Biography of Salomon ZILBER, born on January 20, 1904 in Skaudvilé, Lithuania.
This project was carried out by a 10th-grade class of the Prins Henrik French High School in Copenhagen, Denmark, under the supervision of Madame Lechat and Monsieur Terrasson.
We are a 10th-grade class at the Prins Henrik French High School in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since the end of October, 2018 we have done research on a Jewish deportee with a view to writing his biography for the Convoi 77 Association, which wishes to make known to the public the lives of those deported in the last convoy from Drancy to Auschwitz in July of 1944. To look into the life of the deportee Salomon Zilber we have been able to lean on the information in numerous archives whose access was provided by Convoi 77. With all this information, for reasons of efficiency, we split the work up between several groups, who dealt with country of birth, family life in France, arrest, journey after the Liberation, and life after the war. In addition to the archives we have also relied on the Internet. Finally, one group contacted the members of Salomon Zilber's family, while another consulted the Association of the Sons and Daughters of the Jews Deported from France, and still a third group got in touch with a company for which he worked.
Salomon Zilber was born on January 20, 1904 in Skaudvilé, Lithuania. "I acquired French citizenship by a decree in the issue of the Journal Officiel dated January 7, 1949." He obtained his French passport on March 24 of the same year (Source 1: Indemnity Request). We have deduced that he therefore had no French passport before that. Afterwards, he lived in Tel Aviv, Israel until his death. He had a brother named Moshe Zilberg, who was a justice on Israel's Supreme Court (Source 1: Indemnity Request). His father was Asné Zilber; his mother, Hilel Zilber, was "killed by the Nazis in Lithuania in 1941" (Source 2: Allocation Request 2). Salomon got married in Israel in 1954 (Source 1: Indemnity Request 2). He apparently had two children, about whom no information has been forthcoming (Source 1: Indemnity Request). Searching for more information we tried to get in touch with Arlette Zilberg, who we thought to be Salomon's niece. She indeed told us that her uncle had survived the war, but had never in fact been interned at Drancy, whereas Salomon Zilber declared the contrary (Source 1: Indemnity Request). We have failed to determine whether he was the same Salomon or if there was confusion because of the same name. We were subsequently unable to obtain any further information from Mrs. Arlette Zilberg, who quite firmly declined to pursue our communication. Moreover, we could get no significant information about Salomon Zilber's life in Lithuania and his arrival in France.
Once in France, Salomon Zilber resided with a family at n° 6 rue Bonaparte in Nice until 1944. He worked as an office employee for the American travel agency, Palestine & Orient Lloyd, founded in 1933 at n° 16 boulevard Joseph Garnier in Nice (Source 3: Allowance Allocation Request). We have no other information on his job as the company has no archives for the period. Before his arrest he was about to marry Miss Renée T. (illegible family name), according to the minutes of the clerk for the Justice of the Peace for the Ninth district of Paris (Source 4: Court clerk's minutes 1).
"In July of 1944 I was arrested by the Gestapo in Nice, transferred to Drancy, and deported on July 31, 1944 to the Auschwitz concentration camp. I was liberated by the Russians at the end of January, 1945, but not repatriated to France until May 10, 1945." (Salomon Zilber, Tel Aviv, January 24, 1956, file on compensation for deportees. Source 1: Indemnity file). While the SS officer, Alois Brunner, organized many roundups, i.e. mass arrests of Jews, at the end of 1943 and the beginning of 1944 in Nice, Salomon was not arrested during these roundups. According to the Ministry for Veterans and War Victims, his legal Nice address was n° 34 rue de l'Impératrice at the residence of a certain Madame Bailet. One thing is certain: Salomon Zilber was arrested in Nice on July 5, 1944 under the name of Henri Raybaut. He arrived at Auschwitz on July 31, 1944 (Source 2: Allocation Request 3).
According to the documents attributing an allowance to the deportees or political prisoners in the archives of the Ministry for Veterans and War Victims he was living with a woman named Aline Raybaut and claiming to be her husband before his arrest. He was denounced and arrested by the Gestapo because he was Jewish, and Aline Raybaut was also arrested for hiding him (Source 3: Allowance attribution request).
After Salomon Zilber's imprisonment at Auschwitz, about which nothing is known, he was sent on a long, roundabout journey to Odessa. Louis Suarez's testimony, entitled "1939-1945 Sept années volées à ma jeunesse : Un soldat français en Prusse" [1939-1945 Seven Years Stolen from My Youth: A French Soldier in Prussia], 2013, written by Marie-Ange Bartholomot Bessou, can give an idea of the route undertaken by S. Zilber. Louis Suarez was arrested in East Prussia and then deported to a concentration camp. During the death marches, as the Russians advanced at the end of World War II, the Nazis moved their prisoners west, forcing them to walk in the cold of January. Mr. Suarez was later freed by the Red Army. After that he was transported by the Russians by train to various places, to end up at Odessa, where the repatriation of some of the deportees was arranged.
As Salomon Zilber was a prisoner at Auschwitz he may well have had a similar fate, including participation in one of the death marches from Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Auschwitz prisoners had to walk westward, to Loslau, Poland in this case. Shortly thereafter the camp was liberated by the Allies (Russians and Americans) following the Nazis' capitulation. Some of the prisoners liberated there were taken to Kiev in Ukraine, and from there to Odessa to embark for Marseille. We know that Salomon Zilber took a boat from Odessa to Marseille, where he arrived on May 10, 1945 (Source 5: Repatriation).
Salomon Zilber was repatriated to Marseille on May 10, 1945 and lived in Nice, according to his political deportee card, up to his departure for Israel in 1951. He took up residence at that time at n° 14 rue Hakovshim in Tel Aviv (Source 6: Tel Aviv). He obtained a French political deportee card, on which we found his address, dated December 10, 1956 (Source 7: Deportee card). He also probably received an allowance of 12,000 francs from the French state (Source 8: Allowance allocation). Indeed, according to article 2 of the decree n° 53-103 of February 14, 1953 dealing with the allocation of an allowance to deportees and political prisoners (Source 9: Journal Officiel), the sum allotted to political deportees, as S. Zilber had been designated, was 1200 francs for each month of internment or deportation. Since Salomon Zilber was interned for about ten months, it may be asked why he at first refused this money, considering it to be "negligible, almost insignificant" (Source 8: Allowance allocation), as stated in a letter from the French ambassador to Israel addressed to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs that is found in the political deportee archives (number 119922347, Source 8: Allowance allocation). There are many documents in these archives concerning his indemnity request between 1956 and 1958. S. Zilber also stated that in Tel Aviv in 1954 he married a person whose name is unknown. We were unable to find any further information on his family life or his activities in Israel.
Our research has run into difficulties in the agreement of our sources about Salomon Zilber's possible death at Auschwitz. One source, supplied by Yad Vashem, indicated that he died during the Shoah. It states: "Salomon was murdered during the Shoah" (Source 10: Yad Vashem). So we assumed that Salomon Zilber had not survived deportation. But then the archives furnished by the Convoi 77 Association indicated that he lived in Tel Aviv after being deported to Auschwitz. Meanwhile, we had contacted his supposed niece, Arlette Zilberg, who maintained that he did not die while at Auschwitz: "Salomon Zilberg was fortunate enough to have survived the war." This source raises problems, as the niece's family name ends in a "g". She writes it "Salomon Zilberg", not Zilber. This source has therefore been considered unreliable. In the end we discovered that he had in fact survived, and we turned our research toward his life after coming back from Auschwitz.
Source 1: Indemnity Request, a letter sent by Salomon Zilber on January 24, 1956 from Tel Aviv to the Ministry for Veterans and War Victims.
Source 2: Allocation Request as a political deportee on a form of the Ministry for Veterans and War Victims, concerning Salomon Zilber, seeking the allocation of an allowance.
Source 3: Allowance Allocation Request for deportees or political prisoners, a form of the Ministry for Veterans and War Victims, concerning Salomon Zilber, seeking the allocation of an allowance.
Source 4: Minutes of the Court Clerk for the Justice of the Peace for the 9th district of Paris.
Source 5: Repatriation, a letter written in Tel Aviv on October 8, 1956 by Salomon Zilber to the Ministry for Veterans and War Victims, Bureau for Deportees and Their Various Statuses in the Office for Statuses and Medical Services.
Source 6: Tel Aviv, the building at n° 14 rue Hakovshim, Salomon Zilber's Tel Aviv address, in a photograph taken by screenshot from the Google View site in December 2018.
Source 7: Deportee Card for Salomon Zilber, issued by the National Federation of deportees and patriot prisoners.
Source 8: Allowance Allocation, a letter from Salomon Zilber sent from Tel Aviv on September 10, 1957 to the Ministry for Veterans and War Victims.


text:
Additive for nonaqueous electrolyte and secondary battery using the same
Disclosed is an electrolyte for a battery, which comprises: (a) an electrolyte salt; (b) a solvent for electrolyte; and (c) a compound represented by the following formula 1: wherein R is a halogen atom, or a halogen-substituted or non-substituted C1˜C10 alkyl group or alkenyl group. An electrode comprising a passivation layer partially or totally formed on a surface thereof, wherein the passivation layer comprises a compound represented by the following Formula 1 or a chemical reaction product thereof, and a secondary battery using the electrolyte and/or the electrode are also disclosed. The compound can improve the initial charge/discharge efficiency and cycle life characteristics of a secondary battery, and can inhibit a battery from swelling under high-temperature storage conditions.
Lee, Ho Chun (Yuseong-gu, KR)
Park, Tae Yoon (Yuseong-gu, KR)
Choi, Yong Su (Cheongju-si, KR)
Park, Hong Kyu (Yuseong-gu, KR)
H01M2/16; H01M4/13; H01M4/137; H01M10/052; H01M10/0567; H01M10/36; H01M4/02; H01M10/0568; H01M10/0569
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CANTELMO, GREGG
BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH, LLP (Falls Church, VA, US)
1. An electrolyte for a battery, which comprises: (a) an electrolyte salt; (b) a solvent for electrolyte; and (c) a compound represented by the following formula 1: wherein R is a halogen atom, or a halogen-substituted or non-substituted C1˜C10 alkyl group or alkenyl group.
2. The electrolyte according to claim 1, which comprises the compound represented by Formula 1 in an amount of 0.5˜10 wt% based on 100 wt% of the electrolyte.
3. The electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte salt (a) is a salt represented by the formula of A+B−, wherein A+ represents an alkali metal cation selected from the group consisting of Li+, Na+, K+ and combinations thereof, and B- represents an anion selected from the group consisting of PF6−, BF4−, Cl−, Br−, I−, ClO4−, AsF6−, CH3CO3−, N(CF3SO2)2−, C(CF2SO2)3− and combinations thereof; and solvent (b) is at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of halogen-substituted or non-substituted cyclic carbonate solvents, linear carbonate solvents, ester solvents, nitrile solvents, and phosphate solvents.
4. An electrode comprising a passivation layer partially or totally formed on a surface thereof, wherein the passivation layer comprises a compound represented by the following Formula 1 or a chemical reaction product thereof: wherein R is a halogen atom, or a halogen-substituted or non-substituted C1˜C10 alkyl group or alkenyl group.
5. The electrode according to claim 4, wherein the passivation layer includes a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film, which is formed partially or totally on the surface of an electrode active material via electrochemical reduction and ring-opening polymerization of the compound represented by Formula 1.
6. The electrode according to claim 4, which is an anode.
7. A secondary battery comprising (a) a cathode; (b) an anode; (c) a separator; and (d) an electrolyte as defined in claim 1, which comprising (a) an electrolyte salt; (b) a solvent for electrolyte; and (c) a compound represented by the following formula 1: wherein R is a halogen atom, or a halogen-substituted or non-substituted C1˜C10 alkyl group or alkenyl group.
8. The secondary battery according to claim 7, which comprises the compound represented by Formula 1 in an amount of 0.5˜10 wt% based on 100 wt% of the electrolyte.
9. The secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein the electrolyte salt (a) is a salt represented by the formula of A+B−, wherein A+ represents an alkali metal cation selected from the group consisting of Li+, Na+, K+ and combinations thereof, and B− represents an anion selected from the group consisting of PF6−, BF4−, Cl−, Br−, I−, ClO4−, AsF6−, CH3CO3−, N(CF3SO2)2−, C(CF2SO2)3− and combinations thereof; and solvent (b) is at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of halogen-substituted or non-substituted cyclic carbonate solvents, linear carbonate solvents, ester solvents, nitrile solvents, and phosphate solvents.
10. A secondary battery comprising (a) a cathode; (b) an anode; (c) a separator; and (d) an electrolyte, wherein either or both of the cathode and the anode are the electrode as defined in claim 4, which comprises a passivation layer partially or totally formed on a surface thereof, wherein the passivation layer comprises a compound represented by the following Formula 1 or a chemical reaction product thereof: wherein R is a halogen atom, or a halogen-substituted or non-substituted C1˜C10 alkyl group or alkenyl group.
11. The secondary battery according to claim 10, wherein the passivation layer includes a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film, which is formed partially or totally on the surface of an electrode active material via electrochemical reduction and ring-opening polymerization of the compound represented by Formula 1.
12. The secondary battery according to claim 10, wherein the electrode is an anode.
13. The secondary battery according to claim 7, which is a lithium secondary battery.
14. The secondary battery according to claim 10, which is a lithium secondary battery.
This application claims the benefit of the filing date of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2005-0059252, filed on Jul. 1, 2005, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirely by reference.
The present invention relates to an additive for non-aqueous electrolytes, which can improve the cycle life characteristics, charge/discharge efficiency and high-temperature storage characteristics of a secondary battery. The present also relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising the same additive.
Recently, interests in energy storage technology have been gradually increased. As the use of batteries is enlarged to applications for the storage of energy for portable telephones, camcorders, notebook computers, personal computers and electric vehicles, efforts on the research and development of batteries are increasingly embodied. In this view, the field of electrochemical devices receives the greatest attention, and among them, interests in the development of chargeable/dischargeable secondary batteries are focused. More recently, in the development of such batteries, active studies have been conducted to design a novel electrode and battery, which provide an improved capacity density and specific energy.
Among secondary batteries which are now in use, lithium secondary batteries developed in the early 1990s are in the spotlight due to the advantages of higher drive voltages and far greater energy densities than those of conventional batteries, such as Ni-MH, Ni—Cd and sulfuric acid-lead batteries. To obtain such a high drive voltage, it is necessary to provide an electrolyte composition that is stable in a charge/discharge voltage ranging from 0 to 4.2V.
A lithium secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte. Upon the first charge cycle, lithium ions are deintercalated from a cathode active material. Then, the lithium ions are intercalated into an anode active material such as carbon particles, and are deintercalated from the anode active material upon discharge. In this manner, lithium ions transfer energy while they reciprocate between the cathode and the anode, thereby allowing the battery to be charged/discharged. Such lithium batteries show a problem in that they causes degradation in the battery quality during repeated charge/discharge cycles. The aforementioned problem becomes more serious as the battery has a higher capacity density. Moreover, although there may be a difference depending on the kind of the electrolyte used in a battery, in most cases, the electrolyte may decompose on the surface of the cathode and/or the anode, resulting in degradation in the quality and safety of the battery.
To solve the above problems, there has been a continuous need for a method of improving the cycle life characteristics of a battery by using an additive for non-aqueous electrolytes.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 2003-331709 disclose the use of a lactide as an additive for electrolytes in a method of increasing the charge/discharge efficiency of a lithium secondary battery and improving the cycle life characteristics of a lithium secondary battery. In this patent, it is thought that the lactide is effective for inhibiting the decomposition of an electrolyte in an anode formed of graphite.
Additionally, Japanese Laid-Open Patent No. 1995-192761 discloses the use of a lactide as an additive for electrolytes in a method of inhibiting the self-discharge of a lithium secondary battery and improving the high-temperature storage characteristics and cycle life characteristics of a lithium secondary battery. In this case, it is thought that the lactide inhibits the production of HF in an electrolyte by removing moisture.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) of each of the anode active materials collected from the lithium secondary batteries according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1˜3, after they are subjected to charge/discharge cycles.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems. The inventors of the present invention have found that when a lactide compound represented by the following Formula II is used as an additive for electrolytes in a lithium secondary battery, the lithium secondary shows an overall quality that varies significantly depending on the types and numbers of the substituents (for example, R1˜R4) present in the compound:
Particularly, when only one non-hydrogen substituent is introduced into the compound, among the substituents represented by R1˜R4, it can be seen that the resultant lithium secondary battery using the electrolyte comprising the additive shows an excellent overall quality, including charge/discharge efficiency, cycle life characteristics and high-temperature characteristics.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising an additive for electrolytes that can improve the quality of a battery. It is another object of the present invention to provide a secondary battery comprising the above non-aqueous electrolyte.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrolyte for a secondary battery, which comprises: (a) an electrolyte salt; (b) a solvent for electrolyte; and (c) a compound represented by the following formula 1:
wherein R is a halogen atom, or a halogen-substituted or non-substituted C1˜C10 alkyl group or alkenyl group.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrode having a passivation layer partially or totally formed on the surface thereof, wherein the passivation layer comprises the compound represented by the above Formula 1 or a chemical reaction product thereof. According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lithium secondary battery comprising the same electrode.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in more detail.
The present invention is characterized by using a lactide-like compound, i.e., a compound represented by the above Formula 1, into which only one non-hydrogen substituent (R) is introduced, as one of the constitutional elements forming a non-aqueous electrolyte for a battery.
The compound represented by Formula 1, into which only one non-hydrogen substituent is introduced, shows a lower reduction potential (a higher reduction potential in the case of a half-cell) compared to a currently used lactide compound (Formula 3) having at least two non-hydrogen substituents introduced thereto. Additionally, the compound according to the present invention shows improved physical, chemical and thermal stability, compared to a currently used glycolide compound (Formula 2) having no non-hydrogen substituent introduced thereto.
Due to the above advantages, the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can provide improved cycle life characteristics, long lifespan and high-temperature storage characteristics.
1) Quality of a battery mainly depends on the constitutional elements of an electrolyte and a solid electrode interface (SEI), formed via the reaction between the electrolyte and an electrode.
In a lithium secondary battery, during the first charge cycle, carbon particles, used as an anode active material, react with an electrolyte on the surface of the anode to form a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. The SEI film formed as described above serves to inhibit side reactions between carbonaceous materials and an electrolyte solvent and structural collapse of an anode material, caused by co-intercalation of an electrolyte solvent into the anode active material, and functions sufficiently as a lithium ion tunnel, thereby minimizing degradation in the quality of a battery. However, SEI films formed by a conventional carbonate-based organic solvent are weak, porous and coarse so that lithium ion conduction cannot be made smoothly. Thus, under these circumstances, the amount of reversible lithium decreases and irreversible reactions increase during repeated charge/discharge cycles, resulting in degradation in the capacity and cycle life characteristics of a battery.
On the contrary, according to the present invention, the compound represented by Formula 1, which shows a lower reduction potential (a higher reduction potential in the case of a half-cell), when compared to a lactide compound having at least two non-hydrogen substituents introduced thereto, is used in addition to a conventional carbonate solvent for electrolyte. Hence, upon the initial charge cycle of a battery, the compound forms a firm and dense SEI film on the surface of an anode material in advance of the other constitutional elements. As a result, it is possible to prevent the co-intercalation of the carbonate solvent into the electrode active material layer having a layered structure or the side reactions including the decomposition of the solvent, so that the irreversible capacity of the battery can be decreased. Therefore, it is possible to increase the initial charge/discharge efficiency of the battery and to provide excellent cycle life characteristics during charge/discharge cycles for a long period of time, because the SEI film formed as mentioned above is a passivation layer having low chemical reactivity and allowing selective intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions (Li+).
(2) Conventional lithium secondary batteries cause rapid degradation in the battery quality, particularly under high-temperature conditions. This is because the SEI film formed on the surface of an anode collapses rapidly, resulting in an increase in the side reaction between the electrode and an electrolyte increase, gas generation caused by decomposition of an electrolyte, and an increase in the thickness (resistance) of an electrode.
On the contrary, the SEI film that is collapsed under high-temperature conditions may be regenerated promptly at a low potential by the compound of Formula 1, contained in the electrolyte, and the SEI film can be maintained continuously. Hence, it is possible to prevent the electrolyte from decomposing under high-temperature storage conditions, and thus to prevent an increase in the internal pressure and a swelling phenomenon of the battery. Moreover, it is also possible to inhibit side reactions between an electrode and an electrolyte, showing an increased reactivity due to the high temperature, thereby providing the battery with excellent high-temperature characteristics.
One of the constitutional elements forming the electrolyte for a battery according to the present invention is the compound represented by Formula 1.
Although the compound represented by Formula 1 has a similar structure to the glycolide compound (see the following Formula 2) and to the lactide compound (see the following Formula 3), it provides a different effect as an additive for electrolytes, when compared to the glycolide and lactide compounds. The effect of the compound represented by Formula 1 is as follows:
(i) First, the compound represented by Formula 1 shows a lower reduction potential (a higher reduction potential in the case of a half-cell), when compared to a compound having at least two non-hydrogen substituents introduced thereto, such as a lactide compound (Formula 3). Thus, it is possible to form an SEI film on the surface of an anode more easily upon the initial charge cycle, as described above. As a result, it is possible to improve the overall quality of a battery, because the irreversible capacity of the battery decreases.
The reduction potential characteristics as mentioned above may be affected largely by the following two factors: The first factor is the steric hindrance in the compound. As the number of the non-hydrogen substituents (e.g. methyl group) increase in the additive, the additive molecule become more bulky and shows an increased steric hindrance, thereby having difficulty in performing reduction. The second factor is an electronic effect. The electronic effect induces an increase in the electron density of the additive due to the electron donating capability of the non-hydrogen substituents introduced into the additive. As a result of the above two reasons, the reduction potential increases (reduction potential decreases in the case of a half-cell) as the number of non-hydrogen substituents (e.g. alkyl or alkenyl groups) increases, thereby showing difficulty in performing reduction.
Additionally, as the number of non-hydrogen substituents (e.g. alkyl or alkenyl groups) increases, steric hindrance caused by these substituents increases, and thus the resultant SEI film has a decreased density and compactness. In this case, because the SEI film shows a degraded effect as a passivation layer, an electrolyte may cause side reactions continuously, resulting in a drop in the lifespan of a battery.
In fact, it could be seen from the results of the following Experimental Examples that the compound represented by Formula 1, having only one methyl group, provides a battery with improved initial charge/discharge efficiency and cycle life characteristics, as compared to the lactide compound represented by Formula 3, having two methyl groups (see the following Tables 1 and 2).
Meanwhile, a halogen atom has a similar size to a methyl group and is an electron withdrawing group that facilitates reduction. Therefore, when a halogen atom is present in the compound represented by Formula 1, it is possible to decrease the irreversible capacity, and thus to improve the overall quality of a battery.
(ii) Additionally, the compound represented by Formula 1 has a higher thermal stability compared to the glycolide compound (Formula 2) having no non-hydrogen substituents. Hence, it is possible to significantly reduce a so-called swelling phenomenon of a battery under high-temperature storage conditions.
In general, cycle life characteristics of a battery are related to the anode of the battery, while swelling of a battery is related to the cathode of the battery. In other words, use of an additive for electrolytes, having high physical, chemical and thermal stability, decreases gas generation caused by the decomposition of the electrolyte. Therefore, it is possible to inhibit the internal pressure of a battery from increasing and the battery from swelling. For reference, it is disclosed that when the number of non-hydrogen substituents increases in the compound represented by the above Formula II, ring strain of the cyclic structure decreases and ring-opening polymerizability decreases accordingly (Polymer 39, 5581, 1998). This ultimately indicates that while the stability of a compound having non-hydrogen substituents is improved as the number of the non-hydrogen substituents increases, the corresponding compound having hydrogen atoms instead of the non-hydrogen substituents shows low physical stability. As a result, it is thought that the non-hydrogen substituents introduced into the additive for electrolytes contribute to the improvement of the thermal stability of the additive molecule. In fact, it could be seen from the results of the following Experimental Examples of the present invention that the compound represented by Formula 1 having one methyl group significantly inhibits a battery from swelling under high-temperature storage conditions, as compared to the compound represented by Formula 2 having no methyl group (see Table 3).
The amount of the compound represented by Formula 1 may vary depending on the target degree of improvement in the quality of a battery, including the initial charge/discharge efficiency and cycle life characteristics. However, the compound represented by Formula 1 is used preferably in an amount ranging from 0.5 wt% to 10 wt% based on 100 wt% of a non-aqueous electrolyte. If the compound represented by Formula 1 is used in an amount less than 0.5 wt%, it is not possible to improve the quality of a battery sufficiently. If the compound represented by Formula 1 is used in an amount greater than 10 wt%, the quality of a battery may be degraded due to an increase in the irreversible capacity of the battery.
The electrolyte for a battery, to which the compound is added, comprises conventional components widely known to one skilled in the art, for example, an electrolyte salt and an organic solvent.
The electrolyte salt that may be used in the present invention includes a salt represented by the formula of A+B−, wherein A+ represents an alkali metal cation selected from the group consisting of Li+, Na+, K+ and combinations thereof, and B− represents an anion selected from the group consisting of PF6−, BF4−, Cl−, Br−, I−, ClO4−, AsF6−, CH3CO3−, N(CF3SO2)2−, C(CF2SO2)3− and combinations thereof. A lithium salt is particularly preferred. Non-limiting examples of the lithium salt include LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiN(CF3SO2)2, and mixtures thereof.
The organic solvent includes a conventional solvent known to one skilled in the art, such as a halogen-substituted or non-substituted cyclic carbonate solvent; linear carbonate solvent; ester solvent; nitrile solvent; phosphate solvent or a mixture thereof. Non-limiting examples of such organic solvents include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), gamma-butyrolactone ( -butyrolactone; GBL), methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, pentyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, butyl propionate, and mixtures thereof.
Also, the present invention provides an electrode having a passivation layer partially or totally formed on the surface thereof, wherein the passivation layer comprises the compound represented by the above Formula I or a chemical reaction product thereof. Herein, the chemical reaction means oxidation and/or reduction caused by the electrochemical reactions occurring in the battery.
In the electrode, when using the above electrolyte, the compound represented by Formula 1 may be spontaneously formed on the surface of the electrode active material along with reversible lithium ions during charge/discharge cycles. Otherwise, the compound may be coated on the surface of the electrode active material, may be used as one of the materials forming the electrode, or may be coated on the surface of a preformed electrode. At this time, the passivation layer may be a solid electrolyte interface film formed partially or totally on the surface of the electrode active material by electrochemical reduction and ring-opening polymerization of the compound represented by Formula 1.
As described above, the secondary battery comprising the electrode, which includes the compound represented by Formula 1 or a chemical reaction product thereof, partially or totally formed on the surface of the electrode active material, can stabilize a carbonaceous material, transition metal and a transition metal oxide in the electrode. Also, in the above secondary battery, it is possible to effectively control the exothermic reactions caused by direct contact between the electrode surface and the electrolyte, and to retard the structural collapse of the electrode active material. Therefore, it is possible to prevent ignition and explosion of the battery caused by an increase in the internal temperature of the battery.
The electrode according to the present invention may be formed by applying an electrode active material on a current collector according to a method known to one skilled in the art. In one embodiment of such methods, electrode slurry containing a cathode active material or an anode active material is applied onto a current collector, followed by drying. At this time, a small amount of conductive agent and/or binder may be added, as necessary.
Particularly, cathode active materials may include any conventional cathode active materials currently used in a cathode of a conventional secondary battery. Particular non-limiting examples of the anode active material include: lithium transition metal composite oxides, including LiMxOy (wherein M=Co, Ni, Mn, CoaNibMnc), such as lithium manganese composite oxides (e.g. LiMn2O4), lithium nickel oxides (e.g. LiNiO2), lithium cobalt oxides (e.g. LiCoO2), or other oxides containing other transition metals partially substituting for manganese, nickel and cobalt; chalcogenide (e.g. manganese dioxide, titanium dioxide, molybdenum dioxide, etc.); or the like. Among these examples, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li (NiaCobMnc)O2 (wherein O<a<1, 0<b<1, 0<c<1, a+b+c=1), LiNil-YCoYO2, LiCo1-yMnyO2, LiNi1-yMnYO2 (wherein 0≦Y<1), Li (NiaCobMnc)O4 (0<a<2, 0<b<2, 0<c<2, a+b+c=2), LiMn2-zNizO4, LiMn2-zCozO4 (wherein 0<Z<2), LiCoPO4, LiFePO4 or a mixture thereof is particularly preferred.
Additionally, anode active materials may include any conventional anode active materials currently used in an anode of a conventional secondary battery. Particular non-limiting examples of the anode active material include lithium intercalation materials such as lithium metal, lithium alloys, carbon, petroleum coke, activated carbon, graphite or other carbonaceous materials. Non-limiting examples of a cathode current collector include foil formed of aluminum, nickel or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of an anode current collector include foil formed of copper, gold, nickel, copper alloys or a combination thereof.
As the binder, a currently used binder may be used. Particular non-limiting examples of the binder include PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) or SBR (styrene butadiene rubber).
Further, the present invention provides a secondary battery comprising: (a) a cathode; (b) an anode; (c) an electrolyte; and (d) a separator, wherein the electrolyte includes the above additive for electrolytes; and/or either or both of the cathode and the anode include a passivation layer partially or totally formed on the surface thereof, the passivation layer comprising the compound represented by Formula 1 or a reduction (oxidation) product thereof.
Preferably, the secondary battery is a lithium secondary battery, and non-limiting examples of the lithium secondary battery include a lithium metal secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium polymer secondary battery or a lithium ion polymer secondary battery.
The secondary battery according to the present invention may be obtained by using a method generally known to one skilled in the art, except that the electrolyte, comprising the compound represented by Formula 1 added thereto, is used. For example, an electrode assembly is formed by using a cathode, an anode and a separator interposed between both electrodes, and then the electrolyte is injected thereto. Also, it is possible to use the electrode, to which the compound represented by Formula 1 is introduced, alone or in combination with the electrolyte comprising the additive for electrolytes added thereto.
Preferably, the separator is a porous separator. Non-limiting examples of the separator that may be used include a polypropylene-based, polyethylene-based or polyolefin-based separator, or a porous separator, into which inorganic particles are incorporated.
There is no particular limitation in the outer shape of the secondary battery obtained in the above-described manner. The secondary battery may be a cylindrical, prismatic, pouch-type or coin-type battery.
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the following examples are illustrative only and the present invention is not limited thereto.
1-1 Preparation of Electrolyte
1M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixed solvent of EC:PC:DEC (2:1:7) was used as an electrolyte, and the compound represented by the following formula was added thereto in an amount of 2.0 wt%:
1-2 Manufacture of Half Cell
Artificial graphite was used as a cathode and lithium metal foil was used as an anode to provide a coin-like half-cell in a conventional manner. To the half-cell, the electrolyte obtained as described in Example 1-1 was injected.
1-3 Manufacture of Full Cell
A cathode comprising LiCoO2 and an anode comprising artificial graphite were used to provide an Al-pouch type battery having a thickness of 5.0 mm and a capacity of 1360 mAh in a conventional manner. To the full cell, the electrolyte obtained as described in Example 1-1 was injected.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
A half cell and a full cell were obtained by using the same methods as Example 1-2 and Example 1-3, except that the glycolide compound represented by the following Formula 2 was used instead of the above compound:
A half cell and a full cell were obtained by using the same methods as Example 1-2 and Example 1-3, except that the lactide compound represented by the following Formula 2 was used instead of the above compound:
A half cell and a full cell were obtained by the same methods as Example 1-2 and Example 1-3, except that no additive for electrolytes was used.
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1
Evaluation of Charge/Discharge Efficiency of Battery
The following test was performed to evaluate the initial charge/discharge efficiency of a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
A coin-like half cell comprising an additive for electrolytes having one non-hydrogen substituent (e.g. methyl group) according to Example 1 was used as a sample. As controls, the coin-like half cells comprising an additive for electrolytes having no non-hydrogen substituent, an additive for electrolytes having at least two non-hydrogen substituents, or no additive for electrolytes, according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, were used. Each cell was subjected to a charge/discharge cycle at 0.05C, and was measured for the initial charge/discharge efficiency. The results are shown in the following Table 1.
After the test, a battery having a lower number of non-hydrogen substituents in the compound used as an additive for electrolytes shows a higher initial charge/discharge efficiency. This indicates that when at most one non-hydrogen substituent is introduced into the additive compound, the compound shows a lower reduction potential and decomposes more easily upon the first charge cycle, thereby forming a firm and dense inactive film, compared to a lactide compound having at least two non-hydrogen substituents, thereby improving the initial charge/discharge efficiency of a battery.
Number of methyl Initial
groups at α-carbon charge/discharge
atoms efficiency (%)
Ex. 1 1 93.9
Comp. Ex. 1 0 94.3
Comp. Ex. 3 NA 90.5
Evaluation of Cycle Life Characteristics of Battery
The following test was performed to evaluate the cycle life characteristics of a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
The lithium secondary battery (full cell) comprising an additive for electrolytes having one non-hydrogen substituent (e.g. methyl group), according to Example 1, was used as a sample. As controls, the batteries comprising an additive for electrolytes having no non-hydrogen substituent, an additive for electrolytes having at least two non-hydrogen substituents, or no additive for electrolytes, according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, were used. Each battery 15 was subjected to 200 times of charge/discharge cycles under 0.5C at 45° C. After 200 cycles, the discharge capacity and the capacity retention based on the initial capacity were measured. The results are shown in the following Table 2.
capacity Capacity retention based on
after 200 cycles at the initial capacity after 200
45□ (mAh) cycles at 45□ (%)
Ex. 1 1034 76.0
Comp. Ex. 1 1090 80.1
Comp. Ex. 2 963 70.8
Like the above Experimental Example 1, it can be seen that as the number of non-hydrogen substituents in the compound used as an additive for electrolytes, decreases, cycle life characteristics of the battery are improved. This indicates that a compound having a smaller number of non-hydrogen substituents forms an SEI film having higher quality on the surface of an anode.
Evaluation of High-Temperature Storage Characteristics of Battery
The following test was performed to evaluate the high-temperature storage characteristics of a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
The lithium secondary battery (full cell) comprising an additive for electrolytes having one non-hydrogen substituent (e.g. methyl group), according to Example 1, was used as a sample. As controls, the batteries comprising an additive for electrolytes having no non-hydrogen substituent, an additive for electrolytes having at least two non-hydrogen substituents, or no additive for electrolytes, according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, were used. Each battery was stored at 90° C. for about 6 hours, after being fully charged. Then, each cell was measured for its thickness and thickness gain. The results are shown in the following Table 3.
After the test, the battery using no additive for electrolytes according to Comparative Example 3, and the cells using the additive having at least one non-hydrogen substituent according to Example 1 and Comparative example 2 show a thickness gain of about 0.54˜0.55 mm after storing them at a high temperature. However, the battery according to Comparative Example 1, which provides the most excellent results for the initial capacity and the cycle life characteristics, shows a higher thickness gain compared to the above batteries by at least three times. This indicates that when a compound (glycolide) having no non-hydrogen substituent is used as an additive for electrolytes, a battery comprising the electrolyte may cause a rapid swelling phenomenon due to the generation of a large amount of gas under high-temperature storage conditions.
Thickness after Thickness gain after
storing at high storing at high
temperature (mm) temperature (mm)
Ex. 1 5.79 0.54
Comp. Ex. 1 7.05 1.80
As can be seen from the above results of Experimental Examples 1 to 3, the compound represented by Formula 1, which has one non-hydrogen substituent introduced thereto, can provide a battery with excellent overall quality (e.g., initial charge/discharge efficiency, cycle life characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics).
Determination of SEI Film Formed via Reaction of Additive on Anode
The following test was performed to determine the formation of an SEI film from the additive for electrolytes according to the present invention on the surface of an anode.
The lithium secondary battery (full cell) comprising an additive for electrolytes having one non-hydrogen substituent (e.g. methyl group), according to Example 1, was used as a sample. As controls, the batteries comprising an additive for electrolytes having no non-hydrogen substituent, an additive for electrolytes having at least two non-hydrogen substituents, or no additive for electrolytes, according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, were used. Each battery was subjected to three times of charge/discharge cycles at 0.2C, and then the anode was collected from each battery in a discharged state. The anode was analyzed by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The results are shown in FIG. 1. It is generally accepted that the heat emission peak appearing in the range of 100˜140° C. is the result of the thermal collapse of the SEI film on the surface of the anode.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, exothermic reactions occur on the anodes in a different manner depending on the kind of the additive for electrolytes. Additionally, the following Table 4 shows the starting temperature of the heat emission caused by the thermal collapse of the SEI film. In Table 4, a higher temperature indicates that the SEI film formed on the corresponding anode has a higher thermal stability.
Number of methyl Heat emission
groups at α-carbon starting
atoms temperature (° C.)
Ex. 1 1 117
Comp. Ex. 1 0 104
Comp. Ex. 3 NA 110
After the test, the batteries using an additive for electrolytes having at least one non-hydrogen substituent according to Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 show a higher heat emission starting temperature, compared to the battery using no additive for electrolytes according to Comparative Example 3. However, the battery using an additive having no non-hydrogen substituent according to Comparative Example 1 shows a low starting temperature. This indicates that the SEI film formed on the anode by the compound (glycolide) having no non-hydrogen substituent has a relatively poor thermal stability. Further, all of the above experimental data demonstrates that the additive for electrolytes according to the present invention participates in the formation of the SEI film on an anode.
As can be seen from the foregoing, the additive for non-aqueous electrolytes according to the present invention is effective for the improvement of the charge/discharge efficiency and cycle life characteristics of a secondary battery. Therefore, the additive according to the present invention can improve the overall quality of a secondary battery.
While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment and the drawings, but, on the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and variations within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Previous Patent: THIN-FILM BATTERIES WITH POLYMER AND LiPON ELECTROLYTE LAYERS AND METHOD
Next Patent: Nonaqueous electrolyte solution and lithium ion secondary battery

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
UAE archaeologist discovers the Swiss Army knife from 130,000 years ago
The ancient stone tool was found at Jebel Barakah, the earliest archeological site along the Arabian Gulf coast. It is evidence that the archeological history of Abu Dhabi's coastline extends far beyond its pearling culture, according to Dr Mark Beech.
Mark Beech told of ancient Abu Dhabi's coastline. Lee Hoagland/The National
Roberta Pennington
ABU DHABI // To the uninitiated, it was a just an old piece of chipped, flaked rock. To the archaeologist who found it, Dr Mark Beech, it was the Swiss Army knife of its day – and that could have been 130,000 years ago.
Dr Beech found the ancient stone tool at Jebel Barakah, the earliest archeological site along the Arabian Gulf coast, where a treasure trove of such finds was discovered in 1993.
They are evidence that the remarkable archeological history of Abu Dhabi's coastline extends far beyond its pearling culture, as Dr Beech explained to a rapt audience on Wednesday at New York University Abu Dhabi.
As he projected a photo of himself smiling in the desert, holding the chipped rock in the palm of his hand, Dr Beech said: "It's a rock where flakes have been taken off of it. These are a type of flake called the Levallois flake. They were using these tools for butchering animals. I mention it's by the coast today, but it wasn't by the coast at that time. It was actually an ancient river.
"And what they were doing was hunting along the river and using these tools – I suppose you could call them like the Swiss Army knives of that time – they were using these tools for butchery."
Dr Beech, who heads the Coastal Heritage and Paleontology Section of the Historic Environment Department at Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority, led the audience through an archeological tour of the emirate as he presented photographic and historic evidence of the early civilisations' rich cross-cultural history in the region.
"This story of maritime life, we're familiar with this," Dr Beech said, referring to several historical maps that showed evidence of the area's pearling history over the last 200 years. "But I was interested in the ancient history." pilot programme to improve health education in the country.
He traced the chronology of significant archeological excavations in the area, beginning with the Danish excavation of Umm Al Nar, an Abu Dhabi island, in 1959. Among the highlights was the accidental finding, in 1991, of pottery shards in Sir Bani Yas Island by the late Carolyn Lehmann, of the Emirates Natural History Group.
"She picked up some pottery shards as well as pieces of decorated plaster from Al Khor sites and this was the initial discovery of the Christian church monastery," Dr Beech said. "We didn't know that until slightly later, when it was excavated."
His own involvement in the archeological digs in the area began in 1994, a year after anthropologist Sally McBrearty discovered ancient stone tools at several sites.
Dr Beech took the audience "island hopping", showing them what had been found in some of the less-visited parts of the emirate.
He pointed out that the coast we see today was created at the end of the last Ice Age, about 16,000-18,000 years ago.
"So, imagine the people in this landscape, they were living in a landscape of rivers and lakes and suddenly the water is becoming salty, it's like a giant flood," he said.
At Marawah Island, about 100 kilometres west of Abu Dhabi, two sites were discovered including one where "Marawah man" was found. "Unfortunately, it was not very well preserved," Dr Beech said of the skeleton.
Later investigation, using carbon dating, found the site to be between 6,500 and 8,000 years old.
At Dalma Island, a 7,000-year-old house structure was excavated along with plaster vessels made using gypsum.
An excavation in Jebel Buhais, near Sharjah, unearthed 700 burials, many containing jewellery.
Dr Beech said he hoped his presentation would encourage others to explore some of the country's important sites, inlcuding the remnants of a Christian monastery on Sir Bani Yas Island.
"People think as I did when I first arrived that it's only just about the recent pearling. But the aim of the talk today was to give you an idea of what it looks like in some of these places because many of you haven't been to some of these islands.
"I hope it will encourage some of you to visit some of these places. I hope you now want to visit Dalma Island and Sir Bani Yas Island."
rpennington@thenational.ae
* An earlier publication of this article incorrectly reported that plaster figurines from the Ubaid period had been found on Dalma Island. These figurines were in fact discovered in Iraq.
UAE archaeologist Swiss Army knife Jebel BarakahTechnologyarcheological site Arabian Gulf coastHeritage
UN Security Council unanimously condemns Houthi terrorist attack on Abu Dhabi
First private 24-hour PCR drive-through testing centre opens in Sharjah
UN Security Council condemns 'terrorist' attacks on UAE by Yemen's Houthis
Winds of up to 60kph could hit Dubai and Abu Dhabi


text:
Hindu Celebration Puts Emphasis On Community
By Ian Perrotta
Review Special Writer
Last Saturday the Durga Temple of Detroit began the two-day celebration of Suvo Janmashtani (a birthday ceremony for Hare Krishna) with a parade through the streets of Hamtramck.
The event began at the parking lot at Caniff and McDougall and was attended by about 200 people from the Hamtramck/Detroit Hindu community.
Before the parade, a special performance of the Bharatnatyam (an enactment of the Hindu epics through dance) was put on by the younger females of the temple.
Instructor Sunonda (Tina) Samaddav described the dance as "cultural pizza" for both the girls and the audience in attendance, explaining that "teaching them to dance will give them a venue to go beyond their community and to integrate."
Samaddav's sentiment was reflected by Hamtramck Mayor Karen Majewski, who inaugurated the event with a brief speech before marshalling the parade from the back of a motorcycle driven by Councilman Shahab Ahmed.
"There is a motto in the United States: E. Pluribus Unum," she said, "out of many, one. That is what we have here today: people from many places making one community."
The sense of community certainly was an emphasis of the parade. The route was planned around streets that had large numbers of the temple's devotees living on them, allowing the devotees to bring out fruit and other confectionaries from their houses to be first offered to Hare Krishna and then eaten by the crowd. With the addition of Kanti Bandhu Brahmachari, a swami from Bangladesh, the event had a true level of authenticity that could only be achieved in Hamtramck.
After the parade, the devotees crossed the Detroit border and returned to their temple, located just off of Ryan and McNichols. They then enjoyed the rest of the night and the next day celebrating the birth of Hare Krishna through song, dance and a whole lot of incredibly fantastic food.
The Durga Temple of Detroit is located at 4215 E. McNichols and encourages anyone who is interested in learning more to stop by during their woship ceremony on Sundays at 6:00 p.m.


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My Q
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Nina Simone one of the great female vocalists of the 20th Century, made four appearances at the Montreux Festival between 1968 and 1990. This film features the whole of the performance from 1976 as the main item, which is supplemented as bonus features by two tracks from her concert in 1987 and four from her final show in 1990. This is the definitive Nina Simone live film.
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Live at Montreux Jazz Fest 1996
Runtime: 2 hr 3 min
When an artist of the stature of Quincy Jones celebrates his 75th birthday you can be sure its going to be quite a party. The show took place on July 14th 2008 at the legendary Montreux Jazz Festival, an event with which Quincy Jones has a long and rich history, and the cream of musical talent turned up to serenade Quincy on this very special occasion. The main concert lasted over two and a half hours and the musicians then spilled out into the bars and cafes of Montreux with the music still going strong as the sun was coming up the next morning!
Added to My Q
Live in Munich
For more than 50 years, trumpeter/bandleader Miles Davis was a major innovator of cool, modal, avant-garde, and fusion jazz styles. This program captures Davis's band: alto saxophonist/flutist Kenny Garrett, Keyboardists Robert Irving III and Adam Holzmann, lead bassist Joseph "Foley" McCreary, and bassist Benjamin Rietveld, percussionist Marilyn Mazur, and drummer Ricky Wellman, live in Munich, Germany on July 10th, 1988. With these musicians' sympathetic and syncopated support, Davis's trademarked Harmon-muted trumpet tones dance and trance over the combo's supple electric swing. Throughout the concert, Davis glides across the stage with the elegance and power of a dancer and a fighter, huddling with his sidemen to play and share a phrase. Interview snippets with Davis feature the trumpeter frankly discussing his other passion, artwork. All told, Miles in Munich shows that the man called "Prince of Darkness" was full of artistic light near the end of his creative life.
In the words of Ben Fong-Torres:
Etta James, who passed away in 2012, was such a magnetic singer and presence that she was a semi-regular at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland, which is pretty selective about its bills. After her crack band opens with a couple, including "Hold On, I'm Coming," James kills on "I'd Rather Go Blind," "I Just Wanna Make Love to You," and several more. "Come to Mama," indeed!
Etta James made many appearances at the Montreux Jazz Festival across her long and distinguished career from her first concert in 1975 through to her last in 2008. This film focuses on the concert from 1993 when she was at her absolute peak and complements it with selected tracks from many other Montreux appearances. It features many of her best loved tracks and songs that she is particularly associated with. Etta James was one of the most respected performers of her generation. In a career stretching over 60 years she was inducted into the Rock n Roll Hall Of Fame and the Blues Hall Of Fame, won 3 Grammys and received many more nominations and was named Female Blues Artist Of The Year on no less than 14 occasions. Sadly, Etta James passed away after a long illness in January 2012 and this film is a fitting tribute to one of the greatest female vocalists of the 20th century.
Live in France 1961: Antibes Jazz Festival
Runtime: 1 hr 28 min
By 1961 Ray Charles had established himself at the forefront of popular music. He had several R&B hit singles on Atlantic Records in the fifties and crossed over into the mainstream with his hit "What'd I Say" in 1959. He then moved from Atlantic Records to ABC and had further success throughout the sixties. The concert was filmed at the Antibes Jazz Festival in July of 1961 when Ray Charles was at the peak of his powers.
Let's Get Lost
"Let's Get Lost" is an American documentary film about the turbulent life and career of jazz trumpeter Chet Baker written and directed by Bruce Weber. The title is derived from a song by Jimmy McHugh and Frank Loesser from the 1943 film Happy Go Lucky which Baker recorded for Pacific Records. A group of Baker fans, ranging from ex-associates to ex-wives and children, talk about the man. Weber's film traces the man's career from the 1950s, playing with jazz greats like Charlie Parker, Gerry Mulligan, and Russ Freeman, to the 1980s, when his heroin addiction and domestic indifference kept him in Europe.
Mink DeVille
Willy DeVille is the founder, leader and principal songwriter of the band Mink DeVille. The band came out of the mid-70s New York punk scene, but first broke worldwide with their 1977 hit Spanish Stroll. Their music belied their punk roots and mixed soul with R & B, blues and Cajun influences. The band continued to release albums until the mid-80s when Willy began to perform and record under his own name. His solo single Storybook Love was nominated for an Oscar after it appeared in the film The Princess Bride.
Return To Forever were at the forefront of jazz/rock fusion in the seventies and like their contemporaries Weather Report and Mahavishnu Orchestra were formed by a former Miles Davis sideman, in this case the great Chick Corea. Return To Forever hit their commercial and artistic peak with a string of albums in the mid-seventies featuring the line-up of Chick Corea on keyboards, Stanley Clarke on bass, Al Di Meola on guitar and Lenny White on drums. In 2008 this classic line-up reunited for their first tour in 25 years and proved that their musicianship and the chemistry within the band were as strong as ever. This concert was filmed at Montreux in July 2008 with the bonus tracks being filmed in Clearwater, Florida later the same month.
Live At The Quick
Recorded in the summer of 2000, Béla Fleck & The Flecktones' Live At The Quick features an expanded version of the bluegrass-fusion band's lineup, featuring guest artists from the band's eighth album, Outbound.
AVO Session
Accomplished singer-songwriter Katie Melua makes her second appearance at the AVO SESSION festival. She presents her new, mysterious and profound album «Secret Symphony». Like the rain of gold and platinum with her earlier albums,
this album has been at the top of the charts for many weeks. It shows that even superstars have hard times, like Katie Melua with her burnout. Her art was making this crisis into a source of creativity by turning it into new songs. This great music dynamic speaks for the quality of her new works. She mixes pop, jazz and folk intuitively and adeptly, her songs are heartfelt, natural and unpretentious. Pop and poetry don't get any closer than this - as you will see at this evening at AVO SESSION Basel.
Live in Montreux 2007
Naturally 7 is an all male "Vocal Play Band" that officially formed in New York City in 1999. Roger Thomas formed the group with his brother, Warren, and five other talented singers they had come to know over the years from singing around the city.This stunning show from last year's Montreux Jazz Festival is an enthralling illustration of the Naturally 7 show. Possibly one of the most unique shows ever released from the Live At Montreux series, this show excites all the senses.
Live in London & New York
Citing influences as diverse as Björk, Erykah Badu, and L7, Corinne Bailey Rae burst onto the music scene in 2006 with her self-titled debut. These two concerts include fan favorites from the singer-songwriter, including performances of the simple "Like A Star" and the sultry "I'd Like To. " LIVE IN CONCERT LONDON & NEW YORK also features videos for four of her singles, including "Put Your Records On" and "Trouble Sleeping. "
Live performance from the legendary singer, featuring classic tracks such as 'Mona Lisa', 'Route 66', and 'That's My Girl'.
The live performance of Christophe Maé recorded at the Paris Theater.
LADYSMITH BLACK MAMBAZO is the most famous and successful Zulu vocal group of all time. Founded and led by Joseph Shabalala in 1974, they quickly became hugely popular in their native South Africa, but it was their collaboration with Paul Simon on his classic Graceland album in the mideighties that brought them to a worldwide audience. The group's stunning vocal harmonies, combining a number of bass voices with a single tenor and alto and with Shabalala singing lead, are instantly recognizable and extraordinarily powerful and their live shows are also a showcase for athletic Zulu dancing. LADYSMITH BLACK MAMBAZO has played Montreux on three occasions and this program is a combination from all three performances. It features classic tracks such as "Hello My Baby", "King Of Kings", and the song cowritten with Paul Simon, Homeless, which has become their signature tune.
"Dionne Warwick (born Marie Dionne Warrick; December 12, 1940) is an American singer, actress and TV show host, who became a United Nations Global Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization, and a United States Ambassador of Health. Having been in a partnership with songwriters Burt Bacharach and Hal David, Warwick ranks among the 40 biggest hit makers of the entire rock era (1955--2012), based on the Billboard Hot 100 Pop Singles Charts. Warwick ranks second only to Aretha Franklin as the most-charted female vocalist with 56 singles making the Billboard Hot 100 between 1962 and 1998.
Enjoy her sing some of her greatest hits live with a full band."
Nice Jazz Festival 2012
Watch the famous jazz singer perform at Nice Jazz Festival 2012.
For more than forty years the temptations have been wooing audiences around the globe and selling millions of records in the process
A collection of 16 classic songs by the soul band that has been going strong for over forty years. Includes hits such as 'My Girl', 'The Way You Do The Things You Do' and 'Papa Was a Rolling Stone'.
Hymns For Peace: Live at Montreux 2004
On July 15 2004, Santana took to the stage in Montreux accompanied by a stunning line-up of guests to perform a concert of songs about peace and understanding that they dubbed Hymns For Peace. Joining the regular Santana line-up in the band were Chick Corea, John McLaughlin, Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Ravi Coltrane and Idrissa Diop with further guest appearances through the night from Angelique Kidjo, Barbara Morrison, Patti Austin, Sylver Sharp, Steve Winwood and Nile Rodgers.
Isaac Hayes is one of the most influential and respected figures in Black American music. In a career that dates back to the start of the sixties he has had top selling singles, released ground breaking albums, composed the Grammy and Oscar winning film score for "Shaft", supplied the voice of Chef in "South Park" and written innumerable hit songs for other artists. Isaac Hayes has made several appearances at Montreux but this one, his most recent appearance from 2005, undoubtedly captures him at his very best with trademark performances of all his best-known tracks.
Ray Charles was one of the true pioneers of soul music. Born in Georgia in 1930 he was one of the first performers to mix gospel, R & B and jazz to create a new form of black pop music that would come to be known as soul. His voice and delivery were strikingly different and instantly recognizable. He had his first hits in the early 50's and was still hitting the charts into the 21st century. His death in June 2004 from liver disease was front-page news around the world. This concert was filmed at the Montreux Jazz Festival
on July 19, 1997 and features Ray Charles and his orchestra, led by sax player Al Jackson, and of course The Raelettes. The set includes many of his most popular tracks such as Shadows Of My Mind, Georgia On My Mind, and the No.1 hit I Can't Stop Loving You.
Miles Electric: A Different Kind of Blue
When he released "Bitches Brew" in 1970, Miles Davis opened up a new angle to jazz which stirred up emotions like no other record before. Some critics accused Davis of selling out, while the public bought it like crazy. It is one of the most examined albums of all time, even garnering a box set of the sessions. To date, "Bitches Brew" is one of the top selling jazz albums of all time. "Miles Electric: A Different Kind of Blue" examines the next step in the creative process...performing these songs live. The 1970 Isle of Wight featured an array of performers from The Who to Jethro Tull to Joni Mitchell. With improvisation playing a big role in the performance, the band (Jack DeJohnette, Chick Corea, Keith Jarrett, Gary Bartz and Dave Holland) had to be "on", yet ready to change on the fly. Directed by award-winning producer Murray Lerner, "Miles Electric" sits down with several of the performers who played with Miles, interspersed with his 1970 Isle of Wight performance, as well as artists such as Carlos Santana and Joni Mitchell, who describe the impact Miles Davis had towards music.
Live at Montreux, 2003
Jethro Tull is one of the most successful British acts of all time with a career reaching from the late sixties to the present day. In 2003 they made their first (and so far only) visit to the Montreux Festival. Split into a semi-acoustic first half and a full on electric second half, the concert was a triumph combining newer songs such as "Dot Com", "Pavane" and "Budapest" with classic favorites. As ever Ian Anderson leads from the front with his instantly recognizable voice and inimitable style of one-legged flute playing.
Stuff, caught here in their only performance at Montreux, combined the talents of five amazing musicians: Cornell Dupree on guitar, Gordon Edwards on bass, Steve Gadd on drums, Eric Gale on guitar and Richard Tee on keyboards. Individually they were among the most sought after session players of their day but together as Stuff they had a magic all of their own, brilliantly captured on this program, which also features a guest appearance from vocalist Odetta on "Oh Happy Day" and specially written sleeve notes by Gordon Edwards and longtime fan of the band Chris Rea.
Marvin Gaye blazed the trail for the continued evolution of popular black music moving from lean, powerful R&B to stylish, sophisticated soul to finally arrive at an intensely political and personal form of artistic self-expression. His work not only redefined soul music as a creative force but also expanded its impact as an agent for social change. Marvin Gaye recorded at the Montreux Casino on July 7, 1980, during the Montreux Jazz Festival.
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At Haughton Academy, we provide a safe, happy, caring and well- ordered environment within which every child can thrive.
Attain the highest level possible in all areas of school life for our students: academic, social, emotional and physical development.
Develop lively and enquiring minds.
Develop a sense of self esteem and self discipline, allied to a positive ethos of community involvement and responsibility.
Acquire a growing awareness and sensitivity towards the needs and rights of others.
Become responsible for their own actions and decisions, whilst developing moral and ethical values.
Provide a nurturing and friendly atmosphere by providing an environment where children are respected and valued and where individual needs are recognised and supported.
Bring out the best in every child from those identified as gifted and talented to those who require additional or intensive support. All children should achieve their best regardless of their gender, race, colour or religious beliefs.
Provide for each child as many different experiences, ideas and activities as possible in a safe and secure environment.
Help your child care about family, friends, neighbours and their surroundings.
Support your child in leading an independent and purposeful life, preparing children for work or further education and promoting citizenship to encourage them to consider the needs of their local and wider community.
Communicate regularly with you so that we work in partnership with parents and carers to achieve the very best outcomes. All parents have access to the Virtual Learning Environment so that they can be fully involved in the learning process.
These aims are supported by five Heads of Year whose role is to oversee the support and development of every pupil. This dedicated team of staff take care of every aspect of welfare and guidance. They do not have a teaching commitment and the entire focus of their daily work is the guidance and care of our pupils.
Additionally, your child will have a tutor who will be with them during the full five years of their time with us. The tutor meets daily with each child and is the first point of contact for parents.
A range of other staff support pupil progress: counsellor, further education career guidance officer, engagement officer, school nurse and the list goes on.
Su Gill, Deputy Headteacher (Pastoral) is directly responsible for all aspects of pupil behaviour, well-being and pupils' social development and Jamie Bettney, Deputy Headteacher (Curriculum, options and timetable) is responsible for learning and progress towards targets and will act swiftly where there appears to be underachievement.


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Archive for the 'Vignettes' Category
Vignettes (V)
Posted in Journalism, Pennsylvania, Photography, Photojournalism, The York Dispatch, Vignettes, York on April 12, 2011| Leave a Comment »
Theme: Stuck in warmer weather.
Or, just flowers and springtime.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Ruth Kober, of Windsor Township, and her daughter Sue Johnson, of Hellam Township, look at pansies at Miller Plant Farm on Tuesday, April 5, 2011. Johnson is an avid flower gardener and said she lives for flowers. "She takes after me," Kober said. Miller Plant Farm on Indian Rock Dam Road opened a new greenhouse and retail store on Monday, April 4, 2011. The farm, which has been in operation since 1928 and is in its fifth generation, used to sell its wholesale and retail plants and merchandise in greenhouses further back on the farmland. The new greenhouse is exclusively for retail customers, while the old greenhouses are still in use for wholesale customers.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Alexis Koontz, 2 of Spring Grove, shyly stands to the side and Amiyah White, 5 of Thomasville, watches as Madyson Rupp, 3 of Seven Valleys, high-fives the Easter Bunny near closing time on Sunday, April 10, 2011, at West Manchester Mall. The Easter Bunny will be available for photos 12-8 p.m. on April 10-14, 11 a.m. - 8 p.m. on April 15, 10 a.m. - 8 p.m. on April 16, 11 a.m. - 8 p.m. on April 17-21 and 10 a.m. - 8 p.m. on April 22 and 23. Domestic pets can have their photo taken with the Easter Bunny 4-5 p.m. on Sundays.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. The York County Administration Building and a Bradford Pear tree are reflected on the side of the Susquehanna Bank building in Continental Square on Monday, April 11, 2011. The York area hit a high of 85 degrees on Monday, one of the hottest days so far in 2011.
Vignettes (IV)
Posted in Pennsylvania, Photography, Photojournalism, The York Dispatch, Vignettes, York on April 9, 2011| Leave a Comment »
Theme: Up in the air.
I took this first photo quite a bit ago, and these houses are pretty much done now. I just never got around to finding an appropriate time to publishing it. This was taken from the second-floor level, although it seemed much higher because I had to climb two ladders from the basement level to get up there.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Lavern Martin and Eric Martin, both PsL Construction employees from Ephrata, help raise the wall of what will be a three-story townhouse's second story (not including the basement) in the 900 block of North George Street on Tuesday, Feb. 15, 2011. Construction crews are working on six, three-story townhouses on the 900 block of North George Street, where a June 8 fire destroyed $1 million worth of property and mixed-use buildings.
These next two "up in the air" photos were taken much more recently.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Tanner Myers scrapes paint off and cleans his second-story windows in the 200 block of W. Market Street on Wednesday, March 30, 2011. Myers' window frames were painted about a month ago on a windy day, so the paint splattered all over the glass.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. This solar thermal unit is one of several installed on the roof of a York Housing Authority single-room occupancy building. The tubes are filled with propylene glycol, which doesn't freeze and which will be heated by the sun, pumped through the system and help heat the building's water. Thanks to a $2 million competitive, energy-specific American Recovery and Reinvestment Act fund, the Housing Authority of the City of York has installed photovoltaic/solar panels and solar thermal units to service one of its single-occupancy buildings on 449 East King Street.
Vignettes (III)
Posted in Journalism, Pennsylvania, Photography, Photojournalism, The York Dispatch, Vignettes, York on March 24, 2011| 2 Comments »
There's always something going on at the York Expo Center.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Florist Vince Butera's face is reflected in water-filled glass bulbs suspended from the birch-branch canopy of his booth's wedding pergola as he inserts Thai orchids into holes in the bulbs, on Wednesday, March 2, 2011. When completed, the pergola will feature the orchids from Thailand as well as roses from Ecuador, lilies from Pennsylvania and ranunculus from Holland. The annual Pennsylvania Garden Show of York, which opened at the Toyota Center on Thursday, March 3, featured 120 vendors in display gardens, building products, specialty designs and home improvement. This year's theme was "Romantic Garden."
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Diamond, a Standard Schnauzer, watches as her half-brother Schweitzer is groomed by her owner Carol Filer of Altoona and held still by Brenda Kibler of Monkton, Md., on the first day of the Celtic Classic dog show at the Toyota Arena on Wednesday, March 16, 2011. The annual Celtic Classic dog show opened at the Toyota Arena and Memorial Hall West on Wednesday, March 16, 2011. Featuring dogs from the York, Lancaster and Delaware Kennel Clubs, the show ran through Sunday, March 20, at the York Expo Center.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. A train rushes past several people and their parked cars on part of the model set built by the Susquehanna Valley Garden Railroad Society for the East Coast Large Scale Train Show in Memorial Hall at the York Expo Center on Thursday, March 24, 2011. The East Coast Large Scale Train Show's spring show is open 9 a.m. - 6 p.m. on Friday, March 25, and 9 a.m. - 4 p.m. on Saturday, March 26, at Memorial Hall in the York Expo Center. Featuring dozens of vendors selling everything from tracks to miniature shrubbery to trains, the show also is host to several clubs and societies that have constructed railroad models in the halls.
Vignettes (II)
Posted in Journalism, Pennsylvania, Photography, Photojournalism, The York Dispatch, Vignettes, York on March 1, 2011| Leave a Comment »
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Shirley Ausherman of Windsor Township scans used books before placing them on the correct shelves in the correct rooms at the Book Nook in Windsor borough on Tuesday, Feb. 15, 2011. The Friends of Kaltreider/Benfer Library sponsored a sale at the Book Nook at 144 West Main Street in Windsor borough. Open from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. on Saturday, Feb. 19, the sale featured used books at one dollar for hardbacks and 50 cents for paperbacks. The Friends of Kaltreider/Benfer Library already donated $7,000 to the library, and hoped to recuperate that cost via this book sale.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Valley View at Yorkshire secretary Peggy Dunty ("Little Cat in the Hat") pokes reading specialist Amy Hare ("Cat in the Hat") on the nose as they and other Valley View teachers read Dr. Seuss's "Oh, the Places You'll Go!" to students in an all-school assembly to kick off B.E.A.R. ("Be Excited About Reading") Week on Monday, Feb. 28, 2011. Monday kicked off B.E.A.R. Week, in conjunction with Dr. Seuss's birthday and Read Across America Day, at Valley View at Yorkshire.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Ray Bradley, of York City, sits with his dirty vodka martini at the bar in The Roosevelt Tavern during happy hour on Tuesday, Feb. 15, 2011. A proposed law would ease up on when and for how long restaurants and bars can have happy hour. Under current law, establishments can hold happy hour for 14 hours per week and two hours per day. The proposed law would keep the 14-hour-per-week cap but allow establishments to choose how to divide those hours among days of the week.
Vignettes (I)
Posted in Journalism, Pennsylvania, Photography, Photojournalism, The York Dispatch, Vignettes, York on February 17, 2011| 1 Comment »
Here're a few photos from the past several weeks that I never blogged. I think every now and again, I'll just post "Vignettes" entries that include single photos whose captions and content need no further commentary from me.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. Kerry and Juanita Kirkland are opening a new restaurant, Tanzania Seafood & Jazz, on Thursday, Feb. 3, 2011. The restaurant, located at 29 East Princess Street, will be open 5-11 p.m. on Thursdays through Saturdays.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. York College junior Kate Estes removes old tags from donated dresses in the Junior League of York office on Tuesday, Feb. 8, 2011. York College's Public Relations Student Society of America (PRSSA) and the Junior League of York are teaming up for their annual spring dress sale at the former DEB store in West Manchester Mall. The sale opened last weekend and will be open again 4-8 p.m. on Feb. 18 and 10 a.m. - 3 p.m. on Feb. 19. Most dresses will be under $50, and customers who bring student IDs will receive a 15 percent discount. Members of the public can donate their lightly used formal wear, accessories, shoes and gowns whenever the sale is open; donations are tax-deductible.
© 2011 by The York Dispatch. With the help of a volunteer chorus line, James Young, a Frank Sinatra impersonator from Lancaster City, sings "New York, New York" at a "Sweet Evening" event hosted by Colonial Manor Nursing and Rehabilitation Center for its residents and their families on Thursday, Feb. 10, 2011. The event also featured finger-food items and a chocolate fountain.


Anyone who has followed an external link to the blog may be wondering why it didn't work. Over the Christmas holidays I decided to move my hosting from Beyond Ego to Heart Internet. As tends to happen when I do these spur of the moment things, I forgot to make a backup of the old blog database. Unfortunately this means that all of my old blog posts have been consigned to the ether.
So if you are looking for tales of my musical outings to Oxford, or my attempts to shoe-horn dojo into Google App Engine, or my Balloon animals: I am very sorry, they are no more!


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Technology & Innovation — March 26, 2015
To Boost Tech Diversity, K-12 Schools Need to Teach Computer Science
Computer science curriculum must be adopted by K-12 schools in order to increase diversity in the tech sector.
Robert Montenegro
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With apologies to disruption enterprises like Airbnb and Uber, the biggest story in tech during 2014 was the Silicon Valley diversity gap. As entrepreneur Hadi Partovi writes over at edSurge, stalwart companies such as Google, Facebook, and Yahoo! all acknowledged last year that their employment demographics skewed in a direction that was largely white and Asian males. Women and people of color are disproportionately represented in the tech industry. Why is this a problem? Without delving too deeply into arguments of equality and egalitarianism (while important, the arguments for and against this perception of fairness have long been aired), one major reason is that research shows diverse companies innovate better. We're talking diversity in all its facets here: racial, gender, diversity of values, perspective, class, nationality, and upbringing. Homogeneity breeds patterns and repetition. Heterogeneity gives rise to dynamic new ideas and approaches.
Steering back to Partovi, whose piece at edSurge is referenced at the outset of this post, we approach the big question here: How do we increase diversity in the tech sector? Partovi argues that the first major change needs to happen in public schools. The reason that these jobs aren't being filled by underrepresented demographics, says Partovi, is because access and early exposure to computer science rarely exists in elementary education:
"Kids are on games, apps, and social networks all day long. Most of them jump at the chance to learn more about what goes into the technology that impacts every part of their lives, but — even in 2015 — the majority of K-12 schools in the United States don't teach computer science. Starting there, we can begin to turn the diversity problem around."
Partovi goes on to outline his plan for an exciting curriculum to engender interest in all kids, specifically citing the work he's done with Code.org, which he co-founded. The optimal computer science educational experience is one that quashes stereotypes and shares the amazing capabilities of a tech education. It's in this way that Partovi hopes to help change the face of computer science.
In the video interview below, Big Think expert Vivek Wadhwa talks about his experience championing diversity in Silicon Valley.
Read more at edSurge.
Photo credit: Ollyy / Shutterstock
What happens when regular porn watchers abstain for a week?
Researchers watched for signs of withdrawal — but didn't find any.
Surprising Science
Reusable-Bag Users May Reward Themselves with More Junk Food
For every good deed, people feel they have license to do a little bad. For shoppers who bring reusable bags, that may just mean some extra chips in the shopping cart.


How Did We Become Meat Eaters?
Think about it. When we think of Thanksgiving, we think of turkey. If we eat pork, then New Year's celebrations often revolve around pork and sauerkraut. At Christian Easter, the traditional meal is ham. And in the summer, we wait for that first hamburger or steak on the grill.
Maintaining the best health and weight is simply a question of permanently following consistent dietary guidelines. Simply forget everything you've read or heard so far about dieting to lose weight and start using the tested "Rule of Fours" method.
Metabolism that is now working at a more effective level will make you want to eat sooner than before. Having four meals a day at intervals of 4 hours keeps your metabolism moving constantly as it has to continuously absorb, distribute and convert the foods into energy. However, this rule is easier said than done. Planning and preparing your every day meals on the previous night/day is more likely to keep you on course with your diet. If you have not prepared yourself like this you are more likely to give up after a few day. Once you skip a meal, the metabolic processes in the body will slow down dramaticaly to preserve the energy.
This will interrupt the "kick-start" that you've been trying to enforce upon your metabolism.
Now that you should have a pretty good idea of how often you should eat, however, you should also know what to eat and how much to eat of it. Health diets include dividing your every day meal into four parts. Quarter of your food should be protein-rich food including lean meats, yogurt, tofu, fish, eggs and legumes. The second quarter should contain unrefined carbohydrates, which includes various whole grains, pastas, breads and brown rice. And finally the remaining half of your food should consist of fruits and vegatables.
It's always a healthy choice to avoid any fried foods like crisps, KFC etc… and foods that are known to have high levels of saturated fats. Although it may be acceptable to treat yourself to some special food every now and then but you should keep in mind that the amount of those should be kept to minimum. In fact when it comes to food, you should make sure that everything, even your meal size is best when enjoyed in moderation. Remember to have smaller sized portions, after all its only 4 hours till your next meal.
If you're like me you love the skin on the outside of duck, if it's crispy. The texture of the meal can totally be changed with a crispy skin.
Take the duck that you're going to use for your main dish make slits in the breast with a knife and poke with a fork. Salt the breast heavily use your discretion and taste. You can use this method for any recipe you can think of.
Just use the cooking instructions from the recipe you are using. Place the bird breast down on the baking pan and cook like that for about ¾ of the total time that the recipe says to cook it for, making sure to drain the fat from the bird, usually by sticking it with a fork under the wings and legs.
During the last ¼ of the cooking use the broil on the oven to finish cooking up the breast. This should make the skin crispy while the duck is still moist. Since this way of cooking can be used for almost any recipe for crispy duck recipe you have, it gives you more choices for the texture you want to use for your meal.
Also since you are slitting only the fatty layer of the bird you can use that to tuck away some hidden seasoning. Try tucking your favorite herbs into the slits under the skin, as the fat melts away it'll trickle down and out of the bird but first it'll seep into the meat.


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Human Rights Watch: both sides of Donbas conflict involved in torture incidents
Report of Human Rights Watch says both sides used cluster munitions
theweek.co.uk
Ukrainian military and pro-Russian militants are allegedly involved in inappropriate treatment of detainees in Donetsk and Luhansk regions, says Human Rights Watch report 2015.
"There are credible evidence that both sides in Donbas conflict are involved in torture, cruel and humiliating treatment of detainees," – says the report.
Human rights defenders note that although ceasefire regime has been active since September, sporadic military action continues and the laws of war have been breached by both parties.
"Both parties carried out attacks using cluster munitions, killing or injuring civilians. There are clear evidence that several types of anti-personnel mines were used in eastern Ukraine, though by the time the report was drawn up it was impossible to establish the responsible party," – continues the report.
Human Rights Watch points out that restricted movement over the line of conflict, imposed in January 2015 banns access of civilians in uncontrolled territories to necessary services available in the territories controlled by Ukraine.
"Movement restrictions also hinder delivery of humanitarian aid. As a result, currently there is a serious shortage of medication and medical equipment in uncontrolled territories. This crisis in healthcare first of all affects most vulnerable groups of patients," – it is mentioned the report.
Related: Militants' tanks and Grad near Donetsk – Ukrainian intelligence
Related: 80 percent of deaths of civilians in Donbas caused by explosive devices in recent months
Related: Mortar attacks reported near Marynika village in Donbas
ATO Russia Donbass Human Rights Watch
Ukraine's MFA condemns Russia's actions regarding detention of Navalny 18 January 2021, 15:32
Russians protest against Navalny's detention 18 January 2021, 21:30
Smaller protests persist, but life goes on in the Republic of Belarus 19 January 2021, 12:46
Russia's air force could easily overrun the Baltics 18 January 2021, 14:46


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Proposals are sought for a special issue of Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies on music and audiences. The theme of this issue will be an examination of the music audience from a range of perspectives, with both theoretical and empirical research welcomed on all aspects of music and reception. The issue would also particularly be interested in proposals that consider music audiences in the context of debates over technology and the Internet, and in articles which focus on issues of genre, different music fan cultures, or the specifics and particularities of music audiences, due to contexts such as sexuality, generation or nationality.
-Discussions of music engagement and meaning.
Please submit article proposals of no more than 300 words, along with a 200 word author biography to Dr Lucy Bennett ([email protected]) by 11 July 2011. Please also contact Lucy with any queries or requests for further information. Completed articles will have a submission deadline of 10 January 2012.
Please note that Participations operates an open-refereeing policy. For more information see the website (http://www.participations.org).