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This Eating Disorder Is Just As Dangerous As Others — But Diet Culture Means It Goes Undiagnosed
RK Studios/Shutterstock
By Georgina Berbari
From being bullied as early as kindergarten, to growing up in a body-negative household, the issue of weight had always been front and center for 34-year-old Joanna Nolen. After high school, Nolen began losing weight, which prompted a slew of seemingly positive comments from those around her. What no one saw was that Nolen was struggling severe food restriction, exercise compulsion, and laxative abuse. It wasn't until she was 30 that a cognitive behavioral therapist brought up the term "eating disorder" to define what Nolen had been struggling with for almost 20 years without a diagnosis. By medical and societal standards, Nolen wasn't considered underweight, and so doctors simply didn't realize she actually had an eating disorder.
"I was simply perceived as being 'determined', 'accomplished', 'taking control of my life', and even 'healthy'," she tells Bustle. "Because I wasn't underweight, because my blood pressure was normal, because I didn't fit the mold the medical community is taught an eating disorder looks like, I [went unnoticed]."
Nolen was, however, struggling with atypical anorexia: a disorder recently included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and defined as homogenous to anorexia in that all criteria are met, but the individual's weight is within or above a range considered typical for that person. Atypical anorexia is part of a category of eating disorders called Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED), which includes eating disorders that don't meet the clinical criteria for diagnoses like anorexia or bulimia; it's estimated that up to 6 percent of the population has OSFED, according to the Eating Recovery Center.
Ashley Batz/Bustle
"With atypical anorexia, where the eating disorder behaviors are clearly evident, but the weight is not low enough to meet criteria for anorexia nervosa, it is easy for the individual to receive positive reinforcement for the 'discipline' they might show in public or the consequent weight loss that may render this individual into a 'healthier' BMI," Joyce Faraj, Phd, RDN, CDN, a nutritionist at Mountainside, tells Bustle. "Unfortunately, this may be a very common scenario, where an overweight patient with atypical anorexia walks into a doctor's visit, and they are applauded for their weight loss, without perhaps assessing how the individual reached their current weight. This positive reinforcement can lead individuals to think that whatever they are doing is right, without considering the effects on overall health, nutritional status and mental health."
A more holistic view of health, one that takes mental health and relationships with food into account, suggests that weight is not necessarily indicative of health, and similarly, weight loss doesn't always equate to metabolic or cardiovascular improvement. Recent research around body mass index (BMI), the oft-cited ratio between weight and height, establishes that this ratio is not actually a good metric to measure overall health; screening based on frequency of disordered eating behaviors and mental health disparities, Faraj says, would be a more effective way to help catch more cases of disordered eating before they become extreme. Despite the clear science-backed evidence, many people still engage in toxic diet culture. And diet culture's glorification of thinness, and the so-called positive reinforcement that goes along with it, is what Nolen says fueled her disorder for much of her life. It's also what fuels so many others who may be struggling with atypical anorexia.
"For me, my eating disorder as a whole started simply as a means to 'get healthy' after freshman year of college," 24-year-old Kristen Carlstrom tells Bustle. Carlstrom explains that as she outwardly focused on losing weight, she was viewed by her friends, family, and peers as a symbol of health — but she was struggling very severely with both orthorexia — an obsession with 'healthful' eating, according to the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) — and atypical anorexia. "People viewed me as the go-to resource for advice on health and exercise, wishing they could be as healthy as me because I was losing weight, I was getting toned, and receiving positive reinforcement for it." But, she says that by society's standards, "I wasn't at a low enough weight for people to actually become concerned."
Rocketclips/Shutterstock
According to Faraj, behaviors are what matter most in eating disorder diagnosis. "Weight as a currently established criteria for typical anorexia nervosa would only catch the most severe and long-term cases of anorexia, and not those who may be at risk or who have only just begun restricting," she says.
That's one reason why experts are beginning to acknowledge a more holistic model of nutrition that doesn't use weight as the sole metric of health. Faraj says that people who take part in habits and behaviors that help them feel better, mentally, physically and emotionally, are more likely to have better metabolic outcomes (meaning, they are less likely to develop diseases like heart disease, high blood pressure, or type 2 diabetes), as well as decreased stress, which are both determinants of health and disease. "A well-nourished brain and body are more likely to accept and understand the benefits of choosing other factors to measure health, such as blood pressure, depression, stress levels, anxiety scores, as opposed to a number on a scale," Faraj says.
In a culture that is still reluctant to let go of its fatphobia, people who fit a particular size can easily have their struggles with atypical anorexia overlooked. "A lot of people think only of the physical effects of anorexia, but your brain suffers a lot too," Carlstrom says. "You have mood swings and brain fog and you're fatigued all the time. I got anxiety for the first time, I was in a state of depression for a while." Still, no one noticed these internal changes until Carlstrom's weight was low enough to trigger concern.
For Nolen, it was the realization of how exhausted she had been that made her seek diagnosis. "I made an appointment to see my regular MD and the second he entered that exam room, I broke down. The floodgates of the lifetime of hate and disgust towards my body, the unhappiness and unfulfilled life I had been living consumed with restriction and rules poured out of me," she says. It was then that she was referred to a local cognitive behavioral therapist. Within 15 minutes of her first session, Nolen was referred to the Eating Recovery Center of Sacramento, California, for an assessment.
Kikovic/Shutterstock
Still, it had taken 25 years for someone to recognize something was wrong and finally diagnose Nolen with an eating disorder. It's these delayed diagnoses that are likely the most significant source of issue with atypical anorexia, as they allow patients to carry on with disordered and incredibly destructive forms of mental and physical self-harm for years.
But even after people work towards recovery, they can continue to encounter fatphobic bias even in places like their doctor's office. Carlstrom tells Bustle that during recovery, her doctors shifted their focus from her restrictive eating to her weight change, as in recovery she was now considered overweight. "[Though my body had put on this weight], I was still engaging in those anorexic, restrictive behaviors — but to my doctor and society I was simply overweight and I was instructed to begin restricting calories again."
It's cases like these that show how important it is for medical professionals to reconsider their own subconsciously ingrained weight biases in order to provide their eating disordered patients with the proper care. "Regardless of the comments that medical professionals have made that have hindered me in my recovery, my biggest issue has been that I explicitly told them that I was recovering from an eating disorder. Their ignorance to how to approach my disorder just because I didn't fit a culture-driven picture of anorexia (aka a lower weight), was [quite damaging]."
Both Nolen and Carlstrom have continued to work at recovery. Carlstrom says that being OK with her body's size is still something she works on every day. "It's a process that you have to commit to and realize that eventually you'll get there," she says. And with the right treatment team, including mindful and weight-inclusive dietitians and primary care practitioners, recovery is possible.
"Accepting that our body's genetic predisposition is meant for us to naturally be in a weight that is much different from our expectation may be another challenging aspect of eating disorder recovery," Faraj says. "But changing the focus from weight, shape or size, to functionality and mindfulness is another goal of [recovery]."
With a lot of time and practice, these women have been able to separate the voice in their head that is their eating disorder — their mental illness — from the voice that is genuine and their own. "Every day I wake up and I make choices that are most authentic to me," Carlstrom says. "None of those choices have to do with making my body smaller."
If you or someone you know has an eating disorder and needs help, call the National Eating Disorders Association helpline at 1-800-931-2237, text 741741, or chat online with a Helpline volunteer here.


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Q: Characters following a slash and ending before a hyphen I've been playing around with regex for a bit and regex visualizations, but have had no luck in generating something that will match a section of a url that is text of variable length preceeded by a forward slash and terminated by a hyphen. What expression would do this?
www.lamp.com/;alskfjdlkfja;sdlkfjasldfj-209

but not
www.lamp.com/a;slkfja;sdlkfjas;dflkj

because that doesn't contain a hyphen

A: You can try something like this:
/[^-]+-

where:

*

*/ is a literal /

*[^-]+ is one or more non-hyphens

*- is a literal -

Using your examples:
>>> import re
>>> url1 = 'www.lamp.com/;alskfjdlkfja;sdlkfjasldfj-209'
>>> url2 = 'www.lamp.com/a;slkfja;sdlkfjas;dflkj'
>>>
>>> re.search(r'/[^-]+-', url1) is not None
True
>>> re.search(r'/[^-]+-', url2) is not None
False

A: Might you first want to start with urlparse, http://docs.python.org/2/library/urlparse.html,
to get to the section of a url, but only if it really matched.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The latest cuts proposal for Community mental health services, will mean a loss of 45.5% of nurses and 30% of care coordinators since April 2014. The plan is for these to be implemented in July 2015.
We believe that these cuts will mean that mental health services in Stockport will be unsafe.
Please come to the next campaign meeting to discuss how to stop these cuts.
Previous Post When we say Keep Our NHS Public – We mean publicly owned!


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Тврђава Кристијансверн (ен, дан. Fort Christiansværn, Кристијанова одбрана) је изграђена 1749. и делимично преуређена 1771. Ова велика звездаста грађевина од жуте цигле стоји у центру луке Кристијанстед на острву Сент Кроа (Америчка Девичанска Острва).

Тврђава је имала намену да штити колонију од напада пирата, урагана и побуна робова. Дански војници су били стационирани у тврђави до 1878, али топови ниједном нису били употребљени за борбу. После 1878, тврђава је служила као суд и затвор. Данас је музеј.

Спољашње везе

К
Америчка Девичанска Острва

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Singapore Added to E.U. Safe Travel List
By Contributor - October 22, 2020
It will become only the second Southeast Asian country whose residents are allowed to enter the bloc.
A pre-Covid street scene in the Old Town of Brussels, Belgium. (Photo: Dimitris Vetsikas/Pixabay)
Reuters has reported that ambassadors from European Union's 27 nations have reached a decision to allow travel from the Lion City to any country within the EU without additional restrictions such as mandatory quarantine and prior Covid-19 testing. The representatives have also agreed to remove Canada, Georgia, and Tunisia from the bloc's quarantine-free "white list" due to their worsening domestic outbreaks, with all three countries recording significant increases in the number of cases during recent weeks. EU diplomats told Reuters that the proposal would be formalized at the end of the week.
The other eight nations on the safe travel list are Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, Rwanda, South Korea, Thailand, and Uruguay. Though China is recognized as a "low-risk" country, Chinese travelers will not be allowed back into the bloc until Beijing lifts its own ban on visitors from the EU. That deadlock looks set to continue for some time, as Mainland Chinese authorities have said they will extend the current prohibition on inbound tours to reduce the risk of a Covid-19 resurgence this winter.
The E.U.'s safe travel list is not a legally binding regulation but a recommendation; it is up to individual countries to enforce their own entry rules. No restrictions on arrivals from the listed nations are being imposed in France, while Italy is asking all foreign visitors to reach their final destination by private vehicle, fill out a self-declaration form giving their consent to a swab test if necessary, and undergo a period of self-isolation.
What We Know About Thailand's Updated Entry Rules
Authorities in Bangkok have backtracked on a hastily introduced ban on unvaccinated holidaymakers.
Hong Kong Partially Relaxes Restrictions on International Arrivals
From November 17, museums, theme parks, and other venues will be reopened to just-landed tourists.
Malaysia Repeals Mask Mandate for Most Indoor Settings
For now, facial coverings are still needed on public transportation and in healthcare facilities.
Hong Kong May End Hotel Quarantine in November
A final decision has not been made, though the territory's leader John Lee is said to be supportiv...
Hong Kong Ends Mandatory On-Arrival Testing
The government is also rolling back all social distancing measures, but masks will still be required...
Hong Kong Removes Key Covid Restrictions on Travelers
The amber health code and "0+3" policy is being scrapped, giving those who test negative on arri...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<resources>
    <string name="app_name">NixonPi</string>
    <string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
    <string name="refresh">Refresh</string>
</resources>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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CNC Double Column Vertical Mill/Drill Machine - Currently we are working on a Large Double Column Vertical Mill/Drill Machine which has a table of 6000x1500mm, stroke of 6230mm and admit between columns is 2000 mm.
Vertical roller mills773 Кб. The CEMTEC vertical roller mill is a completely new and innovative design and a further step to more efficient grinding of soft and medium-hardThis innovative support and drive system incorporates a bearing cartridge with slide shoe bearings and a standard bevel gear box with an electric motor.
vertical roller mill power point - learnpiano.in. fl smith powerpoint presentation on vertical roller mill 2003-06-30 Lizenithne Crushing Line in Algeria Algeria is one of the most important markets in Africa. Chat Now ! Grinding Rollers Unit Of Raw Mill Presentation.
blaine in vertical roller mill. Trials on high quality cement with a Loesche vertical roller mill .grinding rollers, have outputs of 145 t/h with a specific power consumption of the mill drive of 26.5 kWh/t when grinding cement to a fineness corresponding to a specific surface area of 3850 cm2/g Blaine.
CNC Double Column Vertical Mill/Drill Machine - Shenoy ... CNC double column vertical milling machine which can also be used as large VMC for milling, high speed deep hole drilling & rigid tapping.


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One Last Weekend
Thursday, August 16, 2018 1:00 PM by Carol Stoddard
Goodbye Summer my old friend. Our time together has to end. Another school year is starting. Summer faded while I was sleeping. And a vision of the pool is all that's left in my brain, it still remains, I've got another year of homework.
My apologies to Simon and Garfunkel for stealing their song, but I know it's how we all feel. We want just one more weekend of summer vacation before we head back to school on Monday. Wait, we DO have one more weekend. So let's make the most of it. Listed below are several events that will help to ease the end of summer and welcome the beginning of a new school year here in Irving, Texas. For more area events, please visit our website at www.irvingtexas.com.
LET THERE BE MUSIC!
WHO: Ice Cube with Bun B
WHEN: Sat, Aug 18 @ 7:30 pm
WHERE: The Pavilion at TMF
COST: $39 - $149+
As much of the popular rap songs these days focus on trite topics, Ice Cube remains raw and uncompromising. His artistic alchemy also allows him to craft a song like "The Big Show," where he lets everyone know that in the real world, he's going to remain true to himself regardless of whom he's interacting with. "I just be myself man, and you've just got to take it or leave it, whether you're the homie in the hood or Obama," he says. "You've just got to take me how I am. Where I come from, it makes me real equipped to deal with everybody." LEARN MORE
WHO: Missing 3
WHEN: Fri, Aug 17 @ 8 - 11 pm
WHERE: Texas Lottery Plaza
This band actually came together by accident. They used to be part of a 6-piece band called Moving Colors. Only when they were asked to play for a venue with room for only 3 performers did the new band begin, and it's called - you guessed it - Missing 3. They play a wide variety of music - classic to current rock like John Mayer, Stevie Ray, Beatles, Ben Harper, Tears for fears to The Black Keys. Bring a lawn chair or blanket, pack a picnic with goodies from Nosh & Bottle or grab a bite from one of the great restaurants at the Toyota Music Factory. It's good 'ol hometown fun. LEARN MORE
Other Great Performances
DJ Amos Boyer is at the OUTLAW Tap Room at the Four Seasons on Friday from 5 - 8 pm, and there's no cover charge.
Justin Mason performs his kinda country at The Ranch at Las Colinas on Friday at 8:30 pm.
Mr. Black scratches the vinyl at the Texas Lottery Plaza at Toyota Music Factory on Saturday from 6 - 7:30 pm and again at 10:30 - 11:30 pm
Faron Lee Gilbert takes his usual place on the stage at The Ranch at Las Colinas on Saturday at 8:30 pm.
Here's something new! The Ronnies will perform at Red Hot & Blue on Saturday from 7 - 9 pm. No cover charge.
Tom Lorris performs at the OUTLAW Tap Room at the Four Seasons on Saturday from 5 - 8 pm. No cover charge.
Listen to the Bear Creek Youth Choir for a special performance at Pix on the Plaza at the Texas Lottery Plaza on Sunday, August 19 from 6:30 - 11 pm. Brought to you by the Alamo Drafthouse.
CLEAR THE SHELTERS!
WHAT: Adopt a Furever Friend
WHEN: Sat, Aug 18 @ 10 am - 5 pm
WHERE: DFW Humane Society
COST: Adoption Fees Waived
Clear the Shelters is a day where many of the nation's animal shelters, including ours, open their doors for an adoption extravaganza in hopes to clear the shelter of all stranded pets. Last year this initiative helped place more than 70,000 animals into their furever homes. Let's beat that number this year. LEARN MORE
WHAT: Back to School Party
WHERE: Irving Public Library - South
This party is open for children of all ages. They can enjoy crafts, snacks, and a 'hootin' good time. LEARN MORE
WHAT: Aladdin's Lamp Puppet Show
WHEN: Sat, Aug 18 @ 2:30 - 3:15 pm
WHERE: West Public Library
The Carranza Puppet Theater is traveling up I-45 from Houston to bring the West Library a special performance of "Aladdin's Lamp." It's fun for all ages. Funded in-part with a grant from the Texas Commission of the Arts. LEARN MORE
Start those brain muscles working again before school starts with Trivia Night for Teens. Students going into Grades 6 and up can test their knowledge on books, movies and random trivia. There'll be prizes for the winners, not to mention bragging rights. It's at the Valley Ranch Library on Saturday from 2:30 - 3:30 pm.
Come to Agape Connect's Back to School Fest on Saturday, August 18 from 10 am - 2 pm where you might just find something that you need for school, plus free hair cuts for that just right look. Free.
The Chapter Books and Cozy Nooks Book Club will be discussing Geronimo Stilton's Mighty Mount Kilimanjaro at the South Library on Saturday from 2:30 - 3:30 pm.
It's Friends August Back to School Book Sale at the Irving Public Library Warehouse, 3000 Rock Island Road 75060 on Saturday, August 18 from noon to 5 pm. Check out their amazing selection of children's books at phenomenal prices. Open to the public. Cash, checks and credit cards are accepted.
Girls Who Code is a group of 6-12th Grade girls who are learning HTML, SQL, JavaScript and CSS. The class is free but you must bring your own laptop. Girl POWER! Valley Ranch Library on Saturday, August 18 from 2:30 - 3:30 pm.
Be sure to stop by the Irving Farmer's Market this Saturday from 9 am - 2 pm at the Irving Arts Center. Imagine how much better fresh fruit and vegetables taste, not to mention the greater nutritional value they have. There's also vendors and artisans.
Go browse through all kinds of super finds at the Neighborhood Garage Sale at the Georgia Farrow Recreation Center on Saturday, August 18 from 8 am - 1 pm. You'll be sure to find something you never knew you loved.
Celebrate EID at the Valley Ranch Islamic Center on Sunday, August 19 from 5:30 - 10 pm. It's fun for the whole family with henna, shopping, food vendors and sparklers after maghrib.
Stop by Calvary Church for their Kicks and Cuts program on Sunday, August 19 from 1 - 3 pm, where they're giving away 500 pairs of brand new shoes and free hair cuts to 1st - 8th grade students (while supplies last). There'll also be bounce houses and food trucks.
Phew, that's a lot of activities for one little weekend. Let's get out there and make it count!
Tags: Irving Arts Center, Las Colinas, Live Music, Nosh & bottle, Texas Lottery Plaza, The Ranch at Las Colinas, The Pavilion, Toyota Music Factory
Author: Carol Stoddard
Writer, organizer, support staffer, baby boomer. Lover of the DFW Metroplex and its history. When I'm not working, I'm writing or chasing my cat off the counter. I love to explore new places and try new area restaurants. The best keep popping up in Irving. Peace out.


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BUSINESS AS USUAL: CHINA'S HUAWEI RAKED IN $91.5 BILLION IN REVENUE DESPITE SANCTIONS BY US, AND OTHERS
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2022 / IT News / 2 minutes of reading
Chinese tech giant Huawei Technologies shared an estimate on Friday that predicted it's 2022 revenue would remain flat. This means that despite the increasing sanctions on China, and in particular, the decline in sales that Huawei and other Chinese companies have seen has halted.
Huawei's sales for this year grew by only 0.02 percent. And, despite rotating chairman Eric Xu struck an upbeat tone in the company's annual New Year's letter, where he revealed the figure.
"US restrictions are now our new normal, and we're back to business as usual," Xu wrote in the letter addressed to staff and released to the media.
According to Xu, revenue is expected to be 636.9 billion yuan or $91.53 billion.
That represents a tiny increase from 2021, when revenue hit 636.8 billion yuan, and marked a 30 percent year-on-year sales decline as the US-issued sanctions on the company took effect.
The timing and contents of Xu's letter were a little unusual. First, the letter or the issued statements did not mention whether Huawei's profitability had grown or declined. Secondly, the company typically discloses its full annual results in the following year's first quarter, which means on this particular occasion, they have announced their results pre-emptively.
Things haven't gone entirely back to normal for Huawei, though. Revenue for 2022 remained well below the company's record of $122 billion in 2019. In 2018-2019, the company was at its peak as the top Android smartphone vendor globally.
In 2019, the US administration, led by President Trump, imposed a trade ban on Huawei, citing national security concerns. This barred the company from using Google's Android operating system for its new smartphones. Huawei got cut off from using some seriously other critical and crucial technologies that originated in the US.


Home » Blog » Why Get Your Dryer Vent Cleaned?
Why Get Your Dryer Vent Cleaned?
Excessive lint build up occurs slowly and gradually. You don't even realize it's happening. Your dryer vent is one of those forgotten vents in your home that either runs to the roof or through an outer wall to the outside of your home. You think that by cleaning out the lint filter after each load of laundry you are doing your job and maintaining the dryer. To borrow Al Borland's catch phrase – "I don't think so, Tim." What many homeowners don't realize is the potential fire hazard they're creating if they don't have their dryer vent cleaned annually.
Clean your lint trap before or after drying each load of clothes. If clothing is still damp at the end of a typical drying cycle or drying requires longer times than normal, this may be a sign that the lint trap or the exhaust duct is blocked.
Clean the dryer vent and exhaust duct periodically. Check the outside dryer vent while the dryer is operating to make sure exhaust air is escaping. If it's not, the vent or the exhaust duct may be blocked.
Replace plastic or foil, accordion-type ducting material with rigid or corrugated semi-rigid metal duct. Most manufacturers specify the use of a rigid or corrugated semi-rigid duct, which provides maximum airflow. The flexible plastic or foil type duct can more easily trap lint and is more susceptible to kinks or crushing, which can greatly reduce the airflow.
A professional dryer vent cleaning will help to reduce excess household dust and humidity as well as preserve clothing, as the life of many fabrics can be damaged by high temperatures. The cleaning will also allow your dryer to operate more efficiently by using less energy, thereby saving you money.
Clogged dryer vents are the cause of almost 16,000 house fires each year. A partially obstructed vent filled with lint can cause increased drying times and waste energy while a blocked vent may result in fire. Do any of the following apply to you: your clothes are still damp after a full drying cycle, there is excessive heat buildup in your laundry room/area, or you use your dryer often. If so, let the pros at Old Smokey's Fireplace & Chimney help! Call us today or schedule an appointment online.


Deepika Padukone and Ranveer Singh have been married for about 5 months now. Even earlier than the six months to their marriage, questions concerning motherhood and planning a child are already being thrown upon the couple. Not too long ago. whereas speaking to the media, Deepika Padukone opened up in regards to the stress of bringing a child to this world, a lady has to deal quickly after her marriage. Whereas speaking to a media publication, Deepika was requested when she was planning a child with husband Ranveer Singh and the Padmaavat actress had the proper response for this.


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Leukocyte extravasation
Neutrophils extravasate from blood vessels to the site of tissue injury or infection during the innate immune response.
Leukocyte extravasation, less commonly called diapedesis, is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes. Monocytes also use this process in the absence of infection or tissue damage during their development into macrophages.
Micrograph showing leukocyte migration, H&E stain
Leukocyte extravasation occurs mainly in post-capillary venules, where haemodynamic shear forces are minimised. This process can be understood in several steps, outlined below as "chemoattraction", "rolling adhesion", "tight adhesion" and "(endothelial) transmigration". It has been demonstrated that leukocyte recruitment is halted whenever any of these steps is suppressed.
White blood cells (leukocytes) perform most of their functions in tissues. Functions include phagocytosis of foreign particles, production of antibodies, secretion of inflammatory response triggers (histamine and heparin), and neutralization of histamine. In general, leukocytes are involved in the defense of an organism and protect it from disease by promoting or inhibiting inflammatory responses. Leukocytes use the blood as a transport medium to reach the tissues of the body. Here is a brief summary of each of the four steps currently thought to be involved in leukocyte extravasation:
Chemoattraction
Upon recognition of and activation by pathogens, resident macrophages in the affected tissue release cytokines such as IL-1, TNFα and chemokines. IL-1, TNFα and C5a[1] cause the endothelial cells of blood vessels near the site of infection to express cellular adhesion molecules, including selectins. Circulating leukocytes are localised towards the site of injury or infection due to the presence of chemokines.
Rolling adhesion
Like velcro, carbohydrate ligands on the circulating leukocytes bind to selectin molecules on the inner wall of the vessel, with marginal affinity. This causes the leukocytes to slow down and begin rolling along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands.
For example, the carbohydrate ligand for P-selectin, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), is an expressed by different types of leukocytes (white blood cells). The binding of PSGL-1 on the leukocyte to P-selectin on the endothelial cell allows for the leukocyte to roll along the endothelial surface. This interaction can be tuned by the glycosylation pattern of PSGL-1, such that certain glycovariants of PSGL-1 will have unique affinities for different selectins, allowing in some cases for cells to migrate to specific sites within the body (e.g. the skin).[2]
Tight adhesion
At the same time, chemokines released by macrophages activate the rolling leukocytes and cause surface integrin molecules to switch from the default low-affinity state to a high-affinity state. This is assisted through juxtacrine activation of integrins by chemokines and soluble factors released by endothelial cells. In the activated state, integrins bind tightly to complementary receptors expressed on endothelial cells, with high affinity. This causes the immobilisation of the leukocytes, despite the shear forces of the ongoing blood flow.
The cytoskeletons of the leukocytes are reorganised in such a way that the leukocytes are spread out over the endothelial cells. In this form, leukocytes extend pseudopodia and pass through gaps between endothelial cells. Transmigration of the leukocyte occurs as PECAM proteins, found on the leukocyte and endothelial cell surfaces, interact and effectively pull the cell through the endothelium. Once through the endothelium, the leukocyte must penetrate the basement membrane. The mechanism for penetration is disputed, but may involve proteolytic digestion of the membrane, mechanical force, or both.[3] The entire process of blood vessel escape is known as diapedesis. Once in the interstitial fluid, leukocytes migrate along a chemotactic gradient towards the site of injury or infection.
The phases of the leukocyte extravasation depicted in the schema are: approach, capture, rolling, activation, binding, strengthening of the binding and spreading, intravascular creeping, paracellular migration or transcellular migration.
Selectins are expressed shortly after cytokine activation of endothelial cells by tissue macrophages. Activated endothelial cells initially express P-selectin molecules, but within two hours after activation E-selectin expression is favoured. Endothelial selectins bind carbohydrates on leukocyte transmembrane glycoproteins, including sialyl-LewisX.
P-selectins: P-selectin is expressed on activated endothelial cells and platelets. Synthesis of P-selectin can be induced by thrombin, leukotriene B4, complement fragment C5a, histamine, TNFα or LPS. These cytokines induce the externalisation of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells, presenting pre-formed P-selectins on the endothelial cell surface. P-selectins bind PSGL-1 as a ligand.[4]
E-selectins: E-selectin is expressed on activated endothelial cells. Synthesis of E-selectin follows shortly after P-selectin synthesis, induced by cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFα. E-selectins bind PSGL-1 and ESL-1.
L-selectins: L-selectins are constitutively expressed on some leukocytes, and are known to bind GlyCAM-1, MadCAM-1 and CD34 as ligands.
Suppressed expression of some selectins results in a slower immune response. If L-selectin is not produced, the immune response may be ten times slower, as P-selectins (which can also be produced by leukocytes) bind to each other. P-selectins can bind each other with high affinity, but occur less frequently because the receptor-site density is lower than with the smaller E-selectin molecules. This increases the initial leukocyte rolling speed, prolonging the slow rolling phase.
Integrins
Integrins involved in cellular adhesion are primarily expressed on leukocytes. β2 integrins on rolling leukocytes bind endothelial cellular adhesion molecules, arresting cell movement.
LFA-1 is found on circulating leukocytes, and binds ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 on endothelial cells
Mac-1 is found on circulating leukocytes, and binds ICAM-1 on endothelial cells
VLA-4 is found on leukocytes and endothelial cells, and facilitates chemotaxis; it also binds VCAM-1
Cellular activation via extracellular chemokines causes pre-formed β2 integrins to be released from cellular stores. Integrin molecules migrate to the cell surface and congregate in high-avidity patches. Intracellular integrin domains associate with the leukocyte cytoskeleton, via mediation with cytosolic factors such as talin, α-actinin and vinculin. This association causes a conformational shift in the integrin's tertiary structure, allowing ligand access to the binding site. Divalent cations (e.g. Mg2+) are also required for integrin-ligand binding.
Integrin ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are activated by inflammatory cytokines, while ICAM-2 is constitutively expressed by some endothelial cells but downregulated by inflammatory cytokines. ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 share two homologous N-terminal domains; both can bind LFA-1.
During chemotaxis, cell movement is facilitated by the binding of β1 integrins to components of the extracellular matrix: VLA-3, VLA-4 and VLA-5 to fibronectin and VLA-2 and VLA-3 to collagen and other extracellular matrix components.
Extravasation is regulated by the background cytokine environment produced by the inflammatory response, and is independent of specific cellular antigens. Cytokines released in the initial immune response induce vasodilation and lower the electrical charge along the vessel's surface. Blood flow is slowed, facilitating intermolecular binding.
IL-1 activates resident lymphocytes and vascular endothelia
TNFα increases vascular permeability and activates vascular endothelia
CXCL8 (IL-8) forms a chemotactic gradient that directs leukocytes towards site of tissue injury/infection (CCL2 has a similar function to CXCL8, inducing monocyte extravasation and development into macrophages); also activates leukocyte integrins
Recent advances
In 1976, SEM images showed that there were homing receptors on microvilli-like tips on leukocytes that would allow white blood cells to get out of the blood vessel and get into tissue.[5] Since the 1990s the identity of ligands involved in leukocyte extravasation have been studied heavily. This topic was finally able to be studied thoroughly under physiological shear stress conditions using a typical flow chamber.[6] Since the first experiments, a strange phenomenon was observed. Binding interactions between the white blood cells and the vessel walls were observed to become stronger under higher force. Selectins (E-selection, L-selection, and P-selectin) were found to be involved in this phenomenon. The shear threshold requirement seems counterintuitive because increasing shear elevates the force applied to adhesive bonds and it would seem that this should increase the dislodging ability. Nevertheless, cells roll more slowly and more regularly until an optimal shear is reached where rolling velocity is minimal. This paradoxical phenomenon has not been satisfactorily explained despite the widespread interest.
One initially dismissed hypothesis that has been gaining interest is the catch bond hypothesis, where the increased force on the cell slows off-rates and lengthen the bond lifetimes and stabilizing the rolling step of leukocyte extravasation.[7] Flow-enhanced cell adhesion is still an unexplained phenomenon that could result from a transport-dependent increase in on-rates or a force-dependent decrease in off-rates of adhesive bonds. L-selectin requires a particular minimum of shear to sustain leukocyte rolling on P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and other vascular ligands. It has been hypothesized that low forces decrease L-selectin–PSGL-1 off-rates (catch bonds), whereas higher forces increase off-rates (slip bonds). Experiments have found that a force-dependent decrease in off-rates dictated flow-enhanced rolling of L-selectin–bearing microspheres or neutrophils on PSGL-1. [5] Catch bonds enable increasing force to convert short bond lifetimes into long bond lifetimes, which decrease rolling velocities and increase the regularity of rolling steps as shear rose from the threshold to an optimal value. As shear increases, transitions to slip bonds shorten their bond lifetimes and increase rolling velocities and decrease rolling regularity. It is hypothesized that force-dependent alterations of bond lifetimes govern L-selectin–dependent cell adhesion below and above the shear optimum. These findings establish a biological function for catch bonds as a mechanism for flow-enhanced cell adhesion.[8] While leukocytes seem to undergo a catch bond behavior with increasing flow leading to the tethering and rolling steps in leukocyte extravasation, firm adhesion is achieved through another mechanism, integrin activation.
Other biological examples of a catch bond mechanism is seen in bacteria that tightly cling to urinary tract walls in response to high fluid velocities and large shear forces exerted on the cells and bacteria with adhesive tips of fimbria.[7][9] Schematic mechanisms of how increased shear force is proposed to cause stronger binding interactions between bacteria and target cells show that the catch bond acts very similar to a Chinese finger trap. For a catch-bond, the force on the cell pulls the adhesive tip of a fimbria to close tighter on its target cell. As the strength of the forces increases, the stronger the bond between the fimbria and the cell-receptor on the surface of the target cell.[9] For a cryptic-bond, the force causes the fimbria to swivel toward the target cell and have more binding sites able to attach to the target cell ligands, mainly sugar molecules. This creates a stronger bonding interaction between the bacteria and the target cell.
Advent of microfluidic devices
Parallel plate flow chambers are among the most popular flow chambers used to study the leukocyte-endothelial interaction in vitro. They have been used for investigation since the later 1980s.[10] Although flow chambers have been an important tool to study leukocyte rolling, there are several limitations when it comes to studying the physiological in vivo conditions, as they lack correspondence with in vivo geometry, including scale/aspect ratio (microvasculature vs large vessel models), flow conditions (e.g. converging vs diverging flows at bifurcations), and require large reagent volumes (~ ml) due to their large size (height > 250 µm and width > 1mm).[11] With the advent of microfluidic-based devices, these limitations have been overcome. A new in vitro model, called SynVivo Synthetic microvascular network (SMN) was produced by the CFD Research Corporation (CFDRC) and developed using the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based soft-lithography process. The SMN can recreate the complex in vivo vasculature, including geometrical features, flow conditions, and reagent volumes, thereby providing a biologically realistic environment for studying the extravasation cellular behavior, but also for drug delivery and drug discovery.[12][13]
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Main article: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a genetic disease associated with a defect in the leukocyte extravasation process, caused by a defective integrin β2 chain (found in LFA-1 and Mac-1). This impairs the ability of the leukocytes to stop and undergo diapedesis. People with LAD suffer from recurrent bacterial infections and impaired wound healing. Neutrophilia is a hallmark of LAD.
↑ Monk PN, Scola AM, Madala P, Fairlie DP (October 2007). "Function, structure and therapeutic potential of complement C5a receptors". Br. J. Pharmacol. 152: 429–48. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707332. PMC 2050825 . PMID 17603557.
↑ Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin M, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB (2015). "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity". J Autoimmun. 57 (6): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMC 4340844 . PMID 25578468.
↑ Sorokin L. (2010). "The impact of the extracellar matrix on inflammation". Nature Reviews Immunology. Nature Publishing Group. 10 (10): 712–723. doi:10.1038/nri2852. PMID 20865019.
↑ McEver, RP; Beckstead, JH; Moore, KL; Marshall-Carlson, L; Bainton, DF (Jul 1989). "GMP-140, a platelet alpha-granule membrane protein, is also synthesized by vascular endothelial cells and is localized in Weibel-Palade bodies.". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 84 (1): 92–9. doi:10.1172/JCI114175. PMC 303957 . PMID 2472431.
↑ Anderson, A.O.; Anderson, N.D (1976). "Lymphocyte emigration from high endothelial venules in rat lymph nodes". Immunology. 31 (5): 731–748. PMC 1445135 . PMID 992709.
↑ Wiese, G.; Barthel, S.R.; Dimitroff, C.J. (2009). "Analysis of Physiologic E-Selectin-Mediated Leukocyte Rolling on Microvascular Endothelium". J Vis Exp. 24: 1009. doi:10.3791/1009.
1 2 Thomas WE, Nilsson LM, Forero M, Sokurenko EV, Vogel V (2004). "Shear-dependent 'stick-and-roll' adhesion of type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli". Mol. Microbiol. 53 (5): 1545–57. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04226.x. PMID 15387828.
↑ Yago, T.; Wu, J.; Wey, C.D.; Klopocki, A.G.; Zhu, C; Mcever, R.P. (2004). "Catch bonds govern adhesion through L-selection at threshold shear.". J Cell Biol. 166 (6): 913–923. doi:10.1083/jcb.200403144. PMC 2172126 . PMID 15364963.
1 2 Thomas, W.E.; E. Trintchina; M. Forero; V. Vogel; E. V. Sokurenko (2002). "Bacterial adhesion to target cells enhanced by shear force". Cell. 109 (7): 913–923. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00796-1. PMID 12110187.
↑ Nabel G.; Baltimore D. (1987). "An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells". Nature. 326: 711–713. doi:10.1038/326711a0.
↑ Prabhakarpandian B.; Shen M.C.; Pant K.; Kiani M.F. (2011). "Microfluidic devices for modeling cell-cell and particle-cell interactions in the microvasculature". Microvasc Res. 82: 210–220. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2011.06.013.
↑ Smith A.M; Prabhakarpandian B.; Pant K. (2014). "Generation of Shear Adhesion Map Using SynVivo Synthetic Microvascular Networks". J. Vis Ex. 87: e51025. doi:10.3791/51025.
↑ Lamberti G, Prabhakarpandian B, Garson C, Smith A, Pant K, Wang B, Kiani MF (2014). "Bioinspired microfluidic assay for in vitro modeling of leukocyte-endothelium interactions". Anal. Chem. 86: 8344–8351. doi:10.1021/ac5018716.
Aplin AE, Howe A, Alahari SK, Juliano RL (1998). "Signal transduction and signal modulation by cell adhesion receptors: the role of integrins, cadherins, immunoglobulin-cell adhesion molecules, and selectins". Pharmacological Reviews. 50 (2): 197–264. PMID 9647866.
Anderson, A.O; Anderson, N.D (1976). "Lymphocyte emigration from high endothelial venules in rat lymph nodes.". Immunology. 31 (5): 731–748. PMC 1445135 . PMID 992709.
Wiese, G. Barthel, S.R.; Dimitroff, C.J (2009). "Analysis of Physiologic E-Selectin-Mediated Leukocyte Rolling on Microvascular Endothelium.". J Vis Exp. 24: 1009. doi:10.3791/1009. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Thomas, W.E., Nilsson L.M., Forero, M. Sokurenko, E.V., Vogel, V (2004). "Shear-dependent 'stick and roll' adhesion of type 1 fimbirated Escherichia coli.". Molec Microbiolgy. 53 (5): 1545–1557. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04226.x. PMID 15387828. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Yago, T.; Wu, J.; Wey, C.D.; Klopocki, A.G.; Zhu, C; Mcever, R.P. (2004). "Catch bonds govern adhesion through L-selection at threshold shear.". J Cell Biol. 166 (6): 913–923. doi:10.1083/jcb.200403144. PMC 2172126 . PMID 15364963.
Thomas W.E.; E. Trintchina; M. Forero; V. Vogel; E. V. Sokurenko. (2002). "Bacterial adhesion to target cells enhanced by shear force.". Cell. 109 (7): 913–923. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00796-1. PMID 12110187.
Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia. "Inflammation: The Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade".
Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomick MJ (2005). Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease (6th ed.). New York: Garland Science Publishing. pp. 76–84. ISBN 0-8153-4101-6.
Kindt TJ, Osborne BA, Goldsby RA (2007). "Overview of the Immune System". Kuby Immunology (6th ed.).
Mak TW and Saunders ME; Chaddah MR; Tamminen WL (2006). The Immune Response: Basic and Clinical Principles. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Inc. pp. 61–2.
Male D, Brostoff J, Roth DB, Roitt I (2006). Immunology (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited. pp. 130–8.
Nairn R, Helbert M (2002). Immunology for Medical Students. Edinburgh: Harcourt Publishers Ltd. pp. 106–7.
"Animation of the adhesion process".
Myeloid innate immune system
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preformed:
Lysosome granules
synthesized on demand:
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eicosanoids
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Macrophage
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Modern:
Acute-phase reaction/Fever
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Specific locations
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Deciphering the LMRDA For Online Elections
Online elections are the most affordable method of voting, making it the most attractive option for unions across the United States. However, federal regulations remain vague on the matter, leaving open the question of whether or not online voting meets the correct legal standard.
The governing legislation, the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA) of 1959, compels unions to elect officers by secret ballot, establish safeguards for fair elections, and preserve ballots for up to a year. It doesn't necessitate a particular method or system of voting, but all electronic voting systems must comply with the LMDRA's requirements.
Enforced by the Department of Labor's Office of Labor-Management Standards (OLMS), the law permits voting beyond paper ballots.
According to LMRDA Section 3(k), "'Secret ballot' means the expression by ballot, voting machine, or otherwise, but in no event by proxy, of a choice with respect to any election or vote taken upon any matter, which is cast in such a manner that the person expressing such choice cannot be identified with the choice expressed."
It continues: "Adequate safeguards to [e]nsure a fair election shall be provided, including the right of any candidate to have an observer at the polls and at the counting of the ballots." The reference to "polls" doesn't consider remote voting, including both mail and electronic ballots.
Although mail ballots aren't specifically addressed in the LMRDA, it nevertheless has become a common practice for union elections. In its guide to mail ballots, OLMS acknowledged, "Many unions conduct officer elections by mail because their members are dispersed over a wide geographic area making travel to polling sites difficult. In addition, some unions that conduct their elections at polling places also allow absentee voting by mail."
While the OLMS accepts mailed ballots as a viable voting option, this conflicts with LMRDA's reference to poll observers—which would be impossible to accommodate for members completing mail, absentee or electronic ballots. To accommodate this, the OLMS identified other requirements mail ballot voting can meet and are in line with LMRDA standards, such as allowing observers when the ballot envelopes are stuffed, labeled, and mailed and during any visits to the post office to pick up and remail ballot packages.
History of OLMS & Electronic Voting Regulation
Voting machines are included in the LMRDA and have been used for decades. In the 1990s, electronic voting became a regularly utilized method in LMRDA-regulated elections. For two decades, the OLMS remained largely silent on the topic, with only a few enforcement actions taken.
In 2011, the DOL issued a request for information from the public to assist in outlining guidelines concerning the use of electronic voting systems in union elections, which are defined as electronic voting machines used for casting votes at polling sites, remote electronic voting from personal computers via the internet, and from remote site telephones. The agency was seeking clarity on a range of issues, including:
Should guidelines concerning the use of electronic voting systems be issued?
What issues should be addressed?
What standards should be included?
If an electronic voting system has no voter-verified paper ballots, can an observable recount be conducted?
How could a voter confirm that their vote was recorded and stored accurately?
The OLMS received an overwhelming response in favor of online voting from unions with a long history of operating elections over the internet. The AFSCME released a resolution to lobby for electronic voting, stating it "could lead to increased member participation" and "provide greater reliability, efficiency, accessibility and cost savings as compared to reliance only on paper balloting."
To date, the agency has not issued guidelines for electronic voting as they have for mail ballot voting. In October 2016, OLMS released a "compliance tip" called "Electing Union Officers Using Remote Electronic Voting Systems," which acknowledges online voting or remote electronic voting could be compliant with the LMRDA regulations.
At the same time, the OLMS brought a Civil Enforcement Action against the Association of Professional Flight Attendants for the group's use of the BallotPoint online voting system. The Labor Department agency alleged the BallotPoint system both "permitted voters to be linked to their votes" and failed to provide "the right to have an observer at the polls and at the counting of the ballots." As a result of the action, a federal court in Texas granted the DOL's motion for summary judgment and nullified the union's Jan. 9, 2016 election.
Although the process used by BallotPoint appeared to have a significant flaw allowing DOL investigators to link some voters with their ballots, it seems even if that were not the case, electronic voting will be treated with a level of scrutiny beyond what mail balloting is subject to. However, the case did reveal a few observable steps identified by OLMS that, while not taken by BallotPoint, could be implemented for electronic voting. The action read:
To protect the same interests that are safeguarded by having observers at the physical "polls" in an in-person election (e.g., to ensure that only eligible voters are voting), the observer requirement operates in a mail-ballot election by allowing observers to be present at specific stages of the election process, such as the preparation and mailing of the ballots, their receipt by the counting agency, and the opening and counting of the ballots. 29 C.F.R. § 452.107(c). Through these procedures, observers are able to ensure that the election is fair and that the ballots are not tampered with.
Similar solutions tailored to fit different voting methods have also routinely been instituted in political elections (which were Congress' model for union elections in the LMRDA) to vindicate the same goals behind the LMRDA's observer requirement. For example, in Texas, testing boards consisting of representatives from each political party are allowed to conduct logic and accuracy tests on voting machines, in a process that is also open to the press and the public. See Tex. Election Code§ 129.023. The testing board can also vote "test ballots" and verify that the results announced by the system match the predetermined results of the test ballots. Id. § 129.023(c). Finally, the software used in the election is copied and kept in a secure location outside the administrator's control. Id. § 129.023(f)(2).
It seems the use of online voting along with the interpretation of LMRDA requirements will continue to evolve as technologies do. But, the core tenet of a fair election through secret ballot and observable procedures will remain the same. When designing methods for ensuring a fair election it is important to keep in mind that secrecy and security are guaranteed by procedures.
The most basic paper ballot election relies as much on procedures as the most complex online voting election. For example:
Physically restricting access to a polling place ballot box prevents voters from casting multiple ballots.
Restricting identifiable marks on paper ballots prevents individuals from proving how they voted.
A secure PO Box and secret envelope process allows for votes to be stored alongside voter's identity before tabulation.
The opportunity to view the list of members and challenge eligibility allows all participants the ability to verify only eligible voters are participating.
The history of LMRDA, enforcement actions by OLMS, and the "Compliance Tip" all provide insight into methods and procedures that ensure a fair election process. These methods and procedures can include:
The opportunity to view the list of members and make eligibility challenges prior to the distribution of voter credentials.
The ability to observe the preparation and distribution of voting credentials to be used by members (including any additional distribution or replacement).
A technological process that maintains both the secrecy and security of the ballot in transit and in storage.
The use of Logic & Accuracy testing allows for the voting system's accuracy to be observably tested prior to the election.
The use of source code escrow and other methods allowing for an independent verification of the software used in an election.
The use of "zero reports" and allowing the observation of tabulation and results presentation.
Other Ways YesElections Can Run Your Union Election
YesElections has years of experience running online elections for unions of all sizes and is proficient in current regulations.
For elected union officers interested in other LMRDA-compliant voting methods, YesElections offers a variety of services:
Paper Voting: This traditional method of voting is easy to use, customizable, protects against equipment failure, safeguards from duplicate votes, and provides a paper trail, which complies with LMRDA.
Phone Voting: Members can take part in this convenient, easy to use, and secure method by using a touch-tone phone.
Multiple Methods: To increase voter turnout, unions can combine multiple methods of voting including online, paper, and phone.
YesElections has facilitated and managed elections for more than a decade. Our experience and state-of-the-art security make us one of the most reliable election management agencies in the country. To learn more about how YesElections can help your organization, view our union election services, or request a free consultation, today.
Topics: Online Voting


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Blackstone, Prestige's $1.5 billion realty deal gets competition commission's nod
As part of the deal, Blackstone will be acquiring five completed office complexes with 7 million sq ft of leasable area and four office projects with 10 million sq. ft. under development space.
Mindspace Business Parks REIT plans to raise Rs 200 crore through debentures
During the quarter ended September, the company had raised Rs 500 crore through debentures at 6.8 per cent per annum during the period.
Blackstone's Nucleus Office Parks targets 24.5 million sq ft by 2020 end
"Nucleus will expand its capability in terms of development and stabilise the assets fully owned by Blackstone," said Quaiser Parvez, CEO, Nucleus Office Parks.
Prestige group to sell commercial projects to Blackstone for Rs 9,160 crore
Bengaluru-based Prestige has signed term sheets on Monday with the Blackstone group, and the deal is likely to be closed next month.
Brookfield is said to push ahead with India REIT IPO by year end
The debut of Embassy Office Parks REIT last year marked the nation's first such listing as the regulator kept tweaking rules to make the vehicle more attractive to developers and investors.
Embassy REIT raises Rs 750 crore via NCDs
"Following our successful Rs 7.5 billion fundraise in September 2020, we are pleased to announce another competitively priced debt raise by Embassy REIT," Michael Holland, CEO of Embassy REIT, said.
RMZ sells 12.5 million sq ft real estate assets to Brookfield for $2 billion
RMZ, a privately-held realty firm and fully-owned by brothers Raj and Manoj Menda, said it has sold 12.5 million sq ft of commercial assets to a fund managed by Brookfield Asset Management for USD 2 billion.
Blackstone nears $2 billion property deal with Prestige
The US private equity group is in advanced talks to acquire Prestige Estates Projects Ltd.'s rent-yielding assets including offices and operating malls, the people said, asking not to be identified.
Blackstone offers sweetener as tries to sell Spanish properties worth $1.2 billion
Two Blackstone units, Aliseda and Anticipa, said on Tuesday they would reimburse buyers up to one tenth of the sale price if their property dropped more than a tenth in value in the three months after a deal is sealed.
Mindspace Business Parks REIT public issue subscribed 38% on first day
The issue received bids for 2,59,22,800 shares against the total issue size of 6,77,46,400 shares, according to data available with the NSE.
Mindspace Business Parks REIT IPO to raise Rs 4,700 crore
Blackstone and K Raheja Corp will offload units worth Rs 3,700 crore and the REIT will sell fresh units of about Rs 1,000 core in the issue, they said. Mindspace would be the second REIT to list on Indian bourses.
Blackstone raises around Rs 2,270 crore from stake sale in Embassy Office Parks REIT
Embassy Office Parks REIT is the country's first Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT), which was launched last year by realty firm Embassy group and global investment firm Blackstone to raise nearly Rs 5,000 crore.
Blackstone plans to sell shares worth up to $257 million in Embassy Office Parks REIT
Blackstone currently has 55 per cent stake in Embassy Office Parks REIT while the Bengaluru-based Embassy group has 15 per cent shares.
Allcargo expects to be debt-free with Blackstone deal closure by December
In January, Blackstone announced that it would buy 90 per cent equity in Allcargo's warehousing vertical for around Rs 1,400 crore and the Wall Street major has already invested Rs 380 crore as part of the deal which will be a mix of debt and equity.
Embassy Group's realty units may be merged before July 15: Indiabulls Real Estate
"With the lockdown relaxations from June 3, 2020, best effort endeavours are now being made by Embassy and IBREL to execute transaction documents on or before July 15, 2020," IBREL said in a regulatory filing.
Global private equity companies oppose force majeure call
According to fund managers and builders, their contracts did not allow for invoking the force majeure clause as long as the business parks were operational and buildings had not collapsed.
Embassy Office Parks to go ahead with dividend payout
Embassy Office Parks is the manager to Embassy Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) and operates business parks in Bengaluru, Pune, Mumbai and the National Capital Region.
Coffee Day repays Rs 1,644 crore to lenders from sales proceeds of Tech Park
CDEL in September last year had announced the sale of its Global Village Tech Park in Bengaluru to global investment firm Blackstone and realty firm Salarpuria Sattva at an enterprising value of Rs 2,700 crore.
Blackstone, Salarpuria acquire Coffee Day's Tech Park for Rs 2,500 crore
The tech park is spread over 90 acres and falls under the Special Economic Zone (SEZ), owned by Tanglin Developments, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Coffee Day Enterprises. The firm is into development of technology parks in Bengaluru and Mangaluru.
Covid-19: Fundraising plans of REITs may take a hit
The government has proposed to tax dividends in the hands of unit holders or investors of infrastructure and real estate investment trusts, which were otherwise not taxable.


A majority of Federal Reserve officials are prepared to raise the central bank's benchmark interest rate in June as long as the recovery remains on track, documents released Wednesday show. Such a move would underscore the resilience of the nation's economy amid a shaky global environment.
The Fed had slashed its target rate to zero during the darkest days of the 2008 financial crisis, part of its aggressive and controversial efforts to revive the economy and avert another Great Depression. The central bank finally began withdrawing that support seven years later, when it raised interest rates in December.
But turmoil in financial markets early this year put the Fed's plans for additional hikes on hold. Renewed fears about China's economy forced analysts to lower their forecasts for global growth – and even sparked talk of a new recession. Oil prices continued to slide, and the strong dollar weighed on U.S. exports and tamped down inflation. Investors increasingly bet that the Fed would not raise rates again until the end of the year, if at all.
In an official statement released after that meeting, the Fed said only that it would "closely monitor" the world economy. The statement also made no direct mention of when the central bank might raise rates again. But during their meeting, officials explicitly discussed moving in June.
"Most participants judge that if the incoming data were consistent with economic growth picking up in the second quarter, labor market conditions continuing to strengthen, and inflation making progress toward the [Fed's] 2 percent objective, then it likely would be appropriate for the [Fed] to increase the target range for the federal funds rate in June," the minutes show.
Some officials remained hesitant, however, questioning whether the data would be conclusive enough to make a decision. Some also worried that investors were not adequately prepared for a move. On Tuesday, financial markets were betting that the odds of a Fed rate hike in June were below 20 percent.
Since then, officials appear to have been trying to prep the market for the possibility of a move in June. On Tuesday, three Fed presidents – John Williams of San Francisco, Dennis Lockhart of Atlanta and Robert Kaplan of Dallas – said they expect to raise rates several more times this year, perhaps sooner rather than later. In addition, government data on inflation released Tuesday showed April's increase in prices was the biggest jump in three years, bolstering the case for higher rates.
On Wednesday, Wall Street had enjoyed modest gains in morning trading. But the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index and the blue-chip Dow Jones industrial average turned negative just after the minutes of the Fed's meeting were released. The tech-heavy Nasdaq also gave up some ground. Markets were relatively flat at closing.
The Fed has not committed to an increase next month. It has repeatedly emphasized that its decisions will depend on the evolution of the economy. If the recovery is slower than expected, the Fed can delay any increases. If it is stronger than expected, the Fed could speed up.
Officials "judged it appropriate to leave their policy options open and maintain the flexibility to make this decision based on how the incoming data and developments shaped their outlook for the labor market and inflation as well as their evolving assessments of the balance of risks around that outlook," the minutes show. The current range for the Fed's target rate is 0.25 to 0.5 percent. The Fed would probably increase that range by a quarter percentage point.


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• Remembering the young victims of the Gilroy shooting.
• Blatant wage theft at Korean barbecue restaurants.
• And photos of a pink-walled paradise in the Coachella Valley.
A gas power plant in the San Fernando Valley.
A survey found that California Democrats and Republicans are worlds apart on climate change. Among Democrats, 73 percent see global warming as a "very serious threat," compared to 27 percent of Republicans. Another finding: half of Californians said they'd be fine with paying more for clean electricity. That's likely to embolden policymakers. It "allows you to be a little more courageous about what you're going to propose," an analyst said. Sacramento Bee | CALmatters
A separate study on how California's coast redwoods are handling warmer temperatures got an unexpected result: They're growing faster. CNET
Workers removed trees and shrubs to create a fuel break in El Dorado National Forest last September.
Paul Kitagaki Jr./Sacramento Bee, via Getty Images
It could be insurance companies, not the government, that effectively block new home construction in California's fire-prone areas. The refusal of insurance companies to cover homes in rural parts of the state is increasingly leading buyers to cancel purchases and look elsewhere. Sacramento Bee | @dillonliam/Twitter
In cities across California, police and prosecutors have been using confiscated condoms as evidence against people suspected of prostitution. Now Gov. Gavin Newsom says he'll sign a new bill banning the practice. Supporters of the bill say the criminalization of carrying condoms has been a danger to public safety. The landmark bill also adds protections for sex workers to report abuse without fear of arrest. VICE
Photo by Sandip Bhattacharya/CC BY 2.0
In California, the devil has a slide, a golf course, and a collection of posts. The oddly symmetrical basalt columns of Devils Postpile, 25 miles east of Yosemite Valley, look like they could have been pushed up from the underworld. In truth, scientists say, they were formed 100,000 years ago when a sea of lava cooled and contracted, creating cracks in one of nature's favorite shapes: the hexagon. Visitors enjoy an added treat: a nearby 100-foot waterfall that doubles as a rainbow factory. NPS.gov | Atlas Obscura
Stephen Romero, left, Keyla Salazar, and Trevor Irby.
The three victims of the Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting were all young:
• An uncle recalled 6-year-old Stephen Romero as a good-mannered kid who loved The Weeknd. "He wouldn't leave the house unless he had cologne on," he said. S.F. Chronicle | A.P.
• Keyla Salazar, 13, was nearing her 14th birthday and was trying to convince her parents to let her have a puppy. "There are no words to describe the pain," her aunt said. A.P. | Buzzfeed
• Trevor Irby, 25, graduated in 2017 from a liberal arts college in upstate New York and moved to Santa Cruz. Pictures on his Facebook page show him in Steelers garb with his arm around his girlfriend. A.P. | S.F. Chronicle
Hundreds attended a vigil in Gilroy. "We cannot let the bastard that did this tear us down." Mercury News
Officers exited the family home of Santino William Legan in Gilroy on Monday.
Jose Carlos Fajardo/Mercury News via Getty Images
The Gilroy gunman was identified by the authorities as Santino William Legan, 19, a Bay Area native. In the hours before the shooting, he urged his Instagram followers to read a 19th century book popular with white supremacists and complained about the overcrowding of towns with "hordes" of people of mixed race and Silicon Valley whites. A.P. | L.A. Times
Authorities said Legan legally purchased "an assault-type rifle" in Nevada, but broke the law by bringing it into California.
"It's just an outrage," Gov. Gavin Newsom said. "I can't put borders up — speaking of borders — in a neighboring state where you can buy this damn stuff legally. How the hell is that possible? I have no problem with the Second Amendment. You have a right to bear arms but not weapons of goddamn mass destruction." S.F. Chronicle | Sacramento Bee
Journalist Noam Cohen delivered some amen-worthy lines in a critique of Silicon Valley's "disruption" culture, like this one: "Uber isn't better than a good mass-transit system; Facebook isn't better than actual friendship; YouTube videos aren't better than quality entertainment; a neighborhood littered with Airbnbs isn't better than a community-oriented one."
And this: "Having so much of life occur at the front door, as opposed to on the town square or the market street, is simply sad. Pathetic even. Who but a small minority would want to organize life around a siege mentality?" WIRED
LiLou the pig does shifts at the San Francisco airport.
lilou_sfpig/Instagram
The airport can get stressful. That's when San Francisco International Airport deploys the Wag Brigade. It includes a fleet of 22 dogs in vests that urge "pet me!" along with LiLou, a therapy pig with red-painted toenails and a gift for performance. Much of the team's work is focused on one hotspot in particular: Terminal 3, where United Airlines is located. SFGate.com
Jose Palomar, 26, grew up in Anaheim and has temporary legal status in the U.S. He's married to an American citizen and is the father of American children. In June, he traveled to Mexico to fulfill some requirements to be granted a green card. But now the U.S. won't let him back in. Why? When asked if he's ever smoked marijuana, he answered yes. O.C. Register
Illegal labor practices lurk behind the low prices of L.A's Korean barbecue, a columnist said.
Ricardo DeAratanha/L.A. Times via Getty Images
L.A. columnist Frank Shyong met with workers at the city's Korean barbecue restaurants who described blatant wage theft, racial discrimination, and job insecurity. "It's long past time for us consider how much suffering and toil goes into the $1 taco and $3 banh mi we love to celebrate," he wrote. L.A. Times
The trustees of Los Angeles County's massive pension fund are big travelers. According to an L.A. Times investigation, their excursions — to conferences in places such as Abu Dhabi, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Paris — have cost the fund more than $1.3 million since 2015. Some trustees spent as little as $3,000. Others exceeded $100,000. Some traveled as many as 10 times a year. L.A. Times | KTLA
The San Diego Zoo's new rhino calf with Victoria, his mother.
A southern white rhino at San Diego Zoo Safari Park gave birth to a very special calf — the product of artificial insemination. The birth is a crucial step on the path to allowing southern white rhinos to be surrogates for nearly extinct northern white rhinos, of which only two females remain after decades of poaching. S.D. Union-Tribune | KPBS
The Reagans reclined on the patio at Sunnylands in Rancho Mirage.
White House photo
There's a place in the Coachella Valley known as the city of the presidents. That's thanks in no small part to the legacy of Sunnylands, a pink-walled paradise built for media mogul Walter Annenberg and his wife Leonore in 1966. Indefatigable entertainers, the Annenbergs hosted legendary parties. Queen Elizabeth, Bob Hope, and Truman Capote passed through. Frank Sinatra married his fourth wife there. And eight presidents, from Eisenhower to Obama, have been guests. Here are a bunch of vintage photos from Sunnylands' glory years of the 1970s and '80s. Vanity Fair | Palm Springs Life
Sunnylands is now open to the public. You can tour the modernist house and the 200-acre grounds, including outdoor sculptures and 13 man-made lakes. Curbed Los Angeles | Sunnylands.org
Arnold Schwarzenegger became an American citizen in 1983.
Love him or hate him, Arnold Schwarzenegger is a wonder of nature. Born in Austria on this day in 1947, he got into weightlifting as a teenager and became the youngest-ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20.
Then it was on to real estate. He launched a bricklaying business in Southern California and started buying up properties, earning his first million. Next, despite being warned about his "funny accent," he went after Hollywood, scoring his big break in 1969's "Hercules in New York." By the 1980s, he was one of cinema's most famous action stars.
He married into the Kennedy family, and having never held public office thought, why not run for the governorship of America's most populous state? "The Governator" held power for the better part of a decade.
As comedian Bill Burr put it in a NSFW bit: "This dude has been in a zone for over decades. Four decades. Nothing but net."


EUDML | On the Differentiable Pinching Problem. EuDML | On the Differentiable Pinching Problem.
On the Differentiable Pinching Problem.
Sugimoto, M, and Shiohama, K.. "On the Differentiable Pinching Problem.." Mathematische Annalen 195 (1971): 1-16. <http://eudml.org/doc/162205>.
TI - On the Differentiable Pinching Problem.


Well being Elixir Blog and web site is for Medical Enthusiast who love to discover the mysteries of drugs by sharing their experiences of their respective discipline. Once once more, true well being care reform would lower the ties between government and corporate leaders and their cronies that have lead to government of, for and by corporate executives slightly than the individuals at large. The likelihood of miscalculation is calculated in each case for every particular person supplier and complete misclassification probabilities are merely the sum of these possibilities throughout providers. An integrated care administration roadmap to ensure alignment of technical and business initiatives. Additionally, shifting to bundled payment schemes from charge-for- service system is unwelcomed by many providers.
A) Medicaid state plan to designate a supplier as health home for Medicaid enrollees with two persistent conditions, one situation and threat of growing different or one power situation and chronic mental disorder. That is why we want to hear your personal story about how health coverage is stronger below the ACA. This course might have the impact of forcing the Congress to agree on a brand new bipartisan path for health insurance reform–or lead to one unimaginable implosion of coverage if the Democrats did not cooperate. Customers: Many American well being care shoppers could notice many vital modifications within the well being care trade with the passage of ACA. The unsubsidized price is the price that half of the individuals shopping for Obamacare compliant plans are paying. Hillary believes that employees ought to share in slower progress of nationwide well being care spending through decrease costs.
The feds additionally launched totals for the states using and major cities inside those markets ( read that report right here ). We don't yet have a breakdown of recent plans vs. renewals for the states, although Counihan mentioned about eight.6 million of the eleven.4 million nationwide, or 75 p.c, had been renewals.
Added to that the effectivity with which cells take up oxygen increases, thereby releasing the vitality that's wanted for optimum health. From our personal medical insurance offering complete heart and cancer cover and care , to our dental plans which help each day dental prices, our plans ensure medical health insurance is accessible to all. Folks complain that medical providers aren't as good for these people that can't afford Medicare, but the Universal Well being Care will assure equality to everybody. With Universal Well being Care, all Individuals can be provided with value effective medical treatment. If we proceed with the common medical services, health care could cause a lot of people to be in debt.
Betsy McCaughey, who wrote several influential however highly controversial articles criticizing Hillary Clinton's well being care proposals within the Nineteen Nineties, can be on the list. With our Health Care Plus policy, your healthcare bills are secured, with no limits on the amount. The Veterans Health Administration is America's largest built-in health care system with over 1,700 websites of care , serving eight.seventy six million Veterans every year. The Universal Well being Care will be capable to provide all American with much better companies. Veterans receiving care at native VA Medical Centers will now have the ability to schedule routine ear and eye appointments without a main care referral ' a move that eliminates multiple steps and gets Veterans into appointments quicker. It is reported by the Well being and Human Companies, that Hawaii will lower your expenses from the health care.


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Nate Diaz vs Jake Paul: Here's All You Need to Know About the Contest
By Atharv Karkar
25-year-old Youtuber-turned boxer Jake Paul has been in talks after his nerve-wracking win over renowned UFC Champion Anderson Silva to remain unbeaten in his professional boxing career. What's more interesting is the highly anticipated fight between 'The Problem Child' Jake Paul and now a free agent, Nate Diaz.
The duo is constantly seen having scuffles here and there, and fans have been waiting for a final showdown contest between them. Even if the fight won't make Nate Diaz champion of the MMA universe, the fight totally makes sense. Here's why!
People already want Nate Diaz vs Jake Paul
As history speaks for itself, most of the biggest rivalries in the combat world started way before the actual match. And in most of the cases, there were pre-existing issues between the competitors in some form or other. It all resulted in actually adding some 'masala' in the rivalry storyline.
Such is the case when we talk about the drift between Nate Diaz and Jake Paul. It all started back in 2021 after Paul defeated Ben Askren in a knockout contest. Owing to this match, Nathan Diaz accused Jake of not having the ability to fight. He also declared Askren a "retired wrestler who can't fight or box".
Also, recently Nate Diaz called out Anderson Silva for "getting paid" to lose to Jake Paul in the fight. This is when Jake came to label Diaz as a "street gangster". There have been some behind-the-scenes clashes between these two too! Given the heat between these men already rising, it seems like the right time to have this face-off and settle the score.
How could Nate Diaz win this fight?
Even when 'The Problem Child' has six back-to-back wins, his techniques are nowhere near perfection. He also got tired in the longer sessions against Anderson Silva and Tyron Woodley.
As people see, Jake Paul is a newbie in the Boxing universe. However, in spite of not having boxed professionally, Nate Diaz remains to be one of the stronger boxers in the UFC. Having beaten the likes of Anthony Pettis and Michael Johnson, at the age of 37, Diaz still looks sharp with his cardio and technique.
This is where he has an upper hand on the 25-year-old boxer.
What about Jake Paul?
Often criticised for fighting competitors whom he already has an upper hand over, Jake Paul also has his own advantages going into this big contest. For starters, Paul is naturally bigger than Diaz and fights in the higher-weight category. Also, Nate Diaz is already past his peak years, and his durability going down with time.
Thus, although being a better boxer from a technical point of view, Nate Diaz seems to be a beatable choice for Jake Paul too.
Nate Diaz vs Jake Paul: A Talk About Money
Last but not the least, the rivalry between Nate Diaz and Jake Paul is going to attract a large number of eyeballs, and given this fact, it accounts for a massive pay-per-view number. This means that both of them will eventually make surplus money in the process.
There's also the possibility of further rivalries between siblings of Jake Paul and Nat Diaz- Logan Paul, and Nick Diaz respectively. While both of them follow similar career paths as their siblings, even their fights would be an easy sell. Thus, this rivalry would just be the beginning of a much bigger conflict to come.
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Isla del Pescado, also know as Isla de los Pescadores or Cujiri, is a hilly and rocky outcrop of land in the middle of Salar de Uyuni.
This really is the cherry on the cake: after being amazed by the Salar de Ujuni itself, you will reach this island in the middle of the lake, full of enormous cacti which silently tell you to go f**k yourself. Climb on top of the hill to understand the immensity of the white "ocean" around you.
I can only repeat that a visit to Ujuni MUST be included in the "To do" checklist of any healthy traveler.


The Lola Commons Fund for SiMBA are fundraising with the help of others to refurbish 3 family rooms and 2 additional rooms in the Princess Royal Maternity Hospital. We are working closely with the team to meet their specific needs for their families.
Having recently refurbished family rooms at the Royal Alexandra Maternity, Paisley, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Glasgow and the Serenity Suite at Nottingham University Hospital, we are currently working on a family room project at the Princess Royal Maternity Hospital Glasgow. This project will allow us to fully refurbish 3 family rooms , 1 sitting room and 1 counselling room .
100% of all funds raised is spent on these projects.


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50+ World > Birthdays > July Birthdays > July 16th Birthdays
July 16th Birthdays
If you were born on July 16th you share a celebrity birthday with these famous people:
Margaret Court is 80 (nee Margaret Smith)
International Tennis Hall of Fame Australian World #1 ranked women's tennis player, 1970 women's singles and 1963 mixed doubles Grand Slam winner (career 24 singles & 21 mixed doubles wins), born July 16, 1942. (Margaret Court 1964 Photo: Eric Koch / Dutch National Archives)
Rubén Blades is 74 (nee Rubén Blades Bellido de Luna)
Grammy-winning Panamanian singer-songwriter (Pedro Navaja; Patria), actor of TV (Daniel Salazar on Fear the Walking Dead; Gideon's Crossing) & movies (The Milagro Beanfield War; Fatal Beauty; The Two Jakes; Cradle Will Rock; Red Pill; Safe House), born July 16, 1948. (Rubén Blades 2015: Gage Skidmore)
Michael Flatley is 64
Irish-American choreographer, producer, host, personality, & step dancer of stage, TV & films (Lord of the Dance; Riverdance; Celtic Tiger Live; Feet of Flames; Blackbird; Michael Flatley in Feet of Flames Taiwan; Dancing With the Stars; Superstars of Dance), born July 16, 1958. (Michael Flatley 2009: Max Lin)
Phoebe Cates Kline is 59 (nee Phoebe Belle Cates)
American former model, singer, and actress of stage, TV & movies (Princess Caraboo; Drop Dead Fred; Gremlins; Private School; Fast Times at Ridgemont High; Bright Lights, Big City; Shag; Bodies, Rest & Motion; The Anniversary Party), born July 16, 1963. (Phoebe Cates 2009 Photo: Greg Hernandez)
Will Ferrell is 55
American comedian, producer (Succession) & actor of TV (Saturday Night Live) & films (The Other Guys; Old School; Elf; Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy; Step Brothers; A Night at the Roxbury; Dick; Bewitched; Talladega Nights; Daddy's Home), born July 16, 1967. (Will Ferrell 2012: Eva Rinaldi)
Corey Feldman is 51
American actor of TV (The Bad News Bears) & films (The Lost Boys; The Goonies; Stand By Me; License to Drive; Gremlins; The 'Burbs; Dream a Little Dream; Friday the 13th movies; We Will Rock You), born July 16, 1971. (Corey Feldman 2010 Photo: © Glenn Francis, www.PacificProDigital.com)
(Barbara Stanwyck 1944: Max Factor | Ginger Rogers 1936: Earl Christy)
Happy Birthday to everyone celebrating their birthday on July 16th!
Remembering These July 16th Famous Birthdays
Philece Sampler (nee Philece P. Sampler)
American voice over artist and actress of daytime television soap operas (Renee DuMonde on Days of Our Lives; Lacey Jarrett Gallagher on Rituals; Donna Love Hudson on Another World; The Interior) and movies (The Seniors; Pretty Smart) (born July 16, 1953 – died July 1, 2021; age 67). Philece Sampler died of a heart attack. (Philece Sampler Photo: Used by permission)
George Hilton (nee Jorge Hill Acosta y Lara)
Uruguayan-American actor of movies (Halleluja for Django; The Ruthless Four; A Bullet for Sandoval; Last of the Badmen; The Brute and the Beast; The Battle of El Alamein; Professionals for a Massacre; The Devil with Seven Faces; Two Faces of Fear; Mark of Zorro) (born July 16, 1934 – died July 28, 2019; age 85). George Hilton died after a long illness. (George Hilton 1967 Any Gun Can Play)
Barbara Stanwyck (nee Ruby Catherine Stevens; aka ex-Mrs. Robert Taylor)
American model, dancer, and Emmy Award-winning actress of TV (Victoria Barkley on The Big Valley; The Colbys; The Thorn Birds) and movies (Roustabout; Stella Dallas; Double Indemnity; These Wilder years) (born July 16, 1907 – died Jan. 20, 1990; age 82). Barbara Stanwyck died of COPD & congestive heart failure. (Barbara Stanwyck 1941 Ball of Fire / Samuel Goldwyn Company)
Ginger Rogers (nee Virginia Katherine McMath; aka ex-Mrs. Lew Ayres)
Oscar-winning American dancer-actress (Kitty Foyle; Black Widow; Forever Female; Storm Warning; Magnificent Doll; Roxie Hart; Stage Door; Shall We Dance; Top Hat; Gold Diggers of 1933; The Major and the Minor; harlow) (born July 16, 1911 – died July 17, 1995; age 89). Ginger Rogers died of diabetes complications & a stroke. (Ginger Rogers 1945 Photo: Jack Albin)
Shoeless Joe Jackson (nee Joseph Jefferson Jackson)
American pro baseball player, 1908-1920 MLB outfielder (Philadelphia Athletics, Cleveland Naps / Indians, Chicago White Sox – 1917 World Series Champions) banned in the 1919 World Series Black Sox Scandal (born July 16, 1887 – died Dec. 5, 1951; age 64). Shoeless Joe Jackson died of a heart attack. (Shoeless Joe Jackson Photo: Chicago Daily News)
Bess Myerson
American model, first Jewish Miss America (1945), Miss New York 1945, celebrity personality & TV game show panelist (The Match Game; I've Got a Secret; The Name's the Same), and Commissioner of New York City (1969-1973; 1983-1987) (born July 16, 1924 – died Dec. 14, 2014; age 90). Bess Myerson had dementia before her death. (Bess Myerson 1957 Photo)
Orville Redenbacher
American businessman, agriculturalist and farmer, entrepreneur and creator of the "RedBow" strain of popcorn, spokesperson & co-founder of the Orville Redenbacher popcorn company and brand (born July 16, 1907 – died Sept. 19, 1995; age 88). Orville Redenbacher had a heart attack in his jacuzzi and drowned. (Orville Redenbacher 1979 Photo: Hunt-Wesson)
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