from Tyco Security Products are now part of Johnson Controls, a global diversified technology and multi industrial leader serving a wide range of customers in more than 150 countries. DSC provides security professionals with products of superior quality and performance in more than 140 countries worldwide. They include interactive intrusion platforms, alarm control panels, keypads, user interfaces, detection devices, alarm communication products, and industry-leading alarm monitoring technology. More information on DSC can be found at www.dsc.com.
Thrifty King is a family-owned chain of three grocery stores with locations in Dodge City and Hugoton, Kan., and Lamar, Colo.


text:
- 25 May 2000 https://www.fwi.co.uk
Break-up rumours at Somerfield
SPECULATION is growing that troubled supermarket chain Somerfield could be broken up, reports the Daily Express.
This follows the release of grim trading figures and a warning that full-year profits would be at the lower end of analysts forecasts.
Food retail analyst David Stoddart told the newspaper that it was likely Somerfield would be broken up and sold off.
Like-for-like sales for the groups Kwik Save stores were down 16% in the fourth quarter.
And like-for-like sales at Somerfield stores were down 5.1% in the same period.
Group turnover to April 29 was 5.47bn, down 7.3%
Kwik Save costs Somerfield dear, FWi, 15 May, 2000
Somerfield drops Kwik Save sale, FWi, 19 April, 2000
Daily Express 25/05/2000 page 63


Rivka Cymbalist CD(DONA) has been working as a doula since 1997, and has witnessed hundreds of babies coming into the world. Of these, fewer than twenty have been c-sections, several have been twin births, and 95% of them have taken place in the hospital. She is director of Montreal Birth Companions, which is a volunteer organization that provides free doula services to refugee and immigrant women. She has been training doulas since 2004, and regularly accepts apprentices in her practice. Her book, The Birth Conspiracy, Natural Birth, Hospitals, and Doulas: A Guide was released by Curioso Books in November, 2011.
I have always been involved in women's health, and when I started having my own children I became more passionate about the injustices inherent in our modern obstetrical practice. I wanted to attend women in childbirth and attempted to provide a gentler, more respectful space for them.
A radical doula understands what is at the root of the issues surrounding birth. All the prejudices and failures in a society can be magnified during an important life event. This is nowhere more clear than during pregnancy and birth. I try to break down barriers, dispel prejudices and misconceptions, and respect where respect is due.
I believe that all women know how to give birth. I see our culture destructive to this innate knowledge. Our culture is based upon fear – fear of enemies, of attack (even yogurt commercials talk about defense), of failure. It also places a high value on experts, so we are trained to need an expert to advise us on every aspect of our lives. If we all gave birth, raised our kids, and lived our lives instinctively and without experts' advice, the society as we know it would crumble. I believe it would become a better place, where intelligence, kindness, and justice lead the way instead of fear, ignorance, and greed.
I love listening to people's stories, and I love meeting women from all sorts of different backgrounds. I love that labor space where honesty reigns.
I would make it a real option for women to give birth at home. Many women choose a doula because they feel they have no other choices. If home birth was presented as a valid, safe choice, women would make that choice.


This summer, drum corps fans seeking a fix can get up-to-date Web diaries from various drum corps sites around the Web. Here's a quick roundup: From the Cavaliers' Web site, penned by Jeff Fiedler: Lights were out at 11 pm tonight (and a few guys were asleep before that!) as we were exhausted from another intense day of rehearsal. We've been going at it pretty hard since Memorial Day Monday ( we had camp that weekend, but the intensity turned up dramatically during the days since) and the last two days have been particularly challenging and rewarding at the same time. Everyone (all the new guys) has started to acclimate to learning drill "The Cavalier Way" at this point, and when Mike Gaines sends us charts to learn, we devour them. Read more.
From the Cadets' Web site, written by drum major Matt Haines: Today was the first day in over half a week that the horn line marched and played at the same time. The CD recording is done, the rain is gone, and our undivided focus is now on preparing for the show.
In marching we learned some more drill for "Thick as a Brick," our third tune. We also cleaned some stuff in the opener.
-Full run of the show, aka the end of the music meets the end of the drill.
-Fergie (Becky's dog) came to visit Read more. From the Blue Devils' Web site, written by guard member Isleen Pinpin: This past weekend was Jerry Seawright's memorial service. After a long day of preparing for the event, it was worth the while. The whole Blue Devils organization helped out in setting up the Blue Devils bingo hall into a classy space. It was especially cool when we had to arrange all 11 DCI World Championship trophies in order as part of the decoration for Jerry Seawright's service. I felt in awe just in the presence of it all ... the Blue Devils' history. Also, it was amazing to see Blue Devil alumnis join the current BD corps in a piece entitled "Chasing the Clouds Away," which I may say was very moving. It was definitely a full of waiting around to see what's going to happen next, but when it came time for the service, everything ran smoothly and represented the organization in the best possible way with respect to Mr. Jerry Seawright. Read more.


text:
from kua import routes

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import timeit
    import functools

    def controller(): pass

    routes_ = routes.Routes()
    routes_.add(':foo/:bar/:baz/:last', controller)
    routes_.add('api/:bar/:baz/:last', controller)
    routes_.add('api/id', controller)

    print(timeit.timeit(functools.partial(routes_.match, 'api/id/baz/last'), number=150000))


Think of all of the websites that you utilize online that require passwords to protect your sensitive information. You have a password for your online bank account, your email, your credit card accounts — the list goes on.
Out of all of those websites, however, how many unique passwords do you have? Not too many? If a hacker deciphers even one password to your account, your entire online life would be in serious jeopardy.
According to credit firm Experian, the typical online user has 26 accounts—and only five passwords. Couple that with the fact that 90 percent of passwords are vulnerable to cracking, and it becomes clear that passwords are not quite as effective when it comes to protecting sensitive information.
Quite simply, passwords are failing to get the job done in an era where digital security is of the utmost importance. They are failing because they are easy to crack. A better solution, therefore, is to take a multilayered approach to online security providing protection beyond the initial scope of a password. A multilayered approach to online security involves implementing advanced authentication requirements to verify a user or application's identity.
In this regard, mobile is playing a pivotal role in the multilayer approach to security at the enterprise level. One advantage of mobile is that applications can use a process called sandboxing, in which applications on a device cannot access the digital information of other applications. This is imperative when it comes to the prevention of advanced malware, as taking the completion of a transaction out of the compromised desktop channel may be the only way to defend against evolving malware threats.
Additional security involves PIN locks and embedded, transparent one-time passcodes (OTP), as well as digital certificates for mobile devices.
Believe it or not, authenticating an identity is much easier to accomplish on a mobile device than on a desktop or laptop computer because these traditional computer platforms were designed to share device memory as a basis for architecture, unlike sandboxed mobile applications.
While 71 percent of IT executives still believe that the traditional desktop or laptop computer is more secure than a mobile device, the reality is that mobile devices are in fact more secure. That is why 65 percent of organizations are placing mobile security as a critical priority moving forward.
Once you understand how comprehensive a multilayered mobile approach is to overall security, a basic password for an important account seems about as safe as locking a bicycle with a rope. While passwords are still the status quo for consumers, organizations looking for advanced security measurements should seriously consider the comprehensive security benefits that mobile technology currently affords.


The personal and organizational ability to collaborate across silos and create holistic, systems solutions is among the most important set of skills the sustainable business change agent can help an organization develop.
Holding the "no trade-offs" tension isn't easy when everyone is saying, "that's impossible". But you'll know you achieved real innovation when folks look at the final solution and say, "that's not sustainability, its just good business".
Sometimes Incremental improvements in corporate performance get criticized as either "business as usual" or "not enough to make a difference". The REI experience shows that incremental improvements can lead to breakthroughs that deliver exceptional results.


There are schools offering software engineering degrees in Massachusetts!
Each year, roughly 0.0% of Massachusetts students graduate with degrees in software engineering. In other words, every year an estimated 102 software engineers graduate from Massachusetts' 3 software engineering schools.
Boston University, which was ranked 14th nationwide in 2010, is the top-ranked school in Massachusetts that has a software engineering program. It is located in Boston. 23 students graduated with a degree in software engineering from Boston University in 2010. The tuition rate at Boston University was $39,864 per year.
The second-ranked school in Massachusetts with a software engineering program is Northeastern University, which is located in Boston. In 2010, it was ranked 18th nationwide. In 2010, Northeastern University graduated 73 students from its software engineering program. Students at Northeastern University paid $36,792 per year in tuition fees.
Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology, which is located in Boston, is the third-ranked school in Massachusetts that has a software engineering program. It received a ranking of 88th in the country in 2010. In 2010, 6 students graduated from Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology software engineering program. The tuition rate at Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology was $14,500 per year.
For more data regarding a career in software engineering in Massachusetts and to compare salaries with various related fields such as software engineering or game development, take a look at the graphs and charts below.


A South African man identified as Rudolf Sebyeng, has shown his disappointment to the statue of their president, Jacob Zuma in Imo state by Governor Rochas Okorocha.
A statue of Jacob Zuma was unveiled in Nigeria, I never thought Nigeria is such a clueless country.
Today i learned there's a man called Rochas Okorocha. Corrupt as Zuma, same head shape as Zuma.
A large percentage of people feel it's so improper and stupid, to have another President's statue in a state, not to talk of naming a street after him.


Strength and dignity are her clothing, and she laughs at the time to come. She opens her mouth with wisdom, and the teaching of kindness is on her tongue. She looks well to the ways of her household and does not eat the bread of idleness. Charm is deceitful, and beauty is vain, but a woman who fears the Lord is to be praised.


The natural areas of Highlands and Polk Counties are dominated by a sandy, shrubby landscape known as Florida scrub. There are many types of Florida scrub all defined by the plant species that inhabit them. One especially interesting type of Florida scrub is the rosemary scrub. Take a walk through a rosemary scrub habitat and you might notice some rather striking things. Bare white sand patches connect like a path, weaving in and out among a maze of large Florida Rosemary shrubs, the dominant plant species for which this unique habitat is named. Most populations of Florida Rosemary occur along coastal dune habitats from Florida north to South Carolina and west to Mississippi. Florida Rosemary are found in relict populations on remaining patches of Florida scrub occurring on the high dry sandy ridge that runs north-south through Highlands County, known as the Lake Wales Ridge. The Lake Wales Ridge dates back to a time, nearly a million years ago, when sea levels were much higher. Found at the top of these ancient rolling sand dunes, the rosemary scrub habitat looks like sandy islands in a sea of a dense vegetation. And yet, it is in this rosemary scrub habitat, along those open pathways between the Florida Rosemary plants, where most of the Lake Wales Ridge endangered plant species are found. Florida Rosemary itself is not endangered although it is listed as a threatened species in coastal Georgia, but rosemary scrub habitat has seen significant decline due to development, earlier conversion to agriculture, and hurricane damage along coastal populations.
Dawn breaks across a Florida Rosemary habitat at Archbold Biological Station. Photo by Reed Bowman.
Following a prescribed burn, young Florida Rosemary seedlings grow in the shadow where an adult Florida Rosemary once grew. Photo by John Benning.
Like most habitats of central Florida, rosemary scrub is shaped by fire. Adult Florida Rosemary plants are killed by fire but seeds germinate from a soil seed bank stored in the years between fire events. Long-term research at Archbold, started in 1996, has led to many important insights into how this dominant shrub shapes its habitat. "Following a fire event, those sandy gaps and pathways and open mazes among the shrubs are reconfigured" says research assistant Stephanie Koontz. "It's like a game of pick-up-sticks where, after a fire, someone picks of all the Florida Rosemary plants and drops them back on the landscape in a whole new pattern." Menges and his team follow individual Florida Rosemary plants annually documenting survival and growth. Overall survival is high and young Florida Rosemary plants are slow growing, increasing in size by only a few centimeters a year. "To me, the most fascinating story we have learned about Florida Rosemary is its structure" explains research intern Lauren Maynard. "If you look at a Florida Rosemary shrub, it looks like this nice, large round individual when in actuality, there may be four to ten individual plants all woven together. We don't know if they are competing or aiding in each other's survival and questions like this can only be answered with long-term monitoring." At Archbold, long-term monitoring of plants and their habitats is a vital tool in making informed land management decisions to maintain a balance of open, sandy pathways for rare species within the maze of shrubs.
What appears to be a single Florida Rosemary shrub may actually be several individual plants growing together. Researchers have to sort through individuals to measure changes in growth. Photo by Eric Menges.