Middlesbrough suffered their heaviest defeat of the season as Liverpool showed their class at the Riverside on Wednesday night.
The national press were out in force to witness the Premier League clash and the talk beforehand - and afterwards - was about Jurgen Klopp's decision to drop underfire keeper Loris Karius and recall Simon Mignolet. But what did they have to say about Aitor Karanka's Boro? Philip Tallentire takes a closer look.
The Riverside is supposed to be a bogey ground for Liverpool, their last win here having come in 2002, but last night the hoodoo was emphatically lifted.
Victory served as the perfect antidote to the noise that has engulfed the club in the build-up, with Klopp's decision to reinstate Simon Mignolet at the expense of Karius passing without any real test. Mignolet even enjoyed the luxury of chalking up a mini-milestone to boot — this was his 50th clean sheet for the club, and the superiority Liverpool exerted was barely reflected by the final scoreline.
It was a display which owed everything to patience, initially, before an elated Jürgen Klopp watched his players, inspired by two goals from Adam Lallana and a fifth in as many games from the in-form Divock Origi, rip Middlesbrough to shreds.
If looks could kill, then Jurgen Klopp would now be floating down the Tees.
Loris Karius was delivering death stares to the Liverpool manager following his decision to stick the calamity keeper out on the substitutes' bench.
Instead, the frustrated £4.7million German saw Simon Mignolet — playing his first league game since September — deliver a crucial save just moments after Adam Lallana scored the first of his two goals in one of his best performances for the club.
Boro are normally pretty solid and boss Aitor Karanka will be concerned by how they fell to pieces.
Liverpool avoided a drama morphing into a crisis with a controlled and comfortable victory over unambitious Middlesbrough. Jurgen Klopp had made the dramatic call of dropping under-scrutiny goalkeeper Loris Karius and replacing him with Simon Mignolet, but to Klopp's pleasure and perhaps relief, this was all about Liverpool at the other end of the pitch.
Mignolet made a couple of saves in the first half, but Boro are a cautious team. This had been a difficult place for Liverpool - it was a first win on Teesside since 2002 - but not tonight. Boro now face a nervy 90 minutes with Swansea here on Saturday.
As a predictably cagey opening unfolded, Karius may have reflected from the bench that this was an ideal game in which to play. Middlesbrough, the lowest scorers in the division, were unlikely to mount a bombardment.
Liverpool started steadily after dropping points in their last two games but when they hit their stride Middlesbrough were simply no match. If the hosts' manager, Aitor Karanka, was being brutally honest a three-goal defeat was probably not the worst result.
Each goal was the result of sharp team interplay and Lallana's fine campaign continues. He opened the scoring with a header, set up Divock Origi for the second and made the points secure with a brilliant third, as Liverpool went above Arsenal in the Premier League to second place.
Middlesbrough held their own in the first half, but some of Liverpool's pass-and-move football was a joy to watch and the way they moved through the gears in the second half was like a sports car pulling away from a family saloon. Middlesbrough are solid and reliable, but Liverpool have a touch of class.
Mignolet did not have much to do, but he did what was needed with confidence and clarity. After a couple of routine saves, from a Ben Gibson header and long-range shot from Fabio, the Belgian made one brilliant stop to prevent Viktor Fischer blasting the ball inside his near post.
After 72 hours of the news agenda being driven by Karius' erratic form, Klopp decided no good could have come from subjecting him to an ordeal on the barren banks of the Tees, at a venue where Liverpool historically falter. As it turned out, this became the easiest game of the campaign for any Liverpool goalkeeper, so dominant were the outfield players, so totally ruthless when the chances came, it made no difference who was standing between the posts at Middlesbrough.
The gulf in class between these two teams was clear. Often keeping possession with 10 home shirts behind the ball, Liverpool waited for key moments to inject pace into attacks with devastating effect.


text:
Snapshot: the essentials of pharmaceutical trademarks in Turkey
Turkey November 26 2021
What is the primary law governing trademarks in your jurisdiction?
The Industrial Property Law (IP Law) is the primary source in which the trademark law is regulated. The IP Law was published in the Official Gazette on 10 January 2017, with the majority of provisions entering into effect on the same date. The relevant international agreements to which Turkey is a signatory, namely the Paris Convention and the Madrid Protocol, are also applicable in Turkish trademark law.
Which agency is responsible for the grant and registration of pharmaceutical trademarks?
The Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TPTO) is the authority overseeing all types of trademark registrations including pharmaceutical trademarks.
Also, during the marketing authorisation proceeding, the Turkish Medicines and Medical Device Agency approves the trademark.
What are the relevant national and international regulatory bodies and requirements that need to be considered when clearing a pharmaceutical trademark?
Trademark registrations are handled through the TPTO. Within the scope of marketing authorisation proceedings, the Turkish Medicines and Medical Device Agency also approves the name of the product. These two proceedings are entirely different and do not affect each other. That is to say that obtaining a trademark registration does not mean that the Agency will approve the product's name and obtaining a marketing authorisation does not mean that the trademark is going to be registered directly.
Within the scope of the absolute ground examination held by the TPTO, the following are considered:
Being almost similar to an earlier registered trademark.
Not being distinctive, being delusive and being descriptive (eg, being dominantly composed of an international non-proprietary name (INN) and commonly used in the relevant part of the health sector – customary medicines).
Within the scope of relative grounds examination, the TPTO considers the risk of confusion with third-party trademarks. As the average consumer groups are considered to be pharmacists and healthcare professionals, a high level of similarity is sought for recognising the risk of confusion especially for pharmaceutical goods covered by Class 05. Note that the TPTO's approach is not the same for each subclass covered by Class 05: it relaxes its strict approach for the subclasses not covering pharmaceuticals depending on the level of similarity. The decisions of the courts in cases filed against the decisions of the TPTO show that the court has a stricter approach towards pharmaceutical trademarks, especially on evaluating the attention level of healthcare professionals.
Regarding the specification on the pharmaceutical goods covered by Class 05, the applicant must be aware that they should not use the trademark names of the commonly used active ingredients. There are too many active ingredients that are known dominantly with their trade names. These are often close to losing their source indicating character and becoming a generic word and, indeed, there might be jurisdictions in which the trademark has been cancelled because it has become a generic word. Accordingly, while managing multi-country filings at the same time, it is important to flag this issue because the TPTO asking for amendments for these filings causes delays in the registration proceedings.
The TPTO keeps a record of INNs and they are not available to be registered as a trademark for anyone's exclusive use. The examiners strictly consider these INNs during the examination on absolute grounds.
When granting a product marketing licence, the Turkish Medicines and Medical Device Agency reviews and approves the names of the pharmaceutical products. According to the Regulation on Packaging Information, Inserts and Tracking of Medicinal Products , the name of the pharmaceutical product cannot be similar to an INN or an extensively used name of a product. The Regulation on Licensing of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Products does not provide any rule for approval of pharmaceutical names by the Agency, though the Pharmaceutical and Medical Preparations Law states that a 'suitable name' is one of the conditions for the approval of the licence. However, it is very clear that the Agency does not consider the IP Law perspective. The Agency's primary concerns when approving names are avoiding medication errors and ensuring comprehension by doctors and pharmacists. There is no doubt that the similarity examination is not carried out with the same methods as by the TPTO.
Non-traditional trademarks
What non-traditional trademarks are available in your jurisdiction and how are they registered?
The approach towards non-traditional trademarks is rather strict according to Turkish Law and practice. There is no direct provision in the IP Law regarding the registration of non-traditional trademarks, so the principles and conditions applied to the registration of other signs are also applied to non-traditional trademarks.
The commonly filed pharmaceutical-related non-traditional trademarks are shapes of pills, pill containers, plasters and medical devices. Getting registration for a non-traditional trademark is not a straightforward proceeding. In most cases, the registration proceedings escalate to the IP courts and the court decides on the registration.
Nevertheless, the TPTO would like to clearly determine the scope of the protection of the non-traditional trademarks in this regard. For example, 3D trademarks require the visuals of the products from up to six different angles (back/front sides, up/downsides and left/right sides). The aim is to provide the 3D depth of the application, without affecting the integrity of the trademark.
There is no doubt that the TPTO requires a certain level of distinctive character which serves the purpose of the source indication function of trademarks. In other words, the TPTO would like to see that the non-traditional trademark is readily distinguished by consumers.
The TPTO is strict regarding applications that consist of the nature or shape of the products and when there are only aesthetical re-touches.
Cannabis-derived products
Does your jurisdiction allow the registration of cannabis-derived products?
Unlike some EU countries, Turkey has a rather strict drug policy including for cannabis. All forms of cannabis, including its use for medical purposes, were strictly prohibited under Turkish law until 2016. Even now, the sale or growing of cannabis or even possessing cannabis for personal use are illegal and accepted as a crime under Turkish Criminal Law No. 5237. In 2016, the Turkish government legalised the production of cannabis in 19 Turkish provinces only for medical and scientific purposes by adopting The Regulation on Growing and Control of Cannabis. The growing of cannabis is tightly controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Those who wish to grow these plants should have a growing licence, which is limited to three years.
In the meantime, the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency has published a list of pharmaceuticals that could be imported from abroad. The pharmaceutical with the active ingredient Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol is included in the list dated 12 February 2016. The reference code of pharmaceutical products belongs to the medication SATIREX.
A Turkish patient can obtain these cannabis-based medications only by getting a red prescription from a doctor. However, it must be determined that the patient will receive treatment from the cannabis-derived medication that cannot be achieved by another conventional medication. Moreover, these cannabis-derived products are imported from abroad for the specific use of the relevant patient. In summary, the importation of cannabis-derived medications depends on strict and specific conditions.
What are the rules governing parallel imports of pharmaceutical goods?
The Industrial Property Law adopted the international exhaustion principle, which means that where goods have been legally sold by the trademark owner or its authorised representatives in any international market, such sale leads to an exhaustion of the right of the trademark owner to prevent the further sale of such goods anywhere internationally.
As long as genuine goods are being imported, trademark infringement will not arise unless the goods that are subject to parallel import are changed or damaged.
However, the importation of pharmaceuticals is a strictly regulated area that has specific provisions. Pharmaceuticals can only be imported and commercialised by the company that holds the marketing authorisation from the Ministry of Health. A marketing authorisation is granted only to the Turkish subsidiary of the pharmaceutical manufacturer. Therefore, since it is only granted to one company, in practice, other companies are not allowed to import the pharmaceutical.
These restrictions mean that, in practice, the parallel import of pharmaceuticals is not allowed in Turkey. In cases where genuine pharmaceutical products are introduced into Turkey, issues on selling unlicensed pharmaceuticals and smuggling will arise.
Strategies against parallel imports
What strategies are available to police and enforce against parallel imports?
For pharmaceutical products that require marketing authorisation to be marketed in Turkey, parallel import is not possible. Pharmaceuticals can only be imported and commercialised by the company that holds the marketing authorisation from the Ministry of Health. Marketing authorisation is granted only to the Turkish subsidiary of the pharmaceutical manufacturer. In this regard, as a part of a dealing strategy, customs can be informed about the details of the marketing authorisation holder and its Turkish subsidiary.
As parallel imports of pharmaceuticals are possible in Turkish practice, imports of pharmaceuticals are strictly followed. Parallel imports bring up the issues of the selling of unlicensed pharmaceuticals and smuggling.
As per article 19 of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Preparations Law, in accordance with the Anti-Smuggling Law, the import of pharmaceutical products without a market authorisation constitutes smuggling and will be punished.
Furthermore, as per article 43 of the Law on Pharmacists and Pharmacies, the act of selling unlicensed pharmaceuticals shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of article 193 of the act of producing and trading toxic substances crime that is issued under the Turkish Criminal Law.
These issues are prosecuted ex officio by the public prosecutors. Therefore, ex officio police raids are possible.
As such goods are not entering Turkey through legal ways, effective tools include working collaboratively and developing a strategy with police and public prosecutors. As altering the trademark or damaging products also constitute trademark infringement, these ex officio criminal proceedings are or can be followed or accompanied by trademark infringement claims.
Anti-counterfeiting and enforcement
Types of proceedings
What types of legal or administrative proceedings are available to enforce against infringing products?
Trademark infringements can be challenged through:
civil actions;
criminal actions; and
administrative measures
It is possible to start criminal proceedings against the infringing party by filing a criminal complaint, which is followed by seizure of the counterfeit goods. The confiscation and destruction of counterfeit products and a criminal sentence (which is one to three years imprisonment and a judicial fine of up to 20,000 days, in accordance with the daily limits stated in the law) is rendered against the infringer at the end of the proceeding. However, it is usually expected that an identical or almost identical trademark is used on counterfeit products in order to accept the infringement claim in criminal proceedings.
Apart from trademark infringement, producing and selling counterfeit pharmaceuticals is specifically accepted as a type of crime in article 187 titled Production or Sale of Medicine such as to Risk the Life and Health of Others and article 186 titled the Trade of Decayed or Transformed beverages or pharmaceuticals of Turkish Criminal Law. For these crimes, a penalty of imprisonment for a term of one to five years and a judicial fine is imposed and, if the offence is committed by a physician or pharmacist or in the course of a profession or trade which is subject to official permission, the penalty shall be increased.
Furthermore, as per the reference of Law on Pharmacists and Pharmacies No. 6197, article 43, the act should be punished in accordance with provisions of article 193 of Producing and Trading Toxic Substances crime that is issued under the Turkish Criminal Law.
Since the injured party in all the above-mentioned crimes (excluding trademark infringement) is the public or the state (if the pharmaceuticals are smuggled), those crimes are defined as crimes against public health or the state. In such cases, the owner of the trademark or the licensee is not a party to the criminal proceedings. The investigation would be conducted by the public prosecutor ex officio in favour of the public.
A suspect accused of infringing the products can be charged for all of the mentioned offences that arise out of their single act of producing and selling unlicensed or counterfeit pharmaceuticals. If a criminal proceeding has been initiated ex officio in favour of the public against these products, after that (depending on the nature of each case) a trademark infringement complaint can be filed as well.
Also, the Ministry of Health has an online system named Pharmaceutical Track and Trace System to deal with counterfeiting, smuggling, falsification, bar code scamming, illegal diversion and the distribution of pharmaceutical products within Turkey's supply chain. Furthermore, the track and trace system enables easy recall procedures when urgent requirements arise – which was a plus during the covid-19 pandemic for collecting the pharmaceuticals that were used during treatment protocols.
The Law on Pharmacists and Pharmacies, article 18, foresees administrative fines for pharmaceutical products that are not produced in accordance with the marketing authorisation files, in case such action does not constitute a crime in terms of the Turkish Criminal Law and the Anti-Smuggling Law.
What are the available remedies for infringement?
According to the Turkish Industrial Property Law (IP Law), the following remedies are available (which are subject to a civil action):
preliminary injunctions to prevent the infringing act;
cessation and prevention of infringement;
compensation for:
actual loss;
material damages; and
immaterial damages;
disclosure of the court's judgment by means of publication to the public, the costs of which are to be met by the defendant party;
handing over documents in the possession or property of the infringer;
delivery up or destruction of infringing products;
recall of infringing products and removal from the market; and
reimbursement of the official court expenditures and fees for bringing the action.
What border enforcement measures are available to halt the import and export of infringing goods?
When considering border enforcement measures, note that where counterfeiting activities on pharmaceutical trademarks are on the table, there are other strict restrictions on the export and import of pharmaceutical products. Non-compliance to these restrictions constitutes crimes regulated in the Turkish Criminal Law and Anti-Smuggling Law, which are closely followed by customs officials, police and related bodies of the Presidency. The customs authority is entitled to ex officio act in a smuggling case and the suspected persons belongings, loads and vehicles can be searched by customs officers for customs control purposes. If they detect that the goods are smuggled, they can seize the products immediately. If such a case occurred specifically for pharmaceuticals, it is also subject to an administrative fine pursuant to article 19 of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Preparations Law.
In matters only related to trademark infringement, the customs authority does not take any ex-officio actions against possible counterfeit goods at the borders. The trademark owners should file a customs watch application before the customs authority to monitor the export or import of possible counterfeits. The customs authority has an online system where customs watch applications can be filed. When a trademark owner has applied for a customs watch, the customs authority informs the recorded trademark agent of the holder about the suspicious products bearing the same or almost similar trademarks and suspends these products for 10 working days for any possible trademark infringement claim to be filed. The rights owner has the right to examine the products first and then file a complaint and start a criminal action against these products. If no proceeding is started, the suspected goods are released by customs.
The import of pharmaceutical products is strictly regulated but export proceedings are not the same. This causes the export of parallel imported goods from Turkey into other countries. Controlled pricing policies provide lower prices for pharmaceutical products in comparison to other markets, and this makes Turkey an attractive point for markets where products are priced higher. If parallel import is not available at the destination country, these kinds of activities will be considered within the scope of anti-smuggling laws. In order to circumvent this option, the pharmaceutical companies tend to include non-import clauses in their agreements with relevant parties in Turkey taking into account competition law requirements as well.
Online pharmacy regulation
What rules are in place to govern online pharmacies?
The sale and distribution of pharmaceuticals is strictly regulated by the Turkish Ministry of Health and the online sale of pharmaceutical products is explicitly prohibited by the law. The Law on Pharmacists and Pharmacies regulates that the sale of pharmaceuticals is restricted through the internet or any other online environment and a website cannot be operated on behalf of a pharmacy and pharmacist.
Moreover, this restriction is not only limited to pharmaceuticals but also applied to traditional herbal medical products, homeopathic medicinal products, dietary foods for special medical purposes including enteral nutrition products and special medical purpose baby food. These products can be sold exclusively in the physical store of pharmacies.
There is a notable rise in the sale of pharmaceuticals through online platforms and this raises many concerns about public health since most of them are unauthorised or counterfeit products. In recent years, the Ministry of Health has strictly controlled online markets where these prohibited products are sold and has cancelled these websites and imposed fines.
What are the most notable recent cases regarding the enforcement of pharmaceutical marks?
Covid-19 measures caused delays in supply chains, which, in turn, caused a growing trend in smuggling and counterfeit cases. In this regard, there were many police operations for counterfeit pharmaceutical products.
Many of these police operations made it to the headlines. An extremely high amount of counterfeit pharmaceutical products were seized including ones used in covid-19 treatment protocol and steroids, slimming and fat-burner products. A rising demand for vitamins during the pandemic has increased counterfeiting activities for that area as well. About 1.5 million counterfeit vitamins were seized in a single action.
In addition, owing to its geopolitical position in the Middle East and Europe, Turkey faces serious problems regarding drug diversion and drug trafficking and has become a smuggling route for the illegal drug trade. Beyond the trademark infringement perspective, drug trafficking in Turkey is handled by government and police forces as well as by international operations.
Primarily for pharmaceuticals that are expensive and are for life-threatening illnesses (eg, cancer), there were multifaceted ongoing operations. The essential importance of these mixed counterfeit goods was the fact that they were being sold as original and were overpriced, taking advantage of the shortage caused by the pandemic.
Another drug diversion case involving bribery, peculation and forgery was mostly focused on cancer and organ transplantation pharmaceuticals in the areas where immigrants were located. A few health professionals and pharmacists were involved in these serious crimes, which caused a diversion into the Middle East where the pharmaceutical goods had been diverted.
Which bodies are responsible for oversight of pharmaceutical advertising in your jurisdiction (and what are their powers)?
The Turkish Radio and Television Supreme Council and the Advertisement Board are the main administrative bodies overseeing the issues for the use of misleading information and health claims in advertisements for pharmaceuticals and food supplements. Both the Advertisement Board and the Turkish Radio and Television Supreme Council are entitled to order the cessation of the broadcast of the said advertisements in any media and to impose an administrative monetary fine against advertisers and media channels regarding prohibited and misleading advertisements.
Advertising rules
What specific rules are in place regarding the advertising of pharmaceutical products?
Advertising of pharmaceutical products is regulated by the Pharmaceutical and Medical Preparations Law and the Regulation on Promotional Activities of Medicinal Products for Human Use. Moreover, the general regulations on advertisements, such as the Law on the Protection of Consumers and the Regulation on Commercial Advertisements and Unfair Commercial Practices, also apply to advertisements.
Advertisements for prescribed pharmaceuticals are not allowed. Although the legislation does not specifically address non-prescribed pharmaceuticals, under Turkish law regulations regarding pharmaceuticals are applied for non-prescribed OTC products, including advertising bans.
According to the Regulation on Promotional Activities of Medicinal Products for Human Use, the only exception to the no-advertisement rule is for promotional activities addressed to healthcare professionals. Promotion of pharmaceuticals can be performed for healthcare professionals under certain circumstances such as by using promotional materials specifically addressed to physicians, dentists and pharmacists, or organising or supporting scientific meetings and product promotion meetings, or visiting physicians, dentists and pharmacists by product promotion representatives.
Medicinal products that are used in cases such as vaccination campaigns and epidemic diseases that are important in terms of public health can also be subject to information campaigns carried out by the Ministry of Health to promote health, or by obtaining permission from the Ministry and within the framework of the procedures and principles approved by the Ministry.
Generic substitution
Is generic substitution permitted in your jurisdiction?
Generic pharmaceuticals are allowed in Turkey and can be marketed only after the expiration of the data exclusivity period and patent protection covering the original pharmaceuticals. They are also subject to a licence procedure by The Medicines and Medical Devices Agency and proof of their bioequivalence is required except for certain products. The generics should have the same therapeutic effect as the original pharmaceuticals.
Pharmacists are only allowed to suggest substitution of branded generics for original products or other branded generics prescribed by doctors if the substitute is pharmaceutically equivalent, providing the same quality, efficacy, and safety profiles. However, since generic substitution can also include additional substance different than original pharmaceuticals, the pharmacists should pay attention and have been well-informed beforehand against any patients' possible risk of reactions or allergies against to these substances.
An online system alerts the pharmacist if a cheaper equivalent is available, and the pharmacist is expected to inform the patient about such an option. Patients have discretion to choose the original pharmaceuticals over the generic products but has to pay the difference between the price of the products. Moreover, if patient insists on to take original pharmaceuticals but they are not in the stock of pharmacy, the pharmacist is obliged to make order for them.
Which regulations govern generic substitution by pharmacists of brand-name drugs?
The communiqué and circulars by the Ministry of Health govern this area. Circular dated 18 June 2009 and numbered 43081, approved by the Turkish Ministry of Health, explicitly accepted as a right of pharmacists to suggest patients generic substitution for original products.
Besides, Communiqué on Social Security Institute Health Practice defines generic substitution practice as:
the products containing same active ingredient that can be used for the same indication; in the same equivalent groups or on the basis of the same price comparison, but in separate equivalent groups in terms of pharmacy substitution.
Reimbursement schemes of the Social Security Institute are also a factor in the prescribing of generic substances, and the price policy is specified in article 4.4.2 of the Communiqué on Social Security Institute Health Practice.
Update and trends
Key developments and future prospects
What were the key judicial, legislative, regulatory and policy developments of the past year in relation to the protection and enforcement of pharmaceutical trademarks? What are the prospects for future developments?
Influencers' marketing activities are still a hot topic in Turkey. Considering that advertisements for pharmaceuticals and other medical products for human use are prohibited, using social media influencers is a commonly used channel for promotional activities; primarily, dietary products and foods supplements.
Alongside the influencers, there are too many online companies (dietary products and foods supplements) that are trying to support their business by raising online marketing activities.
Not surprisingly, the Advertisement Board imposed sanctions against the influencers and companies. In 2021, false health claims are still strictly tracked and sanctioned by the Advertisement Board.
In its decisions, the Advertisement Board has recognised the followings as false health claims:
implying or stating the product is good for the immune system because of its ingredients;
Implying or stating the product protects against all kinds of viral infections (eg, flu, cold, etc) including covid-19; and
implying or stating the product can cure the infected people in a very short period of time.
Also, the Advertisement Board examined the influencers' activities within the scope of 'Testimonial Advertisement' and concluded that despite the perception that the products were personally experienced by influencers, it does not reflect the truth and the contents are deceptive, misleading and violate the provisions regarding 'Testimonial Advertisement'.
In 2021, there has been a substantial increase in the Advertisement Board decisions on the promotion of food and food supplements with health claims. The Advertisement Board has reiterated in most of the decisions that food, food supplements, herbal products, human medicinal products, medical devices, cosmetics and any other products advertised with health claims must not include a claim regarding the treatment of disease that gives the impression that the product is a pharmaceutical product. The health claims that can be used during these kinds of activities are strictly limited.
Another remarkable point in the recent decisions of the Advertising Board is with regard to the use of the statement 'only available in pharmacies' on non-pharmaceutical products. The Advertisement Board has found it misleading since it creates the impression that the products in question are reliable by using the perception of trust that pharmacies have with consumers.
Independently from the fact that whether a product is classified as a prescription or a non-prescription product, as long as it is a pharmaceutical product, it is required to be sold in pharmacies and it cannot be sold online. However, dietary supplements and vitamins are allowed to be sold online and in stores other than pharmacies. Primarily, with the rise of online shopping during the covid-19 quarantine measurements, this has been criticised widely by pharmacists as it causes misuses and advertising activities with false health claims. There are associations and professionals lobbying and demanding a change in the law not to allow dietary supplements and vitamins to be sold online and to be sold in stores other than pharmacies.
Determining the consumer group of pharmaceutical products is another controversial hot topic both in enforcement and registration proceedings of pharmaceutical trademarks. There are decisions that separate the trademarks prescribed pharmaceutical products from the non-prescribed ones by concluding the trademarks are used for non-prescribed goods target the consumer with average information and attention level. Also, there are decisions that conclude that independently from the prescription status, pharmaceutical goods affect on the health for which anyone with above-average attention. Also, there is a decision on vaccine-covered applications that concludes vaccines are administered in hospitals within the scope of a health plan and by very attentive health professionals. These varied approaches result in varied decisions.
However, recently the Court of Appeal has established the approach and accepted that the consumer group for pharmaceuticals are doctors and pharmacists whose attention level is high and who are well-informed.
The Trademark Examination Guideline was published in 2021 and is different to the edition in 2019. It has included a specific section for confusion risk among pharmaceutical trademarks. It is accepted in the Guideline that while confusion risk assessment for pharmaceutical trademarks, regardless of whether the pharmaceuticals are either prescription or non-prescription, the relevant consumer will perform with a high level of attention when buying or using them since they are all directly related to human health. Although the Guideline only sheds light on the proceedings before the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TPTO), it is expected that it can also have an impact on court proceedings.
In addition, the number of trademark applications for pharmaceutical trademarks has considerably increased after the covid-19 pandemic. It has been observed that many trademark applications comprising of the words 'covid' and 'corona' with no distinctive elements have been filed during the pandemic. The TPTO rejected most of these registrations after its ex-officio examination, not only for pharmaceuticals but for a broader scope of the goods.
There is also an increasing trend in anti-counterfeiting efforts regarding pharmaceutical products. Primarily taking into account that there is an enormous rise in counterfeit goods because of the delays in supply chains caused by covid-19 measures.
Law stated date
Correct on
Give the date on which the above information is accurate.
Moroğlu Arseven - Ezgi Baklaci Gülkokar and Yonca Çelebi
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Rebekah J Poston
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Vicat frame consists essentially of a metal stand with a sliding rod. An adjustable indicator moves over a graduated scale. The needle or plunger is attached to the bottom end of the rod to make up the test weight of 300 g.
The frame 63-L0028/1 is supplied without accessories, which have to be ordered separately depending on the requirement. It is also proposed with basic EN accessories (63-L028) or ASTM/AASHTO accessories (63-L0028/A).
Vicat test set, EN method, including mould, 1.13 mm dia. needle, consistency plunger 10 mm dia., supporting plate, glass thermometer and final needle.
Vicat test set, ASTM/AASHTO method, including mould, 1 mm dia. needle, consistency plunger 10 mm dia., supporting plate and glass thermometer.
Initial needle 1.13 mm dia.
Initial needle, 1 mm dia.
Consistency plunger 10 mm dia.


But for messages sent with Cyrillic symbols, we receive SMSs with question marks instead of original characters.
The question is: How can we specify Unicode encoding (UTF-8) for our messages in Paging System?
I suspect this probably has more to do with the software on the phone that receives the SMS where it can't interpret the characterset and puts in question marks. Are your target phones configured with a language pack or keyboard settings compatible with the language you are sending SMS messages? What devices are you testing receiving the messages on?
We tested on different smartphone models on Android and iOS and no problem with language pack on this devices - they support Cyrillic in all applications and SMS as well.


Ipswich based RB Media & PR recently organised for licensees at Basepoint Business Centre in Ipswich to donate a number of food and household items to local charity FIND.
FIND is a Christian-based registered charity that provides emergency assistance to families or individuals affected by poverty or dispossession in the Ipswich and surrounding areas. Licensees were delighted to help by providing items such as baked beans, pasta, baby lotion, nappies and all kinds of other household goods.


text:
China's PLA Crackdown Gathers Steam
The PLA releases a list of 14 generals under investigation for corruption, signalling a sea change.
By Shannon Tiezzi for The Diplomat
Credit: China soldiers image via Hung Chung Chih / Shutterstock.com
On Monday, China's military authority released a list of 14 generals under investigation or already convicted for corruption. The release, timed to come just before China's annual parliamentary meeting, provides further evidence that anti-corruption efforts in the PLA are gaining steam. Monday's announcement followed the release of a similar list of 16 military officers under investigation in mid-January.
The release of the list was accompanied by a flurry of state media coverage underlining the PLA's determination to weed out corruption. A piece posted on the Ministry of Defense website argued that the announcement "makes [the] PLA more trustworthy." That article also points out a key difference between Monday's list and the list of names released in January: the former list included names that had already been reported on by official and unofficial media outlets. The March 2 list, on the contrary, included names being linked to anti-graft probes for the first time. Chinese analysts interviewed in the article stressed that releasing the names of corrupt officials could become standard practice for the PLA – a way of getting out ahead of media reports and boosting PLA transparency.
The list includes high-ranking officials from the joint logistics departments of various Military Area Commands as well as a number of deputy political commissars and deputy directors from various political departments. As the New York Times notes, this effectively captures China's two main worries when it comes to PLA corruption: embezzlement from the logistics department (which handles procurement and other contracts) as well as position-buying and bribery in the political departments.
However, the name being most widely talked about is one missing from the PLA list. General Guo Boxiong, a former vice chairman of China's Central Military Commission, is widely believed to be under investigation for corruption, although no official Chinese sources have confirmed this. Guo's son, General Guo Zhenggang, was included on the March 2 list, which listed him as under investigation for "suspicion of illegal criminal activities." Reuters' sources say that announcement was a hint that Guo Boxiong is next – which would make him the second CMC vice chairman to fall, after General Xu Caihou was ousted last year. If Guo does go, it would mean the disgrace of both of China's top military leaders under Hu Jintao.
The recent push in publicizing anti-corruption efforts in the PLA is unique. As late as last February, the PLA (though reportedly conducting investigations) was largely mum on the subject of who was being investigated for what. Rumors surrounding the fate of two "tigers" –Lt. Gen. Gu Junshan, formerly the deputy head of the General Logistics Department, and Xu Caihou – swirled for months before the PLA made its official announcements (in April and July, respectively).
The floodgates seemed to have opened since then, with 30 officers publicly named-and-shamed by the PLA in the past two months alone. Less publicized – but potentially of longer-lasting importance – are the recent efforts to revamp the PLA's separate legal system to more effectively combat corruption; Susan Finder outlined those changes in a recent piece for The Diplomat.
Numerous high-ranking PLA officers have voiced concerns about the impact corruption has on the PLA's ability to wage wars. General Fan Changlong, currently a CMC vice chairman, recently wrote that the corrosive effects of corruption contributed to China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War – a cautionary tale for today's PLA. Xi Jinping himself has warned that a corrupt military cannot even fight battles, much less win wars. Those public remarks were a prelude to a serious crackdown on corruption in China's military – a crackdown we are now beginning to see reach into the upper echelons of the PLA.
China anti-corruption campaign
PLA corruption
Xu Caihou
Guo Boxiong, Jiang Zemin, and the Corruption of the Chinese Military
By Bo Zhiyue
If two of the most powerful military leaders in the past 16 years are corrupt, who in the Chinese military is not?
With Latest Ouster, China Steps Up Fight Against Military Corruption
After months of speculation, General Guo Boxiong has been officially expelled from the CCP.
Former Chinese General's Death Means No Military Show Trial - For Now
Former PLA general Xu Caihou has passed away, ending the legal case against him.


PESGaming Forums > Pro Evolution Soccer Forums > Older PES Forums > Editing and Option Files > PES 2011 Editing and Option Files > PES 2011 PC Option File with Championship?
View Full Version : PES 2011 PC Option File with Championship?
I have searched, googled, just about everything and couldn't find one with the Championship included with the Premier League teams. I know there are some ps3 ones but any PC OF with Championship around? Any help would be so appreciated, believe me.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Investors' pain becomes buyer's gain as housing prices stagnate
Investors say they are unable to exit multiple investments made over the last few years even at a loss, accentuating the pain for them.
Kailash Babar
Ravi Teja Sharma
MUMBAI | NEW DELHI: A sharp decline in property price appreciation in top Indian cities has pushed investors out of the housing market in India, which has turned into an end users' paradise, thanks to stagnating prices and, in some cases, deeply discounted distress sales.
Investors say they are unable to exit multiple investments made over the last few years even at a loss, accentuating the pain for them. In Mumbai, for instance, the average residential property prices in the city and its suburbs witnessed an appreciation of only 3.3% in 2015 as against an average of 7% in 2014, showed a study by property consultancy JLL India. Similar was the case with the Delhi-National Capital Region, which is a big investor market, and Bengaluru and Chennai. All of these markets have seen prices appreciating around 2% in the last quarter of 2015.
"A sign of any residential market's increasing maturity is evidenced by gentler price appreciation — a process which has been very much in evidence in the country's financial capital. Fourth quarter price performance in Delhi-NCR, Bengaluru and Chennai is also representation of what happened through the year," said Ramesh Nair, chief operating officer, business and international director at JLL India.
"The forecasted increase in Mumbai residential property prices in 2016 is expected to be 6%. While a price rise of 6-7% (yo-y) was predicted for 2015, the actual increase should come as a pleasant surprise to home buyers."
Unlike the pre-global financial crisis (GFC) times — when prices saw double-digit growth (y-o-y) across the city and suburbs — the market has seen a rather subdued growth in prices over the last couple of years, showed the JLL India study. The subdued rise indicates the maturing residential market, which should be a good news for end users who wish to buy homes, but a turn off for several investors who are used to making super-normal profits.
For instance, Subhash Sarin, who supplies raw materials to the beer industry, has been investing in property for over a decade but of-late he has decided to stay away. "Even if you are getting a property 30% cheaper today, there is still no confidence to buy. We don't know how much lower it can get. There is negative appreciation today, so it's not prudent to invest in property now," said Sarin.
He points out another reason why many investors are not putting in money into property. "It is very difficult to exit today from investment made earlier, even at a loss," Sarin said.
Instead, he is now parking his money into the safety of fixed deposits and also lowrisk mutual funds as even gold has lost its sheen.
For investors, rental yields act as an additional return apart from the sale price of the apartment until the deal gets concluded. However, these yields are also not so attractive to make up for the shortfall in profits.
"Current market does not offer any incentive to investors, even our usual set of investors are not showing any interest in picking up properties. If annual appreciation is less than 5% and lease rental yield is around 1.5% per annum, then why would they be keen to invest?," asked Yashwant Dalal, president, Estate Agents Association of India.
While there are select markets like Pune, Hyderabad and Kolkata that have still seen relatively better appreciation in home prices at 5-10%, most of this is attributed to demand from end users than investors.
Back in Mumbai, at sub-market level, south-central Mumbai and the eastern suburbs saw the maximum appreciation at 4.3% and 4% respectively, followed by north Mumbai and western suburbs at 3.9% and 3.5% respectively. Outside the city and suburbs, Thane saw a 3% appreciation in capital values, while the figure for Navi Mumbai stood at 6%. However, Navi Mumbai also has a lot of unsold inventory in many of its pockets and only few precincts are witnessing good demand.
Conveyance deed drive in Maharashtra now till January 31


Long Island Construction Plus offers a wide range of asphalt roofing products. Their team of professionals can install this type of roof very quickly and at low cost. Asphalt products are the leading choice in residential roofing. Over 12.5 billion square feet of asphalt shingle products are manufactured each year. Long Island Construction Plus has been roofing Long Island homes for years and these asphalt roofs are perfect for our climate.
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Long Island Construction Plus has been a leading roofer on Long Island because of the quality of the materials they use and the expertise of their crews. Let them put a good roof over your head.


Carol Channing died this week at 97. She was not only one of the brightest stars on the Broadway Stage, she was a friend of gay people and their gifts, worth, and rights in our society.
Why is it that actors in movies and the theater are almost always gay friendly? Because they work with them every day and know them. Gay people dress them, put on their makeup, do their hair, direct them, and often write both their lines and their music. Think what a movie or a stage play would look like without the talented behind the scene gay people.
Thank you, Carol, for making the most of your talent and supporting the gay people who made it possible.
To see 18 photos of Carol and some of her gay friends over the years, Click Here.


text:
Ян Абрамович (д/н — 19 квітня 1602) — державний та військовий діяч, урядник Речі Посполитої, письменник.

Життєпис
Походив з білоруського шляхетського роду Абрамовичів гербу Ястшембець. Син Станіслава Абрамовича. Виховувався при дворі Миколи Радзивілла, великого гетьмана литовського. Тут перейшов з православ'я у кальвінізм. Був серед противників Люблінської унії. Оженився на представниці роду Жиромських. Спочатку займався вирішування приватних справ Радзивіллів.

Брав участь у Лівонській війні. У 1570 році обіймав посаду войського віленського, в 1572—1589 — підвоєводи. 1579 року отримує староство лідське. У 1581 році вступив у конфлікт з віленським єпископом Юрієм Радзівіллом щодо юрисдикції єпископа в справах віри. У 1585 році на сеймі виступав за передачу Ліфляндії до складу Великого князівства Литовського. В середині 1580-х років оженився на представниці Воловичів.

Згодом став одним з лідерів кальвіністів у Литві та Білорусі. Мав добрі стосунки з православними князями, насамперед Костянтином Острозьким. Брав участь в диспутах з єзуїтами у Вільні в 1585 і 1599 роках. У своєму маєтку Ворняни наприкінці 1580-х років побудував кальвіністський збір, школу і шпиталь. Був покровителем кальвінского полеміста Андрія Волана. Його дружина Анна Дорота була опікуном Віленського православного братства.

Піднесенню кар'єри Абрамовича сприяла підтримка з боку Христофора Радзивілла. У 1589 році призначається президентом дерптським (з 1598 року підвищено до статусу воєводи дерптського) та старостою венденським. У 1593 отримує уряд воєводи мінського, а 1596 року — воєводи смоленський. Брав участь у з'їздах дисидентів в Торуні в 1595 році і у Вільні в 1599 році.

У 1596 році виступив проти призначення очільником віленської дієцезії поляком Бернарда Мацейовського. Відмовився прибути на берестейський собор, де було затверджено Унію. 1597 року підтримував Віленське братство у боротьбі з уніатами та кацлера великого литовського Льва Сапіги з приводу збереження братської церкви. У 1599 році став одним з лідерів віленської конфедерації кальвіністів й православних.

Володіння
Володів маєтками Дубники і Язов у Віленському повіті, а також Свірани, Сураж і Кобильнік в Ошмянського повіті.

Творчість
Був автором декількох праць з питань економіки та релігії. З його доробку відома лише праця «Думки литвина про покупку дешевого зерна і більш дорожчий його продаж». В ній викладено аналіз щодо організації і рентабельності хлібної торгівлі. Абрамович сформулював концепцію грошей, що відповідає сучасності, — ціна повинна бути результатом вільної гри попиту та пропозиції на ринку, де діють торгові компаній. При цьому відкидав тодішню теорію про «справедливу ціну» у вигляді суми праці та вартості. Автор наполягав, що уряд Речі Посполитої повинен проводити політику проти монопольних торговельних організацій та сприяти розвитку торгових шляхів.

Родина
1. Дружина — Ядвіга Жиромська

дітей не було

2. Дружина — Ганна Дорота, донька Григорія Воловича, каштеляна новогрудського

діти:
 Микола (д/н—1651), мстиславльський і троцький воєвода
 Катерина. дружина Костянтина Холовчинського, каштеляна мстиславльського
 Марина (д/н—бл. 1653), дружина Петра Рудоміна-Дусяцького, каштеляна смоленського

Джерела
 Wolff J. Senatorowie i dygnitarze Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego: 1385—1795. Kraków, 1885. S. 12.
 Kazimierz Tyszkowski, w: Polski Słownik Biograficzny. T. 1. Polska Akademia Umiejętności — Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1935, s. 13.
 Пазднякоў В. Абрамовічы // Вялікае княства Літоўскае: Энцыклапедыя. У 3 т. Т.1: Абаленскі — Кадэнцыя / Рэдкал.: Г. П. Пашкоў (гал.рэд.) і інш.; Маст. З. Э. Герасімовіч. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2005. — 688 с.: іл. С. 197—198. ISBN 985-11-0315-2 ISBN 985-11-0314-4 (т. 1)

Воєводи мінські
смоленські воєводи
Підвоєводи віленські
Лідські старости
Венденські старости
Войські
Білоруські економісти
Абрамовичі

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
La Coupe d'Europe des vainqueurs de coupe 1964-1965 voit le sacre du West Ham United Football Club qui bat le TSV 1860 Munich en finale.

C'est la deuxième fois qu'un club anglais remporte la compétition.

Premier tour

|}

Huitièmes de finale

|}

Quarts de finale

|}

Demi-finales

|}

Finale

|}

Voir aussi
 Coupe des clubs champions européens 1964-1965
 Coupe des villes de foires 1964-1965

Références et liens externes

1965
Football en 1964
Football en 1965
Football M2


that makes Jo Malone London so special.
A fragrant representation of Britain, its quirks and traditions.
A selection of our most loved limited edition 100ml Colognes, exclusively available at our Regent Street flagship.
Jo Malone London Bottle, Box or Candle.
Add your initials or a playful symbol to your Jo Malone London gift box.
£15 engraving fee per item.
Add some colour to your Cologne 100ml with an exclusive cap.
the Artisan's Studio, please call or drop in to the Boutique.


text:
#ifndef _w32_gdi_PropertySearch_hpp__
#define _w32_gdi_PropertySearch_hpp__

// Copyright (c) 2009-2012, Andre Caron (andre.l.caron@gmail.com)
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
//  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
//    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

#include "__configure__.hpp"
#include <w32/NotCopyable.hpp>

namespace w32 { namespace gdi {

    class Window;

        /*!
         * @brief Finds all of a window's properties.
         */
    class PropertySearch
    {
        /* methods. */
    public:
            /*!
             * @brief Runs the enumeration for \c owner's properties.
             */
        void enumerate ( const Window& owner );

            /*!
             * @brief Called once for each property that is found.
             *
             * You may remove the property, but you may not remove other ones
             * or add any new ones. You should be careful about what yielding
             * control to other tasks.
             */
        virtual void result ( const wchar_t * name, void * value ) = 0;
    };

} }

#endif /* _w32_gdi_PropertySearch_hpp__ */


Today, in an article penned by Marsh Davies, creative communications manager at Mojang, Minecraft's Better Together beta test was announced, along with a whole bunch of upcoming new features.
Of course, if you aren't a programmer, you can test for bugs! Look for anything suspicious that shouldn't be happening with the game, launcher, or site, and report it to the appropriate issue tracker.
Boss Battles are Coming to Test Your Minecraft Survival Skills by Aubrey Norris, Actual Coal Miner's Granddaughter Posted on August 29, 2016 August 29, 2016 at 6:00 am Hello, everyone!


Unpainted, heavy-duty rear mounted log crane with 800 lbs. pulling capacity. Has self-contained drawbar. Does not include winch or ball hitch.
Requires: NONE, unless used off of RS196K-MRH35 then the RS196K-LCA9 is needed. Unpainted kit.


Choosing the right metal for an engagement ring is just as significant as the diamond or gemstone it will hold. We have compiled our top tips to assist you in selecting the right metal for the perfect engagement ring for your bride-to-be.
What's the difference between white gold and platinum?
What exactly is rose gold?
What's going to be the "strongest" metal?
If you take this one step at a time you will end up with a ring that suits her style and that you will both treasure for the rest of your lives.
If she's drawn to cooler hues and silver-toned jewellery, then platinum or white gold is the way to go.
If she rarely wears jewellery, or prefers an elegant timeless look, then platinum would be a great choice.
Yellow gold or rose gold are good choices if she tends to gravitate toward warmer tones.
Mixing metals like white gold and yellow gold is a great combination and allows flexibility (see our previous blog on the stacking rings trend). This option will allow her to complement any piece in her existing jewellery wardrobe.
Depending on the design of the ring you choose, you can incorporate two different metal colours to create a unique and interesting look.
Platinum is a naturally white metal that showcases the brilliance and sparkle of diamonds. It's a popular choice for engagement rings and wedding bands, and is deemed the most exquisite of all jewellery metals.
Compared to gold, platinum is five times as rare and purer when used in jewellery.
Platinum is long-lasting and resilient, making it a great choice if your fiancée leads an active lifestyle — its density offers a secure setting for diamonds and gemstones.
Platinum is also naturally hypoallergenic, so it's a wonderful choice for those with sensitive skin.
Its elegant sheen will not fade or change color over time, making re-plating your platinum ring unnecessary. Because of its strength, it's the most popular choice for setting diamonds.
Gold is an extremely versatile metal, and a common choice for jewellery. The standard measurement of gold is a carat, which is divided into 24 parts. Pure gold is 24 carats, meaning 24 out of 24 parts are gold.
Pure gold is too soft to be used for jewellery, so it's combined with other metal alloys to increase its strength. You'll find 22K gold, but most often gold comes in 18K (75% gold), 14K (58% gold) and 10K (about 42% gold). The remainder is made up of other metals — silver, copper, nickel and zinc — to lend strength and durability. The type and percentage of metal alloys used determine the shade and colour of gold. For example, 22K gold tends to be a rich, saturated gold colour, while 14K gold may appear as a slightly paler yellow.
Classic yet fashionable, yellow gold achieves its warm patina from the red of copper and the green hue of silver. Yellow gold lost favor to white gold for a while, but has recently regained popularity.
More contemporary than yellow gold, white gold gets its silvery white character from combining yellow gold with copper, zinc and nickel (or palladium). It's plated with a hard element called rhodium (a platinum group metal), which costs about four times as much as platinum, resists scratches and tarnishing, and gives white gold a reflective appearance. However, it may wear away over time, requiring a quick trip to your jeweller for re-plating.
Unique and romantic, rose gold has a warm, pink hue created by combining yellow gold with a copper alloy. The overall percentages of metal alloys are the same for rose gold as they are for yellow or white; it's just a different mixture of alloys used.
Now that you recognise the variances between metals, it's time to put the pieces together.
Choose your metal, pick your design and finish the look with a vivid Mayfair diamond or gorgeous gemstone. In the process, you'll learn things about your future wife that you may not have identified about her before — and that's part of the excitement! In the end, you will create an engagement ring that's just as unique and stunning as the woman who will be wearing it.


text:
Constitution, Foreign Policy, Human Rights, Intelligence, Lost History, Media, Obama Administration, Right Wing, Secrecy, The Bush-43 Administration
US/NATO Embrace Psy-ops and Info-War
September 2, 2015 • 30 Comments
Exclusive: The U.S. government and NATO have entered the Brave New World of "strategic communications," merging psy-ops, propaganda and P.R. in order to manage the perceptions of Americans and the world's public, reports veteran war correspondent Don North.
By Don North
As reflected in a recent NATO conference in Latvia and in the Pentagon's new "Law of War" manual, the U.S. government has come to view the control and manipulation of information as a "soft power" weapon, merging psychological operations, propaganda and public affairs under the catch phrase "strategic communications."
This attitude has led to treating psy-ops manipulative techniques for influencing a target population's state of mind and surreptitiously shaping people's perceptions as just a normal part of U.S. and NATO's information policy.
Dr. Stephen Badsey, Professor of Conflict studies, Wolverhampton University, U.K.
"The NATO case and argument is that NATO's approach to psy-ops is to treat it as an essentially open, truthful and benign activity and that, plus the elimination of any meaningful distinctions between domestic and foreign media institutions and social media, means that psy-ops and public affairs have effectively fused," said British military historian, Dr. Stephen Badsey, one of the world's leading authorities on war and the media.
Badsey said NATO has largely abandoned the notion that there should be a clear distinction between psy-ops and public affairs, although NATO officially rules out the dissemination of "black propaganda," knowingly false information designed to discredit an adversary.
"The long argument as to whether a firewall should be maintained between psy-ops and information activities and public affairs has now largely ended, and in my view the wrong side won," Badsey added.
And, as part of this Brave New World of "strategic communications," the U.S. military and NATO have now gone on the offensive against news organizations that present journalism which is deemed to undermine the perceptions that the U.S. government seeks to convey to the world.
That attitude led to the Pentagon's new "Law of War" manual which suggests journalists in wartime may be considered "spies" or "unprivileged belligerents," creating the possibility that reporters could be subject to indefinite incarceration, military tribunals and extrajudicial execution the same treatment applied to Al Qaeda terrorists who are also called "unprivileged belligerents." [See Consortiumnews.com's "Pentagon Manual Calls Some Reporters Spies."]
The revised "Law of War" manual has come under sharp criticism from representatives of both mainstream and independent media, including The New York Times' editors and the Committee to Protect Journalists, as well as academics such as Dr. Badsey.
"The attitude toward the media expressed in the 2015 Pentagon manual is a violation of the international laws of war to which the USA is a signatory, going back to the 1907 Hague Convention, and including the Geneva Conventions," said Badsey, a professor of conflict studies at Wolverhampton University in the United Kingdom and a long-time contact of mine who is often critical of U.S. military information tactics.
"But [the manual] is a reflection of the attitude fully displayed more than a decade ago in Iraq where the Pentagon decided that some media outlets, notably Al Jazeera, were enemies to be destroyed rather than legitimate news sources."
The Vietnam Debate
The Pentagon's hostility toward journalists whose reporting undermines U.S. government propaganda goes back even further, becoming a tendentious issue during the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s when the war's supporters accused American journalists of behaving treasonously by reporting critically about the U.S. military's strategies and tactics, including exposure of atrocities such as the My Lai massacre.
In the 1980s, conservatives in the Reagan administration embracing as an article of faith that "liberal" reporters contributed to the U.S. defeat in Vietnam moved aggressively to discredit journalists who wrote about human rights violations by U.S.-backed forces in Central America. In line with those hostile attitudes, news coverage of President Ronald Reagan's invasion of Grenada in 1983 was barred, and in 1990-91, President George H.W. Bush tightly controlled journalists trying to report on the Persian Gulf War. By keeping out or keeping a close eye on reporters, the U.S. military acted with fewer constraints and abuses went largely unreported.
This so-called "weaponizing of information" turned even more lethal during the presidency of Bill Clinton and the war over Kosovo when NATO identified Serb TV as an enemy "propaganda center" and dispatched warplanes to destroy its studios in Belgrade. In April 1999, acting under orders from U.S. Army General Wesley Clark, American bombers fired two cruise missiles that reduced Radio Televizija Srbija to a pile of rubble and killed 16 civilian Serb journalists working for the government station.
Despite this willful slaughter of unarmed journalists, the reaction from most U.S. news organizations was muted. However, an independent association of electronic media in Yugoslavia condemned the attack.
"History has shown that no form of repression, particularly the organized and premeditated murder of journalists, can prevent the flow of information, nor can it prevent the public from choosing its own sources of information," the group said.
The (London) Independent's Robert Fisk remarked at the time, "once you kill people because you don't like what they say, you change the rules of war." Now, the Pentagon is doing exactly that, literally rewriting its "Law of War" manual to allow for the no-holds-barred treatment of "enemy" journalists as "unprivileged belligerents."
Despite the 1999 targeting of a news outlet in order to silence its reporting, a case for war crimes was never pursued against the U.S. and NATO officials responsible, and retired General Clark is still a frequent guest on CNN and other American news programs.
Targeting Al Jazeera
During the presidency of George W. Bush, the Arab network Al Jazeera was depicted as "enemy media" deserving of destruction rather than being respected as a legitimate news organization and the news network's offices were struck by American bombs. On Nov. 13, 2001, during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, a U.S. missile hit Al Jazeera's office in Kabul, destroying the building and damaging the homes of some employees.
On April 8, 2003, during the U.S. invasion of Iraq, a U.S. missile hit an electricity generator at Al Jazeera's Baghdad office, touching off a fire that killed reporter Tareq Ayyoub and wounding a colleague. The Bush administration insisted that the attacks on Al Jazeera offices were "accidents."
However, in 2004, as the U.S. occupation of Iraq encountered increased resistance and U.S. forces mounted a major offensive in the city of Fallujah, Al Jazeera's video of the assault graphically depicted the devastation and on April 15, 2004, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld decried Al Jazeera's coverage as "vicious, inaccurate and inexcusable."
According to a British published report on the minutes of a meeting the next day between President Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, Bush suggested bombing Al Jazeera's headquarters in Qatar but was talked out of the idea by Blair who said it would provoke a worldwide backlash.
During the Iraq War, Dr. Badsey wrote the following observation which I cited in my book on military/media relations, Inappropriate Conduct: "The claim that in 2004 at the first battle of Fallujah the U.S. Marine Corps 'weren't beaten by the terrorists and insurgents, they were beaten by Al Jazeera television' rather than that they [U.S. forces] employed inappropriate tactics for the political environment of their mission, is recognizable as yet another variant on the long-discredited claim that the Vietnam War was lost on the television screens of America."
Although the notion of Vietnam-era journalists for U.S. media acting as a fifth column rather than a Fourth Estate is widely accepted among conservatives, the reality was always much different, with most of the early Vietnam War coverage largely favorable, even flattering, before journalists became more skeptical as the war dragged on.
In a recent interview on NPR radio, Charles Adams, a senior editor of the new "Law of War" manual, was unable to cite examples of journalists jeopardizing operations in the last five wars and that may be because there were so few examples of journalistic misconduct and the handful of cases involved either confusion about rules or resistance to news embargoes that were considered unreasonable.
Examining the history of reporters dis-accredited during the Vietnam War, William Hammond, author of a two-volume history of U.S. Army relations with the media in Vietnam, found only eight dis-accreditations, according to military files.
Arguably the most serious case involved the Baltimore Sun's John Carroll, an Army veteran himself who believed strongly that it was important that the American people be as thoroughly informed about the controversial war as possible. He got in trouble for reporting that the U.S. Marines were about to abandon their base at Khe Sahn. He was accused of violating an embargo and was stripped of his credentials, though he argued that the North Vietnamese surrounding the base were well aware of the troop movement.
Toward the end of the war, some reporters also considered the South Vietnamese government so penetrated by the communists that there were no secrets anyway. Prime Minister Nguyen van Thieu's principal aide was a spy and everyone knew it except the American people.
During his long career, which included the editorship of the Los Angeles Times, Carroll came to view journalists "almost as public servants and a free press as essential to a self-governing nation," according to his obituary in The New York Times after his death on June 14, 2015.
During the Obama administration, the concept of "strategic communication" managing the perceptions of the world's public has grown more and more expansive and the crackdown on the flow of information unprecedented. More than any of his predecessors, President Barack Obama has authorized harsh legal action against government "leakers" who have exposed inconvenient truths about U.S. foreign policy and intelligence practices.
And Obama's State Department has mounted a fierce public campaign against the Russian network, RT, that is reminiscent of the Clinton administration's hostility toward Serb TV and Bush-43's anger toward Al Jazeera.
Since RT doesn't use the State Department's preferred language regarding the Ukraine crisis and doesn't show the requisite respect for the U.S.-backed regime in Kiev, the network is denounced for its "propaganda," but this finger-pointing is really just part of the playbook for "information warfare," raising doubts about the information coming from your adversary while creating a more favorable environment for your own propaganda. [See Consortiumnews.com's "Who's the Propagandist? US or RT?"]
This growing fascination with "strategic communication" has given rise to NATO's new temple to information technology, called "The NATO Strategic Communications Center of Excellence" or STRATCOM, located in Latvia, a former Soviet republic that is now on the front lines of the tensions with Russia.
On Aug. 20, some of the most influential minds from the world of "strategic communications" gathered in Latvia's capital of Riga for a two-day conference entitled "Perception Matters." A quotation headlined in all its communications read: "Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed" noble sentiments perhaps but not always reflected in the remarks by more than 200 defense and communications experts, many of whom viewed information not as some neutral factor necessary for enlightening the public and nourishing democracy, but as a "soft power" weapon to be wielded against an adversary.
Hawkish Sen. John McCain, R-Arizona, led a delegation of U.S. senators and said STRATCOM was needed to combat Russia and its President Vladimir Putin. "This Center will help spread the truth," said McCain although "the truth" in the world of "strategic communications" can be a matter of perception.
Don North is a veteran war correspondent who covered the Vietnam War and many other conflicts around the world. He is the author of a new book, Inappropriate Conduct, the story of a World War II correspondent whose career was crushed by the intrigue he uncovered.
Tags: Al Jazeera Don North Iraq John McCain NATO Perception Management Psychological Operations RT Russia Serbia State Department Stephen Badsey Vladimir Putin
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30 comments for "US/NATO Embrace Psy-ops and Info-War"
I also recall the shelling of the Palestine Hotel in Baghdad by a U.S. tank in 2003, killing two journalists and wounding others. It's possible that the military's claim that this wasn't deliberate targeting of non-embedded reporters is correct, but it occurred in a context of contempt for their work outside the embedded message machine and disinterest in their safety.
Joe G
What did you think they were doing previously?
This strains credulity that the author just discovered propaganda.
Douglas Baker
9/6/2015 Streaming videos from Netflic and other entertainments made available in main stream culture and shape shifted prior to public display like Netflic's "Narcos" self tagged, "magical realism", are carriers for what ever propaganda is the fashion of the day.
Lem Genovese
Don North certainly does his research and writes with an authority that is both reasoned, well expressed and contains some revelations. His second article on the Pentagon's new manual on semi-belligerent media goes into greater detail on the implications and background of how we got to this state of military paranoia concerning zones of US operations.
United Mail Pharmacy Services
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GrandmaR
This link (below) is for a report on the Ukraine on yesterday's PBS NewsHour. I hope everyone will watch it and also study the transcript. Is it possible that Margaret Warner and Judy Woodruff don't know these are outright lies? NO, it is not. I sat there slack jawed!
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/ukraine-resistance-growing-negotiated-settlement-separatists/
PBS and NPR mostly treat whatever the New York Times prints as news as established truth.
And the Times sure has told a lot of lies about Ukraine.
Thousands of individuals (including myself) claim to be gang stalked (organized stalking, revenge stalking, harassment by proxy), which is really military psy-ops or Cointelpro, which was resurrected in the 1980s, only with more sophistication and more wide spread.
We cannot get any help. There is a disinformation campaign so that there are perps acting as targeted individuals (TIs), websites that say they will help and don't, and a lot of overall misinformation (a lot of it is simply to scare us, the TIs). We are dismissed as paranoid or conspiracy theorists. We are neither. If anyone knew their history, they would realize the CIA and FBI nearly always claimed a person was crazy so they wouldn't be taken seriously. The first step in organized stalking is to discredit the victim.
So, here we are. Suffering in silence. Erroneously called nuts or dissenters. This has been going on for decades. Fortunately, for me it has only been 1 year — but any amount of time in this is torturous.
Read about Aaron Alexis or Myron May, both of whom were TIs. They could well be failed tests for finding Manchurian Candidates. Strange…but probably true.
If anyone wants more info, contact me at ti_jo_2014@protonmail.com
rosemerry
Of course we could easily go back to 1945 and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombing, which were not allowed to be reported by ANYONE and whose effects were recorded but kept secret (except for a few disobedient men like Wilfred Burchett) for decades, while the military officials in the USA spread lies to minimise any reports of harm.
How will the upcoming
9/11 emblem
be historically
remembered???
Who will be hung
for the crime?
those accused
or real perps… ?
false flag Ops
real designers?
paid performers
or created props?
That led to war
with no end
so that we could
"defend our freedoms"
You all still believe that… ?
"strategic communications," merging psy-ops, propaganda and P.R. in order to manage the perceptions of Americans and the world's public …
Doctrine of "Self- Preservation"
what of wak'n up
n'to 211 alarm bells
mes'n wit cho mind
not mess'n ging
but struggling/stroking
thru soft-controlled desire
4 that cold can of steel,
(this is how we do.)
Locked Up, all dat B
took'n away
freedom of thought,
das gone.
cain't scheme/no visualize
who ta hook up wit,
N'git N2 something
for tha moan'n
af'ta that
da day move
itself forward,
i'm did…
no space ta
think 4 myself
or Not be signed
2 a clique.
Doctine of Self- Preservation… .
There's a cruel logic informing these policies and that is the doctrine of total war.
Waging total war infected all sides in WW2, and by the end of it people were so horrified, traumatized and cognizant of the ease by which eventually all could succumb to dark impulses, that the United Nations was founded on the principle of outlawing war (or at least aggressive war-making). That international legal regime has broken down, to the extent it was ever enforced, and now generations removed from WW2's trauma, devotees of total war are in ascendancy. The policies they advocate are not just wrong but criminal.
paul wichmann
I would rather you'd put it 'endless war', as in Orwell's "1984"; if it were total war we'd have total mobilization, everyone at the front or in the factories.
Yet different from Orwell's 'two minutes of Hate' or 'Hate Week', the pot comes to a boil only to secure entry, after which things settle down, and people on all sides are wrecked and wasted in relative obscurity.
But otherwise agreed. Europe carried the weight of WW2, so even now, despite deterioration, they're a bit more cautious than US.
All this is possible for two (off the top) reasons: Nothing is sacred to our leaders / masters, and their propagandist talent is highly effective – and unassailable. Second, we are so cursed dumb, dull, gull, patriotic and unconscious.
Tertius
What about the 9/11 false flag inside job? Even Robert Parry for reasons unknown to me, stick to the party line. That it was a conspiracy by members of Al Qaida & planned by Osama Bin Laden who was conveniantly killed in a raid in Pakistan.
After all these years of torturing suspects, nearly 14 years, no-one has been sentenced in an open civilian court, the conspiracy alleged by the USA government, has never been proven beyond any doubt. Why Robert? Because there is no real evidence that any afilliated to Al Qaida could pull off an operation of that magnitude without help inside the USA, if they were involved at all.
1. How could they, Al Qaida, have possibly known that military exercises simulating the same scenario as actually happened that day, will take place to mask their actions of hi-jacking 4 planes and crashing them into strategic buildings? The mighty god Allah through his prophet Mohammed told them in a dream? If you believe that then virgin births probably happen every day.
2. From a physics point of view, ASSYMETRICAL damage at a top of a building cannot cause a complete SYMMETRICAL collapse of a complete building, not to mention 3 of which one was not even hit by an aeroplane. That is why explosives experts have to plan precisely where they place charges and the order in which these should be set off in order to have a COMPLETE SYMMETRIC collapse. To make it look like floors pancaking on top of each other, require even more expertise. Oh yes, Osama's dad is in the construction business and he taught his son how to implode buildings. Even better, he taught him how to do it with hi-jacked aeroplanes. What geniuses are they not, these Saudi-Arabians who cannot even build their own weapon systems which they buy from the USA. Or maybe it is because Allah is on there side and inspire them in moments of need. And for some odd reason Allah has abandoned them after 9/11. Did they do something wrong, did they not follow Allah's orders precisely and therefore Allah alllowed them to be punished by the good Americans?
3. If the top floors pancaked the floors below, then the centre columns or parts of them, would remain standing.
4. For a complete symmetrical collapse to take place, the bottom of the central load bearing columns have to be severed SIMULTANOUSLY!. Steel is flexible and conduct heat very well. It is only in a world of magic or of lies believed, that the heat and damage caused by aeroplanes crashing high into a building can possibly cause ALL the load bearing columns to be severed at the bottom simultanously.
Robert, why can you not see this? You think that such conspiracies cannot be hidden? Well in both the cases of 9/11 and JFK, this has been done with amazing success. How is it possible? In South Africa the conspiracy of a secret group, the Broederbond, controlling the ruling National Party has been exposed years ago by journalist of the South African Sunday paper, The Sunday Times. It is a fact, no-one will dispute this and names of people who belonged to the Broederbond, has been exposed a long time ago. Is this not possible in the USA? Are people of Anglo Saxon origins so pure and decent, that they would not be able to form secret groups which control governments and execute devious conspiracies? A group which fits the bill is the Neocons who you write about so often. Clearly they have conspired in the Ukraine to affect regime change and to use this strategic gain, to try and weaken the rule of Putin and to replace him with a leader compliant to the Nato/USA agenda of global control.
Robert, I don't know what your motivations are or what the blind spot in your psyche is that you cannot get yourself to admit that Al Qaida by themselves could never be able to commit the horrific crimes on 9/11? And neither is the USA government filled with incompetents not able to either limit or prevent what happened on 9/11. The USA Empire still controls many governments on this planet. In fact, the USA Empire is the most "successfull" empire that has existed on planet earth within known history. Can incompetent people do this? Well if that is possible, soon Africa will be the new empire builders. That is why the USA will also be successfull if not resisted by more competent people. Not by journalist but by real leaders like those of Russia and China.
Your comment is based upon mechanical engineering assertions that are highly disputable and insufficient to prove any causal theory alternative to the airplane damage. You should have a complete and accurate mechanical model before making public assertions against evidence that is fairly complete and indisputable. Otherwise you are just making assumptions and troubling others with unsupported assertions not worth their time.
Your primary assumption is simply that the WTC collapse model does not fit lateral impact damage. That is incorrect because the lateral impact was not at the top, it was far down where dynamic load from collapse of floors above was sufficient to collapse floors below, and was distributed enough to collapse the entire structure below. The upper floors apparently collapsed largely due to aircraft fuel fire damage to columns, which would have been fairly even distributed across the impacted floors. I have seen this happen where a fuel truck overturned and burned the area around a very large billboard supported by large I-beams that were bent over at ground level under their own weight.
So you would need a lot more evidence of an alternative cause to assert this based upon speculation as to the resulting damage model, and should not trouble yourself or others with potential alternatives until you have such evidence.
I share your concern about the apparent simultaneity of collapse across the building cross-section. As you note, this would be necessary for vertical collapse of a medium-rise structure with load-bearing walls. But I suspect that the WTC structure was quite weak and depended upon cross-bracing and lateral members to stabilize a large number of small columns. With damage on one side and partial collapse, it is likely that the falling structure quickly destroyed the marginal bracing of columns below, causing progressive failures to spread rapidly across the whole cross-section. This would remove support of any part of the structure above, causing it to fall more or less vertically after one or two floors were crushed. Something like a house of cards falling more or less vertically.
If there were a large number of synchronous explosions destroying lower columns, it is unlikely that no one would have noticed, unlikely that there would be no chemical evidence, unlikely that much of the building would remain standing long enough for firefighters to get inside, and unlikely that it would be so well coordinated with a unique aircraft attack on the same day. So the alternative hypothesis requires a lot of evidence to merit consideration, of which we have none at all.
Look at the very beginning of the movie the French Connection for good overhead construction photos of the towers. There's a big central tower.
Usually there is a central tower of elevator shafts and utility lines, but it is not necessarily stronger than the other structure. It would be overloaded by many floors of collapsing structure around it. One would need to see differing examples of other collapsing high-rises of similar structure to see anything surprising about WTC. But it is true that "progressive failure" (overloading at one point causing failure causing overloading at the next point) is much neglected and more likely with marginal strength designs, whereas smaller structures usually have redundant load paths designed to take up loads from local failures.
Obviously haven't done much research have you?
It is structural engineering we are talking about here, and there is no way in the world that such asymmetrical damage could result in a symmetrical collapse in three, yes three buildings. And there was evidence of explosions – lots of it. A lot of that testimony was omitted from the official "story".
I'm not an expert, but I have studied structural engineering, and after spending countless hours looking into it I am convinced more than ever that those buildings were intentionally demolished by explosives.
You have no basis for disparagement instead of argument. Our difference is based upon the credibility of your evidence of explosions. If there was credible evidence of simultaneous explosions after the building had been burning for a long time, you must show that, and explain why there were two causes, other airplanes with no such coordination with other causes, etc. Your case lacks sufficient evidence and argument, that is all.
The article is not about the WTC incident. To merely fill this site with assertions is without value, and to claim that others have not done "research" because they disagree is silly.
Mudhole
This guy you are arguing with, 'Joe' is a Hasbara troll. He's never going to get tired, never going to admit the truth. Arguing with Hasbaraniki is a complete waste of time.
r.k.barkhi
try applying your own brand of logic? to your unproven unreferenced etc statements.comparing a bilboard to the 42 central i beams supporting the core of the wtcs (which had to be left out of computer models to "support"the collapse theory) is an incredible leap of….i dont know how to characterize it.
in the event you are not a traitor troll paid by our tax dollars i will ask you this:
if the building "collapsed" as you say then
1.where were the 100+floors and steel girders?
2.why was the concrete COMPLETELY pulverized,somwthing that NEVER happens in a collapse but ALWAYS happens in a demolition?
3. as many scientists have said"the only smoking gun i needed was the presence of molten metal.NO OFFICE FIRE OR JET FUEL FIRE IN THE WORLD WILL MELT STEEL.EVER.PERIOD".
4.none of the "aircraft" were ever i.d. as 757/767s. look at the available video and show us a commercial jet.2 of the supposed flights werent even scheduled for that day.
5.where are the wings and tail of the 2nd "plane".not one video shows anything falling into the street and yet those hollow wings are supposed to have cut thru steel girders INTACT? why didnt the tail fall into the street?
6.in over 100 years no steel frame bldg has collapsed from fire.on 9/11 three bldgs fell down virtually in their footprints.no bldg can collapse into itself or its footprint.thats why explosives are used and guess what….hundreds of people reported explosions BEFORE AND AFTER the impacts.
7.if a 767/757 hit the pentagon….why wasnt it shot down? how did it stay in one piece when the pilot who flew that exact plane stated:he couldnt make that 330 degree turn in that plane at that speed ,fly so low and hit the pentagon in one piece.he stated that the plane wasnt made for those types of maneuvers and would break up in mid air.finally:show us any one of the 80+ videos recorded that morning…go ahead show us the plane!
I'd correct Don North; We're Orwellian rather than "Brave…" Either way, though, we're dead.
We almost fully satisfy Goldstein's tract on war (as peace). The Inner Party members, in their cranial recesses , did not believe their own propaganda, yet they plowed ahead as though the lies were legitimate bases for decision-making.
This is so US, indisputably proven by the fact of the gulf between our intentions and the results we obtain. And then, by our resolute inability to perceive that ever-widening gulf. Consequently: Vietnam, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Somalia, Yemen, Libya, the Ukraine, and on (and on), not a single lesson learned. There isn't even the possibility.
We are fat, sloth-like and incompetent, in almost every way corrupt, handicapped and disabled. This alone would be our end. But our comfort with and affinity for the LIE, top to bottom, is the lock, the determinator.
i think you are both right in terms of using "brave new world" and "orwellian"(1984) as these books uncannily describe where we are heading as a society so perfectly that i recommend both to everyone i talk to. Read them while u can!
however many people think the situations that you mentioned are accidental or due to some lack of understanding or intel,etc. if you adjust your attentions and widen out your perspective it will become clear that there is NO failure of understanding, but a resounding success in all fields attempted(bank fraud,politician/judge owning,warfare etc)
the main problem or block we have is that we look at these incidents and global situations in a piece meal way and from our reasonable and mentally sane points of view. when you widen your perspective and begin to find the connections that truly exist (and luckily for a time they are still researchable) then you become aware of the similarity in m.o. and in the payoff(s). asking "who benefits" from the situations that puzzle you leads to names and corporations,bankers and politicians who make a killing (literally and fiscally) FOR THEMSELVES but always at the expense of others (leading to the concept of a "free market" where these same names do fiscally and/or politically insane things because they know The Taxpayer Will Bail Them Out (e.g.jeb +neal bush's1987 S&L,2008-9 BAILOUT etc) which is where the term "free" comes in:they make the profits and taxpayers foot the multi billion dollar bills making the venture "free" for the fraudsters .the "market" part is a fraud from the getgo,read any legislation re: large corporations and the rigging is buried in the fine print.
for example look at the wars in the mideast.oil and empire are the reasons and 9/11 was crafted as the excuse to invade countries that happened to sit on "strategic"oil reserves (the caspian sea reserves was why we invaded afghanistan). so who made the big bucks? well theDick cheney/haliburton provided equipment for both the oil part AND the military part with contracts worth billions and so did other crimefamilybush friends (what biz where they in?guess!).who cares that this created unheard of deficits,robbed us of needed infrastructure replacement,etc.why just cut those pesky social progams(another hidden agenda),bankrupt the states (via "no child left behind"-a tactically brilliant plan) and since youve both created the "enemy"and declared war on "it" , you are in the drivers seat like no war mongering psychopath in history with an endless war against anyone you name and a nearly permanent transfusion of PUBLIC monies directly into your pals bank accounts aka DOD contracts. remember the "free" "market" as viewed by these people:they do all the stupid evil wasteful crap and the public pays for it.
is it beginning to make "sense" now? of course you need to know something about the abnormal sociopathic mentally ill mind to really get a handle on this. that is the other reason none of this made sense before-you are a normal human being and these people are seriously morally,ethically and mentally ill. unfortunately (as if things are bad enough) they have sucked the middle classes almost dry and are now sucking the money from the 1% who are unaware of whats really going on (see any wealth distribution report c.2008-now. the only major gains are in the .01% !). when this bloodmoney runs dry they will not be happy stopping there……
When you have to bend the truth in order to forward your agenda then there is something wrong with the agenda
The NATO case and argument is that NATO's approach to psy-ops is to treat it as an essentially open, truthful and benign activity …
If that was all there was to it, the "NATO case" would be a good one.
It's when they start murdering people who present evidence the "truthful and benign" things are actually malignant lies that the "NATO case" falls to pieces.
Test. Test.
Indeed. I had a bit of grief getting through.
It's what you get for offering this fine piece, and ragging on our propagandist state generally.
ishvaaag
Humans are embedded in societies that survive through individuals … there's little remnant morality once the individual's survival risk is appraised. In that state, the individual at hand will deny any and all rules to keep the species alive through its own survival. Hence this shit of psyops is to be defeated by the same mechanism that originates it, what is quoted as finding other source for news, or some haven or weapon to survive. Psyop, psyop, damned.