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text:
18th Century history, Georgian Lords, House of Lords 1660-1715, Migration, Royal family
Ich bin in meinem Herzen Englisch: Could George I speak English?
In the latest post for the Georgian Lords, Dr Robin Eagles, Section Editor of the Lords 1715-1790, discusses the much-debated question of whether the first Hanoverian king was able to speak English and the implications for the dynasty's reception in Britain
Popular impressions of the Hanoverians have rarely been that positive. George I, it is usually thought, was a dull middle-aged man with a somewhat unsavoury past who remained closely tied to his German homeland; George II was an uncultured martinet whose best-known saying was uttered at his wife, Queen Caroline's deathbed when she urged him to remarry, which he dismissed with 'non, j'aurai des maîtresses'. George III was mad; George IV a spendthrift.
This problem of attitude to the Georges was the starting point for J.H. Plumb's The First Four Georges, in which he 'attempted to portray [them] as human beings caught in exceptional circumstances', and much has been done subsequently to revise attitudes to the second, third and fourth of the line. Recent biographies of George II and studies of the court over which he presided have painted him as a far more engaged character. George III is well-known for his scientific and artistic interests, and his much-studied ill health has attracted more sympathy than scorn, particularly following the success of Alan Bennett's play (later film) The Madness of King George. Even George IV has come to be seen as an important arbiter of taste and a more thoughtful character, thanks in part to recent releases from the Royal Archives via the Georgian Papers Programme.
George I, however, remains little known and little loved. Plumb dismissed him as 'Very stupid and lacking interest in the arts' while at the same time insisting that he was 'far from a nonentity'. This chimed with impressions circulated in the nineteenth century that George was interested in England only for what it could offer him rather than the other way around.
King George I, head and shoulders, in profile. Engraving by J. Chereau after G. Kneller, 1714. CC BY Wellcome Collection
The most enduring myth has been that he was unable to speak English, or at best spoke little haltingly. His linguistic weakness was supposedly the reason for the preference shown to his German advisers over most English politicians, who were for the most part similarly limited in their knowledge of foreign languages (Lord Carteret being one obvious exception). This, it has been argued, helped pave the way for authority being delegated to his ministers, while George remained little more than a cipher.
Yet how true is it? When Lord Halifax met the then elector in 1706 he recorded that they conversed in 'very ill French'. Recent publications have certainly done nothing to question the assumption that George struggled with English. Writing in a volume produced to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Hanoverian succession Tim Blanning insisted that George was 'Handicapped by his rudimentary knowledge of the English language', while Tracy Borman asserted that because of his lack of English George's preferred entertainments were ballets and pantomimes. His poor grasp of English, or at least his inability to pick up on the cultural reference, may also have been behind the supposedly insulting choice of Psalm 75, verses 3-6, as the text for the thanksgiving day marking the first anniversary of his reign in August 1715:
Set not your horns on high:
I said unto them, set not up
Your raised horns on high…
According to the thoroughly hostile commentator, Thomas Hearne, the selection gave 'great offence to the Whigs, who say it was done on purpose by way of affront to King George, who is known to be a cuckold.'
The perpetuation of the view that George had little or no English is the more remarkable, however, given that the seminal biography by Ragnhild Hatton committed an entire sub-section to the question of the king's English, and concluded that when he arrived in England his knowledge 'was not as limited (or non-existent) as once believed'. Hatton detailed how prior to his accession one correspondent, writing to George in English, flattered his command of the language; and how Robert Harley (future earl of Oxford) writing in 1710 insisted that he knew George possessed 'an English heart'. Both seem to indicate that George had more than a smattering of English at the time of his accession. References to him holding talks with the notoriously unpolished 3rd earl of Berkeley about the condition of French sea defences early in the reign also suggest that he was capable of holding a technical conversation.
What, then, is the evidence for the king's supposed ignorance of his new kingdom's language? A comment made by Lady Ferrers complaining to a correspondent in August 1714 that the new king spoke 'neither French nor English' and consequently would not 'be very good company' was certainly wide of the mark: if nothing else, there is no doubting that he spoke French. Confidence may have been part of the problem. He disliked dining in public at his English court, unlike in Hanover where he was considerably more outgoing, and he avoided addressing Parliament directly, allowing the lord chancellor to deliver the speech at the opening of sessions while he looked on from the throne. In July 1721 although the papers noted that he was expected in the Lords 'to open the new session with a speech', he merely spoke briefly (in English) to inform the two Houses that he had once again delegated the task to the lord chancellor, who then read it out as usual. By the 1720s, though, George had clearly made progress in the language. Official documents were no longer translated into French, which suggests that he was more than capable of following arguments relating to policy in English. There is also evidence, via his annotations, of him engaging directly at a sophisticated level*.
Even if George never quite cast off his own preference for speaking French or German in private, he undoubtedly understood that for the dynasty to prosper it was important that the following generations were not so encumbered. In 1705 Sir Rowland Gwynne had recommended that someone be sent to Hanover to instruct the electoral prince (the future George II) in English as his tuition had thus far been undertaken by a German whose 'pronunciation was not good'. George I was also eager to ensure that instruction in English should be a key aspect of his grandson, Prince Frederick's education and by the time the prince arrived in England in the winter of 1728 there is every reason to suppose that he was fluent.
It is telling, though, that at private moments George I, George II and Prince Frederick preferred to fall back on French (or German). When Prince Frederick lay dying in the spring of 1751, his last words were said to have been 'Je sens la mort!' rather than anything more handily patriotic. When told of his heir's death, according to one source, George II's response was to repeat the information in German: 'Fritz ist tot'. Another source reported that his reaction was in English, but was the no less asinine, 'why, they told me he was better'. By flitting in and out of different languages, though, the royal family were far from alone within British polite society in making use of a fairly broad polyglot language that might be littered with occasional bon mots.
Nothing could be more different from Prince Frederick's son, who succeeded as George III in 1760. The first of the Hanoverian kings to be born in England, his opening speech to Parliament following his accession emphasized his Britishness, making a no doubt conscious reference to Queen Anne. His choice of the term 'Briton' when describing himself was every bit as controversial as if the king had insisted on giving his speech in French or German, but it undoubtedly marked a turning point for the dynasty as it attempted to shuffle off the image of being 'foreign'.
(*One example cited by Hatton has, though, since been demonstrated to have been by George II and not George I)
RDEE
J.H. Plumb, The First Four Georges (1957)
Ragnhild Hatton, George I (1978)
Andrew C. Thompson, George II: king and elector (2012)
reagles June 6, 2019 September 22, 2020 18th Century history, featured, George I, George II, George III, Migration, Royal family, speeches
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Jay Inslee (left) and Rob McKenna are running for governor of Washington state.
As the presidential candidates prepare for Wednesday night's debate, polls show President Obama averages a 15–point advantage in Washington over Republican rival Mitt Romney. Washington's open race for governor is much closer.


Design Authoring software is used to develop a (3D) Building Information Model based on criteria that is important to the translation of the project's design.
Improved quality control and consistency (parametric feature of BIM software).
Alternatives can be suggested and visualized almost instantly.


..... Click the link for more information. . In 1749 he became a consulting gardener and earned his nickname by often telling clients that their properties had "capabilities." Brown created many of the most important gardens of the 18th cent., including those at Petworth House, Kew, Blenheim Palace, Ashburnham Place, and Warwick Castle. He also designed several country houses.


The value of revisiting traumatic experiences is that it gives a person an opportunity to organize, make sense of, and gain clarity on past events. Many people who suffer from post-traumatic stress experience memories and associated events in ways that are intrusive and beyond personal control. This makes the memory itself something to avoid at all costs.
However, the benefit of revisiting memories and recalling traumatic events is to decrease fear that is associated with the remembering of the memory. When a person can remember the memory without shutting down, avoiding, or dissociating, the person can then begin the journey of grieving and meaning-making. The past becomes clearer- what actually happened, happened. A person can begin to get their mind around it and talk about in a way that integrates self-experience in the context of space and time.
One way of getting through painful times includes valuing, spending time with, and paying attention to the people you care about. Sadness lets us know who matters and what matters. If we did not have sadness, we would not know what is important. Reality as it is cannot always be avoided, but the sustaining relationships we do have are worth investing in, paying attention to, and fostering.


Busy Bee- the aBaby expert on all things baby. Look for his buzz and you'll know that answers to all your questions cannot be too far.
Baby's first bed has finally arrived. With great anticipation you open the box… but oh-my! How do you assemble this gorgeous little nest where baby will grow and rest? Assembling the bassinet itself is obviously dad's forte, however dressing it in sumptuous bedding is a mom's special task. Ready to despair? Don't! Read on and all will be crystal clear.
1. Assemble the bassinet following the user manual you will find in the box. Do not attach the hood and do not place the mattress in the basket. See Figure A.
2. Unpack the bedding. Take time to admire the cloud soft bedding, the billowing tulle, the luxurious lace, the crisp cotton… We recommend ironing the bedding to remove any wrinkles that might otherwise mar a perfect little bed for baby.
4. Take note – your bassinet has two buttons/ hooks – one on either side. These buttons will be used to attach the hood. Just locate the buttons at this time – do not attach the hood. See Figure B.
5. Dress the bassinet, making sure to locate the button holes in the bedding and slip them through the hooks on the bassinet. Our bassinet skirts come complete with a soft quilting for the inside of the bassinet to insure baby sleeps in utmost comfort. The hood comes dressed for your convenience. See Figure C.
7. Attach the hood to the bassinet. See Figure D.
8. Attach all bows and trimming and… voila! You have a beautiful bassinet for baby!


Get in touch with a staff member at Swantown Boatworks.
Direct your marina questions to a member of the Swantown Marina staff.
The Port of Olympia's Harbor Patrol stands ready to assist area boaters with emergency services 24/7.


AUD/NZD is still a +0.39% higher for the week, last at 1.2359, despite retracing strongly from fresh weekly highs at 1.2424, following RBA statement leaving rates unchanged at 3.00% but with scope for further cuts, the central bank said, which lead to an AUD/USD sell-off that brought AUD/NZD to recent session lows at 1.2344. The cross recovers from Monday's fresh 29-month lows at 1.2278.
Initially NZD/USD easing below the 0.8440 level during late NY trade, last at 0.8420, off recent fresh session and weekly lows at 0.8409, pushed the cross AUD/NZD to the upside, but was unable to keep higher once RBA came in, even though better than expected Australian housing and trade balance data made Aussie print fresh weekly highs against USD. Tomorrow's Aus retail sales with NZ closed over holiday could bring some more volatility to the AUD/NZD cross.
Immediate support to the downside for AUD/NZD lies at recent session lows/yesterday's London session highs 1.2344, followed by Monday's fresh 29-month lows at 1.2278, and June 2010 lows at 1.2204. To the upside, closest resistance shows at recent session/weekly highs/Jan 27 lows 1.2424, followed by Jan 29 lows at 1.2466, and Jan 28/30 highs at 1.2548/54.
Forex: Time for a meaningful correction in EUR/USD?
The Euro continues to relax lower against a more challenging U.S. Dollar. The pair approaches the European session over 200 pips off its cycle highs with the key confluence support at 1.3480 now in danger.


text:
Q: String Switch Implementation alternatives in OOP I have two objects say Object a and Object b. Both of these objects have some properties say name, age etc. I want to write a method where I pass some string value as a parameter to this method and it prints some value for both the objects. Which value to print is decided by the String that is being passed to the method. To be more clear:-
Class A{
String name;
String age;
//getters and setters for name and age
}

Class B{
String salary;
String level;
//getters and setters for name and age
}

public String getValue(String attribute)
{
    switch(attribute)
    {
        case "name":
        System.out.println(a.getName());
        System.out.println(b.getSalary());
        break;
        case "age":
        System.out.println(a.getAge());
        System.out.println(b.getLevel());
        break;
    }
}

Now using switch statements does the job. But I have read that switch statements are not a good practice for OO design. What are the other ways I can do this? I have read something about using enums but I am not very clear about it.

A: The "right" answer is probably inheritance. I'll include a couple other options here, just for completeness.
Inheritance Example
This is probably the "right" answer.
PROS

*

*Compile-time checking

*Most "OO" solution

CONS

*

*Implementations must be coupled to a specific interface

public interface X {
    public Object getField1();
    public Object getField2();
}

public class A implements X {
    /* implementation... */
}

public class A implements X {
    /* implementation... */
}

X x=create();
System.out.println(x.getField1());
System.out.println(x.getField2());

Reflection Example
PROS

*

*Simple

*No inheritance relationship required

*Somewhat beholden to objects to (a) behave like Java beans with proper accessor names; (b) have public fields; or (c) have a security policy that allows calls to setAccessible()
CONS

*

*No compile-time checking

// Note that we're accessing fields directly. You should probably use accessor methods instead.
Object x=create();
for(String name : new String[]{"all", "your", "fields"}) {
    Field field=x.getClass().getField(name);
    Object value=field.get(x);
    System.out.println(name+" = "+value);
}

Enum Example
PROS

*

*Compile time checking

*Easy to add fields or objects over time

*No inheritance relationship required

*It's easy to treat a field as a parameter

CONS

*

*Repetitive

*Verbose

enum Value {
    FIELD1 {
        public Object get(A a) {
            return a.field1;
        }

        public Object get(B b) {
            return b.field1;
        }
    }, ...;

    public abstract Object get(A a);

    public abstract Object get(B b);

};

A a=create();
B b=create();
for(Value value : Value.values()) {
    System.out.println(value.get(a));
    System.out.println(value.get(b));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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In recognition of Pink Shirt Day – here is my perspective on anti-bullying that I co-authored in 2016. Sadly not much has happened in the way of any government legislation or regulation against bullying since then.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, April 10th, 2019 at 12:32 pm	and is filed under Healthcare, Personal, Politics. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.


text:
Q: How are clock rate measured and what does it mean? After some Wiki researches about clock rate, I find two question:

*

*What does a cycle mean?

*How does a cycle affect the processing speed?
Sorry for being a noob.... But really hope someone can answer my question, Thank you

A: What does a cycle mean?

Clock is a signal used to sync things inside
  the computer. Take a look at Figure 2, where we show a typical clock
  signal: it is a square wave changing from "0" to "1" at a fixed rate.
  On this figure you can see three full clock cycles ("ticks"). The
  beginning of each cycle is when the clock signal goes from "0" to "1";
  we marked this with an arrow. The clock signal is measured in a unit
  called Hertz (Hz), which is the number of clock cycles per second. A
  clock of 100 MHz means that in one second there is 100 million clock
  cycles.

In the computer, all timings are measured in terms of clock cycles.

Source Clock

How does a cycle affect the processing speed?

To think that clock and performance is the same thing is the most
  common misconception about processors.
If you compare two completely identical CPUs, the one running at a
  higher clock rate will be faster. In this case, with a higher clock
  rate, the time between each clock cycle will be shorter, so things are
  going to be performed in less time and the performance will be higher.
  But when you do compare two different processors, this is not
  necessarily true.
If you get two processors with different architectures – for example,
  two different manufacturers, like Intel and AMD – things inside the
  CPU are completely different.
As we mentioned, each instruction takes a certain number of clock
  cycles to be executed. Let's say that processor "A" takes seven clock
  cycles to perform a given instruction, and that processor "B" takes
  five clock cycles to perform this same instruction. If they are
  running at the same clock rate, processor "B" will be faster, because
  it can process this instruction is less time.
For modern CPUs there is much more in the performance game, as CPUs
  have different number of execution units, different cache sizes,
  different ways of transferring data inside the CPU, different ways of
  processing the instructions inside the execution units, different
  clock rates with the outside world, etc.

Source Clock

Further reading

*

*How a CPU Works


text:
Home / Statistics / Renaissance / Early Renaissance Painting in France, Italy, and Flanders
Painting of Eiffel Tower by Robert Delaunay Pages: 3 (879 words)
The Renaissance Pages: 4 (1097 words)
The Renaissance: the Angel by Michelangelo Pages: 2 (557 words)
Italy is a Wonderful European Country Pages: 5 (1489 words)
Van Gogh's Painting Pages: 2 (673 words)
Main Ideas about the Renaissance Pages: 6 (1842 words)
Early Renaissance Painting in France, Italy, and Flanders
Check out more papers on Epistemology France Italy
Renaissance art is painting and decorating artworks in the period termed as the renaissance period in the history of Europe. This art was growing parallel with other different sectors such as the music, literature, and philosophy. The Renaissance art of painting seemed to be similar in France and Flanders but somehow differed in Italy. The similarities, as well as the differences, were easily noted in factors such as the representation of the body and face, symbolism, materials, perspective, and composition. The spread of the artwork was taking place at a high rate. This is what led to the influence of the artwork in between Italy and Northern Europe.
In the comparison of the Renaissance art, it's clear that the activity in France and Flanders was mainly characterized by much concentration on painting only but when it comes to Italy this consisted of architecture accompanied by sculpture. The use of linear perspective was commonly applied in the Italy but it was not the case in France and Flanders. Those artists from Italy were basing their work on scientific principles while in France and Flanders all that they were considering was the look of the images. In both, the artists were representing life-like figures in a three-dimensional manner. In the both regions, the artists were concentrating on the both man's ability as well as the importance of church.
The Renaissance painting in northern Europe and Italy had large interactions which led to both art type impacting influences between them. Ideas were passed from each of the two regions hence making changes on both sides of the regions. The Italian art materials were been exported to the northern Europe and hence this saw the artists from northern Europe acquiring the Italian art skills. The art of trade and commerce was also transferred from northern Europe to Italy.
In conclusion, the art of Italy differed from the art practices in France and Flanders. Despite all the differences, their interactions made the emergence of changes in how the art activities were conducted in both Italy and northern Europe.
Analysis of artist biography
In order to understand the work of art in a better manner, one can choose to analyze the historical background of the artist involved. This will involve going through all the activities in which he or she was involved in. analysis of the artist biography gives all the required details of a certain artist and this will offer a basis for understanding well art work. A good illustration of understanding artwork through analysis of artist biography is the case with Julia Kristeva.
As it is the case with Julia Kristeva, one among the best means to understand the artworks and what takes place in an artwork is formulating a deep study of the artist biography. This is because such kind of study will give the analyst all the information about the artist included being the type of artwork which the artist was carrying out and all the outlined fields in such kind of an art. Through this, one will have gotten the data about the specific kind of art rather than just going through many different kinds of arts as this can result in tiredness and lack of the ability to master the art in a good manner.
In conclusion, to understand artwork, one has to have the determination of getting the information. This is what will push him or her to engage in the research of artist's biography and background.
Early Renaissance painting in France, Italy, and Flanders. (2019, Oct 10). Retrieved February 1, 2023 , from
https://studydriver.com/early-renaissance-painting-in-france-italy-and-flanders/
Church and State in Italy during the Middle Ages Italy
Art in Renaissance Period
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Renaissance Vs Northern Europe
Renaissance Artist
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Art of the Renaissance Era
Contribution of the Renaissance
Art Renaissance Movement


Lights, camera, action! It's a clichéd phrase that we more often associate with the movie business and not the World Bank. In the past the Bank has financed schools, hospitals, power stations but now we are looking for new areas to finance. So why the movie business? Nigeria's movie industry, euphemistically known as "Nollywood" is the world's most prolific, churning out more than 40 full-length feature films every week. It employs about 500,000 people directly and perhaps double that indirectly. And yet there is tremendous scope for growth.
Most of the movies are low budget affairs. Want to make a movie in Naija – it only takes $25,000 and a couple of days with local producers using gorilla film-making techniques. They make low budget movies filmed on site in cheap locations (hotel rooms and offices), with improvised sound and light. The result, sometimes grainy, sometimes inaudible, ham acting at its best – but for Nollywood fans it is totally watchable, gripping action that they can relate to. African stories for an African audience.


Foods That Fight Fatigue – Health Fitness YOU!
Nothing is worse than feeling tired all the time. Most of us work way too hard and it shows. We have jobs, side gigs, family, friends and more, all going on simultaneously. Often, due to all the things we are responsible for we forget about taking care of ourselves.
We tend to join the midday coffee run and can't pass up the candy machine, or the drive-through on the way home from work because we are too exhausted to think about cooking dinner.
But, the fact is, what you eat when it comes to how much energy you have is very important. Diet is the number one way to fight fatigue that really works and gets results. Studies show that diet is the number one factor when it comes to fatigue, weight maintenance, and health. You should, of course, talk to your doctor about your fatigue to ensure that you don't have anything else wrong, such as a vitamin deficiency.
So, whether you feel tired all the time or whether you simply suffer from the 3 PM slump, the tips shared will help you feel more energetic and less fatigued all throughout the day. Due to that, you'll get more done and you won't keep adding to your problems.
Of course, there are things that you should avoid if you want to get control of the fatigue that you're suffering from. It can be hard to let go of some of these foods.
The best way to do it is to cut back slowly unless you can take three to five days off work to sleep and rest while getting over the addiction. Just make a goal to give up one item at a time, one thing per month.
Start off by cutting down from daily to every other day, to every three days, every four days and so forth until you are doing mostly without. Then after the 30 days, don't have it anymore other than perhaps on very special occasions.
This is probably one of the hardest things to give up when you suffer from fatigue because the caffeine is a source of temporary energy for you. If you add sugar to your coffee, that's an extra source of temporary energy.
The problem is that the energy is not consistent. You'll get a quick boost of energy, and then you'll have a hard fall back into fatigue, which is usually worse than the first time you felt fatigue and "treated" it with a caffeine-sugar injection.
For some, this fall feels like an uncontrollable urge to sleep. Often people will fall asleep while working at their desk when this happens. Many times, this causes the person to reach for another cup of coffee to get another boost of energy.
There are alternatives to coffee that you can enjoy such as caffeine-free green tea, Capomo (Maya Nut), and others. It's important to find a replacement because a lot of the reason we do things are from habits that we've formed. It's easier to stop something if you replace the bad habit with a good habit.
The problem with sugar is that it's so highly processed. If you were to chew on sugar cane you'd be okay due to the fiber, but we don't do that. Instead, to get the white sugar you're used to consuming, you must realize that it's processed the same way you process the powerful drug heroin.
Due to this process, there is no fiber in it, no nutrition, and only flavor.
Unfortunately, we are born to love sugar. Even breast milk is sweet. When sugar gets into your system it goes through it very fast and your body reacts to it very quickly. The problem is that the effect wears off fast, too. This means that you have very uneven energy and blood sugar levels.
Eating some candy might pick you up for a few minutes, to get you through that 3 PM slump, but it's going to impact you greatly around five PM when you need to head home to cook dinner and take care of all the tasks of running a home and family.
It could mean you're going to be so tired that you end up buying fast food to save time. Fast food is never a good option or substitute for eating healthy meals. It's fun for an occasional treat, such as a birthday party, or a monthly treat if you like, but for eating on a daily basis it's a literal health trap because there is very little nutrition in the meals. So little that it's hard to consider it food. And why would you start your kids off on a bad habit of grabbing fast food all the time?
If you're using fast food places as your personal chef you're harming yourself and your entire family. When you are tired, the best thing to do is have some fruit instead, like an apple, a handful of grapes or nuts.
The high fiber in the apple, as a snack or dessert, will help the sugar absorb slower giving you more energy longer without the crash. Plus, it'll fill you up for a longer time than junk food so you can prepare dinner without feeling run down and fatigued. Even if all you fix for dinner is steamed veggies and a can of beans you're doing a lot better than if you serve up fast food.
The worst thing ever invented for human consumption is processed food. At first, it seemed like a great idea to be able to feed the masses. But the problem is most processed food has been stripped of any benefit other than filling up a belly and stopping hunger pangs.
The sad fact is, processed food doesn't stick with you long enough so you end up eating more of it a couple hours later. Then it has addictive properties which cause you to start craving it even if you're not hungry.
Through science, food chemists and researchers have figured out the exact fat, sugar, salt combo to turn on all your happiness receptors so that you crave processed food in the same way a drug addict craves drugs. Like drug addiction, some people are more susceptible than others.
It is thought that genetics play a big role in whether you're able to eat just one serving of potato chips or if you have to eat the entire bag, and then before you know it you're eating a bag each night because you're now addicted. Obesity greatly affects your energy levels.
While caffeine is in coffee, and one of the things that makes coffee so tempting to get over fatigue, it deserves a mention on its own. Caffeine is a drug. Make no mistake about that fact. No matter how legal it is, it's a dangerous, addictive drug for people who are susceptible to getting addicted to substances.
If you find that you get headaches or literally cannot get through your day without caffeine, break the addiction slowly. Do not just go "cold turkey" because many people have debilitating migraines when they stop using caffeine.
Instead, cut down slowly. Get out your calendar and each day cut your consumption in half until you aren't having it anymore. After 21 days of no caffeine, you should be over the addiction. Find a good substitution so that you can still enjoy your day.
For example, if you're in the habit of drinking coffee each morning, which by the way is very dehydrating, switch to decaf or have green tea instead. Green tea is a healthy substitution if you need a hot beverage in the morning.
One thing people often do when they're super tired is to eat a snack. Often that snack is something that is high in fat, sugar, and salt.
It's usually a highly processed food. However, be warned there is now high fat, sugar, salt combos that are being passed off as health food. Since the labels can claim it's made with all-natural food, clean combinations, or even plant-based vegan recipes, they can now call it a health food, but it's not.
The fat/sugar/salt combination is very powerful and floods your system with feel-good hormones. If you're not careful, you'll become addicted to this concoction because the drive for humans to have the perfect combo of fat/sugar/salt (think peanut butter) is very powerful. If you can get this type of garbage out of your system and start eating real foods instead, you'll no longer crave or need the junk food to keep up your energy levels.
Choose whole foods. Apples, cheese cubes, nuts, celery or some chicken you've boiled or grilled make great snack foods. Start preparing them ahead of time so you're not tempted to grab something junky. Keeping fresh, healthy foods on hand and ready to go makes it a lot easier to enjoy a healthy snack and it's just as quick as grabbing a bag of chips.
Let's be honest here. Having a small glass of red wine with dinner is not usually a problem in the alcoholic beverage category. In fact, studies have shown that one small glass, with dinner, is actually beneficial.
The problem with alcoholic beverages is the fact that most people who have them, have several beers each day after work. Or they have several mixed drinks after work.
Those types of alcoholic beverages will cause you to feel fatigue the next day. It could be a slight hangover, even if you don't get drunk. Alcoholic beverages can also cause dehydration which leads to fatigue. If you have drinks every single night, the fatigue will begin to have a compound effect and could even lead to exhaustion.
If you do suffer from fatigue try giving up the alcohol other than very special occasions. There is no reason to completely deprive yourself. Enjoy a special drink on your birthday or during the holidays. And, when you do indulge, keep it to one or two servings and be sure to drink water between servings. Also, be sure to drink more water the following day to help rehydrate yourself.
If having a glass of wine with dinner is a problem for you, you can have a wine spritzer instead. Just mix half a cup of wine with half a cup (or more) of sparkling water and enjoy that with your meal. You'll still get some benefits of the red wine but consume less alcohol.
Now that you have an idea about which food to avoid let's talk about what you can, and should, eat to get healthier and fight fatigue. Don't worry it's not boring and you will still enjoy eating. But you're going to feel so much more energetic which will help you enjoy life more.
Be warned though, giving up unhealthy foods will cause some withdrawal symptoms and you may feel bad while your system is getting used to not having all the junk. Either wean yourself off gradually or exercise a lot of willpower the first week and get it over with.
There are many different whole, unprocessed foods that you can eat to fight fatigue. It's important to replace all the food you shouldn't eat with natural energy promoting food over time, instead of going 'cold turkey'—unless you have a great deal of willpower. If you do this gradually, eventually everything you're putting into your system is nutritious, delicious, and energy promoting. It could take six months to a year, depending on how many bad foods you consume now.
Technically, water isn't a food. But, since your body is about 75% water, it's something you should consume daily. You lose moisture (water) through your bodily functions—urinating and sweating mostly, but respiration (breathing) also expels moisture into the air.
To ensure that you drink enough each day, start keeping track. The recommended amount of water you need to drink each day is 64 ounces. But, remember that if you do indulge in anything salty, sugary, fatty, or dehydrating like caffeine or alcohol you should drink extra.
Some people go a little nuts with water and think you can have all you want. Avoid advice like that. You don't want to have more than about 27 ounces per hour, otherwise, you can suffer from water intoxication. It's better to drink water all throughout the day. If you do it that way it's easy to get enough in.
If you just switch out all beverages for water you'll easily get enough each day. If you have issues with drinking water because you don't like the flavor, get a good water filter or get water delivery with a good type of water that states that it has "minerals for taste" and it will taste better. Also try drinking room temperature water and cold water to find out which you like best. You can also try adding a few drops of lemon juice or lime juice to see if that improves the flavor for you.
If you're used to only drinking iced tea, sodas, and sweet drinks it may take about 7 to 14 days of drinking nothing but water before you start realizing that you enjoy the flavor. Good water tastes sweet and fresh once you get used to it. Eventually, you'll truly prefer it. But give it some time.
Also, if you're not used to consuming water, don't start off with the full 64oz per day. Instead, add eight to sixteen ounces per day and gradually work your way up to the full amount.
When you read about not eating sugar your mind may have gone straight to fruit if it's something you like to eat. You're in luck, you can still eat fruit. Fruit is full of vital nutrients that your body needs and the sugar it contains is not processed. It's natural and your body is designed to consume sugar in its natural form and will process it the way it's supposed to.
If you have diabetes or other issues with your blood sugar, talk to your dietician about which types of fruit are best for you to eat. A good fruit to eat for example is an apple because it's high in fiber, but it's also a nice sweet snack.
Another good fruit to eat that is both high in sugar and fat is a banana. But, don't worry, this is good fat and good sugar. Plus, there is lots of nutrition inside. Bananas are packed with everything you need and are almost the perfect food.
It's a great post-workout snack due to the potassium and the combination of fat and sugar will digest slowly so that you if you eat one right before your normal 3 PM slump, the energy you get will last until dinnertime.
Eating low glycemic berries is also a great option. Add some blueberries or strawberries to your oatmeal in the morning for a little sweetness. The berries will also give you some extra energy that won't leave you fatigued.
Nuts and seeds are great snacks. If you're watching your weight choose seeds over nuts because they have less fat. A great choice is chia seeds because they have the perfect fat, fiber, and protein ratio. You won't get any spikes in blood sugar causing you to get overly tired later.
The trick with nuts and seeds is to understand what a serving is. (about a handful) Plus, it's important to choose unsalted and unaltered raw or when necessary, lightly roasted nuts and seeds when it is possible.
Technically, peanuts aren't nuts. They are part of the Legume family that includes beans and peas. You should probably treat them the same way as you do beans, but don't worry about eating either of them raw from time to time.
Eat just one serving as a snack, or as part of your morning oatmeal, lunchtime salad, or on top of your sweet potato at dinnertime to help add additional nutrition, texture, and flavor to your food. Nuts contain healthy fats and can help you feel full longer.
When you eat grains ensure that they are 100 percent whole grains. If you don't have celiac disease there is no reason to avoid gluten or grains of any type. One hundred percent whole grains like Oats and Quinoa are great examples.
Eating 100 percent whole grains helps lower cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin levels. Whole grains are low glycemic and full of fiber. This means that they digest slowly, helping you to avoid feeling famished within an hour like you do when eating fast food or junk food that's full of processed carbs.
One thing you should know is that your body converts carbohydrates into sugar for fuel. Your brain needs sugar to function properly, so trying to eliminate all carbs and sources of sugars from your diet is not a good idea. If you're having trouble with brain fog, make sure you're eating enough servings of whole grains each day, or other natural carbs, and it'll probably lift. Just make sure you don't eat processed carbs very often—things like breads, cakes, cookies, chips, etc.
Eating carbohydrates in the form of 100 percent whole grains is also good for you because they're loaded with energy-boosting B vitamins and other nutrients.
Don't avoid eating these types of grains each day because you're afraid of eating carbs. You need these types of carbohydrates in your diet unless you've been diagnosed with an issue.
However, do avoid adding bad fats, like margarine. If you need a flavor boost, go for real butter. Use grass-fed butter if you can. Butter has gotten a bad rap, but it's now known that real butter isn't the evil food they once thought. Think about it, our ancestors were eating real butter for hundreds of years. You need healthy fats in your diet, so be sure to learn the difference between fats so you can make wise food choices.
If you like a bit of sweetness in your grains, try using honey instead. It's all natural, just make sure you buy pure honey.
Beans are also a natural food that is very good for you. They're high in protein, packed with fiber, and help improve digestion. Just ensure that you drink enough water when you have beans (or any low-water, high-fiber food) to help lessen the occurrence of gas.
Beans keep your blood sugar steady, which will help you avoid energy slumps during the day. They keep you full longer, are high in iron and a great source of B vitamins, which are also both energy promoting.
You don't need to eat a lot of them. You can add a serving on top of a baked potato, a healthy green salad, and into soups and stews to get in a serving of them every single day when possible.
You don't need a lot of protein each day to ensure that you're getting enough. Most people only need about 10 to 35% of their daily calories in protein to be healthy.
This is a lot less than you think you may need when you consider that a one cup serving of beans has about 16 grams of protein, one cup edamame contains 17 grams of protein, and a 6-ounce serving of meat has about 42 grams of protein.
As you can see, you can even get enough protein in your diet without eating meat if you want to, however, if you're eating a vegetarian diet make sure you get several sources of protein, as some proteins are considered incomplete proteins.
The best way to deal with protein is to match it with other food to help prolong and slow your digestion thus causing energy to be released more slowly throughout the day. This helps keep your energy steady without having slumps.
Each meal or snack should contain protein, carbs, and fats. This combination is how our body was designed to consume nutrition – a truly balanced diet. This will help keep your energy up.
Just because vegetables are last on the list, don't think they are unimportant. The largest portion of your meals should be vegetables. They are your best (and biggest) source of energy, especially non- starchy vegetables.
Starchy vegetables get a bad rap because so many people tend to want to fry them, add salt to them, and put sugar on them. But whole, raw, steamed, or roasted vegetables without adding too much fat, salt and sugar make them super healthy and energy promoting. But, you do want to keep starchy vegetables to a minimum. Have rice and potatoes once or twice a week, but eat other vegetables the remainder of the time.
Vegetables have a high quantity of water, fiber, and nutrition. They are also low in sugar and fat. This makes them perfect to help keep your energy going. The reason is, you can literally eat vegetables any time you want without any worry of gaining weight or harming your blood sugar.
Try adding leafy greens to most of your meals. Eat more sweet potatoes instead of russet potatoes. Try cooking veggies in different ways. For example, roasted fresh asparagus or brussels sprouts are delicious. Thinly sliced cucumbers with daikon radishes make a great crunchy and spicy snack.
When you don't have control of your day, but you do have control of your meals, you can do a lot to combat fatigue with food. As you see the best food for energy is whole plant-based foods, but you can still enjoy animal-based proteins too if you buy non-hormone, grass-fed, free-range, local and healthy options without additives.
What's great is that these foods taste delicious without a lot of additions, if you prepare them properly. Usually, roasting, lightly steaming, and braizing takes just a few minutes to get done each day. You'll be glad that you made the change because within a month or so your energy will be boosted and you'll feel so much better. You'll likely gain time in your day due to not being so exhausted all the time.
Now that you understand that some foods fight fatigue and some foods cause fatigue, you should consider getting started as soon as possible on your new eating plan. But, you don't have to go cold turkey, be miserable, or give up everything all the time.
The awesome thing about diet, and about the human body, is that it responds very well to having good nutrition, most of the time.
This doesn't mean you shouldn't aim for a high standard when you're first starting to affect your energy levels with nutrition, but you can make the changes slowly. For example, if you decided to give up coffee, assess where you are, and determine where you want to be within 30 days. Set a plan in motion to get there.
But, once you've abstained for about six months to a year, you may be able to add coffee back to your diet, in moderation. But you must be careful with foods you were once addicted to. Set a limit and track it, so you don't slip back into daily consumption and ruin all the work you've accomplished.
Many people never get completely over an addiction, but maybe you can indulge from time to time. You'll have to try it to find out. If you do think you'll have issues, then only have your special treat on special occasions. Don't be afraid to have a serving of cake on your birthday, but keep it to one serving.
Give the remainder of the cake to your guests to take home, so you're not tempted. Also, learning serving sizes will be very helpful in maintaining this idea.
Planning in advance is the only way to ensure success when it comes to developing a new eating plan. Today, depending on where you live, you may be able to cut your meal planning time down by ordering from a healthy meal delivery service.
Another alternative for some is to order your groceries from a local store that has delivery or uses one of the delivery services. There are even meal planning services that will help you plan meals based on your preferences. Most services offer a discount for first-time users of these services.
Don't try to do things by memory. Write down your menus, snacks, and try to note how much water you've drunk in a day. You can use apps to help you track.
This will help you make sure you don't underestimate anything essential. In the beginning, you'll have to be more diligent. After a few months, these will become habits and be easier to manage and stick with.
Start taking notes about how you feel at different times each day. You can use the note function on your mobile device, or if you're on a computer a lot, you can use a Word file or even Google Calendar to track how you feel.
It helps to note if you were tired and what time you were tired. That way you can look back at what you ate during the day (and even the night before), how you slept, and so forth, to help discover what caused the drop in energy. That way you can mitigate the danger of it happening again.
It's always easier to stick to a change if you can get others involved. It's not always easy to do it. You can try by having a contest at work, or even within your family. Sometimes a little competition can do wonders, especially when you're trying to get over an addiction like drinking caffeine or eating a lot of processed food.
Even though it's not about weight loss, it's about being healthier, you can get many people on board with that if you ask them to support you. You can even join groups online on Facebook or start one yourself to get support for your energy boosting diet.
Eating right for your needs is very important. You need to be able to set up your lifestyle so that you can be prepared to eat right every day unless it's a planned event where you want to indulge.
That type of indulgence isn't as bad for you as daily choices of fast food, coffee, and super fatty and processed foods. It's the overall choices you make that matter, so don't think you must give up the fun stuff forever, only about 80 percent of the time so that when you do enjoy that glass of wine or that beautiful frozen coffee, it's a special treat that will not harm you.
Don't put it off. Start by slowly replacing the low energy foods with the high energy foods so that you simply crowd out the foods that are sapping your energy. When you have a replacement ready it's going to be a lot easier to make the change. Before you know it your energy will be through the roof and you'll be a superstar at getting more done than you ever thought possible.


In contrast, full-grown distributors may as well have developed a variety of reasons to distributorship for example maximization of profits that are in line with the relevant business models and market stand. The multiplicity of motives and role orientations along different forms of distributors make channel governance a challenge.
Emerging markets refers to two types of countries: the first one are the fast growing countries in Latin America, Africa the Middle East and Asia, that as from the 1980s have hold close policies that favors economic liberalization and the embracing of a free-market structure, and secondly the earlier Communist economies of Eastern Europe, Central and the Soviet Bloc which have gone on board upon the policies of political and financial liberalization, macro-economic stabilization, and private projects as from the fall of communism in the year 1990s . up-coming markets jointly make the two-thirds of the world's population and more than 20% of the world's GDP. Amongst the rising markets, include China, Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa.These stand out as undergoing the main far-reaching economic, business and socio-political transformation in the present-day world.


The Private Attorney Involvement (PAI) Program, also known as the PAI Volunteer Lawyers Project, was initiated as a pilot project in 1982 by the Volunteer Lawyers Project of The Florida Bar.
Attorneys may also become members of the Partners in Service Program. The "Partners" Program gives government or private attorneys and law firms an opportunity to contribute money annually to support LSNF activities while fulfilling The Florida Bar's Pro Bono Rule.


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Review: A Quantitative Method for Determining a Representative Detection Limit of the Forensic Luminol Test for Latent Bloodstains
August 15, 2018 /in Chemistry Reviews, Reviews /by Public Defender 9th Circuit
Emily C. Lennert
bloodstain, dilution, limit of detection, luminol, Bluestar, chemiluminescence
Article Reviewed
Cassidy, B. M.; Lu, Z.; Martin, J. P.; Tazik, S. K.; Kellog, K. W.; DeJong, S. A.; Belliveau, E. O.; Kilgore, K. E.; Ervin, S. M.; Meece-Rayle, M.; Abraham, A. M.; Myrick, M. L.; Morgan, S. L. A quantitative method for determining a representative detection limit of the forensic luminol test for latent bloodstains. Forensic Science International. 2017, 278, 396-403.
The opinions expressed in this review are an interpretation of the research presented in the article. These opinions are those of the summation author and do not necessarily represent the position of the University of Central Florida or of the authors of the original article.
Blood is a common form of forensic evidence. Bloodstains may be diluted by attempts at cleaning or washing, or by exposure to the environment such as rain. Presumptive tests are often employed to detect latent bloodstains, i.e. bloodstains that are not visible to the "naked" eye. Luminol is a common presumptive test for bloodstain detection, and does not affect subsequent DNA analysis. Luminol reacts with blood which results in chemiluminesce, i.e. the emission of light due to a chemical reaction. The light emitted is approximately 425nm, resulting in a blue colored light. Previous studies have attempted to determine the sensitivity of luminol, to determine the level of dilution at which luminol no longer detects a latent bloodstain. However, there is no agreement between these studies, likely due to differences in substrates, sample preparation, reagent concentrations, and result interpretation. The goal of this study was to provide a quantitative measure of the limit of detection of luminol, controlling several factors that may affect the limit of detection.
A 100% cotton twill fabric substrate was used in this study. The fabric was cut into 5 x 5 inch pieces, which were cleaned by sonicating in methanol for one hour. The fabric pieces were then hung to dry overnight. Each fabric piece was then placed in a 3 inch embroidery hoop to hold the fabric. A stain barrier was applied to control the area in which the bloodstain could spread. More dilute bloodstains could be more prone to spreading than less diluted bloodstains; the stain barrier therefore enhances sample reproducibility. Additionally, the stain barrier ensures that the luminol solution, when deposited, only interacts with the entire bloodstain. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cement was used to create a stain barrier as described in Section 1.2 within the study.
Mouse blood was used as the blood sample in this study. Blood dilutions were prepared using HPLC grade water to prevent contamination. A 94x dilute solution was prepared and sonicated for one hour to ensure homogeneity and prevent clotting. From this solution, a series of dilutions were prepared: 23,000x, 26,000x, 29,000x, 37,000x, 45,000x, 59,000x, 98,000x, and 186,000x dilute. The blood solutions were sonicated for homogeneity and to reduce clotting. This series of dilutions was then used to prepare samples. Four bloodstains per dilution were prepared by depositing 100μL in the center of the stain barrier; blanks were prepared by depositing 100μL of HPLC grade water. The bloodstains were allowed to dry overnight, and no blood was visible on the samples after drying due to the diluted nature of the samples. The dilution factor of the samples was then converted to weight percent, since the bloodstains were allowed to dry into solid samples. Blood is 20% solid material, so the mass of the liquid deposited onto the sample was multiplied by 0.2 to determine the mass of blood solid deposited. The resulting weight percentages were 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 2, and 1 x 10-4 for 23,000x, 26,000x, 29,000x, 37,000x, 45,000x, 59,000x, 98,000x, and 186,000x dilute, respectively.
Luminol was prepared from Bluestar®. Luminol solutions were placed in liquid nitrogen 10 minutes after creation to freeze. Then, when each luminol solution was to be used, the solution was allowed to thaw and was applied after 5 minutes. Thus, each luminol solution was 15 minutes old at the time of deposition.
Many past studies used visual observation for luminol response detection; however, this measure is highly subjective. Thus, the authors employed a CCD camera, from which intensity measures of the chemiluminesce can be taken. A reference photo of the sample was taken in lighted conditions. Then, the sample was photographed in a darkroom at a 5 minute exposure time. Photographing of the sample began immediately upon luminol deposition. Additionally, background photographs of complete darkness were taken for later background subtraction. Only blue pixels were considered in the intensity measurement. Pixel intensities were summed and the background was subtracted to provide intensity measurements for each sample.
Intensity measurements were then plotted to create a calibration curve (Figure 6 within the study). The limit of detection was calculated from the average intensity of the blanks plus three times the standard deviation of the blanks. The limit of detection was determined to be 9 x 10-5 weight percent of blood, which was equivalent to approximately 236,000x dilution. This limit of detection differs from previously reported limits, which may be due to several factors. A different volume of sample may have been used in other studies, as well as a more or less sensitive luminol formulation. The luminol in other studies may have been applied sooner or later after creation than the 15 minutes used in this study. Additionally, if blanks were not considered in the other experiments, luminol responses may have been misinterpreted, i.e. a negative luminol response may have been recorded as positive. In this study, it was observed that blank samples produced a low intensity signal, which may make it difficult to differentiate between a blank sample and a highly diluted sample.
A controlled, quantitative method for determining the limit of detection of luminol was presented.
The limit of detection was determined to be 9 x 10-5 weight percent of blood.
Disagreements with and among previously reported limits of detection may be due to variations in the studies.
Bloodstains may be diluted, and thus it is important to understand the level of dilution to which luminol remains effective.
Potential Conclusions
Bloodstains diluted up to 9 x 10-5 weight percent of blood may still be detected by luminol.
Tags: bloodstain analysis, BlueStar, chemiluminescence, dilution, forensic chemistry, limit of detection, luminol
https://www.floridaforensicscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/blood-1181096-639x852.jpg 852 639 Public Defender 9th Circuit http://floridaforensicscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/forensic-logo1-1030x153.png Public Defender 9th Circuit2018-08-15 11:41:012018-07-27 11:47:28Review: A Quantitative Method for Determining a Representative Detection Limit of the Forensic Luminol Test for Latent Bloodstains
NIST Publishes Landmark MIX13 DNA Study – Forensic Magazine Secondary DNA Transfer: The Rarely Discussed Phenomenon That Can Place the Innocent...


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Earthquake reconstruction, energy projects help improve ADB's operations
Published On : 5 September, 2019 3:27 pm
Overall operations of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in Nepal has improved as of 31 July 2019, compared with the same period last year, on the back of continued contribution to the country's earthquake reconstruction efforts and a number of ongoing energy projects said ADB Country Director for Nepal Mr. Mukhtor Khamudkhanov.
"While Nepal's portfolio performance has improved, challenges remain and further improvement is crucial to tapping into ADB's lending resources," Mr. Khamudkhanov said at the opening of the annual Tripartite Portfolio Review meeting of ADB operations in Nepal, which was organized jointly with the Ministry of Finance (MOF).
ADB's lending to Nepal has increased in recent years, reaching the highest commitment level in 2018 at $592 million. Of the net available funding amount of $2.7 billion spread over 31 investment projects, 68% have been contracted out and 42% has been disbursed as of 31 July 2019.
"Effective project preparation and better project readiness are critical to ensuring that a project's development impact is realized on the ground without delays," said the Head of ADB's Portfolio Management Unit in Nepal Mr. Rudi van Dael. "Timely submission of Audited Project Financial Statements and timely closure of projects are also important in improving the portfolio performance and to avoid time and cost overruns."
"The review process is a good exercise to examine the implementation constraints and formulate agreed actions to achieve the projected 2019 targets," said the Joint Secretary and Chief of MOF's International Economic Cooperation Coordination Division Mr. Shreekrishna Nepal.
ADB's support to Nepal's reconstruction efforts after the 2015 earthquake totals $389 million. The reconstruction of 154 schools under the ADB-supported Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project is nearing completion. As of August 2019, the total disbursement for the project for this year has reached $38.75 million and is expected to meet the 2019 target of $59.53 million by the end of the year.
ADB is one of the leading development partners in Nepal in the energy sector, with $554 million in commitments. Of the $101.2 million contract award target set for 2019, $111.2 million has already been awarded, exceeding the annual target. This was mainly contributed by the Power Transmission and Distribution Efficiency Enhancement Project, with contracts worth $74 million awarded.
ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. In 2018, it made commitments of new loans and grants amounting to $21.6 billion. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members—49 from the region.
Earthquake reconstruction
#energy projects help improve ADB's operations


The HTNG Next Generation Distribution Messaging (NGDM) Workgroup's Recommendations document demonstrates how working together to simplify messaging can serve great value to the hospitality industry.
It is critical to be up-to-date with the latest trends to provide guests with positive and familiar experiences. Personalization and tailored content strongly drive the guest's experience. Distribution messaging standards seek to build upon guest data already collected and then distribute that information and customize it to the guest.
When making a reservation, this previously gathered data can be used to tailor offers and ancillaries for the stay. Not only does this benefit the business of the hospitality company, but also enhances the experience for the guest.
Confusion often arises from unclear or conflicting messages. If two sources do not provide identical information, how does one choose which to follow? Collaborating and developing common open standards can fill this void. One set of standards between industry partners will both accelerate the implementation and usage of new offerings while shortening the time to market for these products as well. This is the driver for organizations to work together in order to deliver effective messaging standards to the industry.
• HTNG (www.htng.com) standards have primarily focused on messaging for the hotel industry, in the areas of distribution and on-property technology. Overall, HTNG's hotel distribution messages are largely built on top of OpenTravel Alliance's 1.0 Standards. More recently, HTNG's Lightweight Messaging Workgroup created an XML to JSON Conversion Framework to explain to implementers how XML messages could be transformed into JSON.
• OpenTravel Alliance (www.opentravel.org) creates, expands and drives adoption of open specifications for the electronic exchange of business information among all sectors of the travel industry. The 1.0 Message Suite is widely adopted within the travel industry and the 2.0 Object Model is advancing in development and implementation.
The 2.0 Object Model introduces the notion of Offers and Orders which brings the industry closer to a world of true retailing. This true retailing enables a richer booking experience and greater opportunities for cross-selling and up-selling, resulting in increased value. OpenTravel isn't the only organization to introduce Offers and Orders; International Air Transport Association (IATA; www.iata.org) delivered this concept to the airline industry as well.
• IATA develops and maintains global commercial standards upon which the air transport industry is built. IATA's standards aim to assist airlines by simplifying processes and increasing passenger convenience. IATA's New Distribution Capability (NDC) program developed a suite of XML messages supporting the distribution of airline offers and associated order management.
Bringing these organizations and their standards together demonstrates an obvious connection between the three. Today, everyone strives to be more efficient and absent of error. Now, the HTNG NGDM Workgroup has taken that notion and mirrored it to the travel industry to discover the benefits that will arise from having consistent distribution messaging across different verticals. The workgroup has driven conversations of next steps on how to figure out how these organizations and their standards can logically come together as one while still respecting that each sector may have its own standard-setting development bodies and processes.