text:
Books.org > Science Fiction & Fantasy > High-Tech & Hard Science Fiction > Science Fiction - High Tech
Publisher: Penguin Group (USA), Inc.
MP3 Book
Synopsis of The Running Man
The year is 2025. The Running Man is America's favorite television game show. Ben Richards is the program's latest contestant-and the Hunters' latest target in a rigged game of death...
About the Author, Stephen King
Few authors have tapped into our secret fears as adeptly as Stephen King, Master of the Macabre and one of the most widely read novelists writing today. With his trademark blend of fantasy, horror, and psychological suspense, this prolific and immensely popular contemporary writer continues to remind us that evil is still a potent force in the world.
High-Tech & Hard Science Fiction
Science Fiction - High Tech
Bestsellers & Blockbusters
Science Fiction & Fantasy - Books at the Movies
Reviews of The Running Man
From the Earth to the Moon and Round the Moon
by Jules Verne, 1st World Library
The Labyrinth Key
by Howard V. Hendrix
Peace War
by Vernor Vinge


text:
World Cup 2018 opens, with a lot of intriguing predictions
Posted on June 14, 2018 June 14, 2018 Europe
The 2018 World Cup starts on Thursday with Russia vs. Saudi Arabia at 11:00 a.m. ET. A field of 32 teams will compete for the right to hoist the trophy on July 15, and Brazil enters as 7-2 favorites on the 2018 World Cup odds board, followed closely by defending champions Germany at 4-1 and France at 6-1. In order for each country to win it all in the knockout stage, they must first survive the group stage.
In addition to picking a champion, bettors can wager on who they think will top each group. For example, France is a -300 favorite to win Group C, meaning it would take a $300 wager on the French to win their group to return $100.
Before you make your picks on which teams top their respective groups at the 2018 World Cup, you need to see what European soccer expert David Sumpter has to say.
Sumpter is an applied mathematician who wrote "Soccermatics," the book that shows how math works inside the game. Together with experienced analysts, Professor Sumpter developed the powerful Soccerbot model.
The Soccerbot reads current odds and all team performance data, calculates key metrics and predicts upcoming matches. In the 2½ seasons since it was born, the Soccerbot is up 1,800 percent on bookmakers' closing odds. That's right — 1,800 percent.
Now, the Soccerbot has computed each country's true probability of winning its group at the World Cup 2018.
We can tell you Brazil has the highest probability to advance out of Group E despite losing defender Dani Alves to a knee injury. The 35-year-old, who has made 107 appearances for the Brazilian National Team, was injured while playing for PSG in the Coupe de France final.
Another team the model is all over to win its group: Argentina, which has a 59.6 percent chance of topping Group D.
Argentina is led by Lionel Messi, who has scored 61 international goals, more than anyone in Argentina's history. Despite his individual success, Messi is still searching for his first major tournament title with Argentina. La Albiceleste have lost three successive finals, which includes the 2014 World Cup.
Croatia (25.5 percent) has the second best chance to win Group D and is certainly capable, but ultimately the star power of Argentina and Messi will be too much to overcome, the model predicts.
Sumpter's model also says two countries with World Cup outright odds of longer than 25-1 will advance past the group stage. Anyone who backs these underdogs could hit it big.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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U.S. hiring slows: Only 160,000 jobs added in April
by Heather Long @byHeatherLong May 6, 2016: 12:13 PM ET
160,000 jobs added in April
U.S. companies didn't do much hiring in April.
Only 160,000 jobs were added last month, according to the Labor Department's latest report. Economists surveyed by CNNMoney had predicted 197,000 jobs would be added. Goldman Sachs expected even higher: 240,000.
The unemployment rate remained at 5%.
It's only one disappointing month after two years of very strong hiring, but concerns are rising that the U.S. economy is losing momentum. Growth is off to a slow start in 2016. Experts anticipate a spring bounce, but the sluggish April jobs report suggests that pop is either delayed or not going to be that strong.
Related: These skills will get you a job
How strong is the economy?
The economy is the No. 1 worry on voter's minds ahead of the presidential election. President Obama is trying to take a "victory lap" for the recovery from the Great Recession, but Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump slams the Obama economy as terrible.
Wells Fargo chief economist Sam Bullard believes the economy is still jogging at a "moderate" pace.
"I would not to say totally dismiss the report, but the labor market is stronger than that 160,000 figure would suggest," says Bullard. He points to the big jump in hiring in the business and "white collar" jobs in April. It wasn't just low-paying retail jobs on the rise.
A lot of Americans have started looking for work again in recent months because they believe there are opportunities out there now.
The notable exception is the energy sector. It shed another 7,000 jobs in April. Cheap oil continues to hammer the industry. Since September 2014, there have been 191,000 job losses in the energy and mining sector.
Related: Will the Fed raise rates before the election?
People may finally be getting raises
Wall Street and Main Street have also been watching wages. Workers are frustrated that their pay isn't going up very fast. April actually saw a decent bounce in wages, which grew 2.5% annually. That's still below the 3% to 3.5% that's typical of a healthy U.S. economy, but it's a step up from wage growth in March.
"The unfinished business of the recovery is shared prosperity," says U.S. Labor Secretary Tom Perez. "We need to continue to work to lift real wages."
The slowdown in hiring in April means there's almost no chance the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates at its next meeting in June. Some now predict the Fed won't until after the 2016 presidential election.
"These disappointing numbers greatly reduce the likelihood of the Fed hiking rates this side of the presidential election," says Chris Williamson, chief economist at Markit.
CNNMoney (New York) First published May 6, 2016: 12:04 AM ET


text:
Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann
Latin: Universitas Academica Edinburgensis
Public university/ancient university
1582 (opened 1583)[1]
£424.1 million (as of 31 July 2018)[2]
£1.081 billion (2018-19)[2]
Anne, Princess Royal
Ann Henderson
Peter Mathieson
4,152 FTE [3]
36,491 (2016/17)[4]
23,301 [4]
Scotland, United Kingdom 55°56′50.6″N 3°11′13.9″W / 55.947389°N 3.187194°W / 55.947389; -3.187194Coordinates: 55°56′50.6″N 3°11′13.9″W / 55.947389°N 3.187194°W / 55.947389; -3.187194
Alan Turing Institute
Coimbra Group
LERU
Russell Group
Universitas 21
Universities Scotland
Universities UK
www.ed.ac.uk
The coat of arms of the University of Edinburgh, displayed on St Leonard's Land
The University of Edinburgh (abbreviated as Edin. in post-nominals), founded in 1582,[1] is the sixth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotland's ancient universities. The university has five main campuses in the city of Edinburgh, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university.[5] The university played an important role in leading Edinburgh to its reputation as a chief intellectual centre during the Age of Enlightenment, and helped give the city the nickname of the Athens of the North.
The University of Edinburgh is ranked 20th in the world by the 2020 QS World University Rankings.[6] It is ranked as the 6th best university in Europe by the U.S. News' Best Global Universities Ranking,[7] and 7th best in Europe by the Times Higher Education Ranking.[8] The Research Excellence Framework, a research ranking used by the UK government to determine future research funding, ranked Edinburgh (joint submission with Heriot-Watt) 4th in the UK for research power,[9] and 11th overall.[10] It is ranked the 48th most employable university in the world by the 2020 Global Employability University Ranking.[11] It is a member of both the Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 research universities in Europe.[12] It has the third largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, after the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. The annual income of the institution for 2017–18 was £949.0 million of which £279.7 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £931.3 million.[2]
Alumni of the university include some of the major figures of modern history, including 3 signatories of the American declaration of independence and 9 heads of state and government (including 3 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom). As of March 2019[update], Edinburgh's alumni, faculty members and researchers include 19 Nobel laureates, 3 Turing Award laureates, 1 Fields Medalist, 1 Abel Prize winner, 2 Pulitzer Prize winners, 2 currently sitting UK Supreme Court Justices, and several Olympic gold medallists.[13] It continues to have links to the British Royal Family, having had the Duke of Edinburgh as its Chancellor from 1953 to 2010 and Princess Anne since 2011.[14]
Edinburgh receives approximately 60,000 applications every year, making it the second most popular university in the UK by volume of applications.[15] It has the 4th-highest average UCAS entry tariff in Scotland, and 8th overall in the UK.[16]
1.1 Founding
1.2 Development
1.3 Medical school
1.4 2000 to present
2 Campuses
2.1 Central area
2.1.1 Pollock Halls
2.1.2 Holyrood (Moray House)
2.2 King's Buildings
2.3 BioQuarter
2.4 Easter Bush
2.5 Western General
3 Organisation and administration
3.1 Colleges and schools
3.1.1 Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
3.1.2 Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
3.1.3 Science and Engineering
4 Academic profile
4.1 Admissions
4.2 Rankings and reputation
5 Student life
5.1 Students' Association
5.2 Performing arts
5.3 Media
5.4 Sport
5.5 Student activism
5.6 Student co-operatives
6 Library
7 Notable alumni and academic staff
7.1 Heads of state and government
7.2 Notable honorary alumni
7.3 Historical links
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
King James's College, c. 1647
The university's Old College
Founded by the Edinburgh Town Council, the university began life as a college of law using part of a legacy left by a graduate of the University of St Andrews, Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Orkney.[17] Through efforts by the Town Council and Ministers of the City the institution broadened in scope and became formally established as a college by a Royal Charter, granted by King James VI of Scotland on 14 April 1582 after the petitioning of the Council.[1][18] This was unprecedented in newly Presbyterian Scotland, as older universities in Scotland had been established through Papal bulls.[19] Established as the "Tounis College", it opened its doors to students in October 1583.[1] Instruction began under the charge of another St Andrews graduate Robert Rollock.[17] It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the richer and much more populous England had only two. It was renamed King James's College in 1617. By the 18th century, the university was a leading centre of the Scottish Enlightenment.
The University's McEwan Hall building
In 1762, Reverend Hugh Blair was appointed by King George III as the first Regius Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres. This formalised literature as a subject at the university and the foundation of the English Literature department, making Edinburgh the oldest centre of literary education in Britain.[20]
Before the building of Old College to plans by Robert Adam implemented after the Napoleonic Wars by the architect William Henry Playfair, the University of Edinburgh existed in a hotchpotch of buildings from its establishment until the early 19th century. The university's first custom-built building was the Old College, now Edinburgh Law School, situated on South Bridge. Its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor. It went under what was then North College Street (now Chambers Street), and under the university buildings until it reached the university's anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged.
Towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Sir Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875. Initially the design incorporated a Graduation Hall, but this was seen as too ambitious. A separate building was constructed for the purpose, the McEwan Hall, also designed by Anderson, after funds were donated by the brewer and politician Sir William McEwan in 1894. It was presented to the University in 1897.
The university's New College building
New College was originally opened in 1846 as a Free Church of Scotland college, later of the United Free Church of Scotland. Since the 1930s it has been the home of the School of Divinity. Prior to the 1929 reunion of the Church of Scotland, candidates for the ministry in the United Free Church studied at New College, whilst candidates for the old Church of Scotland studied in the Divinity Faculty of the University of Edinburgh. During the 1930s the two institutions came together, sharing the New College site on The Mound.[21]
By the end of the 1950s, there were around 7,000 students matriculating annually.[22]
The building that houses the university's Institute of Geography was once part of the Royal Infirmary.
An Edinburgh Students' Representative Council (SRC) was founded in 1884 by student Robert Fitzroy Bell.[23] In 1889, the SRC voted to establish a union (the Edinburgh University Union (EUU)), to be housed in Teviot Row House. The Edinburgh University Sports Union (EUSU) which was founded in 1866. The Edinburgh University Women's Union was founded in 1906. On 1 July 1973 the SRC, the EUU and the Chambers Street Union merged to form Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA).[24]
Main article: Edinburgh Medical School
Edinburgh's medical school is renowned throughout the world. It was widely considered the best medical school in the English-speaking world throughout the 18th century and first half of the 19th century.[25]
The Edinburgh Seven were the first group of matriculated undergraduate female students at any British university. Led by Sophia Jex-Blake they began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1869. Although they were unsuccessful in their struggle to graduate and qualify as doctors, their campaign gained national attention and won them many supporters including Charles Darwin. It put the rights of women to a University education on the national political agenda which eventually resulted in legislation to ensure women could study at University in 1877. The University of Edinburgh admitted women to graduate in medicine in 1894.[26] In 2015, the Edinburgh Seven were commemorated with a plaque at the University of Edinburgh.[27]
The Polish School of Medicine was established in 1941 as "a wartime testament to this spirit of enlightenment". Students were to be those drawn from the Polish army to Britain and were taught in Polish. When the school was closed in 1949, 336 students had matriculated, of which 227 students graduated with the equivalent of an MBChB. A total of 19 doctors obtained a doctorate or MD. A bronze plaque commemorating the existence of the Polish School of Medicine is located in the Quadrangle of the Medical School in Teviot Place.[28]
The Little France campus, including the Chancellor's Building, was opened on 12 August 2002 by the Duke of Edinburgh. The campus houses the Medical School on the site of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The Queen's Medical Research Institute was opened at Little France in 2005.[citation needed]
The Edinburgh College of Art forms (since 2011) part of the 'central' university campus
The Edinburgh Cowgate Fire of December 2002 destroyed a number of university buildings, including some 3,000 m² (30,000 sq ft.) of the School of Informatics at 80 South Bridge.[29] This was replaced with the Informatics Forum on the central campus, completed in July 2008.
The Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre (ECRC) was opened in 2002 by The Princess Royal on the Western General Hospital site.[30] In 2007, the MRC Human Genetics Unit formed a partnership with the Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and the Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre to create the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM).[31]
The Euan MacDonald Centre was established in 2007 as a research centre for motor neuron disease (MND). The centre was part funded by a donation from Scottish entrepreneur Euan MacDonald and his father Donald.[32][33]
On 1 August 2011, the Edinburgh College of Art (founded in 1760) merged with the university's School of Arts, Culture and Environment.[34]
The Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, a stem cell research centre dedicated to the development of regenerative treatments, was opened by the Anne, Princess Royal on 28 May 2012.[35] It is home to biologists and clinical academics from the MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine (CRM), and applied scientists working with the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service and Roslin Cells.[36] On 25 August 2014, the centre reported on the first working organ, a thymus, grown from scratch inside an animal.[37]
In 2014, the Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute was founded as a joint institute offering degrees in biomedical sciences, taught in English. The campus, located in Haining, Zhejiang Province, China, opened on 16 August 2016.[38]
King's Buildings
BioQuarter
Western General
University of Edinburgh campuses. Easter Bush is located 7 miles south of the city
Playfair Library
The university now has five main sites in Edinburgh: Central, King's Buildings, BioQuarter, Western General, Easter Bush.[39]
The university is responsible for a number of historic and modern buildings across the city, including the Scotland's oldest purpose-built concert hall, and the second oldest in use in the British Isles, St Cecilia's Hall; Teviot Row House, which is the oldest purpose built student union building in the world; and the restored 17th-century Mylne's Court student residence which stands at the head of Edinburgh's Royal Mile.
The Central Area includes George Square (which itself includes the University's George Square Lecture Theatre), the Informatics Forum, The Dugald Stewart Building, Old College, New College, Bristo Square, McEwan Hall, St Cecilia's Hall, Teviot Row House, the old Medical School buildings in Teviot Place, and surrounding streets in Edinburgh's Southside. It is the oldest region, occupied primarily by the College of Humanities and Social Science, and the Schools of Computing & Informatics and the School of Law, as well as the main university library. The Appleton Tower is also used for teaching first year undergraduates in science and engineering. Meanwhile, Teviot Place continues to house pre-clinical medical courses and biomedical sciences despite relocation of the Medical School to Little France. Nearby are the main EUSA buildings of Potterrow, Teviot and Pleasance. Former residents of George Square include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Some of these buildings are used to host events during the Edinburgh International Festival every summer. The main library (Edinburgh University Library) is also located at George Square.
New College, overlooks Princes Street and only a short walk from Waverley Rail Station and other Edinburgh landmarks. The building is on the Mound, which houses the School of Divinity – parts of which are also used by the Church of Scotland.
Pollock Halls
St Leonard's Hall, Pollock Halls of Residence
Main article: Pollock Halls of Residence
Pollock Halls, adjoining Holyrood Park to the east, provides accommodation (mainly half board) for a minority of students in their first year. Two of the older houses in Pollock Halls were demolished in 2002 and a new building (Chancellor's Court) has been built in their place, leaving a total of ten buildings. Self-catered flats elsewhere account for the majority of university-provided accommodation. The area also includes a £9 million redeveloped John McIntyre Conference Centre, which is the University's premier conference space.
Holyrood (Moray House)
Moray House main quadrangle
The Moray House School of Education and Sport[40], just off the Royal Mile, used to be the Moray House Institute for Education until this merged with the University in August 1998. The University has since extended Moray House's Holyrood site.[41] The buildings include redeveloped and extended Sports Science, Physical Education and Leisure Management facilities at St Leonard's Land linked to the Sports Institute in the Pleasance.[42] The 2016 Holyrood North halls have been named after former principal Sir Timothy O'Shea and further student accommodation is provided at Holyrood South.[43][44][45] The Outreach Centre, Institute for Academic Development (University Services Group) and the Edinburgh Centre for Professional Legal Studies (School of Law) are also located at Holyrood.[46][47][48]
Main article: King's Buildings
The King's Buildings (KB) is located further south of the city. Most of the Science and Engineering College's research and teaching activities take place at the King's Buildings, which occupy a 35 hectare site. It includes C. H. Waddington Building (the Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh), James Clerk Maxwell Building (the administrative and teaching centre of the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Mathematics), The Royal Observatory, William Rankine Building (School of Engineering's Institute for Infrastructure and Environment) and other schools' buildings. There were three libraries at KB: Darwin Library, James Clerk Maxwell Library and Robertson Engineering and Science Library. A new library called The Noreen and Kenneth Murray Library opened for the 2012/13 session as a replacement for the previous three libraries. It also houses National e-Science Centre (NeSC), Scottish Microelectronics Centre (SMC), Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), and the Scottish Institute for Enterprise.
BioQuarter, south of Edinburgh is home to the majority medical facilities of the university, alongside the city's hospital - the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. At Little France, the Chancellor's Building, was opened on 12 August 2002 by The Duke of Edinburgh and houses the £40 million Medical School at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. It was a joint project between private finance, the local authorities and the University to create a large modern hospital, veterinary clinic and research institute. It has two large lecture theatres and a medical library. It is connected to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by a series of corridors. Queen's Medical Research Institute was opened in 2005, and provides facilities for research into the understanding of common diseases.
Easter Bush
The Easter Bush campus houses the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education and The Veterinary Oncology and Imaging Centre.
The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, founded in 1823 by William Dick, is a world leader in veterinary education, research and practice. Its new 11,500 square metre building opened in 2011.
The Roslin Institute is an animal sciences research institute which is sponsored by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.[49] The Institute won international fame in 1996, when Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and their colleagues created Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, there.[50][51][52] A year later Polly and Molly were cloned; both sheep contained a human gene.
The Western General Hospital campus contains the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, and Clinical Neuroscience.
Modern architecture at the University of Edinburgh
The Roslin Institute
The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
Evolution House, Edinburgh College of Art
Organisation and administration
Main articles: Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh and Rector of the University of Edinburgh
The University Court is the University's governing body and is the legal persona of the University. By the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889, the University Court is a body corporate, with perpetual succession and a common seal; and all the property belonging to the University at the passing of the Act was vested in the Court.
In 2002, the university was reorganised from its nine faculties into three "colleges". While technically not a collegiate university, it now comprises the Colleges of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), Science & Engineering (SCE) and Medicine & Vet Medicine (MVM). Within these colleges are "schools" – roughly equivalent to the departments they succeeded; individual schools have a good degree of autonomy regarding their finances and internal organisation. This has brought a certain degree of uniformity (in terms of administration at least) across the university.
Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
The English Literature department, the longest-established centre of literary education in Britain, was founded in 1762 when Rev. Hugh Blair was appointed the first Regius Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres by George III.
The College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences[53] is the largest of the three Colleges in the University of Edinburgh. It has 11 Schools, one Centre, 16,300 students and 1,460 staff. An advantage of its size is the very wide range of subjects and research specialisms. There are over 300 undergraduate, 200 taught postgraduate programmes and over 1,600 PhD students. Its research strength, as affirmed in the 2008 RAE, has attracted over 1,200 researchers.[54] It includes the oldest English Literature department in Britain.[20] It was ranked 12th in the world according to the Times Higher Education 2014–15 Ranking. The college hosts Scotland's Economic & Social Research Council Doctoral Training Centre (DTC): The Scottish Graduate School of Social Science is the biggest of 21 ESRC-accredited DTC's in the United Kingdom.
Business School
Edinburgh College of Art
Moray House School of Education
School of Divinity
School of Economics
School of Health in Social Science
School of History, Classics and Archaeology
School of Law
School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures
School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences
School of Social and Political Science
The Centre for Open Learning
The Urban Institute
Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
The Edinburgh Medical School's historical main building on Teviot Place
Main article: University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine
The College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine has a long history as one of the best medical institutions in the world.[55] In the last research assessment exercise, it was rated 1st in the UK for medical research submitted to the Hospital-based Clinical Subjects Panel. All of the work was rated at International level and 40% at the highest, "world-leading" level.[56] The medical school is ranked 1st in Scotland and 3rd in the UK by The Times Good University Guide 2013, The Complete University Guide 2013 and The Guardian University Guide 2013.[57][58]
Graduates of the University of Edinburgh Medical School have gone on to found five out of the seven Ivy League medical schools, become US Senators, become Prime Minister of Canada, invent the hypodermic syringe, cure scurvy, discover carbon dioxide and isolate nitrogen, develop IV therapy, invent the decompression chamber, develop the oophorectomy, and discover the SARS virus. Faculty of the University of Edinburgh Medical School have introduced antiseptic to sterilize surgical instruments, discovered chloroform anesthesia, discovered oxytocin, developed the Hepatitis B vaccine, co-founded Biogen, pioneered treatment for tuberculosis, discovered apoptosis and tyramine among others.
The eight original faculties formed four Faculty Groups in August 1992. Medicine and Veterinary Medicine became one of these, and in September 2002, became the smallest of three Colleges in the University.
University of Edinburgh Medical School
Royal School of Veterinary Studies
School of Biomedical Sciences
School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health
Informatics Forum, University of Edinburgh
Play media
George Square and the Old College at sunrise
Main article: University of Edinburgh College of Science and Engineering
In the sixteenth century science was taught as 'natural philosophy'. The seventeenth century saw the institution of the University Chairs of Mathematics and Botany, followed the next century by Chairs of Natural History, Astronomy, Chemistry and Agriculture. During the eighteenth century, the University was a key contributor to the Scottish Enlightenment and it educated many of the most notable scientists of the time. It was Edinburgh's professors who took a leading part in the formation of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783. In 1785, Joseph Black, Professor of Chemistry and discoverer of carbon dioxide, founded the world's first Chemical Society.[59] The nineteenth century was a time of huge advances in scientific thinking and technological development. The first named degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science were instituted in 1864, and a separate 'Faculty of Science' was created in 1893 after three centuries of scientific advances at Edinburgh.[59] The Regius Chair in Engineering was established in 1868, and the Regius Chair in Geology in 1871. In 1991 the Faculty of Science was renamed the Faculty of Science and Engineering, and in 2002 it became the College of Science and Engineering.
School of Biological Sciences
School of Chemistry
School of Engineering
School of GeoSciences
School of Informatics
School of Mathematics
School of Physics and Astronomy
All teaching is now done over two semesters (rather than 3 terms) – bringing the timetables of different Schools into line with one another, and coming into line with many other large universities (in the US, and to an increasing degree in the UK as well).[citation needed]
The University of Edinburgh is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities and one of several British universities to be a member of both the Coimbra Group and the LERU (League of European Research Universities). The university is also a member of Universitas 21, an international association of research-led universities. Edinburgh is a member of the 'Sutton 13' of top ranked Universities in the UK.[60] Beside, the university maintains historically strong ties with the neighbouring Heriot-Watt University for teaching and research.
Moreover, the University of Edinburgh has around 300 student exchange partners in nearly 40 countries world-wide including exchange programs with Peking University, Washington University in St. Louis, Karolinska Institute, and Caltech.[61]
UCAS admission statistics
Applications[62] 62,480 61,650 59,255 55,060 50,750
Offer rate (%)[63] 50.4 48.6 49.2 45.9 44.3
Enrols[64] 6,800 6,250 6,185 5,780 5,490
Yield (%) 21.6 20.9 21.2 22.9 24.4
Applicant/enrolled Ratio 9.19 9.86 9.58 9.53 9.24
Average entry tariff[65][note 1] 189 180 483 485 482
As of 2019, Edinburgh had the 8th highest average entry qualification for undergraduates among UK universities, with new students averaging 189 UCAS points,[16] equivalent to just above AAAaa in A-level grades. The university gives offers of admission to 20% of its 18 year old applicants, the 5th lowest amongst the Russell Group.[66]
As the number of places available for Scottish and EU students are capped by the Scottish Government since students do not pay tuition fees, students applying from the UK and outside of the European Union have a higher likelihood of an offer.[67] Excluding courses within the Edinburgh College of Art, the most competitive courses for Scottish/EU applicants in 2016 were International Relations, Oral Health Sciences and Business Studies with offer rates of 7%, 8% and 9% respectively.[68] In comparison, students from the rest of the UK have a 55% chance of receiving an offer for International Relations[69] and students from outside of the EU have a 79% chance of an offer for International Relations.[70]
33.6% of Edinburgh's undergraduates are privately educated, the seventh highest proportion amongst mainstream British universities.[71] As of the end of 2016, the university has a higher proportion of female than male students with a male to female ratio of 39:61 in the undergraduate population. The undergraduate student body is composed of 37% Scottish students, 31% from the rest of the UK, 11% from the EU and 20% from outside of the EU.[72]
Outside McEwan Hall on graduation day
Rankings and reputation
National rankings
Complete (2020)[73]
Guardian (2020)[74]
Times / Sunday Times (2020)[75]
ARWU (2018)[76]
QS (2020)[77]
THE (2020)[78]
In the 2014 UK Research Excellence Framework, Edinburgh was ranked fourth in the UK and first in Scotland. The results also indicate that the university is home to over 35% of Scotland's 4* research.[citation needed] In 2008, the RAE rated the medicine and informatics 1st in the UK.[79] Edinburgh places within the top 10 in the UK and 2nd in Scotland for the employability of its graduates as ranked by recruiters from the UK's major companies.[80] A 2015 government report found that Edinburgh is one of only two Scottish universities (along with St Andrews), London-based recruitment and elite professions such as investment banking consider applicants from.[81] Edinburgh was ranked 13th overall in The Sunday Times 10-year average (1998–2007) ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance.[82]
The QS World University Rankings 2015 ranked Edinburgh 17th in the world. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016 ranked Edinburgh 24th in the world. In 2019, the Academic Ranking of World Universities placed Edinburgh as 31st overall and 5th in the UK. Edinburgh was ranked 31st in the world (5th in the UK) in the 2016 Round University Ranking.[83] In 2019, it ranked 61st among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings.[84]
The noticeable disparity between the University of Edinburgh's research capacity, endowment and international status on the one hand, and its ranking in national league tables on the other, is largely on account of the central role which 'student satisfaction' plays in the latter[according to whom?]. The University of Edinburgh was ranked bottom in the UK for teaching quality by its students in the 2012 National Student Survey.[85][86][87] According to The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2015, "The university is trying to address undergraduates' concerns with a new personal tutor system and a peer support scheme. However, Edinburgh achieved an unwanted clean sweep of rock bottom rankings among universities in this year's National Student Survey (NSS) for questions to do with the promptness, usefulness and extent of academic feedback, suggesting the university still has a long way to go to turn around a poor position".[88] In the 2017 guide, Edinburgh fell to its worst-ever position of joint 37th (placed with local Heriot-Watt University) in a domestic league table. The fall was attributed to lower NSS scores combined with a significant drop (78.6% to 73%) in the prospects of its graduates.[89]
In the 2016 Complete University Guide, 19 out of the 50 subjects offered by Edinburgh rank within the top 10 nationally,[90] with Architecture, Chemical Engineering, East and South Asian Studies, Linguistics, Middle Eastern and African Studies, Social Policy and Veterinary Medicine occupying the top five positions.[91] The Times World University Rankings listed the University in 30th place worldwide for social sciences.[92]
The University's Teviot Row House student union building
The student-run Bedlam Theatre, home to the Edinburgh University Theatre Company
The Pleasance student union, home to numerous societies
Main article: Edinburgh University Students' Association
The Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA) consists of the unions and the Student Representative Council. The union buildings include Teviot Row House, Potterrow, Kings Buildings House, the Pleasance, and shops, cafés and refectories across the various campuses. Teviot Row House is claimed to be the oldest purpose-built student union building in the world.[93] EUSA represents students to the university and the outside world. It is also responsible for over 250 student societies at the University. The association has five sabbatical office bearers – a president and four vice presidents. The association is affiliated to the National Union of Students.
The city of Edinburgh is an important cultural hub for comedy, amateur and fringe theatre throughout the UK. Amateur dramatic societies at the University benefit from this, and especially from being based in the home of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.[94]
Edinburgh University Theatre Company (EUTC), founded in 1896 as the Edinburgh University Drama Society, is known for running Bedlam Theatre, the oldest student-run theatre in Britain. Bedlam Theatre is an award-winning Edinburgh Fringe venue.[95] The EUTC also fund and run acclaimed[96] student improvised comedy troupe The Improverts during term time and fringe.[97] Alumni include Ian Charleson, Michael Boyd, Kevin McKidd, and Greg Wise.
Edinburgh Studio Opera (formerly Edinburgh University Opera Club) is the only student opera company in Edinburgh. The group performs at least one fully staged opera each year.
The Edinburgh University Savoy Opera Group (EUSOG) are an opera/musical theatre company founded by students in 1961 to promote and perform the comic operettas of William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan,[98] collectively known as Savoy Operas after the theatre in which they were originally staged.
The Edinburgh University Footlights are a musical theatre company founded in 1989 and produce two large scale shows a year.
Theatre Parodok, founded in 2014, is a student theatre company that aims to produce shows that are "experimental without being exclusive". They produce a large show each semester and one for the festival.[99][100]
The Student is a weekly Scottish newspaper produced by students at the University of Edinburgh. Founded in 1887, it is the oldest student newspaper in the United Kingdom.[citation needed]
The Journal was an independent publication, established in 2007 by three students at the University of Edinburgh, and was also distributed to the four other higher education institutions in the city – Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Napier University, Queen Margaret University and the Edinburgh College of Art. It was the largest such publication in Scotland, with a print run of 14,000 copies and was produced by students from across the city. It folded in 2015.[101]
Fresh Air is an alternative music student radio station, one of the oldest surviving student radio stations in the UK. It was founded in October 1992.[citation needed]
In September 2015, Edinburgh University Student Television (EUTV) became the newest addition to the student media scene at the university, producing a regular magazine styled programme, documentaries and other special events.[102]
Edinburgh University's student sport consists of 67 clubs from the traditional rugby, football, rowing and Judo to the more unconventional Korfball and gliding. Over 67 sports clubs are run by the Edinburgh University Sports Union. The Scottish Varsity, known as the "world's oldest varsity match", is a rugby match played annually against the University of St Andrews.[103] It is played at the beginning of the academic year and since 2015 it has been played at Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh.[104]
During the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the University of Edinburgh alumni and students secured four medals – three gold and a silver. The three gold medals were won by the cyclist Chris Hoy and the silver was won by Katherine Grainger in rowing.
In the 2012 Summer Olympics Edinburgh University Alumni topped the UK University Medals table with three gold medals, two from cyclist Sir Chris Hoy and one from rower Katherine Grainger.[105]
Student activism
There are a number of campaigning societies at the university. The largest of these include the environment and poverty campaigning group People & Planet and the Amnesty International Society. International development organisations include Edinburgh Global Partnerships, which was established as a student-led charity in 1990. There is also a significant left-wing presence on campus,[106] including an active anti-cuts group, an anarchist society, Edinburgh University Socialist Society, Marxist Society, feminist society, Young Greens, a Students for Justice in Palestine group, and the Edinburgh University Conservative and Unionist Association.[107][108] Protests, demonstrations and occupations are regular occurrences at the university.[109][110][111]
The activist group People and Planet took over Charles Stewart House in 2015 and again in 2016 in protest over the Universities investment in Arms and Fossil fuels[112][113] In May 2015, a security guard was charged in relation to the occupations.[114]
Student co-operatives
There are three student-run co-operatives on campus: Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative, providing affordable housing for 106 students;[115] The Hearty Squirrel Food Cooperative, selling 'healthy, local, ethical, organic and Fairtrade' food;[116] and the SHRUB Co-op, a 'swap and re-use hub' aimed at reducing waste and promoting sustainability.[117] The co-operatives form part of the Students for Cooperation network.[118]
Main article: Edinburgh University Library
The Edinburgh University Library pre-dates the university by three years. Founded in 1580 through the donation of a large collection by Clement Littill, its collection has grown to become the largest university library in Scotland with over 2.5 million volumes.[119] These are housed in the main University Library building in George Square – one of the largest academic library buildings in Europe, designed by Basil Spence.
The library system also includes many faculty and collegiate libraries.
Notable alumni and academic staff
Main articles: List of University of Edinburgh people, List of University of Edinburgh medical people, and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Edinburgh
Peter Higgs, physicist and emeritus professor, Nobel Prize laureate in Physics in 2013
The university is associated, through alumni and academic staff, with some of the most significant intellectual and scientific contributions in human history. As of March 2019[update], 19 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as alumni, faculty and researchers (3 additional laureates acted as administrative staff), including one of the fathers of quantum mechanics Max Born, theoretical physicist Peter Higgs, supramolecular chemist Sir Fraser Stoddart, biophysicist known for performing electron microscopy on biological molecules Richard Henderson, pioneer of in-vitro fertilisation Robert Edwards. Computer scientists Robin Milner and Leslie Valiant, both Turing Award laureates, and mathematician Sir Michael Atiyah, Fields Medallist and Abel Prize winner, are associated with the university.
The university is further associated with scientists whose contributions include; laying the foundations of Bayesian statistics (Thomas Bayes), nephrology (Richard Bright), the theory of evolution (Charles Darwin), the initial development of sociology (Adam Ferguson), modern geology (James Hutton), antiseptic surgery (Joseph Lister), classical theory of electromagnetism (James Clerk Maxwell) and thermodynamics (William John Macquorn Rankine); the discovery of carbon dioxide, latent heat and specific heat (Joseph Black), the HPV vaccine (Ian Frazer), the Higgs mechanism (Peter Higgs and Tom Kibble), the Hepatitis B vaccine (Kenneth Murray), nitrogen (Daniel Rutherford), chloroform anaesthesia (James Young Simpson) and SARS (Nanshan Zhong); and the inventing of the telephone (Alexander Graham Bell), the hypodermic syringe (Alexander Wood), the kaleidoscope (David Brewster), the telpherage (Fleeming Jenkin), the vacuum flask (James Dewar), the ATM (John Shepherd-Barron) and the diving chamber (John Scott Haldane).
Other alumni and academic staff of the university have included signatories to the US Declaration of Independence James Wilson, John Witherspoon and Benjamin Rush, Prime Ministers Gordon Brown, Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell (the latter matriculated at Edinburgh, but did not graduate), astronaut Piers Sellers, biologist Ian Wilmut, geologists Archibald Geikie and William Edmond Logan, physicists Sir David Brewster, John Robison and Peter Guthrie Tait, writers Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, J.M. Barrie, Sir Walter Scott, Aeneas Francon Williams and Alistair Moffat, economists Kenneth E. Boulding, James Mirrlees and John Hardman Moore, historian Sir Tom Devine, actor Ian Charleson, composers Kenneth Leighton, James MacMillan, and William Wordsworth, chemists William Henry, David Leigh, Guy Lloyd-Jones and Alexander R. Todd, botanist Robert Brown, surgeon James Barry, mathematician Colin Maclaurin, polymath Thomas Young, philosopher David Hume, pilot Eric "Winkle" Brown, former BP CEO Tony Hayward, former director general of MI5 Stella Rimington, theologians John Dickie and Robert Preus, former Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Anderson, Spanish Civil War veteran and traditionalist Catholic writer Hamish Fraser.
Olympic Games gold medallists from the university include six-times Olympic champion cyclist Sir Chris Hoy, rower Katherine Grainger and runner Eric Liddell.
Joseph Black
James Dewar
David Hume
Adam Ferguson
James Boswell
Sir Walter Scott
James Clerk Maxwell
Charles Darwin
Viscount Palmerston
James Hutton
Joseph Lister
Alexander Graham Bell
Robert Louis Stevenson
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
At graduation ceremonies, the Vice-Chancellor caps graduates with the Geneva Bonnet, a hat which legend says was originally made from cloth taken from the breeches of John Knox or George Buchanan. The hat was last restored in 2000, when a note from 1849 was discovered in the fabric.[120][121] In 2006, a University emblem taken into space by Piers Sellers was incorporated into the Geneva Bonnet.[122]
Heads of state and government
Former British Prime Minister and consecutive 10-year-long Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown is an alumnus and former rector of the University of Edinburgh.
State/Government
UK John Russell, 1st Earl Russell Prime Minister (1846–52 and 1865–66)
UK Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Prime Minister (1855–58 and 1859–65)
Nicaragua William Walker President of Nicaragua (1856–1857)
Canada Charles Tupper Prime Minister of Canada (1 May 1896 – 8 July 1896)
South Korea Jang Taek-sang Prime Minister of South Korea (6 May 1952 – 6 October 1952)
South Korea Yun Bo-seon President of South Korea (1960–1962)
Tanzania Julius Nyerere President of Tanzania (1964–1985)
Malawi Hastings Banda President of Malawi (1966–1994)
UK Gordon Brown Prime Minister (2007–2010)
Notable honorary alumni
Since 1695 the University of Edinburgh has awarded honorary degrees to over 2,900 individuals.[citation needed] The University of Edinburgh awards both honorary doctorate degrees (in all subjects including Medicine, Dental Surgery and Veterinary Medicine and Surgery) and honorary master's degrees.
Bill Gates (2006), Principal founder of Microsoft Corporation[123]
Louise Richardson (2018), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford[124]
Susan Hockfield (2009), 16th President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology[125]
Neil Armstrong (2007), First person to walk on the Moon[126]
Liu Yandong (2017), Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China[124]
Justin Trudeau (2016), 23rd Prime Minister of Canada[127]
Michael D. Higgins (2015), 9th President of Ireland[128]
Alan Greenspan (2004), 13th Chair of the Federal Reserve[129]
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2013), 11th President of India[130]
Pascal Lamy (2011), 5th Director-General of the World Trade Organization[131]
Irina Bokova (2010), 9th Director-General of UNESCO[132]
Harvard University, an American Ivy League university, had its medical school founded by three surgeons, one of whom was Benjamin Waterhouse, an alumnus of Edinburgh Medical School.[133]
Dalhousie University, Canadian U15 university, founded in 1818. In the early 19th century, George Ramsay, the ninth Earl of Dalhousie and Nova Scotia Lieutenant-Governor at the time, wanted to establish a Halifax college open to all, regardless of class or creed. The earl modeled the fledgling college after the University of Edinburgh, near his Scottish home.[134]
McGill University, Canadian U15 university, founded in 1821, has strong Edinburgh roots and links to the University of Edinburgh as McGill's first (and, for several years, its only) faculty, Medicine, was founded by four physicians/surgeons, including Andrew Fernando Holmes and John Stephenson, who had trained in Edinburgh.[135][136]
University of Pennsylvania, an American Ivy League university, has long-standing historical links with the University of Edinburgh, Penn's School of Medicine was founded by John Morgan, an Edinburgh medical graduate and was modeled after Edinburgh Medical School.[137][138]
Princeton University, an American Ivy League university, had its academic syllabus and structure reformed along the lines of the University of Edinburgh and other Scottish universities by its sixth president John Witherspoon, an Edinburgh theology graduate.[139]
The College of William & Mary, the second-oldest university in the US, was founded by Edinburgh graduate James Blair, who served as the College's founding president for fifty years.[140]
Columbia University, an American Ivy League university, had its medical school founded by Samuel Bard, an Edinburgh medical graduate.
University of Sydney, the first Australian university, was founded by Charles Nicholson, a physician and graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School.
India, During the British rule in India, many officers of the Imperial Civil Service[a] (1858 to 1947) and Imperial Forest Service (1864 to 1935) precursor to Indian Forest Service were educated and trained at Edinburgh.[141]
Edinburgh portal
Scotland portal
Edinburgh University Press
Gifford Lectures
Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation
James Tait Black Memorial Prize
List of early modern universities in Europe
Edinburgh University Settlement
Centre for the History of the Book
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^ "World University Rankings 2015–2016 by subject: social sciences results announced". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
^ "The Students' Association". Ed.ac.uk. 31 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
^ "Edinburgh festival news and reviews". The Guardian. London. 10 February 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Fringe 2013 – Bedlam Theatre, Venue 49". Bedlamfringe.co.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "The Improverts – Edinburgh Fringe 2010 – British Comedy Guide". Comedy.co.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Improverts | Edinburgh Festival Fringe". Edfringe.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Edinburgh University Savoy Opera Group". Eusog.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Theatre Paradok". Edinburgh University Students' Association. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
^ "Theatre Paradok". Retrieved 16 May 2014.
^ www.lexlaw.co.uk, LEXLAW Solicitors & Barristers +44(0)207 1830 529. (3 September 2015). "The Journal Served with Winding-up Petition".
^ "Television Society (EUTV)". www.eusa.ed.ac.uk.
^ "World's oldest varsity match returns to Scotland". Herald Scotland. 19 May 2015.
^ "Royal Bank of Scotland Scottish Varsity Rugby Matches". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ "Edinburgh tops university medals table". The Daily Telegraph. London. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
^ "EUSA democracy abolished in massive coup". The Journal (student newspaper). April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013.
^ "Edinburgh University Students' Association Societies". Eusa.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Official Website of Edinburgh University Conservative and Unionist Association". Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ "Protest students occupy Edinburgh University hall". BBC News. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ "Appleton Tower comes under occupation". The Student (newspaper). 17 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ "Students disrupt royal visit in protest over tuition fees". STV News. 26 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ "Student protesters at Edinburgh University are occupying a building". The Independent. 5 April 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
^ "Students vow to continue occupation over fossil fuels". www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
^ "Security guard charged over student 'attack'". www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
^ "100 flats at £250 a month: Co-op housing project moves closer to goal". The Student Newspaper. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ "Hearty Squirrel Cooperative Edinburgh". Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ "What we do – The SHRUB Co-operative". Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ "Scotland Co-op List". students.coop. Students for Cooperation. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
^ "Edinburgh University Library". Britain in Print. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ "Omniana". University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 16 August 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
^ "Graduation cap (Object Details)". University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 12 October 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
^ Luscombe, Richard (25 June 2006). "One small step for John Knox, one giant leap for university". Scotland on Sunday. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
^ "Honorary graduates 2006/07". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ a b "Honorary graduates 2017/18". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ Schatzki, Stefan C. (2006). "Benjamin Waterhouse". American Journal of Roentgenology. 187 (2): 585. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.2125. PMID 16861568. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
^ "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online". Biographi.ca. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ Cruess, Richard L. (26 November 2007). "Brief history of Medicine at McGill". Mcgill.ca. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ Joseph Hanaway and Richard Cruess (8 March 1996). "McGill Medicine, Volume 1, 1829–1885". Mqup.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ "School of Medicine: A Brief History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". Archives.upenn.edu. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ Lisa Rosner (1 April 1992). "Thistle on the Delaware: Edinburgh Medical Education and Philadelphia Practice, 1800–1825 — Soc Hist Med". Shm.oxfordjournals.org. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ "Edinburgh and the USA". Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ "Edinburgh's Links to the USA". Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ Bennett, Brett; Kruger, Fred. Forestry and Water Conservation in South Africa: History, Science and Policy. ANU Press, 2015. ISBN 9781925022841.
^ People such as William Wedderburn and others.
Horn, D. B. (1967). A Short History of the University of Edinburgh: 1556–1889.
Grant, Alexander (1884). The Story of the University of Edinburgh. London.
Dalzel, Andrew (1862). History of the University of Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas.
Robert D. Anderson; Michael Lynch; Nicholas T. Phillipson (2003). University of Edinburgh: an illustrated history. Edinburgh University Press.
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text:
News / PNP chief notes that cops at checkpoints lack protective gear
PNP chief notes that cops at checkpoints lack protective gear
Published March 16, 2020, 12:00 AM
By Aaron Recuenco
Policemen manning the checkpoints for the implementation of the community quarantine in Metro Manila lack some of the protective gear to keep themselves safe from possible Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) infection.
But Gen. Archie Francisco Gamboa, chief of the Philippine National Police (PNP), said they are now trying to address the problem in order to ensure the protection of the policemen in the frontline of the government's efforts to contain COVID-19.
PNP chief Gen. Archie Gamboa
(PNP / FILE PHOTO / MANILA BULLETIN)
"We need face masks and gloves and we also need goggles and raincoats," said Gamboa.
The Chief PNP's statement came amid observations by some netizens that some of the cops manning the checkpoints were ill-equipped to protect themselves.
The checkpoints were set up in all the entry and exit points of Metro Manila which was earlier placed under community quarantine due to alleged exponential rise of COVID-19 infection in the past days.
But Gamboa said they have no choice but to immediately implement the order since the PNP was tapped by President Duterte to enforce the community quarantine.
"The PNP is very aware of this. We know the risk involved but nevertheless, with the available resources that we have, we have to implement and do our work," said Gamboa.
He explained that they cannot postpone the implementation because of the urgency of the situation.
"This cannot wait because we are mandated to do something despite the unnecessary risks," said Gamboa.
Earlier, the government was criticized over the alleged leniency in the implementation of the community quarantine.
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text:
Tag Archives: unretirement
Successful, affluent older men don't retire… they just start a new career
Posted by a1000shadesofhurt in Older Adults
unretirement
Affluent older men are choosing to return to work after quitting their first careers, according to research into the phenomenon of "unretirement".
More than one in 20 retired men later decide to take up a new role, the study indicates. While some are pushed into for financial reasons, the researchers say that for the majority it's a lifestyle choice.
Academic Ricky Kanabar will tell the Royal Economic Society's 2013 annual conference in London today that so-called "unretirement" is common among British men who were higher earners in their career occupations.
His research shows that those who return to work in retirement share certain factors. They are likely to have at least an A-level qualification or higher, suggesting that they weren't low-paid workers in their career. In fact the average pre-retirement salary for those who "unretire" is around £50,000.
Crucially they also plan their finances a year or more ahead and have a partner in paid work – suggesting that many retired men take up a new job so that they can retire again at the same point as their partner.
Mr Kanabar analysed data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which followed retired men between 2002 and 2009. His study shows that those retired men who switched back into paid work ended up working on average 20-hours-per-week and earning on average £470-per-month.
Mr Kanabar suggests that unretirement may only be feasible for certain types of retired British men. "That's significant for the government's aim to extend people's working lives in our ageing society," he said.
"My study shows that unretirement is prevalent among certain retired British men, a group of individuals who have a vast number of years' experience in the labour market, are likely to be highly qualified and can thus contribute significantly to the economy.
"Moreover, given the country's ageing population and increasing life expectancy and the fact that until only recently there had been no rise in the age at which individuals were eligible to claim their state pension, future government policy should look to provide incentives for unretirement behaviour."
Recent research by Aviva shows that since 2010 the number of people working in retirement has actually soared. While less than one in five people aged 65-74 received wages or other earned income in December 2010, by the end of last year the figure had climbed to almost a quarter, 23 per cent.


text:
Illicit Trade News Network
UK ticket touts who fleeced Harry Potter and Ed Sheeran fans caged for six and a half years
Illicit Firearms Trade
Illicit Tobacco & Alcohol Trade
Illicit Pharmaceuticals Trade
Illicit Goods Trade
Counterfeit Currency
Illicit Fuel Trade
Matúš Tóth
Two British ticket touts who made millions of pounds by ripping off fans of Harry Potter, Ed Sheeran and Taylor Swift were yesterday jailed for a total of six and a half years following a trial at Leeds Crown Court.
Peter Hunter, 51, was handed a four-year jail term while David Thomas Smith, 66, was sentenced to 30 months behind bars after the pair were found guilty of fraudulently and dishonestly buying and reselling tickets for high-profile music and entertainment events.
Hunter and Smith are said to have raked in at least £11 million ($14.1 million) while running their BZZ Limited company, through which they purchased and sold on hundreds of tickets at hugely inflated prices to fans desperate to see their favourite artists and shows.
The pair, who were found guilty of committing their offences between 2010 and 2017, brought in a net profit of £3.5 million over the final 32 months of their fraud alone.
As well as selling customers overpriced and sometimes invalid tickets, the court found the men had also prevented thousands of people from getting hold of tickets at face value by buying up huge quantities to sell on at a massive profit.
Both men were found guilty of three counts of fraudulent trading and one of possession or control of an article for use in fraud.
A National Trading Standards investigation into Hunter and Smith revealed the pair used a number of dishonest and fraudulent tactics in order to purchase large quantities of tickets from primary ticket providers such as Ticketmaster, Eventim and AXS.
Speaking after sentencing, Lord Toby Harris, Chair of the UK's National Trading Standards organisation, commented: "This is an important milestone in the fight to tackle online ticket touts who fraudulently buy and resell tickets to thousands of victims to line their own pockets.
"Today's sentences send a strong message to similar online ticket touts: these are criminal offences that can lead to prison sentences.
"I hope this leads to a step-change in the secondary ticketing market, making it easier and safer for consumers buying tickets in the future."
In June of last year, Britain's national fraud reporting centre Action Fraud launched an awareness-raising campaign in which it appealed to music and sports fans to be on their guard against unauthorised ticket sellers ahead of the busy summer period.
The agency said it had received 4,755 reports of ticket fraud in the 13 months to the end of April last year, noting that victims across the UK had lost more than £1.6 million to ticket scammers over that time.
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UK's FBI needs extra £2.7 billion to tackle more than 181,000 serious and organised offenders
Up to 200,000 UK children groomed by paedophiles on social media platforms, poll reveals
Related Topics:_featuredticket fraudUK
Petition calling for Pornhub to be closed down for hosting videos of sex trafficking victims and children passes 400,000 signatures
Airbnb expands anti-human trafficking partnership with US NGO Polaris
Crooked vendors exploiting flaw in eBay's feedback system to con buyers into purchasing bogus and dangerous items
Buyers on eBay are being duped into purchasing substandard and counterfeit products due to a flaw in the online auction platform's seller feedback system, according to an investigation conducted by UK consumer group Which?
The watchdog found that dishonest vendors can take advantage of these flaws by linking positive reviews of genuine products manufactured by companies such as Apple and Samsung to fake and low-quality items.
Which? found that crooked sellers are able to link thousands of positive reviews to eBay listings they have nothing to do with.
The organisation discovered that real reviews can be associated with fake products that are potentially dangerous, such as counterfeit mobile phone chargers that can pose a fire risk.
Sellers are able to do this by using "product IDs" associated with genuine items when adding their products to eBay, subsequently benefitting from the positive reviews those items have attracted.
The system is intended to make the process of listing products on eBay quicker and easier by allowing sellers to pull information from similar items that have a linked product ID.
As part of its investigation, Which? purchased 20 bogus Apple and Samsung accessories such as chargers and USB cables that were supposed to be official and shared the same reviews as products manufactured by the two technology firms
Calling for online ecommerce platforms to be held accountable for flaws in their seller feedback systems that allow dishonest vendors to pull the wool over buyers' eyes, Head of Home Products and Services at Which? Natalie Hitchins said: "Our investigation has uncovered yet another example of online reviews being manipulated to mislead people.
"eBay's product review system is confusing for consumers and could even direct them towards counterfeit or dangerous products sold by unscrupulous sellers.
"Online reviews influence billions of pounds of consumer spending each year.
"The [UK Competition and Markets Authority] must now investigate how fake and misleading reviews are duping online shoppers, taking the strongest possible action against sites that fail to tackle the problem."
Responding to the findings of Which?'s investigation eBay said in a statement: "The research does not fully consider that there are distinctions between product reviews (which provide buyers with a holistic review of the same product), and seller feedback (which can be used to see specific reviews of a seller's performance and may reflect the item's condition)."
Earlier this month, Bloomberg reported that US politicians had called on lawmakers to hold ecommerce companies such as eBay and Amazon to account if they fail to prevent third-party vendors selling counterfeit or substandard products on their platforms.
Major 'lover boy' prostitution gang broken up by coalition of European law enforcement agencies
A Romanian human trafficking and prostitution network that used the "lover boy" method to entrap young women before forcing them into sex work has been broken up a coalition of European law enforcement agencies.
The lover boy method, also known as the "Romeo pimp" method, involves young men seducing victims with the objective of coercing them into prostitution.
Lover boy traffickers groom their victims to believe they have entered into a serious romantic relationship before using emotional, psychological and sometimes physical abuse to intimidate them into working in the sex services industry.
Investigators from Spain, Romania, the Czech Republic and several other European nations were involved in the operation that resulted in the dismantling of the gang, which is said to have groomed and exploited at least 10 young women by forcing them to work as prostitutes.
The operation resulted in the arrest of 14 people in Romania and Spain, the safeguarding of 10 trafficking victims, and the confiscation of a number of items, including a quantity of cash, jewellery, expensive vehicles and several electronic devices.
In total, the agencies taking part in the effort raided 16 properties in the Czech Republic, Romania and Spain.
Having groomed their victims, Romanian members of the network would develop manipulative dependent relationships with the young women they targeted before forcing them into sex work.
Once under the traffickers' control, victims would be abused and drugged before being sold onto other members of the network for as much as €6,000 ($6,632) each.
The women would then be moved between locations and countries on a regular basis as part of the gang's efforts to avoid the attention of police.
Profits made by the network were laundered through the purchase of property, expensive jewellery and high-value cars.
Ongoing investigations into the network's activities are focussed on the theory that it was working in cooperation with another gang.
Enquires have already resulted in the identification of more than 40 additional women who fell victim to the two criminal organisations.
In a statement, Europol said: "Europol facilitated the information exchange between the participating countries, provided coordination support and analysed operational information against Europol's databases to give leads to investigators.
"Europol conducted a financial analysis based on the information provided which highlighted the extension of the criminal activity of the group and the presence and flow of illicit profits to other jurisdictions."
Taking cocaine will not cure people struck down with the coronavirus, French government warns public
Authorities in France have been forced to inform the public that taking cocaine will not cure people infected with the coronavirus.
Taking to Twitter on Sunday, the French Ministry for Solidarity and Health told its followers that cocaine is not only ineffective when it comes to fighting the coronavirus, but is also a highly addictive drug that can cause serious harm to users' health.
The government department was seeking to counter fake news circulating on social media that taking the drug could cure or prevent the virus, including doctored news stories that appeared to confirm the drug's effectiveness at fighting the disease.
The ministry's Twitter post included a link to a government information page that provided further guidance on disinformation circulating about the coronavirus outbreak.
As well as encouraging those worried about the coronavirus to start taking cocaine, online trolls have also suggested that bleach can also help fight the disease.
In a post on Twitter that has attracted many thousands of engagements, @Jordan_Sather_ told his followers: "Would you look at that. Not only is chlorine dioxide (aka 'MMS') an effective cancer cell killer, it can wipe out coronavirus too.
"No wonder YouTube has been censoring basically every single video where I discuss it over the last year."
In August of 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning about that dangers of consuming bleach, noting: "Drinking any… chlorine dioxide products can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and symptoms of severe dehydration."
As well as warning about cocaine's inability to fight the coronavirus, the French government has also told members of the public that spraying bleach or alcohol on their bodies will not neutralise viruses they have already been infected with.
Elsewhere, US Vodka maker Tito's Homemade was last week forced to urge people not to make DIY hand sanitiser out of its products.
Responding to one of its customers who said they had done just that, the company said on Twitter: "Per the CDC [Centres for Disease Control and Prevention], hand sanitizer needs to contain at least 60% alcohol. Tito's Handmade Vodka is 40% alcohol, and therefore does not meet the current recommendation of the CDC. Please see attached for more information."
For its part, the World Health Organisation, which today officially categorised the coronavirus as a pandemic, has published a webpage dispelling misinformation about the disease, noting that the virus cannot be killed of avoided by taking a hot bath or using hand dryers.
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US politicians call for state action against Pornhub over allegations it hosted rape and child abuse videos
Californian border officers catch Mexican man with enough fentanyl to kill 1.2 million people
Tweets by @illicit_trade_


text:
package com.google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1;

import com.google.api.core.BetaApi;
import com.google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.IndexServiceGrpc.IndexServiceImplBase;
import com.google.longrunning.Operation;
import com.google.protobuf.AbstractMessage;
import io.grpc.stub.StreamObserver;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Queue;
import javax.annotation.Generated;

@BetaApi
@Generated("by gapic-generator-java")
public class MockIndexServiceImpl extends IndexServiceImplBase {
  private List<AbstractMessage> requests;
  private Queue<Object> responses;

  public MockIndexServiceImpl() {
    requests = new ArrayList<>();
    responses = new LinkedList<>();
  }

  public List<AbstractMessage> getRequests() {
    return requests;
  }

  public void addResponse(AbstractMessage response) {
    responses.add(response);
  }

  public void setResponses(List<AbstractMessage> responses) {
    this.responses = new LinkedList<Object>(responses);
  }

  public void addException(Exception exception) {
    responses.add(exception);
  }

  public void reset() {
    requests = new ArrayList<>();
    responses = new LinkedList<>();
  }

  @Override
  public void createIndex(CreateIndexRequest request, StreamObserver<Operation> responseObserver) {
    Object response = responses.poll();
    if (response instanceof Operation) {
      requests.add(request);
      responseObserver.onNext(((Operation) response));
      responseObserver.onCompleted();
    } else if (response instanceof Exception) {
      responseObserver.onError(((Exception) response));
    } else {
      responseObserver.onError(
          new IllegalArgumentException(
              String.format(
                  "Unrecognized response type %s for method CreateIndex, expected %s or %s",
                  response == null ? "null" : response.getClass().getName(),
                  Operation.class.getName(),
                  Exception.class.getName())));
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void getIndex(GetIndexRequest request, StreamObserver<Index> responseObserver) {
    Object response = responses.poll();
    if (response instanceof Index) {
      requests.add(request);
      responseObserver.onNext(((Index) response));
      responseObserver.onCompleted();
    } else if (response instanceof Exception) {
      responseObserver.onError(((Exception) response));
    } else {
      responseObserver.onError(
          new IllegalArgumentException(
              String.format(
                  "Unrecognized response type %s for method GetIndex, expected %s or %s",
                  response == null ? "null" : response.getClass().getName(),
                  Index.class.getName(),
                  Exception.class.getName())));
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void listIndexes(
      ListIndexesRequest request, StreamObserver<ListIndexesResponse> responseObserver) {
    Object response = responses.poll();
    if (response instanceof ListIndexesResponse) {
      requests.add(request);
      responseObserver.onNext(((ListIndexesResponse) response));
      responseObserver.onCompleted();
    } else if (response instanceof Exception) {
      responseObserver.onError(((Exception) response));
    } else {
      responseObserver.onError(
          new IllegalArgumentException(
              String.format(
                  "Unrecognized response type %s for method ListIndexes, expected %s or %s",
                  response == null ? "null" : response.getClass().getName(),
                  ListIndexesResponse.class.getName(),
                  Exception.class.getName())));
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void updateIndex(UpdateIndexRequest request, StreamObserver<Operation> responseObserver) {
    Object response = responses.poll();
    if (response instanceof Operation) {
      requests.add(request);
      responseObserver.onNext(((Operation) response));
      responseObserver.onCompleted();
    } else if (response instanceof Exception) {
      responseObserver.onError(((Exception) response));
    } else {
      responseObserver.onError(
          new IllegalArgumentException(
              String.format(
                  "Unrecognized response type %s for method UpdateIndex, expected %s or %s",
                  response == null ? "null" : response.getClass().getName(),
                  Operation.class.getName(),
                  Exception.class.getName())));
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void deleteIndex(DeleteIndexRequest request, StreamObserver<Operation> responseObserver) {
    Object response = responses.poll();
    if (response instanceof Operation) {
      requests.add(request);
      responseObserver.onNext(((Operation) response));
      responseObserver.onCompleted();
    } else if (response instanceof Exception) {
      responseObserver.onError(((Exception) response));
    } else {
      responseObserver.onError(
          new IllegalArgumentException(
              String.format(
                  "Unrecognized response type %s for method DeleteIndex, expected %s or %s",
                  response == null ? "null" : response.getClass().getName(),
                  Operation.class.getName(),
                  Exception.class.getName())));
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void upsertDatapoints(
      UpsertDatapointsRequest request, StreamObserver<UpsertDatapointsResponse> responseObserver) {
    Object response = responses.poll();
    if (response instanceof UpsertDatapointsResponse) {
      requests.add(request);
      responseObserver.onNext(((UpsertDatapointsResponse) response));
      responseObserver.onCompleted();
    } else if (response instanceof Exception) {
      responseObserver.onError(((Exception) response));
    } else {
      responseObserver.onError(
          new IllegalArgumentException(
              String.format(
                  "Unrecognized response type %s for method UpsertDatapoints, expected %s or %s",
                  response == null ? "null" : response.getClass().getName(),
                  UpsertDatapointsResponse.class.getName(),
                  Exception.class.getName())));
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void removeDatapoints(
      RemoveDatapointsRequest request, StreamObserver<RemoveDatapointsResponse> responseObserver) {
    Object response = responses.poll();
    if (response instanceof RemoveDatapointsResponse) {
      requests.add(request);
      responseObserver.onNext(((RemoveDatapointsResponse) response));
      responseObserver.onCompleted();
    } else if (response instanceof Exception) {
      responseObserver.onError(((Exception) response));
    } else {
      responseObserver.onError(
          new IllegalArgumentException(
              String.format(
                  "Unrecognized response type %s for method RemoveDatapoints, expected %s or %s",
                  response == null ? "null" : response.getClass().getName(),
                  RemoveDatapointsResponse.class.getName(),
                  Exception.class.getName())));
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our stretch cotton jersey jeans are so comfortable, you can wear them for any adventure: bike-riding, skate-boarding, hill-rolling... whatever you fancy. And because the fabric is so durable, you won't get baggy, saggy knees. The elasticated waistband is adjustable for extra comfort.