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Theater|Avi Hoffman and Suzanne Toren on 'Death of a Salesman' and Yiddish
https://nyti.ms/1kKViVd
Avi Hoffman and Suzanne Toren on 'Death of a Salesman' and Yiddish
Avi Hoffman and Suzanne Toren, who star in the New Yiddish Rep's production of "Death of a Salesman."Credit...Ian Douglas for The New York Times
By Laura Collins-Hughes
Before he was a salesman, Willy Loman was a peddler on the Lower East Side.
You won't find any proof of that in the script of Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman," but it makes intuitive sense to Avi Hoffman, the actor playing Willy in New Yiddish Rep's Yiddish-language production. In the back story Mr. Hoffman has settled on, Willy is a Jewish immigrant who came to the United States in 1910 or so, fleeing pogroms in Russia. He learned a little English and started hawking wares.
"Buttons, buttons! Pots and pans!" Mr. Hoffman cried, demonstrating with aplomb over kreplach soup the other afternoon at Fine and Schapiro, a kosher restaurant on the Upper West Side. Switching back to his regular speaking voice, he said Willy "worked his way up, he made a couple of bucks, he met Linda."
None of this is actually on the Castillo Theater stage, of course. Directed by Moshe Yassur, the production (which runs through Nov. 22) uses Joseph Buloff's Yiddish adaptation, "Toyt fun a Salesman," interspersed with occasional English words and sometimes whole passages taken directly from Mr. Miller's 1949 text. From its opening moments, when the visibly exhausted Willy comes home to his wife, Linda, after an aborted sales trip, these are recognizably the Lomans, a Brooklyn family that in this instance happens to speak Yiddish.
To Mr. Hoffman, a 57-year-old Bronx native who had never acted in a Miller play before but has performed in Yiddish theater since the age of 10, "Death of a Salesman" is a Jewish play about a Jewish family, written by a Jewish playwright about his Jewish relatives.
He hears Yiddish in the structure of Mr. Miller's dialogue, as when Willy's girlfriend asks when he'll be back in town and he says, "Oh, two weeks about." Ditto Linda's famously awkward immortal line, "Attention, attention must be finally paid to such a person."
"Who talks like that?" Mr. Hoffman asked, the question rhetorical. "That's Yiddish."
Detecting traces of Jewishness and Yiddish in the world around him is something he just does, offstage and on, including in his well-received solo shows "Too Jewish?" (1995), "Too Jewish Too!" (1998) and "Still Jewish After All These Years" (2013). When there was such a thing as the Joseph Papp Yiddish Theater, Mr. Hoffman was its leader.
The son of Yiddish-speaking Jewish atheist immigrants who dedicated their lives to preserving the culture Hitler tried to destroy, Mr. Hoffman was steeped in Yiddish early on. (His mother, Miriam, is a longtime columnist for the Yiddish edition of The Forward newspaper, a lecturer in Yiddish at Columbia University and a playwright.)
The first Broadway show he saw was "The Megilla of Itzik Manger" (1968), a musical partly in Yiddish. He waited at the stage door, got his Playbill signed and declared he wanted to be an actor. His made his debut in a comedy with the Folksbiene Yiddish theater, "Bronx Express, 1968."
Suzanne Toren, who plays Linda in "Salesman" and will go so far as to admit that she is "five minutes older" than Mr. Hoffman, also grew up in the Bronx, the child of Yiddish-speaking Jewish immigrants. Funny story: Early in her parents' life together, her mother met the feminist anarchist Emma Goldman, who told her where to get contraception. "It didn't work, because here I am," Ms. Toren said.
Her parents, too, bucked the assimilationist tide to pass knowledge of Yiddish on. Ms. Toren's father, Ahrne Thorne, an anarchist journalist from Poland, had such reverence for Yiddish language and literature that he decided he and his wife shouldn't converse in it at home, lest they degrade it into "kitchen Yiddish." But Ms. Toren studied the language, and when her parents spoke endearments to her, they were in Yiddish.
So when Ms. Toren performs in Yiddish, often in readings rather than fully staged productions, there is for her "an intimate warmth" to the language that she doesn't find in English — though most of her work has been in English, much of it for audiobooks and with regional theater.
She feels "the embrace of the family" in Yiddish words, yet she isn't a proselytizer, the sort who would "go out and fight for Yiddish at all costs," she said. "But personally, it's how I behave. If anybody invites me to do anything in Yiddish, I will say yes, because I'm preserving it for myself."
She and Mr. Hoffman said that interest in Yiddish was rising, particularly among young people unburdened by the heavy stigmas their forebears endured.
In Mr. Miller's 1987 autobiography, "Timebends," he writes of being acutely aware of his Jewishness, and of struggling in adolescence "to identify myself with mankind rather than one small tribal fraction of it."
In those same pages, he acknowledges his uncle Manny Newman — a traveling salesman in Midwood, Brooklyn, who often preferred fantasy to truth — as a model for Willy Loman and describes Manny's wife, Annie, as "a most moving woman who bore the cross of reality" for a family nurtured on hope and delusion.
The Newmans, who spoke with a rural twang from their days in upstate New York, were strikingly well assimilated, possessing "an untroubled self-acceptance as ordinary Americans, their Jewishness having somehow lost any power to separate them," Mr. Miller writes.
A playwright has only so much control, though. It's on the stage that a play comes to life. There is no overt indication in New Yiddish Rep's "Salesman" that the Loman paterfamilias came to Brooklyn from another country, just as there was no obvious echo of the Holocaust in the company's "Waiting for Godot," in which Mr. Hoffman played Pozzo two seasons ago. But those intentions informed the performances.
Mr. Hoffman sees the Lomans as somewhat alien, foiled in navigating the American dream because Willy can't read a culture that isn't his. The play, Mr. Hoffman said, "is the story of this immigrant family trying to make its way in a world it can't quite grasp, and that doesn't quite grasp them."


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New year's resolutions, conservatism & porn
Nita Farahany | 1.1.2015 8:21 PM
It's that time of year again when we make our New Year's resolutions. If you want to stick to your resolutions this year, try committing to small, positive changes rather than large, sweeping prohibitions that you're likely to break.
On the paradox of putting things off limits, consider an interesting new study, entitled Do American States with More Religious or Conservative Populations Search More for Sexual Content on Google?, published in the January 2015 issue of Archives of Sexual Behavior. The abstract reads:
"In America, religiosity and conservatism are generally associated with opposition to non-traditional sexual behavior, but prominent political scandals and recent research suggest a paradoxical private attraction to sexual content on the political and religious right. We examined associations between state level religiosity/conservatism and anonymized interest in searching for sexual content online using Google Trends (which calculates within-state search volumes for search terms). Across two separate years, and controlling for demographic variables, we observed moderate-to-large positive associations between: (1) greater proportions of state-level religiosity and general web searching for sexual content and (2) greater proportions of state level conservatism and image-specific searching for sex. These findings were interpreted in terms of the paradoxical hypothesis that a greater preponderance of right-leaning ideologies is associated with greater preoccupation with sexual content in private Internet activity. Alternative explanations (e.g., that opposition to non-traditional sex in right-leaning states leads liberals to rely on private internet sexual activity) are discussed, as are limitations to inference posed by aggregate data more generally."
The researchers found that the American states with the greatest proportion of individuals who self-identify as very religious, or consider religion to be an important part of their lives, engage in more active searches for sexual content online compared to states with fewer religious and conservative individuals. There was a direct correlation between the proportion of conservatives in a state and image-specific Internet sex searches documented in that state.
Their conclusion? More restrictive social norms drive behaviors underground. There are quite a few limitations of the study and alternative hypotheses that may drive the results, which the researchers acknowledge. But it's still quite an interesting study.
For me, it's yet one more reason why my New Year's resolutions will be positive rather than restrictive. Making things off-limits or taboo seems to make them far too enticing. So this year, consider making some positive New Year's resolutions. You just might keep them.
NEXT: From "the pneumatic age" to the digital age
Nita Farahany is a Professor of Law & Philosophy at Duke University.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Brazil's commercial airport infrastructure is a concern ahead of next year's World Cup. With 3,000 private aircraft expected to enter Brazil's airspace, military and private airstrips might have to take up the slack.
At a glance, Chile's presidential election looks like a 1970s rerun. Socialist Michelle Bachelet represents parties of the left under a coalition banner, "Nueva Mayoría". Evelyn Matthei represents the two conservative parties, together called the Alianza. Both are daughters of air-force generals from opposite sides of the political fault line that fractured the country 40 years ago.
Bachelet's father, Alberto, took a political job under President Salvador Allende, the first socialist to be freely elected to lead a country in the Americas. After a military coup in 1973, General Bachelet was tortured to death by troops loyal to General Augusto Pinochet. As Pinochet consolidated power into a 17-year dictatorship, Matthei's father rose to become head of the air force.
But rather than a rehash of old grudges, this election promises to be the first in decades where the candidates' relationship to the dictatorship is largely off the table. One reason is demographics. Those voting for the first time this year were born as recently as 1995, five years after Pinochet left office. They can barely remember a time without mp3 players, much less without democracy.
Even among the older set, generational traumas may be drawing to a close. While the actions of both Allende and Pinochet infuriated their opponents, it is the actions of more recent presidents that tend to rile voters today.
While Bachelet remained personally popular when she stepped down four years ago, her centre-left coalition had begun to take its support for granted. Current conservative president Sebastián Piñera has lost what trust the left might have given him by responding to social movements with riot police rather than dialogue.
Not that the dictatorship has lost all emotional force. Just months ago, a Santiago borough changed the name of September 11 Avenue to Nueva Providencia, deleting a name that had for 33 years commemorated the date of Pinochet's coup. Opponents on the city council boycotted the meeting, saying the change opened old wounds. The vote was attended by a throng of cheering anti-Pinochetistas.
But the candidates have more contemporary concerns. Bachelet, Matthei and other candidates such as the Progressive Party's Marco Enríquez-Ominami all put proposals for increasing the quality and equality of education front and centre. The candidates differ on whether to loosen the law that makes abortion a criminal offence. They differ on how to reform the country's legislature. The constitution designs elections to exclude small parties from congress and keep big parties from getting too powerful, all but guaranteeing a duopoly.
As it happens, unequal education, the anti-abortion law and the perma-gridlocked congress are all inherited from Pinochet. The irony is that people had to stop arguing about who supported whom in Pinochet's time before they could fix his policy errors.
Increase social mobility. Behind social unrest is a rigid class system that has eluded reform.
Boost electricity supply without wrecking the environment. Chile lives on copper and copper mines need megawatts.
Appreciate Chile. Tourism can grow if the country shows off its strengths, rather than imitating others.
Candidates: Half the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and a third of the seats in the Senate are up for grabs. The Front for Victory, led by President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, is the largest party bloc in both houses but pre-election polls held in August showed it losing ground to rivals.
Issues: The economy: some predict a return to recession next year. Inflation is at 25 per cent.
Monocle comment: It would be nice if people could make it to polling day without mentioning the Falklands. There are more important issues than a bunch of rocks in the South Atlantic.


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Jerry Ropero
Beatport Artist
Spotify Artist
Apple Music Artist
Deezer Artist
The beginning of Jerry Ropero's career started in Belgium when he became a member of "N.B.G.(Natural Born Grooves), known for their smashing hits "Forerunner" and "Groovebird"! Then, after a move to Hamburg, Germany, his biggest project was born, when he got together in the studio with the excellent vocalist Terri B. and, the voice from several other projects like "2 Eivissa", "Future Breeze", etc. and Dj Maui!
With "Get Down", Avantgarde reached top positions in all charts over the world, like 5 weeks number 1 in Holland, 7 in Canada and Italy, top 50 in Australia and even number 12 in the American Billboard Dance charts! In 2004, new mixes came out again reaching top positions around the world! The recordings were made in Studio 33, where "Modern Talking", "Fun Factory" and many other dance projects were produced, and mixed by the well-known engineer Luis Rodriguez and Dieter Bohlen!
As a remixer, Jerry Ropero has delivered new reconstructions of many dance floor hits from "Negrocan" with "Cada Vez", "Robbie Rivera`s Bang", Dax Riders people or Spanish popstar "Alejandro Sanz" for his new album, between many others! But what Jerry really loves, is his career as a Dj!
This hobby, which turned in to be a very important base for his work, has brought him to play in the best clubs from all over the world, from "Space", Ibiza to "Gallery" Sao Paolo, over Belgium, Spain, Hungary, etc and of course in his hometown Hamburg, where he runs his own publishing company, Inter-label Music Publishing!
Shortly after, Jerry Ropero met the well-known producer and DJ, Denis The Menace. Not only a very close friendship between them began to grow, but musically they were definitely speaking the same language as well. Nothing was holding the two musicians back from putting their studios together, and from now on working as a team.
Along with Denis The Menace and their very good friend and producer Clubworxx, Jerry is very well respected in the internationally house-scene. The two of them have released their productions with labels such as Vendetta in Spain, Royal Flush in France, Media Rec. in Benelux and much more, including working with the house legend DJ Pippi, who is one of the pioneers since house music started way back in the days, on a project titled Paixao.
In the early 2000's, Jerry became one of the pioneers of the genre of Jackin' House, as displayed on some many of his 2016 & 2017 hit remixes. Keep your ears sharp, cause there is much more to come up from Jerry Ropero in 2018!


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Sports bettors could face ban for threatening athletes, gambling regulator says: Capitol Letter
Home / New Games / Sports bettors could face ban for threatening athletes, gambling regulator says: Capitol Letter
Over the line: A top Ohio gambling regulator this week threatened to ban anyone who threatens athletes for ruining their bets after the University of Dayton's men's basketball coach complained about the recent legalization of sports betting earlier this week. As Andrew Tobias reports, Ohio Casino Control Commission Executive Director Matt Schuler during a commission meeting this week invoked the commission's broad authority to ban people found to act to the detriment of the state's gambling program. He was reacting to comments from University of Dayton basketball coach Anthony Grant, who following a game earlier this week complained about the effects of newly legal sports betting, and suggested members of his team were threatened for losing the game.
The next witness: Two men who pleaded guilty to participating in a massive public corruption scheme that has ensnared Ohio's former House speaker will testify against him at a trial set to begin on Monday. Jake Zuckerman reports that Jeff Longstreth, former adviser and strategist for ex-Speaker Larry Householder, and Juan Cespedes, a former lobbyist, are among the witnesses prosecutors will call in Householder's trial. Householder and former Ohio Republican Party Chairman Matt Borges are on trial for their roles in a cash-for-legislation scandal that prosecutors have called the biggest public corruption scheme in state history.
Gas gauge: With gas-tax revenues expected to plummet in the coming decades thanks to more fuel-efficient vehicles, the Ohio Department of Transportation is studying what to do about the problem in the long term. As Jeremy Pelzer reports, three of the top options being considered include raising the gas tax, increasing registration fees, or dropping the gas tax altogether in favor of taxing motorists based on the number of miles they drive.
Default option: Thursday marked the start of the first high-stakes showdown between Republicans who took control of the U.S. House of Representatives this month and Democrats who control the White House and U.S. Senate as the federal government reached the $31.4 trillion debt limit that Congress set for the nation in late 2021, writes Sabrina Eaton. Although the White House wants an unconditional increase, House Speaker Kevin McCarthy and Ohio Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives are not about to rubber stamp it. First, they want budget cut negotiations with the White House.
Pot shop: The Ohio State Board of Pharmacy on Thursday cleared a new medical marijuana dispensary to open for business. The board gave a certificate of operation to Uplift, located at 101 Mercy Blvd., Mount Orab, about 40 miles east of Cincinnati. Shortly after the Ohio medical marijuana program first became operational in 2019, there were about 55 dispensaries open throughout the state. The board conducted research and determined more dispensaries were needed. In May, it offered about 70 businesses provisional licenses, which meant they could build out dispensary space. Once the dispensaries meet state requirements, such as cameras and other security provisions, the board grants them a certificate of operation.
Curtin call: Mike Curtin, the former Columbus Dispatch assistant publisher and Democratic ex-state lawmaker, told reporters on Thursday that a proposal to raise the voter-approval threshold for state constitutional amendments could have an unintended consequence. Curtin, making similar points as he did in an op-ed last week, said it could jeopardize future bond issuances, which historically have funded things like affordable housing. He said he's making the case to business groups that they should oppose the measure if it advances – an outcome that currently seems unlikely given the election of state Rep. Jason Stephens as House speaker.
Back to business: The Ohio House will hold its first session of January on Tuesday to "adopt procedural resolutions," Stephens announced on Thursday. The date had been a subject of some mystery, given the turmoil surrounding the recent House leadership vote.
Show me the money: U.S. Sen. JD Vance of Ohio on Thursday joined a group of Republican U.S. Congress members, including U.S. Rep. Warren Davidson of Miami County, in a letter asking the White House Office of Management and Budget to expand a congressionally mandated report on the amount of security assistance the United States has sent to Ukraine by providing comprehensive information on how funds were used. "The American people deserve to know the extent to which they are underwriting our government's endeavors in eastern Europe," said a statement from Vance. "I do not intend to sit back and allow the Biden Administration to keep this information under wraps."
Minority business: Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo was in Cleveland Wednesday to tour a local minority-owned supply chain business, LEFCO Worthington, and hold a roundtable with Cleveland area minority business owners on how her department is helping expand opportunities for underserved entrepreneurs through the Minority Business Development Agency's (MBDA) recently announced Capital Readiness Program. "Grant competitions like the MBDA's Capital Readiness Program are an invaluable resource for reaching underserved entrepreneurs where they are and helping them to achieve economic success," said a statement from U.S. Rep. Shontel Brown of Warrensville Heights, who attended the event with U.S. Rep. Emilia Sykes of Akron. Both are Democrats.
Identification crisis: Some county recorders in Ohio are complaining that a new voter identification law adopted in the final hours of the state legislature's previous session will exclude ID cards they provide to veterans. Elected county recorders in at least Franklin and Montgomery counties said county-issued veteran IDs are excluded by the new law. Thomas Gnau of the Dayton Daily News reports that Republican backers of the change point to a provision allowing for voters to obtain a free state ID.
Question: This Ohio village was settled in 1790 after a group of European refugees were swindled into believing they had purchased land there. What is the town, and what is the name of the fraudulent company?
Email your response to [email protected].The first correct respondent will be mentioned in next week's newsletter.
Thanks to everyone who responded to last week's trivia question:
Malabar Farm State Park in Richland County is a working farm that includes natural trails, a lookout atop Mt. Jeez, and the preserved home of a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and conservationist. Can you name the author? (Bonus: What was the title of the book for which the author was awarded the Pulitzer?)
Last week's answer: Louis Bromfield was born in Mansfield, Ohio, and would eventually "become one of America's first proponents of sustainable agriculture and conservation," according to the Malabar Farm Foundation. He won the 1927 Pulitzer Prize in in the novel category for his book "Early Autumn."
John Kaminski of Highland Heights was the first reader to provide Bromfield's name. And Matt Whitehead, senior vice president of Governmental Policy Group, was the first to provide the bonus answer, the name of the prize-winning book.
Sarah Benzing is returning as U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown's chief of staff after leaving the office in early 2022 to serve as executive director of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee's independent expenditure division. Brown's current communications director and acting chief of staff, Trudy Perkins, will retire on Feb. 21.
Friday, 1/20: Rob Secaur, former Ohio Republican Party executive director/2022 campaign manager for Jane Timken's U.S. Senate campaign
Saturday, 1/21: Randall Routt, former policy adviser to Ohio Senate Democrats; Erik Yassenoff, 2018 Republican Ohio House nominee
Sunday, 1/22: Former U.S. Rep. Steve Chabot; state Sen. Catherine Ingram
"Just another example of the government intentionally changing my words, ascribing comments to me that I never said, & altering/lying about facts to try to fit their false narrative. This will all be over soon, and we will finally get the truth out. Many apologies coming my way."
Matt Borges, a former Ohio Republican Party chairman who's been charged in the federal House Bill 6 corruption probe, in a Twitter post on Thursday. He was describing a disagreement between prosecutors and his attorneys over what was said in a recorded conversation, for the purposes of a transcript that the government plans to submit as evidence in the case. Jury selection for the trial begins today.
Capitol Letter is a daily briefing providing succinct, timely information for those who care deeply about the decisions made by state government. If you do not already subscribe, you can sign up here to get Capitol Letter in your email box each weekday for free.


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Currently I'm on maternity leave.
I had a daughter seven months ago but other than that, I work for State Street financial institution in Toronto.
Previous to LPS I was training at GoodLife. Then I went to LPS three years ago. Well no, two years ago.
Found out I was pregnant, had to stop and then recently started training back a month ago.
In the month that I've been training with LPS, I've seen a lot of results.
I'm not afraid to look in the mirror after just being a new mom, and I see more muscle definition coming in.
The culture at LPS, I love it.
Everybody's welcoming but yet it's still challenging. It forces you to push yourself because you're working out with people who, well training with people who are real athletes so it pushes you just to go that extra step and it's the best workout that I've had in years.
For new moms or even moms that had a baby a year ago, two years ago, you have to find time for yourself.
I would recommend LPS because the environment is very challenging but yet rewarding.


Dmytriy Zaiats performs Cha Cha Cha.
Ballroom Dance Championship: Paso Doble by Pavel Silantiev, our dance instructor.
Ballroom Dance Championship: Samba by Pavel Silantiev, our dance instructor.
Another Cha-Cha-Cha dance by Pavel Silantiev, our dance instructor.
Ballroom Dance Championship: Rumba by Pavel Silantiev, our dance instructor.
Ballroom Dance Championship: Cha-Cha-Cha by Pavel Silantiev, our dance instructor.
Ballroom Dance Championship: Jive by Pavel Silantiev, our dance instructor.
Viennese Waltz from our professional dance insructor.
Tango from our professional dance insructor.
Quickstep from our professional dance insructor.
English Waltz from our professional dance insructor.
Foxtrot from our professional dance insructor.
Viennese Waltz - Competition Performance.
Slow Waltz - Competition Performance.


Finally I managed to take a portrait, after all these months out in fields and around the landscapes. I believe the subject brings his own body language in to the picture and a totally nature moment.
Another picture from the same night party, the unique style of this teenage boy are enhanced by the glasses, oh how fashion changes!
Flash – This was my first use of my camera at an indoor party at night, so I attached a bit of tissue paper to my onboard flash and secured with a hair band.


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This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Ashland County, Wisconsin. It is intended to provide a comprehensive listing of entries in the National Register of Historic Places that are located in Ashland County, Wisconsin.  The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below may be seen in a map.

There are 40 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another property was once listed but has been removed.

Current listings

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Former listing

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See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin
Listings in neighboring counties: Bayfield, Iron, Price, Sawyer

References

Ashland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Amplifying David Pilling – Yes, what really is Nigerian government for?, By 'Tope Fasua
Governments to come must find ways of engaging the people of Nigeria to change Nigeria. It's a factor substitution matter.
byTope Fasua
in Contributors, Opinion
"…government must not be afraid to embark on an activist fiscal policy to create jobs, build infrastructure and develop our industrial sector, as well as continue to improve agriculture…. This means government must spend money on those things that bring the requisite economic returns for the nation… (local and state governments should) shape their budgets to suit their revenues, as federal government spends more to create more jobs for the youth".
Recently, David Pilling, Financial Times of London's Editor for Africa wrote an article titled as above. He asked, "What is the Nigerian government for?" Trust the British, masters of subtlety and understatement. For in that article was loaded a lot of messages, some of which the Nigerian presidency got and others it ignored or could not process. The article has however not left my mind and I believe it is worth amplifying.
We shall look at the crux of the article shortly, but let me recall that Mr Garba Shehu, the presidential spokesman, in responding to the article, called out David Pilling for 'criticising British Airways' and also veered off to regale his readers about how the Western nations induced the war that imploded Libya. This is the same Libya on whose great leader (Gaddafi), Garba's principal had dumped the insecurity problem that has since enveloped Nigeria several times. One wouldn't have thought that our presidency also subscribed to conspiracy theories like the rest of us mortals. Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan was the first African leader to sign the fraudulent resolution 1973, with which Gaddafi was murdered and Libya sent back to the Dark Ages; just as we jumped into the ongoing Ukrainian war when we could have been strategic. But I digress.
In his article titled "What is Nigeria's Government for?", Pilling wrote, inter alia:
"On the British Airways flight between London and Nigeria's administrative capital of Abuja, one of the airline's most profitable routes, nearly all the space is taken up with flatbeds. The unfortunate few making their way to a crunched economy section at the back must trudge through row after row of business class… Evidently, there is plenty of money to be made in Abuja's corridors of power. Nigeria's economy may be flat on its back, but the political elite flying to and from London will spend the flight flat on theirs, too… Next year, many of the members of government will change, though not necessarily the bureaucracy behind it. Campaigning has already begun for presidential elections that in February 2023 will draw the curtain on eight years of the administration of Muhammadu Buhari, on whose somnolent watch Nigeria has sleepwalked closer to disaster… There are some promising candidates. If Yemi Osinbajo, the technocratic vice-president, were miraculous to make it through the campaign ticket and emerge as president, the hearts of Nigerian optimists would beat a little faster…But that may be to underestimate the depth of Nigeria's quagmire. The problem is not so much who leads the government as the nature of government itself… As is said of India, Nigeria grows at night while the government sleeps — hardly surprising that some libertarian tech entrepreneurs want the government to withdraw and leave the private sector in charge… In reality, the government is not too big. It is too small. The federal budget — not counting money transferred to states — is about $30bn, derisory for a population of more than 200m people. Only trust in government — and a willingness to pay taxes — can redress this balance…Nigeria desperately needs an administration whose energies go not into preserving its own privilege but into providing public goods — basic education and health, rule of law, security, power, roads and digital infrastructure. It must remove distortions and subsidies that direct entrepreneurial activity from production to arbitrage."
As a fact, I write this from the 'unfortunate' but-no-longer-so-cramped economy section of British Airways. Before, the economy section was unfit for human habitation due to its tightness. I could tell you that for free as an economy class aficionado who travels on his own dime. And indeed, very bizarrely, about two-thirds of this aircraft is first class and business class. If we add premium economy, that could be four-fifth. It isn't like anything I have seen before. But you cannot blame the airline for identifying that Nigeria has much money and that most of our people prefer to flaunt it by stretching out for a mere six-hour flight – most of them civil servants and their children traveling on our taxes. David Pilling's analogy about an economy flat on its back, as we spend borrowed money flying flat on our backs should be sobering. But trust Garba Shehu to try and send BA after Pilling. He certainly does not care for Nigeria to be better. Buhari's government will soon hopefully end, together with its failed promises, utter let down of the people, and its hypocrisy.
Governments to come must find ways of engaging the people of Nigeria to change Nigeria. It's a factor substitution matter. But our governments are not ready to make the investment required. The investment is huge by the way, but it is viable. Rather than farm out our development entirely to foreigners (for the capital and technology), we should press in our population. Let our youths make their own mistakes but only Nigerians will develop Nigeria.
But the key lesson I think everybody should draw from the write-up is what I have always said; government is very small in Nigeria, contrary to what economic liberals will have us believe. They deliberately and willfully ignore the data. Many of them are ensconced in countries where the public sector functions well and is big enough to cover critical human functions. However, they don't want their country to move ahead and have a public sector which really provides services that the people need. Perhaps it will make them irrelevant. In 2019, prequel to the elections, I did a survey on this matter, detailing how the National Health Service and the Department of Defense were the two highest employing companies in the world, with about 1.9 million and 4 million employees for the U.K. and the U.S.A respectively. For us here, we don't have much by way of good, customer-facing government personnel on the field, and that is where we must start from. What we have are wicked souls extracting rents and bribes and making life difficult for ordinary Nigerians. We also don't need people shuffling papers and hiding files in offices and secretariats. We need them in the field where their work could be benchmarked.
Incidentally, the man who has caught my fancy and to whom I've been drawing attention to lately with regard to the 2023 elections – Bola Tinubu – thinks like David Pilling. He advocated at his 2019 birthday symposium that:
"The issue of insecurity, unemployment and extremism has many things to do with governance, over time. We must tackle our deep and widespread poverty…. If we limit government's role under the erroneous assumption that government spending is intrinsically unproductive, then we tether ourselves to failure.. We would do well to more critically study how other populous nations such as the UK, U.S., Germany and China charted their course during their formative years…. You will see that they did not adhere to small government or the purportedly free market…. Government engaged in massive spending on infrastructure and education while also engaging in policies that protected industrial development and key aspects of the agricultural sector…Only when they matured and held advantages over other nations, did the UK and US begin to champion free markets and small government… We would do well to understand this history and learn what it means for our own pursuit of development. The development of any populous nation has always been dependent on the ability of government to allocate sufficient funds to projects and programmes that create and encourage enduring growth and employment… We must reject that mode of thinking that assumes government expenditure is inherently unproductive as well as harmful to the overall economy… It is not the fact that government expenditure is intrinsically wrong any more than one can say all private sector activity is economically positive…Government can be wasteful or it can be the key component to growth, just as a private sector business can function profitably or spend itself into bankruptcy… Fiscal wisdom but not necessarily austerity is required for an economy like ours in a time like this, to ensure equitable wealth redistribution and meaningful use of resources…The years have shown that the private sector is much too weak to spur the growth we need…If the private sector could manage this feat, it would have already done so. Where the private sector is too weak or unable, the government must fill the void… This means government must not be afraid to embark on an activist fiscal policy to create jobs, build infrastructure and develop our industrial sector, as well as continue to improve agriculture…. This means government must spend money on those things that bring the requisite economic returns for the nation… (local and state governments should) shape their budgets to suit their revenues, as federal government spends more to create more jobs for the youth".
I don't know for how much longer we can hope to keep deceiving ourselves over what is so obvious. Government cannot continue to delude itself with the idea that youth entrepreneurship is the way forward. Yes, it lulls government to sleep by taking a number of youths out of circulation for a while. But it is not scalable in this country, yet. We have tried and it has consistently failed. Governments to come must find ways of engaging the people of Nigeria to change Nigeria. It's a factor substitution matter. But our governments are not ready to make the investment required. The investment is huge by the way, but it is viable. Rather than farm out our development entirely to foreigners (for the capital and technology), we should press in our population. Let our youths make their own mistakes but only Nigerians will develop Nigeria. History tells us that these developed countries passed that route and there are no shortcuts. But very unfortunately, what we have here are universities and business schools teaching our youths wrongly, and from where advisers to government are chosen. We have a plethora of 'entrepreneurship' experts who have never practiced entrepreneurship or who did, backed up by money they acquired in government. They don't know what entrepreneurship is about, and our entrepreneurship so far has not been innovative – it is all about collecting rent and spreads on imported machines or ideas. Nothing profound has come out of our entrepreneurship so far, contrary to what the developed countries have been able to achieve with their entrepreneurship – with which they have taken over the world. Our approach is rootless, baseless, and artificial.
We hope in the coming government, but contrary to David Pilling's hopes, I think Yemi Osinbajo is a libertarian and does not see the benefit of a well-organised, competent government that covers what governments should adequately cover – education, security, environment, health, social services – or the tremendous financial, reputational, sociopsychological and other benefits that could accrue from such an approach. A Tinubu approaches that point…
I will give three examples of what I mean. In my previous research, I found that the National Health Service (NHS) is the largest employer in the United Kingdom (with over 1.9 million employed – even more with the COVID-19 crisis). In fact, the U.K., as well as other 'developed' nations, seize opportunities like COVID to expand employment. It is incredible how the U.K. has built elaborate employment opportunities around COVID-19, up to employing people who check you into your hotel or homes, to ensure you don't move around after traveling, when the pandemic was still an issue. In the U.S.A, the biggest employer is the Department of Defense (almost 4 million employed) – because the U.S.A had chosen to be a warrior nation to maintain her number one status in the world. In the U.K., two of my closest pals recently described their jobs. One who drives a cab told of how he was assigned to collect two autistic boys from home to ensure they went to school, and to return them home every afternoon. For that he gets paid about £3,000 monthly by the City Council. The two autistic boys are even entitled to a personal assistant (another job), who rides with them to and fro. I was like 'who cares in Nigeria?' We can see that countries where they care about human beings will always make progress and maintain sanity. Why will silly Nigerian big men not send their children there to school, go there for healthcare and other expereinces of tourism, while they piss on their own country? My other friend runs a home for people with disabilities. The council also pays – and this is big money. The council is concerned with ensuring that these poor people don't become vagrants in society, so my friend's company (the home), houses them, feeds them thrice daily, and ensures that they take their drugs. My friend employs 19 people who run shifts.
This is how governments create jobs. I think, in summary, both those who run governments here, and their libertarian friends who talk of private sector everything, may not have attained that level of humanity that sees the opportunities for reorganising society and extracting great value, simply by investing in people and organising the environment. We live worse than beasts here and complain about not having money or jobs. Something just has to start changing. We hope in the coming government, but contrary to David Pilling's hopes, I think Yemi Osinbajo is a libertarian and does not see the benefit of a well-organised, competent government that covers what governments should adequately cover – education, security, environment, health, social services – or the tremendous financial, reputational, D and other benefits that could accrue from such an approach. A Tinubu approaches that point, if only Nigerians will try and understand him, study his speeches and actions and past, and give him an opportunity. That is where I stand for now.
I realise that I have spent quite a bit of time writing about this fact, including the state of our dismal budgets which have nothing in them for the real people of Nigeria at a mere $140 per head all through the year. I have written two books on this – Change is Going to Come and Revolution of Ideas, several articles, and even my PhD thesis (which I have published into a book) is on this matter of how to really solve our unemployment problem, away from the perennial self-deception with 'youth entrepreneurship'. My 2019 presidential bid was also based on this, and I created a number of infographics to bring attention to the derisiveness of our national budget – often being mocked by those who could not see that far and wide ahead. I could say I have tried my best, but will not stop until we see a major shift. On that day, the Nigerian economy shall have begun its sure march to glory, but not until then. We may just keep going round in circles.
'Tope Fasua, an economist, author, blogger, entrepreneur, and recent presidential candidate of the Abundant Nigeria Renewal Party (ANRP), can be reached through topsyfash@yahoo.com.
Tags: Bola Ahmed TinubuFederal Government of Nigeria (FGN)Tope Fasua
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text:
\section{Introduction} The scattering of an unpolarized electron beam at a likewise unpolarized target leads to a separation
of electrons with different spins \cite{m}. The reason for that effect is the spin-orbit interaction originated by
relativistic corrections to the Schr\"odinger equation of the order $c^{-2}$. As a consequence an electric
current in a semiconductor should be accompanied by a spin current perpendicular to the conventional current
of the charge carriers \cite{dp}. The generation of a transverse spin current due to an external
electric field called as spin Hall effect \cite{h} has attracted much attention recently particularly for realizing
spintronic devises \cite{w}. In a series of experiments \cite{k,s,wu,stern} the effect had been observed in
different materials. Recently the spin Hall conductivity was measured at room temperature \cite{stern},
an observation which give the motivation for the present paper. The transport process is considered as a
thermally activated process which is additionally driven by the applied electric field. This field however
reveals a direct coupling to the crystal potential in such a manner that also in case of a periodic potential
a constant current is maintained. Our approach is based on the Fokker-Planck equation or Kramers' equation
for the semiclassical motion of
the charge carriers with damping and coupling to a stochastic source like a heat bath. Thus the charged particles
can overcome permanently, but with a certain probability, potential barriers. Even for low temperature one should
take into account the coupling of the homogeneous electric field to the potential landscape. Actually as discussed
below the averaged force acting on the particles consists of several parts which point at different directions and
contribute to the total conductivity. Recently a very promising theory has been proposed \cite{c} by studying
the semi-classical deterministic equation of motion. The theoretical approach describing the spin Halle effect
goes back to \cite{dp} where a mesoscopic equation for the spin density had been proposed. A more phenomenological
approach based on an anomalous scattering mechanism in the absence of spin-flip scattering discussed in \cite{h}.
As a consequence anomalous currents and a finite spin-diffusion length had been studied in \cite{z} where
the calculations are based on the Boltzmann equation. In a series of papers \cite{mnz,erh,hv,ycz,lcc} a quantum
approach for the spin Hall conductivity had been discussed. In \cite{psm} a classical theory is proposed.\\
In the present paper we consider an extension of the theoretical approach proposed in \cite{c,psm} by including
systematically a coupling to stochastic forces and friction terms. Because we are in the linear response regime
the canonical friction and the strength of the stochastic force are related by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem.
The steady state solution of Kramers' equation is an appropriate tool to obtain the electrical current.
As a novelty we discuss in detail the influence of the underlying crystal potential. Unlike \cite{c} we get
corrections to the spin Hall conductivity by the averaged crystal potential. Because the mean value over the crystal
potential is performed with the stationary solution of Kramers' equation and this solution depends on the
electric field there occur additional corrections to the conductivity in both the linear response regime
with respect to the field $\bf E$ and in lowest order $c^{-2}$ of an relativistic approach. Whereas the
relation for the conductivity under inclusion of the crystal potential is an exact result, the real contribution,
originated from the potentials, has to be estimated by model potentials.\\

\section{Model}
In lowest order of relativistic effects the Hamiltonian has to be supplemented by the
spin-orbit interaction
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{H} = \frac{\bf p^2}{2m} + U(\bf r) + \kappa\, {\bf p} \cdot \left[ {\bm \sigma} \times \nabla U \right]
\quad\rm{with}\quad \kappa = \frac{{\hbar}}{4m^2 c^2}
\label{ham}
\end{equation}
The quantity $\bm \sigma$ are Pauli operators which are assumed to be constant. Due to the spin-orbit
interaction the total potential $U(\bf r)$, related to all forces acting on the charged particles,
appears twofold. In the present paper we incorporate in the potential the intrinsic crystal potential
$U_c({\bf r})$ and the energy of the homogeneous electric field  $U({\bf r}) = U_c({\bf r}) - e {\bf E} \cdot {\bf r}$.
Extending the deterministic approach proposed in \cite{c} let us include stochastic forces ${\bm \eta}({\bf r},t)$
due to other degrees of freedom as imperfections. Additionally, the charged particles are subjected to an arbitrary
damping force  ${\bm \Gamma}({\bf r},{\bf p})$. Under that conditions the semiclassical equations of motion read
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{\bf r} &=& \frac{{\bf p}}{m} + \kappa {\bm \sigma} \times \nabla U;\nonumber\\
\dot{\bf p} &=& -\nabla U - \kappa \nabla
\left[ {\bf p}\cdot ({\bm \sigma} \times \nabla U)\right] - \Gamma({\bf r},{\bf p}) + {\bm \eta} (t)\,.
\label{kan}
\end{eqnarray}
Because we are interested in the linear response regime the system is assumed to be nearby the equilibrium. Therefore
it seems to be adequate to assume the stochastic force $\bm \eta$ distributed by a Gaussian white noise with an
arbitrary noise strength $D$:
$\langle \eta_{\alpha}(t)\,\eta_{\beta}(t') \rangle = 2\,D_{\alpha \beta} \delta(\,t - t')\,$.
The corresponding Fokker-Planck or Kramers' equation for the probability density $P({\bf r}, {\bf p}, t)$
is \cite{gar}
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial P}{\partial t} = - \frac{\partial }{\partial {\bf r}}
\left[ \frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial {\bf p}} P  \right] +
\frac{\partial }{\partial {\bf p}}
\left[ \left(\frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial {\bf r}} + {\bm \Gamma}
\right) P  \right]
+ D \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial {\bf p}^2} P
\label{fp}
\end{equation}
It is easy shown that the last equation satisfies the principle of detailed balance
and exhibits an equilibrium solution of the form
\begin{equation}
P_e({\bf r}, {\bf p}) \sim \exp (-\frac{\mathcal{H}}{k_B T} )\,,
\label{eq}
\end{equation}
provided the arbitrary damping function ${\bm \Gamma}$ fulfills the relation
\begin{equation}
{\bm \Gamma} = \frac{D}{k_BT} \frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial {\bf p}}\,.
\label{fric}
\end{equation}
From here we conclude immediately
\begin{equation}
{\bm \Gamma} = \gamma\, {\bm \Pi },\quad {\rm with}\quad {\bm \Pi } =  \left[ {\bf p} +  m \kappa (\,{\bm \sigma} \times \nabla U(\bf r)) \right]
\label{fric1}
\end{equation}
The quantity ${\bm \Pi}$ is the canonical momentum whereas the parameter $\gamma$ is the damping constant or
the inverse relaxation time, which appears in the conventional Einstein relation $D = m \gamma k_B T\,$.
Due to the linear momentum part in the Hamiltonian \eqref{ham} the 'canonical' friction includes likewise a
relativistic correction, which leads to an additional term in the Drude conductivity discussed below.\\

\section{Stationary current}
Owing to the electric field energy
incorporated into the Hamiltonian Eq.~\eqref{ham}, the equilibrium distribution Eq.~\eqref{eq} may not be
appropriate for analyzing the electric current. All charged particles would shift to $-\infty$ to establish
an equilibrium state. Such a state is not realized because the equilibrium distribution is not normalizable
in that case. Instead of the equilibrium solution one needs a steady state
solution. Due to the conservation of the probability Eq.~\eqref{fp} can be written in form
of a continuity equation where the probability current is a function of both, the spatial coordinate and the
momentum ${\bf j}_p({\bf p},{\bf r},t)$. Whereas the equilibrium distribution $P_e$ satisfies ${\bf j}_p = 0$ a steady
state solution $P_s$ obeys the weaker condition $\nabla \cdot {\bf j}_p = 0$. The complete evolution equation for the
problem reads now
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial P}{\partial t} &=& - \frac{\partial }{\partial {\bf r}} \left( {\bf A} P \right )
- \frac{\partial }{\partial {\bf p}} \left( {\bf B} P \right )
+ D \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial {\bf p}^2} P \quad{\rm with} \nonumber\\
{\bf A} &=& \frac{{\bf p}}{m} + \kappa {{\bm \sigma}} \times \nabla U\nonumber\\
{\bf B} &=& - \nabla U - \kappa \nabla \left[ {\bf p} \cdot ({\bm \sigma} \times \nabla U )\right] -
{\bm \Gamma}({\bf r}, {\bf p})
\label{fp1}
\end{eqnarray}
From here we conclude
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\langle {\bm \Pi} \rangle = \langle {\bf B} \rangle +
m \kappa \langle {\bf A} \cdot \nabla ({\bm \sigma} \times \nabla U({\bf r}) \rangle\,,\quad
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\langle {\bf r} \rangle = \langle {\bf A} \rangle\,.
\label{stat}
\end{equation}
To maintain a stationary electric current $\bf j$ the averaged velocity of the charge
carriers should be fixed. In according to Eq.~\eqref{stat} this requirement is fulfilled by
\begin{equation}
{\bf j} = n e \langle\, {\bf A }\,\rangle\,,\quad \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \langle {\bm \Pi} \rangle = 0\,.
\label{cur}
\end{equation}
The quantity $n$ is the density of the charge carriers. The bracket means now the average with the steady
state solution $P_s({\bf r, p};\,{\bf E},\kappa)$ of Eq.~\eqref{fp1}. It is important to note that all
averages performed with $P_s$ depends on the electric field $\bf E$, too. Because we are looking for a
solution linear in the relativistic factor $\kappa$ we consider firstly the non-relativistic case $\kappa \equiv 0$.
From Eq.~\eqref{stat} combined with Eq.~\eqref{cur} we get
\begin{equation}
\gamma\, \langle {\bf p} \rangle = e {\bf E} - \langle \nabla U_c \rangle\,.
\label{av}
\end{equation}
Since in the non-relativistic case, $\kappa = 0$ the system offers only one preferential direction,
namely that one given by the external field $\bf E$, and furthermore the distribution function of
the steady state depends on the electric field, the only possibility is that the averaged force
in Eq.~\eqref{av} point at the field direction. Hence we set
$$
\langle \nabla U_c \rangle = \alpha_1 \,e\, {\bf E} \,,
$$
where the dimensionless factor $\alpha_1$ characterizes the influence of the crystal potential.
The factor $\alpha_1$ depends on the concrete form of the potential and will be discussed below
for a Coulomb potential. Inserting the last relation in Eq.~\eqref{cur} it results in the non-relativistic case
\begin{equation}
{\bf j}_0 = \frac{e^2 n}{m \gamma} (1 - \alpha_1)\, {\bf E} \,.
\label{dru}
\end{equation}
The first part is nothing else as the conventional Drude conductivity with the simplest form of a scattering mechanism
included in the damping factor $\gamma$. The charge carriers will follow that law if the influence of the
crystal potential is negligible, a situation which should be realized at sufficient high temperatures.
In case the lattice potential becomes relevant an additional scattering mechanism is established and the
mobility of a charge particle is further reduced leading to a decrease of the conductivity.
Now let us take into account the relativistic effects in lowest order in $\kappa$.  From Eqs.~\eqref{stat},\eqref{cur}
\begin{equation}
{\bf j} = \frac{n e^2}{m \gamma} \left [ {\bf E} - \frac{1}{e} \langle \nabla U_c \rangle \right]
+ \frac{2 \kappa n e^2 \,C\,(1 - \alpha_1\,)}{m \gamma^2}  ({\bm \sigma} \times {\bf E})\,,
\label{cur1}
\end{equation}
where the parameter $C$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
\left \langle \frac{\partial^2 U_c}{\partial x_{\mu } \partial x_{\nu }} \right \rangle
= C\, \delta_{\mu \nu }\,.
\label{A}
\end{equation}
Notice that the factor $C$ differs by a factor $e$ from that defined in \cite{c}. The last relation is obviously
valid for an isotropic crystal. As observed in Eq.~\eqref{cur1} the relativistic effect proportional to $\kappa$
yields contributions to the current $\bf j$ pointing toward the field direction $\bf E$ and perpendicular to that
one in the ${\bm \sigma} \times {\bf E}$ direction. Hence there exists a third direction oriented toward
${\bm \sigma} \times ( {\bm \sigma} \times {\bf E})$. Because the average over the crystal potential
has to be fulfilled with the stationary solution of the Kramers equation and this distribution depends on
the electric field, the most general expression for the averaged force linear in the field $\bf E$ reads
\begin{equation}
\left \langle \nabla U_c \right \rangle = \alpha_1\, e {\bf E} + \kappa e
\left[\,\alpha_2\,( {\bm \sigma} \times {\bf E}\,) +
\,\alpha_3\,( {\bm \sigma} \times ( {\bm \sigma} \times {\bf E})\,)\,\, \right]\,.
\label{cur2}
\end{equation}
Here the parameters $\alpha_i,\,i\,= 1,\,2\,,3$ reflect the influence of the crystal potential. They
will be estimated later. As the final result the electric current consists of three parts
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf j} &=& \frac{n e^2}{m \gamma} (1 - \alpha_1) {\bf E} +
\frac{n e^2 \kappa \alpha_3}{m \gamma} \left[ ({\bm \sigma} \times {\bf E}) \times {\bm \sigma} \right]\nonumber\\
&+& \frac{ n e^2 \kappa}{m \gamma^2}
\left[ 2 \,C\,(1-\alpha_1) - \alpha_2 \gamma \right ] ({\bm \sigma} \times {\bf E})\,.
 \label{cur3}
\end{eqnarray}
In the subsequent section we discuss the conductivity.\\

\section{Spin Hall conductivity}
From Eq.~\eqref{cur3} one obtains the charge conductivity and the Hall conductivity
\begin{equation}
\sigma_c = \frac{n e^2 }{m \gamma} (1 - \alpha_1)\,,\quad \sigma_s = \frac{ n e^2 \kappa}{m \gamma^2}\,
\left[ 2\,C (1 - \alpha_1) - \alpha_2\,\gamma \right]\,.
\label{cond}
\end{equation}
The parameter $C$ is defined in Eq.~\eqref{A} whereas the coefficients $\alpha_i$ are introduced in Eq.~\eqref{cur2}.
As already observed in \cite{c} the ratio
\begin{equation}
\frac{\sigma_s}{\sigma_c} = \frac{\hbar}{4 m^2 c^2} \frac{\, 2\, C\,(1 - \alpha_1 ) - \alpha_2\,\gamma }{(1 - \alpha_1)\gamma }
\label{ratio}
\end{equation}
is independent on the concentration of the charge carriers and is determined by the periodic potential.
The result is in accordance with microscopic models \cite{erh}. The expression for the electrical current
is different from that obtained previously \cite{c}. However, if all parameters $\alpha_i$ are neglected the ratio
in Eq.~\eqref{ratio} is in accordance with \cite{c}. Apart from the thermal activation process as driving force
the conventional Drude current is already supplemented by a correction term due to the crystal potential,
see ${\bf j}_0$ in Eq.~\eqref{dru}. Otherwise the spin Hall current is likewise corrected twice by the relativistic
damping force $\bm \Gamma$ and through the influence of the lattice potential. To discuss the differences in more
detail let us estimate the correction coefficients $C,\,\alpha_i\,$. The parameter $C$ is originated by the
distribution of charge carriers in a cubic lattice. Following the line proposed in \cite{c} one can estimate the
coefficient $C$ using the Poisson equation
$$
\nabla^2 U_c(\bf r) = - 4 \pi \rho e
$$
where $\rho$ is the local charge density of the ions. This gives
\begin{equation}
C = \frac{4\pi}{3}Z e n_0
\label{cor1}
\end{equation}
Here $-Z e$ is the charge and $n_0$ is the concentration of the ions. Let us notice that the result is correct in
linear order of the external field. Using the approach proposed below one can show that corrections
to the parameter $C$ due to the field $\bf E$ occur at first in second order. The remaining quantities denoted by
$\alpha_i$, may be figured out in a more laborious analysis. In finding out the parameters we have to
calculate $\langle \nabla U_c \rangle$ according to Eq.~\eqref{cur2}.
The problem one is confronted with is the fact that the electric field affects the intrinsic crystal potential
$U_c({\bf r})$ in such a manner that a constant current is maintained. In particular, the coupling between the external
field and the crystal potential becomes important for low excited charge carriers which are subjected strongly
to the field.  In our approach the influence of the homogeneous field $\bf E$ on the potential is manifested
by the explicit field dependence of the steady state solution $P_s({\bf r}, {\bf p};{\bf E}, \kappa)$. As a
direct consequence the averaged force carried on the charge particles via the crystal potential,
depends on $\bf E$ according to Eq.~\eqref{cur2}. Owing to the pure spatial dependence of the crystal
potential the reduced distribution function, defined by
$\rho({\bf r}; {\bf E}, \kappa) = \int d{\bf p} P_s({\bf r}, {\bf p};{\bf E}, \kappa)\,$
seems to be a more appropriate quantity as $P_s$. However the basis Kramers' equation \eqref{fp1}
allows no exact steady state solution $P_s$. Hence one is relied on a reasonable approximation for
the stationary distribution function. We are looking for a solution of Eq.~\eqref{fp1}
in the linear response regime of the external field and in lowest order of the relativistic factor $\kappa$.
Let us make the ansatz for the steady state solution of Eq.~\eqref{fp1} in the form
\begin{equation}
P_s({\bf r}, {\bf p}; {\bf E}, \kappa) = P_0({\bf r}, {\bf p}; {\bf E})
\left[ 1 + \kappa {\bf p}\cdot {\bf f}({\bf r, E}\,) \right]\,,
\label{app1}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf f} = - \frac{1}{k_B T} {\bm \sigma} \times \nabla U_c\,$ in lowest order.
Inserting this ansatz in Eq.~\eqref{fp1},
performing the momentum integration and collecting all terms in linear order in $\bf E$ and
$\kappa$ one obtains
$$
\langle \nabla U_c \rangle = \int d{\bf r} \left [ \rho ({\bf r, E}, \kappa = 0) +
\kappa \overline{\bf p({\bf r, E})} \cdot f ({\bf r, E}) \right ] \nabla U_c \,.
$$
Here the quantity  $\overline{\bf p({\bf r, E})} = \int d{\bf p} {\bf p} P_0({\bf r}, {\bf p}; {\bf E})$
is the averaged momentum proportional to the current at the coordinate $\bf r$ for $\kappa = 0$.
Assuming that the reduced distribution function $\rho$ obeys the Smoluchowski equation \cite{gar}
and making the approximation
\begin{equation}
\left \langle \frac{\partial U_c}{\partial x_{\alpha}} \frac{\partial^2 U_c}{\partial x_{\beta}\partial x_{\gamma}} \right \rangle
\simeq  C\, \delta_{\beta \gamma}\,\left \langle \frac{\partial U_c}{\partial x_{\alpha}}\right \rangle
\label{cc}
\end{equation}
we find
$$
\langle \nabla U_c \rangle = \alpha_1 e {\bf E} + \frac{ e \kappa C ( 1- \alpha_1)}{\gamma}  ({\bm \sigma} \times {\bf E}) \,.
$$
Comparing the result with the ansatz made in Eq.~\eqref{cur2} we conclude
\begin{equation}
\alpha_2 = \frac{ ( 1- \alpha_1 ) C}{\gamma}, \quad \alpha_3 = 0
\label{al22}
\end{equation}
In lowest oder of a relativistic approach there is no current in spin direction. Inserting this result in
Eq.~\eqref{ratio} one obtains that the ratio of the spin Hall conductivity and the charge conductivity is
independent on the lattice potential
\begin{equation}
\frac{\sigma_s}{\sigma_c} = \frac{\hbar C}{4 m^2 c^2 \gamma}\,.
\label{fin}
\end{equation}
This expression differs from that obtained in \cite{c} by a factor 2. The reason for the discrepancy is
that in \cite{c} the field dependence of the averaged crystal potential is neglected. The spin and the charge
current is subjected to the same scattering mechanism by the
underlying isotropic crystal potential. If one includes higher order corrections
appearing in Eq.~\eqref{cc} then the ratio should be dependent on the potential. Making a similar approach
one can derive the remaining
factor $\alpha_1$.
We find in $d$ dimensions
\begin{equation}
\alpha_1 = \frac{1}{ V\,d\, (k_B T)^2} \int d{\bf r} \left( U_c({\bf r}) - \overline{U_c} \right )^2,\quad
\overline{U_c} = \frac{1}{V} \int d{\bf r}\, U_c({\bf r})
\label{cor2}
\end{equation}
Notice that the result is valid in first order of $\kappa$ and in the linear response regime.
So the problem in finding out the influence of the crystal potential is reduced to calculate
the mean square displacement according to Eq.~\eqref{cor2}. To that aim we have considered a
Coulomb potential $U_c = Z e^2 \sum_{i,j} { \mid {\bf r}_i  - {\bf r}_j \mid }^{-1} $.
A straightforward calculation yields
$$
\alpha_1 = \frac{4 (Z e^2)^2 n a}{3 (k_B T)^2 \pi}\, \equiv  \left(\frac{2 \epsilon_A}{\sqrt{3 \pi} k_B T} \right)^2
$$
where we have assumed a simple cubic lattice with the lattice spacing a.
There occurs a characteristic energy $\epsilon _A =  Z e^2 \sqrt{n a}$.
For high temperatures $\epsilon_A \ll k_B T$ the crystal potential becomes irrelevant, i. e the motion of
the charge carriers is independent on the
underlying potential. Otherwise our approach is a classical one which should be restricted to
$\epsilon_A \leq k_B T$. If the density $n$ of the charge carriers is of the order $n \simeq a^{-3}$ then
$\epsilon_ A \simeq  \frac{Z e^2}{a}$. For a typical electronic system the thermal energy is of
the order of the Fermi energy $k_B T \simeq \epsilon_F$ and therefore
$$
\sigma_c \simeq \frac{n e^2}{m \gamma} \left[ 1 - \left(\frac{2 \epsilon_A}{\,\sqrt{3 \pi}\,\epsilon_F} \right)^2 \right]\,.
$$
Even in case that $\epsilon_A \simeq \epsilon_F$ there is a significant contribution due to the potential. In general
the characteristic energy should be smaller than the Fermi energy.
Instead of using a Coulomb potential one can also consider a $\cos$-potential $
U_c({\bf r}) = U_0 \sum_{i=1}^{d} (1 - \cos (q_i x_i) )\,$.
For this potential one can calculate the conductivity numerically.
The ratio of the charge and the spin Hall conductivity versus the rescaled temperature are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig10}.
For high temperature the potential becomes irrelevant and the classical Drude conductivity is achieved,
compare the dashed line in Fig.~\ref{fig10}. The reason for the weak deviations of $\sigma_s/\sigma_c$
from Eq.~\eqref{fin} is originated exclusively by the approximation made in Eq.~\eqref{cc}.\\

\section{Conclusion}
We have presented a thermally driven Drude model under inclusion of the relativistic
spin-orbit coupling. The charge carriers are driven by a homogeneous electric field and a Gaussian white noise.
Additionally the charged particles are subjected to an intrinsic periodic crystal potential. Our approach
differs from the semiclassical description proposed in \cite{c} in two respects. Firstly, we start consequently
from the stochastic Kramers' equation including canonical friction and white noise terms, and secondly we take
into account that the correction terms due to the averaged crystal potential exhibit a pronounced dependence
on the the electric field and its orientation with respect to the spins. Our approach shows that Spin Hall Effect
should also observed for finite temperature as it has reported recently \cite{stern}. For high temperatures
the particles are not influenced by the potential and the conventional Drude conductivity appears. When the
temperature is lowered the mobility is reduced owing to the potential. In our approach the interplay between
the electric field and the lattice potential is manifested in the field dependence of the averaged force imposed on
charged particles. \\

\noindent The work has been supported by the DFG: SFB 418

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Dearest Ray is the story of a young airman, Raymond White, whose Lancaster bomber was shot down over France during the Second World War. The book contains letters written by Ray and those received from his family, who farmed in North Ockendon, Essex. We follow Ray from when he joined the Air Training Corps based in Hornchurch, through his training to become an aircraft mechanic, progressing to flight engineer and ultimately warrant officer. He was one of three of the crew who bailed out when the plane was destroyed and was interned in a prisoner of war camp. His experiences are illustrated mostly through his letters home. His family wrote regularly and through their letters we become conscious of the value of strong family ties, as they tease but support each other. Raymond survived and returned home to work on the land again but who can say what memories haunted him, as they do many who survived World War II.


An automatic weapon is designed for one thing: to kill human beings.
Congressman Billy Long and Senator Roy Blunt both oppose a ban on automatic weapons and have even voted to block background checks. In the coming election, are you going to be voting for a party or someone who believes what you believe: that automatic weapons should be banned?
April 4, 2019, 6:06 p.m.


text:
Legendary Australian cricketer Shane Warne dies at 52
The legendary cricketer Shane Warne died during a holiday in Koh Samui, Thailand, after suffering a suspected heart attack. He was 52 years old. During his 15-year career with Australia, Warne took 708 Test wickets and won the 1999 ODI World Cup. He was named one of Wisden's Five Cricketers of the Century. His manager Michael Cohen said a heart attack is suspected to have caused his death. Australian cricket, along with the whole cricketing world, is in a state of shock at the loss of Shane Warne, a true cricketing genius.
Despite medical staff's best efforts, Shane could not be revived at the villa where he was found unresponsive. Currently, the family asks for privacy and will provide more information in due course. This shocking news comes just hours after the passing of another icon of Australian cricket, former wicketkeeper Rod Marsh, who died of a heart attack earlier.
Known as Warney throughout the cricketing world, he was unquestionably one of the greatest cricketers of all time, a man who almost single-handedly revived the art of legspin in the early 1990s. In his prime, Warne's legspin took on a dazzling flair. He outwitted several unsuspecting opponents due to his tactical expertise and versatility.
He showed his full potential in the 1992-93 Boxing Day Test in Melbourne, where, in his fifth appearance, he ripped out seven match-winning second-innings wickets against West Indies at his home ground. It was the 1993 Ashes tour that cemented Warne's legend. The cricketing world was left stunned as Warne served up the so-called ball of the century to Mike Gatting in the first match of the series at Old Trafford – a legbreak that turned two feet from outside leg to hit the top of off stump.
Despite his prowess on the cricket field, Warne was no stranger to controversy. A string of revelations about his personal life kept him firmly on the front pages of tabloids. Both Warne and his then teammate Mark Waugh were fined in 1995 after they gave information to an Indian bookmaker during the previous year's tour of Sri Lanka. Warne was banned from international cricket for a year in 2003, on the eve of the 50-over World Cup, when a banned diuretic was discovered in a routine drugs test. He said his mother gave it to him to help him lose weight.
After being recruited as Hampshire's captain by his friend and England rival, Robin Smith, Warne spent eight years in county cricket with Hampshire (2000-2008). He took 276 first-class wickets at 25.59 during his time at the club, and later had a stand named after him at the Ageas Bowl. Warne was still living his legend at the age of 37. In 2008, he captained Rajasthan Royals in the inaugural season of the Indian Premier League (IPL), and duly delivered the title with 19 wickets at 21.26 in the course of the campaign.
Qatar halts PCR testing before arrival for citizens or expats
Technology Innovation Institute launches first Impact Lab in MENA
Al Nassr sign Cristiano Ronaldo for 200 million euros per season
Pele, the 82-year-old Brazilian soccer legend, has passed away
Benzema retires from international football after French World Cup exit
UK-based firm reports 9,000 daily deaths from COVID in China
Masdar signs 1GW clean energy deal in Kyrgyzstan
New destinations added by Wizz Air Abu Dhabi
Powerful Macbook Pro M2 Pro and M2 Max with long-lasting…
Dnata cargo warehouse in Erbil, Iraq will cost $14 million


text:
Chaetonychia cymosa är en nejlikväxtart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Robert Sweet. Chaetonychia cymosa ingår i släktet Chaetonychia och familjen nejlikväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nejlikväxter
cymosa


text:
Annex Construction Going On
We wish to inform all sponsors, donors and friends of Help Liberia Foundation Community School in Buchanan that the construction of the annex for which funds were raised last year is going on.
Before going further, we wish to inform you about two very important changes we have made in the original plan. First, we are constructing a two-classroom annex, instead of the one-room annex originally announced. Second, we are constructing a concrete structure (a more guaranteed structure) instead of the mat structure originally mentioned.
Because of these changes and others, the construction requires new materials which were not needed for the original mat structure, causing us to enter additional expenses for such things as:
Blocks/bricks
Crushed rocks
Two panel doors
Colomos for the windows
More cement for the foundation, for the elevation, for the fixing of concrete leanto, for the plastering of walls, and for the fixing of the floor.
The two-classroom structure, whose construction started last month, contains two doors and six windows. We decided on the six windows because we wish to use colomos at the windows, instead of timber. In this instance, more windows would be needed for proper lighting and ventilation.
This is a quick breakdown of what we have been able to use or obtain in terms of materials and money:
1200 blocks @$0.55 ================ $660
Sand =========================== $75
20 bags of cement @$10 ============= $200
15 Steel rods @$7 ================= $105
15 bags of crushed rocks @$2 ========= $30
12 pieces of wawa @$5 ============== $60
Part payment of Workmanship ======== $150
Lease agreement for use of land for annex = $200
Transportation of 1200 blocks @$0.06 === $72
Other transportation costs =========== $45
Wire nails ====================== $3
Tying wire ====================== $5
Builders at work
In short, we have already expended $1,635 on the two-classroom structure being constructed. We also used $210 on the kitchen; meaning, we have used $1,845 on construction altogether.
However, as you will recall, the total amount raised for the original annex construction was $1,825, from which PayPal deducted $68.40 as service charge, making the actual balance on hand to be $1,756.60.
The foundation and the elevation, including the concrete leanto above the doors and windows are completed. However, we are still left with the following jobs: placing the colomos in the window slots, roofing and zincing the structure, plastering the walls, fixing the floor, and painting the structure.
The walls are complete
As things and prices stand at present, we need the following items to finish the construction:
16 bags of cement (for plastering and floor) @$10 == $160
20 pcs of ceiling @$7 ===================== $140
10 pcs of (2 by 6) planks @$5 =============== $50
20 pcs of (2-by-4) planks @$4 =============== $80
3 bundles of zinc @$125 =================== $375
2 pks of zinc nails @$5 ==================== $10
130 Colomos @$1 ======================= $130
2 doors @$75 ========================== $150
balance workmanship ==================== $175
Many thanks to all those who helped us raise the first amount. At this point, we are NOT going to launch another fundraising campaign for the completion of the two-classroom annex; however, we will appreciate any assistance anyone provides in this direction.
Donation may be sent to our PayPal account managed by our Swedish sponsors or directly to the school's bank account at:
129-200-050-420-19
ECOBANK Liberia
Buchanan City, Grand Bassa County, Republic of Liberia
Swift Code: ECOCLRLM
Once again, we extend our sincere thanks to all of you who are helping us to provide education to scores of needy kids in Buchanan. We are all partners in progress.
Tagged children, education, fundraising, Liberia, school
HLF Community School Conducts Teachers' Workshop
Help Liberia Foundation Community School in Buchanan conducted a one-day teachers' workshop on Friday, March 6, at the school's premises.
Mr. Garnio lecturing on Testing and Evaluation
The primary purpose of the exercise was to refresh the professional minds of the teachers and prepare them to properly impart knowledge to the kids in the school.
Mr. Diggs lecturing on Teaching Methodologies
Three lecturers were invited – Mr. Aaron Diggs, Supervising Principal, Grand Bassa County; Mr. Ihoha Blama, and Mr. Joseph Garnio. Mr. Diggs lectured on Teaching Methodologies; Mr. Blama lectured on Lesson Planning, and Mr. Garnio taught on Testing and Evaluation.
Some of the teachers listening and taking notes
It was an interactive and practical exercise. The participants were served lunch – potato greens and rice – after the first two speakers. After the participations had rested for an hour, the last lecturer came in.
Click on any of the pictures below to see a larger version.
Mr. Blama in class
Mr. Garsuah (Vice Principal for Instructions) introducing Mr. Diggs
Mr. Blama lecturing on Teaching Lesson Planning
Teachers eating at the end of the workshop
Tagged education, Liberia, school, teacher
HLF School Receives Ebola Prevention Materials
In an effort to train school staffers to ensure Ebola safety measures on campuses, the government, in collaboration with a local NGO, organized a one-day workshop before the reopening of our school. Three of our staffers attended.
L-R: The Registrar (Miss Annie Dayugar) and the Principal (Mr. Varney Gibson) posing behind the donated items
Two days after the workshop, a local NGO known as MAP presented some Ebola prevention materials to our school. The items, which were provided by UNICEF and distributed by the NGO, included the following:
Kids washing hands
Two towels
Two barrels
Two buckets
Two brushes
Four brooms
Four boots
Seven gloves
Three cartons of soap
One chlorine bucket
One spraying container
Two spoons
Three Ebola safety measure booklets
Three electronic thermometers
When our school reopened, the staffers who attended the Ebola prevention workshop carried out a two-hour awareness session at the school, educating both students and staff who did not have the opportunity to attend the workshop.
Our kids and our staff have begun observing and practicing these Ebola prevention measures so as to help continue the fight against the Ebola virus, which has not totally left our country.
Tagged children, Ebola, education, Liberia, school
HLF School Reopens
Our school in Buchanan, Help Liberia Foundation Community School, has finally reopened its door to students, teachers and parents for the resumption of normal academic activities. The school reopened on Monday, March 2.
Kids standing outside during recess on Day One
As you may recall, we closed the 2013/2014 school year in June of 2014 and had remained closed until March 2, primarily because of the outbreak of the Ebola virus in our country.
The kids are quite happy to be back in school after staying out of school for more than eight months. Many parents and educators, too, are happy to see the kids back in school.
Cross-section of kids and staff on the first day of school
On the other hand, the reopening of our school is not without problems. For instances, we have fewer students than expected, because not many parents have registered their children due to financial difficulties engendered by the Ebola crisis. Many of them are unemployed and doing nothing.
In addition, some of our old teachers left the school for employment in other schools that pay better than we do. So we have new teachers and are still in search of additional new teachers. We are running a radio announcement for that purpose. Paying teachers well and paying them on time is one of our major challenges, as the fees parents pay are little and only a few of the kids are on sponsorship.
Kids in class with teacher
Besides, we are in need of some start-up funds for the purchase of instructional materials and other school supplies, for food for the kids, as the world Food Program (WFP) has not started distributing food rations to schools, as well as for other things.
Overall, in spite of the problems connected with the opening of the school, we are happy that the school has once more opened its door to the kids. We are also happy that the Ebola virus did not take the life of any of our students or staff.
Before ending, we wish to indicate that we are thankful to all who helped make the reopening possible at this time. Many thanks to all of our friends, sponsors and donors for their continuous involvement with the school in Buchanan.
Note: There will be additional articles about other activities/happenings at the school. Keep visiting our website.
Tagged children, education, Liberia, school


As life events beyond our control happen, sometimes we can't help but be gently guided toward an unhappy financial future. From unexpectedly having to pay for a funeral to having your fridge and freezer suddenly stop working. Situations like these will happen to all of us at various points, sometimes more than once, throughout our lifetimes. In these trying times we can make some pretty silly and rash decisions on where we borrow the money from in order to pay for it all. Ultimately landing us under a mountain of debt that we seem unable to climb out from under: https://www.debtconsolidation-loans.ca/canadian-guide-to-bankruptcy-and-how-to-avoid-it/ However today that changes, I want to show you how you can take out a Home Equity Line of Credit so you can once again take control of your finances.
The current market value of your home, minus what you owe on the loan, is your home equity. So if you had a $100,000 home loan for a $100,000 home, and had paid off 90% and the market had remained unchanged, your home equity would be worth around $90,000. If the market had changed and your home was valued to sell for $200,000, well your equity jumps up significantly, even though the original loan you're paying was only for $100,000, your home equity would now be worth closer to $190,000. The way banks actually calculate your home equity is based on many more factors than that rudimentary example.
If you've accumulated a bunch of debt, various loans, maxed out credit cards, unpaid bills and so forth, then combing all that debt into one lump sum will save you money. The interest you currently pay on all the various bits and pieces, not only rises as you miss or reschedule payments, but the stress that comes with finding money to pay the bills on time is personally taxing on you. Consolidating this mountain of arrears with a line of credit means you get a chance to get out in front of it.
The key difference between these two are how you're given access to the money. With a loan you get it all in bulk, upfront. Whereas with a line of credit you get the access to it as you need it.
Like most people who are in the red with their finances, you too may be thinking the loan is the better option. Though you should pause and ask yourself if it's just because you're familiar with what a loan is and how it works. The reality is most people in debt never take out a loan big enough to clear all the accounts in one big swoop. They forget about companies that bill quarterly or the yearly subscriptions that haphazardly rock up.
A line of credit won't leave you hanging like that. You can get access to more money as you need it. So when those random bills do come in that you'd completely forgotten about, while a loan would have seen you run out of money, a line of credit allows lets you pay them off with no problem. Just because you may be unsure of what a line of credit can do, doesn't automatically make the alternative, in this case a loan, the right option for you.
As bills come in and you require money to get yourself to a zero balance on the various accounts, you get access to it. If you do need a new appliance or car, you can still get access to the money as you need it. Zeroing an account with a line of credit means you haven't borrowed anything from the bank until you actually need it. You only pay interest on what you borrow and from the time you borrow it. As you aren't given a lump sum of money all at once, you aren't going to spend it on wasteful things that aren't helping your debt consolidate.
If you're already paying your mortgage off, you can pay off your mortgage plus a little bit more. Obviously the line of credit is attached to your home, though so is your mortgage. The benefits of paying a little bit of interest to one place, over paying multiple high interest amounts to a number of places, means you're already saving enough money for the debt consolidation line of credit to pay for itself. And when saving pays for itself, you know you're making the right decision.
Whether you're an investor or newlywed couple looking look to buy your first home somewhere in Canada, you should look no further than Nova Scotia. A simple visit to Halifax, the capital, and you'll soon see for yourself that the residents around beautiful Nova Scotia are not only warm and friendly, but ready to welcome you into their communities with open arms, all you need to do is find a home! With the vast selections of houses and properties available, there really is something for everyone. When it comes to Canadian real estate, Nova Scotia truly is the place to call home.
Compared with a lot of other locations across Canada, Nova Scotia's housing market has remained very stable. So while an investor might not be able to buy house and flip it within a few years for good ROI, it also means that the market is stable enough not to have the massive drops that go with those massive spikes. This is great news for most home buyers, especially those first home buyers.
The slew of offerings all over the region are a first home buyers dream. Whether you're just starting out and looking for a simple condo in Halifax so you can entertain guests, or want to settle down in the beautiful harbour countryside of East Petpeswick and find something the family could live comfortably in, Nova Scotia has it all.
Real estate pricing being very stable in the province is another great advantage for first home buyers new to the area: http://www.viewpoint.ca/ This not only makes banks immediately more open to home loan negotiations in the area, but if it ever comes time that you do want to sell, you won't make a loss. Compared with other markets in Canada, this makes a purchase here a really clever buy.
As you can see, it's a real buyers market out there, from amazing large family homes, to awesome land packages or simple mobile homes. There truly is something for everyone.
Not everyone has a great financial history, so if you're one of those people looking for a new start, you'll see that NS in fact not only means Nova Scotia but New Start. As the market remains stable, even with a bad credit history, you'll find banks are more open to the idea of giving you the loan to make a fresh start in this stable housing market. Sure you'll still be paying a higher percentage of interest due to bad credit history, but your chances of securing that loan are so much higher.
When you want to make a steady ROI, the one statistic all investors want to see is established stability. Just as you wouldn't want to invest in declining markets, you wouldn't want to have a significant property evaluation followed by a huge real estate crash in the region, after having sunk your capital into a bunch of properties. That would be a terrible investment. As an investor you want to get your money back in a stable way. Nova Scotia properties can do this for you. Whether you need residential or commercial premises, you can be rest-assured that the region will remain solid for years to come.
As you can see, Nova Scotia has plenty on offer. Be it a home, piece of land or something in-between, you can find it all here. The sole fact the area is so well renowned for its stable market that it highly increases your chances to get a mortgage if you have bad credit, well doesn't that say it all? Who wouldn't want to buy a home in the beautiful Nova Scotia?


text:
package com.coffee.modules.sys.dao;

import java.util.List;

import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Param;

import com.coffee.common.persistence.CrudDao;
import com.coffee.common.persistence.annotation.MyBatisDao;
import com.coffee.modules.sys.entity.User;

/**
 * 用户DAO接口
 * @author coffee
 * @version 2014-05-16
 */
@MyBatisDao
public interface UserDao extends CrudDao<User> {

	/**
	 * 根据登录名称查询用户
	 * @param loginName
	 * @return
	 */
	public User getByLoginName(User user);

	/**
	 * 通过OfficeId获取用户列表,仅返回用户id和name(树查询用户时用)
	 * @param user
	 * @return
	 */
	public List<User> findUserByOfficeId(User user);

	/**
	 * 查询全部用户数目
	 * @return
	 */
	public long findAllCount(User user);

	/**
	 * 更新用户密码
	 * @param user
	 * @return
	 */
	public int updatePasswordById(User user);

	/**
	 * 更新登录信息,如:登录IP、登录时间
	 * @param user
	 * @return
	 */
	public int updateLoginInfo(User user);

	/**
	 * 删除用户角色关联数据
	 * @param user
	 * @return
	 */
	public int deleteUserRole(User user);

	/**
	 * 插入用户角色关联数据
	 * @param user
	 * @return
	 */
	public int insertUserRole(User user);

	/**
	 * 更新用户信息
	 * @param user
	 * @return
	 */
	public int updateUserInfo(User user);

	/**
	 * 插入好友
	 */
	public int insertFriend(@Param("id")String id, @Param("userId")String userId, @Param("friendId")String friendId);

	/**
	 * 查找好友
	 */
	public User findFriend(@Param("userId")String userId, @Param("friendId")String friendId);
	/**
	 * 删除好友
	 */
	public void deleteFriend(@Param("userId")String userId, @Param("friendId")String friendId);

	/**
	 *
	 * 获取我的好友列表
	 *
	 */
	public List<User> findFriends(User currentUser);

	/**
	 *
	 * 查询用户-->用来添加到常用联系人
	 *
	 */
	public List<User> searchUsers(User user);

	/**
	 *
	 */

	public List<User>  findListByOffice(User user);

	public void updateUserOrgInfo(User user);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As i wrote in the topic im now selling Val'anyr fragment runs for every week. I have been doing these runs for my own and i've created 2 Val'anyrs. The runs have been taking place since early february. The whole raid takes around 60-120 minutes and will be done all by my self. All you need to do is to be on time for the raid and following the group around until we are done. The runs will take place at your prefered time and day, however i prefer to do them before Monday.
I am also looking for other players to take part of this run. We're doing Glory weekly.
For those who want to join with their level 80's and gear for herald - I am able to reserve what ever gear you want for some amount of gold we both agree with. You will need to contact me either here or ingame.
My characters are named Sway, Phrida and Phridá.
Also, I am able to sell Shadowfrost Shard runs in icc, contact me for this as well.
I am now selling 2x Rag Hc+ mount and 2x DW HC + Mount, /w for more information.
I want to join both ICC and ulduar, got experience on all bosses but im missing a few meta achievements.
If i wanna tag along just for the achievments and dont care about any drops what would the price be for that?
How much are you taking for shadowmourne runs?
Just a friendly reminder; please don't bump your threads. Doing so may mean a forum suspension, and your thread may be subject to deletion.
What do you mean bump? How exactly is him telling the guy asking for SM runs to whisper him a bump?
No, he just decided to reply on an alt. Hardly counts as a bump cause he actually asked the guy to contact him ingame.
And the diffrence between posting on his alt or main would be? Would it be okay if he bumped his post on his main?
I fail to see the reasoning, I mean you no harm, Just that i found no logic in your statement.
Community managers are bored these days with posting random stuff.


CollectA Horse & Equestrian Figures - Shipped from the U.S.A.
Welcome to the World of CollectA Horse Country & Equestrian figures. See the Horse collection from equine sculptor Deborah McDermott, her happy horses are full of expression and life!