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Archive for the 'Biology' Category
A footnote on novel H1N1
A couple years ago, I wrote a post about the H1N1 "swine flu" outbreak, talking a bit about the mechanics of the virus and how it could be hacked. Today I read an interesting tidbit in Nature referencing this article in Science that is a silver lining on the H1N1 cloud.
You know how every flu season there's a new flu vaccine, yet somehow for other diseases you only need to be vaccinated once? It's because there's no vaccine that can target all types of flu. Apparently, a patient who contracted "swine flu" during the pandemic created a novel antibody with the remarkable ability to confer immunity to all 16 subtypes of influenza A. A group of researchers sifted through the white blood cells of the patient and managed to isolate four B cells that contain the code to produce this antibody. These cells have been cloned and are producing antibodies facilitating further research into a potential broad-spectrum vaccine that could confer broad protection against the flu.
For some reason I find this really interesting. I think it's because at a gut level it gives me hope that if a killer virus did arise that wipes out most of humanity, there's some evidence that maybe a small group of people will survive it. Also, never getting the flu again? Yes, please! On the other hand, this vaccine will be a fun one to observe as it evolves, particularly around the IP and production rights that results from this. Who owns it, and who deserves credit for it? Does the patient that evolved the antibody deserve any credit? What will be the interplay between the researchers, the funding institutions, the health industry and the consumer market? Should/can the final result or process be patented so that ultimately, a corporation is granted a monopoly on the vaccine (maybe there's already a ruling on this)? Should we administer the resulting vaccine to everyone, risking the forced evolution of a new "superstrain" of flu that could be even deadlier, or should we restrict it only to the old, weak, and young? While these questions have been asked and sometimes answered in other contexts, everyone can relate to suffering through the flu, so perhaps the public debate around such issues will be livelier.
Posted in Biology | 6 Comments »
Reverse Engineering Superbugs
The outbreak of the EHEC O104:H4 E. coli "superbug" in Europe has got me thinking about biology again.
The rise of antibiotic-resistant superbugs are a product of our love of antibiotics. In the absence of antibiotics, a bug that has few resistances will grow faster and more efficiently than one that has to put on bullet-proof armor every morning and lug around heavy artillery. In other words, the biological machinery required to produce antibiotic resistance comes at a fitness cost for the bug. In antibiotic-free conditions, non-resistant strains grow faster than the resistant strains; and with as little as 20 minutes per generation, just a couple days can yield hundreds of generations. This is why, thankfully, not every bug out there has a full suite of drug resistance — a chief enemy of the superbug is the common bug.
According to this evolutionary theory for the acquisition and loss of drug resistance genes, a hospital is an ideal breeding environment for superbugs: they are asceptic (less competition from common bugs), and full of antibiotics (plenty of selective pressure to acquire resistance genes).
Thus it is curious to find superbugs in food. Farms are teeming with common bugs, creating a selective pressure to lose antibiotic resistance genes. While antibiotics are routinely put into farm animal feed, it's probably not cost-effective to use broad-spectrum antibiotics on such a scale. Perhaps O104:H4 is just a spontaneous coincidence, a fluke — a bug had acquired a set of genes, got lucky and grew, and just as quickly got edged out by more competitive neighbors. This could explain why it's been tough to find its origin.
Fortunately, the entire sequence of the O104:H4 bug is available for download on the internet. Our friends in China — BGI, located in Shenzhen — acquired a sample and in an unusual act released the sequence for public download. This is unusual because research organizations typically hold this kind of data close to the chest, partially for peer review to vet it before public release, and partially for competitive advantage in academic publications — proprietary access to data is a common method to reduce competition for high-profile publications, and thus ensure your academic reputation. Whatever their reasons are for sharing the data, I think it's worth noting the contribution, because now everybody in the world can perform an analysis on the bug.
And that's where the fun begins! Analyzing the sequence data requires a little know-how, but fortunately, my "perlfriend" is a noted bioinformaticist. The raw sequence data provided by BGI is a set oversampled sub-sequences, which have to be assembled based on matching up overlapping regions. Once you assemble the sequence, you get a set of contiguous reads, but there are still gaps. It's a bit like trying to compose a large picture out of a number of small photos taken at random. With enough sampling you will eventually create a complete picture, but for various technical reasons there are still ambiguities and gaps.
After assembly, the genome of O104:H4 is stitched from over a half million short DNA samples into 513 contiguous fragments of DNA ("contigs" in bio-speak), with a total length of 5.3 million base pairs (notably, wikipedia cites E. coli as having only 4.6 million base pairs, so O104:H4 is probably at least 15% longer — and likewise takes more time to replicate than a non-drug resistant strain). Here's contig 34 of the assembly:
AAATGGTATTCCTGTTCACGATACTATTGCCAGAGTTGTATCCTGTATCAGTCCTGC
AAAATTTCATGAGTGCTTTATTAACTGGATGCGTGACTGCCATTCTTCAGATGATAA
AGACGTCATTGCAATTGATGGAAAAACGCTCCGGCACTCTTATGACAAGAGTCGCCG
CAGGGGAGCGATTCATGTCATTAGTGCGTTCTCAACAATGCACAGTCTGGTCATCGG
ACAGATCAAGACGGATGAGAAATCTAATGAGATTACAGCTATCCCAGAACTTCTTAA
CATGCTGGATATTAAAGGAAAAATCATCACAACTGATGCGATGGGTTGCCAGAAAGA
TATTGCAGAGAAGATACAAAAACAGGGAGGTGATTATTTATTCGCGGTAAAAGGAAA
CCAGGGGCGGCTAAATAAAGCCTTTGAGGAAAAATTTCCGCTGAAAGAATTAAATAA
TCCAGAGCATGACAGTTACGCAATTAGTGAAAAGAGTCACGGCAGAGAAGAAA
(Fun fact: the word "Gattaca" occurs 252 times in the genome of O104:H4)
Aside from making gratuitous pop culture references, the raw DNA isn't very useful to us — it's as if we were staring at binary machine code. In order to analyze the data, you need to "decompile" the methods contained within the DNA. Fortunately, protein sequences are highly conserved. Thus, a function that has been determined through biological experiment (for example, snipping out the DNA and observing what happens to the cell, or transfecting/transforming the DNA into a new cell and seeing what new abilities are acquired) can be correlated with a sequence of DNA, which can then be pattern-matched over the entire record to determine what functions (genes) are inside the overall genome.
The pieces needed to do this reverse-engineering are a protein database, and a tool called "blastx". All of these tools are available free for download.
The list of known proteins can be downloaded from uniprot.org. Searching for "drug resistance" restricted to E. coli organisms yields a nice list of proteins that have been identified by scientists over the years to confer upon E. coli parts of drug-resistance machinery. Overall, our query to the uniprot database returned 1,378 proteins that are described to confer drug resistance to E. coli.
Have a look at Multidrug transporter emrE [uniprot.org]. Inside the link, you'll find a description of the biological mechanism for its function (it pumps antibiotics out of the cell), its secondary structure (a notion of the shape of the protein) and its 110-residue amino acid sequence.
Here's another example of a snippet from the database for a drug you may recognize:
>sp|P0AD65|PBP2_ECOLI Penicillin-binding protein 2 OS=Escherichia coli (strain K12) GN=mrdA PE=3 SV=1
MKLQNSFRDYTAESALFVRRALVAFLGILLLTGVLIANLYNLQIVRFTDYQTRSNENRIK
LVPIAPSRGIIYDRNGIPLALNRTIYQIEMMPEKVDNVQQTLDALRSVVDLTDDDIAAFR
KERARSHRFTSIPVKTNLTEVQVARFAVNQYRFPGVEVKGYKRRYYPYGSALTHVIGYVS
KINDKDVERLNNDGKLANYAATHDIGKLGIERYYEDVLHGQTGYEEVEVNNRGRVIRQLK
EVPPQAGHDIYLTLDLKLQQYIETLLAGSRAAVVVTDPRTGGVLALVSTPSYDPNLFVDG
ISSKDYSALLNDPNTPLVNRATQGVYPPASTVKPYVAVSALSAGVITRNTTLFDPGWWQL
PGSEKRYRDWKKWGHGRLNVTRSLEESADTFFYQVAYDMGIDRLSEWMGKFGYGHYTGID
LAEERSGNMPTREWKQKRFKKPWYQGDTIPVGIGQGYWTATPIQMSKALMILINDGIVKV
PHLLMSTAEDGKQVPWVQPHEPPVGDIHSGYWELAKDGMYGVANRPNGTAHKYFASAPYK
IAAKSGTAQVFGLKANETYNAHKIAERLRDHKLMTAFAPYNNPQVAVAMILENGGAGPAV
GTLMRQILDHIMLGDNNTDLPAENPAVAAAEDH
(Incidentally, I find it amusing that the sequence for PBP2 is shorter than, for example, my PGP public key block)
PBP2_ECOLI is linked to penicillin resistance, and functions as a mutant of a gene that determines the shape of the bacteria. Reading through the bio-speak, it seems that this resistant variant is adapted to buy Amoxicillin online; bacteria with non-resistant forms of this gene are unable to form properly shaped cell walls and thus die. So, by browsing this database, we are getting a feel for the variety of countermeasures that bacteria has: sometimes they are active (pumping the antibiotic out of the cell) and sometimes they are passive (mutations that enable operation despite the presence of antibiotics).
Now, you need the actual decompiler itself. The program we used is called blast; specifically, a variant known as blastx. Blast stands for "basic local alignment search tool". This analysis program computes all of the possible translations of the E. coli DNA to protein sequences (there are 6 overall: 5′->3′, 3′->5′, each multiplied by three possible framing positions of the codons), and then does a pattern-matching of the resulting amino acid sequences with the provided database of known drug-resistance sequences. The result is a sorted list of each known drug resistance protein along with the region of the E. coli genome that best matches the protein.
Here's the output for the penicillin example:
# BLASTX 2.2.24 [Aug-08-2010]
# Query: 43 87880
# Database: uniprot-drug-resistance-AND-organism-coli.fasta
# Fields: Query id, Subject id, % identity, alignment length, mismatches, gap openings, q. start, q. end, s. start, s. end, e-value\
, bit score
43 sp|P0AD65|PBP2_ECOLI 100.00 632 0 0 29076 30971 1 632 0.0 1281
43 sp|P0AD68|FTSI_ECOLI 25.08 650 458 21 29064 30926 6 574 2e-33 142
43 sp|P60752|MSBA_ECOLI 32.80 186 120 6 12144 12686 378 558 6e-17 87.0
43 sp|P77265|MDLA_ECOLI 27.98 193 133 6 12141 12701 370 555 2e-10 65.5
Here, you can see that the gene for PBP2_ECOLI has a 100% match inside the genome of O104:H4.
Now that we have this list, we can answer some interesting questions, such as "How many of the known drug resistance genes are inside O104:H4?" I find it fascinating that this question is answered with a shell script:
cat uniprot_search_m9 | awk '{if ($3 > 99) { print;}}' | cut -f2 |grep -v ^# | cut -f1 -d"_" | cut -f3 -d"|" | sort | uniq | wc -l
My perlfriend writes these so quickly and effortlessly it's as if she's tying IMs to friends — I half expect to see an "lol" at the end of the script. Anyways, the above script tells us that 1,138 genes are a 100% match against the database of 1,378 genes. If you loosen the criteria up to a 99% match, allowing for one or two mutations per gene — possibly a result of sequencing errors or just evolution — the list expands to 1,224 out of 1,378.
The inverse question is which drug-resistance genes are most definitely not in O104:H4. Maybe by looking at the resistance genes missing from O104:H4, we can gather clues as to which treatments could be effective against the bug.
In order to rule out a drug-resistance gene, we (arbitrarily) set a criteria of any gene with less than 70% best-case matching as "most likely not" a resistance that the bug has. The result of this query reveals that there are 116 genes that are known to confer drug resistance that are less than 70% matching in O104:H4. Here is the list:
A0SKI3 A2I604 A3RLX9 A3RLY0 A3RLY1 A5H8A5 B0FMU1 B1A3K9 B1LGD9 B3HN85 B3HN86 B3HP88 B5AG18 B6ECG5 B7MM15 B7MUI1 B7NQ58 B7NQ59 B7TR24 BLR CML D2I9F6 D5D1U9 D5D1Z3 D5KLY6 D6JAN9 D7XST0 D7Z7R4 D7Z7W9 D7ZDQ3 D7ZDQ4 D8BAY2 D8BEX8 D8BEX9 DYR21 DYR22 DYR23 E0QC79 E0QC80 E0QE33 E0QF09 E0QF10 E0QYN4 E1J2I1 E1S2P1 E1S2P2 E1S382 E3PYR0 E3UI84 E3XPK9 E3XPQ2 E4P490 E5ZP70 E6A4R5 E6A4R6 E6ASX0 E6AT17 E6B2K3 E6BS59 E7JQV0 E7JQZ4 E7U5T3 E9U1P2 E9UGM7 E9VGQ2 E9VX03 E9Y7L7 O85667 Q05172 Q08JA7 Q0PH37 Q0T948 Q0T949 Q0TI28 Q1R2Q2 Q1R2Q3 Q3HNE8 Q4HG53 Q4HG54 Q4HGV8 Q4HGV9 Q4HH67 Q4U1X2 Q4U1X5 Q50JE7 Q51348 Q56QZ5 Q56QZ8 Q5DUC3 Q5UNL3 Q6PMN4 Q6RGG1 Q6RGG2 Q75WM3 Q79CI3 Q79D79 Q79DQ2 Q79DX9 Q79IE6 Q79JG0 Q7BNC7 Q83TT7 Q83ZP7 Q8G9W6 Q8G9W7 Q8GJ08 Q8VNN1 Q93MZ2 Q99399 Q9F0D9 Q9F0S4 Q9F7C0 Q9F8W2 Q9L798
Again, you can plug any of these protein codes into the uniprot database and find out more about them. For example, BLR is the "Beta-lactam resistance protein":
Has an effect on the susceptibiltiy to a number of antibiotics involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Acts with beta lactams, D-cycloserine and bacitracin. Has no effect on the susceptibility to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, fosfomycin, vacomycin or quinolones. Might enhance drug exit by being part of multisubunit efflux pump. Might also be involved in cell wall biosynthesis.
Unfortunately, a cursory inspection reveals that most of the functions that O104:H4 lacks are just small, poorly understood fragments of machines involved in drug resistance. Which is actually an interesting lesson in itself: there is a popular notion that knowing a DNA sequence is the same as knowing what diseases or traits an organism may have. Even though we know the sequence and general properties of many proteins, it's much, much harder to link them to a specific disease or trait. At some point, someone has to get their hands dirty and do the "wet biology" that assigns a biological significance to a given protein family. Pop culture references to DNA analysis are glibly unaware of this missing link, which leads to over-inflated expectations for genetic analysis, particularly in its utility for diagnosing and curing human disease and applications in eugenics.
While the result of this just-for-the-fun-of-it exercise isn't a cure for the superbug, the neat thing about living here in The Future is that just a few days after an outbreak of a deadly disease halfway across the world, the sequence of the pathogen is available for download — and with free, open tools anyone can perform a simple analysis. This is a nascent, but promising, technology ecosystem.
Posted in Biology, Ponderings | 15 Comments »
A schematic for M. pneumoniae metabolism
With the madness of CES over and the Chinese New Year holiday coming up, I finally found some time to catch up on some back issues of Science. I came across a beautiful diagram of the metabolic pathways of one of the smallest bacteria, Mycoplasma Pneumoniae. It's part of an article by Eva Yus et al (Science 326, 1263-1271 (2009)).
Looking at this metabolic pathway reminds me of when I was less than a decade old, staring at the schematic of an Apple II. Back then, I knew that this fascinatingly complex mass of lines was a map to this machine in front of me, but I didn't know quite enough to do anything with the map. However, the key was that a map existed, so despite its imposing appearance it represented a hope for fully unraveling such complexities.
The analogy isn't quite precise, but at a 10,000 foot level the complexity and detail of the two diagrams feels similar. The metabolic schematic is detailed enough for me to trace a path from glucose to ethanol, and the Apple II schematic is detailed enough for me to trace a path from the CPU to the speaker.
And just as a biologist wouldn't make much of a box with 74LS74 attached to it, an electrical engineer wouldn't make much of a box with ADH inside it (fwiw, a 74LS74 (datasheet) is a synchronous storage device with two storage elements, and ADH is alcohol deydrogenase, an enzyme coded by gene MPN564 (sequence data) that can turn acetaldehyde into ethanol).
In the supplemental material, the authors of the paper included what reads like a BOM (bill of materials) for M. pneumoniae. Every enzyme (pentagonal boxes in the schematic) is listed in the BOM with its functional description, along with a reference that allows you to find its sequence source code. At the very end is a table of uncharacterized genes — those who do a bit of reverse engineering would be very familiar with such tables of "hmm I sort of know what it should do but I'm not sure yet" parts or function calls.
Posted in Biology, Ponderings | 8 Comments »
One Mutation per 15 Cigarettes Smoked
Friday, January 22nd, 2010
Now that's a memorable factoid. Nature recently published a paper titled "A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure" (Nature 463, 184-190 (14 January 2010), Pleasance et al), which as its title implies, contains the summary of the sequence of a cancer genome derived from a lung cancer tumor. It's an interesting read; I can't claim to understand it all. At a high level, they found 22,910 somatic substitutions, 65 insertions and deletions, 58 genomic rearrangements, and 334 copy number segment variations were identified; as I understand it, these are uncorrectable errors, i.e. the ones that got past the cell's natural error-correction mechanisms. That's out of about 3 gigabases in the entire genome, or an accumulated error rate of about 1 in 5 million.
I'm not an expert on cancer, but the way it was explained to me is that basically every cell has the capacity to become a cancer, but there are several dozen regulatory pathways that keep a cell in check. In a layman sort of way, every cell having the capacity to become a cancer makes sense because we come from an embryonic stem cell, and tumorigenic cancer cells are differentiated cells that have lost their programming due to mutations, thereby returning to being a (rogue) stem cell. So, a cancer happens when a cell accumulates enough non-fatal mutations such that all the regulation mechanisms are defeated. Of course, this is basically a game of Russian roulette; some cells simply gather fatal mutations and undergo apoptosis. In order to become a cancer cell, it has to survive a lot of random mutations, but then again there are plenty of cells in a lung to participate in the process.
Above: a map of the mutations found in the cancer cell. The 23 chromosomes are laid end to end around the edge of the circle. There's a ton of data in the graph; for example, the light orange bars represent the heterozygous substitution density per 10 megabases. A higher resolution diagram along with a more detailed explanation can be found in the paper.
The tag line for this post is lifted from the discussion section of the paper, where they assume that lung cancer develops after about 50 pack-years of smoking, which roughly translates to the ultimate cancer cell acquiring on average one mutation every 15 cigarettes smoked. Even though this is an over-simplification of the situation, the tag line is memorable because it makes the impact of smoking seem much more immediate and concrete: it's one thing to say on average, in fifty years, you will get cancer from smoking a pack a day; it's another to say on average, when you finish that pack of cigarettes, you are one mutation closer to getting cancer.
Posted in Biology | 18 Comments »
Mythbusting Personalized Genomics
It's the year 2009, and I'm wondering: where is my flying car? After all, Hollywood reels from the 60's and 70's all predicted that flying cars are what I'd be using to get around town these days. Of course, automotive technology isn't the only victim of Hollywood hype. The potential impact of personalized genomics has been greatly overstated in movies like GATTACA. This has lead to the pervasive myth that your genome is like a crystal ball, and somehow your fate is predestined by your genetic programming. Recently, my perlfriend co-authored a paper in Nature ("A Personalized Medicine Research Agenda", Nature Vol 461, October 8 2009), comparing Navigenics' and 23andMe's "Direct to Consumer" (DTC) personal genomics offerings. She's qualified to offer deep insight into personal genomics, since she designed the original Illumina bead chip used by leading companies to generate their DTC genetic data, and she is also the person who made sense of the first complete diploid human genome sequence (1 2). She's sort of the biology equivalent of the reverse engineer who takes binary sequences and annotates meaning into the disassembled binary sequences. So, let the mythbusting begin.
Myth: having your genome read is like hex-dumping the ROM of your computer. Many people (I was one of them) have the impression that "reading your genome" means that at the end of the day someone has a record of all the base pairs of DNA in my genome. This is called a "full sequence". In reality, full sequencing is still cost-prohibitive, and instead a technique called "genotyping" is used. Here, a selective diff is done between your genome and a "reference" human genome, or in other words, your genome is simply sampled in potentially interesting spots for single-point mutations called Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs, pronounced "snips"). In the end, about 1 in 3000 base pairs are actually sampled in this process. Thus, the result of a personalized genomic screen is not your entire sequence, but a subset of potentially interesting mutations compared against a reference genome. This naturally leads to two questions: first, how do you choose the "interesting subset" of SNPs to sample? And second, how do we know the reference genome is an accurate comparison point? This sets us up to bust another two myths.
Myth: We know which mutations predict disease. Herein lies a subtle point. Many of the mutations are simply correlative with disease, but not proven to be predictive or causal with disease. The truth is that we really don't understand why many genetic diseases happen. For poorly understood diseases (which is still most of them), all we can say is that people who have a particular disease tend to have a certain pattern of SNP mutations. It's important not to confuse causality with correlation. Doing so might lead you to conclude, for example, that diet coke makes you fat, because diet coke is often consumed by people who are overweight.
Thus, there are two echelons of understanding that can come from a genotype: disease correlations, and disease causes. The majority of SNP mutation-based "predictions" are correlative, not causative. As a result, a genotype should not be considered a "crystal ball" for predicting your disease future; rather, it is closer to a "Rorschach blot" that we have to squint and stare at for a while before we can make a statement about what it means. The table below from the paper illustrates how varied disease predictions can be as a result of these disagreements on the interpretation of mutation meanings.
Myth: the "reference genome" is accurate reference. The term "reference genome" alone should tip you off on a problem: it implies there is such a thing as "reference people". Ultimately, just a handful of individuals were sequenced to create today's reference genome, and most of them are of European ancestry. As time goes on and more full sequence genetic data is collected, the reference genome wlll be merged and massaged to present a more accurate picture of the overall human race, but for now it's important to remember that a genotype study is a diff against a source repository of questionable universal validity, partially because it's questionable if there is such a thing as a "reference human", i.e. there are structural variations and some SNPs have different frequencies in different populations (e.g. the base "A" could dominate in a European population, but at that same position, the base "G" could dominate in an African population). It's also important to keep in mind that the "reference genome" has an aggregate error rate of about 1 error every 10,000 base pairs, although to be fair the process of discovering a disease variant usually cleans up any errors in the reference genome for the relevant sequence regions.
So now you can see that in fact "reading your genome" is less of looking into a crystal ball and more of staring at a Rorschach blot obscured by cheesecloth (i.e., the genome is simply sampled and not sequenced). And, even if we could remove the cheesecloth and sequence the genome such that we knew every base pair, it would still be … a Rorschach blot, but in high resolution. It will be decades until we have a full understanding of what all the sequences mean, and even then it's unclear if they are truly predictive.
Here lies perhaps the most important message, and a point I cannot make fine enough: in most situations, environment has as much, perhaps even more, to do with whom you are, what you become, and what diseases you may develop than your genes. If there is any upside to personal genomics, it won't be due to crystal ball predictions. It will be the lifestyle changes it can encourage. If there's one thing I've learned from dating a preeminent bioinformaticist, it's that no matter your genetic makeup, most common diseases can be prevented with proper diet and exercise.


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Amaze your friends… Dazzle your family… Stan The Man shows you how with this Unstoppable, Unpoppable Balloon Trick that works like magic!
With a wave of your magic wand, you can command a balloon not to pop— not even when sticking it with a pin!
Stan says that the secret to this magic trick is putting a piece of clear tape about the size of a quarter on the round end of all of the balloons.
Explain your magic powers to the audience. Ask the audience which balloon color they want.
Hold your balloon just like Stan is in the picture, so the pin will prick the spot where the tape is.
Wave your wand over that balloon and say, Abracadabra, shoobeedoobop, even with a pin, this balloon won't pop!
Slowly push the pin into the balloon and remove it slowly. It won't pop!
Now tell the audience you're going to remove your magical powers.
Wave your wand over the same balloon and say, Abracadabra, shoobeedoobop, now it's time to make this magic stop!
This time push the pin slowly into a spot that's close to the end, but not where the tape is. Pop!


text:
Lojinx - British Independent Record Label
Brendan Benson What Kind Of World (single)
Share Brendan Benson - What Kind Of World (single)
LJX043V7 Seven Inch Single
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Seven Inch Single
Go Deco
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Enter your email address for Brendan Benson related news & updates.
Twitter Follow @brendanbensongs
Brendan Benson Links
lojinx.com/brendan-benson
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/brendan_benson
For Record Store Day 2012, Lojinx will release a limited edition Brendan Benson 7-inch single of What Kind of World, in celebration of his new album of the same name. The single includes the non-album track "Go Deco" on the b-side and, like the album, is dedicated to Benson's son who's birthday it is released on.
What Kind of World (Vinyl Single)
Limited edition 7-inch single released on record store day 2012. 'What Kind of World' featuring exclusive non-album B-Side "Go Deco".
£4.00 (GBP)
Other Brendan Benson Releases:
You Were Right
Swimming / Oh My Love
Concert Los Angeles
ABOUT LOJINX
Lojinx is a British independent record label based in London.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Owing to financial difficulties, the Peak Forest Canal Company was unable to proceed with the construction of Marple Locks. By as early as 1797, this was interfering with the company's trading capacity, so the Committee decided to bypass the unfinished locks with a single-track tramway. Work commenced on this in January 1798 and meanwhile the company was arranging for a loan from Richard Arkwright Junior of Cromford in order to complete the locks.
The construction of this tramway proceeded rapidly and it opened in May 1798, having a single track with passing places. This implies that the Lower Peak Forest Canal was then open for trade as far as the unfinished Marple Aqueduct. At the summit the tramway commenced at Brick Change Bridge and it terminated at Aqueduct Basin on the Lower Peak Forest Canal. The tramway would have crossed the river Goyt either on a temporary trestle bridge alongside the unfinished aqueduct or on an extension of the scaffolding being used for construction work on the aqueduct
The method of operating the tramway is unknown. Loaded waggons descending the tramway could have travelled down some sections under the action of gravity and in other sections with the aid of a rope. One clue is that in 1801 a £50 reward was on offer to anyone who could give information about the rope being cut. Empty waggons travelling uphill could have been horse hauled in some places and in others by rope.
In October 1798 it was recorded that a Mr Nixon was in charge of the tramway and in early 1801 a Mr Lloyd was appointed as the Superintendent. In May 1801 the Committee offered Thomas Brown, the Resident Engineer, £100 to move 800 tons of limestone in 18 hours. He moved 1,170 tons in the set time and he was presented with a £100 note.
By the turn of the 19th century, the demand for limestone and lime was increasing rapidly and as a result the Committee ordered the track at Marple to be doubled, the work being completed in October 1800.
On the 5 November 1805, James Meadows Senior was appointed as the Joint Principal Agent of the Ashton and Peak Forest Canals and one of his many duties was to inspect the Marple Tramway.
Marple Locks were eventually opened throughout in November 1805 but the tramway remained operational until February 1807. James Meadows Senior was ordered to dispose of the bulk of the tramway on the best terms he could get and in the event it seems that Samuel Oldknow was given permission to use the redundant rails and stone sleeper blocks to build a tramway on his estate at Hyde Bank for carrying sand and gravel down to the canal. The date of this work is uncertain except that it was between 1808 and 1811.
When the Peak Forest Tramway, Upper Peak Forest Canal and Marple Tramway were all operational in 1798, it was a very early example of containerisation being used for the bulk transport of cargo. Each waggon arriving at Bugsworth Basin from the limestone quarries at Dove holes would have its container, full of stone, detached from the chassis and hoisted into the hold of a boat. Once the boat was full, it proceeded to the wharf of the Marple Tramway adjacent to Brick Change Bridge. Here each container was hoisted out of the boat and placed on the chassis of a tramway waggon. When sufficient waggons were loaded, the gang proceeded down Marple Tramway to Aqueduct Basin where each container was detached from its waggon chassis and hoisted into the hold of a boat. Once the boat was full, it proceeded to its destination.
Route of Marple Tramway
There are no known records, plans or maps of Marple Tramway and archaeological remains of it are virtually non-existent. As a result of this, the exact route of the tramway is unknown but, nevertheless, it has been possible to create a conjectural route for the tramway by a process of synthesis, (Map 1).
At the summit of the tramway by the Upper Peak Forest Canal there was a waggon-loading wharf situated between Brick Change Bridge and Summit Warehouse, (Map 2). Later, this warehouse was converted into a corn mill, following which it became part of Marple Mineral Mill.
Loaded waggons proceeded down Strines Road, passing Marple Lime Works. There was complex of waggon sidings in the yard beneath the lime kilns and it is likely that these were connected to the Marple Tramway. Beyond the lime works, the track turned northwards, away from Strines Road, to cross a field (now a recreation ground) on an embankment. The remains of this embankment are still extant. The tithe map of 1841 shows that the tramway embankment then formed the boundary between two fields. The smaller one to the west and closest to the locks was the 'Triangle Field and Plantation' occupied by Joseph Gee, while the larger one to the east was 'Foxlowe Meadow' occupied by George Swaine. Both fields were owned by Peter Arkwright of Cromford.
The tramway then crossed Oldknow Road to enter St Martin's Road. Part way down this, on the approach to lock 10 of Marple Locks, it turned off the road towards the tail of lock 10, (Map 3). The tail of this lock was specially extended to accommodate a tramway bridge crossing over it at a skew angle. Evidence of this bridge is still extant in the copingstones.
After crossing the lock, the route followed the towpath for a very short distance until it reached Brabyns Change Bridge and lock 9. Here it crossed straight over Brabyns Brow to enter the track leading down to the Queen's Hotel, where Aqueduct Mills (Marple Chemical Company) were later built. It more-or-less followed the course of this track to pass Bottom Lock (lock 1) and reach the foot of the tramway but when it arrived at Bottom Lock Change Bridge it crossed back over the line of the canal to follow its offside as far as the river Goyt. There are two possible methods by which the river crossing was brought about. It was either on a temporary trestle bridge or on an extension of the scaffolding being used to construct Marple Aqueduct. On the other side of the river, the route was directly onto the offside of Aqueduct Basin where there was a waggon-unloading wharf (Map 4).
Doubling the Track in 1800
It was a comparatively easy task to double the track, the only difficulty being the crossing at lock 10, which evidently remained single track. There is always a possibility that this section remained single track but it is more likely the new track was routed further down St Martin's Road (east side of Oldknow's Warehouse) to cross Marple Locks on Brabyns Change Bridge. It is also feasible that a siding was laid to the warehouse. This section of new track could have been either double or single. In the former case, the original crossing at lock 10 would have been abandoned and in the latter case it would have been retained.
It is considered that the single track crossing of the river Goyt would not have been doubled but there is a possibility that a new track might have been laid on the towpath side of Aqueduct Basin to create a second waggon-unloading wharf to handle the increasing quantities of stone being transported.


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10 Gadgets To Help You Get Through The Next Heat Wave
By: Kathleen St. John
Heat Wave 2022 isn't over yet.
In July, the Pacific Northwest — land of rain and lush forests — battled temperatures that were 10 t0 15 degrees above average. Parts of Europe experienced destructive wildfires, and some regions of the United Kingdom had their driest July in nearly 200 years.
Now it's August, and the heat is showing no sign of retreat. The National Weather Service anticipates more record-breaking temperatures in the Northwest this week, with heat advisories also in place in Texas and for parts of the Midwest and East Coast. Unfortunately, climate change will likely make these seasonal events a dangerous new normal — excessive heat can kill if folks are caught unprepared.
Air conditioning seems like the simplest solution to these woes, but not everyone has it — in cooler parts of the country, like the Pacific Northwest, it wasn't always considered necessary. And anyone on a limited budget may not have the funds to upgrade. Plus, even if you do have air conditioning, half the fun of summer is spending time outdoors.
Here's a short list of items to have on hand for the sweltering days ahead, whether it's Heat Wave 2022 or Heat Wave 2023 and the ones destined to follow it.
Stay Hydrated With Cool Water:
Zulu Insulated Water Bottles ($19.99)
No surprises here — keeping up a steady water intake is key to beating the heat. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people working up a sweat outdoors should aim to drink 8 ounces of water every 15 to 20 minutes. And if it's ice cold water, so much the better. That's where insulated bottles like these are lifesavers.
These Zulu water bottles claim to keep drinks cold for up to 24 hours. A removable base allows users to easily add in ice cubes as needed — and it's handy for cleaning, too. One Amazon customer joked that the bottle's only flaw is that it doesn't come with GPS tracking — if you lose it, you've just got to buy a new one!
Wear Cooling Fabrics:
Nike Dry Legend Tee ($22.97)
Whether you're inside or out, your outfit can impact your comfort. Opt for fabrics designed to wick away moisture, like Nike's Dri-Fit. (Other brands have their own versions, like Under Armour's Iso-Chill and Champion's Double Dry.)
If the occasion calls for more fashion and less function, choose clothes in light colors that fit loosely to allow air circulation.
Add A 'Cool' Accessory:
Koolgator Cooling Neck Wrap ($8.99)
This affordable cooling wrap works like the opposite of a winter scarf: Drape it around your neck to help stay refreshed in withering heat. The wrap cools down by soaking for 20 minutes in cold water before use. Polymer beads inside trap the cold for about an hour, then wearers can give it another water dip or a spritz of cool water to refresh.
At about $9 each, they're a nice option for the whole fam — and they come in lots of colors and designs, too.
Stay Cool Overnight:
Pure Bamboo Queen Sheet Set ($99.99)
Those little moments of coolness really count in summertime, even when the sun's gone for the day. Amazon customers are big fans of these chilly sheets made with organic bamboo viscose.
One reviewer, Denise, wrote a five-star review, saying the sheets were "cool and refreshing" and "stayed cool all night." Another customer, Estelle, wrote that she washes these and puts them right back on the bed — adding that she regrets only buying one set.
Carry A Portable Fan:
HandFan Portable Misting Fan ($23.99)
This durable little guy is great to have around during any summer, but especially for the temps we're feeling in Heat Wave 2022. HandFan's Portable Misting Fan holds enough water to produce mist for about 40 minutes at a time, or you can go mist-free at three different speeds. The fan also has three configurations: Handheld, desktop or hanging, via its metal clip. It's rechargeable, too!
"This is an awesome fan," wrote Amazon reviewer Doug. "I have had several portable fans like this one and this is definitely the best … It's definitely the strongest fan I've seen of this type."
Seal Your Home:
Storystore Foam Insulation Tape ($13.99)
If a string of hot days are on the way, consider closing up any gaps in windows and exterior doors with weather stripping.
This easy-to-apply foam insulation helps stop hot air from sneaking into your home — and keeps that precious cool air from leaking out. Cut it to size, then press the tape into place. Boom. Done.
Minimize Excess Heat Inside:
Jauree 95-Inch Clothes-Drying Rack ($63.99)
Running the clothes dryer, even on a "cool" setting, adds unwanted heat inside your home in summer. Give your house — and the grid — a break and try using a clothesline or drying rack, like this foldable one from Jauree, to air-dry your laundry. If you're worried about the clothing becoming stiff, set the drying rack outdoors so the wind can move through the fabrics, or run them on air dry for a few minutes before hanging.
Of course, you might want to wear your Koolgator around your neck while you're hanging stuff up! It's beastly out there, after all.
Keep Your Car From Being An Oven:
EcoNour Car Windshield Sun Shade ($18.56)
As nice as it would be to stay holed up in the air conditioning all summer, sometimes you've got to get out into the heat. This Amazon bestseller helps keep your car from turning into a mobile pizza oven, hopefully saving you a little gas as your air conditioner won't have to work so hard to compensate.
The foldable shade comes with a storage pouch to keep things tidy when it's not in use. It also comes in eight sizes to match various windshields — all the way up to a 51-by-102-inch shade made for RVs.
Supplement Your Car's Air Conditioner:
Xool Electric Car Fans ($32.99)
People in the backseat of a car typically don't get the kind of intense air conditioning that the up-front riders do Keep those passengers comfortable with these headrest-mounted fans that will supplement the vehicle's AC.
Powered by the car's 12-volt charging port (aka where the cigarette lighter used to be), the fans can rotate and there's a small, handheld controller to adjust fan speed. The set also comes with small clamps to tidy up the power cord and avoid a cluttered appearance.
Prepare For Blackouts:
LE LED Flashlight ($9.99)
When temps rise, energy needs rise with them. People crank the air conditioning at home and work, and if the power grid gets overloaded, blackouts can ensue. That's why it's essential to keep a reliable flashlight on hand. This "super-bright" flashlight runs on three AAA batteries and has an adjustable beam.
Amazon customers love it, too, giving it an overall 4.5-star rating out of more than 21,000 reviews.
Do you feel ready for heat wave 2022, or any heat wave thereafter?


1. Students are strongly encouraged to consult with the department about their course scheduling.
ChEN 263 Computational Tools for Chemical Engineers.
Phscs 121 Introduction to Newtonian Mechanics.
ChEn 451 Chemical Engineering Plant Design and Process Synthesis.
Complete 6 hours of approved advanced Engineering course work. In general, these courses are 300-level or above from any of the following departments: Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or the School of Technology. For details and exceptions, see the department webpage.
Complete 4 hours of approved advanced course work from an engineering, math, science, or business (EMSB) department. In general, these courses are 300-level or above from any of the following colleges: College of Engineering & Technology, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, and the Marriot School of Management. For details and exceptions, see the department webpage.
At least 1 hour, but no more than 4 hours, of the technical electives must be from a course or courses that provide significant experiential or project-centered learning, or focus on creativity and innovation skills. Applicable courses include Ch En 199R (Internship), Ch En 400 (Creativity), Ch En 498R (Mentored Research), and Eng T 497R (Global Engineering Outreach). For a full list of approved courses, see the department webpage. A course taken under this requirement will count toward either the advanced engineering or EMSB requirement above, depending on the department in which it is listed.


text:
"Brexit risks can be mitigated through simple measures": An interview with the North East LEP's Colin Bell
There are only a mere two weeks to go until the deadline for Brexit.
Come October 31, businesses across the UK will have to be prepared for an independent future without the EU. Despite the somewhat promising news that Boris Johnson has secured a deal today (October 17) – that the DUP is yet to back – can we rest a little easier?
Let's be honest, that might not be possible for a long time yet with so much confusion amidst and uproar because of Brexit. However, there are ways in which businesses can prepare for the deadline – even if this deal is suddenly scrapped.
We spoke to Colin Bell, the North East Local Enterprise Partnership's (LEP) business growth director, to get his take on the North East climate surrounding Brexit.
The first burning question was, well, what is the region's overall thought process when it comes to Brexit? Colin's answer may – or may not – surprise you: "The general feeling for the majority of businesses is that Brexit won't affect them or that they aren't clear on its shape."
This apprehension over Brexit has been apparent since the June 2016 election, when Britain won the democratic vote to leave the EU by 52 per cent (over a staggeringly close 48 per cent of those who voted remain).
Yet, as the deadline leans in closer, it is apparent many businesses – over three long years on – still do not understand the impact Brexit will have on them, particularly those in the North East. But it isn't necessarily all doom and gloom.
Colin said that, within the North East business community, you can "delve a little deeper with some operational questions", and it could become "clear that there are areas of risk that, in many cases, can be mitigated through some simple measures."
He added that this might be possible through "supporting EU members of the workforce to apply for settlement status, applying for an EORI number, reviewing contracts that are based on the UK being part of the EU, or registering for VAT in countries that you send goods to."
When it comes to the nitty gritty details of Brexit – like the importation of goods, knowing which contracts to update and amend – it would appear there's a definitive split between those who are confident and those who face dilemmas.
Take tariffs for instance, Colin believes that "industries that are less reliant on the free movement of goods and people" would be more likely to feel prepared. So what happens to those who are not?
"The businesses who face the highest level of disruption are those operating in globally connected supply chains on a 'Just In Time' basis."
'Just In Time' is designed to improve efficiency in manufacturing,. It aims to reduce time spent on the production line and, ultimately, reduce the overall production process.
Such integrated cross boarder practices are now common practice in many industries across the EU meaning that changes in the way goods cross boarders could cause significant disruption to production. A good example is Sunderland-based car manufacturer Nissan, which could be affected if the flow of supply is disrupted.
However, Brexit has see many North East businesses "diversify into new markets and new sectors,'' Colin suggests. He thinks that "Brexit has resulted in many businesses recognising that they are heavily exposed to too few customers and supply chains."
This could result in short term opportunities as one option available to businesses at the top of supply chains is to localise supply, sourcing more content locally to minimise the effect of changing boarder controls.
In order to combat and manage this risk, heading into foreign territories and expanding a business' footing in new waters can only "support the development of a more resilient business base and catalyse higher levels of innovation."
Post-Brexit, companies can expand their base and activities whilst remaining head quartered in the North East. We just need to make sure there remains a "strong labour market and access to talent, a simple regulatory structure, fair business practices, and a competitive fiscal environment" for all.
Developing local operations in countries is 'part and parcel' of your typical business model; "it doesn't mean that businesses need to shift headquarters and leave the UK hook, line and sinker."
So, with the deadline for Brexit hitting the UK in two weeks, what can be done to prepare for it before then? Colin gave some advice: "The North East Growth Hub is developing its capacity to support businesses with Brexit preparations.
"The team of Growth Hub Connectors has been expanded and can carry out a Brexit Preparation Assessment to make sure businesses are accessing the most appropriate support."
The North East Growth Hub – a digital resource for business growth and access to finance provided by the North East LEP – has put together a Brexit toolkit for companies to access. It provides information, resources, events and support on what to do come October 31.
Read this story on Bdaily
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Another new member! Welcome @spdataservices 😀
@Gavurin is our latest new member - welcome! We're so pleased you've joined us and look forward to working with you in 2020.
RT @SuperNetworkNE If you're in the #construction industry, join this ultra-collaborative event on the 27th January with @dynamonortheast in partnership with @WaterstonsLtd and @NorthumbriaUni aiming to tackle real world challenges. eventbrite.co.uk/e/digital-co…
RT @abesford And here's @dynamonortheast @CharlieHoult 's earlier radio interview with @chatcharlton about why this is great recognition of the north east tech sector hotspot, jobs, and boomerang Geordies bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0…
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Apply for a U.S. Visa
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You are here: Home / Group Appointments
Individuals traveling together for the same purpose may request a special group appointment.Examples of groups might include a troupe of performers going to tour and perform in the United States, athletic teams, pilots or skilled workers traveling to participate in training, or student groups. When submitting a group appointment request, please be sure to include detailed information about the nature of your travel plans and whether there is a particular day that you would like to schedule your group interview. If there are any particular dates that you prefer for the interview, please make sure to add these in the Reason for Travel field. The Embassy/Consulate might take into consideration those preferred dates when assigning a date and time for your group. Please note that the US consulates in Munich and Berlin considers a group a minimum number of 10 people travelling together while the requirement for the US Consulate in Frankfurt is minimum 3 individuals. If your group has a smaller number of individuals than the minimum specified requirement, you cannot book a group appointment.
Note:Families are not considered a group.
A designated group coordinator uses the online appointment system to click on Group Scheduling Request and to request a group appointment. It is not possible to submit a request through an agent. Once the request is submitted, wait for a response from the U.S. Embassy or Consulate which will come via e-mail.
Please do NOT add any group members / dependents before you have received an email saying your group request has received approval from the Embassy or Consulate. You will add the group members / dependents after you have received the email confirmation only.
If the U.S. Embassy or Consulate approves the request, the group coordinator will receive an e-mail inviting him or her to return to his or her profile to schedule appointments for each member of the group. A call center agent cannot schedule group appointments, but they are able to assist with questions. Should the U.S. Embassy or Consulate deny the request for a group appointment, a notification will also be sent by e-mail. In this case, each group member must schedule an individual appointment.
Note: The e-mail confirming or denying your request comes from no-reply@ustraveldocs.com. Some e-mail applications have rules which filter unknown senders into a spam or junk mail folder. If you have not received your e-mail notification, please look for the message in your junk and spam e-mail folders.
Each group member must pay the visa application fee. In the case of making a bulk fee payment, you will receive only one receipt number per transaction and will use this receipt number for each valid MRV fee paid.
Visa Types and U.S. Dollar Application Fee Amounts - Sorted by Visa Type
B Business/Tourist $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
C-1 Transit $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
C-1/D Transit and Airline Crew $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
D Ship Crew $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
E Treaty Trader/Investor, Australian Professional Specialty, Long-Term Investor CNMI $205 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
F Student (academic) $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
H Temporary/Seasonal Workers and Employment, Trainees $190 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
I Journalist and Media $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
J Exchange Visitor $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
K Fiancé or Spouse of U.S. Citizen $265 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
L Intracompany Transferees $190 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
M Student (vocational) $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
O Persons with Extraordinary Ability $190 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
P Athletes. Artists & Entertainers $190 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Q International Cultural Exchange $190 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
R Religious Worker $190 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
T Victim of Human Trafficking $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
TN/TD NAFTA Professionals $160 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Each group member must complete the Nonimmigrant Visa Electronic Application (DS-160) form and print the confirmation page.
The group coordinator returns to his or her profile at the online appointment system and clicks on the Group Scheduling Request button to begin scheduling the group's appointments. He or she should have at hand three pieces of information about each group member:
The group member's passport with the applicants full name, passport number, date of birth, passport expiration date, and other important data located on the passport's biographical page.
The group member's CGI reference number. Click here for help locating this number.
The 10-digit barcode number from the group member's DS-160 confirmation page.
The group coordinator selects the approved group appointment request corresponding to the correct group. If the group coordinator frequently schedules group appointments, it is important to select the correct group request.
Each group member is added as a "Dependent" to the group coordinator's profile. The group coordinator can choose to be a member of the group or not.
The group goes to the U.S. Embassy or Consulate on the date and time of their visa interviews. Each member must have a printed copy of the appointment letter, DS-160 confirmation page, one photograph taken within the last six months, a current passport and all old passports. Applications without all of these items will not be accepted.
Important Points to Remember
Once the group request has been approved, the group has a limited time to complete steps one through six. Typically, it is a timeframe of seven days, but the group coordinator should refer to the confirmation received by e-mail. In case the request expires, the group coordinator must start over and submit a new request.
The group coordinator should perform steps 1, 2, 3 and 5 for group members. Each applicant must complete his or her own Form DS-160.
If a group member has already scheduled an appointment, he or she is no longer eligible to be a group member. He or she must attend the visa interview alone.
If the group's applicants are applying under an approved I-797 petition, such as H2A, H2B, or H3 visa applicants, in Step One the group coordinator must upload a legible copy of the approved I-797 as part of the request.
Note: If you have additional questions on group scheduling, please visit Tutorial for Scheduling Group Appointments for more detailed instructions.
NIV Information
NIV Application
The U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs website and Consular Post websites are the definitive sources of visa information. Should there be discrepancies in content, the Consular Affairs website and Consular Post websites take precedence.


text:
Aussie musician, Ahmad Naser Sarmast, hurt in suicide attack
A RENOWNED Australian musician was rushed to hospital after a Taliban suicide attack targeted a school where he was watching his students perform.
Mathew Murphy and Network Writers
News Corp AustraliaDecember 12, 201411:29pm
Knocked out ... The head of the Musicians' Institute of Afghanistan, Naser Sarmast, lies on a bed at a hospital after a suicide attack at the French Cultural Centre in Kabul, Afghanistan. Picture: APSource:AP
Ahmad Naser Sarmast, who works between Monash University in Melbourne and the Musicians' Institute of Afghanistan, was knocked unconscious after the teenage suicide bomber detonated an explosive in Kabul, killing several people.
Dr Sarmast was in the auditorium at the Istiqlal High School, a French-financed school, late on Thursday watching his students perform when the bomb went off.
"I was watching the drama and my students were playing some music when I heard a blast. I thought it was part of the drama but I touched my head and saw it was bleeding, and then I fell down. I don't know what happened next," Dr Sarmast said, according to SBS.
Dr Sarmast has been working in Kabul trying to bring music back to the children of Afghanistan after the Taliban banned it.
He was profiled in a recent SBS documentary called, Dr Sarmast's Music School.
The French government has slammed the attack as "heinous".
"It is a place of tolerance, of dialogue between the cultures and it is this symbol that the terrorists wanted to target," said French Foreign Affairs Minister Romain Nadal. "But as the French President and Prime Minister stated, France will not give up its cultural and educational cooperation with the Afghan people and they expect our support."
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Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (hereinafter "GATT") and the World Trade Organization (hereinafter "WTO") Anti-dumping Agreement (hereinafter "ADA") permit WTO members to impose anti-dumping duties as a result of an anti-dumping investigation if any member concludes that a certain product, imported to its territory, has caused or threatens to cause a serious injury to its domestic industry. Accordingly, this member may increase tariffs on this imported product by a specific amount calculated through certain methodologies for each foreign exporter/producer whose imports are subject to the concluded investigation. However, Article VI of GATT and the ADA do not condemn dumping as price discrimination but condemn the product dumping situations causing or threatening to cause material injury to the domestic industry. Consequently, the dumping practice itself is not the only reason for allowing any party to impose anti-dumping duties. The most important factor in the anti-dumping investigation process is to provide clear analysis that dumped imports have indeed caused or threaten to cause serious injury to the domestic industry. Unfortunately, the ADA does not provide members with clear provisions on how to reach this conclusion. In addition, and according to Article 11.1 of the ADA, the imposition of "anti-dumping duty shall remain in force only as long as and to the extent necessary to counter dumping which is causing injury." The ADA provisions also do not provide clear and objective analysis guidelines to determine whether a member should eliminate anti-dumping duties. The weaknesses of this Agreement, which exist in significant and crucial provisions, such as those relating to injury and causality determinations, or the review of the anti-dumping duties with respect to their level and duration, encourage WTO members to abuse these rules by overprotecting their domestic industries. The extensive use of this tool destroys the main purpose of this Agreement, to stop or hinder injury that is caused by dumped imports. These weaknesses, which undermine the objectivity of the anti-dumping investigations, distort international trade by imposing various anti-dumping duties on numerous foreign products, which are not necessarily causing or threatening to cause material injury.


text:
Ashley Hay
A Hundred Small Lessons
The Railwayman's Wife
The Body in the Clouds
Museum - with Robyn Stacey
Herbarium - with Robyn Stacey
Gum: The Story of Eucalypts and Their Champions
The Secret: The Strange Marriage of Annabella Milbanke and Lord Byron
ESSAYS & SHORT STORIES
JOURNALISM ETC
The Body in the Clouds
Allen & Unwin, September 2010
Washington Square Press, July 2017
To celebrate the American publication of The Body in the Clouds in mid-July 2017, Washington Square have made two beautiful trailers for the book. You can view them here and here.
James McNamara's gorgeous review of The Body in the Clouds was published in the New York Times on September 9, 2017 – you can read it here.
What if you looked up at just the right moment and saw – out of the corner of your eye – something unexpected? What if it was something so marvellous, so extraordinary, that it transformed time and space forever?
The Body in the Clouds tells the story of one extraordinary moment – a man falling from the sky, and surviving – and of three men who see it, in different ways and different times, as they stand on the same piece of land. An astronomer in the late 1700s, a bridgeworker in the 1930s, an emigrated banker returning home in the early 21st century: all three are transformed by the one magical moment.
The Body in the Clouds explores the stories we tell to define who and where we are. It's about the stories we'll tell for the people we love. And it's about our secret longing to be up in the air.
• Longlisted for the 2012 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award
• Shortlisted for the 2011 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for best first novel in the south-east Asia and Pacific Region
• Shortlisted for the UTS Glenda Adams Award for New Writing in the 2011 NSW Premier's Literary Awards
• Shortlisted for the Fiction category of the 2010 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards.
'With The Body in the Clouds, [Hay] makes a triumphant entry into fiction. Opening in 1930 with the plunge of a workman named Roy Kelly from the half-finished Sydney Harbour Bridge into the water below (he's the only person to have survived the fall), the novel braids together stories of three men who witness the dive (or something like it) at different moments in time, all from the same vantage at Dawes Point. This startling conceit is sustained throughout a novel which ranges in time from the 1700s to the early Aughts, and from our first astronomer William Dawes to an expatriate financial worker returning to Sydney after years abroad. It is a gorgeous, Faberge egg of a book, enamelled with literary resonances and rhyming symbols, which we will still be reading decades from now.'
– The Weekend Australian
'[A] scintillating and accomplished debut novel … Ashley Hay's structures and her characters are illuminated by an incandescent intelligence and a rare sensibility. A commanding debut novel indeed.'
– The Australian Book Review
'She illuminates the connections and the manner in which we choose and create stories to meet our own needs. It's a pleasure to read: superbly written and imaginatively conceived.'
– Adelaide Advertiser
MORE BOOKS ...


text:
+34 697 512 348
APARTAMENTOS VARADERO CALA DEL MORAL
Tipos de apartamentos
Apartamentos con vista al mar y terraza
Apartamentos con vista al mar
Apartamentos baratos
Cala del Moral
El tiempo / weather
Cueva del Tesoro/ Cave Tesoro
Caminito de rey
For millions of years, the Guadalhorce River has been cutting into the sandstone mountains, so we can find a unique karst area in El Chorro. Los Gaitanes canyon, which is only 10 meters wide at its narrowest points, rises up to 400 meters above the river at its highest points, begins with a dam of incredibly turquoise water and is ornate by the sidewalk of the King (Caminito del Rey) boasted the attributes of the world's most dangerous and exciting hiking trail. Not surprisingly, this area is made for walking and hiking in a simpler form, up to rock climbing of the highest degree of difficulty.
What we visit:
King's walkway. Reconstruction in 2015 made the tourist sidewalk unsafe, but not the breathtaking beauty of the views from the footbridge, over 100 meters above sea level. In 2015, Lonely Planet was declared the best attraction of the year.
The village on the banks of the sensitively set dam reservoir, which forms the beginning of the karst area, is a popular destination for motorcyclists, cyclists, mountain bikers, hikers and rock climbers of all levels.
Minimum number of persons: 4
- Departures from Apartamentos Varadero
- Duration of the trip: 6 hours
- Discounted rates for groups of more than 8 people
- Price per person 60 €
Book your trip to:
info@apartamentosvaradero.es
Tel: 609 842 787 ( hablo espaňol )
Tel: 697 512 348 ( i speak english )
10:00 - 22:00
San Juan 39, Cala del Moral
La Victoria 13, Cala del Moral


This page displays sold house prices for Bensley Close in Norwich.
Bensley Close in Acle, Norwich . Properties on Bensley Close typically have values around £250,000 - £300,000, but larger detached houses can command upwards of £300,000.
Map showing Bensley Close in Norwich.


text:
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies () é um livro de autoria creditada a Jane Austen e Seth Grahame-Smith, publicado pela Quirk Books. Trata-se de uma das primeiras obras do gênero mash-up classic ("clássico mistureba" numa possível tradução): a trama original de Jane Austen para Orgulho e Preconceito acrescida de mortos-vivos, com algumas adaptações (a principal é que heroína Elizabeth Bennet é mestra em artes marciais e no uso das mais diferentes armas).

O livro alcançou o terceiro lugar na lista dos mais vendidos do New York Times. Foi publicado no Brasil pela Editora Intrínseca e a tradução é de Luiz Antonio Aguiar, com adaptação de Glenda Rubinstein. Obra com 320 páginas.

A Quirk Books, embalada pelo sucesso desta obra, lançou Razão e Sensibilidade e Monstros Marinhos.

Veja também
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (filme)

Livros de horror
Livros de ficção científica
Apocalipse zumbi
Obras publicadas sob pseudónimo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Allure by Richwall AL 6301 "Sandalwood" vinyl border. Sold in 5 yard long bolts, height is 6 ¾ inches. All overstock sales are final no returns.
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Realm Textures by Richwall RM 6119 "Dynasty Scroll" vinyl border. Sold in 5 yard long bolts, height is 5 ¾ inches. All overstock sales are final no returns.


text:
Roseanne is an American sitcom television series that aired on ABC from October 18, 1988 to May 20, 1997 and again from March 27 to May 22, 2018. The series has spawned only one spin-off series The Conners. The series was officially cancelled on May 29, 2018, after ten seasons because of the the racist and offensive language used for Barr's tweeted.
3 Season overview
4.1 History
6 Syndication
The show is centered on the Conners, a loving but imperfect American working-class family struggling to get by on a limited household income in the fictional town of Lanford, Illinois. Lanford was nominally located in Fulton County, but other on-air references over the years suggest the town is in the vicinity of Aurora, Elgin, and DeKalb, which are much closer to Chicago. The family consisted of outspoken Roseanne, married to her easygoing and loving husband, Dan, and their three children; the overachieving but rebellious Becky, the sarcastic and artistic Darlene, and the simpleminded, childlike, and odd D.J.
Many critics considered the show notable as one of the first sitcoms to portray a realistic blue-collar American family with two parents working outside the home, as well as lead characters who were noticeably overweight without their weight being the target of jokes. For many years, Roseanne tackled provocative subjects and issues such as poverty, alcoholism, drug abuse, menstruation, birth control, teenage pregnancy, masturbation, obesity, abortion, race, social class, domestic violence, infidelity, and gay rights. The show was also significant for its portrayal of feminist ideals including a female-dominated household, a female lead whose likability did not rely on her appearance, relationships between female characters that were cooperative rather than competitive, and females openly expressing themselves without negative consequences.
Roseanne Barr as Roseanne Harris-Connor
John Goodman as Dan Connor
Laurie Metcalf as Jackie Harris
Sara Gilbert as Darlene Connor-Healy
Michael Fishman as DJ Connor
Lecy Goranson as Becky Connor
Natalie West as Crystal Anerson Connor
Sarah Chalke as Becky Connor and Andrea
Johnny Galecki as David Healy
Glenn Quinn as Mark Healy
Martin Mull as Leon Carp
Michael O'Keefe as Fred Oakland
Sandra Bernhard as Nancy Barlett
Emma Kenney as Harris Healy
Ames McNamara as Mark Connor Healy
Jayden Rey as Mary Conner
Season overview
In coming up with ideas for new shows, Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner of Carsey-Werner Productions decided to look into the concept of the working mother as a central voice. Up until that point, there had been countless shows with working mothers, but few treated them as anything other than an adjunct to the father in the family. Werner had suggested that they take a chance on Barr whom they had seen on The Tonight Show. This was because he saw the unique "in your face" voice that they were looking for and he contacted her agent and offered her the role. Barr's act at the time was the persona of the "domestic goddess", but as Carsey and Werner explains, she had the distinctive voice and attitude for the character and she was able to transform herself into the working class heroine they envisioned. Many early scripts were written by women: Grace McKeaney, Lauren Eve Anderson, and Laurie Gelman, and directed by Ellen Gittelsohn.
Roseanne was successful from its beginning, ranking #1 in the Nielsen ratings its second season, becoming the most watched television program in the United States from 1989 to 1990, and spending its first six seasons among the Nielsen ratings' top five highest-rated shows; the finale attracted 16 million viewers.
Roseanne consistently ranked in the top four of the Nielsen for its first six seasons. The series reached #1 in its second season, becoming the most watched television show in the United States, narrowly beating out The Cosby Show. Ratings slowly started slipping after season six, though the show stayed within the top 10 through season seven, and the top 20 during season eight. It dropped to 35th place during the ninth and final season of its original run.
The premiere of season 10 set records for Nielsen's delayed viewing metrics; it was seen by 18.45 million live and same day viewers, but gained an additional 6.59 viewers via Live+3 metrics—the largest-ever increase in total viewership from three days of delayed viewing since the 2014 premiere of fellow ABC series How to Get Away with Murder. 2.2 million additional viewers were added over the following four days (totalling 27.26 million viewers overall), resulting in a net increase of 8.81 million viewers in the week since the premiere broadcast. This broke a record for the largest ratings gain from Live+7 viewership, previously set by the premiere of fellow ABC series The Good Doctor in September 2017.
Roseanne was put into off-network syndication beginning in September 1992.
TBS aired reruns of Roseanne from 1996 through 2004. Cable channel Nick at Nite aired reruns of the show from the fall of 2003 until 2009; it has since moved to TV Land's "TV Land Prime" schedule. Oxygen aired reruns for several years under the ownership of Carsey-Werner before its 2007 acquisition by NBCUniversal. The show returned to Nick at Nite's lineup on October 5, 2009, replacing Family Matters and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air in its late-night timeslot. As of January 2010, Nick at Nite has once again taken Roseanne from its time slot. In Australia, the show is seen on the channel 111 Hits and Eleven. In the UK, it aired in reruns on Channel 4.
WE tv and CMT both began airing the series in September 2012. The show also was carried by Nick at Nite/CMT sister network Logo TV, and over-the-air on Laff.
As of May 29, 2018, all cable channel (Hulu, Viacom an Laff) are ceased from the network and no longer for this series rerun.
Roseanne on Fandom
No. of seasons
No. of episodes
Roseanne Barr
Marcy Carsey
Tom Werner
Bruce Helford
Whitney Cummings
Sara Gilbert
Tony Hernandez
Multi-camera
company(s)
Wind Dancer Productions (Season 1)
Full Moon and High Tide Productions (Season 7-9)
Mohawk Productions (Season 10)
Carsey-Warner TV
Carsey-Warner Distribution
Original channel
First shown in
October 18, 1988 – May 20, 1997 (Original)
March 27 – May 22, 2018 (Revival)
Cancelled (Barr's racist tweet)


Nearly two-thirds of Afghans are under the age of 25, and many seem engaged and somewhat optimistic.
Kabul, Afghanistan - The explosion was powerful enough to boom its way over the small, barren mountains covered in makeshift houses that lie in the centre of Kabul and echo over the heads of the throng crowding in to see Dr. Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai speak on the last day of the Afghan presidential campaign season. No one in the crowd blinked or even turned their head.
Ahmed Shah Wardak, without pausing, continued to explain why he thinks Afghanistan's youth are so important to this vote. "People my age have grown up during war. Our minds are old, and things have changed in the past decade," says the 53-year-old former Afghan Communist army officer. "We need a new mentality. Our country and our people, they need a big, positive change right now. Only young people can do this."
And with nearly two-thirds of Afghans under the age of 25, this demographic will be critical for candidates to win. But, while young people do seem to be more engaged and more enthusiastic for this vote compared to the one in 2009, major factors like fears over security, ethnic tensions, the war, vote rigging, and the candidates' histories have all worked to pull attention away from this group, making their role in the upcoming ballot hard to gauge and their effect hard to measure.
"Afghanistan's youth make up a vital portion of voters. So despite all this insecurity and threats, all these attacks over the past few weeks, we have seen all these young people queuing to get their voter ID cards," says Abdul Waheed Wafa, executive director of the Afghanistan Center at Kabul University. "A lot of the candidates are counting on them to turn out and vote on April 5."
Many people my age are interested in voting because we want to support our country and we want to make our choice.
To do this, Dr. Zalmai Rassoul, Dr. Abdullah Abdullah, and Dr. Ghani - all frontrunners - have made pledges to bring Afghan youth into government, though how this will be done remains unclear. For the most part, however, the candidates - and the press - have focused on other issues .
Some attention has focused on the conflict with the Taliban, as in the past months a spate of bombings has rocked Kabul, targeting the election commission, a guesthouse and a hotel used by a foreign aid organisations and a restaurant frequented by foreigners. Attention has also focused on the bilateral security agreement between the US and Afghanistan, a document that would set the status of foreign forces past the December 2014 withdrawal date. All of the candidates have said that they will sign the accord.
The candidates have also talked about ending corruption - or at least mitigating corruption - finding more work for the unemployed, and expanding education, all extremely important aspects of Afghanistan's political landscape. Yet, Afghanistan is the lead opium producer in the world, is dependent on foreign aid, has 35 percent unemployment (according to a 2008 estimate), an insurgency raging in the countryside, rampant corruption , and a divided, illiterate, rural populace - all ensuring that this presidential campaign is taking place in conditions very different from elections in other parts of the world.
Yet through all this, young Afghans seem to be engaged and somewhat optimistic – even when the candidates are all older men who have been either government insiders or somehow involved in the past 30 years of violence.
"Many people my age are interested in voting because we want to support our country and we want to make our choice," says Rahmatullah, 20, a Pashtun university student from Kandahar who had just come out of a rally supporting Rassoul in Kabul. And he may get to make that choice twice, after gleefully shouting that he has two voter registration cards - casting a spotlight on broad fears among the international community that the $126m foreign-funded election will be flawed by massive fraud.
His friend, Rafiq Agha, a heavyset 21-year-old studying in Turkey who had come back for the election, was more specific, saying, "Rassoul is a doctor, he is intelligent and he worked for many years in the government and he has a PhD. Also, he wants 50 percent of the government to be run by young people. I just hope that he creates a ministry for youth issues in Afghanistan."
Shaista Shaikhan, 19, a singer dressed in fluttering red and green robes, supports Ghani for the same reason. "Dr. Ghani is thinking of giving 60-70 percent of the young generation positions in the government. He wants to give power to the younger generation. My vote will make a difference."
Indeed, unlike older Afghan voters, who seem to be focused on security and stability, younger voters seem most interested in the economy and education. "The economy is important for young people. It's the most important. Our leaders need to know that young people can work with their own hands, that we can improve our own level, that we can improve the future," says Ghowsuddin, 18, a student from Samangan who is studying in Kabul.
Other issues interested Sadav Tanha, a 19-year-old filmmaker who is supporting Rassoul. "During his speech he was talking about improving Afghanistan by ending corruption and by ending violence again women. I will vote for Zalmai Rassoul and my parents will also vote for him, too," she says, brushing a wisp of black hair back under her hijab. But she said they had not influenced her. "This is my decision, not my parents'. This is an election for my future, so I have to make the decision myself."
Although everyone was able to say why they were supporting a candidate, few were clear on why they opposed the others, emphasising the fact that while Western diplomats see differences in the personalities and histories of the candidates, they see little difference between their platforms. Only one young person was clear on why he would vote for one and not the others, saying, "One thing that is important to understand is that these men are very good, but from among them, many were jihadi leaders in Afghanistan," says Nazir Rassouli, 20. "This means they have had a hand in the fighting in Afghanistan, and I will not vote for them."
What emerges, after talking to Afghan youth, is a fractured and unclear picture - a fact that will make their role in the upcoming election hard to predict. "Youth constitute the largest voting bloc. Unfortunately, they have not been able to articulate their grievances and the candidates are not from the same generation - so you people do not see them represented. Besides, the platforms that have been introduced are not youth-oriented. From a youth perspective, the elections do not appear to be very promising," says Daoud Moradian, the head of the Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies and a former Foreign Ministry advisor.
In the end, any conclusions are hard to make, since Afghanistan's under-25 population is so vast and diverse. "Young Afghans are a large group and are varied in their outlook, depending on where they come from and where they live. There is a tendency to see them as a group that is somehow intrinsically moderate and modern and more educated than their parents, but that might be a bit too optimistic. They cover a wide spectrum," says Martine van Bijlert, a founder of the Afghanistan Analysts Network.
"With so many youths, you're getting a lot of voters who don't necessarily have the same political baggage as their parents or the same history, and this makes it more difficult to predict how they will vote and where the election will go," van Bijlert says. "They may vote very differently from their parents, or they may not. And because the youth population is fragmented, it makes it harder to predict how the vote will go."


Trent, a 1992 graduate of Curry's special education doctoral program, joined the Curry faculty in 1997 after five years at Michigan State University. He was lured back to work with Dan Hallahan and Jim Kauffman in the federally funded Center for Minority Research in Special Education. The four-year, $4 million initiative provided technical support to the faculty of historically black colleges and universities and other institutions with high minority populations in their efforts to obtain funding for special education research. His own research has focused on multicultural teacher training in special education, the disproportionate placement of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education programs and programs for the gifted, and inclusive education practices in urban schools. He continues to infuse special education content in the courses he teaches for general educators. He also teaches Introduction to the Teaching Profession for first and second year students at U.Va. who are considering a teaching career.


text:
Q: Memory access time optimization in a lookup table I would like to use a lookup table containing 2^32 (=4294967296) elements (int8_t).
I would like to know if I could possibly reduce access time in this lookup window by splitting it into a multidimensional lookup table.
For instance, in this context, one multi-dimensional corresponding lookup table would be:
int8_t lookup_table[2^8][2^8][2^8][2^8].

Therefore, a int32_t index for the original lookup table would get split into four int8_t indices, which are used as an entry for the multidimensional array.
Could this reduce access time?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
La Copa de las Naciones () fue una competición internacional europea de clubes de fútbol realizada en 1930 en la ciudad de Ginebra en Suiza.

Fue organizada por el equipo Servette Genève como celebración de su 40.º aniversario fundacional y para la inauguración de su Stade des Charmilles, por lo que invitó a los mejores conjuntos de Europa. Acudieron cinco campeones nacionales de liga, dos de copa nacional y tres importantes representantes del resto de naciones, pero dejando al margen a británicos y escandinavos. Es una precursora de la Liga de Campeones de la UEFA —fundada en 1955—, junto con la Copa Mitropa y la Copa Latina, entre otras. Transcurrió en el mismo mes que la primera edición de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol, desarrollada por la FIFA en Uruguay, a la cual varias de las selecciones europeas invitadas no pudo asistir debido a los altos costos que implicaba el viaje en barco a través del océano Atlántico y la grave crisis económica de la Gran Depresión que había afectado al mundo en el último año —participaron , ,  y —.

En representación española acudió el Real Unión Club de Irún al declinar el campeón Athletic Club y el resto de equipos punteros la invitación, posiblemente por los compromisos de la selección. Reforzado con jugadores de otros clubes locales los españoles perdieron su eliminatoria con el Újpesti Torna Egylet (es: Asociación Gimnástica de Ujpest), vigentes campeones de la Copa Mitropa y considerados como mejor equipo europeo en la época, por un resultado de 3-1. Luis Regueiro fue el autor del tanto español. Sin embargo venció al cansado Football Club de Sète en una eliminatoria de repesca por 5-1, tras haber disputado los franceses un partido hace escasos días de 140 minutos. Un hat-trick de Regueiro y dos tantos de Juan Echevarría cerraron el resultado a favor de los irundarras antes de caer eliminados en cuartos de final por el Sportovní Klub Slavia Praga quien les venció por 2-1 haciendo insuficiente el gol de René Petit. Cerraron su participación en cuartos de final tras tres partidos en cuatro días que fueron demasiados para las aspiraciones del conjunto vasco, el cual sin embargo cerró una gran actuación. La final fue la misma que la acontecida en la Copa Mitropa proclamando nuevamente al Újpesti T. E. como el club referencia en el continente, y en general a los clubes centroeuropeos.

Notas

Referencias

Campeonatos internacionales de fútbol desaparecidos entre clubes
Campeonatos internacionales de fútbol entre clubes de Europa


Chad V. Meister (PhD, Marquette University) is professor of philosophy and theology at Bethel College in Indiana. He formerly led the Defenders Ministry at Willow Creek Community Church. He is married to Tammi and they have two teenage sons.


text:
Q: How can I convert text with spaces to single space in TextFormField? How can I convert text with too many spaces to single space? For example name: "Brad Pit" there is only one space between first and last name but user can write "Brad  (4 space)  Pit" with too much space. How can I reduce this to single space in TextFormField?

A: Code:
void main() {
  var name = 'Pratik      Butani';
  print(name);
  print(name.replaceAll(new RegExp(r"\s+"), " "));
}

Output:
Pratik      Butani
Pratik Butani

Explanation: Here I have used RegExp which will take continue spaces using \s+ and It will be replaced by one space.
You can this demo on DartPad
Do let me know if you have any confusion.

A: To reduce multiple space to a single space
Please refer to this answer
https://stackoverflow.com/a/1981366/9414608
Also you can prevent users from adding spaces in the TextFormField by using inputFormatters
Please refer to this answer
https://stackoverflow.com/a/59065304/9414608
flutterdartwhitespacestextformfieldstring

A: In Dart u can use:
print(yourString.trim())

to convert text with too many spaces
and u can try this
String name = 'Brad    Pit ';
print(name.replaceAll(new RegExp(r"\s+"), ""));


Got Oil? English not your first language? Looking to expand your countrys technology base? Then the USA wants you! Dead.
So how do you stop the Redneck Army invading, short of waving Jesus flags? Simple. The solution is clear. Contaminate your Oil. With silicon. The advanced internal combustion engines of the infidels cannot process poor-quality gasoline. It's no use to 'em, can't use it.
So, if you've no usable natural resources, the only reason they've got to invade you is if you intend to get within one hundred years of them, technologically. And, between you and me, that's not really such a big deal to them. They just want your Oil.
Make their satellites work for YOU. Construct a huge oil contamination plant. Ship in huge quantities of silicon in yellow wagons with "Silicon" written on the roof. Be really blatant about pouring it into your oil. Smile for the cameras.
You are now free to abuse your womenfolk and develop dirty bombs in peace.
Contaminated unleaded petrol blamed for causing thousands of cars to break down has been traced to a depot in Essex, a supplier has said.


FINAL VIEW LOTS AVAILABLE IN OUR COMMUNITY!!
FINAL VIEW LOTS are now available in Reflection Ridge!!! Don't miss the opportunity to live in a home built by a member of our Elite Builder Team! We are in the final stages of adding new construction homes to our community and want you to be apart of it!
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