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We affirm everyone's right to love whomever they love, and to make schools safe for all identities, especially LGBTQ+ youth.
Defining Terms
The LGBTQ+ community has evolved over time to include terms relating to both sexuality and gender. While gender and sexuality are related and connected, they are different.
First, here are some overarching terms used in the community:
LGBTQ+: An acronym to refer to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning people. The + symbol is used to extend the acronym to additional groups, such as intersex, asexual, and other sexualities and non-binary gender identities.
GSA: These letters can stand for gay-straight alliance or gender and sexuality alliance. These groups are student-led clubs and organizations in schools that provide a safe and welcoming space for LGBTQ+ youth and their straight allies to discuss and explore gender and sexuality.
Here are terms relating to gender (all from Gender Spectrum):
Sex: Used to label a person as "male" or "female" (some US states and other countries offer a third option) at birth, this term refers to a person's external genitalia and internal reproductive organs. When a person is assigned a particular sex at birth, it is often mistakenly assumed that this will equate with their gender; it might, but it might not.
Gender identity: Our internal experience and naming of our gender. It can correspond to or differ from the sex we were assigned at birth.
Cisgender (or cis): People whose gender identity aligns with their assigned sex at birth.
Transgender (or trans): Sometimes this term is used broadly as an umbrella term to describe anyone whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex. It can also be used more narrowly as a gender identity that reflects a binary gender identity that is "opposite" or "across from" the sex they were assigned at birth.
Non-binary: An umbrella term for gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine.
Two spirit: a term used within the Indigenous community to describe people who have both male and female spirit within them. This is an umbrella term adopted by the Native community, and many tribes have their own terms, roles and traditions for two spirit people going back centuries. (Indian Country Today)
Intersex: About 1% of children are born with chromosomes, hormones, genitalia and/or other sex characteristics that are not exclusively male or female as defined by the medical establishment in our society. In most cases, these children are at no medical risk, but most are assigned a binary sex identity (male or female) by their doctors and/or families.
And here are terms relating to sexuality (all from the Human Rights Campaign):
Sexual orientation: An inherent or immutable enduring emotional, romantic or sexual attraction to other people.
Gay: A person who is emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to members of the same gender.
Lesbian: A woman who is emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to other women.
Bisexual: A person emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to more than one sex, gender or gender identity though not necessarily simultaneously, in the same way or to the same degree.
Pansexual: Someone who has the potential for emotional, romantic or sexual attraction to people of any gender though not necessarily simultaneously, in the same way or to the same degree.
Asexual:The lack of a sexual attraction or desire for other people.
Queer: A term people often use to express fluid identities and orientations. Often used interchangeably with "LGBTQ." This term was once considered an insult by some people but has been "reclaimed" by the LGBTQ+ community.
Homophobia: the fear and hatred of or discomfort with people who are attracted to members of the same sex.
Transphobia: the fear and hatred of, or discomfort with, transgender people.
The Importance of Pronouns
When we meet a new person, we will often assume the pronouns they use based on the way they are dressed or present themselves. This can lead to jarring situations for trans or non-binary youth, who may not dress or cut their hair according to typical gender norms.
There is a growing movement to mention pronouns when doing introductions, the same way you would mention your name, age, or where you are from. This ensures everyone knows how you would like to be referred to, and normalizes the practice so that trans and non-binary youth feel comfortable in the space.
For example, you might say, "My name is Xander, and my pronouns are he, him and his" or "My name is Sam, and my pronouns are they, them and theirs."
Normalize adding pronouns to your introductions, and ensure that when doing group introductions you encourage participants to mention their pronouns. This signals to trans and non-binary youth that this is a safe space for them to be themselves.
For more information on the use of pronouns, see this article from Medium.com.
Challenges for LGBTQ+ Youth in Today's World
While the LGBTQ+ community has made great strides in achieving legal rights and social acceptance in the recent decades, LGBTQ+ youth continue to face significant challenges in today's world. Here are a few examples:
Only 56% of LGBTQ+ youth report being out to their immediate family members. LGBTQ+ youth often fear or anticipate family rejection, preventing them from coming out. (Human Rights Campaign)
LGBTQ+ youth are more than two times as likely as non-LGBTQ+ youth to say they have been verbally harassed and called names at school. (Human Rights Campaign)
LGB youth are almost five times as likely to have attempted suicide compared to heterosexual youth. Trans youth are even more likely to attempt suicide than their LGB counterparts. (Centers for Disease Control / The Trevor Project)
Between 20 – 40% of homeless youth are LGBT, meaning that hundreds of thousands of LGBT children and young adults are living on the streets each year. (National Coalition for the Homeless) Harassment at school and family rejection are leading causes of LGBTQ+ youth leaving home without jobs or economic security.
So-called "gay conversion therapy" remains legal in 30 states. This harmful practice attempts to change a person's sexual orientation or gender identity, despite strong evidence sexuality and gender identity are immutable and cannot be changed. (Born Perfect)
Local Actions to Support LGBTQ+ Youth
Here are just a few ideas of ways students can take action locally to support and include LGBTQ+ youth in your school or community:
Does your school have a GSA? If not, consider whether starting a GSA may be a good first step to making LGBTQ+ youth more visible and accepted in your community. Here are 10 tips for starting a GSA from Teaching Tolerance. Keep in mind how starting a new club may impact other groups, for example a diversity or social justice club. LGBTQ+ youth deserve a unique space to meet and be themselves, but at the same time should not be isolated from other social justice groups in the school or community.
If your school has a GSA, is it fully inclusive and intersectional? In some communities students of color may not feel represented or welcome within LGBTQ+ spaces without specific outreach and efforts. If that seems to be the case, consider discreetly interviewing LGBTQ+ students of color about their experiences, and find ways to bridge the barriers to participation and inclusion.
Are LGBTQ+ people represented in your curriculum? More states and school districts are passing regulations to ensure inclusion of LGBTQ+ history in school curriculum, but this is often due to student activism. If your teachers aren't actively mentioning LGBTQ+ people and history in classrooms, consider a project to engage them to update the curriculum, or work on a project to change the law in your state.
Bullying within school is one of the biggest challenges for LGBTQ+ youth. Consider launching a project to identify spaces where students are regularly harassed, and then come up with an action plan to call out and address the harassment. Try to build a coalition of student groups, teachers, and administrators working collaboratively on the problem.
Regularly introduce yourself with pronouns, and consider a presentation or project to encourage others in the school to normalize the use of pronouns during introductions.
Does your school have gender-neutral bathrooms available for trans and non-binary students? If not, engage administration to come up with a plan.
Most importantly, make sure LGBTQ+ youth know you are their ally, and be available if they need support. Don't wait to be asked to show you are supportive.
YCD Workshops for LGBTQ+ Youth
Below are example workshops YCD has hosted in the past through our conferences for students and educators; contact us to request more information or connect with a presenter.
A Forum for LGBTQ Students
We will share resources that are available to LGBTQ+ youth. This session will be an informal discussion which will support LGBTQ youth. Allies are welcome to attend, to support, and learn with their LGBTQ peers. No questions will be turned down, all questions are encouraged. "Caring for myself is not self-indulgence, it is self-preservation, and that is an act of political warfare." ― Audre Lorde
Presented in different variations by: The Center on Colfax, Denver, CO; SPLASH Youth of Northern Colorado, Fort Collins, CO; and Teen M'Power, Albuquerque, NM
Gatekeeping within the LGBTQ+ Community
Who gets to decide who is part of the LGBTQ+ community and who isn't? In this workshop participants will share their experiences with gatekeeping within the LGBTQ+ community. Participants will explore this topic through an interactive activity exploring the four I's of oppression and the ideas we have about the LBGTQ+ community (internally and externally).
Presented by Building Bridges, Denver, CO
Gender Fluid: Shifting on the Spectrum of Gender Identity and Expression
We will provide an overview of the differences among biological sex or sex assigned at birth, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation as well as some common gender-related terminology. Opportunities to engage and consider your own gender development and gender non-conforming experiences will be encouraged. Then, we will focus more specifically on the concept of 'gender fluid.' This will include a description of gender fluid, video clip examples of gender-fluid experiences, discussing common areas of difficulty/discrimination, brainstorming ways to make spaces safer for gender-fluid individuals, and practicing the use of gender affirming language.
Presented by the TRUE Center for Gender Diversity at Children's Hospital Colorado, Denver, CO
The Intersection of Religion, Family and Sexuality
This workshop explores the intersection of religion, family and sexuality. We heard from author Amber Cantorna, the daughter of an executive at Focus on the Family and who came out as a lesbian at age 27, about her experience reconciling her sexuality and spirituality, and then had a dynamic group discussion through Q&A.
Presented by the Interfaith Alliance of Colorado and Amber Cantorna, Denver, CO
On the Field and Out of the Closet: LGBTQ+ Athletes Speak
A panel of LGBTQ+ athletes will participate in a panel/Q&A for attendees, discussing their experiences as closeted/out athletes in high school and college. We'll discuss how we can support friends, siblings and ourselves in creating an inclusive and affirming experience for everyone in the sports world.
Presented by the You Can Play Project, Denver, CO
Transgender 101 and Beyond
How do we talk about gender? It isn't simple when a transgender or gender non-conforming person expresses their real feelings. This workshop will discuss the gender spectrum through terminology, games, and personal stories. We'll go from blue to pink and girl to boy and back.
Presented by Zia Klamm, Denver, CO
LGBTQ+ Leaders Who Inspire Us
Here's a list of folx who are leading the fight for LGBTQ+ inclusion and rights. They inspire and inform our work. Follow them on social media, or seek out opportunities to hear them speak to dig deeper on these issues.
Leslie Herod
Matthew Shurka
Jas Davis
Fort Collins / Denver, CO
Monica Marquez
Thomas Lopez Jr.
South Florida / Boston, MA
Lydia X.Z. Brown
Laila and Logan Ireland
Nyle DiMarco
Gabe Ortiz
Amber Cantorna
Who inspires your work for LGBTQ+ youth? Share your points of inspiration with us on Twitter:
.@ycdiversity My work for LGBTQ+ youth is inspired by
LGBTQ+ Books for Students
Here is a list of recommended books for students and teens that explore and address LGBTQ+ issues. You can find free e-books or your local library using OverDrive.com.
LGBTQ+ Books for Educators and Adults
And this list is for teachers, educators and adults looking for guidance on supporting and including LGBTQ+ youth within the classroom or school system.
Movies Addressing LGBTQ+ Inclusion
Below are movies that address LGBTQ+ topics in meaningful and compelling ways.
Podcasts on LGBTQ+ Inclusion
Here is a list of recommended podcasts you can download and follow to explore LGBTQ+ inclusion in more detail.
Organizations Advancing LGBTQ+ Inclusion and Rights for Youth
YCD partners with numerous organizations to offer education and trainings for students on LGBTQ+ issues. Below are some of these groups; we encourage you to look into what services, resources and information they can offer for a deeper exploration of how you can support and include LGBTQ+ youth in your school or community.
Jump to: Arizona | Colorado | New Mexico | North Carolina | Texas | Utah | Wyoming
Born Perfect is a campaign to end conversion therapy created by The National Center for Lesbian Rights.
Familia: Trans Queer Liberation Movement (Familia:TQLM) works at the local and national levels to achieve the collective liberation of trans, queer, and gender nonconforming Latinxs through building community, organizing, advocacy, and education.
GenderCool is a youth-led movement replacing misinformed opinions with positive, powerful experiences meeting remarkable kids who identify as transgender and non-binary.
GLSEN is a national education organization working to ensure safe and inclusive schools for all, regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression. GLSEN's Day of Silence and Ally Week are designed to give students and teachers the tools that they need to move their school to address and help end anti-LGBT bullying. GLSEN also has resources on starting and sustaining a gay-straight alliance in school.
The Human Rights Campaign represents a force of more than 3 million members and supporters nationwide. As the largest national lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer civil rights organization, HRC envisions a world where LGBTQ people are ensured of their basic equal rights, and can be open, honest and safe at home, at work and in the community.
The It Gets Better Project is a nonprofit organization with a mission to uplift, empower, and connect lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth around the globe. Growing up isn't easy, especially when you are trying to affirm and assert your sexual orientation and/or gender identity. It can be a challenging and isolating process – but, the good news is, no one has to do it alone.
Keshet works for the full equality of all LGBTQ Jews and our families in Jewish life. We strengthen Jewish communities. We equip Jewish organizations with the skills and knowledge to build LGBTQ-affirming communities, create spaces in which all queer Jewish youth feel seen and valued, and advance LGBTQ rights nationwide.
The National Center for Lesbian Rights is a national legal organization committed to advancing the civil and human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and their families through litigation, legislation, policy, and public education.
The Trevor Project is the leading national organization providing crisis intervention and suicide prevention services to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer & questioning youth. If you are a young person in crisis, feeling suicidal, or in need of a safe and judgment-free place to talk, call the TrevorLifeline now at 1-866-488-7386.
You Can Play works to ensure the safety and inclusion for all who participate in sports, including LGBTQ+ athletes, coaches and fans. We achieve this by creating a community of allies that is able to foster a true sense of belonging.
The Diné Equality envisions the Navajo Nation as a safe, supportive, and inclusive home for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender & two-spirit community.
one•n•ten is a nonprofit organization dedicated to serving and assisting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth ages 14 to 24. From weekly discussion groups to fun, social networking events, they create a safe space, mentally and physically, for youth of all socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. They also offer resources to promote healthy choices and living. In addition to their downtown Phoenix location, the group has satellite locations in Glendale, Prescott, Flagstaff, Scottsdale, Mesa and Queen Creek.
The Center on Colfax in Denver has grown to become the largest community center in the Rocky Mountain region, giving voice to Colorado's all lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) community and playing a pivotal role in statewide initiatives to reduce harassment and discrimination.
Through outreach initiatives, educational programs, and social events, Four Corners Alliance for Diversity serves LGBT community members and their allies in Durango and the surrounding area, from youth to seniors.
Inside/Out Youth Services creates safe space, provides support systems and teaches life skills to LGBTIQ youth in Colorado Springs and the surrounding community. Their programs include support and discussion groups, supervised drop-in recreation center, community outings, leadership development opportunities, sexual health education, suicide prevention education, career and financial skills building, counseling referrals, food pantry, and clothing closet.
Joy as Resistance is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the hope and joy of LGBTQIA+ youth through comprehensive mental health and wellness services.
One Colorado is the state's leading advocacy organization dedicated to advancing equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) Coloradans and their families. The organization also maintains a Gay-Straight Alliance Network to help teens and teachers from GSAs across the state connect and network with one another.
Out Boulder County educates, advocates and provides services, programs and support for Boulder County's LGBT and queer communities. They have several youth groups that serve youth age 11-18 and meet weekly to provide support to one another, and also provide homework and tutoring support by appointment, as well as trainings on gender identity, gender expression and sexual orientation for classes, businesses and organizations.
Over the past 25 years, the Southern Colorado Equality Alliance based in Pueblo has organized HIV/AIDS vigils and fundraisers, held debates and informational panels, provided people information on LGBTQ issues, hosted dances and a prom, supported civil unions, celebrated when the Supreme Court affirmed LGBT marriages to be an inalienable right, stood up against anti-gay protests, helped with petition drives, and much more. The SCEA also organizes Outfront, Pueblo's LGBT youth group for people ages 13-20, including straight allies.
SPLASH Youth of Northern Colorado creates inclusive, safe, and positive environments for youth in Fort Collins, Greeley, Loveland, Windsor and Estes Park who may be at-risk or need a safe space to be themselves; while providing resources to young people who may be at-risk or feel disenfranchised due to their gender identity, expression or sexual orientation. SPLASH youth groups are youth-led and consist of weekly meetups and special events that give LGBTQIA+ youth a safe space to join together for learning about the LGBTQIA+ community.
Casa Q, based in Albuquerque, provides safe living options and services for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning (LGBTQ) youth, and allies who are at risk of or experiencing homelessness.
Equality New Mexico works to achieve equality and secure legal protections for LGBTQ people living in New Mexico by sponsoring legislation and coordinating efforts to ensure its passage, lobbying legislators and other policymakers, building coalitions, developing community strength, and empowering individuals in other organizations to engage in the political process.
Identity, Inc! supports the LGBTQ community and allies in Farmington and throughout San Juan County by providing a safe space and opportunity for growth through education.
The Mountain Center (TMC) is a nationally recognized and accredited 501(C)3 educational and therapeutic organization that, since 1979, has been dedicated to promoting personal discovery and social change among youth, families and groups through the use of creative learning experiences in wilderness, community and cultural environments. In particular, The Mountain Center is host to the New Mexico Gay-Straight Alliance Network, connecting GSA clubs across the state.
Southern New Mexico Pride, based in Las Cruces, provides advocacy and resources for the LGBTQ community and its allies, producing several events throughout the year.
Teen'MPower, based in Albuquerque and run through Planned Parenthood of the Rocky Mountains, is a group of LGBTQ+ youth and allies who come together and make memories. They talk about issues that affect all of us, like challenges around being LGBTQ+ in school, what do teens need from allies, or tips and tricks for challenging gender roles and expectations.
The Transgender Resource Center of New Mexico provides support, community, and connection to transgender, gender nonconforming, nonbinary, and gender variant people and their families through advocacy, education, and direct services.
Time Out Youth Center, based in Charlotte, is a place where you can experience a sense of belonging and community. Whether you are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, a straight ally – or just don't want to be labeled, you will be welcomed here. Some of our youth are out, some are partially out, and some are not out at all. Time Out Youth Center offers a safe space for all and fully respects the journey of each individual. While at Time Out Youth, you are not expected to be anyone or anything except who you are.
Fiesta Youth is San Antonio's premier LGBTQ non-profit youth organization for youth and their allies. They offer support, educational and enrichment programming/activities designed to help youth build a sense of community through friendship and peer connection through weekly programming, special events, and partnered events with the San Antonio Library System and the YMCA of Greater San Antonio.
Out Youth, based in Austin, serves Central Texas LGBTQIA+ youth and their allies with programs and services to ensure these promising young people develop into happy, healthy, successful adults.
Equality Utah works to build a community where every Utahn is valued for being who they are regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. We believe everyone in our state deserves to be treated with respect and understanding and to be afforded the same basic freedoms and opportunities as everyone else.
TEA of Utah is dedicated to finding and creating opportunities to better the lives of transgender, gender non-conforming, and non-binary Utahns. TEA of Utah works to educate school boards, administrators, and key policy makers to help ensure that transgender students are able to succeed in school.
Wyoming Equality strives to achieve equity for all lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, two-spirit, and queer Wyomingites by building broad and inclusive communities, shifting the hearts and minds of our neighbors, and achieving policy victories. The group created the Wyoming GSA Network to support, empower and connect LGBTQ+ youth in the state.
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Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics
Interfacial Water: A Physical Chemistry Perspective View all 4 Articles
Hideki Seto
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan
Hiroyuki Kitahata
Chiba University, Japan
Nobuhiko J. Suematsu
Meiji University, Japan
Model for Regular Oscillation
Ionic Tuning of Droplet Motion on Water Surface
Yudai Mikuchi, Hirofumi Yamashita, Daigo Yamamoto, Erika Nawa-Okita and Akihisa Shioi*
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
Herein, the oscillation of an oil droplet on the surface of water is studied. The droplet contains an anionic surfactant that can react with the cations present in water. The oscillation starts after a random motion, and the oscillation pattern apparently depends on the cation species in the water phase. However, a common pattern is included. The cation species only affects the amplitude and frequency and sometimes perturbs the regular pattern owing to the instability at the oil/water interface. This common pattern is explained by a simple model that incorporates the surfactant transport from the droplet to the surrounding water surface. The dependency of the amplitude and frequency on cation species is expressed quantitatively by a single parameter, the product of the amplitude and square of frequency. This parameter depends on the cationic species and can be understood in terms of the spreading coefficient. The simple model successfully explains this dependency.
A droplet on a liquid surface often shows various spatiotemporal pattern formations. Recently, the number of studies focusing on droplet dynamics under a non-equilibrium state has increased, where the non-equilibrium is caused by mass transport and/or chemical reactions (Ye et al., 1994; Shioi et al., 2003; Sumino et al., 2005; Lagzi et al., 2010; Pimienta et al., 2011; Ban et al., 2013; Hermans et al., 2013; Banno and Toyota, 2015; Seemann et al., 2016; Zwicker et al., 2016; Seyboldt and Jülicher, 2018). This is one of the simplest pattern formations in non-equilibrium open systems. The studies in this field may be associated with the physicochemical understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns in living systems (Zwicker et al., 2016; Seyboldt and Jülicher, 2018) and application of non-linear dynamics to chemical processes such as wetting (Wang et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015), drying (Ok et al., 2016; Janssens et al., 2017), and active transport (Bottier et al., 2009; Goto et al., 2015). Furthermore, these studies potentially lead to the design of abiotic chemical where evaporation produces the non-equilibrium state (Stocker and Bush, 2003; Pimienta et al., 2011; Antoine and Pimienta, 2013). However, the chemical control of such droplet dynamics is an attractive topic because it can yield its chemo-responsive nature. Only a few studies have been reported for the chemical control of droplet dynamics on a liquid surface (Lagzi et al., 2010; Ban et al., 2013), and how the droplet dynamics under evaporation is affected by chemistry is not fully elucidated. In general, the interplay between the mass transport and chemical reactions is a key topic in the design of biomimetic systems. However, this is not fully studied for droplet dynamics on a liquid surface despite it being the simplest system.
An oil/water interface containing bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHPA) shows chemo-sensitive instability (Hosohama et al., 2011; Miyaoka et al., 2012). Some types of cations cause a spontaneous convection by chemical reactions with DEHPA, whereas other types of cations do not. Even among the cations causing instability, the characteristics of the convection depend on the cation species. When a float is placed at an oil/water interface, its motion can be regulated by the cation species in water (Yasui et al., 2015). Such an oil/water system is very much suitable to study the chemical control of droplet dynamics. In the present study, the dynamics of an oil droplet containing DEHPA on a water dissolving electrolyte is investigated: The oil droplet with DEHPA spontaneously moves on the water surface. It shows a regular oscillation with some types of cations, whereas it is perturbed or violated by other types of cations. The frequencies and amplitudes of the regular oscillations depend on the cation species. This dependency can be explained by a simple model, in which the cation effect is considered in terms of the effects on the surface and interfacial tension.
DEHPA (> 97%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. Silicone oil was purchased from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Other chemicals were reagent grade and purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. CaCl2·2H2O, FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, SrCl2·6H2O, MgCl2·6H2O, MnCl2·4H2O, and CoCl2·6H2O were used as electrolytes. Decane was used as the oil phase (Silicone oil was also used for a control experiment). DEHPA and each electrolyte were dissolved in the oil and water phases, respectively. The concentrations of DEHPA and electrolyte were 100 and 10 mM, respectively. Subsequently, 10 mL of water phase was poured into a petri-dish of 48 mm diameter, after which an oil droplet of 3 μL was placed on the water surface. The droplet motions were monitored by a single-lens reflex camera (Canon EOS Kiss X9) with 30 fps frame rate. Digital microscope VW-6000 (Keyence corporation) with a frame rate ranging from 30 to 250 fps was also used when a higher time resolution was required. The movie was analyzed by image analysis software Ulead Video Studio (Corel Corporation) and TEMA (Photron Limited).
We also measured the droplet diameter under equilibrium. Then, 10 mL of the water phase was poured in another petri-dish of 48 mm diameter. Just after an oil droplet of 3 μL was placed on the water, this petri-dish was covered to avoid evaporation to outside environment. The petri-dish fogged owing to the evaporation of the oil in the petri-dish. Thus, we used the shadow graph technique to measure the droplet diameter. The diameter after 300 s was measured. The single-lens reflex camera (Canon EOS Kiss X9) with 30 fps frame rate was also used for this experiment.
The surface and interfacial tensions were also measured. In these experiments, the oil and water phases, the volume of which were 10 mL, were equilibrated. After the equilibration, the surface and interfacial tensions were measured by a pendant drop technique with one attention (Biolin Scientific Holding AB). A drop of a higher density fluid was formed in a lower density fluid. Spreading coefficient S was calculated from these surface and interfacial tensions.
The evaporation rate of oil was also measured from the weight loss of the oil phase. Then, 5 mL oil (decane or silicone oil) was poured in a petri-dish of 48 mm diameter. The petri-dish was set on an electronic balance to measure its weight every 5 min. We also observed the convection pattern in the water phase on which an oil droplet was placed. Separately, carbon powder (~3 mg) was dispersed in 10 mL of water phase as tracer particles. This water phase was poured in a petri-dish of 48 mm diameter. A core of a mechanical pencil (Mitsubishi Pencil Co., Ltd. uni.3-202ND) was inserted vertically across the water surface. An oil droplet of 3 μL was placed on the water surface around this inserted pillar. The droplet migration was restricted so that a stable convection pattern was observed. The motion of the tracers was monitored by the single-lens reflex camera (Canon EOS Kiss X9) at a frame rate of 30 fps. Particle image velocimetry analysis was performed (LaVision, DaVis 8). All the experiments were performed at room temperature (20–25°C).
Figure 1 shows examples of droplets motions. Just after a decane droplet is placed, a thin film begins to expand from the droplet periphery. This is observed for the cations except Fe3+. Smaller droplets are sometimes discharged from a part of the film edge (Figure 1A). Then, the original droplet moves toward the opposite direction of this discharge. This motion is repeated, resulting in a random motion (Figure 1B) and deformation (Figure 1A) of the droplet. When Fe2+ or Ca2+ are dissolved in water, this random motion continues until the droplet disappears by transformation into a film and/or smaller droplets, evaporation, and dissolution. When Mg2+, Sr2+, Mn2+, or Co2+ is dissolved, the random motion gradually weakens. After it stops, the droplet starts to exhibit an oscillatory shape change between expanded and contracted shapes (Figure 1C). (See Supplementary Video 1 for all the cations and Supplementary Video 2 for Mg2+ for the regular oscillation regime.) When Fe3+ is dissolved in water, the oil droplet only expands on water and disappears by transforming into a film, evaporation, and dissolution.
Figure 1. Droplet motion and oscillation for Mg2+, (A) discharge of smaller droplets after film expansion, (B) trajectory of the random motion for 140 s, and (C) expanded and contracted states during the periodic regular oscillation.
The time course of the droplet diameter is shown in Supplementary Figure 1, in which we see weak drifts and discontinuous changes in the droplet diameter. These weak drifts and discontinuous changes are subtracted in Figure 2 because they are caused by an error in the treatment of the video files in the software. The diameters are measured along the two orthogonal directions in the video frame. For Mg2+ (and Sr2+and Mn2+), one can see the time range within which the droplet shape oscillates quite regularly (140 s−390 s in Figure 2A). The oscillation amplitude changes over a long time, during which the envelopes oscillate with a long period (beat). Though a similar oscillation is observed for Co2+ (90 s−280 s in Figure 2B), the regularity of the pattern, as shown in the inset, is slightly perturbed. Here, we refer it as a quasi-regular oscillation. For Ca2+ (and Fe2+), the diameter changes irregularly throughout the experiment (90 s−400 s in Figure 2C). This irregular diameter change is similar to that reported by Stocker and Bush (2003). A regular oscillation of a floating droplet was also reported by Antoine and Pimienta (2013). The droplet oscillations reported until now have been caused by the evaporation of the oil (Stocker and Bush, 2003; Antoine and Pimienta, 2013), and the patterns were dependent on the oil species and evaporation rate. In the present system, the different types of droplet dynamics are generated by an appropriate selection of cations (The results for the cations that are not presented in Figure 2 are shown in Supplementary Figure 2).
Figure 2. Change in the droplet diameter. The drift in the droplet size over a long time is subtracted. Three types of dynamics are shown. (A) Mg2+ with a regular oscillation, (B) Co2+ with a quasi-regular oscillation, and (C) Ca2+ with an irregular fluctuation. The insets show the expanded versions of the marked squares. The scale bar is 2 mm in all the figures.
One period of the diameter change, i.e., the period between two neighboring local minima, is scaled appropriately and superposed in Figure 3A. For Mg2+, Sr2+, and Mn2+, a pulse in the regular oscillation regime is selected. A pulse in the quasi-regular regime is selected for Co2+. For Fe2+ and Ca2+, a pulse is randomly selected from the fluctuation pattern. The result shows that the diameter change has a common pattern independent of the cation species. Figure 3B shows the scaling for five periods. Figures 3A,B indicate that even irregular shape changes in case of Ca2+ and Fe2+ exhibit a common pattern. For these cations, fluctuations in the amplitude and periodicity produce randomness. This common pattern is different from the oscillation pattern reported by Antoine and Pimienta, which is superposed in Figure 3A (Antoine and Pimienta, 2013).
Figure 3. Scaling of the oscillation pattern for (A) a single pulse and (B) five pulses. The oscillation is taken around 225 s (○, Mg2+), 485 s (Δ, Mn2+), 250 s (□, Sr2+), 205 s (▿, Co2+), 214 s (♢, Ca2+), and 154 s (pentagon, Fe2+) in Figure 2 and Supplementary Figure 2. Dashed curve is reproduced from the literature (Pimienta et al., 2011). Solid curve is calculated by a model (Figure 7A).
The similarity in the droplet dynamics with film formation and droplet discharge reported until now is discussed in terms of hydrodynamics, in which the evaporation of oil plays a crucial role (Karapetsas et al., 2011). Here, the surface flow to maintain the film is associated with the droplet motions: The surface flow transports the surfactant molecules and modulates the interfacial (surface) tension and contact angle of a sessile lens (Antoine and Pimienta, 2013). In the present study, the measurement of the weight loss of decane reveals that the evaporation flux of decane is ~1.74 × 10−6 g/mm2, resulting in 0.3% weight loss in petri-dish during 1 h (Supplementary Figure 3). This evaporation rate appears to be very much smaller than for the dichloromethane droplet reported previously. Despite its low volatile nature, the decane droplet can exhibit the oscillatory shape change. To examine the effects of evaporation further, silicone oil was used. We confirmed that silicone oil does not evaporate during the experimental time range (Supplementary Figure 3). For all the cations used in this study, outstanding motion and shape change was not observed. We also performed experiments with a decane droplet and Mg2+ in a closed container. Even in these experiments, no remarkable and sustainable shape change and motion were observed. These results demonstrated that evaporation was required for droplet motion, and a low evaporation rate was sufficient to maintain the motion. The common pattern shown in Figure 3A is obtained probably when the evaporation rate is sufficiently low.
The oil/water interface with DEHPA and cations shows instability (spontaneous interfacial flow) when Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Co2+ were dissolved in water (Miyaoka et al., 2012; Yasui et al., 2015). Contrastingly, this instability is not observed for Mg2+ and Sr2. This indicates that an oil droplet without instability (Mg2+ and Sr2+) can show the regular oscillations in the droplet shape. The common pattern in Figure 3A is also observed with Co2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+. When the spontaneous interfacial flow is generated, this common pattern is probably perturbed. This may be responsible for the less-regular pattern for Co2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+. The droplet with Mn2+ shows a regular oscillation although it causes instability. The instability is observed under restricted experimental conditions. Further studies are necessary for the elucidation of the effects of instability on droplet dynamics.
The Fourier spectra of the oscillations were calculated (see Supplementary Figure 4 for Fourier spectra). Figures 4A,B show the peak frequency (ωmax) and its Fourier amplitude (Amax). After an induction period, the droplet starts to oscillate. The range of ωmax is not large enough. However, the peak frequency appears to decay exponentially with time during the oscillation, as shown in Figure 4A. Thus, we obtain
ωmax=ω0e-tτ (1)
Here, ω0 is the frequency extrapolated to t = 0 and τ denotes the characteristic time for the frequency decay. The τ value is insensitive to the cations species, whereas it affects ω0. The amplitude increases to reach its maximum, as shown in Figure 4B: At the beginning of the oscillation, an oscillation with a high frequency and small amplitude governs the droplet dynamics. Subsequently, the amplitude increases, whereas the frequency decreases. This trend is observed irrespective of the cation species. The relationship between ωmax and Amax is shown in Figures 4C,D, which show that Amax is proportional to ωmax-n. Exponent n is approximately equal to 2 for all the cations. This result indicates
Amaxωmax2=p (2)
Constant p depends on the cation species.
Figure 4. Fourier analysis of the droplet oscillations. (A) Peak frequency (ωmax), (B) amplitude (Amax) at the peak frequency, and (C,D) double logarithmic plot of ωmax and Amax. Fourier transformation is performed for 30 s after the time shown in absicissa of (A) and (B). The dotted line in (C,D) corresponds Amax Amax ∞ ωmax−2. Keys are the same as those of Figure 3.
When a droplet shows the regular oscillations, a steady convection is observed in the water phase. Supplementary Video 3, Figure 5A shows a vector map of the stream lines drawn by particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis. The surface flow starts from the droplet edge and shows a circular pattern. The time course of a tracer speed in the vicinity of the droplet edge is shown in Figure 5B. A similar surface flow has already been pointed out (Stocker and Bush, 2003; Antoine and Pimienta, 2013), where an oil that spread over a surface was evaporated, followed by an oil supply from the droplet. In the present system, two types of explanations are possible for the origin of the flow. One is that the flow compensates for the oil evaporation from the film spread over the water surface. The other is the Marangoni effect due to the gradient in the adsorption density of DEHPA at the surface. The density may be higher near the droplet edge than that far from the droplet as the droplet contains a large amount of the surfactant, DEHPA. The droplet oscillation is caused by the force balance at the droplet edge, as discussed later. Therefore, the change in the surface (interfacial) tension should be synchronized with the droplet oscillation, as shown in the next calculation. In this case, if the Marangoni effect is the main reason for the surface flow, its velocity must be synchronized with the droplet oscillation. Considering that the velocity appears to fluctuate randomly, the surface flow is considered to be caused by the solvent evaporation from the film spread on the water surface, though the surface flow may be enhanced by the Marangoni effect.
Figure 5. Convection caused by a sessile droplet during the regular oscillation. (A) Vector map of the stream lines. (B) Convection velocity near the droplet edge and corresponding oscillation in the droplet diameter. The vector map is at t = 202 s, and the speed is the average during 0.5 s around each data point. Cation is Mg2+.
Here, we focus on the regular oscillation of the droplet, typically observed for Mg2+, Sr2+, and Mn2+. The scaling shown in Figure 3 indicates that the oscillation in case of the Ca2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ systems can be understood based on essentially the same mechanism.
The surface flow, as shown in Figure 5, carries the DEHPA molecules from the droplet to the water surface. Thus, the local adsorption density of DEHPA on the water surface in the vicinity of the droplet periphery, Γ(t), depends on time. This may be expressed by
dΓ(t)dt=j(v(t)-v0)2δ-v0-v(t)δΓ(t) (3)
Here, v0 and v(t) denote the velocity of the surface flow and moving edge of the droplet, respectively (see Figure 6A.) We assume a constant v0 because the time change in the surface flow does not show a systematic change as shown in Figure 5B. v(t) reflects the droplet oscillation. The second term in the right hand side represents the flux of the DEHPA molecules from the droplet edge to outward. Here, a one-dimensional surface flow is considered as the simplest case. The flux of the molecules carried by the one-dimensional flow with velocity v is expressed by vΓ(x), where x denotes the one-dimensional coordinate. Then, ∂Γ(x)/∂t = –v∂Γ(x)/∂x. When the surface density is constant at x>0 and zero at x<0, ∂Γ(x)/∂t at x~0 may be approximated as –v(Γ−0)/δ, where Γ is the uniform density at x>0. δ is the characteristic length of a range, which may be regarded as the edge. Considering the droplet edge as x = 0, the second term can be derived, where the relative velocity of v0 against v(t) determines this flux. On the other hand, the DEHPA molecules are supplied from the droplet to the water surface near the edge. The first term corresponds to this flux. We assume that the molecules supplied from the droplet are spread over the water surface with length δ. Then, ∂Γ(t)/∂t is given by flux/δ. When the droplet edge moves with a faster or slower speed than that of the surface flow, an agitation effect enhances this mass transport. Thus, the larger the absolute value of v(t)–v0, the higher must be the flux. The mass transport coefficient enhanced by convection is usually expressed by the power of Reynolds number for the convection (Bird et al., 2006). This Reynolds number should be calculated with the relative velocity, v(t)–v0. Thus, we may consider that the mass transport coefficient is proportional to the power of the relative velocity. The exponent depends on the actual situation, and it is not easy to evaluate it in the present droplet oscillation. In the present case, however, the enhanced effect should be symmetry with respect to v(t)–v0 = 0, because the agitation effect is probably the same regardless of its sign. The simplest expression satisfying this is that the mass transport coefficient is proportional to (v(t)–v0)2. The j in Equation 3 is the proportional constant. The result of calculation is insensitive to the exponent value, if the flux is an even function of v(t)–v0. In Equation 3, the effect of diffusion on the DEHPA transport is ignored.
Figure 6. Simplified model of a sessile lens with oscillation under the surface flow. (A) Definition of v(t) and v0. (B) Definition of θ and the forces. (C) Geometry of a simplified sessile lens.
The droplet oscillates with the contact angle change, the schematic representation of which is shown in Figure 6B. Here, angle θ(t) is defined. The geometry is simplified such that the angles to the air side and water side are the same. When a droplet oscillates with angle θ(t), force (F(t)) that pulls the droplet edge outward is given by
F(t)=γaw(t)-(γao+γow(t))cosθ(t) (4)
Here, γij(t) denotes the interfacial tension, which is shown in Figure 6B.
The equation of motion may be expressed by
d2r(t)dt2=F(t)-μ(v(t)-v0) (5)
Here, we calculate the one-dimensional motion of a unit mass at the edge. The last term represents the viscous drag. r(t) is defined in Figure 6C. In the present experiments, Reynolds number of a droplet oscillation is approximately 100-101 in the order of magnitude (The density/viscosity is ~105 s/m2 in air and 106 s/m2 in water). The diameter of a droplet and velocity of droplet edge are ~5 mm and 5 mm/s.) Thus, the inertia term (the left hand side of Equation 5) cannot be neglected. The inertia plays an important role in for droplet oscillation in the present model, which is different from the model for contact line oscillation in camphor disk (Kitahata et al., 2008). The external force (F(t)) and dissipation term (the second term of the right hand side of Equation 5) are necessary for the oscillation caused by inertia effect.
For further calculation, one-dimensional coordinate x must be related to angle θ(t). Here, we consider a simple geometry, which is shown in Figure 6C (rhombus of revolution). This is only for simplicity. Assuming the conservation of the droplet volume, L3 = r(t)2h(t) is a constant. Noting that v(t)=dr(t)dt, one obtains
1cosθ(t)=1+(Lr(t))6 (6)
Equations 4, 5, and 6 yield
d2r(t)dt2=γaw(t)-γao(t) + γow(t)1+(Lr(t))6-μ(dr(t)dt-v0) (7)
We assume a linear dependency of γaw(t) on Γ(t):
γaw(t)=γaw,0-aΓ(t) (8)
where γaw, 0 denotes the air/water surface tension without DEHPA. r(t) can be calculated from Equations 3, 7, and 8 with an appropriate initial condition.
Figure 7A shows the r(t) calculated with Equations 3, 7, and 8, assuming that all the parameters are independent of time. The parameters for the surface and interfacial tension are adjustable, though they are determined such that their ratios become approximately equal to those in the experiments. The pattern is similar to the experimental results shown in Figure 3, in which the result of the calculation is also shown. In the experiments, the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations vary as shown in Figure 4. This may be reproduced by considering the time dependency of the parameters. The oil/water interface is free from the surfactant immediately after the droplet is placed on the surface. However, the DEHPA molecules are adsorbed at the interface, and hence, γow(t) must decrease in time to approach equilibrium value γow, eq. This effect may simply be expressed by
γow(t)=γow,eq+(γow,0-γow,eq)×exp(-kt) (9)
Here, γow, 0 and k denote the interfacial tension immediately after the droplet is placed and the rate constant, respectively. Note that the dependency of γaw on the DEHPA adsorption density is already considered with Equation 8, and γao is practically independent of the DEHPA concentration. The exponential form of the dynamic interfacial tension has been reported in many systems (Dukhin et al., 1995). In present system, adsorbed DEHPA molecules react with cations. The products tend to aggregates at the interface. This aggregation retards the desorption. The degree of aggregation depends on cation species (Hosohama et al., 2011; Miyaoka et al., 2012). As a result of these, the interfacial tension shows the very slow dynamics (Shioi et al., 2000), which agrees with Equation 9. The result is shown in Figure 7B. The amplitude increases with time, and the frequency decreases. Fourier transformation is calculated every 30 units of the abscissa, and ωmax and f (ωmax) are plotted in Figure 7C using Equation 2.
Figure 7. Calculation results. (A,B) Oscillation of droplet radius x. (A) All the parameters are constant. (B) The oil/water interfacial tension decays with time following Equation 9. (C) Fourier analysis of the result in (B). This is performed similar to that for the experimental results. Fourier transformation is calculated every 30 units of the abscissa. Dashed line represents Equation 2. Paramers used for (A) are a = 1, j = 1, δ = 1, v0 = 2, Γ(0) = 0, L = 1, μ = 0.001, γaw, 0 = 40, γao = 23.5, and γow, 0 = 21. The initial value of x is 3. For calculation of (B), γow, eq = 18 and k = 0.0045. Other parameters are identical to those for (A).
The Fourier transformation of the oscillation in the experiments approximately follows Equation 2. Though the range ωmax is narrow, this range is almost the same as that of experimental result of one type of cation shown in Figures 4C,D. The effects of the cation species on the droplet oscillation is expressed as a value of p using Equation 2. The cations affect the surface and interfacial tension. They must affect the droplet diameter after the oscillation has stopped. Equations 3, 7, 8, and 9 are calculated with γaw, 0 (Equation 8) ranging from 38 to 42. The droplet diameter after sufficient time steps is shown as a function of the p value in Figure 8A. In the experiments, the droplet diameter (deq) is measured after the droplet is dropped on the water phase in a closed container. At 300 s after the dropping, the diameter is measured. It is shown as a function of the p value in Figure 8B. The droplet diameter and p values are dimensionless in the calculation. Thus, a double logarithmic plot is used for the comparison between calculation and experiment. In both the cases, the p value decreases with an increase in the droplet diameter. The present model well-captures the oscillation dynamics that are observed in the experiments depending on the cation species.
Figure 8. (A,B) p value Amaxxωmax2 is shown as a function of the droplet diameter. Both calculations (A) and experiments (B) are shown. (C) Dependency of the p value on extension coefficient S (experimental result). Keys for calculation (A) are obtained with variation in γaw, 0 shown in the figure. The keys for experiments (B,C) are identical to those for Figure 3.
Spreading coefficient S(= γaw, eq-γao, eq-γow, eq) is a typical parameter that is associated with the droplet diameter. The S value is measured from the interfacial and surface tension under equilibrium of the oil and water phases. The p value obtained by the experiments is shown with S in Figure 8C. The p value is well-correlated with S. The cation species changes the spreading coefficient, which determines the characteristics in the droplet oscillation. When comparing the calculation and experiment, the droplet diameter may be used as a common parameter that may be related to the spreading coefficient: An estimation of the S value in calculation is not easy because the oscillation can be maintained only under a non-equilibrium state. Thus, the parameter values of the surface and interfacial tensions [γaw, o, γow, eq, and γao (time-independent)] do not correspond to the equilibrium surface and interfacial tensions observed in the experiment.
For Ca2+, Fe2+, and Co2+, the randomness is contained in the common pattern shown in Figure 3. In these cases, the spontaneous interfacial flow is generated at the oil/water interface (Hosohama et al., 2011). Therefore, the random fluctuation in γaw(t) and γow(t) should be considered. The less-regular pattern for these cations can be explained on the basis of the present model containing the randomness.
When a flat oil/water interface is formed with DEHPA and Fe3+, a spontaneous interfacial flow appears intermittently. Once it is generated, it propagates over a long distance (Yasui et al., 2015). This dynamics may enhance the wetting caused by the positive spreading coefficient. Subsequently, the oil droplet is rapidly transformed into a thin film and disappears.
The tuning of a droplet motion on a water surface by cations is studied. After a random motion, the droplet shows an oscillation between an expanded and a contracted state. This oscillation is driven by the evaporation of the droplet. A common pattern is shown in the oscillation. For a type of cation that does not cause instability, this common pattern is clearly observed. The frequency and amplitude in the common pattern depend on the cation species. This dependency is explained by the effect of the cation on the spreading coefficient and droplet size at equilibrium. The oscillation pattern and cation dependency are well-captured by a simple model. This study may be a basis for the chemical control of droplet dynamics on a liquid surface.
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material.
YM and HY found the oscillation phenomenon and performed all experiments. All calculations have been performed by YM. DY, EN-O, and AS conceived this research. YM and AS considered mathematical model. All authors discussed for this research.
AS gratefully acknowledges the financial support from JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16H04189. AS and DY also acknowledge the MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities. The authors would like to thank Prof. Katsumi Tsuchiya (Doshisha University) for particle image velocimetry analysis. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.
Supplementary Figure 1. Change in the droplet diameter.
Supplementary Figure 2. Change in droplet diameter. The drift in the droplet size over a long time is subtracted. The insets show the expanded versions of the marked squares. The scale bar is 2 mm in all the figures.
Supplementary Figure 3. Decrease in the weight of the oil. The initial volume of oil was 5 mL, which was poured in a petri-dish with diameter of 48 mm. The total weight of the dish and oil was measured every 5 min. The weight of the dish was subtracted to obtain the weight of the oil as a function of time. The petri-dish was not covered. The oil weight was scaled by its initial value.
Supplementary Figure 4. Examples of the Fourier spectra of the diameter change. Time range and cation species are shown in the graphs.
Supplementary Video 1. Droplet oscillations for six types of cations.
Supplementary Video 2. Regular oscillation of a droplet with Mg2+.
Supplementary Video 3. Convection in water with a droplet pinned by a pillar.
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Keywords: droplet oscillation, oil/water interface, di(2ethylhexyl)phosphate, spatiotemporal pattern, ionic tuning
Citation: Mikuchi Y, Yamashita H, Yamamoto D, Nawa-Okita E and Shioi A (2019) Ionic Tuning of Droplet Motion on Water Surface. Front. Chem. 7:788. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00788
Received: 16 July 2019; Accepted: 01 November 2019;
Hideki Seto, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan
Hiroyuki Kitahata, Chiba University, Japan
Nobuhiko J. Suematsu, Meiji University, Japan
Copyright © 2019 Mikuchi, Yamashita, Yamamoto, Nawa-Okita and Shioi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Akihisa Shioi, ashioi@mail.doshisha.ac.jp

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home » News & Features » Broadway News & Features » Official Broadway production photos of King Lear, starring Glenda Jackson, released
Official Broadway production photos of King Lear, starring Glenda Jackson, released
The Broadway revival of King Lear celebrates its official opening at the Cort Theatre on April 4, 2019.
Official Broadway production photos of the current gender-blind revival of William Shakespeare's King Lear, starring Tony & two-time Academy Award winner Glenda Jackson in the titular role, have been released ahead of tonight's official opening at the Cort Theatre. The production began previews on February 28, 2019, and is scheduled to run through to July 7, 2019.
Alongside Ms. Jackson, the photos also depict fellow cast members Tony Award winner Jayne Houdyshell (as Earl of Gloucester), Elizabeth Marvel (as Goneril), Aisling O'Sullivan (as Regan), Pedro Pascal (as Edmund), Tony Award nominee John Douglas Thompson (as Earl of Kent), two-time Olivier Award winner & Golden Globe winner Ruth Wilson (as Cordelia/Fool), Sean Carvajal (as Edgar), Dion Johnstone (as Duke of Albany), Russell Harvard (as Duke of Cornwall), and Matthew Maher (as Oswald).
Sean Carvajal
Pedro Pascal & Jane Houdyshell
Russell Harvard & Aisling O'Sullivan
Elizabeth Marvel
Glenda Jackson, Ruth Wilson & John Douglas Thompson
Jayne Houdyshell & Glenda Jackson
King Lear is directed by Tony Award winner Sam Gold and also features an original score by Oscar-nominated and Golden Globe & BAFTA Award-winning composer Philip Glass. The creative team also features scenic design by Miriam Buether, costume design by Ann Roth, lighting design by Jane Cox, and sound design by Scott Lehrer.
Prior to her 2018 Tony Award win for Edward Albee's Three Tall Women, Glenda Jackson had previously appeared on Broadway four times and received four Tony Award nominations. She made her Broadway debut in Marat/Sade in 1965, and went on to star in Rose (1981), Strange Interlude (1985) and the 1988 revival of Macbeth. On screen, she won Academy Awards for "Women in Love" in 1971 and for "A Touch of Class" in 1974 and also earned Oscar nominations for "Sunday Bloody Sunday" (1972) and "Hedda" (1976). After a 23 year-stint as a Member of Parliament in the UK, she returned to the stage in 2016 to take on the title role in London's acclaimed production of King Lear, which also earned her a fifth Olivier Award nomination.
The new Broadway production of King Lear is produced by Scott Rudin.
King Lear Tickets are available now for performances through to July 7, 2019.
(Photos by Brigitte Lacombe)


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Talespin: Due diligence or big stall
PUBLISHED: March 13, 2006 at 4:29 p.m. | UPDATED: July 22, 2021 at 2:20 a.m.
After two years, everyone is still in the lurch over what will or won't happen regarding Joseph's House and its quest to convert the old pool hall on Fourth Street into 16 one-bedroom apartments.
Now, suddenly, there are environmental issues and the ground under the long-vacant building may or may not be contaminated.
Joseph's House owns the building, which was purchased after the Planning Board shot down the idea last year, so the non-profit agency is responsible for it and whatever is under it. This means that if, in fact, there are contaminants, Joseph's House must clean them up before it moves anyone into the place.
This project was first proposed in 2004, then denied last year, but Joseph's House sued and was invited to re-apply. Last month the Planning Board tabled the matter.
Now, Joseph's House is worried about its funding stream and many businesses in Little Italy are still on edge, worried about whether the commercial building will get converted to residential and will hinder what many see as the neighborhood's resurgence.
The Planning Board may be doing due diligence, but it needs to make up its mind so everyone can get on with whatever is decided – Joseph's House can start renovating its building or find a new place, and businesses in the neighborhood can either take a collective sigh of relief or start getting used to their new neighbors.
Oh, the irony
The Rensselaer County Civil Service Commission held off on approving the job description turned in by North Greenbush for Charles "CB" Smith, the longtime gadfly who used job descriptions against his political foes for years.
The commissioners decided the four lines did not do a thorough enough job in describing Smith's legislative aide position, so they decided to table it.
A few years ago, Smith used Dirk Van Ort's job description to drive the county's most famous no-show job scandal, and more recently used his predecessor's job description to dirty up Republicans.
Van Ort, who was supposedly "on call as needed," was running a carnival in Florida while receiving a county paycheck, and Rich Crist's job description said he worked for the entire Town Board, not just the Republican majority, but he only did work for the GOP.
Meanwhile, the chaos continues in North Greenbush with screaming matches in Town Hall, employees unsure if they will have a job the next day and, in some instances, two people doing the same job (see below for the solution to all the problems in North Greenbush).
More Irony
Freshman Legislator Flora Fasholdt is spearheading a change to the county rules that would prevent other legislative bodies from sneaking through pay hikes without public input.
She did not participate in the unanimous vote to give themselves a $5,000 across-the-board raise, but she did not give her raise back when she took office either, as two of her Democrat colleagues did.
And, in 2002, while serving on the Sand Lake council, she voted to give the supervisor, a member of her own party, a $10,000 raise to $35,202 and make the position fulltime, which also extended health care and other benefits to Steve Robelotto.
It was open to public comment, so it's not exactly the same, but at least Fasholt's effort allows us to continue to keep writing about how the Republicans on the Legislature gave themselves a $5,000 raise, bumping up their base pay to $20,000 while the "leaders" get $25,000 and Chairman Neil Kelleher gets $30,000.
The Democrats went right along with it and in return they got a nice bump in the money they can spend on their office, including a raise for their top aide Sue Steele. She did not get as much as her counterpart, Crist, but she got a nice bump.
In the end, everyone got something, including a $10,000 raise for County Executive Kathy Jimino which was, many say, in exchange for not vetoing. The only ones who didn't get a thing are the taxpayers of Rensselaer County.
After making near daily headlines for the better part of three years, nobody has heard anything from the City of Rensselaer in a long time.
During the campaign, newly elected Mayor Dan Dwyer made no qualms about the fact he spends a good amount of time in Florida, so maybe that is the trick – every elected politician and every political operative in North Greenbush should go to Florida.
This week's Talespin was written by James V. Franco.


Death penalty poll – is this for real?
The Sun media group is all over a poll released today by Abacus Data that 2/3 of we meek and mild Canucks are in favour of killing people to show that killing people is wrong. It is is also noted, however, that less than half (41%) want it formally reinstated.
Putting aside the clear statement of ambivalence expressed by the respondents to the poll – 66% of Canadians support the death penalty "in certain circumstances," but only 41% want it brought back it back a punishment for murder – I have a few other issues with these numbers.
First, it was a poll of randomly selected adults from an online panel of over 400,000. Web-based polls have an inherent bias that should be acknowledge in any analyses of the results.
I looked at a similar question that was asked by EKOS in March 2010 (sample size of 2,302, phone survey), and the results were more closely aligned with those 40-odd percent who indicated in the Abacus poll that they would want it brought back in legislation.
Forty-six per cent do not support the reintroduction of capital punishment while 40 per cent do. Another 14 per cent said they had no opinion.
Data from 2000 suggests that opinions on this issue have remained relatively unchanged in 10 years. In June of 2000, 43 per cent disagreed with capital punishment while 44 per cent agreed with it.
Those who support the reintroduction of capital punishment tend to be Conservative supporters (53 per cent), residents of Alberta (48 per cent), men (43 per cent), seniors (45 per cent), high school grads (48 per cent) and college grads (46 per cent).
Second, where is the regional breakdown in the Abacus poll? There isn't one. And why is that? Because the sample size is not large enough. A sample of 1,100 will yield you good results at the national level but won't get you anything provincially. And THAT is where the interesting results would be seen.
For example, will anyone dispute that the likelihood of someone in Alberta supporting the death penalty is greater than someone in, say, Ontario. No, of course not. And where is the CPC base?
Now, I'm not throwing the Abacus polling results out the window. All I am saying is that with polls such as these, one should be very careful about drawing conclusions. The CPC would love everyone to believe that indeed most Canadians are behind Harper after he muses on being "personally" in favour of the death penalty. While in fact, these numbers may be more a case of strong regional bias coupled with the bias inherent in a web-based panel.
And in case you haven't noticed, I am. for the record, not in favour of the death penalty.
Posted in: crime, Harper, Neocons.
The act of killing is not inherently good or bad. All living things kill to eat. A family member takes a doomed child off life support, a person shoots an intruder about to kill his family. MURDER on the other hand is an abomination. Capital punishment is not murder, it is a positive use of killing. Allowing a victimizer to have better fortune than the victim is an abomination.
To me, the basic idea that some criminals are sufficiently awful that they should be permanently removed from the planet for their crimes is not objectionable to me. Paul Bernardo, Karla Homolka, Clifford Olsen, Charles Ng, Charles Manson, and so on all rightfully earned a bullet in the ear, and it's hard to make a reasoned argument that is not the case unless you believe that killing is universally wrong (which I don't).
But those are extreme cases and not representative of the majority of death penalty cases. History has shown pretty clearly that the justice system cannot mete out capital punishment in a demonstrably fair way.
So for that reason alone, I am forced to oppose the death penalty… not because I think the death penalty is a bad idea but because I have no confidence in our ability to use it properly.


text:
Playmaker-guardia di 170 cm, ha giocato con Priolo in Serie A1.

Carriera
Arriva a Priolo come investimento sul futuro proveniente dalla Matteotti Palermo di Serie B.

È stata capitana della NBA-Zena in Serie B d'Eccellenza.

Statistiche
Dati aggiornati al 17 luglio 2011.

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Collegamenti esterni

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