text:
1Thrust geometry and nomenclature
1.1Reverse faults
1.2Blind thrust faults
1.3Fault-bend folds
1.4Fault-propagation folds
1.5Thrust duplex
2Tectonic environment
Thrust fault
Type of reverse fault that has a dip of 45 degrees or less
Thrust fault in the Qilian Shan, China. The older (left, blue and red) thrust over the younger (right, brown).
The Glencoul Thrust at Aird da Loch, Assynt in Scotland. The irregular grey mass of rock is formed of Archaean or Paleoproterozoic Lewisian gneisses thrust over well-bedded Cambrian quartzite, along the top of the younger unit.
Small thrust fault in the cliffs at Lilstock Bay, Somerset, England; displacement of about two metres (6.6 ft)
A thrust fault is a break in the Earth's crust, across which older rocks are pushed above younger rocks.
Thrust geometry and nomenclature[edit]
Diagram of the evolution of a fault-bend fold or 'ramp anticline' above a thrust ramp, the ramp links decollements at the top of the green and yellow layers
Diagram of the evolution of a fault propagation fold
Development of thrust duplex by progressive failure of ramp footwall
Antiformal stack of thrust imbricates proved by drilling, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska
Reverse faults[edit]
A thrust fault is a type of reverse fault that has a dip of 45 degrees or less.[1][2]
If the angle of the fault plane is lower (often less than 15 degrees from the horizontal[3]) and the displacement of the overlying block is large (often in the kilometer range) the fault is called an overthrust or overthrust fault.[4] Erosion can remove part of the overlying block, creating a fenster (or window) – when the underlying block is exposed only in a relatively small area. When erosion removes most of the overlying block, leaving island-like remnants resting on the lower block, the remnants are called klippen (singular klippe).
Blind thrust faults[edit]
Main article: Blind thrust earthquake
If the fault plane terminates before it reaches the Earth's surface, it is referred to as a blind thrust fault. Because of the lack of surface evidence, blind thrust faults are difficult to detect until they rupture. The destructive 1994 earthquake in Northridge, Los Angeles, California, was caused by a previously undiscovered blind thrust fault.
Because of their low dip, thrusts are also difficult to appreciate in mapping, where lithological offsets are generally subtle and stratigraphic repetition is difficult to detect, especially in peneplain areas.
Fault-bend folds[edit]
Thrust faults, particularly those involved in thin-skinned style of deformation, have a so-called ramp-flat geometry. Thrusts mostly propagate along zones of weakness within a sedimentary sequence, such as mudstones or halite layers, these parts of the thrust are called decollements. If the effectiveness of the decollement becomes reduced, the thrust will tend to cut up the section to a higher stratigraphic level until it reaches another effective decollement where it can continue as bedding parallel flat. The part of the thrust linking the two flats is known as a ramp and typically forms at an angle of about 15°–30° to the bedding. Continued displacement on a thrust over a ramp produces a characteristic fold geometry known as a ramp anticline or, more generally, as a fault-bend fold.
Fault-propagation folds[edit]
Fault-propagation folds form at the tip of a thrust fault where propagation along the decollement has ceased but displacement on the thrust behind the fault tip is continuing. The continuing displacement is accommodated by formation of an asymmetric anticline-syncline fold pair. As displacement continues the thrust tip starts to propagate along the axis of the syncline. Such structures are also known as tip-line folds. Eventually the propagating thrust tip may reach another effective decollement layer and a composite fold structure will develop with characteristics of both fault-bend and fault-propagation folds.
Thrust duplex[edit]
Duplexes occur where there are two decollement levels close to each other within a sedimentary sequence, such as the top and base of a relatively strong sandstone layer bounded by two relatively weak mudstone layers. When a thrust that has propagated along the lower detachment, known as the floor thrust, cuts up to the upper detachment, known as the roof thrust, it forms a ramp within the stronger layer. With continued displacement on the thrust, higher stresses are developed in the footwall of the ramp due to the bend on the fault. This may cause renewed propagation along the floor thrust until it again cuts up to join the roof thrust. Further displacement then takes place via the newly created ramp. This process may repeat many times, forming a series of fault bounded thrust slices known as imbricates or horses, each with the geometry of a fault-bend fold of small displacement. The final result is typically a lozenge shaped duplex.
Most duplexes have only small displacements on the bounding faults between the horses and these dip away from the foreland. Occasionally the displacement on the individual horses is greater, such that each horse lies more or less vertically above the other, this is known as an antiformal stack or imbricate stack. If the individual displacements are greater still, then the horses have a foreland dip.
Duplexing is a very efficient mechanism of accommodating shortening of the crust by thickening the section rather than by folding and deformation.[5]
Tectonic environment[edit]
Main article: Thrust tectonics
An example of thin-skinned deformation (thrusting) in Montana. Note that the white Madison Limestone is repeated, with one example in the foreground and another at a higher level to the upper right corner and top of the picture.
Large overthrust faults occur in areas that have undergone great compressional forces.
These conditions exist in the orogenic belts that result from either two continental tectonic collisions or from subduction zone accretion.
The resultant compressional forces produce mountain ranges. The Himalayas, the Alps, and the Appalachians are prominent examples of compressional orogenies with numerous overthrust faults.
Thrust faults occur in the foreland basin which occur marginal to orogenic belts. Here, compression does not result in appreciable mountain building, which is mostly accommodated by folding and stacking of thrusts. Instead thrust faults generally cause a thickening of the stratigraphic section. When thrusts are developed in orogens formed in previously rifted margins, inversion of the buried paleo-rifts can induce the nucleation of thrust ramps.[6]
Foreland basin thrusts also usually observe the ramp-flat geometry, with thrusts propagating within units at a very low angle "flats" (at 1–5 degrees) and then moving up-section in steeper ramps (at 5–20 degrees) where they offset stratigraphic units. Thrusts have also been detected in cratonic settings, where "far-foreland" deformation has advanced into intracontinental areas.[6]
Thrusts and duplexes are also found in accretionary wedges in the ocean trench margin of subduction zones, where oceanic sediments are scraped off the subducted plate and accumulate. Here, the accretionary wedge must thicken by up to 200% and this is achieved by stacking thrust fault upon thrust fault in a melange of disrupted rock, often with chaotic folding. Here, ramp flat geometries are not usually observed because the compressional force is at a steep angle to the sedimentary layering.
Thrust Fault Outcrop
Thrust faults were unrecognised until the work of Arnold Escher von der Linth, Albert Heim and Marcel Alexandre Bertrand in the Alps working on the Glarus Thrust; Charles Lapworth, Ben Peach and John Horne working on parts of the Moine Thrust Scotland; Alfred Elis Törnebohm in the Scandinavian Caledonides and R. G. McConnell in the Canadian Rockies.[7][8] The realisation that older strata could, via faulting, be found above younger strata, was arrived at more or less independently by geologists in all these areas during the 1880s. Geikie in 1884 coined the term thrust-plane to describe this special set of faults. He wrote:
By a system of reversed faults, a group of strata is made to cover a great breadth of ground and actually to overlie higher members of the same series. The most extraordinary dislocations, however, are those to which for distinction we have given the name of Thrust-planes. They are strictly reversed faults, but with so low a hade that the rocks on their upthrown side have been, as it were, pushed horizontally forward.[9][10]
^ "dip slip". Earthquake Glossary. USGS. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ "How are reverse faults different than thrust faults? In what way are they similar?". UCSB Science Line. University of California, Santa Barbara. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Crosby, G. W. (1967). "High Angle Dips at Erosional Edge of Overthrust Faults". Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology. 15 (3): 219–229.
^ Neuendorf, K. K. E.; Mehl Jr., J. P.; Jackson, J. A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 462.
^ Moore, Thomas E.; Potter, Christopher J. (2003). "Structural Plays in Ellesmerian Sequence and Correlative Strata of the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report. Open-File Report. 03–253. doi:10.3133/ofr03253. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
^ a b Martins-Ferreira, Marco Antonio Caçador (April 2019). "Effects of initial rift inversion over fold-and-thrust development in a cratonic far-foreland setting". Tectonophysics. 757: 88–107. Bibcode:2019Tectp.757...88M. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2019.03.009. S2CID 135346440.
^ Peach, B. N., Horne, J., Gunn, W., Clough, C. T. & Hinxman, L. W. 1907. The Geological Structure of the North-west Highlands of Scotland (Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Scotland). His Majesty's Stationery Office, Glasgow.
^ McConnell, R. G. (1887) Report on the geological structure of a portion of the Rocky Mountains: Geol. Surv. Canada Summ. Rept., 2, p. 41.
^ "Thrust Tectonics". www.see.leeds.ac.uk.
^ Archibald Geikie (November 13, 1884). "The Crystalline Rocks of the Scottish Highlands". Nature. 31 (785): 29–31. Bibcode:1884Natur..31...29G. doi:10.1038/031029d0.
Appalachian folding, thrusting and duplexing Archived 2010-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
Rob Butler's webpage on thrusts
Structural geology
Underlying theory
Deformation mechanism
Lamé's stress ellipsoid
Mohr–Coulomb theory
Mohr's circle
Overburden pressure
Strain partitioning
Stress field
Measurement conventions
Brunton compass
Orthographic projection
Stereographic projection
Strike and dip
Large-scale tectonics
Accretionary wedge
Allochthon
Autochthon
Back-arc basin
Continental collision
Convergent boundary
Décollement
Divergent boundary
Extensional tectonics
Fault block
Fold and thrust belt
Fold mountains
Foreland basin
Half-graben
Horst and graben
Intra-arc basin
Klippe
List of tectonic plate interactions
Mountain formation
Obduction
Orogeny
Passive margin
Plate tectonics
Pull-apart basin
Rift valley
Strike-slip tectonics
Structural basin
Syneclise
Terrane
Thick-skinned deformation
Thin-skinned deformation
Thrust tectonics
Columnar jointing
Exfoliation joint
Faulting
Cataclasite
Cataclastic rock
Detachment fault
Fault mechanics
Fault scarp
Fault trace
Transfer zone
Transform fault
Foliation and lineation
Crenulation
Fissility
Oblique foliation
Pressure solution
Rock microstructure
Slickenside
Stylolite
Tectonic phase
Tectonite
Detachment fold
Homocline
Monocline
Syncline
Vergence
Boudinage
Kinematic analysis
3D fold evolution
Paleostress inversion
Paleostress
Section restoration
Shear zone
Mylonite
Pure shear
Geology portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrust_fault&oldid=1117436688"


text:
En Birmanie, la peine de mort est une sanction légale prévue par le code pénal. Elle est appliquée en 2022 pour la première fois depuis 1988.

Depuis le coup d'état de février 2021, les règles du code civil sont suspendues et sont remplacées pas la loi martiale.

Crimes punis de la peine de mort
Les crimes passibles de la peine de morts sont :
 meurtre,
 terrorisme,
 participation à un vol collectif si l'un des voleurs commet un meurtre,
 incitation à une mutinerie réussie,
 agression par une personne condamnée à perpétuité causant un préjudice,
 agression avec l'intention de tuer qui ne cause que du tort,
 parjure causant exécution d'une personne innocente,
 haute trahison
 trafic de drogue (Crimes liés à la drogue passibles de la peine de mort : production, transport, crime organisé, utilisation d'enfants ou de personnes vulnérables dans des crimes liés à la drogue). Pour les crimes liés à la drogue, en cas de condamnation en état de récidive, la peine de mort est automatique.

Procédure / Application selon les infractions

Procédure judiciaire

Recours en grâce

Application selon les infractions

Histoire

Evolutions récentes

Le Myanmar n'a procédé à aucune exécution entre 1988 et 2021.

Il y a eu trois amnisties majeures (1989, 1993, 1997) dans lesquelles le gouvernement a commué les condamnations à mort en condamnations à perpétuité ou moins, et a simultanément réduit les peines à perpétuité à 10 ans. Cependant, les prisonniers détenus pour des crimes politiques ou des crimes contre l'État sont généralement exclus de ces amnisties. Néanmoins, le Myanmar est considéré comme  par Amnesty International.

Remise en cause du moratoire
Le statut d'abolitionniste en pratique du pays est actuellement menacé, car le , l'armée a renversé le gouvernement démocratique lors d'un coup d'État. Le 14 mars, l'armée a déclaré la loi martiale dans certaines régions de deux plus grandes villes (Yangon et Mandalay) et a en outre annoncé l'introduction d'une série de nouvelles lois et sanctions pour insurrection et protestation, y compris la peine capitale. Le , la chaîne publique Myawaddy TV a annoncé que 23 manifestants avaient été inculpés de meurtre et, conformément à l'article 496 du code pénal, risquaient d'être exécutés. La date de l'exécution n'a pas été annoncée et on ignore actuellement (au 10 avril) si et comment les condamnations seront exécutées. Au moins 17 des condamnés ont été jugés par contumace et on ne sait pas s'ils ont été interpellés depuis. Fin juillet 2021, Human Rights Watch comptabilise 65 condamnations à mort prononcées par les tribunaux militaires depuis le coup d'état.

Si cela placerait le Myanmar dans la catégorie « rétentionniste », les peines n'ont pas encore été exécutées. En outre, la légitimité du gouvernement militaire et les lois martiales récemment imposées sont contestées par le gouvernement déchu (connu sous le nom de ) qui revendique la seule autorité législative. La communauté internationale n'a pas encore décidé si la junte militaire ou le NUG est le gouvernement légitime, et en tant que tel, il n'est pas clair si ces exécutions proposées seraient considérées par la communauté internationale comme des applications licites de la peine de mort ou des exécutions extrajudiciaires par les forces armées.

Régions autonomes
Des exécutions ont lieu dans l'État Wa autonome de facto. L'état de Wa (officiellement la division auto-administrée de Wa) est théoriquement une division semi-autonome située dans deux régions déconnectées de l'État de Shan. En tant que tel, il est en principe soumis aux lois, à l'application et au système judiciaire du Myanmar. Cependant, en réalité, l'État de Wa est entièrement contrôlé par l'armée de l'État unie de Wa (UWSA) - une organisation armée ethnique (EAO) auparavant en rébellion ouverte contre le gouvernement et l'armée du Myanmar. Alors que ces dernières années l'UWSA est parvenue à une détente avec l'autorité centrale du Myanmar, le système juridique du Myanmar ne s'applique pas dans la pratique dans l'État de Wa. De ce fait, des condamnations à mort sont régulièrement prononcées et exécutées, la dernière datant de 2020. L'État de Wa n'impose la peine de mort que pour le meurtre et les exécutions se font par balle dans l'arrière de la tête.

Une autre région autonome de facto, Mong La (officiellement: la région spéciale de l'État Shan 4) à la frontière entre le Myanmar et la Chine sous le contrôle de l'Armée nationale de l'Alliance démocratique (NDAA) est également réputée pour effectuer des exécutions tout comme l'État de Wa. Cependant, les informations sont moins fiables car les exécutions ne sont pas officiellement annoncées.

Principales condamnations à mort
En 2018,  Myo Zaw Oo a été condamné à mort après avoir été reconnu coupable du viol et du meurtre d'un fonctionnaire du gouvernement. Le 25 juillet 2022 4 condamnés à mort, opposants au régime, ont été exécutés.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Birmanie
Droit en Birmanie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Guns N' Roses First to Reach 1 Billion YouTube Views on Video From the 80s
One of the biggest rock songs of the 80s still has momentum. The video for Guns N' Roses ' "Sweet Child O' Mine" just became the first clip from the decade to achieve one billion views on YouTube. The black and white video depicts a band that's about to explode rehearsing. All of the band members'...
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text:
Delhi govt schools start 100-day reading campaign as part of 'Padhe Bharat'
'Padhe Bharat' is a campaign started by the Central government for improving the students' creativity, critical thinking, vocabulary, and ability to express themselves.
The 100-day reading campaign as part of 'Padhe Bharat' has started in Delhi government and corporation schools from classes nursery to VIII. 'Padhe Bharat' is a campaign started by the Central government for improving the students' creativity, critical thinking, vocabulary, and ability to express themselves.
The reading campaign for students of local bodies and DoE schools will be along the lines of Mission Buniyaad, and will be conducted with the assistance of parents under the remote guidance of school teachers.
"The basic learning tool in this campaign will be the worksheets prepared by SCERT Delhi, which will be provided to the schools on a weekly basis. Through these worksheets, students will be taught speaking, listening, reading, writing and numeracy activities, so that the loss in their foundational learning abilities remains minimal during the current phase of school closure," stated a circular sent to the schools.
As part of the campaign, students will be provided six worksheets in a week, two each for English, Hindi and numeracy with short stories, humor, anecdotes, songs, poems and activities for numeracy. There will also be easy to-do tasks at home to be shared with teachers and parents/siblings/friends.
Padhe Bharat
Mission Buniyaad
AISHE 2020-21: Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education improves for all social groups
India to showcase digital tech adoption in education at G20 Education Working Group meeting
PM Modi's mantras for Exam Warriors to tackle exams like Messi
American India Foundation inaugurates first STEM innovation and learning center in Chennai
C-DOT, IEEE collaborate to introduce ICCTEP for bridging skill gaps in 5G, cybersecurity and Quantum communication


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text:
Antibodies and Assays>
Primary Antibodies>
Anti-TGF-β3 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (236-5.2)
GF16 Sigma-AldrichAnti-TGF-β3 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (236-5.2)
This Anti-TGF-β3 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (236-5.2) is validated for use in Frozen Sections, Immunoblotting, Immunoprecipitation, Paraffin Sections for the detection of TGF-β3 (Ab-1).
More>> This Anti-TGF-β3 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (236-5.2) is validated for use in Frozen Sections, Immunoblotting, Immunoprecipitation, Paraffin Sections for the detection of TGF-β3 (Ab-1). Less<<
Anti-TGF-β3 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (236-5.2) MSDS (material safety data sheet) or SDS, CoA and CoQ, dossiers, brochures and other available documents.
Synonyms: Anti-Transforming Growth Factor-β3
H, M, R M Monoclonal Antibody
GF16-200UG
Plastic ampoule 200 μg
Overview Recognizes TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 in umbilical cord cells. Does not cross-react with TGF-β1.
Catalogue Number GF16
Synonyms Anti-Transforming Growth Factor-β3
References Burton, P.B.J., et al. 1993 Int. J. Exp. Path. 74, 87.
Roberts, A.B., et al. 1990 Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol] 327, 145.
ten Dijke, P., et al. 1990 Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 4473.
ten Dijke, P., et al. 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 4715.
de Martin, R., et al. 1987 EMBO J. 6, 3677.
Sporn, M.B., et al. 1987 J. Cell Biol. 105, 1039.
Derynck, R., et al. 1985 Nature 316, 701.
Anzano, M.A., et al. 1983 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 6264.
Todaro, G.J., et al. 1980 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 5258.
Formulation In 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 50% glycerol.
Positive control Recombinant TGF-β3 protein (Cat. No. PF018) or umbilical cord cells
Preservative None
Key Applications Paraffin Sections
Frozen Sections
Immunoblotting (Western Blotting)
Application Notes Frozen Sections (1-5 µg/ml)
Immunoblotting (1-5 µg/ml)
Immunoprecipitation (1-2 µg/sample)
Paraffin Sections (1-10 µg/ml, no pre-treatment required, see comments)
Application Comments Does not cross-react with TGF-β1. For staining paraffin sections, no pre-treatment is required, but the addition of 0.05% Triton® X-100 detergent in the incubation buffer is recommended. Antibody should be titrated for optimal results in individual systems.
Immunogen recombinant, human TGF-β3
Immunogen Human
Epitope within the N-terminal region
Clone 236-5.2
Isotype IgG₁
Antibody Type Monoclonal Antibody
Concentration Label Please refer to vial label for lot-specific concentration
Ship Code Dry Ice Only
Toxicity Standard Handling
Avoid freeze/thaw Avoid freeze/thaw
Special Instructions Following initial thaw, aliquot and freeze (-20°C).
Anti-TGF-β3 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (236-5.2) SDS
Anti-TGF-β3 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (236-5.2) Certificates of Analysis
GF16 Enter Lot Number
Burton, P.B.J., et al. 1993 Int. J. Exp. Path. 74, 87.
Revision 23-August-2007 RFH
Application Frozen Sections (1-5 µg/ml)
Description Purified mouse monoclonal antibody generated by immunizing Balb/c mice with the specified immunogen and fusing splenocytes with P3x63 Ag 8.653 myeloma cells. Recognizes TGF-β2 and TGF-β3.
Background Transforming growth factorβs are a family of proteins originally characterized by their ability to act synergistically with EGF or TGFα. TGFβs have been found to produce multiple biological effects including mitogenesis, growth inhibition, chemotaxis and induction or inhibition of differentiation. In their mature form TGFβs are acid- and heat-stable disulfide-linked homodimeric proteins (Mr = ~25 kDa), with each homodimer consisting of 112 amino acid residues. Two homodimeric forms of TGFβ have been identified (TGFβ1 and TGFβ2) which show significant amino acid sequence homology. A new member of the family, TGFβ3 has recently been cloned and characterized. There is greater amino acid homology between TGFβ3 and TGFβ2 as compared with TGFβ1. All TGFβs are released by cells in a biologically latent form. Most cells have high affinity receptors for TGFβ1, β2, and β3.
Immunogen species Human
Species human, mouse, rat
Comments Does not cross-react with TGF-β1. For staining paraffin sections, no pre-treatment is required, but the addition of 0.05% Triton® X-100 detergent in the incubation buffer is recommended. Antibody should be titrated for optimal results in individual systems.
Avoid freeze/thaw
Life Science Research > Antibodies and Assays > Primary Antibodies


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text:
Prehistoric enclosed settlement, Iron Age hillfort and medieval shielings on Humbleton Hill
A Scheduled Monument in Akeld, Northumberland
Latitude: 55.5483 / 55°32'53"N
Longitude: -2.0539 / 2°3'14"W
OS Eastings: 396693.532745
OS Northings: 628284.540122
OS Grid: NT966282
Mapcode National: GBR G438.3X
Mapcode Global: WH9ZH.FT50
Entry Name: Prehistoric enclosed settlement, Iron Age hillfort and medieval shielings on Humbleton Hill
Scheduled Date: 24 September 1934
Last Amended: 21 June 1999
County: Northumberland
Civil Parish: Akeld
Traditional County: Northumberland
Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): Northumberland
Church of England Parish: Wooler St Mary
Church of England Diocese: Newcastle
The monument includes two enclosed settlements of prehistoric date situated on
the summit of Humbleton Hill with panoramic views, especially to the north and
south. The inner enclosure is an Iron Age hillfort and the outer enclosure is
thought to be Neolithic or Bronze Age in date. There are numerous circular
house platforms, mainly within the Iron Age hillfort, as well as later
features such as medieval shielings and stock pens.
The outer enclosure is irregular in shape, measures a maximum 290m east-west
by 210m north-south and, for most of its length, follows the natural break of
the slope. On the south side a steep ravine provides an added defence. The
enclosure is defined by a low bank of earth and stone along the north west
side, on average 5m wide by 0.7m high externally. The eastern side of the
enclosure has many facing stones surviving in situ, indicating a wall between
2.5m and 3.5m wide at the base. This eastern side curves uphill towards the
outer rampart of the Iron Age hillfort. It has been suggested that this may
represent an episode of rebuilding and that its original course continued
southward along the break in slope to the edge of the ravine. The original
entrance is believed to lie at the south west corner, and measures 4m wide and
is defined by a series of large stones set on edge. On the northern side of
the enclosure are three possible unrecorded excavation trenches which cut
across the bank exposing the core. Several possible house sites lie within the
enclosure and more than one phase of activity is represented. Traces of later
prehistoric cord rig cultivation have been noted within the northern part of
the enclosure on a roughly east-west axis.
The inner enclosure is roughly `U'-shaped with its open end to the south,
above the edge of the ravine, measuring 110m both east-west and north-south.
It is of a more massive construction than the outer enclosure and comprises a
stone rampart with a second, inner rampart, on the east side. The outer
rampart survives as a broad bank of stone, approximately 10m wide. This
feature originally comprised a double stone wall and the outer faces of both
walls can be traced intermittently. A series of small quarry scoops behind the
inner wall on the east side are thought to be the source of at least some of
the construction stone. The north to north west sides of the hillfort were
protected only by the inner wall; the defences were enhanced by the natural
scarp and sheer granite outcrops. The entrance to the hillfort, 1.5m wide,
lies in the south east side of the outer rampart and is marked by large
granite boulders. A second entrance lies at the south west corner, close to
the edge of the ravine, but may be a later modification. The inner rampart
survives as a bank of loose stones, 9.5m wide on average and up to 1m
high, with a short section of well preserved walling at the northern end; both
the inner and outer faces are intact. There is an entrance approximately
midway along its length. In the area between the inner and outer ramparts
there are up to eight circular house platforms. Within the inner rampart there
are 20 circular house platforms, between 4m and 8m in diameter; these are
commonly defined by a terrace into the hillslope, although there are traces of
at least one house defined by a ring groove earthwork, now partly overlain by
stone moved from the rampart. The date of these houses and the phase of
settlement on the hilltop to which they relate cannot presently be determined.
A cairn of unknown date, 9m in diameter and 2m high, stands on the summit of
the hill within the inner rampart and is built from stone robbed from the
rampart, although recent additions may mask an earlier feature.
A number of small enclosures abut the inner and outer sides of the hillfort
rampart and the outer enclosure bank, and two lie about 30m outside the outer
enclosure. They are interpreted as medieval or later shielings or stock pens,
and are defined largely by loosely built bands of stone.
MAP EXTRACT
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract.
It includes a 2 metre boundary around the archaeological features,
considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.
Reasons for Scheduling
Small multivallate hillforts are defined as fortified enclosures of varying
shape, generally between 1 and 5ha in size and located on hilltops. They are
defined by boundaries consisting of two or more lines of closely set
earthworks spaced at intervals of up to 15m. These entirely surround the
interior except on sites located on promontories, where cliffs may form one or
more sides of the monument. They date to the Iron Age period, most having been
constructed and occupied between the sixth century BC and the mid-first
century AD. Small multivallate hillforts are generally regarded as settlements
of high status, occupied on a permanent basis. Recent interpretations suggest
that the construction of multiple earthworks may have had as much to do with
display as with defence. Earthworks may consist of a rampart alone or of a
rampart and ditch which, on many sites, are associated with counterscarp banks
and internal quarry scoops. Access to the interior is generally provided by
one or two entrances, which either appear as simple gaps in the earthwork or
inturned passages, sometimes with guardrooms. The interior generally consists
of settlement evidence including round houses, four and six post structures
interpreted as raised granaries, roads, pits, gullies, hearths and a variety
of scattered post and stake holes. Evidence from outside numerous examples of
small multivallate hillforts suggests that extra-mural settlement was of a
similar nature. Small multivallate hillforts are rare with around 100 examples
recorded nationally. Most are located in the Welsh Marches and the south-west
with a concentration of small monuments in the north-east. In view of the
rarity of small multivallate hillforts and their importance in understanding
the nature of settlement and social organisation within the Iron Age period,
all examples with surviving archaeological remains are believed to be of
national importance.
Within the landscapes of upland Northern England there are many discreet
blocks of land enclosed by banks of stone and earth or walls of rubble and
boulders. Many date from the Bronze Age, although earlier and later examples
also exist. They were constructed as stock pens or as protected areas for crop
growing and were sometimes sub-divided to accommodate animal shelters and hut
circle settlements for farmers or herders. The size and form of enclosures may
vary considerably, depending on their particular function. Their variation in
form, longevity and relationship to other monument classes provides important
information on the diversity of social organisation and farming practices
among prehistoric communities. They are highly representative of their period
and a substantial proportion of surviving examples are worthy of protection.
Shielings are small seasonally occupied huts which were built to provide
shelter for herdsmen who tended animals grazing summer pasture on upland or
marshland. These huts reflect a system called transhumance, whereby stock was
moved in spring from lowland pasture around the permanently occupied farms to
communal upland grazing during the warmer summer months. Settlement patterns
reflecting transhumance are known from the Bronze Age (c.2000-700 BC) onwards.
However, the construction of herdsmen's huts in a form distinctive from the
normal dwelling houses of farms only appears from the early medieval period
onwards (from AD 450), when the practice of transhumance is also known from
documentary sources and, notably, place name studies. Their construction
appears to cease at the end of the 16th century. Shielings vary in size but
are commonly small and may occur singly or in groups. They have a simple
sub-rectangular or ovoid plan normally defined by drystone walling, although
occasional turf built structures are evident and the huts are sometimes
surrounded by a ditch. Most examples have a single undivided interior but two
roomed examples are known. Some examples have adjacent ancillary structures,
such as pens and may be associated with a midden. Some are also contained
within a small ovoid enclosure. Shielings are reasonably common in the uplands
but frequently represent the only evidence for medieval settlement and farming
practice here. Those examples which survive well and which help illustrate
medieval land use in the area are considered to be nationally important.
The prehistoric enclosure, Iron Age hillfort and medieval shielings on
Humbleton Hill are well preserved and retain significant archaeological
deposits. Information on the relationship of the outer enclosure to the Iron
Age hillfort will be preserved, providing an insight into changing use of this
hilltop in later prehistory. The monument is also situated within an area of
clustered archaeological sites whose remains are well preserved and forms part
of a wider archaeological landscape in the northern Cheviot Hills. It will
contribute to the study of the wider settlement and land use pattern at this
Waddington, C, 'Northern Archaeology' in Humbleton Hill Hillfort Survey, , Vol. 15/16, (1998), 71-81
RCHME, Humbleton Hill, Northumberland. Field Survey Report, (1997)
Romano-British native farmstead 970m north east of triangulation point on Gains Law
Akeld
Roman period native homestead 400m south of Humbleton Hill hillfort
Hut circle 770m south east of White Gables
Romano-British farmstead 900m north east of triangulation point on Gains Law
Romano-British farmstead 630m south west of White Gables
Round cairn 760m south east of triangulation point on Gains Law
Roman period native farmstead and associated scooped enclosures and trackways on east slope of Hareh
Romano-British farmstead and part of an associated field system 630m south west of White Gables


text:
Koppers Holdings Inc. (KOP)
Equity · Currency in USD
US50060P1066
50060P106
KOPPrice Chart
KOPPerformance
The chart shows the growth of $10,000 invested in Koppers Holdings Inc. on Jan 5, 2010 and compares it to the S&P 500 index or another benchmark. It would be worth nearly $11,288 for a total return of roughly 12.88%. All prices are adjusted for splits and dividends.
KOP (Koppers Holdings Inc.)
KOPReturns in periods
YTD 0.51% -2.17%
1M 3.42% 0.62%
10Y -0.28% 13.73%
KOPMonthly Returns Heatmap
KOPSharpe Ratio Chart
The current Koppers Holdings Inc. Sharpe ratio is -0.10. A negative Sharpe ratio means that the risk-free rate is higher than the portfolio's return. This value does not convey any meaningful information.
KOPDividends
Koppers Holdings Inc. granted a 0.00% dividend yield in the last twelve months, as of Jan 15, 2022. The annual payout for that period amounted to $0.00 per share.
Dividend $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $1.00 $1.00 $0.96 $0.88 $0.88
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 3.85% 2.25% 2.65% 2.77% 2.73%
KOPDrawdowns Chart
KOPWorst Drawdowns
The table below shows the maximum drawdowns of the Koppers Holdings Inc.. A maximum drawdown is an indicator of risk. It shows a reduction in portfolio value from its maximum due to a series of losing trades.
The maximum drawdown since January 2010 for the Koppers Holdings Inc. is 83.71%, recorded on Apr 3, 2020. The portfolio has not recovered from it yet.
Dec 27, 2017 571 Apr 3, 2020 — — —
Nov 11, 2013 550 Jan 19, 2016 437 Oct 11, 2017 987
May 2, 2011 102 Sep 23, 2011 371 Mar 19, 2013 473
May 13, 2010 77 Aug 31, 2010 74 Dec 15, 2010 151
Mar 26, 2013 78 Jul 16, 2013 70 Oct 23, 2013 148
Jan 12, 2010 19 Feb 8, 2010 64 May 11, 2010 83
Feb 15, 2011 22 Mar 17, 2011 6 Mar 25, 2011 28
Nov 10, 2017 4 Nov 15, 2017 11 Dec 1, 2017 15
Dec 4, 2017 9 Dec 14, 2017 2 Dec 18, 2017 11
Jan 18, 2011 3 Jan 20, 2011 13 Feb 8, 2011 16
KOPVolatility Chart
Current Koppers Holdings Inc. volatility is 30.75%. The chart below shows the rolling 10-day volatility. Volatility is a statistical measure showing how big price swings are in either direction. The higher asset volatility, the riskier it is, because the price movements are less predictable.
Portfolios with Koppers Holdings Inc.
More Tools for Koppers Holdings Inc.


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text:
Jack Wallin 1929-2018
Click to watch the Garden Grove TV 3 story about Jack
Jack Wallin, the 2018 Garden Grove Strawberry Festival parade Theme Grand Marshal, served continuously on the festival board for 60 years. He passed away in September 2018. He will be greatly missed.
As the 2018 Grand Marshal honoree he recalled how the event came to be and the early days of the festival. Wallin said before 1958 the Garden Grove Chamber of Commerce had a strawberry festival with parade but it was not a fund raiser, rather it was put on as a community service. There were rides and lots of strawberries. When the Chamber decided not to do it any more, a few people from the community formed the Garden Grove Strawberry Festival Association as a non-profit in 1958 and moved it to Garden Grove Park at Westminster and Magnolia Boulevards. They set up a 100 foot row of tents for vendor booths and had carnival rides outside it. When it rained one year, they had to poke holes in the tents to drain accumulated water and keep them from collapsing. There were many food booths because the festival was very food-oriented. Service clubs were involved then too. There was even a circus in those days. "The newspaper wanted a photo of a board member near the lions cage," he laughingly remembered, "and I volunteered. The photographer told me to get up on the cage trailer for a better shot, then as a joke someone prodded the lion with a pole and he let a huge roar. I took off so fast and I don't think I stopped running until I reached Westminster
They had real helicopter rides that flew people over the area, Wallin recalled, and revenues were allocated as they are today, benefiting local charities. He helped drill holes and put in posts for an exciting overhead gondola ride which afforded an aerial view of the park. Following that, there were other rides for three or four years and a rodeo until some rodeo guy took off with a bunch of money. The event was held at Bolsa Grande High School in the football field and drew good crowds. They had a "Battle of the Bands" where different high school bands and some outside bands competed. The festival even put on a tennis tournament in town and handed out trophies, it sponsored a hole-in-one contest, and invited musical groups to play.
Initially, the parade went down Brookhurst to Westminster Boulevard, and later the route changed, moving from Euclid to Westminster Boulevard and ending at Garden Grove Park. Lee Walters, an advertising executive, got celebrities for the parade and the first grand marshal was film star Francis X. Bushman. Walters put on a talent competition and a young and not-yet-famous Steve Martin won the top award. Senator Robert Kennedy rode in the festival parade the day before he went to Los Angeles where he was killed.
In the 1960s Wallin took a gutsy chance and stepped in when some guys tried to run down a policeman. He jumped on the car speeding away, grabbed the steering wheel and turned it into the curb. The guy was caught, but Wallin ended up in the hospital for a few days. "I was young and foolish in those days," he recalled.
For many years Jack Wallin worked at Kiwanisland where he tended the grounds, doing the mowing and trimming himself, and handling reservations for the community room. He was Park Superintendent for the City of Garden Grove for 20 years until he retired on disability from a work injury. During his tenure he helped build six parks and worked on the Willowick Golf Course. He currently serves on the Garden Grove Parks Commission. He lived in Garden Grove since 1956 when the city was incorporated. He and his wife, Marge have five children, 10 grandchildren and one great-grandchild.
Wallin has said the festival board always has had good members who have gotten along well with each other and with the city of Garden Grove, making it the envy of other local organizations. He stayed on the board because he liked the people and because it was for a good cause: helping local charities. Donations to date have topped $7 million. Every year since being on the board, Wallin spent two solid weeks setting up the festival as board member in charge of grounds and rides. He coordinated layout and ride setup with the carnival company, and he worked the grounds all four days of the huge Memorial Day weekend event. Wallin felt honored to have been part of an organization for the past 60 years that has done so much good for the community. Last year alone the festival raised over $300,000 for local charities. About this he has said, "We've helped so many kids through our donations, and their having booths where they raise lots of money for youth projects. It's very gratifying."
In addition to the festival board, Wallin has worked with the Boys and Girls Club of Garden Grove, the Soroptimist Club and others, and has been honored many times for his outstanding community service. Among his awards are:
Cypress College Americana Citizen of the Year from Garden Grove – 2001
Garden Grove Man of the Year – 1983
Garden Grove Kiwanian of the Year – 1989
Garden Grove Elks Lodge Citizen of the Year – 1991-92


text:
package Moose::Exception::CreateMOPClassTakesArrayRefOfSuperclasses;
our $VERSION = '2.1404';

use Moose;
extends 'Moose::Exception';
with 'Moose::Exception::Role::RoleForCreateMOPClass';

sub _build_message {
    "You must pass an ARRAY ref of superclasses";
}

1;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


By: Orangewood Labs | Office design can either enhance or dampen the company culture. The roots of the firm are reflected through its brand, functions, and values. Our client – 'SENRA', a U.S based IoT (Internet of things) company, had a similar approach while expanding and setting up their new office in India.
By: Brickwood419 Design Studio, New Delhi | Brickwood design has always prided itself on conceptualizing and realizing the design potential of a site, no matter how conventional or unconventional it is. One such site was The Beer Cafe, located at the Unity One Mall next to Rohini metro station. The site was a modest one, measuring approximately 1000 Sq.ft in the area and was longitudinally spaced, with its rear being open to the facade of the mall.
By: Group DCA, New Delhi | Good interior design should be accessible to all in order to create vibrant and happy spaces. Workplace Design as a concept is constantly and consistently evolving with the onset of the Start-up and dot com era.


I can't tell you when Jim Ed Brown last issued a solo album of new material. The last one I recall was It's That Time Of The Night on RCA in 1974, After that there were some duet albums with Helen Cornelius, but even the last of those albums came in 1980. There may have been something after that but I don't recall anything.
Anyway, it truly is a pleasure to have some new material from Jim Ed. The voice isn't quite as smooth as it was in 1954 or 1974, but it is still a good voice with warmth, depth and character.
While not specifically designated as a 'concept album' , the general theme of the album is that of an older person looking back at life.
The album opens up with "When The Sun Says Hello To The Mountain" a wistful older song I've heard before. Famous French-Canadian singer Lucille Starr had a huge hit with this record singing the original French lyrics. Marion Worth had a country hit with it in 1964, and Mona McCall (Darrell Mc Call's wife) does a fine version of the song (using mixed French and English lyrics under the title "The French Song"), but Jim Ed nails the song and makes it his own. It's a lovely ballad with a beautiful melody. Jim Ed is joined by his sister Bonnie Brown and the song sounds like a song the Browns could have recorded in their heyday. Chris Scruggs plays Hawaiian-style steel guitar on the track.
It brings back sweet memories of you.
I'm alone dreaming only of you.
"Tried and True" was written by the album's producer Don Cusic, one of six songs Cusic wrote for this album. The song is a mid-tempo ballad, a love song about the kind of love the singer bears for his true love.
"In Style Again" was produced by Bobby Bare and issued as a single a year or two again. It wasn't really part of this album project, (there is no overlap among the musicians used on this track and the rest of the album tracks) but it was added to the album and fits in nicely with the general theme of the album. It should have been a hit, but of course, radio won't play songs by octogenarians, no matter how high the quality.
Don Cusic penned "Watching The World Walking By" a mid-tempo ballad of the life as seen through older eyes.
"You Again" was a #1 hit for The Forester Sisters in 1987. Jim Ed is joined by Cheryl & Sharon White on this slow ballad, another retrospective love song. Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz wrote this song.
Jim Ed digs into the song bag of Hall of Famer Cindy Walker for "I Like It". It's another mid-tempo ballad as is the next track, probably the most famous song on the album, "Don't Let Me Cross Over", a song which spent eleven weeks at #1 in 1962 for Carl & Pearl Butler. Jim Ed is joined here by his former duet partner Helen Cornelius. They still sound great together although Jim Ed and Helen don't sing with the exuberance of the original. This song does not quite fit the general theme of the album since it's an old-fashioned (almost) cheating song.
"Older Guy" is another song from the pen of Don Cusic, this one another mid-tempo ballad comparing the energy of younger guys to the wisdom of older men. This song straddles the line between jazz and country. "It's A Good Life", also written by Don Cusic continues the narrative of the album, which is the view of life through the eyes of an older man.
Bill Anderson chips in with "Lucky Enough" , probably the most up-tempo song on the album. In this song the singer recounts the thing in life that really represents good luck. If you're lucky enough to be in love, you've already won – you're lucky enough! Sometimes we forget that.
"Laura (Do You Love Me?" is yet another slow ballad from Cusic, this one the tale of a person left Ireland long ago separating himself from his one true love , thinking of her often and wondering if she still thinks of him.
"The Last One" is another slow ballad, this one ruminating about the emotions of end of life situations. It's rather a sad song and one that could never sound sincere in the hands of a younger artist.
"Am I Still Country" is another Don Cusic song, a wry tongue-in cheek ballad that pokes fun of bro-country and poses the essential question 'Am I Still Country Or I Have I Gone Too Far?' I love the song and think that in different circumstances the song could have been a hit.
The production on this album features a good dose of fiddle (Glen Duncan) and steel guitar (Chris Scruggs). The album clearly is aimed at older listeners as the younger listeners mostly won't relate to these songs, although these songs chronicle what eventually will happen to most of us. Younger listeners may not relate to these songs but they certainly could learn a lot from this album.
The producer of this album, Don Cusic, has had an interesting and distinguished career covering most aspects of country music. His story can be found at www.doncusic.com.
Jim Ed Brown has had three separate and distinct recording careers within country music. The first career ran from 1952 to '54 and found him paired initially with sister Maxine and later with sisters Maxine and Bonnie (1955-67). After the Browns disbanded (Bonnie and Maxine left to raise families), he had a successful career as a solo artist for the next eight years (1967-74). Then, after his solo career as a hit-maker ground to a halt, he took on a third wind with a series of successful duet recordings with Helen Cornelius.
Born in 1934, in Sparkman, Arkansas, Jim Ed Brown was one of five children (two boys and three girls) of a struggling lumberman and his wife. Like many rural families his family would gather on Saturday nights to listen to the Grand Ole Opry on a battery powered radio. Brown and his older sister, Maxine, were especially interested in what they heard on the radio and soon began singing together. Within a few years they were performing on local radio shows.
By Brown's second year of college, he and Maxine were regulars on the Barnyard Frolic on KRLA in Little Rock. In 1954, they wrote their first hit song "Looking Back To See" which charted at #8 for the duo. A cover version by Justin Tubb and Goldie Hill also charted, reaching # 4.
Released on the Faber label in 1954, "Looking Back To See" provided the duo with momentum, leading to membership on the Louisiana Hayride. From there they joined Red Foley as featured regulars on the Ozark Jubilee in 1955. Toward the end of 1955, younger sister Bonnie joined the act and they scored their second top ten record with "Here Today and Gone Tomorrow." With encouragement from their former Faber label mate Jim Reeves, RCA signed the group in 1956, and two Cashbox #1s followed with "I Take the Chance" and "I Heard the Bluebird Sing" (both fell just short of #1 on Billboard). In 1957, Jim Ed was invited to join Uncle Sam for a two year stretch in the US Army. By the time he returned in 1959, RCA had become immersed in the 'Nashville Sound' and the label pointed the group toward the pop charts, succeeding in a big way with "The Three Bells" which was #1 for ten weeks and spent four weeks at #1 on the pop charts and sold millions of copies. This was followed by "Scarlet Ribbons" (#7 country/#13 pop) and "The Old Lamplighter" (#20 country / #5 pop). In 1962, the trio joined the Grand Ole Opry.


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Description: The real estate listing at 1907 Rivers Landing Dr Prospect, KY 40059 with the MLS# 1524055 is currently listed for $520,000 and has been on the Prospect market for 75 days.
You are viewing the GLAR MLS property details of the real estate listing at 1907 Rivers Landing Dr Prospect, KY 40059, which is located in the Rivers Landing neighborhood, includes 3 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms, and has approximately 3337 sq.ft. of living area.


text:
Rubicon, Georgia Tech to develop exoskeleton for waste collectors
Rubicon Global / Georgia Tech
Kristin Musulin @kristinmusulin
Rubicon Global and the Georgia Institute of Technology announced a partnership to design an exoskeleton for waste collectors to wear to improve health and safety on the job.
Development of the exoskeleton will take place at the Georgia Tech's Exoskeleton and Prosthetic Intelligent Control (EPIC) Labs where Dr. Aaron Young is leading the project. "What made this partnership happen was really looking at, how can we augment these workers so that they'll be safer, more efficient on the job and be able to do their tasks easier with some wearable technology?" Young told Waste Dive in an interview.
Young explained the first step of this process is identifying "the difficult motions of lifting ... What is that motion, and what parts of the body are being strained the most?" Once these areas are identified, the teams will begin drafting the exoskeleton designs and building prototypes to be tested on various waste collectors in the area.
Though development of the exoskeleton is in its very early stages, the final product could drastically benefit waste collectors (both men and women) in their day-to-day operations. Young explained there is an intensive level of research that will go into the project, beginning with volunteers — recruited by Rubicon — who will be assessed based in their ranges of motion.
"We can calculate what their internal joint torque and inter contact bone forces — so their joint stresses — are when they're moving," Young said. "So we'll have them do the same task that they would do out in the field, but in a structured biomechanics lab. We'll use motion capture and force plates, as well as what we call EMG or electromyography, which is basically a technique where we can measure how strong the muscles are activating so we can look at their overall muscle activation pattern as they're doing this task." He went on to explain that these various tests will determine the best way to design the exoskeleton.
Patrick O'Neil, president of Alternative Waste Solutions, tests the wearable technology.
Young said there is often a different "technique or structure" in how women perform such tasks compared to men, therefore having both demographics participate in the study is critical to developing proper exoskeletons. He also said they will test novice users versus experienced users, which can help outline how different levels of waste collectors operate.
Because development on the project is just beginning, there is little indication of how expensive one exoskeleton may cost, but some wearable technologies used in other laborious industries cost upward of $6,000 each. Considering each exoskeleton would need to be slightly customized to each waste collector's body, the development of these wearables could be a very costly investment for Rubicon — especially if the company is hoping to one day roll out these exoskeletons across its entire workforce.
Waste collection is, however, one of the most dangerous occupations in the U.S., with a significant injury rate and even more staggering fatality rate. Many will argue that a collector's safety is well worth the investment in costly safety technologies, and if this project is successful, Rubicon may spark an industry trend in such projects and investments.
AtlantaInno Rubicon Global Partners with Georgia Tech on Trash Collector Exoskeleton
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Filed Under: Collections & Transfer Labor


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Search Results for 'Sexual assault'
Galwayman jailed for eight years for rape and sexual assault of daughter
Galway Advertiser / NewsThu, Mar 15, 2018
A Galway man who committed "despicable crimes" by subjecting his daughter to years of physical and sexual abuse has been jailed for eight years.
Manuela Riedo Foundation Ireland allocates €38,000 to sexual assault support agencies
The Manuela Riedo Foundation Ireland (MRFI) has announced that €38,950 has been allocated to professional support agencies for victims and survivors of sexual assault and rape in Ireland. The funding also aided the development of a sexual violence prevention and education pilot programme aimed at transition year students which MRFI initiated in 2015.
Sexual assault treatment service for children re-opens
Galway Advertiser / NewsThu, Apr 07, 2016
The State's only 24 hour service for the forensic examination of children and adolescents who have been sexually abused or allegedly raped, which is located in the city and closed last month, has re-opened.
Connolly demands 'immediate re-opening' of Sexual Assault Treatment Unit
Galway Advertiser / NewsWed, Jan 06, 2016
Closure of the Sexual Assault Treatment for Children in Galway is "unacceptable" and it must be reopened "immediately" especially as sexual assault and violence remains one of the most under-reported and under-recorded of crimes.
The role of consent in preventing sexual assault and discrimination
Galway Advertiser / LifestyleThu, Jun 04, 2015
When evaluating the liberations and empowerment of modern sexual mores, the issue of consent is one that is often ignored by the participants. Often consent is confused with empowerment on both genders.
Survey reveals shocking number of assaults on NUIG students
Galway Advertiser / NewsThu, Jun 04, 2015
A survey investigating the sexual health and attitudes of students at NUI Galway has revealed that a quarter of female participants reported attempted or completed forced sexual assault.
We should be critical consumers of Fifty Shades of Grey
Galway Advertiser / NewsThu, Feb 12, 2015
Rape is wrong; no question. But consent? Well there are all sorts of shades of grey. Not only do we get told the greyness of consent is realistic we also get sold a notion that it is in fact sexy. So where is the harm?
First volunteers ready to help victims of sexual assault
Volunteer child and family accompaniment officers are being recruited and trained for the Paediatric Forensic Medical Services to support child victims of sexual assault and their families.
Rape accused sent forward to Central Criminal Court
Mayo Advertiser / NewsFri, Jan 17, 2014
A man was sent forward this week, at Ballina District Court, to the current sitting of the Central Criminal Court.
Manuela fund to help train child advocates to support sexually abused children
Galway Advertiser / NewsThu, Jan 09, 2014
Money raised from a foundation set up in memory of a Swiss teenager who was murdered in the city in October 2007 will be used to fund an innovative project which will train volunteers to support children who have been sexually abused.


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Home » Egypt » Diving in Egypt
Diving in Egypt
Scuba diving in the Red Sea started in the 1950s when Greek and Italian workers began spearfishing while residing in Egypt. Explored by the Austrian zoologist Dr Hans Hass, a well-known underwater movie maker, and the famous French diver Jacques Cousteau, the Red Sea has impressive coral reefs that are a magnet for thousands of species.
Diving has matured since then. Today you will find fully equipped facilities, liveaboard diving, a myriad of programs and internationally certified instructors. The Red Sea resorts of Hurghada, Sharm El-Sheikh, Marsa Alam, El Gouna, and Taba are fantastic destinations that offer diving holidays packages and facilities all year round because of their moderate temperature. It does not matter if you have never dived before. If you are a beginner or a veteran, you will find the right program for you, and you will surely be coming back for more.
Reasons Behind Choosing to Dive in Egypt
Egypt is a scuba diver's paradise, boasting more than 1,800 miles of coastline, crystal clear waters, mysterious wrecks, and a myriad of multicoloured reefs teeming with marine life. Lapped by both the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the "Land of the Pharaohs" has spectacular underwater environments offering some of the best diving in the world.
Egypt has struggled with safety issues in the past, but today, tourism is alive and well. Most notably known for historic sites and monuments, Egypt also offers some of the best diving in the world at unbelievably low prices, whether you are looking for vibrant, shallow reefs or an exhilarating wreck dive.
Egypt's reefs are teeming with life; bright corals and clouds of fish sparkle with a kaleidoscope of colour. Egyptian reefs offer ideal conditions for new divers, marine life enthusiasts, wreck divers. It provides this ideality to anyone simply interested in exploring light-filled reef systems with wonderfully calm and clear conditions.
Due to the excellent visibility and the easy access to excess depths, it is an attractive location for technical diving and training. Egypt offers the whole gambit of diving opportunities; wrecks, walls, drifts, pinnacles, shore dives, day boats and liveaboards.
Many of the diving destinations offer access to famous Egyptian historical sites. Still, it is also easy to arrange a holiday split over a couple of locations so you can experience a variety of dive sites and some cultures too.
Egypt has been a favourite of scuba divers for the better part of half a century, especially with its easy accessibility to the Red Sea, which runs along the entirety of Egypt's eastern coastline. First brought to the world's attention by Hans and Lotte Haas' award-winning black-and-white documentary Adventures in the Red Sea and later popularised by Jacques-Yves Cousteau's 1956 full-colour documentary The Silent World.
The Red Sea counts now as one of the world's best diving destinations. The clear blue water, a product of increased salinity due to high evaporation over the desert and very little in the way of rainfall, hosts 1,200 species of fish and more than 200 species of coral. The narrow straits of Bab El Mandab far to the south, which connects the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean, allow much in the way of species crossover. Yet almost 20 per cent of the Red Sea's residents are endemic.
Over the years, much of Egypt's dive tourism has centred around large resorts such as Hurghada on the mainland and Sharm El Sheikh, situated on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula. Still, there are plenty of options for dive tourists, and many people forget that Egypt's northern coastline lies along the shores of the Mediterranean. Here are ten of the best places to visit for scuba diving in Egypt.
Diving in Alexandria
The Mediterranean-based seaport of Alexandria is a must for history buffs and divers wanting an exciting challenge. The dark, calm waters cover many sunken ancient ruins, including Cleopatra's palace and the Lighthouse at Alexandria, and historical shipwrecks from periods throughout history. Alexandria does not offer bright corals and fish life, but take a day trip to Omu Sukan to see beautiful corals home to triggerfish, turtles, white-tip reef sharks, and a family of citizens eagle rays.
Diving in Dahab
One of Egypt's best-known destinations for diving the Red Sea, the laid-back village of Dahab has something for everyone. Lighthouse Bay is perfect for beginner divers with amazing reefs featuring vibrant hard and soft corals, moray eels, curious parrotfish, and gobies.
A short drive up the coast takes you to the Blue Hole, a magnificent 100 meter-deep chasm that offers excellent technical dives where you can spot large pelagics like barracuda and tuna. The nearby Canyon is a deep rocky crevice home to spectacular reefs, green turtles, and large schools of bannerfish.
Diving in Sharm el-Sheikh
Sharm is Egypt's most popular diving destination, with many Red Sea dive resorts. It is home to the national park of Ras Mohammed that offers some of the best diving in the region. Shark and Yolanda Reefs have striking corals teeming with trevallies, jacks, and barracuda, while Anemone City has interesting underwater topography and plenty of anemones and clownfish. The Straits of Tiran offer fast drift dives along vast walls of coral, while the world-famous wreck of the SS Thistlegorm is a challenging dive with harsh currents but well worth the effort.
Start your Egyptian dive adventure today with excellent dive packages and stunning Red Sea liveaboards.
Diving in Hurghada
Hurghada is the largest resort on the Red Sea and a diving mecca. Home to many reefs tucked into shallow, sheltered bays. It is an excellent spot for entry-level diving. Challenging sites for more advanced divers include impressive wrecks at El Gouna and Sha'ab Abu Nuhas.
Hurghada is the primary departure point for Red Sea liveaboards, which head out into the southern Red Sea. A day trip to the Giftun Islands promises stunning hard and soft corals, dramatic drop-offs, and exciting caves for experienced divers. You will also see hefty napoleon wrasse and schools of pelagic fish like barracuda and tuna.
Diving in Marsa Alam
Offering tranquil respite from the crowds at Hurghada and Sharm El Sheikh, Marsa Alam is a fantastic spot for shore diving in the Red Sea. Also, you can explore colourful reefs and see large schools of fish without spending hours on a boat. It also offers day trips to impressive dive sites, such as Elphinstone, where you can spot white-tip and hammerhead sharks.
Do not miss a chance to dive with the resident population of dugong at Marsa Abu Dabab, one of the last populations in the Red Sea of these docile creatures.
With most of the diving focused around Egypt's Red Sea resorts, it is easy to forget that the northern coastline lies along the shores of the Mediterranean, and scuba diving in Alexandria affords visitors the chance to dive into Egypt's historical past. From the remains of Cleopatra's palace around the sunken island of Antirhodos and the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, to more modern historical artefacts from the Napoleonic Battle of the Nile and the Second World War.
Visitors can also dive the clear waters of the Siwa Oasis, a three-hour safari through the desert in which old Roman ruins are located. This is not a dive spot for bright coral and fish. There is little of either. The water is often murky and the temperatures much more relaxed, but for scuba diving history buffs looking for a new adventure, the ancient city of Alexandria and its rich history may well be something worth dipping your toes into.
How to get there: direct flights to Alexandria are available from Turkey, Dubai and Greece, but there are few other options from most of Europe. A better alternative is to fly into Cairo and take the 2.5-hour bus ride to Alexandria.
Big Brother and Little Brother are two island reefs approximately 70km distant from the port town of El Quseir and only accessible by liveaboard. They are some of the best dive sites in the Red Sea as their distance and the surrounding currents make the reefs suitable for advanced divers only. However, the results are spectacular for those ready to brave the ever-changing conditions. Primarily, it is terrific for lovers of big fish, such as sharks and other large pelagics that show up regularly at various times of the year.
Big Brother is around 400m in length with deep-sided walls, all manner of hard and soft corals are in abundance, and wreck enthusiasts will love the Numidia, sunk in 1901 and the Aida, dropped in 1956.
Little Brother, around 500m from its partner, is often home to schooling hammerheads, thresher sharks and oceanic white-tips, along with an equally spectacular array of coral formations.
How to get there: The Brothers form part of a range of different liveaboard itineraries, with some spending more time around the reefs than others, some departing from Hurghada and others from Port Ghalib (Marsa Alam). Direct flights are possible to both locations (Hurghada more than Marsa Alam), but the liveaboard operators usually arrange all flights and transfers based on the itinerary.
Dahab is one of Egypt's best-loved destinations, a wonderful mixture of excellent scuba diving in a chilled and laid-back atmosphere. It is popular with the backpacking community and a relaxed contrast to the overwhelmingly touristy Sharm El Sheikh, 80km to the south. Almost all diving is easily accessible from the shore, including the extremely popular Blue Hole, best dived from El Bells, a narrow (but easy) entry to the exterior wall. It also includes the Canyon, a deep rock crevice in a gently-sloping reef interspersed with small coral bommies and vast numbers of fish. Big stuff passes by only infrequently, but there is plenty to see, and chilling in the Bedouin cafés is a relaxing way to spend your surface interval.
The central area of Masbat is full of beach-front bars and restaurants (in a good way) and comfortable budget accommodations, with more prominent hotels just south in Mashraba. Day trips to visit Tiran, Ras Mohamed and the Thistlegorm are available if you do not mind an early start.
How to get there: Fly into Sharm and take an inexpensive taxi to Dahab. The ride is approximately 1.5 hours through some magnificent desert scenes.
El Gouna is a privately-developed, purpose-built resort located approximately 25km north of Hurghada. It is very little in the way of an 'authentic' Egypt here, but it has been very well designed with a range of boutique hotels, spas and private villas available for rent. The resort is famous for kitesurfing and boasts an 18-hole golf course, all set in an environment that is a lot more tranquil than the hustle and bustle of Hurghada. Visitors can enjoy the freedom to walk around without constantly being hassled to buy souvenirs, and the nightlife is a lot more subdued than some of the more flashy elements of Sharm.
The waterfront at Abu Tig is a beautiful place to spend an evening, with some excellent restaurants. El Gouna is a favourite amongst wreck divers for its proximity to Sha'ab Abu Nuhas, where lie the famous wrecks of the Chisola K, Carnatic and Giannis D, among others. Sha'ab El Erg and Dolphin House, less frequently visited by the day boats from Hurghada, is home to a large pod of dolphins, and encounters are every day.
How to get there: Direct flights to Hurghada are available from most European countries, and transfers to El Gouna will be arranged by your hotel or accommodation.
El Quseir is an ancient town of some 5,000 years, once one of the most important ports in Egypt due to its proximity to the Nile. Lying approximately halfway between Hurghada to the north and Marsa Alam to the south, El Quseir has remained relatively unaffected by the massive growth in tourism that formed the resorts of Hurghada and Sharm El Sheikh. Much of the diving is from shore, with plenty of shallow locations for entry-level divers and training, but divers with certification beyond entry-level will find more to enjoy. Large pelagics are only occasional visitors, but the unspoilt and vibrant reefs are filled with all of the famous denizens, from the ubiquitous lionfish and blue-spotted ribbon-tail rays to sea snakes and guitarfish.
Divers wanting to find bigger stuff can take day boats to the legendary Elphinstone reef, famous for frequent encounters with oceanic white-tips in the latter half of the year, or explore the haunting wreck of the Salem Express. Visits to see the 4,000-years-old rock inscriptions at Wadi Hammamat or the ruins of the ancient port of Myos Hormos round out a trip to the historic destination.
How to get there: Direct flights to either Hurghada or Marsa Alam
Flights to Hurghada are far more frequent, with a transfer time of around 1 hour 45 minutes. There are fewer flights to Marsa Alam, but as the airport is about 20km north of the city, transfer times to El Quseir are reduced to approximately one hour.
Once a tiny fishing village, since regular tourism began in the 1980s, Hurghada has become the largest resort on the Egyptian mainland. It is an exceedingly good location for entry-level diving and dive courses. Many of the reefs are located in easily accessible, shallow, sheltered environments, yet teeming with the Red Sea's rich marine life. More advanced divers will feel equally at home, with deeper sites and stronger currents.
The Giftun Islands are popular with divers of all abilities and, like El Gouna, just a short drive to the north. The proximity of Sha'ab Abu Nuhas and its wrecks are popular with wreck divers from beginner level to advanced tech. Day trips to the SS Thiistlegorm are widely available, as are trips to the much deeper Rosalie Moller, which, unlike Thistlegorm, is rarely visited from Sharm. Hurghada is also the central departure point for Red Sea liveaboards, with a range of itineraries to almost all of the Red Sea's reefs and wrecks available.
How to get there: Regular, direct flights to Hurghada are available year-round from most of Europe. Alternative routes involve flying to Cairo and catching an internal flight to Hurghada.
Marsa Alam is home to some excellent Red Sea diving in a location growing steadily in popularity since the international airport opened in 2003 but is still relatively undeveloped compared to the scale of Hurghada and Sharm. Daily diving is from shore or boat, so it is an excellent option for people who do not like spending all day at sea but still want to visit some of the best dive spots in the area.
Around 60km to the north, Port Ghalib is the departure point for many liveaboards heading towards the deep south of the Red Sea, and Marsa Alam is the airport of choice where possible. Marsa Abu Dabab is a particular highlight, famous for the resident population of dugong, one of the few places in the Red Sea that these animals can still be seen on a daily dive excursion. Marsa Alam is another great place to depart for day trips to Elphinstone to spot sharks, including the hammerheads that often school around the north plateau.
How to get there: Direct flights to Marsa Alam are available but much more limited than Hurghada, which may be a better alternative for the plan but means an extra 3 hours' transfer by road. Flying via Cairo and taking an internal flight is also an option but may add an extra day to the travel time. Package prices via tour operators are the best option.
Safaga is located around 70km south of Hurghada, a popular scuba diving destination famous for wall dives, beautiful coral gardens, and Salem Express's wreck. This passenger ferry sank in 1991 with an estimated 470 lives. The dives at Ras Abu Soma are considered some of the best in the region, along with the Tobia reefs, also known as the 'Seven Pinnacles'. All sites are readily available by boat, with some shore-based diving depending on whether you stay in Safaga or near Soma Bay.
Perhaps the most famous dive site in the region, Panorama Reef, is home to spectacular 200m deep walls and perfect for drift diving, substantial hard and soft coral formations and sightings of grey reef sharks, barracuda and schooling jacks. Abu Kafan provides a similar, even more spectacular experience, and Middle Reef is home to some of the most luxurious coral gardens in the region. The Salem Express is considered one of the best wreck dives globally, a well-respected but sombre dive, with the hull encrusted in coral. Makadi Bay, around 30km to the north, is also an excellent choice, offering a halfway house between the dive sites of Hurghada and Safaga, but not as well known to tourists.
ST JOHN'S AND THE DEEP SOUTH
The most unspoiled and pristine reefs in the Egyptian Red Sea, the Deep South contains such famous names as St John's, Zabargad and Rocky Island, all accessible only by liveaboard. St John's ranges from reasonably easy diving to much more dramatic drop-offs and currents, home to the wealthiest coral gardens in the Red Sea, spectacular gorgonian forests and some of the most plentiful and biodiverse wildlife in the region, including sharks and large schools of pelagic fish such as jacks and tuna.
Further out to sea, the strong currents around Rocky Island and its neighbour, Zabargad, allow experienced divers to experience some thrilling drift dives, with regular sightings of manta, hammerheads, Silvertips and dolphins. The long chain of reefs known as Fury Shoal, often a part of deep south liveaboard itineraries, has become accessible by day boats thanks to new developments in Hamata. It provides access to some of these pristine reefs without the need for a liveaboard, albeit a long (180km) trek south by road from Marsa Alam.
How to get there: Departure to the deep south is most often from Port Ghalib, with the closest airport being Marsa Alam. As with other destinations, it is often easier to fly to Hurghada and make the three-hour road trip to Port Ghalib, but liveaboard operators generally fulfil the travel requirements.
For many years, Sharm El Sheikh has been the favourite Egyptian destination for scuba divers and has probably contributed more to the European dive business than any other resort in the world. Situated at the tip of the Sinai Peninsula, the deep gulf of Aqaba, the shallow Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea proper all come together at Shark and Yolanda reef, the region's most famous and most frequently dived hotspot in the national park of Ras Mohamed.
Sharm has an excellent mixture of easy to challenging dives, suitable for both entry-level training and fast drifts along the island reefs in the Straits of Tiran. Following the drop in tourism after the 2015 Russian airline disaster, the reefs have rebounded with large schools of fish returning to the area and pelagic species such as whale sharks and manta rays spotted regularly. Although some shore diving is available, most diving is conducted by boat to explore the best reefs and one of the world's most famous wrecks, the SS Thistlegorm.
How to get there: Direct flights to Sharm are available from most European countries; for those who might have been hibernating over the winter. Direct flights from the UK resumed in October 2019, and there are now plenty of options available.
When to dive in Egypt
Diving in Egypt is year-round, but the best time to visit is from late July to early December, depending on location, with the water temperature rising to over 30°C in August and September. The water temperature drops significantly between January and April, dropping to around 18°C in Dahab and even more fantastic on Alexandria's Mediterranean shores (it even snows there from time to time). However, the deep south remains a more tolerable 23°C on average. Incessant winter wind makes long trousers and fleeces essential, especially if you are out at sea. High seas during these months can affect liveaboard itineraries.
Based on the current (February 2020) UK FCO travel advice, there are no travel advisories to any mainland resorts or the South Sinai resort (including the airport) of Sharm El Sheikh. The UK's FCO currently advises against 'all but essential travel' to Dahab, Nuweiba and Taba, but there are no reports of problems associated with any of these active resorts. Visitors from other countries should check their own government's travel advice, but it is worth noting that a widely reported November 2019 Gallup Poll ranked Egypt the eighth safest country in the world.
Visitors are required to purchase a visa to enter Egypt. These can be purchased on arrival at the airport, and the current fee is US $25. Free entry stamps are available for visitors who plan to stay in Sharm, Dahab, Nuweiba or Taba for up to 15 days but note that this does not cover the national park of Ras Mohamed (including the Thistlegorm and Dunraven wrecks). Just in case, all divers visiting Sharm (and Dahab) are advised to purchase the visa. A popular myth is that travellers who have previously visited Israel and have an Israeli stamp in their passports will be denied access. The decision, technically, is up to the immigration officer on the day, but highly unlikely that European visitors will be denied entry.
Aswan Trip from Luxor £70.00 – £150.00 "inc. Vat"
Luxor Dendera Trip Safaga £70.00 – £90.00 "inc. Vat"
Jerusalem Excursion Sharm El Sheikh
Luxor Abu Simbel Tour Safaga £750.00 £700.00 "inc. Vat"
Individual Quad Biking Hurghada
Valley of Queens Luxor Tour El Gouna £40.00 – £80.00 "inc. Vat"
Mega Safari Excursion Hurghada
El Gouna Private City Tour Safaga £100.00 £70.00 "inc. Vat"
Aswan Abu Simbel Trip Marsa Alam
Saqqara Dahshur Tour El Gouna £100.00 – £300.00 "inc. Vat"
Semi Submarine Trip Hurghada
City Tour by Hurghada
Aswan Abu Simbel Trip Hurghada
Giftun Island Excursion Hurghada
Hurghada Jeep Safari El Gouna £70.00 £35.00 "inc. Vat"
Hurghada Quad Biking from Safaga £55.00 £25.00 "inc. Vat"


imeshare resales help you save a lot of crucial time, money and energy. You can sell timeshare faster and at a lesser price than what you think. There are several ways by which you can sell timeshares and there are free tools that can help you in the process of timeshare resales.
The first factor to keep in mind during timeshare resales is not to pay any up-front fees. Only when the timeshare is sold, legitimate agents will ask for payment. You must not be carried away by the promises of people who ask you for high sums of money to help you sell timeshares. Sometimes the fees can even be to the extent of more than $1,000.
You must not agree to pay anything over $50. You must also have some knowledge about your property. You can have photographs of the place and understand what actually makes it unique.
Another way to sell the timeshares is to make use of eBay because you need not have to pay any fees until the sale of the timeshares is made. Your listing can also be seen by the worldwide buyers and eBay can also help you by placing a small counter at the lower end of the page.
You must also know about the current market value of your timeshare. Once you have decided to sell timeshares you can place information to this effect in the free sites which will help you to know about the present market value of the property.
With regard to your timeshares for sale, you must not believe the promises of fraudulent firms who may promise a lot for potential buyers in return for a large sum of money. Most of these businesses are not trustworthy and you can lose a lot of money without having sold your timeshare quick. The truth is that you cannot sell timeshares freely easily.
You have to pay a certain sum of money for the listing to take place so that the timeshare can be sold quickly. You can list your timeshare on magazines, websites or other services but make sure that you do not make an individual's fee more than $100.
In the recent past many owners of timeshares have sold their own properties by listing them all in leading auction web sites. There are sites where you can promote timeshare for free.
Even in sites such as eBay several timeshare for sale by owner are sold mainly because the site gets several thousands of visitors everyday from the world over. This is a good deal of exposure and you can get a good deal of assistance also to get rid of the timeshare in a fast manner.


Vendors of real estate can agree to accept a reduced deposit - but don't call it that!
As property prices have risen sharply over the past several years, more and more purchasers of real estate who do not have cash or do not want to pay the cost of obtaining a deposit bond request that a reduced amount for the deposit be accepted on exchange of contracts.
Gives a wake up call for clients negotiating commercial property deals and for solicitors preparing contracts for sale to make sure we get it right.
Luong Dinh Luu -v- Sovereign Developments Pty Ltd & 2 Ors  NSWCA 40 Sovereign Developments entered into a contract to sell land at Port Macquarie to Luutin Pty Ltd. The Purchaser's obligations under the Contract were guaranteed by Luong Dinh Luu.
"In the event that the Purchaser pays less than ten percent (10%) of the purchase price as deposit, then if the Purchaser commits a default hereunder, the whole of the 10 percent deposit shall become due and payable notwithstanding that this Contract is not completed. This clause shall not merge on completion and the Vendor shall be entitled to sue for recovery of so much of the 10% deposit that remains outstanding as a debt due by the Purchaser to the Vendor."
We can see that originally it was intended that $330,000.00 which is 5% of the purchase price was to be paid as a deposit. This was altered on the Contract by hand to $65,000.00 which is a little less than 1% of the purchase price. Following deeds of variation and other negotiations, the vendor's solicitors served a Notice of Termination of Contract on 8 April 2004. The issue was - did the Purchaser have to pay the "balance of the deposit" or - did forfeiting the amount of $65,000.00 satisfy its obligations under the Contract in relation to the deposit.
The District Court found that the "balance of the deposit" was payable and that the Additional Clause 5 was not void for uncertainty - the NSW Court of Appeal found otherwise.
"A deposit is considered an "earnest" of the bargain or its performance ... that is designed to demonstrate the sincerity of the contracting party who is to pay it. For that reason, it is ordinarily beyond the reach of equitable relief against penalties or forfeiture, at least if it is not excessive or unconscionable in amount, of which in Queensland the equivalent of 10 percent of the purchase moneys is ordinarily considered the upper limit ....."
Justice Bryson also referred to Ringrow Pty Ltd -v- BP Australia Pty Limited  HCA 71,80 ALJR219 where the High Court stated "the law of penalties, in its standard application, is attracted where a contract stipulates that on breach the contract-breaker will pay an agreed sum which exceeds what can be regarded as a genuine pre-estimate of the damage likely to be caused by the breach".
The clause does not expressly provide to the effect that the deposit shall be 10% of the purchase price, but in two places uses language which assumes that the deposit is 10% of the purchase price.
The assumptions that 10% of the purchase price was payable were inconsistent with the clear provision shown on the cover page of the Contract.
His Honour said that "no doubt the words used by the parties mean that the deposit was $65,000.00; this is stated in plain language and it cannot be overcome by implications drawn from the language in Special Condition 5 which appears to assume that in some way the deposit is 10% of the purchase price". He also pointed out that if there is any ambiguity, the meaning conveyed by the hand written alteration would be given primacy.
Justice Bryson held the purchaser should forfeit the deposit of $65,000 only.
1. Unless agreed to secure the Purchaser's obligations under the contract by payment of a deposit of less than 10%, do not show a figure of less than 10% on the cover page of the contract for sale.
2. Ensure an appropriately worded clause is included in the contract to overcome the argument that the payment of the "balance of the deposit" is actually the deposit and is not in the way of a penalty.
3. Make a commercial decision whether part payment of a deposit will be acceptable or should the Vendor insist on the Purchaser (if they don't have the cash) securing their obligations by way of deposit bond or by some other means.
4. Don't call it a reduced deposit unless that is what you mean.